IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

July 2000 Session

TANYA R. (WENGER) KIBBY v. JASON M. KIBBY

 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sequatchie County

No. 6790 Buddy D. Perry, Judge

No. M1999-00906-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 31, 2000

This appeal presents a dispute of custody, visitation, and attorney fees. The parties are parents of

one child, Ian Kibby, who is the subject of this dispute. The father was awarded primary custody

when the parties divorced in May of 1996. The mother filed a Petition for Contempt and

Modification seeking primary residential placement of Ian and later requested that the court refer this

matter to mediation. The father filed a counter-petition requesting a change in the mother’s

visitation privileges and attorney’s fees. The trial court dismissed the mother’s petition but granted

the father’s petition reducing the mother’s visitation rights. The court also refused to refer this matter

to mediation and did not award attorney fees to the father. The mother now appeals the court’s

dismissal of her petition, failure to refer the matter to mediation, and change in visitation; the father

also appeals the failure of the trial court to award attorney fees to him. We agree with the trial court

on all issues and affirm its ruling. We also award attorney’s fees necessitated by this appeal to the

father and remand to the trial court for a determination of this amount.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court 

Affirmed and Remanded

WILLIAM B. CAIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H. CANTRELL, P.J., and

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., joined.

Mitchell A. Byrd, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tanya R. (Wenger) Kibby.

M. Keith Davis, Dunlap, Tennessee, for the appellee, Jason M. Kibby.

OPINION

I. FACTS

Tanya R. Kibby (“the mother”) and Jason M. Kibby (“the father”) were divorced on 6 May

1996 in Walker County, Georgia. Their only child, Ian Kibby, was born on 1 February 1995. The

Georgia court awarded primary custody of Ian to the father, granting the mother standard visitation
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privileges. Three months following the final divorce decree, in July of 1996, the mother filed a

Complaint for Modification in Sequatchie County, Tennessee seeking primary custody of Ian. As

a result of this complaint, the parties entered into an agreed order on 4 June 1997. This order

provided that primary custody would remain with the father; however, the mother’s visitation was

increased from a standard visitation schedule to a schedule which included visitation every other

week from Wednesday to Sunday and additional summer visitation. 

Four months following entry of the agreed order, the mother filed a Petition for Contempt

and Modification, which is at issue here. She, once again, sought primary residential placement of

the child. The court held a hearing on the Petition for Modification on 10 July 1998, but reserved

its ruling until October of 1999 so that all parties could undergo a custodial evaluation. On July 1,

1999, almost a year after the hearing in the case, the mother filed a motion to refer parties to

mediation.

At the hearing, the mother testified that she and the father were having problems with the

visitation schedule and she had lost visitation as a result. She also alleged that the father had made

harassing phone calls and sent her harassing letters. In addition, there was testimony of cigarette

burns on Ian. The mother alleged that these burns were made by the father, and she placed a medical

record in evidence which stated that Ian told a doctor that his father burned him with a cigarette. She

also claimed that the Department of Human Services was called regarding the burn; however, there

was no record of an investigation of this incident.

On cross-examination the mother admitted that she was actually denied no visitation, the

weekends had just become confused. She also admitted that she did not attempt to contact the father

to straighten out any misunderstanding regarding visitation since “phone calls do not go very well.”

There was no evidence that the father’s phone calls were harassing, and the only letter placed in the

record was a letter from the father attempting to explain the father and stepmother’s attempts to

potty-train Ian and requesting the mother’s assistance regarding the pattern set by the father in the

potty training process.

The father testified that he had remarried and had another child by his new wife. In addition,

there were two other children living in the household, these children being from his wife’s first

marriage. The father and stepmother both worked, so Ian and his younger sister were both placed

in day care during the week days he was in his father’s custody.

