# Appendices A through E

Appendix A: Technical Review Panel (TRP) Members ................................ ................................ ........................... A - 1 Appendix B : Endorsing Associations for NPSAS:16 ................................ ................................ ............................... B - 1 Appendix C: Confidentiality for Administrative Record Matching ................................ ................................ ............ C - 1 Appendix D: Data Security Language for Vendor Contracts ................................ ................................ ................... D - 1 Appendix E: Previous Studies Based on NPSAS, B&B, and BPS Data ................................ ................................ .. E - 1A - 1 

# Appendix **A**

**Technical Review Panel (TRP) Members** A - 2



### Te **chnical Review Panel**  Jeff Allum Director, Rese arch and Policy A nalysis Council of Graduate Schools One Dupont Circle NW Washington , DC 20036 Phone: ( 202 ) 223 - 3791 Em ail: jallum@cgs.nche.edu Michelle Appel Director , Enrollment Policy & Planning – IRP A University of Maryland 1101 Mitchell Building College Park

, MD 20742 Phone : ( 301 ) 405 - 0475 Email: mappel@umd.edu T erry Bazan Executive Director of Student Assistance Austin Community College 5930 Middle Fiskville Road Austin , TX 78752 Phone : ( 512 ) 223 - 7550 Email: tbazan@austincc.edu Va silios Bournas Senior Reporting & Policy Research Analyst DeVry Education Group 3005 Highland Parkway Downers Grove , IL 60515 Phone : ( 630 ) 515 - 5463 Email: vbournas@devrygroup.com Alberto Cabrera Professor University of Maryland 3112 Benjamin Building College Park

, MD 20742 Phone : ( 301 ) 405 - 2875 Email: cabrera@umd.edu Margaret Cahalan Vice President for Research & Director The Pe ll Institute , Council for Op p ortunity in Education 1025 V ermont Avenue NW Suite 1020 Wa shington , DC 20005 Phone : ( 202 ) 347 - 7430 Email: margaret.cahalan@pellinstitute.org Colleen Campbell Research Analyst Institute for Higher Education Polic y 1825 K Street NW Suite 720 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 861 - 8223 Em ail: ccampbell@ihep.org Julia Carpenter - Hubin Assistant Vice President, IR and Planning Ohio State University 383 Bricker Hall 230 North Oval Mall Columbus , OH 43210 Phone : ( 614 ) 292 - 5915 Em ail: carpenter - hubin.16@osu.edu Deborah Floyd Interim Dean, Graduate College & Professor, Higher Ed Florida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road SU 80 Graduate College Boca Raton , F L 33431 Phone : ( 954 ) 649 - 0344 Em ail: dfloyd@fau.edu Donald Heller Dean, College of Education Michigan State Univeristy 501 Erickson Hall 620 Farm Lane East Lansing , MI 48824 Phone : ( 517 ) 355 - 1734 Em ail: dheller@msu.edu Brad Hershbein Economist W.E . Upjohn Institute for Employ me nt Research 300 South We stnedge Avenue Kalamazoo , MI 49007 Phone : ( 269 ) 385 - 0437 Em ail: hershbein@upjohn.orgA - 3

Nick Hillman Assistant Professor University of W isconsin 1000 Bascom Mall Room 249 Madison , WI 53706 Phon e : ( 608 ) 262 - 3106 Em ail: nwh illman@wisc.edu Alexander McCormick Associate Professor Center for Postsecondary Research Indiana University

, Bloomington 1900 East 10th Street, Suite 419 Bloomington , IN 47405 Phone : ( 812 ) 856 - 4435 Em ail: am cc@indiana.edu Catherine Millett Senior Research Scientist Educational T

esting Service 660 Rosedale Road MS 01 - R Princeton , NJ 0 8541 Phone : ( 609 ) 240 - 2556 Em ail: cm illett@ets.org Christopher Mullin Assistant Vice Chancellor, Polic y & Research State University Systerm of Florida, Board of Governors 325 We st Gaines Street Suite 1602C Ta llahassee , FL 32399 Phone : ( 850 ) 245 - 0031 Em ail: christopher .mullin@flbog.edu Christopher Nellum Senior Polic y Analy

st Am erican Council on Education One Dupont Circle NW Suite 1B Washington , DC 20036 Phone : ( 202 ) 939 - 9405 Em ail: cnellum@acenet.edu Patrick Perry Executive Vice Chancellor California Community Colleges 11 02 Q Street Sacramento , CA 9581 1 Phone : ( 916 ) 832 - 1328 Em ail: pperry@cccco.edu Kent Phillippe Associate Vice President, Research & Student Success Am erican Association of Community Colleges One Dupont Circle NW Suite 410 Washington , DC 20036 Phone : ( 202 ) 416 - 4505 Em ail: kphillippe@aacc.nche.edu Matt Reed Program Director The Institute for College Access and Success 405 14th Street Suite 1 100 Oakland , CA 94612 Phone : ( 510 ) 318 - 7900 Em ail: mreed@ticas.org Steven Rivkin Professor University of Illinois - Chicago 601 South Morgan Street Chicago , IL 60607 Phone : ( 312 ) 413 - 2368 Em ail: sgrivkin@uic.edu Hal Salzman Professor Rutgers University Heldrich C en t e r Wo rkforce Development 30 Livingston Avenue New Brunswick , NJ 0 8901 Phone : ( 978 ) 929 - 9503 Em ail: hs alz ma n@ r utgers.edu Kurt Slobodzian Vice President, Research Nexus Research and Polic y Center 5662 South Am berwood Drive Chandler , AZ 85248 Phone : ( 602 ) 568 - 11 78 Em ail: kurt.slobodzian@nexusresearch.org Jeff Strohl Director of Research Georgetown University Center on Education and the Wo rkforce 3300 W hite Haven , Suite 5000 Washington , DC 20007 Phone : ( 202 ) 687 - 4945 Em ail: js787@georgetown.eduA - 4

Randy Swing Executive Director Association for Institutional Research 1435 East Piedmont Drive Tallahassee , FL 32308 Phone : ( 850 ) 385 - 4155 Email: rswing@airweb.org Omari Swinton Associate Professor Howard University

, Department of Economics 2400 6th Street NW ASB - B, Room 319 Washington , DC 20059 Phone : ( 202 ) 806 - 6774 Em ail: oswinton@howard.edu Marvin Tit us Associate Professor University of Maryl and 2200 Benjamin Building Room 3209 College Park , MD 20742 Phone : ( 301 ) 405 - 2220 Em ail: mtitus@umd.edu Christine Tracy Director of Research Association for Private Sector Colleges and Universities 11 00 Connecticut Avenue NW Suite 900 Washington , DC 20036 Phone : ( 202 ) 336 - 6804 Em ail: chris.trac y@ apscu.org Paul Umbach Professor North Carolina State University 300 Poe Hall , Box 7801 Raleigh , NC 27695 Phone : ( 919 ) 515 - 9366 Em ail: paul_umbach@ncsu.edu Jeff We bster Assistant Vice President TG Research and Analytical Services PO Box 83100 Round Rock , TX 78681 Phone : ( 512 ) 219 - 4504 Em ail: jeff.webster@tgslc.org 

### Federal Panelist **s** Dori Allard Chief , Division of Labor F

orce Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics 2 Massachusetts Avenue NE Suite 4675 Wa shington , DC 20212 Phone : ( 202 ) 691 - 6470 Email: a llard.dorinda@bls.gov Xiaoling Ang Economist, Office of Research Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 1275 First Street NE Suite 827 - C Wa shington , DC 20002 Phone : ( 202 ) 435 - 7686 Email: xiaoling.ang@cfpb.gov Donald Conner U. S. Department of Education, OPE 1990 K Street NW Room 8030 Wa shington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7818 Email: donald.conner@ed.gov Daniel Goldenberg Management and Program Analyst U. S. Department of Education , OPEPD 400 Maryland Avenue SW Room 5W308 Wa shington , DC 20202 Phone : ( 202 ) 401 - 3562 Email: daniel.goldenberg@ed.gov Nimmi Ka nnankutty Senior Advisor National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulev

ard Suite 965 S Arlington , VA 22230 Phone : ( 703 ) 292 - 7797 Email: nkannank@nsf .govA - 5

Kashka Kubzdela OMB Liaison U.S. Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9014 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 741 1 Em ail: kashka.kubzdela@ed.gov John Mingus Assistant Director General Accounting Office U.S. Government Accountability Office 441 G Street NW Washington , DC 20548 Phone : ( 202 ) 512 - 4987 Em ail: mi ngus

j @gao.gov Jon O'Bergh Senior Polic y Advisor U.S. Department of Education , Office of the Undersecretary 400 Maryl and Avenue SW Washington , DC 20202 Phone : ( 202 ) 260 - 8568 Em ail: jon.obergh@ed.gov Jeffrey Owings Associate Commissioner U.S. Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 91 14 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7423 Em ail: jeffrey

.owings@ed.gov Daniel Pollard Lead Management and Program Analy st U.S. Department of Education, FSA 830 First Street NE Washington , DC 20202 Phone : ( 202 ) 377 - 3389 Em ail: daniel.pollard@ed.gov Richard Reeves Branch Chief U.S. Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 81 13A Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7436 Em ail: richard.reeves@ed.gov Em ilda Rivers Program Director National Science Foundation 4201 W ilson Boulevard Suite 965 S Arlington , VA 22230 Phone : ( 703 ) 292 - 7773 Em ail: erivers@nsf.gov David Sm ole Specialist in Education Policy Congressional Research Service 101 Independence Avenue SE Mail Stop 7440 Washington , DC 20003 Phone : ( 202 ) 707 - 0624 Em ail: dsmole@crs.loc.gov Matthew Va lerius Education Program Specialist U.S. Department of Education 500 12th Street SW Office 1 1 - 135 Washington , DC 20536 Phone : ( 202 ) 245 - 7859 Em ail: m atthew . v alerius@ed.gov 

### U.S. Department of Education, NCES **Sample Surveys Division** Chris Chapman Associate Commissioner, Sample Surveys Divisions U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW , Room 9042 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7414 Email: chris.chapman@ed.govA - 6

Elise Christopher Project Officer, ELS:2002 & HSLS:09 U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9030 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7899 Em ail: e lise. c hristopher@ed.gov Sarah Crissey Research Scientist U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9026 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7395 Em ail: sarah.crissey@ed.gov Tracy Hunt - Wh ite Education Statistician U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9018 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7438 Em ail: tracy

.hunt - white@ed.gov Sean Simone Statistician U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9025 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7367 Em ail: sean.simone@ed.gov Te d Socha Statistician, B&B Project Officer U.S . Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9028 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : 202 - 502 - 7383 Em ail: ted.socha@ed.gov 

### RTI International Melissa Cominole Project Director, B&B:08/12 RT I International 3040 East Cornwallis Road P . O . Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : ( 919 ) 990 - 845 6 Em ail: mcominole@rti.org Kristin Dudley Research Programmer Analyst RT I International 3040 East Cornwallis Road P . O . Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : ( 919 ) 541 - 6855 Em ail: ma rvill@rti.org Em ily Forrest Cataldi Research Education Analy st RT I International 3916 78th Street Urbandale , IA 50322 Phone : (919)597 - 5178 Em ail: ecataldi@rti.org Natasha Janson Research Education Analy st 3040 East Cornwallis Road P . O . Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : ( 919 ) 316 - 3394 Em ail: njanson@rti.org David Radwin Senior Research Associate RT I International 2150 Shattuck Avenue Suite 800 Berkeley , CA 94704 Phone : ( 510 ) 665 - 8274 Em ail: dradwin@rti.orgA - 7

Brya n Shepherd Research Education Analy st RT I International 3040 East Cornwallis Road P. O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : (919)316 - 3482 Em ail: bshepherd@rti.org Peter Siegel Senior Statistician RT I International 3040 East Cornwallis Road P. O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 6348 Em ail: siegel@rti.org Sandra Staklis Senior Research Associate RT I International 1618 SW First Avenue Suite 300 Portland , OR 97201 Phone : (503)428 - 5676 Em ail: sstaklis@rti.org Jennifer Wi ne Senior Director, Program in Education Survey Design RT I International 3040 East Cornwallis Road P. O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Park , NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 6870 Em ail: jennifer@rti.org Jennie Wo o Senior Research Associate RT I International 2150 Shattuck Avenue Suite 800 Berkeley , CA 94704 Phone : 510 - 665 - 8276 Em ail: jwoo@rti.org 

### Consultants Sandy Baum Consultant George Wa shington University and Urban Institute 161 East Chicago Avenue #45C Chicago , IL 6061 1 Phone : (518)369 - 3774 Em ail: sbaum@ em ail.gwu .edu Alisa Cunningham Consultant Alisa Federico Cunningham, LLC 613 4th Street N W Washington , DC 20002 Phone : (202)413 - 5381 Em ail: afc0029@yahoo.com Stephen Porter Professor North Carolina State University 6416 Northwyck Place Raleigh , NC 27609 Phone : (860)328 - 0154 Em ail: porterstephenr@gmail.comB - 1 

# Appendix **B**

**Endorsing Associations for NPSAS:16** B - 2



### The following organizations have confirmed that they have endorsed NPSAS:16 : ACPA -- College Student Educators Network International American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers American Association of Community Colleges American Association of State Colleges and Universities American Council On Education Association for Institutional Research Association of American Colleges and Universities Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities Association of Public and Land - grant Universities The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching The College Board Council of Graduate Schools The Council of Independent Colleges Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities Midwestern Higher Education Co mpact NASPA - Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education National Association of College and University Business Officers National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators New England Board of Higher Education Southern Regional Education Board State Higher Education Executive Officers The United Negro College Fund Western Interstate Commission for Higher EducationC - 1 

# Appendix C **Confidentiality for**  **Administrative Record Matching** C - 2



### C **.1 Develop Linkages with A**  **dministrative Data Sources** Linkages will be developed w ith existing data sources to supplement the 2015 - 16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16) student data , during both the field test (2015) and full - scale (2016) collections . NCES recognizes the great value added to the NPSAS:16 data file with the addition of data from specific administrative data sources as certain data, such as specific financial aid amounts and associated dates, can only be accurately obtained from sources other than the student or parent. Our postsecondary studies, including previous NPSAS studies, Beginning Postsecondary Student (BPS), and Baccalaureate and Beyond (B&B), have included file merges with many existing sources of valuable data, including Department of Education’s (ED) Central Processing System (CPS) for Free App lication for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) data, the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS), and ACT. For this study, we plan to perform file merges with the following datasets: CPS, NSLDS, ACT, SAT, and National Student Clearinghouse. The Family Educatio nal Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (34 CFR Part 99) allows the disclosure of information without prior consent for the purposes of NPSAS:16 according to the following excerpts: 34 CFR § 99.31 asks , “Under what conditions is prior consent not required to di sclose information?” and explains in 34 CFR § 99.31 (a) that “An educational agency or institution may disclose personally identifiable information from an education record of a student without the consent required by § 99.30 if the disclosure meets one or more ” of several conditions. These conditions include, at 34 CFR § 99.31(a)(3) : The disclosure is, subject to the requirements of §99.35, to authorized representatives of -- (i) The Comptroller General of the United States; (ii) The Attorney General of the United States; (iii) The Secretary; or (iv) State and local educational authorities. NPSAS:16 is collecting data under the Secretary’s authority. Any personally identifiable information is collected with adherence to the security protocol detailed in 34 CFR § 99.35: (a)(1) Authorized representatives of the officials or agencies headed by officials listed in §99.31(a)(3) may have access to education records in connection with an audit or evaluation of Federal or State supported education programs, or fo r the enforcement of or compliance with Federal legal requirements that relate to those programs. (2) The State or local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) is responsible for using reasonable methods to ensure to t he greatest extent practicable that any entity or individual designated as its authorized representative

— (i) Uses personally identifiable information only to carry out an audit or evaluation of Federal - or State -supported education programs, or for the en forcement of or compliance with Federal legal requirements related to these programs; (ii) Protects the personally identifiable information from further disclosures or other uses, except as authorized in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and (iii) Destroys the personally identifiable information in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. (b) Information that is collected under paragraph (a) of this section must — (1) Be protected in a manner that does not permit personal i dentification of individuals by anyone other than the State or local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) and their authorized representatives, except that the State or local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) may make further disclosures of personally identifiable information from education records on behalf of the educational agency or institution in accordance with the requirements of §99.33(b); andC - 3



### (2) Be destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes listed in paragraph (a) of this section. As part of initial sampling activities, we will ask participating institutions to provide SSNs for all students on their enrollment list. Having an initial list of all student SSNs minimizes the time and burden on both the institutions and the data collection contractor. Institutions will only have to provide one enrollment list; if the SSNs were provided only for those students selected, the institutions would have to provide two sepa rate enrollment lists. Immediately after the student sample is selected, the SSNs for non - selected students will be securely discarded. **Secure Data Transfers.** NCES has set up a secure data transfer system, using the NCES member site with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology, described above. The contractor will use this electronic system for submitting data containing potentially identifying information (such as SSNs, names, and dates of birth of our sample members) along with their survey ID (not the sam e ID that is available on the restricted use data). Before being transmitted, files will be encrypted using FIPS 140 - 2 validated encryption tools. Data will be received from the NCES system as well. The system requires that both parties to the transfer b e registered users of the NCES Members Site and that their Members Site privileges be set to allow use of the secure data transfer service as described above. This process will be used for all file matching procedures described below, except in instances when the vendor already has a secure data transfer system in place. **C .2**  **File Merge with ED Central Processing System (CPS)** File merges will be performed with the CPS data containing federal student aid application information by the data collection contrac tor. The merge with CPS can occur at any time for any number of cases, provided that the case has an apparently vali d SSN associated with it. A file will be sent to CPS and in return a large data file containing all students who applied for federal aid will be received. The data collection contractor has programs and procedures in place to prepare and submit files according to rigorous CPS standards, and to receive and process data obtained from CPS. A file will be electronically uploaded on the FAFSA secu re web - site for matching which contains SSN and the first 2 letters of the sample member’s last name (but no other information). Access to the site for the upload is restricted to authorized users who are registered and provide identification/authenticatio n information (SSN, DOB, and personal identification number [PIN]) to the FAFSA data site. The file is retrieved by the Central Processing System or CPS (the FAFSA contractor data system) for linkage. The linked file, containing student aid applications fo r matched records, is then made available to us only through a secure connection (EdConnect) which requires username and password. All CPS files will be processed, edited, and documented for inclusion on the analytic data files. All CPS files will be proc essed, edited, and documented for inclusion in the final restricted use file (RUF) . **C .3**  **File Merge with National Student Loan Data Sy stem Disbursement**  A file merge will be conducted by the data collection contractor with the NSLDS to collect federal loan and Pell grant data. The resulting file will contain cumulative amounts for each student’s entire postsecondary education enrollment. NCES has set up a secure data transfer system that uses their NCES member site and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology. The system requires that both parties to the transfer be registered users of the NCES Members Site and that their Members Site privileges be set to allow use of the secure data transfer service. These privileges are set up and carefully controlled by the E D’s Institute of Education Sciences (IES) NCES Chief Technology Officer (CTO) , a service designed by ED/NCES specifically for the secure transfer of electronic files containing personally identifying information (i.e., data protected under the Privacy Act or otherwise posing risk of disclosure) , and can be used for NCES - to Contractor; Contractor - to - Subcontractor; Subcontractor - to - Contractor; and Contractor - to - Other - Agency data transfers. The party uploading the information onto the secure server at NCES is responsible for deleting the file(s) after the successful transfer has been confirmed. Data transfers using this system will includeC - 4



### notification to the ED/IES, the NCES CTO, and the NCES Deputy Commissioner as well as the ED/NCES project officer. The noti fication will include the names and affiliations of the parties in the data exchange/transfer and the nature and approximate size of the data to be transferred. Programs have been developed to create the files for the merge and also to read the data receiv e. All matching processes are initiated by the data collection staff providing a file with one record per sample member to be merged. **C .4**  **File Merge with A CT**  To obtain valuable admissions test data, a file merge will be performed with American College Tes ting (ACT) data by the data collection contractor. The approach for this file matching will be similar to those described in the sections on CPS and NSLDS file merging. This matching process has been used since NPSAS:96. Matching of students to ACT requir es Social Security number (SSN), name and date of birth to assist the data vendor in performing confirmatory data quality checks. This process will be initiated by providing a file with one record per SSN. The same procedures will be used as described abov e for the NSLDS linkage: creating a password - protected, encrypted file using FIPS 140 - 2 validated encryption tools; uploading the electronic file on the NCES server for pick - up by ACT. ACT will process the data on their database and provide the matched data on the NCES server for our secure download. This file merge will only be conducted during the full - scale study. **C .5**  **File Merge with the College Board** To obtain SAT data, a file merge will be performed with the College Board by the data collection contra ctor. Matching of students to SAT data requires Social Security number (SSN), name and date of birth to assist the data vendor in performing confirmatory data quality checks. This process will be initiated by providing a file with one record per SSN. The s ame procedures will be used as described above for the NSLDS linkage: creating a password - protected, encrypted file using FIPS 140 - 2 validated encryption tools; uploading the electronic file on the NCES server for pick - up by the College Board. The College Board will process the data on their database and provide the matched data on the NCES server for our secure download. This file merge will only be conducted during the full - scale study. **C .6**  **File Merge with the National Student Clearinghouse** The National Student Clearinghouse will be used to obtain the Student Tracker data on institutions attended, enrollment dates, and degree completions for the NPSAS:16 sample. The data collection contractor will first set up an account with the Clearinghouse which will enable sending and receiving of files securely over encrypted FTPS connections. The file containing sensitive student identifiers (name, date of birth, and Social Security number) will be encrypted using FIPS 140 - 2 validated encryption tools then submitted to the Clearinghouse using their secure FTP site. All files received by the Clearinghouse will be securely stored using FIPS 140 - 2 validated AES encryption, the US federal encryption standard. Matched files, containing data on enrollment dates, institution names, and degrees completed, will be returned to the data collection contractor using the same secure FTP site . **C .7**  **Processing A dministrative Data**  We propose t o send files for matching after the student record abstractions are completed to ensure the availability of the maximum number of verified Social Security numbers and to facilitate the batch mode processing that is suitable to many of these resources. We m ay need to match to a source (for example, CPS or NSLDS) more than once.C - 5



### The data from all of these sources, as allowed by the vendor, will be delivered for inclusion on the RUF and will be useful for c reating derived variables. The derived variables will be available on PowerStats and QuickStats , and b oth direct - pull and derived variables will be documented thoroughly.D - 1 

# Appendix D

**Data Security Language for Vendor Contracts**D - 2



### Data Security Requirements a) Contractor shall use data supplied to them by Company for the specific purpose included in the corresponding Statements of Work only. b) Contractor will protect all data supplied to them by Company as specifically stated in Exhibit C , below . c) Unless otherwise agreed to, Contractor will promptly and properly destroy data supplied to them by Company upon the Statement of Work completion date. **EXHIBIT C**  **COMPANY INFORMATION SECURITY REQUIREMENTS** A. Definitions. “Business Contact Information” is defined as name, job title, department name, company name, business telephone, business fax number, and business email address. “COMPANY Confidential Information” as defined in the Agreement. “Information Processing System(s)” is defined as the individual and collective electronic, mechanical, or software c omponents of CONTRACTOR operations that store and/or process COMPANY Confidential Information. “Information Security Event” is defined as any situation where COMPANY Confidential Information is lost; is subject to unauthorized or inappropriate access, use, or misuse; the security, confidentiality, or integrity of the information is compromised; or the availability of CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems is compromised by external attack. “Security Breach” is defined as an unauthorized access to CONTRAC TOR’s facilities, Information Processing Systems or networks used to service, store, or access COMPANY Confidential Information, provided such unauthorized access exposes COMPANY Confidential Information or provided CONTRACTOR is required to report such un authorized access to appropriate legal or regulatory agencies or affected COMPANY members. “Industry best practice” is defined by the information security guidelines prepared by the PCI Security Standards Council and documented in the PCI DSS requirement s as well as standards and guidelines prepared by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) B. Security and Confidentiality . Before receiving, or continuing to receive, COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will implement and main tain an information security program that ensures: 1) COMPANY’s Confidential Information and CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems are protected from internal and external security threats; and 2) that COMPANY Confidential Information is protected f rom unauthorized disclosure. C. Security Policy. a. Formal Security Policy. Consistent with the requirement of this Attachment, CONTRACTOR will create an information security policy that is approved by CONTRACTOR’s management, published and communicated to all CONTRACTOR’s employees. Such information security policy may be reviewed by COMPANY at CONTRACTOR’s place of business pursuant to confidentiality obligations.D - 3



### b. Security Policy Review. CONTRACTOR will review the information security policy at planned interv als or if significant changes occur to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness. D. Asset Management. a. Asset Inventory. CONTRACTOR shall have the ability to identify the location of all CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and media containing COMPANY Confidential Information. b. Acceptable Use. CONTRACTOR will implement rules for the acceptable use of information and assets which is no less restrictive than industry best practice and consistent with the requirements of this Attachment. c. Equipment Use While on COMPANY Premises. While on COMPANY’s premises, CONTRACTOR will not connect hardware (physically or via a wirele ss connection) to COMPANY systems unless necessary for CONTRACTOR to perform Services under this Agreement. This hardware must be inspected / scanned by COMPANY before use. d. Portable Devices. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the exception of Busines s Contact Information, may not be stored on portable devices including, but not limited to, laptops, external hard drives, Personal Digital Assistants, MP3 devices, and USB devices. e. Personally - owned Equipment. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the ex ception of Business Contact Information, may not be stored on personally - owned equipment. E. Human Resources Security. a. Security Awareness Training. Prior to CONTRACTOR employees receiving access to COMPANY Confidential Information, they will receive security awareness training appropriate to their job function. CONTRACTOR will also ensure that recurring security awareness training is performed. b. Removal of access Rights. The access rights of all CONTRACTOR employees to CONTRACTOR Information Processing Syste ms or media containing COMPANY Confidential Information will be removed immediately upon termination of their employment, contract or agreement, or adjusted upon change. F. Physical and Environmental Security. a. Secure Areas. CONTRACTOR will secure all areas, including loading docks, holding areas, telecommunications areas, cabling areas and off - site areas that contain Information Processing Systems or media containing COMPANY Confidential Information by the use of appropriat e security controls in order to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed access and to prevent damage and interference. The following controls will be implemented: i. Access will be controlled and restricted by use of a defined security perimeter, a ppropriate security barriers, entry controls and authentication controls. A record of all accesses will be securely maintained. ii. All personnel will be required to wear some form of visible identification to identify them as employees, contractors, visitors , et cetera. iii. Visitors to secure areas will be supervised, or cleared for non - escorted accessed via an appropriate background check. Their date and time of entry and departure will be recorded.D - 4



### b. Environmental Security. CONTRACTOR will protect equipment fr om power failures and other disruptions caused by failures in supporting utilities. G. Communications and Operations Management. a. Protections Against Malicious Code. CONTRACTOR will implement detection, prevention, and recovery controls to protect against malicious software, which is no less than current industry best practice and perform appropriate employee training on the prevention and detection of malicious software. b. Back - ups. CONTRACTOR will perform appropriate back - ups of CONTRACTOR Information Process ing Systems and media containing COMPANY Confidential Information as required in order to ensure services and service levels described in this Statement of Work. c. Media and Information Handling . CONTRACTOR will protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information contained on media by use of a media control management program and provide a copy of the program to COMPANY. i. COMPANY input and result code data can be stored as Audit Data in a SQLServer table. All Audit Data on this SQLServer table can only be accessed for up to 180 days. After 180 days the Audit Data in the SQLServer table is automatically destroyed. d. Media and Information Disposal . CONTRACTOR will securely and safely dispose of COMPANY Confidential Information that resides on media (including but not limited to hard copies, disks, CDs, DVDs, optical disks, USB devices, hard drives) upon the Statement of Work completion date using establishment of procedures to include, but not be limited to: i. Disposing of COMPANY Co nfidential Information on mediaso that it is rendered unreadable or undecipherable, such as by burning, shredding, pulverizing or overwriting in compliance with DoD Standard 5220.22 - M. ii. Maintaining a secured disposal log that provides an audit trail of disp osal activities. iii. Purging COMPANY Confidential Information from all CONTRACTOR’s physical storage mediums (filing cabinets, drawers, et cetera.) and from all Information Processing Systems, including back - up systems, within thirty (30) days of the latest oc currence of following: upon termination of this agreement; or as soon as the COMPANY Confidential Information is no longer required to perform services under this Statement of Work. iv. Providing a Certificate of Destruction to COMPANY certifying that all COMPANY Confidential Information was purged. The certificate will be provided to COMPANY within ten (10) business days after the information was purged. e. Exchange of Information. To protect confidentiality and integrity of COMPANY Confidential Information in transit, CONTRACTOR will: i. Perform an inventory, analysis and risk assessment of all data exchange channels (including but not limited to FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, modem, and fax) to identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential Information from these c hannels. ii. Monitor and inspect all data exchange channels to detect unauthorized information releases. iii. Ensure that appropriate security controls using approved data exchange channels are employed when exchanging COMPANY Confidential Information.D - 5



### iv. If COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR electronically, then CONTRACTOR must employ industry standard encryption security measures (minimum standard of NIST’s FIPS 140 - 2) to encrypt COMPANY Confidential Information prior to transmitting via the Internet. Otherwise, COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR using an encrypted (minimum standard NIST’s FIPS 140 - 2) CD - ROM sent via courier service with a tracking number. v. Ensure that information (including persistent cookies) about COMPANY customers, members or employees is not harvested by CONTRACTOR web pages except for purposes of this Agreement. f. Monitoring. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will: i. Employ current industry best practice security controls and tools to monitor Information Processing Systems and log user activities, exceptions, unauthorized information processing activities, suspicious activiti es and information security events. Logging facilities and log information will be protected against tampering and unauthorized access. Logs will be kept for at least 90 days. ii. Perform frequent reviews of logs and take necessary actions to protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information. iii. At COMPANY’s request, make logs available to COMPANY to assist in investigations of security breaches. iv. Comply with all relevant legal requirements applicable to monitoring and logging activities. v. Ensure that the clocks of all relevant information processing systems are synchronized using a national or international time source. H. Access Control. a. User access Management. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will: i. Employ a formal user registration and de - registration procedure for granting and revoking access and access rights to all CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems. ii. Employ a formal password management process. iii. Perform recurring reviews of users’ access and access rights to ensure that they are appropriate for the users’ role. b. User Responsibilities. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Inf

ormation residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will: i. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems users follow current security practices in the selection and use of strong passwords. ii. Ensure that unattended equipment ha s appropriate protection to prohibit access and use by unauthorized individuals.D - 6



### iii. Ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information contained at workstations, including but not limited to paper and on display screens is protected from unauthorized access. c. Networ k access Control. access to internal, external, and public network services that allow access to CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems shall be controlled. CONTRACTOR will: i. Ensure that current industry best practice standard authentication mechanisms for network users and equipment are in place and updated as necessary. ii. Ensure electronic perimeter controls are in place to protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems from unauthorized access. iii. Ensure authentication methods are used to control access by remote users. iv. Ensure physical and logical access to diagnostic and configuration ports is controlled. d. Operating System access Control. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Inf ormation Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR will: i. Ensure that access to operating systems is controlled by a secure log - on procedure. ii. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing System users have a unique identifier (user ID). iii. Ensure that the use of utility programs that are capable of overriding system and application controls are highly restricted and tightly controlled. iv. Ensure that inactive sessions are shut down when technically possible after a defined period of inactivity. v. Employ restrictions on connect ion times when technically possible to provide additional security for high risk applications. e. Mobile Computing and Remote Working. To protect COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems from the risks inherent i n mobile computing and remote working, CONTRACTOR will: i. Perform a risk assessment to identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential Information from residing on mobile computing and remote access systems. ii. Develop a policy, operational plans and proced ures for managing mobile computing and remote access systems to ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information does not reside on or are used on these systems. I. Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Maintenance. a. Security of System Files. To protec t CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will ensure that access to source code is restricted to authorized users who have a direct need to know. b. Security in Development and Suppor t Processes . To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will: i. Ensure that the implementation of changes is controlled by the use of formal change control procedures.D - 7



### ii. Employ industry best practice security controls to minimize information leakage. iii. Employ oversight quality controls and security management of outsourced software development. J. Information Security Incident Management. Reporting Information Security Events and Weaknesses. To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will, in the event that Contractor becomes aware of (or reasonably suspects) that any information and data obtained p ursuant to the Services has been compromised in any manner, immediately notify Company via email or telephone call and follow - up on the incident in writing and provide all requested information about the event. For purposes of this obligation, “compromise ” includes suspected or known incidents without limitation: (i) any unauthorized access to information and data obtained pursuant to the Services, (ii) any inadvertent disclosure of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services to any third party, (iii) any known or suspected misuse of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services by any person (even if such person was authorized to access such information or data), (iv) any suspected use of information and data obtained pursuant to the Se rvices by any person outside of the scope of that person’s authority, and (v) any known or suspected alteration of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services other than as required or permitted by this Agreement. a. Information Security Events and Security Breaches: Contractor shall i. Implement a process to ensure that Information Security Events and Security Breaches are reported through appropriate management channels as quickly as possible. ii. Train all employees of information systems and services how to report any observed or suspected Information Security Events and Security Breaches. iii. Notify COMPANY by email (JDavis @RTI.org or by phone (800 - 334 - 8571) immediately of all suspected Information Security Events and Security Brea ches. Following any such event or breach, CONTRACTOR will promptly notify COMPANY as to the COMPANY Confidential Information affected and the details of the event or breach. K. Business Continuity Management. a. Business Continuity Management Program. In order to ensure services and service levels described in this agreement, CONTRACTOR will: i. Develop and maintain a process for business continuity throughout the organization that addresses the information security requirements needed for the CONTRACTOR’s busines s continuity so that the provision of products and/or services provided under the Agreement to COMPANY is uninterrupted. ii. Identify events that can cause interruptions to business processes, along with the probability and impact of such interruptions and the ir consequences for information security. iii. Develop and implement plans to maintain or restore operations and ensure availability of information at the required level and in the required time scales following interruption to, or failure of, critical business processes and provide COMPANY a copy of the same.D - 8



### iv. Test and update Business Continuity Plans regularly to ensure that they are up - to - date and effective. L. Security Assessments. a. Initial and Recurring Security Assessments. CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY repre sentatives to perform an on - site physical and logical Security Assessment of CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities prior to the release of COMPANY Confidential Information and each year thereafter. Security Assessments will be performed dur ing regular business hours, at a date and time agreed to by both parties, and will not require online access to CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems. b. Security Assessments Following Information Security Events and Security Breaches. Following the oc currence of an Information Security Event or Security Breach, CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY representatives to perform an on - site physical and logical Security Assessment of CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities to assess the impact of the event or breach even if a Security Assessment has been completed within the year. c. Security Assessment Findings. Upon completion of a Security Assessment, COMPANY will provide CONTRACTOR with a Security Assessment completion letter that summarizes COMPANY’ s Security Assessment findings. These findings may identify critical security deficiencies identified as “Mandatory” that require immediate correction before COMPANY can release, or continue to release, COMPANY Confidential Information to CONTRACTOR. CON TRACTOR will implement and continue to maintain all mutually agreed upon “Mandatory” security findings. If mutual agreement to “Mandatory” security findings cannot be reached, then these issues may be escalated using the dispute resolution provisions within this Agreement.E - 1 

# App **endix E**

**Previous Studies Based on NPSAS, B&B, and BPS Data** E - 2 

## National	Postsecondary	Student	Aid	Study	(NPSAS) “NCES”, “ED”, and “EJ” publication numbers are indicated in parenthesis. Publications with an “NCES” number may be accessed from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http://nces.ed.gov . Publications with “ED” or “EJ” numbers are indexed in the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) at http://www.askeric.org . **Arranged alphabetically by study and year** 

### 2013 Adelman, C. (2013). Searching for Our Lost Associate’s Degrees: Project Win - Win at the Finish Line . Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. Alliance for Excellent Education. (2013). Repairing a Broken System: Fixing Federal Student Aid . Washington, DC: Author. Bailey, T. (2012). Developing Input - Adjusted Metrics of Community College Performance . Washington, DC: HCM Strategists, LLC. Baum, S., Kurose, C., and Ma, J. (2013). How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues. Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Baum, S., Kurose, C., and McPherson, M. (2013). An Overview of American Higher Education. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 23 (1): 17 –40. Baum, S., Ma, J., and Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays 2013: the Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society . Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Baum, S., and Schwartz, S. (2013). Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment . Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Deve lopment. Baum, S., and Scott - Clayton, J. (2013). Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty - First Century . Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project. Belfield, C.R. (2013). Student Loans and Repayment Rates: The Role of For - Profit Colleges. Research in H igher Education, 54 (1): 1 –29. Burd, S. (2013). Undermining Pell: How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low - Income Behind

. Washington, DC: New America Foundation. Carter, D.F., Locks, A.M., and Winkle - Wagner, R. (2013). From When and Where I Enter: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Minority Students’ Transition to College. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 28 : 93 – 149. Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment. (2013). For -Profit Colleges: Growt

h, Outcomes, Regulation . New York: Author. Chen, X. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths into and out of STEM Fields (NCES 2014 - 001). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 3

Choitz, V., and Reimherr, P. (2013). Mind the Gap: High Unmet Financial Need Threatens Persistence and Completion fo r LowIncome Community College Students. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc. College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. (2013). Rethinking Pell Grants . New York: Author. Crisp, G., and Delgado, C. (2013). The Impact of Developmental Educa tion on Community College Persistence and Vertical Transfer. Community College Review. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://crw.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/05/0091552113516488.abstract . Dannenberg, M., and Voight, M. (2013). Doing Away With Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College Affordability for Low and Middle -

Income Families. Washington, DC: The Education Trust. Daun - Barnett, N.J. (2013). Access to College: A Reconsideration of the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS). Education al Policy, 27 (1): 3 – 32. Davidson, J.C. (2013). Increasing FAFSA Completion Rates: Research, Policies and Practice. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 43 (1): 38 – 54. Davidson, J.C. (2013). Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Fe deral Pell Grants. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(7): 503 – 513. Day, A., Dworsky, A., and Feng, W. (2013, April). An Analysis of Foster Care Placement History and Post - Secondary Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education Journal, 19 : 1 – 17. Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For - Profit Colleges. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 23 (1): 137 – 164. Dillman, D.A., and House, C.C. (Eds.). (2013). Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure Survey . Wa shington, DC: The National Academies Press. Doyle, W.R. (2013). A New Partnership: Reshaping the Federal and State Commitment to Need -Based Aid . Washington, DC: The Committee for Economic Development. Dynarski, S., and Kreisman, D. (2013). Loans for Educat ional Opportunity: Making Borrowing Work for Today’s Students . Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project. Dynarski, S., and Scott - Clayton, J. (2013). Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research . NBER Working Paper 18710. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Esen, E. (2013). Financial Aid and Student Persistence: A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Journal of Education Policy, Planning and Administration, 2 (2): 107 – 116. Flynn, D. (2013). Baccalaureate Attainment of College Students at 4 - Year Institutions as a Function of Student Engagement Behaviors: Social and Academic Student Engagement Behaviors Matter. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9321 - 8 . Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E.W., and Ellison, N.B. (2013). Examining Social Adjustment to College in the Age of Social Media: Factors Influencing Successful Transitions and Persistence. Computers & Education, 67: 193 –207.E - 4

Guzman, T. (2013). To Choose or Not to Choose: Federal Income Tax Credits and Deductions and College Choice Decisions. Research Paper No. 2013 - 01 - 01. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University - School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Habersham, S.L. (2013). Dual Enrollment: An Analysis of Persistence, Ethnicity, and Gender. Unpublished dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1412677956 . Hamilton, D.W., and Torraco, R.J. (2013). Integrative Review of the Literature on Adults With Limited Education and Skills and the Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development. Retrieved July1, 2013, from Review http://hrd.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/23/1534484312471135.abstract . Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American Sociological Review, 78 (1): 70 – 95. HCM Strategists. (2013). The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Improve College Access, Affordabilit y, and Completion . Washington, DC: Author. HCM Strategists. (2013). Doing Better for More Students: Putting Student Outcomes at the Center of Federal Financial Aid . Washington, DC: Author. Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K.M. (2013). The Distribution of Col lege Graduate Debt, 1990 to 2008: A Decomposition Approach. Paper presented at the Conference on Student Loans, Kalamazoo, MI. Huelsman, M., and Cunningham, A.F. (2013). Making Sense of the System: Financial Aid Reform for the 21st Century Student . Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Aligning the Means and the Ends: How to Improve Federal Student Aid and Increase College Access and Success. White Paper. Washington, DC: Author. The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Strengthening Cal Grants to Better Serve Today’s Students: Analysis and Recommendations. Washington, DC: Author. Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and Coll ege Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83 (2) Karikari, J.A., and Dezhbakhsh, H. (2013). Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable? Education Economics, 21 (1): 60 – 78. Kim, Y.M., and Cole, J.S. (2013). Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education . Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Kofoed, M.S. (2013). For

-Profit and Traditional Colleges: Institutional Control, Financial Aid Allocation, and Net Costs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business. Kofoed, M.S. (2013). To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps . Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business. Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not - for -Profit and For

- Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19135 .E - 5

Lott II, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education . Retrieved July1, 2013, fr om http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9301 - z . Lovenheim, M.F., and Owens, E.G. (2013). Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence From Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998 . NBER Working Paper No. 18749. C ambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Lynch, D. (2013). Does Diversity Matter? Evidence From the Relationship Between an Institution’s Diversity and the Salaries of Its Graduates. Columbia University, New York. Mamiseishvili, K., and Deggs, D .M. (2013). Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low- Income Students at Public Two - Year Institutions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 15 (3): 409 –432. McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First- Year Community College Students. Community College Review, 41 (1): 63 – 85. Mendoza, P. (2012). Should I Work or Should I Borrow? Counterfactual Analysis on the Effect of Working While Enrolled and Debt on Baccalaurea te Completion. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 42 (2): 25 – 59. Mishory, J., and O'Sullivan, R. (2012). The Student Perspective on Federal Financial Aid Reform . Washington, DC: Young Invincibles. Montgomerie, J. (2013). America’s Debt Safety- Net. Public Administration: An International Quarterly . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467 - 9299.2012.02094.x/abstract . Okahana, H. (2013). Shifting Demand or Just Moving Price?: A Multi - Level Analysis of Student Price Demand for College Education and State Policy Preferences. Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371028120 . Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2013). Undergraduate Stude nts’ Preferences for Distance Education by Field of Study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16 (4). Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter164/pontes_pontes164.html . Radey, M., and Cheatham, L.P. (2013). Do Single Mothers Take Their Share?: FAFSA Completion Among Aid - Eligible Female Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6 (4): 261 –275. Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Characteristics of Certificate Com pleters with Their Time to Certificate and Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hun t - White, T. (2013). 2011 - 12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2011 - 12 (NCES 2013 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washingt on, DC. Reed, M., and Cochrane, D. (2013). Student Debt and the Class of 2012 . Washington, DC: The Institute for College Access & Success. Reimherr, P

., Har mon, T

., Strawn, J ., and Choitz, V . (2013). Reforming Student Aid: How to Simplify T ax Aid and Use P erfor mance Metrics to Impr

ove College Choices and Completion . W ashington, DC: Center for Law and Social P olicy , Inc .E - 6

Ross, P. (2013). Community College Pathways: A Narrative Inquiry with One Student . Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Document 199. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska — Lincoln. Ruot, B. (2013). An Investigation of the Six - Year Persistence/Attainment of Independent Students and Students Beginning in Community Colleges, 2003

– 04 – 2008

– 09: A Cl oser Look at Academic and Social Integration Factors. Unpublished dissertation, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413329202 . Santiago, D.A. (2013). Using a Latino Lens to Reimagine Aid Design and Delivery . White Paper. Washington, DC: Excelencia in Education. Santos, J.L., and Sáenz, V.B. (2013). In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o Trends in Access and Financial Concerns, 1975 –2008. Ed ucational Policy . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/05/0895904812465111.abstract . Shaw, S.F., and Dukes III, L.L. (2013). Transition to Postsecondary Education: A Call for Evidence - Based Practice. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36 (1): 51 – 57. Simone, S ., Radwin, D

., Wine, J., Siegel, P

., Br yan, M., and Hunt -White, T . (2013). 2011 - 12 National Postsecondar y Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12). Price Estimates for Attending Postsecondar y Education Institutions (NCES 2014 - 166). National Center for Education Statistics , Institute of Education Sciences , U .S . Depar tment of Education. W ashington, DC. Smith, K., and Read, K. (2013). Student Characteristics and Summer Enrollment: A Comparison of Earlier Research With Findings From Nationally Representative Data. Summer Academe, 7: 1 – 19. Sparks, D., and Malkus, N. (2013). First - Year Undergraduate Remedial Coursetaking: 1999 –2000, 2003– 04, 2007

– 08 (NCES 2013 - 013). National Center Education Statistics, Insti tute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Staklis, S., Henke, R., and Soldner, M. (2013). Who Considers Teaching and Who Teaches? First - Time 2007

– 08 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients by Teaching Status 1 Year after Graduation (N CES 2014 - 002). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Stange, K.M. (2013). Differential Pricing in Undergraduate Education: Effects on Degree Production by Field . NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19183. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19183 . Turner, L.J. (2013). Rethinking Institutional Aid: Implications for Affordability, Access, and the Effectiveness of Federal Student Aid . Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Wang, X., and Wickersham, K. (2013). Postsecondary Co - Enrollment and Baccalaureate Completion: A Look at Both Beginning 4 -Year College Students and Bacca laureate Aspirants Beginning at Community Colleges. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9317 - 4# . Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden ofNoncompleters (NCES 2013 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 7

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### 2012 Amuedo - Dorantes, C., and Sparber, C. (2012). In -State Tuiti on for Undocumented Immigrants and Its Impact on College Enrollment, Tuition Costs, Student Financial Aid, and Indebtedness. Discussion Paper No. 6857. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Avery, C., and Turner, S. (2012). Student Loans: Do College Stud ents Borrow Too Much — Or Not Enough? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1): 165 – 192. Dynarski, S., and Wiederspan, M. (2012). Student Aid Simplification: Looking Back and Looking Ahead . Working Paper 17834. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Res earch. Flowers, L.O., White, E.N., James E. Raynor, J., and Bhattacharya, S. (2012). African American Students’ Participation in Online Distance Education in STEM Disciplines: Implications for HBCUs. SAGE Open, 2 (2). Gilpin, G.A. (2012). Teacher Salaries and Teacher Aptitude: An Analysis Using Quantile Regressions. Economics of Education Review, 31 (3): 15 –29. Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the Relationship Between State Financial Aid Policy and Postsecondary Enrollment Choices: A Focus on Income and Race Differe nces. Research in Higher Education, 53 (2): 123 – 151. Melguizo, T., and Chung, A. (2012). College Aid Policy and Competition for Diversity. The Review of Higher Education, 35 (3): 403 –430. Metcalfe, Y. (2012). A Logistic Regression and Discriminant Function Analysis of Enrollment Characteristics of Student Veterans With and Without Disabilities. Dissertation. Virginia Commonwealth University.E - 8

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### 2001 Cofer, J., and Somer s, P. (2001). What Influences Student Persistence at Two - Year Colleges? Community College Review, 29 (3): 56 – 76 . Duggan, M. (2001, November 17 –20). Factors Influencing the First - Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Cambridge, MA: Paper pre sented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research. (ED460140) Henry, D.P. (2001). “Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and Institutional Analysis.” Dissertation. The Coll ege of William and Mary. Lee, J.B. (2001). Undergraduates Enrolled With Higher Sticker Prices (NCES 2001 - 171 ED450678) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.G. (20 01). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999 –2000. Education Statistics Quarterly, 3 (3): 82– 83. (EJ640237) Mbadugha, L.N.A. (2001). “The Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for Community College Students: A Financial Impact Model.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. (ED459884) Presley, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (2001). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2001 - 155 ED456686) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2000 Berkner, L., and Bobbitt, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989 – 90, 1992 – 93, and 1995 – 96 (NCES 2000 - 151 ED440562) . Statistical Analysis Report . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-

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Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000). A Comparison of the Influence of Debtload on the Persistence of Students at Public and Private Colleges. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30 (2): 39 – 58. (EJ620059) DeAngelis, S.L . (2000, October). Tuition, Financial Aid, Debt, and Dental Student Attrition. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30 (2): 7 –21. (EJ620057) Heller, D.E. (2000, November 16 – 19). Institutional Scholarship Awards: The Role of Student and Institutional Characteri stics. Sacramento, CA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED448637) Heller, D.E. (2000, April 24 –28). The Role of Race and Gender in the Awarding of Institutional Financial Aid. New Orleans, LA: Pap er presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. (ED442444) Hergenrother, D.S. (2000). “Gender Bias: An Analysis of the Distribution of Institutional Student Aid.” Ed.D. Dissertation. St. John’s University, School of Edu cation and Human Services. Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence (NCES 2000 - 092 ED444329) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. King, J.E. (2000). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program (ED448627) . Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy Analysis. Lang, D.M. (2000, May 21 –24). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. Cincinnati, OH: Paper presented a t the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED445636) 

### 1999 Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999 - 108) . Brochure . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, May 30 – June 3). Deeper in Debt: The Impact of the 1992 Reauthorization on Student Persistence . Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433784) Cofer, J., and Somers, P. ( 1999, Fall). An Analytical Approach To Understanding Student Debtload Response. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29 (3): 25 –44. (EJ614953) Geddes, C. (1999). Learning About Education Through Statistics. Second Edition (NCES 1999 - 028 ED429127) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Heller, D.E., and Laird, T.F.N. (1999, May 30– June 3). Trends in the Use of Need -Based and Non -

Need Financial Aid in American Colleges and Universities. Seattle, WA : P aper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433757) Heller, D.E., and Laird, TFN. (1999, Fall). Institutional Need - Based and Non - Need Grants: Trends and Differences Among College and University Sectors. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29 (3): 7 –24. (EJ614952) Horn, L., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999 - 187 ED431268) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Ce nter for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 19

King, J.E. (1999). Money Matters: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on How Students Pay for College (ED443364) . Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Po licy Analysis. Lee, J.B., and Suzanne B. Clery. (1999). State Aid for Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. (NCES 1999 - 186 ED430484). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Mulugetta, Y. (1999, May 30– June 3). Possible Long

- Term Effects of Awarding Merit Aid. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433755) Redd, K.E. (1999). Is There Still a Need for Perkins Loans? Differences in the Demographic Characteristics and Income Levels of Perkins and Stafford Loan Borrowers (ED426683). Washington, DC: Sallie Mae Education Institute . Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available from the National Center f or Education Statistics (NCES WP 1999 - 11 ED431892) . Working Paper. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Somers, P., Cofer, J., Hall, M.M, and Putten, J.V. (1999, November 18–21). A Comparison of the Pers istence of African American and White Students Using NPSAS: 96. San Antonio, TX: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED437872) U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999, Fall). Trends in Student Borrowing. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 69 – 70. (EJ600480) 

### 1998 Berkner, L. (1998). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995 – 96. With an Essay on Student Loans. (NCES 98 - 076 ED424835) . Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Moskovitz, R. (1998). Student Financing of Graduate and First -Professional Education, 1995 – 96. With Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Prog rams (NCES 98 - 083 ED419452). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., Moskovitz, R., and Malizio, A.G. (1998). Graduate and First -Professional Students: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98 - 139 ED421038) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98 - 080 ED424830) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cuccaro - Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98 - 088 ED418097) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. DeAngelis, S. (1998, Fall). The Influence of Price and Price Subsidies on Within - Year Persistence of Graduate and Professional Students. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28 (3): 41 – 57. (EJ584136) Horn, L.J. (1998). Undergraduates Who Work. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98 - 137 ED421042) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washingto n, DC.E - 20

Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995 –96. With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98 - 084 ED419461] . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statis tics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A - M. (1998) Descriptive Summary of 1995 – 96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, with Profiles of Students Entering 2 - and 4 - Year Institutions (NCES 1999 - 030 ED425684). Descriptive Analysis Report . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Volkwein, J. F., Szelest, B.P., Cabrera, A.F., and Napierski - Prancl, M.R. (1998, March – April). Factors Associated With Student Loan Default Among Diff erent Racial and Ethnic Groups. Journal of Higher Education, 69 (2): 206 –237. (EJ561345) 

### 1997 Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B - S, Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengt hs and Limitations of National Data Resources (ED429519). Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. Flint, T. (1997, June). Intergenerational Effects of Paying for College . Research in Higher Education, 38 (3): 313 – 344. (EJ547652) Flint, T.A. (1997, May

– June ). Predicting Student Loan Defaults . Journal of Higher Education, 68 (3): 322– 54. (EJ546176) Ignash, J.M. (Ed.) (1997, Winter). Implementing Effective Policies for Remedial and Developmental Education. New Directions for Community Coll eges, 25 (4). (ED413965) Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1997). Institutional Aid 1992 – 93 (NCES 98 - 104 ED413853) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Perna, L.W. (1997). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper . (ED415818) Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., Berkner, L.K, and Malizio, A.G. (1997). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study , 1995 – 96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98 - 073 ED414341) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wenglinsky, H. (1997). Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Thei r Aspirations & Accomplishments. Policy Information Report. New Jersey: Policy Information Center. (ED415239) 

### 1996 Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992 – 93 (NCES 96­161 ED394473) . Statistic al Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Geddes, C. (1996). Learning About Education Through Statistics (NCES 96 - 871 ED403329) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J., and Carroll, C.D. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and Attainment Among 1989

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– 96 (NCES 97 - 937). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1996). An Exploratory Study of College Purchase Options: How Financial Aid Widens Minorities’ Choices (ED402829) . Michigan: ASHE Annu al Meeting Paper. Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four - Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen (ED402820) . Virginia: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. St. John, E.P., and Others. (1996). The Nexus Between College Choi ce and Persistence . Research in Higher Education, 37 (2): 175 –220. (EJ523071) U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Tax Expenditures. Information on Employer -Provided Educational Assistance . Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, DC: Author. (ED403419) Wells, E.D. (1996). “The Influence of Student Aid and Prices on Within - Year Persistence in the Health Care Professions.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of New Orleans. 

### 1995 Boschung, M.D. (1995). “Title IV Student Loans Assumed by Students Enrolled in Four - Year Institutions: A National Study of the Factors Predicting Amounts Borrowed.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Alabama. Choy, S. P., and Premo, M. (1995). Student Financing of Graduate and First -Professional Education, 1992 – 93 With an Essay on Student Borrowing. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1992 – 93 (NCES 96 - 235 ED389241). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989 – 90 (NCES 95 - 167 ED382122) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Departmen t of Education. Washington, DC. Education Resources Institute, and Institute for Higher Education Policy. (1995). College Debt and the American Family (ED420228) . Massachusetts: Education Resources Institute. Flint, T. (1995). Legacies of Paying for Colle ge . Illinois: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED387012) Horn, L.J., and Premo, M. (1995). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1992 –93. With an Essay on Undergraduates at Risk (NCES 96 - 237 ED392852) . Statistical Analysis Re port. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95 - 166 ED383276) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Cente r for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1995). Packaging of Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: 1989 –90 (NCES 95 - 313 ED386083) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statis tics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.G. (1995). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992 – 93 (NCES 95 - 211 ED392849) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of E ducation. Washington, DC.E - 22

Malizio, A.G. (1995). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1992 – 93 (NCES 95 - 746 ED384292). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick , A.C., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part - Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989 – 1990 (NCES 95 - 173 ED386117) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Merisotis, J.P. (1995). The Next Step: Student Aid for Student Success (ED387069) . Washington, DC: Education Resources Institute. Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1995). An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral Education . Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. (ED391411) National Center for Education Statistics. (1995). Net Cost of Attending Postsecondary Education. Indicator of the Month (NCES 95 - 786 ED387026) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. National Transition Network. (1995). Provisions for Youth with Disabilities in Higher Education (ED385043). Minneapolis, MN: Author. Persell, C.H., and Weglinsky, H. (1995). Comparing Proprietary and Non -Profit Vocational Schools: Implications for Educational Privatization . American Sociological Association. St. John, E.P., Starkey, J.B., Paulsen, M.B, and Mbaduagha, L.M. (1995, Summer). The Influences of Prices and Price Subsidies on Within - Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools. E ducational Evaluation & Policy Analysis, 17 (2): 149 – 65. (EJ511049) Tuma, J. (1995). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992 – 93, With an Essay on the Costs of Undergraduate Education Before and After Student Financial Aid (NCES 95 - 202 ED389240). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Volkwein, J. F. (1995). Characteristics of Student Loan Defaulters Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. New York: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED386972) 

### 1994 Cho y, S.B. (1994). Characteristics of Students Who Borrow To Finance Their Postsecondary Education (NCES 95 - 310 ED377778). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dynarski, M. (1994 , March). Who Defaults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Economics of Education Review, 13 (1). (EJ483390) Fitzgerald, R., and Others. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989 – 90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Y ears Later (NCES 94 - 386 ED372691) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Flint, T.A. (1994). “Legacies of Paying for College: The Intergenerational Effects of Financial Support to Attend College.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago. Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1994). Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled in Postsecondary Education: 1989 – 90 (NCES 94 - 311 ED374727) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. De partment of Education. Washington, DC.E - 23

Trammell, M.L. (1994). Estimating the Enrollment Effects of a Mid - Year Surcharge: Using National Price Response Measures in Institutional Planning. Louisiana: AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. (ED373660) St. John, E.P., an d Starkey, J.B. (1994). The Influence of Costs on Persistence by Traditional College - Age Students in Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 18 (2): 201 –213. Starky, J.B. (1994). “The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on the Within - Year Persistence by Part - Time Undergraduate Students: A Sequential Analysis.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Tuma, J. (1994). Patterns of Enrollment in Postsecondary Vocational and Academic Education. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 19 (3): 107– 130. (EJ507747) Volkwein, F.J., and Szelest, B.P. (1994). The Relationship of Student Loan Default to Individual and Campus Characteristics (ED373616). AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. 

### 1993 Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Financing Undergraduate Education: 1990 (NCES 93 - 201 ED357728) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Quality of Responses in the 1987 National Postseco ndary Student Aid Study (NCES 93 - 446 ED356718) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Byce, C., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Changes in Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: Fall 1986 to Fall 1989 (NCES 93 - 157 ED360902) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1989 – 90 (NCES 93­091 ) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kaltenbaugh, L.S. (1993). “By African American Students: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey of 1987.” Dissert ation. University of New Orleans. Lyn, D.S. (1993). “The Impact of Living in University Residential Housing on Within - Year Persistence by Undergraduate Students Attending Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Lyn, J.G. (1993). “The Influence of Being Disabled on Within - Year Persistence by Students Attending Four - year Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Tynes, S. F.” (1993). The Relationship of Social, Economic, Academic, and Institutional Characteristics to Persistence of Nontraditional Age Students in Higher Education: Implications for Counselors.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Wenglinsky, H.H., and Persell, C.H. (1993). The Paradoxes of Educational Privatization: The Case of the Proprietary Schools. American Sociological Association. 

### 1992 Byce, C., and Schmitt, C.M. (1992). Students at Less- Than - 4 - Year Institutions (NCES 92 - 206 ED351957) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 24

Choy, S.P., and Henke, R.R. (1992). Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92 - 390 ED345623) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.G. (1992). Who Gets Financial Aid? And Why Low- Income Students Don’t Apply for Student Aid? Key Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (ED362969). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of E ducation. Washington, DC. Shepherd, J., and Malizio, A.G. (1992). Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 92­080 ED347206) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Was hington, DC. Scmitt, C. (1992). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987: Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92 - 390) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1991 American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, and Association of Community College Trustees. (1991). Toward Human Resource Development: Position Statement on the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (ED330404) . Washington, DC. Boyd, L.A. (1992). “Federally Subsidized Student Loans and the Economics of Default (Loan Defaults).” Dissertation. The Ohio State University. Center, D.B., and Kaufman, M.E. (1991). A Study of the Present and Future Needs for Leadership Personnel To Train Educators in Behavioral Disorders (ED343308). Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Severe Behavior Disorders in Children and Youth. Tempe, Arizona. Congress of the United Stated, Congressional Budget Office. (1991). Student Aid and the Cost o f Postsecondary Education. A CBO Study (ED329158) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dynarski, M. (1991). Analysis of Factors Related to Default (ED354801). Malizio, A.G. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1989 – 90 (NCES 92 - 003) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shepherd, J.C. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Preliminary Estimates on Student Financial Aid Recipients, 1989 – 90 (NCES 91 - 335 ED331378) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Yankosky, R.E., and Andrew, L. (19 91). The Proprietary School Sector: A Demographic and Financial Aid Profile (ED330269). Zito, E.H. (1991). Student Financial Aid and Choice of Undergraduate Major (ED339334) . ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

### 1990 Choy, S.P. and Gifford, A.G. (1990). Profile of Undergraduates in American Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 90 - 353 ED325483) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 25

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### 1 **989** Andrew, L.D., and Russo, R. (1989). Who Gets What? Impact of Financial Aid Policies (ED309717). Bishop, K.O. (1989). “Student Financial Aid: Comparison by Sector.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Brick, M.J. (19 89). Comparison of Fall and Academic Year Student Aid Estimates (NCES 89 - 313 ED311834) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Greene, B., and Zimbler, L. (1989). Profile of Handicapped Students in Postsecon dary Education, 1987 (NCES 89 - 337 ED310616) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Korb, R. (1989). Student Financing of Graduate and Professional Education (NCES 89 - 303 ED309721) . National Center for Educ ation Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. National Center for Education Statistics and Westat Research, Inc. (1989). Student Education Expenses, 1987 (NCES 89­245 ED309711). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department o f Education. Washington, DC. Westat Research, Inc. (1989). End of Academic Year Student Financial Aid Update Report. 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Technical Report (NCES 89 - 310 ED311833). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dep artment of Education. Washington, DC.E - 26 

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### 2012 Baker, C.N., and Robnett, B. (2012) . Race, Social Support and College Student Retention: A Case Study. Journal of College Student Development, 53 (2): 325 – 335.E - 27

Carlson, D. (2012). Out of the Classroom and Into the Voting Booth? Analyzing the Effects of Education on Political Participation. U npublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison. Chen, R. (2012). Institutional Characteristics and College Student Dropout Risks: A Multilevel Event History Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 53 (5): 487 – 505. Chen, X., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables — STEM in Postsecondary Education: Entrance, Attrition, and Coursetaking Among 2003– 04 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Educatio n. Washington, DC. Deming, D.J., Goldin, C., and Katz, L.F. (2012). The For - Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1): 139 – 164. Flynn, D. (2012). Baccalaureate Attainment as a Functi on of Student Engagement: Comparing the Impact of Engagement on Engineering/ICS Degree Attainment to Other Majors at 4 - Year Institutions. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Section Conference, San Luis Obisp o, CA. Franke, R. (2012). Towards the Education Nation: Revisiting the Impact of Financial Aid, College Experience, and Institutional Context on Baccalaureate Degree Attainment Using a Propensity Score Matching, Multilevel Modeling Approach. Unpublished Ph .D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Green, C., and Radwin, D. (2012). Web Tables — Characteristics of Associate’s Degree Attainers and Time to Associate’s Degree (NCES 2012 - 271). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Herrera, F.A. (2012). Community College Pathways: A Multilevel Examination of Institutional Roles in Student Success. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Ho rn, L., and Radwin, D. (2012). The Completion Arch: Measuring Community College Student Success —2012 . New York: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Ifill, N., and Radford, A.W. (2012). Web Tables —Beginning Subbaccalaureate Students’ Labor Market Experiences: Six Years Later in 2009 (NCES 2012 - 273). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Jackson, K. (2012). Evolving Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in Student Access, Retention, and Degree Attainment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University. Kanno, Y., and Harklau, L. (Eds.). (2012). Linguistic Minority Students Go to College: Preparation, Access, and Persistence . New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2012). Evaluating Student Outcomes at For - Profit Colleges. Working Paper 18201. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). Academic and Social Integration and Persi stence of International Students at U.S. Two -Year Institutions. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36 (1): 15 –27. Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). International Student Persistence in U.S. Postsecondary Institutions. Higher Education, 64 (1): 1 – 17.E - 28

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### 2011 Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need - Based Grants on Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quar terly, 92 (3): 807 – 829. Alon, S., and Gelbgiser, D. (2011). The Female Advantage in College Academic Achievements and Horizontal Sex Segregation. Social Science Research, 40 (1): 107 – 119 Attewell, P., Heil, S., and Reisel, L. (2011). Competing Explanations of Undergraduate Noncompletion. American Educational Research Journal, 48 (3): 536 – 559. Barnhart, D. (2011). The Relationship of Academic and Social Integration to Veterans’ Educational Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, The George Washington Univ ersity.E - 29

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### 2010 Camp, A.G., Gilleland, D.S., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2010). Differentiating Between Women in Hard and Soft Science and Engineering Disciplines. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11 (3): 363 – 384. Chen, R., and Des

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### 2006 Anderson, G. (200 6). Effectiveness of Statewide Articulation Agreements on the Probability of Transfer: A Preliminary Policy Analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 29 (3): 261 –291. Blecher, L. (2006). Persistence Toward Bachelor Degree Completion of Students in Family an d Consumer Sciences. College Student Journal, 40 (3): 469 –484. Dougherty, K.J., and Kienzl, G.S. (2006). It’s Not Enough to Get Through the Open Door: Inequalities by Social Background in Transfer From Community Colleges to Four -Year Colleges. Teachers College Record, 108 (3): 452–487. Dowd, A., and Coury, T. (2006). The Effect of Loans on the Persistence and Attainment of Community College Students. Research in Higher Education, 47(1): 33 – 62. Flowers, L.A. (2006). Effects of Attending a 2 - Year Institution on African American Males’ Academic and Social Integration in the First Year of College. Teachers College Record, 108 (2): 267 –286. Horn, L. (2006). Placing College Graduation Rates in Context: How 4 - Year College Graduation Rates Vary With Selectivity and the Size of Low-

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### 2005 Adelman, C. (2005). Moving Into Town — and Moving On: The Community College in the Lives of Traditional - Age Students. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. Washington, DC. Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2005). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub - Baccalaureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 24 (2): 197 –212. Bailey, T., Je nkins, D., and Leinbach, T. (2005). What We Know About Community College Low- Income and Minority Student Outcomes: Descriptive Statistics From National Surveys. New York: Community College Research Center. Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Wait ing to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Leppel, K. (2005). College Persistence and Student Attitudes Toward Financial Success. College Student Journal, 39 (2): 223 –241. Lohfink, M.M., and Paulsen, M.B. (2005). Comparing the Determinants of Persistence for First - Generation and Continuing - Generation Students. Journal of College Student Development, 46 (4): 409 –428. Peter, K., and Cataldi, E. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S . Department of Education. Washington, DC. Schuetz, P. (2005). UCLA Community College Review: Campus Environment: A Missing Link in Studies of Community College Attrition. Community College Review, 32 (4): 60 – 80. 

### 2004 Bauer, C.J. (2004). The Nexus Between C ommunity College Choice and Student Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Borden, V.M.H. (2004). Accommodating Student Swirl: When Traditional Students are no Longer the Tradition. Change, 36 (2): 10 – 17.E - 34

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). E - Mail as Social Capital and Its Impact on First - Year Persistence of 4 - Year College Students. Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory and Practice, 6 (2): 169 – 189. Ferris, E., Finster, M., and McDonald, D. (2004). Academic Fit of Student - Athletes: An Analysis of NCAA Division I­A Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education, 45 (6): 555 – 575. Hahs - Vaughn, D. (2004). The Impact of Parents’ Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990 – 92/94. Journal of College Student Development, 45 (5): 483 – 500. Horn, L., and Berger, R. (2004). College Persistence on the Rise? Changes in 5- Year Degree Completion and Postsecondary Persistence Rates Between 1994 and 2000 (NCES 2005 - 156). Natio nal Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kane, M.A., Beals, C., Valeau, E.J., and Johnson, M.J. (2004). Fostering Success Among Traditionally Underrepresented Student Groups: Hartnell College’s Approach to Implementation of the Math, Engineering, and Science Achievement (MESA) Program. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 28 (1): 17 –26. Kim, M.H. (2004). The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The Difference Between Students at Public and Private Four - Year Institutions. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University. Long, A.C. (2004). Community College Attrition of GED Certificate Holders and Regular High School Graduates: A Comparative Study Using National BPS Data. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University. Pascarella, E.T. (2004). First- Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and Outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, 75 (3): 249 –284. Pascarella, E.T. (2004). The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree. The Revi ew of Higher Education, 27 (3): 299 – 320. Persell, C.H., and Wenglinsky, H. (2004). For - Profit Post - Secondary Education and Civic Engagement. Higher Education, 47 (2): 337 – 360. Saunders, K.P. (2004). Degree Attainment of Low-Socioeconomic Status Students: Structural Equation Modeling Test of an Elaborated Theory of Socialization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University. Wassmer, R., Moore, C., and Shulock, N. (2004). Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges: Implications for Policy and Practice. Research in Higher Education, 45 (6): 651 – 672. 

### 2003 Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2003). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub -Baccalaureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.E - 35

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### 2000 Ariguzo, G.C. (2000). An Examination of the Effec ts of the Federal College Work -Study Program on Minority Students’ Persistence, Academic Performance, and Graduation Rates: Based on the NCES 1990/94 Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Study; a Dissertation . Boston: University of Massaachusetts Boston. B erkner, L., Horn, L., and Clune, M. (2000). Descriptive Summary of 1995 – 96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later, With an Essay on Students Who Started at Less- Than -4 - Year Institutions (NCES 2000 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics , U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Boyles, L.W. (2000). Exploration of a Retention Model for Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Byun, K. (2000). A Study on the Applicabil ity of Bean and Metzner’s Nontraditional Student Attrition Model for Older Students Using Four Different Measures of Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. Chae, J. (2000). Student Departure From United States Community Colleges: A Competing Risks Survival Analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-

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### 1999 Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and A ffordability (NCES 1999 - 108). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Contento, J.M. (1999). Impacts of Financial Aid on Persistence: A Longitudinal Analysis of Beginning Undergraduate Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. Horn, L.J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999 - 187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Educ ation. Washington, DC. Kaufman, P., and Chen, X. (1999). Projected Postsecondary Outcomes of 1992 High School Graduates (NCES 1999 - 15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tys on, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 9815). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning (NCES 1999 - 11). Nat ional Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

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–2000 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients a Year After Graduating (NC ES 2005 - 170). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henke, R.R., Peter, K., Li, X., and Geis, S. (2005). Elementary/Secondary School Teaching Among Recent College Graduates: 1994 and 2001 (NCES 2005 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Minicozzi, A. (2005). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Educatio n Review, 24 (4): 417 –430. Perry, K. (2005). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study 1993/2003 Data Analysis System (DAS) On - line (NCES 2005 - 150). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Peter, K., and Cataldi, E.F. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, D C. Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Strayhorn, T.L. (2005). More Than Money Matters: An Integrated Model of Graduate Student Persistence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. Thomas, S.L., and Zhang, L. (2005). Post- Baccalaureate Wage Growth Within 4 Years of Graduation: The Effects of College Quality and College Major. Research in Higher Education, 46 (4): 437 –459.E - 47

Wine, J.S., Cominole, M.B., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., and Frank lin, J. (2005). 1993/03 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:93/03) Methodology Report (NCES 2006 - 166). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Zhang, L. (2005). A dvance to Graduate Education: The Effect of College Quality and Undergraduate Majors. Review of Higher Education, 28 (3): 313 – 338. Zhang, L. (2005). Do Measures of College Quality Matter? The Effect of College Quality on Graduates’ Earnings. Review of Highe r Education, 28 (4): 571 – 596. 

### 2004 Conn, R.E. (2004). The Relationship Between Non - Employment and Respondent Personal Characteristics, College Major, GPA and Work Experience Among 1992 – 1993 College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Heuer, R. (2004). Migration of Recent College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Perna, L.W. (2004). Understanding the Decision to Enroll in Graduate School : Sex and Racial/Ethnic Group Differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 75 (5): 487 – 527. Price, D.V. (2004). Educational Debt Burden Among Student Borrowers: An Analysis of the Baccalaureate & Beyond Panel, 1997 Follow- Up. Research in Higher Education, 45 (7): 701 – 737. Shen, J., Mansberger, N., and Yang, H. (2004). Teacher Quality and Students Placed at Risk: Results From the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, 1993 – 97. Educational Horizons, 82 (3): 226 –235. 

### 2003 Bradburn, E.M., Berger, R., Li, X. , Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2003). A Descriptive Summary of 1999 –2000 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 1 Year Later, With an Analysis of Time to Degree (NCES 2003 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Charleston, S., Riccobono, J., Mosquin, P., and Link, M. (2003). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 2000/01 Methodology Report (NCES 2003 - 156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Scienc es, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Joy, L. (2003). Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 56 (4): 606 – 621. Millett, C.M. (2003, July/August). How Underg raduate Loan Debt Affects Application and Enrollment in Graduate or First Professional School. The Journal of Higher Education, 74 (4): 386 –427. Mullen, A.L., Goyette, K.A., and Soares, J.A. (2003). Who Goes to Graduate School? Social and Academic Correlate s of Educational Continuation After College. Sociology of Education, 76 (2): 143 – 169. Mustafa, S. (2003). Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Th omas, S.L. (2003). Longer - Term Economic Effects of College Selectivity and Control. Research in Higher Education, 44 (3): 263 –299.E - 48

Zhang, L. (2003). How College Affects Students: Toward the Reconciliation of Theory With Empirical Evidence. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 

### 2002 Bradburn, E.M., and Berger, R. (2002). Beyond 9 to 5: The Diversity of Employment Among 1992 – 93 College Graduates in 1997 (NCES 2003 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. LaTurner, R.J. (2002, August). Teachers’ Academic Preparation and Commitment To Teach Math and Science. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18 (6): 653 – 663. 

### 2001 Clune, M.S., Nuñez, A. - M., and Choy, S.P. (2001). Co mpeting Choices: Men’s and Women’s Paths After Earning a Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2001 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Heller, D.E. (2001). Debts and Decisions: Student Loans and Their Relationsh ip to Graduate School and Career Choice . New Agenda SeriesTM. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation for Education. Henke, R., and Zahn, L. (2001). Attrition of New Teachers Among Recent College Graduates: Comparing Occupational Stability Among 1992

– 93 College Graduates Who Taught and Those Who Worked in Other Occupations (NCES 2001 - 189). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henry, D.P. (2001). Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and Institutional Analysis. Unpublished dissertation, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Horn, L.J., and Zahn, L. (2001). From Bachelor’s Degree To Work: Major Field of Study and Employment Outcomes of 1992 – 93 Bachelor’s D egree Recipients Who Did Not Enroll in Graduate Education by 1997 (NCES 2001 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Lasiewski, D.K. (2001). An Examination of the Factors by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Influencing Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Undergraduate Degree Recipients to Enroll in Graduate Study. Unpublished dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston. Perry, K.K. (2001). Where College Students Live After They Graduate (ED453739 ). Na tional Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2000 Choy, S.P. (2000). Debt Burden Four Years After College (NCES 2000 - 188). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henk e, R.R., Chen, X., and Geis, S. (2000). Progress Through the Teacher Pipeline: 1992 – 93 College Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching as of 1997 (NCES 2000 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington , DC. Redd, K.E. (2000). HBCU Graduates: Employment Earnings and Success After College . New Agenda SeriesTM. Indianapolis, IN: USA Group, Inc.E - 49 

### 1999 Boe, E.E., Cook, L.H., Paulsen, C.A., Barkanic, G., and Leow, C.S. (1999). Productivity of Teacher Preparatio n Programs: Surplus or Shortage in Quantity and Quality of Degree Graduates. Data Analysis Report No.1999 - DAR2. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Center for Research and Evaluation in Social Policy and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Edu cational Research and Improvement. Fabiano, L. (1999). Measuring Teacher Qualifications (NCES 1999 - 04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Green, P., Myers, S., Veldaman, C., and Pedlow, S. (1999). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/97 Second Follow- Up Methodology Report (NCES 1999 - 159). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999 - 187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A.C., Nuñez, A. - M., Shah, V., and Choy, S.P. (1999). Life Aft er College: A Descriptive Summary of 1992 – 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients in 1997, With an Essay on Participation in Graduate and First -Professional Education (NCES 1999 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washingt on, DC. National Center for Education Statistics. (1999). CD -ROM: Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second Follow - Up. Public Use Data Analysis System (DAS) (NCES 2000 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education Washington, DC. Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 98 - 15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data S ources on Lifelong Learning Available From the National Center for Education Statistics (Working Paper No. 1999 - 11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Syverson, P.D. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Part - Time Study Plus Full - Time Employment: The New Way to Go to Graduate School. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 13 – 15. Terkla, D.G. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Baccalaureate and Beyond: Tracking Long- Term Outcomes for Bachelor’s Degree Recipient s. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 16 – 17. 

### 1998 Nunez, A. - M., and Cuccaro - Alamin, S. (1998). First - Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98 - 082). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S . Department of Education. Washington, DC. Thomas, S.L. (1998). Deferred Costs and Economic Returns to College Major, Quality, and Performance: Recent Trends. Miami, FL: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. 

### 1997 Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97 - 286). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.E - 50

Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B. - S., Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources. NCPI – 5 – 01. Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. Henke, R.R., Choy, S.P., Chen, X., Geis, S., and Alt, M.N. (1997). America’s Teachers: Profile of a Profession, 1993– 94 (NCES 97 - 460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Veldm an, C., Green, P.J., Myers, S., Chuchro, L., and Giese, P. (1997). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second Follow- Up Field Test Report, 1996 (NCES 97 - 261). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1996 Green, P.J., Meyers, S.L., Giese, P., Law, J., Speizer, H.M., Tardino, V.S., and Knepper, P. (1996). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/94 First Follow- Up Methodology Report (NCES 96 - 149). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henke, R.R., Geis, S., and Giambattista, J. (1996). Out of the Lecture Hall and Into the Classroom: 1992 – 93 College Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching (NCES 96 - 899). National Center for Education Sta tistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A., and Horn, L.J. (1996). A Descriptive Summary of 1992 – 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: 1 Year Later, With Essay on Time to Degree (NCES 96 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1995 McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. Minneapolis, MN: National Center o n Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota. 

### 1994 Knepper, P. (1994). Field Test Methodology Report, Baccalaureate and Beyond First Follow - Up (B&B:93/94) (NCES 94 - 371). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.