* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, e xcept under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and col lateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judg ments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and condi tions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### OCT 6 2003 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

THE BEVILL COMPANY, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. SPRINT/UNITED MANAGEMENT COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee. No. 02-3264 (D.C. No. 01-CV-2524-CM)

(D. Kan.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before TYMKOVICH , HOLLOWAY , and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a dec ision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. The primary focus of the parties to this appeal has been on whether the district court correctly ruled that certain contrac t provisions permitted termination-2-

of an agreement for convenience without breach. Ou r immediate focus, however, is on a much more basic question: does the plainti ff-appellant even have standing to challenge/enforce the terms of the contract? This action for breach of contract and related clai ms was filed by “The Bevill Company, Inc., . . . incorporated under the laws of the state of New Hampshire.” Aplee. App., doc. 1 at 1. However, th e contract underlying these claims was not executed by that Bevill company (pla intiff “Bevill N.H.”), which did not even exist at the time. Rather, the contra ct specifically recited that it was executed “between Sprint/United Management Company . . . and The Bevill Company, Inc., a Delaware Corporation.” Aplt. App. at 6, 24. The latter Bevill company (“Bevill Del.”), on the other hand, had bee n dissolved long before this suit was filed. This discrepancy between contracti ng-party and suing-party casts doubt on plaintiff Bevill N.H.’s standing–a jurisdi ctional cloud that cannot be ignored in favor of a decision on the merits, regar dless of whether such a decision might be readily reached. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t , 523 U.S. 83, 86, 94-95 (1998); see, e.g. , Castle v. United States , 301 F.3d 1328, 1337-39 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding non-parties to contract l acked standing to sue for breach and, applying Steel Co. , vacating district court’s decision on merits of c laim), cert. denied , 123 S. Ct. 2572 (2003).-3-

“Standing [under Article III] is, of course, a threshold issue in every case before a federal court, and diversity claims are no exception.” Hutchinson v. Pfeil , 211 F.3d 515, 523 (10 th Cir. 2000) (quotation omitted). To have standi ng under Article III, a plaintiff must seek redress fo r the “‘invasion of a legally protected interest.’” Essence, Inc. v. City of Fed. Heights , 285 F.3d 1272, 1280 (10th Cir.) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)), cert denied , 537 U.S. 947 (2002). While Article III standing is by definition a quest ion of federal law, state law may create the asserted legal interest upon whi ch the federal analysis turns; indeed, “[i]f that were not so, there would not be Article III standing in most diversity cases, including run-of-the-mill contractand property disputes.” Cantrell v. City of Long Beach , 241 F.3d 674, 684 (9 th Cir. 2001) (following FMC Corp. v. Boesky , 852 F.2d 981, 992 (7 th Cir. 1988)). In this regard, Kansas follows the general rule that one who is not a party to a contract lacks standing to sue for its breach, absent a special status such as that of a third-party beneficiary, corporate successor, or assignee of a contracting party. See, e.g., Bodine v. Osage County Rural Water Dist. No. 7 , 949 P.2d 1104, 1112-13 (Kan. 1997); Stockman v. Unified Gov’t of Wyandotte County , 6 P.3d 900, 909 (Kan. App. 2000); Noller v. GMC Truck & Coach Div. , 772 P.2d 271, 274-75 (Kan. 1989); Hawthorn-Melody, Inc. v. Driessen , 518 P.2d 446, 448-49 (Kan. 1974).-4-

The standing complication we address here evidentlywent unremarked in the district court until the middle of the proceedi ngs on defendant Sprint’s motion for summary judgment (on the merits) and plaintiff Bevill N.H.’s application for a preliminary injunction. In its summary judgment re ply brief, Sprint noted that Robert Bevill, the eponymous corporate representati ve whose signature is on the contract, had in a deposition revealed the discrepancy between Bevill N.H., the plaintiff, and Bevill Del., the contracting party. Sprint argued–as just one more reason it should prevail in the suit–that Bevill N. H. lacked standing to challenge Sprint’s exercise of its rights under the contract. Bevill N.H. submitted a supplemental memorandum in support of its application for injunctive relief, in which it resp onded to Sprint’s position on standing. Significantly, Bevill N.H. did not argue that it was a corporate successor to Bevill Del.; that there had been any a ssignment of contract rights from Bevill Del. to Bevill N.H. (which, indeed, wou ld have been in contravention of the contract); or that Bevill Del. entered into the contract so as to make Bevill N.H. a third party beneficiary. Instead of invokin g any of these traditional legal theories, it insisted that the contract language ac tually specified Bevill N.H. as the contracting party; that Robert Bevill executed the contract as agent/promoter of Bevill N.H.; and that the overriding intent was simply to ensure that a company controlled by Robert Bevill would be bound by the c ontract.-5-

These matters were also briefly touched on by the p arties at the combined hearing on their motions for summary judgment and p reliminary injunction. But the focus of the proceeding was clearly on the meri ts of the parties’ contractual dispute and, at the conclusion of the hearing, the district court granted summary judgment for Sprint without ever referring to the p otential complications with standing. On appeal, the standing question continues to take a back seat to the merits. Bevill N.H.’s opening brief does not acknowledge th e problem. The last section of Sprint’s answer brief challenges Bevill N.H.’s s tanding, but also conflates the matter to some extent with the non-jurisdictional i ssue of real party in interest. In its reply brief, Bevill N.H. does not resurrect the specific arguments it advanced in district court, but does return to the general i dea that the crucial figure in the transaction was Robert Bevill himself–which, it contends, renders inconsequential any discrepancy between Bevill Del. as contracting party and Bevill N.H. as party plaintiff. It also asserts a new argument: that t o secure several continuances of the injunction hearing, Sprint entered into a series of agreements with Bevill N.H. to permit uninterrupted performance in the interim, thus creating an express contractual relationship between the parties to thi s action. Neither of these points demonstrates Bevill N.H.’s standing to prosecute the case. Whatever the practical importance of the role played by Mr. Bevill, the-6-

fact remains that Sprint formally contracted with h is Delaware corporation, not Bevill himself or his subsequently created New Hamp shire corporation. As for the cited interim agreements, they are simply not the subject of this suit–they obviously did not even exist when the action was fi led. If Sprint breached these agreements (which there is no suggestion it did), B evill N.H. might have standing to sue for that distinct breach, but that would be a different case. At first blush, it may seem surprising to suggest that a company which has performed work pursuant to a contract should lack s tanding to sue thereon. But the real question is–standing to sue about what? T here would appear to be no debate regarding Bevill N.H.’s standing to seek equ itable relief for any work it performed that has not been compensated. However, that is not the subject of this appeal (although a claim for unpaid services was in cluded in the pleadings, Bevill N.H. has ignored the effect, if any, that the distr ict court’s judgment had in that respect). Rather, the exclusive focus of this appe al is Bevill N.H.’s claim that Sprint did not have the right to terminate the contract in question. For that legal claim, Bevill N.H. needs to show it has a contracti ng party’s standing to dispute and enforce contractual terms. This is, indeed, wh at it has attempted to argue on appeal in response to Sprint’s challenge, though, a s noted above, the substance of its appellate argument has not been persuasive.-7-

We are nonetheless reluctant to issue a conclusive decision on standing. Two points urged by Bevill N.H. in the district cou rt give us pause, particularly in light of the inadequate attention the matter has re ceived thus far. Bevill N.H. argued that although it had not been incorporated at the time the contract was executed, Robert Bevill was acting as its promoter and, thus, under Source Direct, Inc. v. Mantell , 870 P.2d 686, 691-92 (Kan. App. 1994), it became a party to the contract once it was incorporated and ratified the contract by performance. To be sure, in invoking this familiar principle of corpor ate law, Bevill N.H. glosses over a significant complication: its asserted promoter did not execute in his own name a contract contemplating performance by a corporati on he was expected to create; the agreement indicated that Sprint was contracting directly with a corporation he had already created–and it was not Bevill N.H. How ever, the language of the contract in this regard is not a model of clarity. While it certainly indicates that Sprint is contracting with a pre-existing corporati on and specifies Delaware as that entity’s state of incorporation–both of which facts distinguish Bevill Del. from Bevill N.H.–it actually misstates Bevill Del.’ s name in a manner consistent, rather, with Bevill N.H. (only the latter includes the designation “Inc.” following “The Bevill Company”). Bevill N.H. pointed out this inconsistency and argu ed to the district court that extrinsic evidence should be allowed as to whi ch Bevill corporation was the-8-

intended contracting party. See Ark. La. Gas Co. v. Kansas , 675 P.2d 369, 371 (Kan. 1984) (following traditional rule that when c ontract is ambiguous, “extrinsic evidence concerning its execution is competent to determine the intention of the parties”). The district court, ho wever, focused on the merits of the case and, consequently, left this area of inqui ry undeveloped. Given the factual nature of contractual intent, this “is a matter the trial court must determine after hearing evidence on th[e] issue.” Craig v. Hamilton , 518 P.2d 539, 543 (Kan. 1974). Accordingly, we remand the case for f urther proceedings and a conclusive determination of the threshold question of standing. See Lopez v. Behles (In re American Ready Mix, Inc.) , 14 F.3d 1497, 1500 (10 th Cir. 1994) (unless relevant facts are undisputed, issue of standing should be remanded). The appeal is DISMISSED and the cause is REMANDED t o the district court for further proceedings consistent with this order and judgment.

Entered for the Court

Timothy M. Tymkovich Circuit Judge