The father further testified regarding two alleged burns on Ian’s face. The first burn

apparently occurred some time in December of 1997. When the father obtained custody of Ian

following the mother’s visitation, he noticed a small round burn mark on Ian’s chin. The father

contacted the emergency room and was informed that, as this was not an emergency, they would not

have time to see Ian. Therefore, the father took Ian to the police station to file a police report and

have pictures taken of the mark. This picture and the police report were placed in evidence. 
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The following day, the father took Ian to a prescheduled appointment with a psychologist for

developmental testing. The psychologist also noticed the burn mark on Ian’s chin, identified it as

a possible cigarette burn and talked with the child regarding how he received the burn. The

psychologist, Gail Carson Webb, testified on the witness stand that Ian told her he received the burn

from the mother’s husband, David Lawson, and that Ian showed a great amount of hostility toward

Mr. Lawson. The psychologist further testified that the burn looked relatively fresh, only a few days

old, and that she was obligated to contact the Department of Human Services regarding this matter.

The father and Ian’s daycare worker both testified that Ian had no mark on his chin prior to being

taken to his mother for visitation. The mark was only noticed upon Ian’s return. In addition, the

mother did not report the burn or seek treatment for Ian while he was in her custody. 

Regarding a second mark, which the mother alleges Ian had on his chin in May of 1998, the

father testified that he never saw this mark and has no actual knowledge of the mark or how Ian

received it. (It was during this time that the mother did not return Ian to his father at the appropriate

time, but took Ian camping at a location unknown to his father for several days. The father had no

idea where Ian was and required court assistance to have him returned.) The mother and her husband

both testified to seeing the mark and that it looked like a cigarette burn similar to the December burn.

In addition, medical records reflected that Ian was seen by a doctor for the mark on his chin and that

he told the doctor his father burned him. There was further testimony regarding these two burns

from the father’s landlord, Sandra Ramsey. Ms. Ramsey testified that she overheard Ian telling his

daycare worker that David Lawson, the mother’s husband, gave him the burns. 

Additional testimony in the record reflects that the father tried on numerous occasions to

communicate with the mother to clear up various problems with visitation or make slight changes

in visitation when there was a conflict with his or his wife’s schedule. The mother refused to call

the father on the telephone and made little or no effort to cooperate in any visitation adjustments that

needed to be made. She had even taken the child to locations unknown to the father on two

occasions and made no attempt to contact the father to let him know where Ian was. She had also

gone to the pick up site on several occasions, waited for Ian and filed police reports even though she

just had visitation the week before and knew he would not be there. At no time did she attempt to

call the father to work out any visitation discrepancies. 

In addition to the psychologist Ian saw for testing at the recommendation of his father, all

parties were also seen by a psychologist at the request of the judge for a court ordered custodial

evaluation. The psychologist, David A. Solovey, examined both households including all children

in the father’s household and both current spouses. He recommended that primary residential

custody remain with the father and that the mother have significant visitation. He also recommended

mediation and counseling for the parents and counseling for the mother to address her depression.

The psychologist’s recommendations did not address any of the child abuse issues. 

There was also testimony from the father, Ian’s stepmother, and his daycare worker that Ian

suffered from personality and emotional changes following visits with his mother. Ian’s father and

stepmother testified that he became withdrawn and did not interact with the other children normally
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following his visits. He also refused to eat the food placed in front of him, wanting candy and cokes

instead. Ian’s daycare worker testified that Ian was withdrawn and distant from the other children

following his visits. These witnesses all testified that after a few days Ian would return to normal.

II. ISSUES

The issues on appeal are (1) whether the trial court erred in denying the mother’s motion for

mediation; (2) whether the court erred in dismissing the mother’s complaint requesting custody

and/or modification of the June 4, 1997 court order; (3) whether the court erred in changing the

mother’s visitation to limit her time with the child as opposed to expanding this visitation; (4)

whether the court erred in awarding primary residential placement of Ian to the father; and (5)

whether the court should have awarded the father reasonable attorney fees in his matter. With regard

to all of these issues, we affirm the trial court’s ruling. 

III. CUSTODY AND VISITATION

The law which governs changes in custody orders is very well settled and requires a change

of circumstances so that the present situation is no longer in the best interest of the child. Further,

great deference is given to the trial judge regarding custody decision.

In recognition of the importance of stability and continuity, custody and visitation

decisions, once made and implemented, are res judicata upon the facts in existence

or reasonably foreseeable when the decision was made.

. . . Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(1)(Supp. 1997) empowers the courts to change

custody “as the exigencies of the case may require,” and courts will change custody

when the party seeking to change custody proves (1) that the child’s circumstances

have materially changed in a way that could not have been reasonably foreseen at the

time of the original custody decision, and (2) that the child’s best interests will be

served by changing the existing custody arrangement. 

Custody decisions are factually driven and require the careful consideration of

numerous factors. Since these decisions often hinge on the parties’ credibility,

appellate courts are reluctant to second-guess trial judges who have observed

witnesses and assessed their credibility. Accordingly, we decline to disturb custody

decisions unless they are based on a material error of law or the evidence

preponderates against them.

Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (citations omitted).

We cannot find that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s decision to leave

primary custody with the father and reduce visitation of the mother. 

The findings of the trial court which are dependent upon determining the

credibility of witnesses are entitled to great weight on appeal. Town of Alamo v.
1

In June of 2000 the Tennessee General Assembly enacted Tennessee Public Law 889 amending Title 36,

Chapter 6 of the Tennessee Code. This amendment made parenting plans applicable statewide; however this amendment

was no t funded by the G eneral A ssembly . See 2000 Tenn. Pub. Acts 889.

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Forcum-James Co., 205 Tenn. 478, 483, 327 S.W.2d 47, 49 (1959). The reason for

this is that the trial judge alone has the opportunity to observe the manner and

demeanor of the witness while testifying. Indeed, the trial judge, on an issue which

hinges on witness credibility, will not be reversed unless there is found in the record

concrete and convincing evidence, other than the oral testimony of the witnesses,

which contradicts the trial court’s findings. Tennessee Valley Kaolin Corp. v. Perry,

526 S.W.2d 488, 490 (Tenn. App. 1974).

Bowman v. Bowman, 836 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). The trial judge was able to

witness the manner and demeanor of the witnesses and determine their truthfulness and credibility.

The record contains ample evidence from the father and other witnesses to find a change of

circumstances that makes the mother’s previous visitation arrangement not in Ian’s best interest. In

addition, there is virtually no evidence to warrant a change of primary custody to the mother. As we

cannot find a preponderance of the evidence against the trial court’s ruling, we affirm its decision

regarding custody and visitation in this matter. 

IV. MEDIATION

The mother requested a referral to mediation pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 31 and

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-401 (Supp. 1999). We find that, pursuant to Rule 31, this

decision was within the judge’s discretion, and there was no abuse of discretion on the part of the

judge in denying the request for mediation. Further, section 36-6-401 does not apply to Sequatchie

County, the county in which this litigation arose1; therefore, there is no requirement that the court

follow this statute. The judge had the opportunity to hear testimony and view the parties to

determine the likelihood that mediation would be successful. Based on evidence in the record, we

can find no abuse of discretion on the part of the judge. Therefore, we also affirm the court’s

decision not to refer this matter to mediation.

V. ATTORNEY FEES

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-103(c)(Supp. 1999) governs the award of any

attorney fees in proceedings regarding child custody. 

This statute provides that a spouse may recover reasonable attorney fees incurred in

any action concerning the adjudication of the custody of any child, or children, of the

parties, both upon the original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing before

whom such action or proceeding is pending, in the discretion of such court.
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Stubbs v. Stubbs, No. 02A01-9703-CH-00050, 1997 WL 730247, at * 4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 25,

1997). The trial judge, after viewing all witnesses and evidence, determined not to award attorney

fees to the father. As there were allegations of child abuse and a request for modification from both

parties, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge in denying attorney’s fees.

However, as in the Stubbs case, Appellant, the mother, instigated actions on both the trial and

appellate levels. The mother filed the second request for change in custody only four and one half

months after an agreed order regarding custody and visitation had been entered into by both parties

and signed by the judge. She once again alleged a material change in circumstances had occurred

in the four and one half months since the agreed order was entered. In addition, she stated that the

father was in contempt of court for failure to abide by the restraining order, visitation schedule, and

insurance. However, the proof in this matter showed her allegations to be without any foundation

or merit. 

She testified to two instances where she had been denied her visitation. But upon review of

her cross examination and testimony of the father, it was obvious that she had not actually been

denied visitation. In the first instance, the weekends for her visitation had become confused due to

an extended summer visitation period. Instead of calling in an attempt to straighten this matter out

with the father, the mother went to the pickup location every weekend. She accepted her visitation

on the incorrect weekend, then returned the following weekend, knowing the child would not be

brought because she had had her visitation the week before, and filed a report at the police

department stating that the father was in violation of a court order for not bringing the child on the

appropriate weekend. However, the mother never attempted to discuss this problem with the father

at the time of pickup nor were any phone calls ever made to straighten out the schedule. Apparently,

the father was not aware for some time that the visitation schedule had gone afoul.

On the second occasion, the mother testified that she missed her Memorial Day visitation

completely. However, on cross examination and direct examination of the father, it was shown that,

once again, this was merely a mix up about times and was actually the mother’s mistake. The father

and his wife both had to work on Memorial Day and requested the mother take the child early on

Sunday night rather than Monday morning to prevent problems with the father and stepmother’s

work schedule. The mother refused to cooperate and insisted that they follow the court order

exactly. The child was brought by the stepmother at 8:00 on Monday morning per court order;

however, the mother did not arrive until 9:00. At that point, the child had been taken to his father’s

place of employment so the stepmother could go to work The father then called and left a message

on the mother’s answering machine informing her of where the child was taken, but the mother never

called to arrange another pick up. Both of these mix ups in visitation were caused by a combination

of honest mistake and lack of communication on the part of the mother.

On one other occasion, when the father was confused about the date for picking up Ian and

was not at the pick up location when the mother arrived, she took Ian to a location unknown to the

father and failed to notify him for over 24 hours. The father did not determine the location of the

child until the following day and had to send an officer to retrieve him due to the restraining order
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against the father. The mother never attempted to contact the father to let him know where Ian was,

tell him that he had missed his pick up time, or work out a suitable arrangement to return Ian to his

father.

The mother was completely unsuccessful in showing any change of circumstances that might

remotely justify a change in the child’s primary custodial residence from the father to her. Then,

after the trial, the mother, probably knowing that she had shown no evidence of change in

circumstances to justify her complaint, asked for court ordered mediation. This request was denied.

After the court’s final ruling, the mother filed this appeal requesting that the court of appeals

order mediation and a parenting plan as well as anger management and parenting classes with a

psychiatrist. She argued that these are reasonable conditions and restrictions that should have been

placed on their visitation by the trial judge. She further argued that her time with Ian should have

been expanded rather than limited and that the court was in error in continuing primary residential

placement with the father. However, the appellant cites no evidence in the record showing a material

change of circumstance such that a change in the primary custodial residence would be in the child’s

best interest. Appellant’s appeal focuses solely on the court’s failure to follow section 36-6-401 of

the Code to require mediation and parenting classes. Nowhere in the appeal were facts pointing to

a change in circumstances nor were facts relating to the child’s bests interests discussed. Her

allegations and appeal focused primarily on relationship problems between her and the father and

their new families.

Just as the mother’s petition to change the custody arrangement proved unsuccessful at trial

due to lack of evidence, this appeal is a pure credibility challenge without merit. Thus, we grant the

father attorney fees necessitated by this appeal. We further remand this matter to the trial court for

a determination of the amount of attorney fees to award the father.

IV.

We affirm the trial judge on all issues. The evidence in this case did not preponderate against

the trial judge’s finding that custody should remain with the father and that the mother’s visitation

should be reduced from a more liberal visitation agreed to in the previous order to a standard

visitation schedule. We also find no abuse of discretion on the part of the judge in deciding not to

refer this matter to mediation and not to award attorney fees to the father. However, we find that an

award of attorney fees necessitated by this appeal is just and equitable and remand this issue to the

trial judge for a determination of the amount of attorney fees to award to the father, Jason M. Kibby.

__________________________________________

WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE