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%0 Web Page

%A Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies

%D 2014

%T Consumer Products Inventory

%V 2014

%N June 2

%! Consumer Products Inventory

%U http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi.

%0 Government Document

%A NSET

%D 2014

%T National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan

%U http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/2014_nni_strategic_plan.pdf

%0 Report

%A ERG

%D 2014

%T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Engineered Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater: Literature Review and 

Implications for 304m

%! Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Engineered Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater: Literature Review and 

Implications for 304m

%0 Journal Article

%A Yong, Ken-Tye

%A Law, Wing-Cheung

%A Hu, Rui

%A Ye, Ling

%A Liu, Liwei

%A Swihart, Mark T.

%A Prasad, Paras N.

%D 2013

%T Nanotoxicity assessment of quantum dots: from cellular to primate studies

%J Chemical Society Reviews

%V 42

%N 3

%P 1236-1250

%9 10.1039/C2CS35392J

%! Nanotoxicity assessment of quantum dots: from cellular to primate studies

%@ 0306-0012

%R 10.1039/C2CS35392J

%X Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to fabricating high quality quantum dots (QDs) for applications in 

biology and medicine. Much of this research was pursued with an ultimate goal of using QDs in clinical applications. 

However, a great deal of concern has been voiced about the potential hazards of QDs due to their heavy-metal content.

Many studies have demonstrated toxicity of various QDs in cell culture studies. However, in a smaller number of 

studies using small animal models (mice and rats), no abnormal behaviour or tissue damage was noticed over periods 

of months after the systemic administration of QDs. Nevertheless, the correlation of these results with the potential for 
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negative effects of QD on humans remains unclear. Many urgent questions must be answered before the QDs 

community moves into the clinical research phase. This review provides an overview of the toxicity assessment of 

QDs, ranging from cell culture studies to animal models and discusses their findings. Guidelines for using various 

nonhuman primate models for QD toxicity studies are highlighted. This review article is intended to promote the 

awareness of current developments of QD applications in biology, the potential toxicity of QDs, and approaches to 

minimizing toxicity.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35392J

%0 Journal Article

%A Xiong, Sijing

%A George, Saji

%A Ji, Zhaoxia

%A Lin, Sijie

%A Yu, Haiyang

%A Damoiseaux, Robert

%A France, Bryan

%A Ng, KeeWoei

%A Loo, SayChyeJoachim

%D 2013

%T Size of TiO2 nanoparticles influences their phototoxicity: an in vitro investigation

%J Archives of Toxicology

%V 87

%N 1

%P 99-109

%8 01/01

%! Size of TiO2 nanoparticles influences their phototoxicity: an in vitro investigation

%Z Arch Toxicol

%@ 0340-5761

%R 10.1007/s00204-012-0912-5

%K Titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Phototoxicity

Cytotoxicity

Nanotoxicity

Surface coating

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0912-5

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Xiao, Yao

%A Wiesner, Mark

%D 2013

%T Transport and Retention of Selected Engineered Nanoparticles by Porous Media in the Presence of a Biofilm

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 47

%N 5

%P 2246-2253

%8 2013/03/05

%! Transport and Retention of Selected Engineered Nanoparticles by Porous Media in the Presence of a Biofilm

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es304501n
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%X Column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of aqueous C60 (aqu-nC60), fullerol, silver 

nanoparticles (NPs) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ag-PVP) and stabilized by citrate (Ag-CIT) in biofilm-laden 

porous media. Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus (BC) biofilm-laden 

glass beads were selected to represent the bacterial interfaces NPs might encounter in the natural aquatic environment. 

The biomass distribution, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) components, electrokinetic property, and 

hydrophobicity of these interfaces were characterized, and the hydrophobicity was found to correlate with the quantity 

of proteins in EPS. The retention of NPs on glass beads coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alginate were 

also studied. Except for Ag-PVP, the affinity of NPs for porous medium, indicated by attachment efficiency a, 

increased in the presence of biofilms, BSA and alginate. For hydrophobic aqu-nC60, the larger the 

proteins/polysaccharides ratio, the larger the a, suggesting the hydrophobic interaction determines the attachment of 

aqu-nC60 to the collector surface. Uncharged PVP stabilized Ag-PVP by steric repulsion, and the attachment to glass 

beads was not enhanced by biofilm. The presence of divalent ion Ca2+ significantly hydrophobized biofilm, BSA, and 

alginate-coated glass beads and further retarded the mobility of aqu-nC60, fullerol, and Ag-CIT; while Ag-PVP was 

again sterically stabilized.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304501n

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304501n

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Wu, N.

%A Liu, Y.

%A Wyart, Y.

%A Rose, J.

%A Moulin, P.

%D 2013

%T An overview of solid/liquid separation methods and size fractionation techniques for engineered nanomaterials in 

aquatic environment

%J Environmental Technology

%P 1-55

%! An overview of solid/liquid separation methods and size fractionation techniques for engineered nanomaterials in 

aquatic environment

%@ 0959-3330

%R 10.1080/09593330.2013.788073

%X The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will inevitably result in their release into natural 

environment and thereby lead to the exposure of living organisms. Hence, a new concern has arisen for the risk 

assessment of these emerging contaminants in natural environment, especially in aquatic system as an important sink 

and exposure source. Reducing the release of nanomaterials into water could contribute significantly to exposure 

reduction. Thus it is urgent to consider how to manage the wastewater containing such ultrafine nano-objects. This 

review provides an overview of technologies (classical and innovative) for nanomaterials separation/removal, which 

are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, as well as parameters affecting the removal efficiency. 

To investigate the occurrence and fate of ENMs in aquatic environment, the development of appropriate approaches for

their separation prior to analysis is strongly needed. Finally, a brief summary of techniques for sample preparation and 

fractionation of ENMs in natural aquatic environment is presented.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.788073

%[2013/03/29

%0 Web Page

%A Woo, Marcus

%D 2013

%T A quantum dot shows its true colors
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%B Physics

%I American Physical Society

%! A quantum dot shows its true colors

%U http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.6.73

%0 Unpublished Work

%A Wiesner, Mark

%D 2013

%T Notes from telephone correspondence between Mark Wiesner, Duke University, and Eva Knoth and Kim 

Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%E ERG

%8 March 13

%! Notes from telephone correspondence between Mark Wiesner, Duke University, and Eva Knoth and Kim Wagoner,

Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%0 Journal Article

%A Westerhoff, Paul K.

%A Kiser, Mehlika A.

%A Hristovski, Kiril

%D 2013

%T Nanomaterial Removal and Transformation During Biological Wastewater Treatment

%J Environmental Engineering Science

%V 30

%N 3

%P 109-117

%! Nanomaterial Removal and Transformation During Biological Wastewater Treatment

%@ 1092-8758

1557-9018

%R 10.1089/ees.2012.0340

%0 Journal Article

%A Webb, Sarah

%D 2013

%T Lighting Up Nanoparticles in Complex Samples: ES&T’s Top Technology Article 2012

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%! Lighting Up Nanoparticles in Complex Samples: ES&T’s Top Technology Article 2012

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es400922g

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400922g

%[2013/03/22

%0 Journal Article

%A Wang, Jiafan

%A Gerlach, John D.

%A Savage, Nora

%A Cobb, George P.
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%D 2013

%T Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance

%J Science of The Total Environment

%V 442

%N 0

%P 56-62

%8 1/1/

%! Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance

%@ 0048-9697

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.073

%K Nanomaterials

Risks

Life cycle

Legislation

Management

%X Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies to emerge in recent decades. Materials that are 

specially engineered to have at least one dimension that is no larger than 100 nm are now continuously manufactured 

and incorporated as critical components of different products that people use daily. While we are taking advantage of 

nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-products, they may pose a risk to humans and the broader environment. Some types of 

fibrous NMs such as carbon nanotubes and nano-fibers may present a risk similar to that of asbestos. Some carbon or 

metal based NMs may threaten the environment due to their bioaccumulative nature within food webs. In order to 

prevent future adverse effects from products or byproducts of nanotechnology, we suggest an integrated multi-faceted 

approach which includes an integrated regulation that is based upon life cycle assessment, empirically derived risk 

assessment. Advanced research that fills the knowledge gap regarding the understanding of NMs in scientific and 

social norms will be helpful in a full life cycle assessment of NMs. Emphasizing nanotechnology education to the 

public for an increased understanding and participation associated with media coverage will finally draw governments' 

attention with an integrated legislation to be instituted. Developing the optimal mix of these tools, including research, 

public education, media coverage, integrated legislation, will be significant to proactively manage the complexity of 

nanotechnology and prevent any undesirable effect due to the NMs exposure.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012739

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2013

%T Response to Comments for the Final 2010 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan

%E Water, Office of

%C Washington, D.C.

%@ EPA-HQ-OW-2010-0824-0196

%1 EPA

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2013

%T Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances

%E EPA

%C Washington, D.C.

%P 18

%@ EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0399-0001
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%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2013

%T Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances

%E EPA

%C Washington, D.C.

%V 40 CFR Parts 9 and 721

%@ EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0279-0134

%0 Web Page

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2013

%T Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program

%V 2013

%N May 20

%! Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program

%U http://epa.gov/oppt/nano/stewardship.htm

%0 Web Page

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2013

%T Nanomaterials EPA is Assessing

%V 2013

%N December 11

%! Nanomaterials EPA is Assessing

%U http://www.epa.gov/nanoscience/quickfinder/nanomaterials.htm#carnan

%0 Journal Article

%A Springer, F.

%A Laborie, S.

%A Guigui, C.

%D 2013

%T Removal of SiO2 nanoparticles from industry wastewaters and subsurface waters by ultrafiltration: Investigation 

of process efficiency, deposit properties and fouling mechanism

%J Separation and Purification Technology

%V 108

%N 0

%P 6-14

%8 4/19/

%! Removal of SiO2 nanoparticles from industry wastewaters and subsurface waters by ultrafiltration: Investigation of 

process efficiency, deposit properties and fouling mechanism

%@ 1383-5866

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.043

%K Fouling mechanisms

Industry effluents

Nanoparticle suspension

Organic membrane
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Ultrafiltration

%X The novel properties of nanomaterials offer great promise of new technological breakthroughs. Consequently, their

use in industry is expanding, and with it the risk of their being released in industrial effluents, and later in surface 

waters. This raises the problem of potential environmental hazards that are as yet unknown. The work presented in this 

paper evaluates the feasibility of membrane ultrafiltration for the removal of SiO2 nanoparticles (78 nm mean 

hydrodynamic diameter) in suspension at 0.14 wt% with the objective of treating them as pollutant compounds in 

industrial effluents. Regenerated cellulose membranes with two MWCOs of 10 and 100 kDa were implemented. The 

influence of the membrane MWCO, the TMP and the stirring rate during filtration were examined. Stirred filtrations 

were performed at increasing TMP so as to characterise flux behaviour and retention rates. The feasibility of 

membrane ultrafiltration for this application was proved since the results of the 10 kDa membrane showed the highest 

expectable retention rates (>99.6%) given the analytical methods used, and steady permeability results [30–40 L h-1

m-2 bar-1] independently of TMP and filtration course. Moreover, performance was shown to be sustainable as fouling

was mostly reversible (>90%), being removable by simple membrane surface rinsing with ultrapure water. This was

confirmed by the reconstruction of fouling mechanisms for both membranes. Unstirred and constant TMP 40, 80 and 

200 kPa filtration experiments were run to study fouling phenomena and the filtration cake characteristics 

(compressibility and porosity). Two distinct fouling mechanisms were highlighted: the 100 kDa membrane underwent 

internal and sometimes irreversible fouling in the form of pore clogging before cake filtration, while the 10 kDa 

membrane was characterised by filtration cake only. This work proposes solutions for the predicament of nanoparticle 

release into the environment and opens up perspectives for efficient wastewater treatment in the context of their 

industrial development.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586613000658

%0 Journal Article

%A Salamon, Andrew W.

%D 2013

%T The Current World of Nanomaterial Characterization: Discussion of Analytical Instruments for Nanomaterial 

Characterization

%J Environmental Engineering Science

%V 30

%N 3

%P 101-108

%! The Current World of Nanomaterial Characterization: Discussion of Analytical Instruments for Nanomaterial 

Characterization

%@ 1092-8758

1557-9018

%R 10.1089/ees.2012.0330

%0 Journal Article

%A Rottman, Jeff

%A Platt, Luis C.

%A Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes

%A Shadman, Farhang

%D 2013

%T Removal of TiO2 nanoparticles by porous media: Effect of filtration media and water chemistry

%J Chemical Engineering Journal

%V 217

%N 0

%P 212-220

%! Removal of TiO2 nanoparticles by porous media: Effect of filtration media and water chemistry

%@ 1385-8947
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%R 10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.117

%K Activated carbon

Diatomaceous earth

Porous media filtration

Nanoparticle

Sand

Titanium dioxide

%X The use of nanoparticles in manufacturing as well as in commercial products continues to rise despite concerns 

over the environmental release and potentially negative ecological and health effects. Some aqueous waste streams 

carry a large fraction of released nanoparticles and thus should be targeted for treatment. Conventional porous media 

filtration has focused on sand as the bed material with discouraging results. This study investigated the effectiveness of

three different bed materials, namely, sand, activated carbon, and diatomaceous earth, on the removal of nano-TiO2 

from aqueous streams. Additionally, the impact of solution chemistry (a commercial dispersant and the two organic 

compounds lysozyme and glycine) on nanoparticle retention by the various bed materials was evaluated. Diatomaceous

earth displayed great promise in nanoparticle capture, providing full retention of a 50 mg TiO2 L-1 stream for the 30 

bed volumes tested as compared to zero and only 20% TiO2 capture for sand and activated carbon, respectively. Batch

isotherms showed that diatomaceous earth, with specific loading capacities exceeding 25 mg TiO2 g medium - 1 , has a

high affinity for nano-TiO2. This loading capacity is 20- and 1000-fold higher compared to activated carbon and sand,

respectively. The solution contaminants investigated had varying effects on nano-TiO2 retention depending on the bed 

material, indicating the need for investigation of co-contaminants and their role on nanoparticle filtration. This study 

demonstrates the superiority of diatomaceous earth as a filtration material compared to conventional sand and indicates

its suitability as a new material for the removal of nanoparticles in porous media filtration.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894712016117

%0 Journal Article

%A Reed, Robert B.

%A Goodwin, David G.

%A Marsh, Kristofer L.

%A Capracotta, Sonja S.

%A Higgins, Christopher P.

%A Fairbrother, D. Howard

%A Ranville, James F.

%D 2013

%T Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes by monitoring embedded metals

%J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts

%V 15

%N 1

%P 204-213

%! Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes by monitoring embedded metals

%@ 2050-7887

%X Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was performed using single particle-inductively coupled 

plasma-mass spectrometry (spICPMS). Due to the ambiguities inherent in detecting CNTs by carbon analysis, 

particularly in complex environmental matrices, this study focuses on using trace catalytic metals intercalated in the 

CNT structure as proxies for the nanotubes. Using a suite of commercially available CNTs, the monoisotopic elements 

Co and Y were found to be the most effective for differentiation of particulate pulses from background. The small, 

variable, amount of trace metal in each CNT makes separation from instrumental background challenging; multiple 

cut-offs for determining CNT number concentration were investigated to maximize the number of CNTs detected and 

minimize the number of false positives in the blanks. In simple solutions the number of CNT pulses detected increased 

linearly with concentration in the ng L-1 range. However, analysis of split samples by both spICPMS and Nanoparticle

Tracking Analysis (NTA) showed the quantification of particle number concentration by spICPMS to be several orders 

of magnitude lower than by NTA. We postulate that this is a consequence of metal content and/or size, caused by the 

presence of many CNTs that do not contain enough metal to be above the instrument detection limit, resulting in 
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undercounting CNTs by spICPMS. However, since the detection of CNTs at low ng L-1 concentrations is not possible 

by other techniques, spICPMS is still a more sensitive technique for detecting the presence of CNTs in environmental, 

materials, or biological applications. To highlight the potential of spICPMS in environmental studies the release of 

CNTs from polymer nanocomposites into solution was monitored, showcasing the technique's ability to detect changes 

in released CNT concentrations as a function of CNT loading.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30717K

%0 Web Page

%A Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies

%D 2013

%T Consumer Products Inventory

%V 2013

%N December 12

%! Consumer Products Inventory

%U http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi

%0 Government Document

%A OSHA

%D 2013

%T Occupational Saftey and Health Administration. OSHA fact sheet: Working safely with nanomaterials

%E U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Saftey and Health Administration

%P 4

%U https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_FS-3634.pdf

%0 Government Document

%A OSHA

%D 2013

%T OSHA Fact Sheet: Working Safely with Nanomaterials

%E U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Saftey and Health Administration

%P 4

%U https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_FS-3634.pdf

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013

%T NSI: Nanotechnology for sensors and sensors for nanotechnology: Improving and protecting health, safety, and 

the environment

%! NSI: Nanotechnology for sensors and sensors for nanotechnology: Improving and protecting health, safety, and the 

environment

%U http://www.nano.gov/NSISensors

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013
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%T National Nanotechnology Initiative. About the NNI

%! National Nanotechnology Initiative. About the NNI

%U http://nano.gov/about-nni

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013

%T National Nanotechnology Initiative. Standards for nanotechnology

%P 2

%! National Nanotechnology Initiative. Standards for nanotechnology

%U http://nano.gov/you/standards

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013

%T Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (NSI) Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: 

Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment

%! Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (NSI) Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: 

Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment

%U http://www.nano.gov/NSISensors

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013

%T About the National Nanotechnology Initative (NNI)

%! About the National Nanotechnology Initative (NNI)

%U http://nano.gov/about-nni

%0 Web Page

%A NNI

%D 2013

%T What's So Special about the Nanoscale?

%V 2013

%N May 24

%! What's So Special about the Nanoscale?

%U http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

%0 Government Document

%A NIOSH

%D 2013

%T National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Current strategies for engineering controls in 

nanomaterial production and downstream handling processes

%E U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute 

for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH)
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%C Cincinnati, OH

%N (November)

%@ DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2014–102

%0 Journal Article

%A Mueller, Nicole C.

%A Buha, Jelena

%A Wang, Jing

%A Ulrich, Andrea

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2013

%T Modeling the flows of engineered nanomaterials during waste handling

%J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts

%V 15

%N 1

%P 251-259

%! Modeling the flows of engineered nanomaterials during waste handling

%@ 2050-7887

%X Little is known about the behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) at the interface from the technosphere to 

the ecosphere. Previous modeling of ENM flows to the environment revealed that significant amounts of ENM enter 

the waste stream and therefore waste incineration plants and landfills. It is the aim of this study to model the flows of 

ENM during waste incineration and landfilling in greater depth by including a more detailed description of the 

different processes and considering ENM-specific transformation reactions. Four substances were modeled: nanoTiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag and carbon nanotube (CNT). These ENM are representative for commonly used materials 

and products, illustrating a variety of ENM with different behavior. The modeling was performed for Switzerland 

where almost 100% of the municipal waste and sewage sludge are burned. The mass-based modeling showed that - 

despite several differences among the models for nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO and nano-Ag (e.g. partial dissolution of nanoZnO in acid washing of exhaust air or fly ash) - the major ENM flows go from the waste incineration plant to the 

landfill as bottom ash. All other flows within the system boundary (e.g. with the fly ash) were predicted to be about 

one magnitude smaller than the bottom ash flow. A different ENM distribution was found for CNTs that are expected 

to burn to a large extent (94%) so that only insignificant amounts remain in the system. The results of the modeling 

show that waste incineration can have a strong influence on some ENM but that still the majority of the ENM-mass is 

expected to end up in landfills.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30761H

%0 Journal Article

%A Ma, Rui

%A Levard, Clément

%A Michel, F. Marc

%A Brown, Gordon E.

%A Lowry, Gregory Victor

%D 2013

%T Sulfidation Mechanism for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Sulfidation on Their Solubility

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%8 02/2013

%! Sulfidation Mechanism for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Sulfidation on Their Solubility

%R 10.1021/es3035347

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3035347
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%0 Journal Article

%A Ma, Rui

%A Levard, Clément

%A Judy, Jonathan D.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Durenkamp, Mark

%A Martin, Ben

%A Jefferson, Bruce

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2013

%T Fate of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant and in Processed Biosolids

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%! Fate of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant and in Processed Biosolids

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es403646x

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es403646x

%[2014/01/03

%0 Journal Article

%A Liu, Xuyang

%A Chen, Gexin

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%A Su, Chunming

%D 2013

%T Effects of dominant material properties on the stability and transport of TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes 

in aquatic environments: from synthesis to fate

%J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts

%V 15

%N 1

%P 169-189

%! Effects of dominant material properties on the stability and transport of TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes 

in aquatic environments: from synthesis to fate

%@ 2050-7887

%X Recently, increasing studies have focused on the environmental stability, transport, and fate of the anthropogenic 

nanomaterials in the environment, which contributes to the understanding of the potential risks when released. 

However, applying nanomaterials from different manufacturers and production methods tends to result in inconsistent 

experimental data and potentially a biased comparison. The aim of this review is to investigate the dominant material 

properties that determine the aggregation and deposition behavior of nanomaterials. Herein, we focus on two of the 

most popular anthropogenic nanomaterials, i.e., titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We start from 

the production methods of nanomaterials of different sources, and then examine their influence on the material 

properties and surface characteristics. The role of the material properties was carefully analyzed and correlated with the

stability and transport in aquatic environments. These two case studies may be extended to other nanomaterials with 

similar surface properties, which will improve our understanding of the impact and risks of anthropogenic 

nanomaterials in the environment. This study highlights opportunities to design and produce "green" nanomaterials 

with less environmental risk and no sacrificing of the novel "nano" properties.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30625E

%0 Journal Article

%A Johnson, Richard L.
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%A Nurmi, James T.

%A O’Brien Johnson, Graham S.

%A Fan, Dimin

%A O’Brien Johnson, Reid L.

%A Shi, Zhenqing

%A Salter-Blanc, Alexandra J.

%A Tratnyek, Paul G.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2013

%T Field-Scale Transport and Transformation of Carboxymethylcellulose-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 47

%N 3

%P 1573–1580

%7 1573–1580

%8 01/2013

%! Field-Scale Transport and Transformation of Carboxymethylcellulose-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron

%R 10.1021/es304564q

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304564q

%0 Journal Article

%A Holder, Amara L.

%A Marr, Linsey C.

%D 2013

%T Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles at the Air-Liquid Interface

%J BioMed Research International

%V 2013

%P 1 - 11

%8 01/2013

%! Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles at the Air-Liquid Interface

%R 10.1155/2013/328934

%U http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/328934.pdf

%0 Unpublished Work

%A Hochella, M.F., Jr

%D 2013

%T Notes from telephone correspondence between Michael Hochella, Virginia Tech, and Eva Knoth and Kim 

Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%8 March 15

%! Notes from telephone correspondence between Michael Hochella, Virginia Tech, and Eva Knoth and Kim 

Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%0 Journal Article

%A Hendren, Christine Ogilvie

%A Lowry, Michael

%A Grieger, Khara D.

%A Money, Eric S.

%A Johnston, John M.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Beaulieu, Stephen M.

%D 2013

%T Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Environmental Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials in

Support of Risk-Based Decision Making

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 47

%N 3

%P 1190–1205

%8 02/2013

%! Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Environmental Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials in 

Support of Risk-Based Decision Making

%R 10.1021/es302749u

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302749u

%0 Journal Article

%A Hendren, Christine Ogilvie

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Casman, Elizabeth

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2013

%T Modeling nanomaterial fate in wastewater treatment: Monte Carlo simulation of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag)

%J Science of The Total Environment

%V 449

%P 418 - 425

%8 4/2013

%! Modeling nanomaterial fate in wastewater treatment: Monte Carlo simulation of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag)

%R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.078

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713001332

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969713001332/1-s2.0-S0048969713001332-main.pdf?_tid=6030080c-d1fa-11e2-a7ec00000aab0f26&acdnat=1370888586_1ec0268273397f75fe087c005bc62693

%0 Journal Article

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Kost, Elias

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2013

%T Engineered nanomaterials in waters and soils: A risk quantification based on probabilistic exposure and effect 

modeling

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%P n/a-n/a

%! Engineered nanomaterials in waters and soils: A risk quantification based on probabilistic exposure and effect 

modeling

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.2177

%K Probabilistic species sensitivity distributions

predicted environmental concentrations

risk estimation

engineered nanomaterial

%X The production and use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasing rapidly, and therefore, the need to 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

assess their environmental exposure and associated risks has become increasingly important. Only a handful of studies 

have quantified the release and environmental concentrations of ENMs, but much work has been done to investigate 

the effects of these materials on organisms. The aim of this study was to quantify probabilistically the environmental 

risks of ENMs producing species sensitivity distributions that were then compared to probability distributions of 

predicted environmental concentrations. Five nanomaterials (nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, carbon nanotubes 

[CNTs] and fullerenes) and four environmental compartments (surface water, sewage treatment plant effluents, soils, 

and sludge-treated soils) were considered. From 60 ecotoxicological papers, we extracted 112 single values to work 

with (25 values in 13 papers for nano-Ag, 17 values in 10 papers for CNTs, seven values in seven papers for 

fullerenes, 34 values in 23 papers for nano-TiO2, and 29 values in 17 papers for nano-ZnO). The results indicate there 

is only a marginal risk for these metal-based nanomaterials in surface water (0.7% risk for nano-Ag and <0.1% for 

nano-TiO2) and some risk in sewage treatment plant effluents (nano-Ag 39.7%, nano-TiO2 18.7%, and nano-ZnO 

1.1%). Apart from a marginal value of <0.1% for nano-TiO2 in sludge-treated soils, no risks from the other evaluated 

ENMs in terrestrial compartments are currently predicted. The discussion of the results considers the influence of the 

effects of different forms of one ENM (e.g. coating, agglomeration state, mineralogy), the test conditions (e.g., 

dissolution, agglomeration), and transformation reactions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. © 2013 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2177

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2177/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A El Badawy, Amro

%A Aly Hassan, Ashraf

%A Scheckel, Kirk G.

%A Suidan, Makram

%A Tolaymat, Thabet

%D 2013

%T Key Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%! Key Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es304580r

%X The current study investigated the mobility of four AgNPs stabilized using different capping agents and represent 

the common stabilization mechanisms as well as surface charging scenarios in reactive and non-reactive porous media.

The AgNPs were 1) uncoated H2-AgNPs and citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs) (electrostatically stabilized), 2) 

polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) (sterically stabilized), and 3) branched polyethyleneimine coated 

AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs) (electrosterically stabilized). The porous media were 1) quartz sand (QS), 2) ferrihydrite-coated

sand (FcS), and 3) kaolin-coated sand (KcS). The H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs were readily mobile in QS but 

significantly retained in FcS and KcS with more deposition achieved in the KcS media. The deposition of the H2-

AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs followed the order of KcS > FcS > QS. The PVP-AgNPs breakthrough occurred more 

rapid as compared to the H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs but the deposition of PVP-AgNPs followed the same order of 

the electrostatically stabilized AgNPs (KcS > FcS > QS). The BPEI-AgNPs were readily mobile regardless of the 

porous media reactivity. Physicochemical interactions were the dominant filtration mechanism in the majority of the 

investigated cases but straining played the major role in the deposition of the electrostatically stabilized H2-AgNPs 

and Citrate-AgNPs in the KcS media. The results highlight the importance of both the stabilization mechanism and 

capping agent chemistry as key factors governing the transport of AgNPs in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304580r

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304580r

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Doolette, C. L.
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%A McLaughlin, M. J.

%A Kirby, J. K.

%A Batstone, D. J.

%A Harris, H. H.

%A Ge, H.

%A Cornelis, G.

%D 2013

%T Transformation of PVP coated silver nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment process and the effect on 

microbial communities

%J Chem Cent J

%V 7

%N 1

%P 46

%8 Mar 4

%! Transformation of PVP coated silver nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment process and the effect on 

microbial communities

%Z Chemistry Central journal

%@ 1752-153X (Print)

1752-153X (Linking)

%R 10.1186/1752-153X-7-46

%M 23497481

%X BACKGROUND: Manufactured silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials 

in consumer goods and consequently their concentrations in wastewater and hence wastewater treatment plants are 

predicted to increase. We investigated the fate of AgNPs in sludge that was subjected to aerobic and anaerobic 

treatment and the impact of AgNPs on microbial processes and communities. The initial identification of AgNPs in 

sludge was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. 

The solid phase speciation of silver in sludge and wastewater influent was then examined using X-ray absorption 

spectroscopy (XAS). The effects of transformed AgNPs (mainly Ag-S phases) on nitrification, wastewater microbial 

populations and, for the first time, methanogenesis was investigated. RESULTS: Sequencing batch reactor experiments

and anaerobic batch tests, both demonstrated that nitrification rate and methane production were not affected by the 

addition of AgNPs [at 2.5 mg Ag L-1 (4.9 g L-1 total suspended solids, TSS) and 183.6 mg Ag kg -1 (2.9 g kg-1 total 

solids, TS), respectively].The low toxicity is most likely due to AgNP sulfidation. XAS analysis showed that sulfur 

bonded Ag was the dominant Ag species in both aerobic (activated sludge) and anaerobic sludge. In AgNP and 

AgNO3 spiked aerobic sludge, metallic Ag was detected (~15%). However, after anaerobic digestion, Ag(0) was not 

detected by XAS analysis. Dominant wastewater microbial populations were not affected by AgNPs as determined by 

DNA extraction and pyrotag sequencing. However, there was a shift in niche populations in both aerobic and anaerobic

sludge, with a shift in AgNP treated sludge compared with controls. This is the first time that the impact of 

transformed AgNPs (mainly Ag-S phases) on anaerobic digestion has been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Silver NPs 

were transformed to Ag-S phases during activated sludge treatment (prior to anaerobic digestion). Transformed 

AgNPs, at predicted future Ag wastewater concentrations, did not affect nitrification or methanogenesis. Consequently,

AgNPs are very unlikely to affect the efficient functioning of wastewater treatment plants. However, AgNPs may 

negatively affect sub-dominant wastewater microbial communities.

%Z Doolette, Casey L

McLaughlin, Mike J

Kirby, Jason K

Batstone, Damien J

Harris, Hugh H

Ge, Huoqing

Cornelis, Geert

ENG

2013/03/19 06:00

Chem Cent J. 2013 Mar 4;7(1):46.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497481

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3636095/pdf/1752-153X-7-46.pdf
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%0 Journal Article

%A David, Raymond M.

%D 2013

%T Measuring Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment: A Consortium View of How to Address the Problem

%J Environmental Engineering Science

%V 30

%N 3

%P 97-100

%! Measuring Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment: A Consortium View of How to Address the Problem

%@ 1092-8758

1557-9018

%R 10.1089/ees.2012.0327

%U http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ees.2012.0327

%0 Journal Article

%A Dale, Amy L.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Casman, Elizabeth A.

%D 2013

%T Modeling Nanosilver Transformations in Freshwater Sediments

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 47

%N 22

%P 12920-12928

%8 2013/11/19

%! Modeling Nanosilver Transformations in Freshwater Sediments

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es402341t

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), an effective antibacterial agent, are a significant and fast-growing application of 

nanotechnology in consumer goods. The toxicity of AgNPs released to surface waters during the use or disposal of 

AgNP-containing products will depend on the chemical transformations the nanoparticles undergo in the environment. 

We present a simple one-dimensional diagenetic model for predicting AgNP distribution and silver speciation in 

freshwater sediments. The model is calibrated to data collected from AgNP-dosed large-scale freshwater wetland 

mesocosms. The model predicts that AgNP sulfidation will retard nanoparticle oxidation and ion release. The resultant 

Ag2S-coated AgNPs are expected to persist and accumulate in sediment downstream from sources of AgNPs. Silver 

speciation and persistence in the sediment depend on the seasonally variable availability of organic carbon and 

dissolved oxygen. The half-life of typical sulfidized (85% Ag2S) AgNPs may vary from less than 10 years to over a 

century depending on redox conditions. No significant difference in silver speciation and distribution is observed 

between =50% Ag2S and 100% Ag2S AgNPs. Formation and efflux of toxic silver ion is reduced in eutrophic systems

and maximized in oligotrophic systems.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es402341t

%[2014/01/31

%0 Journal Article

%A Dahm, Matthew M.

%A Evans, Douglas E.

%A Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K.
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%A Birch, M. Eileen

%A Deddens, James A.

%D 2013

%T Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: 

Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling

%J Annals of Occupational Hygiene

%V 57

%N 3

%P 328-344

%8 April 1, 2013

%! Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: 

Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling

%R 10.1093/annhyg/mes079

%X Research Significance: Toxicological evidence suggests the potential for a wide range of health effects from 

exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). To date, there has been much focus on the use of

direct-reading instruments (DRIs) to assess multiple airborne exposure metrics for potential exposures to CNTs and 

CNFs due to their ease of use and ability to provide instantaneous results. Still, uncertainty exists in the usefulness and

interpretation of the data. To address this gap, air-monitoring was conducted at six sites identified as CNT and CNF 

manufacturers or users and results were compared with filter-based metrics.Methods: Particle number, respirable mass,

and active surface area concentrations were monitored with a condensation particle counter, a photometer, and a 

diffusion charger, respectively. The instruments were placed on a mobile cart and used as area monitors in parallel with

filter-based elemental carbon (EC) and electron microscopy samples. Repeat samples were collected on consecutive 

days, when possible, during the same processes. All instruments in this study are portable and routinely used for 

industrial hygiene sampling.Results: Differences were not observed among the various sampled processes compared 

with concurrent indoor or outdoor background samples while examining the different DRI exposure metrics. Such data 

were also inconsistent with results for filter-based samples collected concurrently at the same sites [Dahm MM, Evans 

DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK et al. (2012) Occupational exposure assessment in CNT and nanofiber primary and 

secondary manufacturers. Ann Occup Hyg; 56: 542–56]. Significant variability was seen between these processes as 

well as the indoor and outdoor backgrounds. However, no clear pattern emerged linking the DRI results to the EC or 

the microscopy data (CNT and CNF structure counts).Conclusions: Overall, no consistent trends were seen among 

similar processes at the various sites. The DRI instruments employed were limited in their usefulness in assessing and 

quantifying potential exposures at the sampled sites but were helpful for hypothesis generation, control technology 

evaluations, and other air quality issues. The DRIs employed are nonspecific, aerosol monitors, and, therefore, subject 

to interferences. As such, it is necessary to collect samples for analysis by more selective, time-integrated, laboratorybased methods to confirm and quantify exposures.

%U http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328.abstract

http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328

http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328.long

%0 Journal Article

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Arnaout, Christina L.

%A Anciaux, Sarah

%A Gunsch, Claudia K.

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%A Kim, Bojeong

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A McGill, Bonnie M.

%A Reinsch, Brian C.

%A Richardson, Curtis J.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Wright, Justin P.
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%A Yin, Liyan

%A Bernhardt, Emily S.

%D 2013

%T Low Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles in Biosolids Cause Adverse Ecosystem Responses under Realistic 

Field Scenario

%J PLoS ONE

%V 8

%N 2

%P e57189

%8 02/2013

%! Low Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles in Biosolids Cause Adverse Ecosystem Responses under Realistic 

Field Scenario

%R 10.1371/journal.pone.0057189

%X A large fraction of engineered nanomaterials in consumer and commercial products will reach natural ecosystems. 

To date, research on the biological impacts of environmental nanomaterial exposures has largely focused on highconcentration exposures in mechanistic lab studies with single strains of model organisms. These results are difficult to

extrapolate to ecosystems, where exposures will likely be at low-concentrations and which are inhabited by a diversity 

of organisms. Here we show adverse responses of plants and microorganisms in a replicated long-term terrestrial 

mesocosm field experiment following a single low dose of silver nanoparticles (0.14 mg Ag kg-1 soil) applied via a 

likely route of exposure, sewage biosolid application. While total aboveground plant biomass did not differ between 

treatments receiving biosolids, one plant species, Microstegium vimeneum, had 32 % less biomass in the Slurry+AgNP

treatment relative to the Slurry only treatment. Microorganisms were also affected by AgNP treatment, which gave a 

significantly different community composition of bacteria in the Slurry+AgNPs as opposed to the Slurry treatment one 

day after addition as analyzed by T-RFLP analysis of 16S-rRNA genes. After eight days, N2O flux was 4.5 fold higher

in the Slurry+AgNPs treatment than the Slurry treatment. After fifty days, community composition and N2O flux of 

the Slurry+AgNPs treatment converged with the Slurry. However, the soil microbial extracellular enzymes leucine 

amino peptidase and phosphatase had 52 and 27% lower activities, respectively, while microbial biomass was 35% 

lower than the Slurry. We also show that the magnitude of these responses was in all cases as large as or larger than 

the positive control, AgNO3, added at 4-fold the Ag concentration of the silver nanoparticles.

%U http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?

uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057189&representation=PDF

%0 Electronic Article

%A Bullis, Kevin

%D 2013

%T Quantum Dots Get Commercial Debut in More Colorful Sony TVs

%B MIT Technology Review

%& January 11

%! Quantum Dots Get Commercial Debut in More Colorful Sony TVs

%U http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509801/quantum-dots-get-commercial-debut-in-more-colorful-sony-tvs/

%0 Journal Article

%A Bekker, Cindy

%A Brouwer, Derk H.

%A Tielemans, Erik

%A Pronk, Anjoeka

%D 2013

%T Industrial Production and Professional Application of Manufactured Nanomaterials-Enabled End Products in 

Dutch Industries: Potential for Exposure

%J Annals of Occupational Hygiene
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%V 57

%N 3

%P 314-327

%8 April 1, 2013

%! Industrial Production and Professional Application of Manufactured Nanomaterials-Enabled End Products in Dutch

Industries: Potential for Exposure

%R 10.1093/annhyg/mes072

%X Background: In order to make full use of the opportunities while responsibly managing the risks of working with 

manufactured nanomaterials (MNM), we need to gain insight into the potential level of exposure to MNM in the 

industry. Therefore, the goal of this study was to obtain an overview of the potential MNM exposure scenarios within 

relevant industrial sectors, applied exposure controls, and number of workers potentially exposed to MNM in Dutch 

industrial sectors producing and applying MNM-enabled end products in the Netherlands.Methods: A survey was 

conducted in three phases: (i) identification of MNM-enabled end products; (ii) identification of relevant industrial 

sectors; and (iii) a tiered telephone survey to estimate actual use of the products among 40 sector 

organizations/knowledge centres (Tier 1), 350 randomly selected companies (Tier 2), and 110 actively searched 

companies (Tier 3).Results: The most dominant industrial sectors producing or applying MNM-enabled end products 

(market penetration >5%) are shoe repair shops, automotive, construction, paint, metal, and textile cleaning industry. In

the majority of the companies (76%), potential risks related to working with MNM are not a specific point of interest. 

The total number of workers potentially exposed to MNM during the production or application of MNM-enabled end 

products was estimated at approximately 3000 workers in the Netherlands. The results of this study will serve as a 

basis for in-depth exposure and health surveys that are currently planned in the Netherlands. In addition, the results can

be used to identify the most relevant sectors for policy makers and future studies focussing on evaluating the risks of 

occupational exposure to MNM.

%U http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/314.abstract

http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/314.long

%0 Journal Article

%A Aruguete, Deborah M.

%A Kim, Bojeong

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%A Ma, Yanjun

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Hoegh, Andy

%A Liu, Jie

%A Pruden, Amy

%D 2013

%T Antimicrobial nanotechnology: its potential for the effective management of microbial drug resistance and 

implications for research needs in microbial nanotoxicology

%J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts

%V 15

%N 1

%P 93

%8 01/2012

%! Antimicrobial nanotechnology: its potential for the effective management of microbial drug resistance and 

implications for research needs in microbial nanotoxicology

%R 10.1039/c2em30692a

%X The development of antibiotics revolutionized human health, providing a simple cure for once dreaded diseases 

such as tuberculosis. However, widespread production, use, and mis-use of antibiotics have contributed to the nextgeneration concern for global public health: the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) infectious organisms 

(a.k.a. “superbugs”). Recently, nanotechnology, specifically the use of nanomaterials (NMs) with antimicrobial 

activity, has been presented as a new defense against MDR infectious organisms. We discuss the potential for NMs to 

either circumvent microbial resistance or induce its development in light of our current state of knowledge, finding 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

that this question points to a need for fundamental research targeting the molecular mechanisms causing antimicrobial 

activity in NMs. In the context of current microbial nanotoxicology studies, particularly reductionist laboratory studies,

we offer suggestions and considerations for future research, using an illustrative example from our work with silver 

nanoparticles.

%U http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/EM/c2em30692a

%0 Journal Article

%A Armstrong, Najealicka

%A Ramamoorthy, Malaisamy

%A Lyon, Delina

%A Jones, Kimberly

%A Duttaroy, Atanu

%D 2013

%T Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Action on Insect Pigmentation Reveals Intervention of Copper Homeostasis

%J PLoS One

%V 8

%N 1

%P e53186

%8 1/2013

%! Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Action on Insect Pigmentation Reveals Intervention of Copper Homeostasis

%Z PloS one

%@ 1932-6203 (Electronic)

1932-6203 (Linking)

%R 10.1371/journal.pone.0053186

%2 3538783

%M 23308159

%K Animals

Copper/*metabolism

Drosophila melanogaster/*drug effects/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism

Fertility/drug effects

Melanins/metabolism

Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/*toxicity

Pigmentation/*drug effects

Silver/chemistry/metabolism/*toxicity

Superoxide Dismutase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), like almost all nanoparticles, are potentially toxic beyond a certain concentration 

because the survival of the organism is compromised due to scores of pathophysiological abnormalities past that 

concentration. However, the mechanism of AgNP toxicity remains undetermined. Instead of applying a toxic dose, we 

attempted to monitor the effects of AgNPs at a nonlethal concentration on wild type Drosophila melanogaster by 

exposing them throughout their development. All adult flies raised in AgNP doped food showed that up to 50 mg/L 

concentration AgNP has no negative influence on median survival; however, these flies appeared uniformly lighter in 

body color due to the loss of melanin pigments in their cuticle. Additionally, fertility and vertical movement ability 

were compromised due to AgNP feeding. Determination of the amount of free ionic silver (Ag+) led us to claim that 

the observed biological effects have resulted from the AgNPs and not from Ag+. Biochemical analysis suggests that 

the activity of copper dependent enzymes, namely tyrosinase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, are decreased 

significantly following the consumption of AgNPs, despite the constant level of copper present in the tissue. 

Consequently, we propose a mechanism whereby consumption of excess AgNPs in association with membrane bound 

copper transporter proteins cause sequestration of copper, thus creating a condition that resembles copper starvation. 

This model also explains the cuticular demelanization effect resulting from AgNP since tyrosinase activity is essential 

for melanin biosynthesis. Finally, we claim that Drosophila, an established genetic model system, can be well utilized 

for further understanding of the biological effects of nanoparticles.

%Z Armstrong, Najealicka
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Ramamoorthy, Malaisamy

Lyon, Delina

Jones, Kimberly

Duttaroy, Atanu

eng

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

2013/01/12 06:00

PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053186. Epub 2013 Jan 7.

%U http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?

uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053186&representation=PDF

%+ Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.

%0 Journal Article

%A Ali-Boucetta, Hanene

%A Nunes, Antonio

%A Sainz, Raquel

%A Herrero, M. Antonia

%A Tian, Bowen

%A Prato, Maurizio

%A Bianco, Alberto

%A Kostarelos, Kostas

%D 2013

%T Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of Long Carbon Nanotubes Alleviated by Chemical Functionalization

%J Angewandte Chemie International Edition

%V 52

%N 8

%P 2274-2278

%8 Feb 18

%! Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of Long Carbon Nanotubes Alleviated by Chemical Functionalization

%Z Angewandte Chemie

%@ 1521-3773

%R 10.1002/anie.201207664

%M 23319294

%K graphene

carcinogenicity

inflammation

nanoparticles

toxicology

%X Sometimes shorter is better: The apparent similarity between multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and 

asbestos fibers has generated serious concerns about their safety profile. The asbestos-like pathogenicity observed for 

long, pristine nanotubes (NTlong, see scheme) can be completely alleviated if their effective length is decreased as a 

result of chemical functionalization, such as with tri(ethylene glycol) (TEG).

%Z Ali-Boucetta, Hanene

Nunes, Antonio

Sainz, Raquel

Herrero, M Antonia

Tian, Bowen

Prato, Maurizio

Bianco, Alberto

Kostarelos, Kostas

eng
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Germany

International ed. in English

2013/01/16 06:00

Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Feb 18;52(8):2274-8. doi: 10.1002/anie.201207664. Epub 2013 Jan 14.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207664

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201207664/abstract

%+ Nanomedicine Laboratory, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London 

WC1N 1AX, UK.

%0 Conference Paper

%A Zimmermann, Y.

%A Schaeffer, A.

%A Corvini, P.F.

%A Lenz, M.

%D 2012

%T Organic photovoltaics: Are policies for safe disposal and recycling necessary?

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Organic photovoltaic solar cells (OPVs) are a promising renewable energy technology due to the fact that 

characteristics such as light-weight, semi-transparency and mechanical flexibility offer novel application possibilities. 

Substantial progress has been achieved during the last decade increasing power conversion efficiencies towards the 

crucial 10% threshold. In consideration of the anticipated forthcoming large-scale production, the environmental 

impact of such OPVs has to be assessed and should be compared to current best available thin film technologies. 

Various materials present in OPV, such as metal nanoparticles as well as fullerene-derivatives, may potentially have 

adverse effects in the environment. So far, no studies exist investigating a possible release of OPV components into the

environment under environmentally relevant leaching-scenarios. Whereas some research has already been carried out 

regarding the ecotoxicity of certain single, pure OPV components (e.g. nanoparticles), other components and/or 

degradation products/transformation products have not been investigated at all until now. For the first time, this study 

systematically composes the database about OPV materials and their fate and effects in the environment. Furthermore, 

priority pollutants are identified. We conclude that so far there is no evidence for an alarming risk deriving from OPVs 

during use phase (i.e. when intact). However, during

end-of-life phase (i.e. when disposed in landfills) an increased release of

harmful components seems plausible, which might result in adverse effects of OPVs in the environment. Preliminary 

results from our lab confirm that some compounds (organic and inorganic origin) are indeed leaching from OPVs 

under such conditions. By means of a variety of analytical methods such as ICP-MS, accelerated solvent extraction, 

SEC-HPLC and qTOF, leachates were identified. It was possible to show that inorganic compounds are actually 

leaching from OPV under harsh environmental conditions when applying end-of-life scenarios. These results have to 

be introduced into policies for safe disposal and recycling of OPVs.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 663

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhou, Dongxu

%A Bennett, Samuel W.

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%D 2012

%T Increased Mobility of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Photo and Thermal Induced Disagglomeration

%J PLoS ONE
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%V 7

%N 5

%P e37363

%! Increased Mobility of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Photo and Thermal Induced Disagglomeration

%R 10.1371/journal.pone.0037363

%X Significant advances have been made on our understanding of the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials. 

One unexplored aspect of nanoparticle aggregation is how environmental stimuli such as light exposure and 

temperature variations affect the mobility of engineered nanoparticles. In this study, TiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, and 

CeO<sub>2</sub> were chosen as model materials for investigating the mobility of nanoparticles under three external 

stimuli: heat, light and sonication. Sunlight and high power sonication were able to partially disagglomerate metal 

oxide clusters, but primary particles bonded by solid state necks were left intact. A cycle of temperature increase from 

25°C to 65°C and then decrease back was found to disagglomerate the compact clusters in the heating phase and 

reagglomerate them as more open fractal structures during the cooling phase. A fractal model summing the pair-wise 

DLVO interactions between primary particles within two fractal agglomerates predicts weak attractions on the order of 

a few kT. Our study shows that common environmental stimuli such as light exposure or temperature variation can 

disagglomerate nanoparticle clusters and enhance their mobility in open waters. This phenomenon warrants attention 

since it is likely that metal oxide nanoparticles will experience these natural stimuli during their transport in the 

environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037363

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356249/pdf/pone.0037363.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhou, Dongxu

%A Abdel-Fattah, Amr I.

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%D 2012

%T Clay Particles Destabilize Engineered Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 14

%P 7520-7526

%8 2012/07/17

%! Clay Particles Destabilize Engineered Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es3004427

%X Given the ubiquity of natural clay minerals, the most likely interaction of nanoparticles released into an aquatic 

environment will be with suspended clay minerals. Thus, the transport of engineered nanoparticles in the subsurface 

and the water column will most likely be altered by their interaction with these minerals. We studied the interactions 

of two of the most produced nanoparticles, Ag and TiO2, and montmorillonite to determine how heteroaggregation can

alter the stability of nanoparticle/clay mineral mixtures. Since at low pH montmorillonite has a negatively charged 

basal plane and positively charged edges, its interaction with these nanoparticles at different pH lead to unusual 

behaviors. There are six different interactions for each clay-nanoparticle pair. At pH values below the IEP of 

montmorillonite edge site, montmorillonite reduced the stability of both negatively charged Ag and positively charged 

TiO2 nanoparticles. Surprisingly this enhanced coagulation only occurs within an intermediate ionic strength range. 

The spillover of the montmorillonite basal plane electric double layer to the montmorillonite edge may screen the 

electrostatic attraction between Ag and the montmorillonite edge at low ionic strength, whereas a repulsion between 

TiO2 and montmorillonite face sites may restabilize the mixture.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3004427

%[2013/03/26
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%0 Journal Article

%A Zheng, Xiong

%A Su, Yinglong

%A Chen, Yinguang

%D 2012

%T Acute and Chronic Responses of Activated Sludge Viability and Performance to Silica Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7182-7188

%8 2012/07/03

%! Acute and Chronic Responses of Activated Sludge Viability and Performance to Silica Nanoparticles

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300777b

%X Recently, the potential health and environmental risks of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are attracting great 

interest. However, little is known about their possible impacts on wastewater biological nitrogen and phosphorus 

removal. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of SiO2 NPs on activated sludge viability and biological nutrient 

removal performance were investigated. It was found that the presence of environmentally relevant concentration (1 

mg/L) of SiO2 NPs caused no adverse acute and chronic effects on sludge viability and wastewater nitrogen and 

phosphorus removal. However, chronic exposure to 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs induced the increase of effluent nitrate 

concentration, and thus depressed the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 79.6% to 51.6% after 70 days of 

exposure, which was due to the declined activities of denitrifying enzymes, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. 

Wastewater phosphorus removal was insensitive to 1 and 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs after either the acute or chronic exposure,

because the critical factors closely related to biological phosphorus removal were not significantly changed, such as the

activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase and the intracellular transformations of 

polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the 

bacterial community structure was changed after long-term exposure to 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs, and the quantitative PCR 

assays indicated that the abundance of denitrifying bacteria was decreased, which was consistent with the declined 

wastewater nitrogen removal.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300777b

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Xiaoran

%A Kah, Melanie

%A Jonker, Michiel T. O.

%A Hofmann, Thilo

%D 2012

%T Dispersion State and Humic Acids Concentration-Dependent Sorption of Pyrene to Carbon Nanotubes

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7166-7173

%8 2012/07/03

%! Dispersion State and Humic Acids Concentration-Dependent Sorption of Pyrene to Carbon Nanotubes

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300645m

%X Sonication and humic acids (HA) are known to disperse carbon nanotube (CNT) suspensions, but potential effects 

on sorption of chemicals to CNTs remain poorly understood. We applied a passive sampling method to investigate the 

influence of dispersion/aggregation on sorption of pyrene to CNTs. Sonication broke down CNT aggregates and 

increased pyrene sorption affinity by up to 1.39 orders of magnitude. Sorption surfaces newly exposed by sonication 

remained available to pyrene even after reaggregation occurred, suggesting an irreversible effect of sonication. The 
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presence of HA decreased sorption of pyrene to CNTs, but at the highest HA concentration investigated (200 mg/L), 

sorption affinity was still 1.90 orders of magnitude larger than sorption of pyrene to HA alone. Specific interactions 

between pyrene and CNTs were thus still taking place, in spite of the presence of a HA coating on the CNTs? surface. 

A greater suppression of sorption by CNTs occurred when the HA addition was combined with a sonication 

pretreatment. Sorption isotherm fitting indicated that the maximum sorption capacity, sorption affinity, and 

heterogeneity of the CNT surface were all affected by sonication and the presence of HA at a concentration as low as 1

mg/L. The present results contribute to an improved understanding of the sorption behavior of CNTs in both natural 

and wastewater systems.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300645m

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Wen

%A Crittenden, John

%A Li, Kungang

%A Chen, Yongsheng

%D 2012

%T Attachment Efficiency of Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Dispersions: Modeling and Experimental 

Validation

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7054-7062

%8 2012/07/03

%! Attachment Efficiency of Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Dispersions: Modeling and Experimental 

Validation

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203623z

%X To describe the aggregation kinetics of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous dispersions, a new equation for predicting 

the attachment efficiency is presented. The rationale is that at nanoscale, random kinetic motion may supersede the role

of interaction energy in governing the aggregation kinetics of NPs, and aggregation could occur exclusively among the 

fraction of NPs with the minimum kinetic energy that exceeds the interaction energy barrier (Eb). To justify this 

rationale, we examined the evolution of particle size distribution (PSD) and frequency distribution during aggregation, 

and further derived the new equation of attachment efficiency on the basis of the Maxwell?Boltzmann distribution and 

Derjaguin?Landau?Verwey?Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The new equation was evaluated through aggregation 

experiments with CeO2 NPs using time-resolved-dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS). Our results show that the 

prediction of the attachment efficiencies agreed remarkably well with experimental data and also correctly described 

the effects of ionic strength, natural organic matter (NOM), and temperature on attachment efficiency. Furthermore, the

new equation was used to describe the attachment efficiencies of different types of engineered NPs selected from the 

literature and most of the fits showed good agreement with the inverse stability ratios (1/W) and experimentally 

derived results, although some minor discrepancies were present. Overall, the new equation provides an alternative 

theoretical approach in addition to 1/W for predicting attachment efficiency.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203623z

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Shujuan

%A Shao, Ting

%A Kose, H. Selcen

%A Karanfil, Tanju
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%D 2012

%T Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 79-85

%! Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.724

%K Adsorption kinetics

Organic compound

Activated carbon

Carbon nanotubes

%X Adsorption kinetics of two organic compounds on four types of carbonaceous adsorbents (a granular activated 

carbon [HD4000], an activated carbon fiber [ACF10], a single-walled carbon nanotube [SWNT], and a multiwalled 

carbon nanotube [MWNT]) was examined in aqueous solutions. The times needed for the adsorption to reach apparent 

equilibrium on the four carbons followed the order of ACF10 > HD4000 > SWNT > MWNT. Ultrasonication of the 

carbon nanotubes (CNTs) accelerated their adsorption kinetics but had no effect on their equilibrium adsorption 

capacities. The pseudo-second order model (PSOM) provided good fitting for the kinetic data. The fitting of kinetic 

data with the intraparticle diffusion model indicated that external mass transfer controls the sorption process in the 

organic compound–CNT systems, whereas intraparticle diffusion dominates in the sorption of organic compounds onto 

activated carbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:79–85. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.724

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.724/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Lunliang

%A Hou, Lei

%A Wang, Lilin

%A Kan, Amy T.

%A Chen, Wei

%A Tomson, Mason B.

%D 2012

%T Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7230-7238

%8 2012/07/03

%! Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es301234m

%X Understanding subsurface transport of fullerene nanoparticles (nC60) is of critical importance for the benign use 

and risk management of C60. We examined the effects of several important environmental factors on nC60 transport in

saturated porous media. Decreasing flow velocity from approximately 10 to 1 m/d had little effect on nC60 transport in

Ottawa sand (mainly pure quartz), but significantly inhibited the transport in Lula soil (a sandy, low-organic-matter 

soil). The difference was attributable to the smaller grain size, more irregular and rougher shape, and greater 

heterogeneity of Lula soil. Increasing ionic strength and switching background solution from NaCl to CaCl2 enhanced 

the deposition of nC60 in both sand and soil columns, but the effects were more significant for soil. This was likely 

because the clay minerals (and possibly soil organic matter) in soil responded to changes of ionic strength and species 

differently than quartz. Anions in the mobile phase had little effect on nC60 transport, and fulvic acid in the mobile 

phase (5.0 mg/L) had a small effect in the presence of 0.5 mM Ca2+. A two-site transport model that takes into 
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account both the blocking-affected attachment process and straining effects can effectively model the breakthrough of 

nC60.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es301234m

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Junling

%A Wages, Mike

%A Cox, Stephen B.

%A Maul, Jonathan D.

%A Li, Yujia

%A Barnes, Melanie

%A Hope-Weeks, Louisa

%A Cobb, George P.

%D 2012

%T Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 176-183

%! Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.718

%K Nanotoxicity

FETAX

Amphibian

Titanium dioxide

Ultraviolet light

%X Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (nano-TiO2) exhibit stronger photochemical oxidation/reduction capacity 

compared with their bulk counterparts, but the effectiveness of nano-TiO2 interaction with ultraviolet (UV) light 

strongly depends on particle size. In this study, the dependence of nano-TiO2 toxicity on particle size and interaction 

with UV light were investigated. Toxicity tests with Xenopus laevis included eight concentrations of nano-TiO2 in the

presence of either white light or UVA (315–400 nm). We quantified viability and growth of Xenopus laevis. Results 

showed that, regardless of UV light exposure, increasing TiO2 concentration decreased X. laevis survival (p < 0.05). 

Coexposure to 5-nm TiO2 and UVA caused near-significant decreases in X. laevis survival (p = 0.08). Coexposure to 

10-nm TiO2 and UVA significantly decreased X. laevis survival (p = 0.005). However, coexposure to 32-nm TiO2 

and UVA had no statistical effect on X. laevis survival (p = 0.8). For all three particle sizes, whether alone or with UV

light, the nano-TiO2 concentrations significantly affected growth of tadpoles as determined by total body length, 

snout–vent length, and developmental stage. High-concentration TiO2 solutions suppressed tadpole body length and 

delayed developmental stages. Further research to explore reasons for the growth and mortality in tadpoles is still 

underway in our laboratory. Given the widespread application of nano-TiO2, our results may be useful in the 

management of nano-TiO2 released from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 

2012;31:176–183. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.718

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.718/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Yang, Xinyu

%A Gondikas, Andreas P.

%A Marinakos, Stella M.
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%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Liu, Jie

%A Hsu-Kim, Heileen

%A Meyer, Joel N.

%D 2012

%T Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity Is Dependent on Dissolved Silver and Surface Coating in 

Caenorhabditis elegans

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 2

%P 1119-1127

%8 2012/01/17

%! Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity Is Dependent on Dissolved Silver and Surface Coating in 

Caenorhabditis elegans

%@ 0013-936X

%X The rapidly increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products and medical applications has 

raised ecological and human health concerns. A key question for addressing these concerns is whether Ag NP toxicity 

is mechanistically unique to nanoparticulate silver, or if it is a result of the release of silver ions. Furthermore, since Ag

NPs are produced in a large variety of monomer sizes and coatings, and since their physicochemical behavior depends 

on the media composition, it is important to understand how these variables modulate toxicity. We found that a lower 

ionic strength medium resulted in greater toxicity (measured as growth inhibition) of all tested Ag NPs to 

<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, and that both dissolved silver and coating influenced Ag NP toxicity. We found a 

linear correlation between Ag NP toxicity and dissolved silver, but no correlation between size and toxicity. We used 

three independent and complementary approaches to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity of differentially coated and

sized Ag NPs: pharmacological (rescue with trolox and N-acetylcysteine), genetic (analysis of metal-sensitive and 

oxidative stress-sensitive mutants), and physicochemical (including analysis of dissolution of Ag NPs). Oxidative 

dissolution was limited in our experimental conditions (maximally 15% in 24 h), yet was key to the toxicity of most 

Ag NPs, highlighting a critical role for dissolved silver complexed with thiols in the toxicity of all tested Ag NPs. 

Some Ag NPs (typically less soluble due to size or coating) also acted via oxidative stress, an effect specific to 

nanoparticulate silver. However, in no case studied here was the toxicity of a Ag NP greater than would be predicted 

by complete dissolution of the same mass of silver as silver ions.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202417t

%0 Journal Article

%A Xia, Tian

%A Malasarn, Davin

%A Lin, Sijie

%A Ji, Zhaoxia

%A Zhang, Haiyuan

%A Miller, Robert J.

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%A Nisbet, Roger M.

%A Harthorn, Barbara H.

%A Godwin, Hilary A.

%A Lenihan, Hunter S.

%A Liu, Rong

%A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge

%A Cohen, Yoram

%A Mädler, Lutz

%A Holden, Patricia A.

%A Zink, Jeffrey I.

%A Nel, Andre E.
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%D 2012

%T Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Solve Complex Nano EHS Problems by the UC Center for the 

Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology

%J Small

%! Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Solve Complex Nano EHS Problems by the UC Center for the 

Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology

%@ 1613-6829

%R 10.1002/smll.201201700

%K engineered nanomaterials

nanotoxicology

high-throughput screening

predictive toxicology

structure–activity relationships

%X UC CEIN was established with funding from the US National Science Foundation and the US Environmental 

Protection Agency in 2008 with the mission to study the impact of nanotechnology on the environment, including the 

identification of hazard and exposure scenarios that take into consideration the unique physicochemical properties of 

engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Since its inception, the Center has made great progress in assembling a 

multidisciplinary team to develop the scientific underpinnings, research, knowledge acquisition, education and 

outreach that is required for assessing the safe implementation of nanotechnology in the environment. In this essay, the

development of the infrastructure, protocols, and decision-making tools that are required to effectively integrate 

complementary scientific disciplines allowing knowledge gathering in a complex study area that goes beyond the 

traditional safety and risk assessment protocols of the 20th century is outlined. UC CEIN's streamlined approach, 

premised on predictive hazard and exposure assessment methods, high-throughput discovery platforms and 

environmental decision-making tools that consider a wide range of nano/bio interfaces in terrestrial and aquatic 

ecosystems, demonstrates the implementation of a 21st-century approach to the safe implementation of 

nanotechnology in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201201700

%0 Journal Article

%A Wirth, Stacy M.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%D 2012

%T Natural Organic Matter Alters Biofilm Tolerance to Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 22

%P 12687 - 12696

%8 11/2012

%! Natural Organic Matter Alters Biofilm Tolerance to Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver

%R 10.1021/es301521p

%X Motivated by the need to understand environmental risks posed by potentially biocidal engineered nanoparticles, 

the effects of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure on viability in single species Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms 

were determined via dye staining methods. AgNP dispersions, containing both particles and dissolved silver 

originating from the particles, negatively impacted biofilm viability in a dose-dependent manner. No silver treatments 

(up to 100 ppm AgNPs) resulted in 100% biofilm viability loss, even though these same concentrations caused 

complete viability loss in planktonic culture, suggesting some biofilm tolerance to AgNP toxicity. Colloidally stable 

AgNP suspensions exhibited greater toxicity to biofilms than corresponding particle-free supernatants containing only 

dissolved silver released from the particles. This distinct nanoparticle-specific toxicity was not observed for less stable,

highly aggregated particles, suggesting that biofilms were protected against nanoparticle aggregate toxicity. In both the

stable and highly aggregated dispersions, dissolved silver made a significant contribution to overall toxicity. Therefore,

despite increased colloidal stability when humic acid adsorbed to AgNPs, the presence of humic acid mitigated the 
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toxicity of AgNP suspensions because it bound to silver ions in solution.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301521p

%0 Journal Article

%A Windler, L.

%A Lorenz, C.

%A von Goetz, N.

%A Hungerbuhler, K.

%A Amberg, M.

%A Heuberger, M.

%A Nowack, B.

%D 2012

%T Release of titanium dioxide from textiles during washing

%J Environ Sci Technol

%V 46

%N 15

%P 8181-8

%8 Aug 7

%! Release of titanium dioxide from textiles during washing

%Z Environmental science & technology

%@ 1520-5851 (Electronic)

0013-936X (Linking)

%R 10.1021/es301633b

%M 22746197

%K Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission

*Textile Industry

Titanium/*chemistry

Ultraviolet Rays

*Water

%X Nano-TiO(2) has the highest production of all nanomaterials, and pigment-TiO(2) is a commodity used on the 

million tons/year scale. Information on the release of TiO(2) from consumer products is therefore an important part of 

analyzing the potential environmental exposure to TiO(2). For this study, we investigated the release of TiO(2) from 

six different functional textiles during washing. TiO(2) is used in textiles because of its UV-absorbing properties and 

as pigment. Analysis of fiber cross sections showed that the TiO(2) was contained in the fiber matrix. The sunprotection textiles had Ultraviolet Protection Factors that were between 58 and 6100 after washing and therefore above

the labeled factor of 50+. Five of the textiles (sun-protection clothes) released low amounts of Ti (0.01 to 0.06 wt % of

total Ti) in one wash cycle. One textile (with antimicrobial functionality) released much higher amounts of Ti (5 mg/L,

corresponding to 3.4 wt % of total Ti in one wash cycle). Size fractionation showed that about equal amounts were 

released as particles below and above 0.45 mum. After 10 washings, only in two textiles significantly lower Ti 

contents were measured. Electron microscopy showed that the TiO(2) particles released into washing solution had a 

roundish appearance with primary particle sizes between 60 and 350 nm that formed small aggregates with up to 20 

particles. The results indicate that functional textiles release some TiO(2) particles, but that the amounts are relatively 

low and mostly not in the nanoparticulate range.

%Z Windler, L

Lorenz, C

von Goetz, N

Hungerbuhler, K

Amberg, M

Heuberger, M

Nowack, B

eng

2012/07/04 06:00
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Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 7;46(15):8181-8. doi: 10.1021/es301633b. Epub 2012 Jul 23.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22746197

%+ Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 

9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.

%0 Journal Article

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2012

%T Searching for Global Descriptors of Engineered Nanomaterial Fate and Transport in the Environment

%J Accounts of Chemical Research

%V 46

%N 3

%P 844-853

%8 2013/03/19

%! Searching for Global Descriptors of Engineered Nanomaterial Fate and Transport in the Environment

%@ 0001-4842

%R 10.1021/ar300030n

%X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a new class of environmental pollutants. Researchers are beginning to 

debate whether new modeling paradigms and experimental tests to obtain model parameters are required for ENMs or 

if approaches for existing pollutants are robust enough to predict ENM distribution between environmental 

compartments. This Account outlines how experimental research can yield quantitative data for use in ENM fate and 

exposure models. We first review experimental testing approaches that are employed with ENMs. Then we compare 

and contrast ENMs against other pollutants. Finally, we summarize the findings and identify research needs that may 

yield global descriptors for ENMs that are suitable for use in fate and transport modeling. Over the past decade, 

researchers have made significant progress in understanding factors that influence the fate and transport of ENMs. In 

some cases, researchers have developed approaches toward global descriptor models (experimental, conceptual, and 

quantitative). We suggest the following global descriptors for ENMs: octanol?water partition coefficients, solid-water 

partition coefficients, attachment coefficients, and rate constants describing reactions such as dissolution, 

sedimentation, and degradation. ENMs appear to accumulate at the octanol?water interface and readily interact with 

other interfaces, such as lipid?water interfaces. Batch experiments to investigate factors that influence retention of 

ENMs on solid phases are very promising. However, ENMs probably do not behave in the same way as dissolved 

chemicals, and therefore, researchers need to use measurement techniques and concepts more commonly associated 

with colloids. Despite several years of research with ENMs in column studies, available summaries tend to discuss the 

effects of ionic strength, pH, organic matter, ENM type, packing media, or other parameters qualitatively rather than 

reporting quantitative values, such as attachment efficiencies, that would facilitate comparison across studies. Only a 

few structure?activity relationships have been developed for ENMs so far, but such evaluations will facilitate the 

understanding of the reactivities of different forms of a single ENM. The establishment of predictive capabilities for 

ENMs in the environment would enable accurate exposure assessments that would assist in ENM risk management. 

Such information is also critical for understanding the ultimate disposition of ENMs and may provide a framework for 

improved engineering of nanomaterials that are more environmentally benign.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300030n

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Weir, Alex

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Fabricius, Lars

%A Hristovski, Kiril

%A von Goetz, Natalie
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%D 2012

%T Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 4

%P 2242-2250

%8 2012/02/21

%! Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es204168d

%X Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, 

which after use can enter the sewage system and, subsequently, enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to 

surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. This study quantifies the 

amount of titanium in common food products, derives estimates of human exposure to dietary (nano-) TiO2, and 

discusses the impact of the nanoscale fraction of TiO2 entering the environment. The foods with the highest content of 

TiO2 included candies, sweets, and chewing gums. Among personal care products, toothpastes and select sunscreens 

contained 1% to >10% titanium by weight. While some other crèmes contained titanium, despite being colored white, 

most shampoos, deodorants, and shaving creams contained the lowest levels of titanium (<0.01 ?g/mg). For several 

high-consumption pharmaceuticals, the titanium content ranged from below the instrument detection limit (0.0001 ?g 

Ti/mg) to a high of 0.014 ?g Ti/mg. Electron microscopy and stability testing of food-grade TiO2 (E171) suggests that

approximately 36% of the particles are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension and that it readily disperses in water 

as fairly stable colloids. However, filtration of water solubilized consumer products and personal care products 

indicated that less than 5% of the titanium was able to pass through 0.45 or 0.7 ?m pores. Two white paints contained 

110 ?g Ti/mg while three sealants (i.e., prime coat paint) contained less titanium (25 to 40 ?g Ti/mg). This research 

showed that, while many white-colored products contained titanium, it was not a prerequisite. Although several of 

these product classes contained low amounts of titanium, their widespread use and disposal down the drain and 

eventually to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) deserves attention. A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis to 

TiO2 through foods identified children as having the highest exposures because TiO2 content of sweets is higher than 

other food products and that a typical exposure for a US adult may be on the order of 1 mg Ti per kilogram body 

weight per day. Thus, because of the millions of tons of titanium-based white pigment used annually, testing should 

focus on food-grade TiO2 (E171) rather than that adopted in many environmental health and safety tests (i.e., P25), 

which is used in much lower amounts in products less likely to enter the environment (e.g., catalyst supports, 

photocatalytic coatings).

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204168d

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Ward, C. Herb

%D 2012

%T Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Thirty years later

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 1-2

%! Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Thirty years later

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.732

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.732

%0 Journal Article
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%A Wang, Yifei

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Hristovski, Kiril D

%D 2012

%T Fate and biological effects of silver, titanium dioxide, and C60 (fullerene) nanomaterials during simulated 

wastewater treatment processes

%J Journal of hazardous materials

%V 201

%P 16-22

%! Fate and biological effects of silver, titanium dioxide, and C60 (fullerene) nanomaterials during simulated 

wastewater treatment processes

%@ 0304-3894

%0 Journal Article

%A Wang, Chao

%A Bobba, Aparna Devi

%A Attinti, Ramesh

%A Shen, Chongyang

%A Lazouskaya, Volha

%A Wang, Lian-Ping

%A Jin, Yan

%D 2012

%T Retention and Transport of Silica Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media: Effect of Concentration and Particle 

Size

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7151-7158

%8 2012/07/03

%! Retention and Transport of Silica Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media: Effect of Concentration and Particle 

Size

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300314n

%X Investigations on factors that affect the fate and transport of nanoparticles (NPs) remain incomplete to date. In the 

present study, we conducted column experiments using 8 and 52 nm silica NPs to examine the effects of NPs? 

concentration and size on their retention and transport in saturated porous media. Results showed that higher particle 

number concentration led to lower relative retention and greater surface coverage. Smaller NPs resulted in higher 

relative retention and lower surface coverage. Meanwhile, evaluation of size effect based on mass concentration (mg/L)

vs particle number concentration (particles/mL) led to different conclusions. A set of equations for surface coverage 

calculation was developed and applied to explain the different results related to the size effects when a given mass 

concentration (mg/L) and a given particle number concentration were used. In addition, we found that the retained 8 

nm NPs were released upon lowered solution ionic strength, contrary to the prediction by the Derjaguin?Landau?

Verwey?Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The study herein highlights the importance of NPs? concentration and size on their

behavior in porous media. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of an improved equation for surface 

coverage calculation using column breakthrough data.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300314n

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300314n

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article
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%A von der Kammer, Frank

%A Ferguson, P. Lee

%A Holden, Patricia A.

%A Masion, Armand

%A Rogers, Kim R.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%A Koelmans, Albert A.

%A Horne, Nina

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%D 2012

%T Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and 

conceptual case studies

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 32-49

%! Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and 

conceptual case studies

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.723

%K Nanomaterial

Carbon nanomaterial

Metal oxide nanoparticle

Characterization

Quantum dot

%X Advances in the study of the environmental fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of engineered 

nanomaterials (ENMs) have been hampered by a lack of adequate techniques for the detection and quantification of 

ENMs at environmentally relevant concentrations in complex media. Analysis of ENMs differs from traditional 

chemical analysis because both chemical and physical forms must be considered. Because ENMs are present as 

colloidal systems, their physicochemical properties are dependent on their surroundings. Therefore, the simple act of 

trying to isolate, observe, and quantify ENMs may change their physicochemical properties, making analysis extremely

susceptible to artifacts. Many analytical techniques applied in materials science and other chemical/biological/physical 

disciplines may be applied to ENM analysis as well; however, environmental and biological studies may require that 

methods be adapted to work at low concentrations in complex matrices. The most pressing research needs are the 

development of techniques for extraction, cleanup, separation, and sample storage that introduce minimal artifacts to 

increase the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of analytical techniques, as well as the development of techniques that 

can differentiate between abundant, naturally occurring particles, and manufactured nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. 

Chem. 2012;31:32–49. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.723

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.723/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Vijayalakshmi, R.

%A Rajendran, V.

%D 2012

%T Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods

%J Archives of Applied Science Research

%V 4

%N 2

%P 1183-1190

%! Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods

%@ 0975-508X
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%U http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/aasr-vol4.../AASR-2012-4-2-1183-1190.pdf

%[June 7, 2013

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron

%A Zhurbich, Oksana

%A Bertsch, Paul M.

%A Tsyusko, Olga V.

%D 2012

%T Trophic Transfer of Au Nanoparticles from Soil along a Simulated Terrestrial Food Chain

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 17

%P 9753-9760

%8 2012/09/04

%! Trophic Transfer of Au Nanoparticles from Soil along a Simulated Terrestrial Food Chain

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es3025325

%X To determine if nanoparticles (NPs) could be transferred from soil media to invertebrates and then to secondary 

consumers, we examined the trophic transfer of Au NPs along a simulated terrestrial food chain. Earthworms (Eisenia 

fetida) were exposed to Au NPs in artificial soil media and fed to juvenile bullfrogs (Rana catesbeina). Earthworm Au 

concentrations were continuously monitored so that the cumulative dose to bullfrogs could be accurately estimated 

throughout the experiment. We exposed a second group of bullfrogs to equivalent doses of Au NPs by oral gavage to 

compare the bioavailability of NPs through direct exposure to trophic exposure. We observed accumulation of Au in 

liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, stomach, and intestine in both treatment groups. Tissue concentrations decreased on 

average of approximately 100-fold with each trophic-step. The total assimilated dose averaged only 0.09% of the 

administered dose for direct exposure (oral gavage), but 0.12% for the trophic exposure. The results suggest that 

manufactured NPs present in soil may be taken up into food chains and transferred to higher order consumers. They 

also suggest that Au NPs may be more bioavailable through trophic exposure than direct exposure and that trophic 

transfer may influence the biodistribution of particles once absorbed.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3025325

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3025325

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Bone, Audrey J.

%A Gondikas, Andreas P.

%A Matson, Cole W.

%D 2012

%T Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles. Part 1. 

Aggregation and Dissolution

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6915 - 6924

%8 07/2012
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%! Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles. Part 1. 

Aggregation and Dissolution

%R 10.1021/es204682q

%X Abstract Image To better understand their fate and toxicity in aquatic environments, we compared the aggregation 

and dissolution behavior of gum arabic (GA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in 

aquatic microcosms. There were four microcosm types: surface water; water and sediment; water and aquatic plants; 

or water, sediment, and aquatic plants. Dissolution and aggregation behavior of AgNPs were examined using 

ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation coupled to ultraviolet–visible 

spectroscopy, dynamic and static laser light scattering, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plants 

released dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the water column either through active or passive processes in response 

to Ag exposure. This organic matter fraction readily bound Ag ions. The plant-derived DOM had the effect of 

stabilizing PVP-AgNPs as primary particles, but caused GA-AgNPs to be removed from the water column, likely by 

dissolution and binding of released Ag ions on sediment and plant surfaces. The destabilization of the GA-AgNPs also 

corresponded with X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy results which suggest that 22–28% of the particulate Ag 

was associated with thiols and 5–14% was present as oxides. The results highlight the potential complexities of 

nanomaterial behavior in response to biotic and abiotic modifications in ecosystems, and may help to explain 

differences in toxicity of Ag observed in realistic exposure media compared to simplified laboratory exposures.

%0 Conference Paper

%A Unrine, J.M.

%A Bertsch, P.

%A Tsyusko, O.

%A Shoults-Wilson, W.A.

%A Lowry, G.V.

%A Colman, B.P.

%A Bernhardt, E.S.

%D 2012

%T Fate and effects of silver nanoparticles in terrestrial environments

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Terrestrial environments are likely to be the ultimate sink for the majority of manufactured silver nanoparticles 

(AgNPs). As nano-Ag products are used and particles enter wastewater streams, they ultimately

partition into sewage sludge, the majority of which is used as a soil amendment in agro-ecosystems. This raises 

several important questions. First, how are AgNPs transformed during wastewater treatment? How do the speciation 

and distribution of AgNPs change over time in biosolid amended soils, and how does this affect their bioavailability 

and toxicity? Finally, can simple laboratory toxicity assays predict ecological consequences in realworld exposures? 

We have found that AgNPs are extensively transformed

during wastewater treatment, with sulfidation playing the most important role. These transformations dramatically alter

the behavior of AgNPs in soil pore-water, and decrease the role of the original manufactured coating. For example, for

freshly synthesized particles, citrate-coated AgNPs remained

stable in soil pore water for up to six months while polyvinylpyrrolidonecoated AgNPs rapidly partitioned into solid 

phases. However, when pre-incubated with biosolids, the presence of free AgNPs in soil pore water was dramatically 

reduced for both coatings. Several studies have investigated the toxicity of unsulfidized AgNPs to earthworms in soil. 

The most sensitive endpoint measured to date was behavioral avoidance, which occurred at AgNP concentrations that 

were similar to estimates of Ag concentrations

already present in some biosolids. Fewer toxicity studies have been conducted using exposures with sulfidized Ag 

MNMs, and fewer still in natural soils and sediments. Simple laboratory assays indicate that the solubility of sulfidized

AgNPs is dramatically decreased as is toxicity. However, in natural soils and sediments Ag2S solubility may be 

enhanced, possibly due to microbial activity or redox coupling with other mineral phases. A recent mesocosm study 

using AgNPs pre-incubated in sewage sludge indicated that

in more realistic, multi-species exposures, unpredicted indirect effects may occur, with effects on plant and microbial 

communities being detected at μg/kg concentrations in soil. Major efforts are currently underway regarding risks of 
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nano Ag in terrestrial environments that will help to answer these basic questions.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 390; CEINT

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Tsyusko, Olga V.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Spurgeon, David

%A Blalock, Eric

%A Starnes, Daniel

%A Tseng, Michael

%A Joice, Greg

%A Bertsch, Paul M.

%D 2012

%T Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans to Gold Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 7

%P 4115 - 4124

%8 04/2012

%! Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans to Gold Nanoparticles

%R 10.1021/es2033108

%X We used Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a model for studying particle-specific effects of manufactured 

nanomaterials (MNMs) by examining the toxicogenomic responses in a model soil organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. 

Global genome expression for nematodes exposed to 4-nm citrate-coated Au-NPs at the LC10 level (5.9 mg·L–1) 

revealed significant differential expression of 797 genes. The levels of expression for five genes (apl-1, dyn-1, act-5, 

abu-11, and hsp-4) were confirmed independently with qRT-PCR. Seven common biological pathways associated with

38 of these genes were identified. Up-regulation of 26 pqn/abu genes from noncanonical unfolded protein response 

(UPR) pathway and molecular chaperones (hsp-16.1, hsp-70, hsp-3, and hsp-4) were observed and are likely 

indicative of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Significant increase in sensitivity to Au-NPs in a mutant from 

noncanonical UPR (pqn-5) suggests possible involvement of the genes from this pathway in a protective mechanism 

against Au-NPs. Significant responses to Au-NPs in endocytosis mutants (chc-1 and rme-2) provide evidence for 

endocytosis pathway being induced by Au-NPs. These results demonstrate that Au-NPs are bioavailable and cause 

adverse effects to C. elegans by activating both general and specific biological pathways. The experiments with 

mutants further support involvement of several of these pathways in Au-NP toxicity and/or detoxification.

%0 Journal Article

%A Tsyusko, Olga V.

%A Hardas, Sarita S.

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron

%A Starnes, Catherine P.

%A Joice, Greg

%A Butterfield, D. Allan

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%D 2012

%T Short-term molecular-level effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 171

%P 249 - 255
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%8 12/2012

%! Short-term molecular-level effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

%R 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.003

%X Short-term changes in levels of expression of nine stress response genes and oxidative damage of proteins were 

examined in Eisenia fetida exposed to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NP) and AgNO3 in 

natural soils. The responses varied significantly among days with the highest number of significant changes occurring 

on day three. Similarity in gene expression patterns between Ag-NPs and AgNO3 and significant relationships of 

expression of CAT and HSP70 with Ag soil concentration suggest similarity in toxicity mechanisms of Ag ions and 

NPs. Significant increases in the levels of protein carbonyls on day three of the exposure to both ions and Ag-NPs 

indicate that both treatments induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that Ag ions drive short term toxicity of AgNPs in E. fetida. However, given that <15% of Ag in the NPs was oxidized in these soils, dissolution of Ag-NPs is 

likely to occur after or during their uptake.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112003879

%0 Journal Article

%A Thill, Antoine

%A Maillet, Perrine

%A Guiose, Béatrice

%A Spalla, Olivier

%A Belloni, Luc

%A Chaurand, Perrine

%A Auffan, Mélanie

%A Olivi, Luca

%A Rose, Jérôme

%D 2012

%T Physico-chemical Control over the Single- or Double-Wall Structure of Aluminogermanate Imogolite-like 

Nanotubes

%J Journal of the American Chemical Society

%V 134

%N 8

%P 3780 - 3786

%8 02/2012

%! Physico-chemical Control over the Single- or Double-Wall Structure of Aluminogermanate Imogolite-like 

Nanotubes

%R 10.1021/ja209756j

%X It is known that silicon can be successfully replaced by germanium atoms in the synthesis of imogolite nanotubes, 

leading to shorter and larger AlGe nanotubes. Beside the change in morphology, two characteristics of the AlGe 

nanotube synthesis were recently discovered. AlGe imogolite nanotubes can be synthesized at much higher 

concentrations than AlSi imogolite. AlGe imogolite exists in the form of both single-walled (SW) and double-walled 

(DW) nanotubes, whereas DW AlSi imogolites have never been observed. In this article, we give details on the 

physicochemical control over the SW or DW AlGe imogolite structure. For some conditions, an almost 100% yield of 

SW or DW nanotubes is demonstrated. We propose a model for the formation of SW or DW AlGe imogolite, which 

also explains why DW AlSi imogolites or higher wall numbers for AlGe imogolite are not likely to be formed.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja209756j

%0 Journal Article

%A Thiéry, A.

%A Jong, L. De

%A Issartel, J.

%A Moreau, X.
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%A Saez, G.

%A Barthélémy, P.

%A Bestel, I.

%A Santaella, C.

%A Achouak, W.

%A Auffan, M.

%A Rose, J.

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%D 2012

%T Effects of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Biomarkers responses in 

invertebrates and bacteria

%J International Journal of Nanotechnology

%V 9

%N Number 3–7

%P 181-203

%8 2012

%! Effects of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Biomarkers responses in 

invertebrates and bacteria

%R 10.1504/ijnt.2012.045326

%X Although the market of nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding, the environmental and health impact of 

manufactured NPs and nanomaterials is still poorly understood and predictable. Hence, several laboratories of the 

PACA region have unified their skills to address this issue with an interdisciplinary approach. We present an outline of

the ecological impact of metallic and metal oxide NPs span from the surface atoms of NPs, to unicellular organisms, 

such as bacteria, and organism levels. On multicellular organisms, we focus on biomarkers reporting on stress, central 

nervous system endpoints and antioxidative balance assessment. On bacteria, which are key players in NPs transfer, 

we study not only the impact of NPs on cells, at the microbial community, cell and molecular level, but also the effect 

of cells on NPs. Our priority is through our collaborations, to surpass case–by–case studies and develop aquatic and 

terrestrial mesocosms, to get information at an integrative level on the trophic links and ecosystemic consequences of 

NPs.

%0 Journal Article

%A Tejamaya, Mila

%A Römer, Isabella

%A Merrifield, Ruth C.

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%D 2012

%T Stability of Citrate, PVP, and PEG Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Ecotoxicology Media

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7011-7017

%8 2012/07/03

%! Stability of Citrate, PVP, and PEG Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Ecotoxicology Media

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2038596

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are present in the environment and a number of ecotoxicology studies have shown 

that AgNPs might be highly toxic. Nevertheless, there are little data on their stability in toxicology media. This is an 

important issue as such dynamic changes affect exposure dose and the nature of the toxicant studied and have a direct 

impact on all (eco)toxicology data. In this study, monodisperse citrate, PVP, and PEG coated AgNPs with a core size 

of approximately 10 nm were synthesized and characterized; their behavior was examined in standard OECD media 

used for Daphnia sp. acute and chronic tests (in the absence of Daphnia). Surface plasmon resonance, size, 

aggregation, and shape were monitored over 21 days, comparable to a chronic exposure period. Charge stabilized 
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particles (citrate) were more unstable than sterically stabilized particles. Replacement of chloride in the media (due to 

concerns over chloride-silver interactions) with either nitrate or sulfate resulted in increased shape and dissolution 

changes. PVP-stabilized NPs in a 10-fold diluted OECD media (chloride present) were found to be the most stable, 

with only small losses in total concentration over 21 days, and no shape, aggregation, or dissolution changes observed 

and are recommended for exposure studies.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2038596

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2038596

%[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper

%A Svendsen, C.

%A Diez, M.

%A Crossley, A.

%A Cornelis, G.

%A Hassellov, M.

%A Loureiro, S.

%A Lofts, S.

%A van Gestel, K.

%A Dondero, F.

%A Johnson, A.

%A Williams, R.

%A Walker, L.

%A Spurgeon, D.

%D 2012

%T Nanoparticle Fate Assessment and Toxicity in the Environment – Initial findings from phase 1 of the NanoFATE 

project

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X This presentation will outline the main data and findings from the first 2.5 years of the EU FP7 project 

NanoFATE. The project is a multi-disciplinary effort to assess the environmental risks posed by engineered 

nanoparticles (ENPs) and test the applicability of current fate and risk methodologies and identify possible 

improvements required for application with ENPs. The work is undertaken using commercial ENPs from high-volume 

products for which recycling is not an option, e.g., fuel additive, personal care and antibacterial products (CeO2, ZnO, 

Ag of varying size, surface and core chemistries). These are being followed through their post-production life cycles 

i.e. from environmental entry as “spent product”, through waste treatment to their final environmental fates and 

potential toxic effects. In the initial phase, cross-disciplinary work has been use to determine how ecotox exposures 

(soil and aquatic) can best be set up and whether it is possible to follow current standard protocols. Material scientist, 

environmental chemists, exotoxicologists, fate modellers and risk assessors have worked together to; 1) assess what a 

realistic exposure of ENPs is likely to be and how best to reflect this in hazard testing, and;2) how spatial predicted 

environmental concentrations (PEC) estimates can best be made including demographic and geographical variations 

across Europe. Specific properties that need principal consideration during the development, adaptation and validation 

of environmental fate models for nanoparticles have beed identified and prioritised. Based on this initial basic fate 

models have been completed and the initial worst case environmental concentration estimates been supplied serving to

inform exposure design. While the main focus of the talk will be detailed fate and effects results from soil experiments 

looking at the consequences of soil chemistry and long term behaviour of ZnO and Ag ENPs on the uptake and 

ecotoxicological effects observed, it will also include the current risk assessment results for all 3 ENP types in both 

water and soil environments including example risk maps. The main problem areas encountered with applying current 

“standard chemical” fate and risk assessment methodology to ENPs during the project will be highlighted in the 

conclusions.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 579

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English
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%0 Conference Paper

%A Stevenson, L.M.

%A Dickson, H.

%A McCauley, E.

%A Nisbet, R. 

%D 2012

%T Effect of silver nanoparticles on freshwater systems: environmental feedbacks and population cycles.

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to interrupt basic ecosystem

processes and can have cascading effects on entire communities. Further,

ecosystem processes can, in turn, impact rates of aggregation and dissolution

of nanoparticles. The availability of organic material, especially

dissolved organic carbon (DOC), drastically alters the behavior and toxicity

of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to freshwater phytoplankton

(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). In highdensity

algal batch cultures, greater concentrations of DOC lead to larger

particle sizes and mitigate toxicity of AgNPs. Experimental removal of DOC

results in disassociated particles and enhanced mortality of algal cells. At certain

levels of exposure, initial toxicity to algal cultures is slowly mitigated by

DOC over 48-72 hours, which allows for population recovery. Algal cultures

that maintain high concentrations of DOC experience a second toxic effect,

possibly due to a sustained increase in silver ion concentration. DOC also

has a mitigating effect on toxicity to Daphnia – 100 μg/L concentrations of

AgNPs cause 100% mortality in 48-hour acute tests in synthetic freshwater

media but have no effect on Daphnia when DOC is added to the media. It

is crucial to understand the mitigating effect of DOC on AgNP toxicity to

freshwater algae and Daphnia considering the natural population dynamics

of these two species. In both laboratory mesocosms and in the field, daphnid

population growth may be cyclical with pronounced peaks in both Daphnia

and algal populations. On average, algal population densities are low, but

productivity remains high and the rate of DOC production by algae varies

during fluctuations in algal abundance. Thus, mitigation of AgNP toxicity

for Daphnia may be determined by algal population dynamics. To test

the effects of AgNPs on interacting populations of Daphnia and algae, we

developed a flow-through system and will present preliminary results from

this design. By starting with experiments on algae and Daphnia alone, we

are able to tease out direct and indirect effects of these particles in a dynamic

system.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 668

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Steevens, J.A.

%A Kennedy, A.

%A Chappell, M.

%A Hill, F.

%A Poda, A.
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%A Johnson, D.

%D 2012

%T Commercial Nanosilver Applications and Their Potential for Environmental Release

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Historically silver has found a wide range of applications including its use as an antimicrobial agent. More 

recently, nanoscale silver has been explored for use in washing machines, water treatment, catalysis, medical 

applications, and sensors. The antibiotic applications of nanosilver include use to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The 

greatest potential for commercialization exists through use

of nanosilver (< 50 nm) as a component of self-decontaminating surfaces and fabrics. Many of these antibiotic 

applications require a composite of NP silver with other metals such as titanium dioxide for water and air purification. 

The mechanism of action for nanosilver is through silver ion release and surface charge interactions that result in free 

radical generation and membrane disruption. To understand the environmental releases of nanosilver, the technologies 

can be evaluated through a life-cycle approach where releases can be examined throughout development, manufacture,

use, disposal, and recycling. Because nanosilver is incorporated in a surface, fabric, or composite releases must occur 

from the technology. The releases can occur through passive release from an unstable matrix or by release through 

abrasion, dissolution, thermal and chemical decomposition, or biotic transformation. Nanosilver technologies often 

require direct contact with water (i.e., washing, fabric, water treatment) therefore several investigators have described 

or quantified releases through wastewater treatment plants. The estimates made to quantitatively predict the quantity of 

nanoscale materials released to the environment have a high degree of uncertainty and remain very dynamic due to the

increasing number of producers, applications, and unknown nature and stability of the NP in the technology. This 

presentation will provide an introduction to nanoscale silver technologies and describe approaches used to decrease 

uncertainty in the estimates of environmental release.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 389

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Son, J.

%A Vavra, J.

%A Li, Y.

%A Seymour, M.

%A Forbes, V.

%D 2012

%T Effects of water quality parameters on the fate and toxicity of silver nanoparticles to deposit feeder Lumbriculus 

variegatus

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Accelerated production and widespread use of silver nanoparticles

(NPs) in various industries have raised issues concerning their potential

release into the environment and subsequent impacts on ecological systems..

Though still limited, existing results indicate that the fate and toxicity of

silver NPs are influenced by a variety of environmental factors, which may

interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Given the potential

variety and complexity of these interactions, it is imperative to increase our

understanding of how environmental factors affect the fate and toxicity of

silver NPs under a range of environmentally realistic conditions. We used a

central composite circumscribed design (CCCD) to systematically explore

how different realistic combinations of pH, hardness, and natural organic

matter affect the surface charge (zeta potential), particle size distribution,

and aggregation state of Ag NPs. The results of the CCCD study were used

to predict a realistic worst-case exposure scenario for the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Bioavailability and 
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toxicity of Ag NPs were subsequently tested under this exposure scenario using a modified OECD 225 test design. The

results of this study will improve our understanding of the factors affecting silver NPs in the environment and could 

ultimately be used to

generate modeling approaches to extrapolate across different environmental

conditions.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP185

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Som, Claudia

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Krug, Harald F.

%A Wick, Peter

%D 2012

%T Toward the Development of Decision Supporting Tools That Can Be Used for Safe Production and Use of 

Nanomaterials

%J Accounts of Chemical Research

%V 46

%N 3

%P 863-872

%8 2013/03/19

%! Toward the Development of Decision Supporting Tools That Can Be Used for Safe Production and Use of 

Nanomaterials

%@ 0001-4842

%R 10.1021/ar3000458

%X Although researchers have intentionally produced and used nanomaterials for more than a century, nanotechnology

has made its mark in most areas of daily life in the past 20 years. Now thousands of products contain nanoparticles, 

nanofibers, or nanostructured parts. Because some chemical products have caused severe problems to human health 

and to the environment, we should consider the overall biological and toxicological effects of nanomaterials as we 

decide whether to use them in various products. We should also reflect on the mechanisms for making these decisions, 

which may greatly influence the development, production, and use of such products. The preselection of appropriate 

materials during the early product design state should allow industry and applied researchers to mitigate the risks of 

these new materials. However, currently the human and ecological risks of the applied nanomaterials during their life 

cycle are unknown. A large set of physicochemical characteristics can determine the potential human and 

environmental exposure to and hazards from nanomaterials. Thus, researchers will need many years to gather and 

analyze all the data to perform a comprehensive risk assessment for engineered nanomaterials and to develop a sound 

decision making process. The ideal risk assessment approach would include cost-effective screening processes to target

resources toward the risks of greatest concern. The outcome of the risk assessment is only as good as the quality of the

data used. Unfortunately, the actual review process of most journals that publish on nanotoxicology focuses on ?

mechanistic studies and results? rather than a toxicologically relevant outcome. For example, journals often do not 

include studies that show no effect as worthy of publication (?no-effect-studies? dilemma), which can lead to 

misleading interpretations of toxicological data for hazard identification. However, even with insufficient data sets, 

researchers can produce a preliminary comparable risk assessment (?approximate? risk assessment). Researchers have 

already performed risk-based evaluations of nanomaterials grounded on the comparison of exposure concentrations 

with no-effect levels (as required for chemical risk assessment), examining generic nanomaterials such as ?nanoTiO2? but not specific forms or modifications. Even though these data sets on hazard and exposure are incomplete, 

they already provide the basis to illustrate the current state of knowledge and uncertainties. Therefore industry and 

applied researchers can calculate the probability that an adverse effect might occur and begin to balance the benefits 

and potential risks of an innovation. Based on the increasing numbers of nanotoxicology publications and funding 

programs, this Account reviews the decision support approaches that already exist to safely implement engineered 

nanomaterials during an early phase of innovation.
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%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar3000458

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar3000458

%[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Proceedings

%A Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)

%D 2012

%T SETAC Abstract Book

%B SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%P 449

%8 November 11 - 15

%! SETAC Abstract Book

%@ 1087-8939

%3 Abstract Book

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Shen, Mohai

%A Xia, Xinghui

%A Wang, Fan

%A Zhang, Pu

%A Zhao, Xiuli

%D 2012

%T Influences of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and plant residue chars on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus larvae in sediment

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 202-209

%! Influences of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and plant residue chars on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus larvae in sediment

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.722

%K Carbon nanotubes

Black carbon

Bioaccumulation

Chironomus plumosus larvae

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

%X Carbonaceous materials (CMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and black carbon have been suggested as 

potential remediation materials for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediments or soils. However, the 

concentration-dependent and potential effects of CMs on the decrease in HOC bioavailability are not well understood. 

In this research, the effects of two types of multiwalled CNTs (MWNT-1 and MWNT-2) and chars (char-stalk 

produced from stalk and char-wood from wood) on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 

including phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, in the benthic organism Chironomus plumosus larvae were studied. 

When CM content was 1.5% or less in sediments, biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values for PAHs 

decreased sharply as CM increased. However, when char and MWNT-1 content was greater than 1.5% in sediments, 

reduction rates of BSAF were slight. Furthermore, when MWNT-2 content was greater than 1.5%, BSAF values were 

elevated. This indicated that the MWNT-associated PAHs may have been absorbed by larvae through particle 
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ingestion, and suggested that some CNTs may not be suitable for the remediation of HOC-contaminated sediments 

because they probably could increase the exposure risk of PAHs to benthic organisms, possibly because of their unique

structure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:202–209. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.722

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.722/abstract

%0 Conference Proceedings

%A SETAC

%D 2012

%T Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting Abstract 

Book

%C Long Beach, California

%! Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting Abstract Book

%@ 1087-8939

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Servin, A. D.

%A Castillo-Michel, H.

%A Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A.

%A Diaz, B. C.

%A Peralta-Videa, J. R.

%A Gardea-Torresdey, J. L.

%D 2012

%T Synchrotron micro-XRF and micro-XANES confirmation of the uptake and translocation of TiO(2) nanoparticles 

in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants

%J Environ Sci Technol

%V 46

%N 14

%P 7637-43

%7 2012/06/22

%8 Jul 17

%! Synchrotron micro-XRF and micro-XANES confirmation of the uptake and translocation of TiO(2) nanoparticles 

in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants

%Z Environmental science & technology

%@ 1520-5851 (Electronic)

0013-936X (Linking)

%R 10.1021/es300955b

%M 22715806

%K Biological Transport/drug effects

Cucumis sativus/drug effects/growth & development/ metabolism

Hydroponics

Nanoparticles/ chemistry/toxicity

Nitrogen/metabolism

Plant Leaves/cytology/drug effects/metabolism

Plant Roots/anatomy & histology/cytology/drug effects/metabolism

Plant Shoots/anatomy & histology/drug effects/metabolism

Reproducibility of Results

Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
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Synchrotrons

Titanium/ metabolism/toxicity

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

%X Advances in nanotechnology have raised concerns about possible effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in 

the environment, especially in terrestrial plants. In this research, the impacts of TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) were 

evaluated in hydroponically grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. Seven day old seedlings were treated with 

TiO(2) NPs at concentrations varying from 0 to 4000 mg L(-1). At harvest, the size of roots and shoots were 

measured. In addition, micro X- ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS), respectively, were used to track the presence and chemical speciation of Ti within plant tissues. Results showed 

that at all concentrations, TiO(2) significantly increased root length (average >300%). By using micro-XRF it was 

found that Ti was transported from the roots to the leaf trichomes, suggesting that trichomes are possible sink or 

excretory system for the Ti. The micro-XANES spectra showed that the absorbed Ti was present as TiO(2) within the 

cucumber tissues, demonstrating that the TiO(2) NPs were not biotransformed.

%Z Servin, Alia D

Castillo-Michel, Hiram

Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A

Diaz, Baltazar Corral

Peralta-Videa, Jose R

Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

United States

Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jul 17;46(14):7637-43. doi: 10.1021/es300955b. Epub 2012 Jul 5.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300955b

%+ Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, 

United States.

%W NLM

%G eng

%0 Journal Article

%A Seda, Brandon C.

%A Ke, Pu-Chun

%A Mount, Andrew S.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%D 2012

%T Toxicity of aqueous C70-gallic acid suspension in Daphnia magna

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 215-220

%! Toxicity of aqueous C70-gallic acid suspension in Daphnia magna

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.727

%K Nanoparticles

Fullerene

Colloids

Toxicity

Daphnia magna

%X The present study assessed the toxic effects of stable aqueous colloidal suspensions of gallic-acid-stabilized C70 

fullerene on Daphnia magna. The suspensions were stabilized through noncovalent surface modification with gallic 

acid. In addition to whole-organism responses, changes in antioxidative processes in D. magna were quantified. Acute 

toxicity was observed with 96LC50 for C70-gallic acid of 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/L C70. Daphnia magna fecundity was 
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significantly reduced in 21-d bioassays at C70-gallic aqcid concentrations below quantifiable limits. Antioxidant 

enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase as well as lipid peroxidation suggested that 

exposed organisms experienced oxidative stress. Microscopic techniques used to determine cellular toxicity via 

apoptosis proved unsuccessful. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:215–220. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.727

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.727/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Schlagenhauf, Lukas

%A Chu, Bryan T. T.

%A Buha, Jelena

%A Nüesch, Frank

%A Wang, Jing

%D 2012

%T Release of Carbon Nanotubes from an Epoxy-Based Nanocomposite during an Abrasion Process

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7366-7372

%8 2012/07/03

%! Release of Carbon Nanotubes from an Epoxy-Based Nanocomposite during an Abrasion Process

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300320y

%X The abrasion behavior of an epoxy/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite was investigated. An experimental 

setup has been established to perform abrasion, particle measurement, and collection all in one. The abraded particles 

were characterized by particle size distribution and by electron microscopy. The abrasion process was carried out with 

a Taber Abraser, and the released particles were collected by a tube for further investigation. The particle size 

distributions were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) 

and revealed four size modes for all measured samples. The mode corresponding to the smallest particle sizes of 300?

400 nm was measured with the SMPS and showed a trend of increasing size with increasing nanofiller content. The 

three measured modes with particle sizes from 0.6 to 2.5 ?m, measured with the APS, were similar for all samples. The

measured particle concentrations were between 8000 and 20?000 particles/cm3 for measurements with the SMPS and 

between 1000 and 3000 particles/cm3 for measurements with the APS. Imaging by transmission electron microscopy 

(TEM) revealed that free-standing individual CNTs and agglomerates were emitted during abrasion.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300320y

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300320y

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Schierz, Ariette

%A Parks, Ashley N.

%A Washburn, Kathryn M.

%A Chandler, G. Thomas

%A Ferguson, P. Lee

%D 2012

%T Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment 

Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 22
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%P 12262 - 12271

%8 11/2012

%! Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment Using 

Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy

%R 10.1021/es301856a

%X Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) spectroscopy is capable of sensitive and selective detection of semiconductive, 

single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) using the unique electronic bandgap properties of these carbon allotropes. We

reported here the first detection and quantitation of SWNT in sediment and biota at environmentally relevant 

concentrations using NIRF spectroscopy. In addition, we utilized this technique to qualitatively characterize SWNT 

samples before and after ecotoxicity, bioavailability and fate studies in the aquatic environment. Sample preparation 

prior to NIRF analysis consisted of surfactant-assisted high power ultrasonication. The bile salt sodium deoxycholate 

(SDC) enabled efficient extraction and disaggregation of SWNT prior to NIRF analysis. The method was validated 

using standard-addition experiments in two types of estuarine sediments, yielding recoveries between 66 ± 7% and 103

± 10% depending on SWNT type and coating used, demonstrating the ability to isolate SWNT from complex sediment

matrices. Instrument detection limits were determined to be 15 ng mL–1 SWNT in 2% SDC solution and method 

detection limits (including a concentration step) were 62 ng g–1 for estuarine sediment, and 1.0 μg L–1 for water. Our 

work has shown that NIRF spectroscopy is highly sensitive and selective for SWNT and that this technique can be 

applied to track the environmental and biological fate of this important class of carbon nanomaterial in the aquatic 

environment.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301856a

%0 Book Section

%A Savage, Nora

%D 2012

%T Nano Sensing Devices – Future Directions

%E Vaseashta, Ashok

%E Braman, Eric

%E Susmann, Philip

%B Technological Innovations in Sensing and Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Threats and 

Ecological Terrorism

%I Springer Netherlands

%P 55-58

%& 5

%S NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology

%! Nano Sensing Devices – Future Directions

%@ 978-94-007-2487-7

%R 10.1007/978-94-007-2488-4_5

%K Sensors

Environment

Smart devices

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2488-4_5

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2488-4_5

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Sadik, W.

%A Du, N.

%A Okello, V.

%D 2012

%T Flexible Poly(amic) Acid Membrane Captures, Isolates & Simultaneously Detects Engineered Nanoparticles
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%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X The goal of this project is to develop nanocavity sensor (category II) arrays for the isolation, detection and 

quantitation of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in complex environmental

matrices. There is urgent demand for rapid screening methods to

isolate, detect, and monitor engineered nanomaterials in the environment. Conventional methods for characterizing 

nanomaterials such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy 

tend to be bulky and inadequate for field & rapid screening of free nanomaterials 1. At SUNY-Binghamton, we have 

developed a new class of nanostructured poly(amic acid) –PAA-membranes that are conductive and electroactive by 

preventing its imidization to polyimide, while retaining its carboxylic acid and amine functionalities 2-4. We have 

studied the effect of composition and microstructure on the optical and electrochemical

properties of PAA hybrid composites. The uniqueness of PAA lies in its

excellent physical and chemical properties: transparency, flexibility, electrical conductivity, and accessibility to 

forming large-area device. During the reporting period, our Group discovered that this new class of flexible, standalone

membranes could be successfully used as both sensors and nanofilters. A new nanofilters device based on PAA 

membranes is hereby introduced. The nanofilters were derived from phase-inverted, copolymers of PAA and other 

polymers, with the surface and pore sizes systematically controlled by varying the conditions of the synthesis. This 

presentation will focus on the use of PAA membranes for simultaneous removal and electrochemical detection of 

silver nanoparticles, quantum dots and titanium dioxide nanocrystal

from food supplements and environmental samples.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 23

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Reinsch, B. C.

%A Levard, C.

%A Li, Z.

%A Ma, R.

%A Wise, A.

%A Gregory, K. B.

%A Brown, G. E.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%D 2012

%T Sulfidation of Silver Nanoparticles Decreases Escherichia coli Growth Inhibition

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6992-7000

%8 2012/07/03

%! Sulfidation of Silver Nanoparticles Decreases Escherichia coli Growth Inhibition

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203732x

%X Sulfidation of metallic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) released to the environment may be an 

important detoxification mechanism. Two types of AgNPs?an engineered polydisperse and aggregated AgNP powder, 

and a laboratory-synthesized, relatively monodisperse AgNP aqueous dispersion?were studied. The particles were 

sulfidized to varying degrees and characterized to determine the effect of initial AgNP polydispersity and aggregation 

state on AgNP sulfidation, and then exposed to Escherichia coli to determine if the degree of sulfidation of pristine 

AgNPs affects growth inhibition of bacteria. The extent of sulfidation was found to depend on the HS?/Ag ratio. 

However, for the same reaction times, the more monodisperse particles were fully transformed to Ag2S, and the 

polydisperse, aggregated particles were not fully sulfidized, thus preserving the toxic potential of Ag0 in the 

aggregates. A higher Ag2S:Ag0 ratio in the sulfidized nanoparticles resulted in less growth inhibition of E. coli over 6 
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h of exposure. These results suggest that the initial properties of AgNPs can affect sulfidation products, which in turn 

affect microbial growth inhibition, and that these properties should be considered in assessing the environmental 

impact of AgNPs.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203732x

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203732x

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Reed, Robert B.

%A Ladner, David A.

%A Higgins, Christopher P.

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Ranville, James F.

%D 2012

%T Solubility of nano-zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 93-99

%! Solubility of nano-zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.708

%K Nanoparticle dissolution

Zinc ion release

Zinc solid precipitation

Cell culture media

%X Increasing manufacture and use of engineered nanoparticles is leading to a greater probability for release of 

engineered nanoparticles into the environment and exposure to organisms. In particular, zinc oxide (ZnO) is toxic, 

although it is unclear whether this toxicity is due to the zinc oxide nanoparticles, dissolution to Zn2+, or some 

combination thereof. The goal of this study was to determine the relative solubilities of both commercially available 

and in-house synthesized ZnO in matrices used for environmental fate and transport or biological toxicity studies. 

Dissolution of ZnO was observed in nanopure water (7.18–7.40 mg/L dissolved Zn, as measured by filtration) and 

Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640) (~5 mg/L), but much more dissolution was observed in 

Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, in which the dissolved Zn concentration exceeded 34 mg/L. Moderately hard 

water exhibited low Zn solubility, likely because of precipitation of a Zn carbonate solid phase. Precipitation of a Zncontaining solid phase in RPMI also appeared to limit Zn solubility. Equilibrium conditions with respect to ZnO 

solubility were not apparent in these matrices, even after more than 1,000 h of dissolution. These results suggest that 

solution chemistry exerts a strong influence on ZnO dissolution and can result in limits on Zn solubility from 

precipitation of less soluble solid phases. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:93–99. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.708

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.708/abstract

%0 Conference Paper

%A Quik, J.

%A de Klein, J.

%A Spijker, J.

%A van de Meent, D.

%A Koelmans, A.

%D 2012

%T Aquatic exposure models for nanomaterials based on empirical data
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%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Exposure modelling is an integral part of risk assessment of

chemicals. Recent literature identified several nano-specific fate processes

affecting their transformation and transport in the aquatic environment.

The main removal processes are related to sedimentation and transformation processes such as changes in coating and 

heteroaggregation with natural colloids. This interaction with natural colloids is thought to have a dominant effect on 

the further fate of nanomaterials in aquatic systems. In this study we investigate different modelling approaches for the 

exposure concentration of nanomaterials in water. This is the first study to relate this to laboratory sedimentation 

measurements in natural water. In order to find the optimal model for estimating the exposure concentrations of 

nanomaterials in water we used three different modelling approaches ranging from simple first order removal rate 

constants to a mechanistical model linking homo and hetero aggregation kinetics based on the von Smoluchowski 

theory and stokes sedimentation theory. And third we use an empirical model based on laboratory sedimentation 

measurements of NPs in different natural waters. Preliminary results show that at low initial nanoparticle 

concentrations heteroaggregation is the main process resulting in removal of nanoparticles from the water phase. This 

varies with differences in the aggregate density. At low initial nanoparticle concentrations and with assumption that 

there is a much larger concentration of natural colloids present the removal from the water phase can be adequately 

modelled using first order removal rate constants. This general observation is in good aggreement with the laboratory 

measurements. Further comparison of the model results to the dataset

on CeO2 nanoparticle sedimentation in natural waters resulted in estimating

key parameters such as the attachment efficiency and fractal dimension of

aggregates. A derivative of this model was further applied to a known water

quality modelling framework, Duflow, to estimate exposure concentrations

in a river catchment taking into account emissions from water treatment

plants and deposition from land and air.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 669

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Qu, X.

%A Li, Q.

%D 2012

%T Differential Impacts of Hydroxyl Radical and Singlet Oxygen on the Surface Chemistry and Colloidal Stability of 

Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under solar irradiation, which was 

hypothesized to cause CNT photochemical transformation in aquatic systems. The resulting changes in surface 

chemistry are expected to greatly affect their environmental fate and transport. This study investigates the impacts of 

two major ROS generated by CNTs, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen, on the surface chemistry of CNTs. 

Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes were exposed to hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen respectively for 

varying periods of time. The resulting CNT samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in 

conjunction with chemical derivatization to determine the evolution of major surface oxygencontaining functional 

groups. Hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were found to have differential impacts on CNT surface chemistry. 

Hydroxyl radical preferentially reacts with the oxygen-containing functional groups, mainly carboxyl groups, resulting 

in reduced surface oxygen concentration. On the contrary, singlet oxygen mainly reacts with the graphitic carbon, 

adding oxygen on the CNT surface. Raman spectrum analyses suggest both ROS create more defects on the CNT 

surface. The reactions of CNTs with both ROS significantly changed the colloidal stability of CNTs in water. 

Hydroxyl radical reduced the stability of carboxylated CNTs, while singlet

oxygen enhanced its stability as measured by sedimentation experiments. This is consistent with previous findings that 

CNTs with higher surface oxygen content are more negatively charged and therefore more stable in the
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aqueous phase. These results suggest that solar irradiation induced ROS, either naturally occurring (e.g., formed by 

NOM) or self-generated by CNTs, play an important role in the environmental fate and transport of CNTs. These 

reactions may lead to photochemical degradation of CNTs.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 19, Rice University

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Priester, John H.

%A Ge, Yuan

%A Mielke, Randall E.

%A Horst, Allison M.

%A Moritz, Shelly Cole

%A Espinosa, Katherine

%A Gelb, Jeff

%A Walker, Sharon L.

%A Nisbet, Roger M.

%A An, Youn-Joo

%A Schimel, Joshua P.

%A Palmer, Reid G.

%A Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A.

%A Zhao, Lijuan

%A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.

%A Holden, Patricia A.

%D 2012

%T Reply to Lombi et al.: Clear effects of manufactured nanomaterials to soybean

%J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

%V 109

%N 49

%P E3337

%8 December 4, 2012

%! Reply to Lombi et al.: Clear effects of manufactured nanomaterials to soybean

%R 10.1073/pnas.1215763109

%U http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3337.short

http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3337

%0 Journal Article

%A Priester, J. H.

%A Ge, Y.

%A Mielke, R. E.

%A Horst, A. M.

%A Moritz, S. C.

%A Espinosa, K.

%A Gelb, J.

%A Walker, S. L.

%A Nisbet, R. M.

%A An, Y. J.

%A Schimel, J. P.

%A Palmer, R. G.

%A Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A.
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%A Zhao, L.

%A Gardea-Torresdey, J. L.

%A Holden, P. A.

%D 2012

%T From the Cover: PNAS Plus: Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality

and soil fertility interruption

%J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

%V 109

%N 37

%P E2451-E2456

%! From the Cover: PNAS Plus: Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality 

and soil fertility interruption

%@ 0027-8424

1091-6490

%R 10.1073/pnas.1205431109

%0 Journal Article

%A Priadi, Cindy

%A Le Pape, Pierre

%A Morin, Guillaume

%A Ayrault, Sophie

%A Maillot, Fabien

%A Juillot, Farid

%A Hochreutener, Rebecca

%A Llorens, Isabelle

%A Testemale, Denis

%A Proux, Olivier

%A Brown, Gordon E.

%D 2012

%T X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Evidence for Amorphous Zinc Sulfide as a Major Zinc Species in Suspended 

Matter from the Seine River Downstream of Paris, Ile-de-France, France

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 7

%P 3712 - 3720

%8 04/2012

%! X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Evidence for Amorphous Zinc Sulfide as a Major Zinc Species in Suspended 

Matter from the Seine River Downstream of Paris, Ile-de-France, France

%R 10.1021/es2041652

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2041652

%0 Conference Paper

%A Prasad, A.

%A Lead, J.

%A Baalousha, M.

%D 2012

%T Quantifying Particle Number of Gold Nanoparticles by Multi-Method Approach

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X According to the EU SCENIHR [1], certain physico-chemical properties of relevant nanoparticles are anticipated 
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to have major impacts on their behaviour in the environment. Of particular relevance to this research, the appropriate 

metrics for characterising nanoparticles concentration as it is recognised, that the mass concentration used for 

conventional chemicals may be inappropriate [2]. Therefore, it is requisite to identify the most appropriate metrics and 

methodology for the measurement and characterisation of nanoparticles. The appropriate metrics to use in nanoparticle

studies is an important policy issue of the 19 research objectives produced by the UK government (DEFRA) [3]. PVP 

and citrate capped gold nanoparticles were synthesized in-house and comparative study is performed to quantify the 

accurate particle number concentration under different dilutions. For the comparative studies, a wide range of 

microscopic analyses were carried out, which are: transmission electron microscopy (JEOL 1200 and Philips TECNAI

F20), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning

electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Instead of 

mass concentration, particle numbers were counted and compared using the above techniques in order to obtain 

consistent results. In future, these results were compared with a mathematical model. This will lead to, ‘reference’ NP 

suspensions of known particle number to be produced which could be made available for toxicological studies.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract RP278

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Pokhrel, Suman

%A Nel, André E.

%A Mädler, Lutz

%D 2012

%T Custom-Designed Nanomaterial Libraries for Testing Metal Oxide Toxicity

%J Accounts of Chemical Research

%V 46

%N 3

%P 632-641

%8 2013/03/19

%! Custom-Designed Nanomaterial Libraries for Testing Metal Oxide Toxicity

%@ 0001-4842

%R 10.1021/ar300032q

%X Advances in aerosol technology over the past 10 years have enabled the generation and design of ultrafine 

nanoscale materials for many applications. A key new method is flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), which produces particles

by pyrolyzing a precursor solution in the gas phase. FSP is a highly versatile technique for fast, single-step, scalable 

synthesis of nanoscale materials. New innovations in particle synthesis using FSP technology, including variations in 

precursor chemistry, have enabled flexible, dry synthesis of loosely agglomerated, highly crystalline ultrafine powders 

(porosity = 90%) of binary, ternary, and mixed-binary-and-ternary oxides. FSP can fulfill much of the increasing 

demand, especially in biological applications, for particles with specific material composition, high purity, and high 

crystallinity. In this Account, we describe a strategy for creating nanoparticle libraries (pure or Fedoped ZnO or TiO2)

utilizing FSP and using these libraries to test hypotheses related to the particles? toxicity. Our innovation lies in the 

overall integration of the knowledge we have developed in the last 5 years in (1) synthesizing nanomaterials to address 

specific hypotheses, (2) demonstrating the electronic properties that cause the material toxicity, (3) understanding the 

reaction mechanisms causing the toxicity, and (4) extracting from in vitro testing and in vivo testing in terrestrial and 

marine organisms the essential properties of safe nanomaterials. On the basis of this acquired knowledge, we further 

describe how the dissolved metal ion from these materials (Zn2+ in this Account) can effectively bind with different 

cell constituents, causing toxicity. We use Fe?S protein clusters as an example of the complex chemical reactions 

taking place after free metal ions migrate into the cells. As a second example, TiO2 is an active material in the UV 

range that exhibits photocatalytic behavior. The induction of electron?hole (e?/h+) pairs followed by free radical 

production is a key mechanism for biological injury. We show that decreasing the bandgap energy increases the 

phototoxicity in the presence of near-visible light. We present in detail the mechanism of electron transfer in biotic and

abiotic systems during light exposure. Through this example we show that FSP is a versatile technique for efficiently 

designing a homologous library, meaning a library based on a parent oxide doped with different amounts of dopant, 
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and investigating the properties of the resulting compounds. Finally, we describe the future outlook and state-of-the-art

of an innovative two-flame system. A double-flame reactor enables independent control over each flame, the nozzle 

distances and the flame angles for efficient mixing of the particle streams. In addition, it allows for different flame 

compositions, flame sizes, and multicomponent mixing (a grain?grain heterojunction) during the reaction process.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300032q

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar300032q

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Piccinno, Fabiano

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Seeger, Stefan

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2012

%T Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 9

%P 1-11

%8 2012/08/19

%! Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9

%] 1109

%K Production quantities

Nanomaterials

Europe

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Piccapietra, Flavio

%A Allué, Carmen Gil

%A Sigg, Laura

%A Behra, Renata

%D 2012

%T Intracellular Silver Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Exposure to Carbonate Coated Silver 

Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7390-7397

%8 2012/07/03

%! Intracellular Silver Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Exposure to Carbonate Coated Silver 

Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300734m

%X The intracellular silver accumulation ({Ag}in) upon exposure to carbonate coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 

0.5?10 ?M, average diameter 29 nm) and silver nitrate (20?500 nM) was examined in the wild type and in the cell wall
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free mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at pH 7.5. The {Ag}in was measured over time up to 1 h 

after a wash procedure to remove silver ions (Ag+) and AgNP from the algal cell surface. The {Ag}in increased with 

increasing exposure time and with increasing AgNP and AgNO3 concentrations in the exposure media, reaching 

steady-state concentrations between 10?5 and 10?3 mol Lcell?1. According to estimated kinetic parameters, high Ag+ 

bioconcentration factors were calculated (>103 L Lcell?1). Higher accumulation rate constants were assessed in the 

cell wall free mutant, indicating a protective role of the cell wall in limiting Ag+ uptake. The bioavailability of AgNP 

was calculated to be low in both strains relative to Ag+, suggesting that AgNP internalization across the cell membrane

was limited.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300734m

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300734m

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Petersen, Elijah J.

%A Henry, Theodore B.

%D 2012

%T Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 60-72

%! Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.710

%K Nanomaterials

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Daphnia magna

Fullerenes

%X The recent emergence of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) that are released into the environment and lead to 

exposure in organisms has accelerated the need to determine NP toxicity. Techniques for measuring the toxicity of NPs

(nanotoxicology) in ecological receptors (nanoecotoxicology) are in their infancy, however, and establishing 

standardized ecotoxicity tests for NPs are presently limited by several factors. These factors include the extent of NP 

characterization necessary (or possible) before, during, and after toxicity tests such that toxic effects can be related to 

physicochemical characteristics of NPs; determining uptake and distribution of NPs within exposed organisms (does 

uptake occur or are effects exerted at organism surfaces?); and determining the appropriate types of controls to 

incorporate into ecotoxicity tests with NPs. In this review, the authors focus on the important elements of measuring 

the ecotoxicity of carbon NPs (CNPs) and make recommendations for ecotoxicology testing that should enable more 

rigorous interpretations of collected data and interlaboratory comparisons. This review is intended to serve as a next 

step toward developing standardized tests that can be incorporated into a regulatory framework for CNPs. Environ. 

Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:60–72. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.710

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.710/abstract

%0 Conference Paper

%A Oostveen, E.K.

%A Collin, B.

%A Tsyusko, O.

%A Graham, U.

%A Unrine, J.
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%D 2012

%T The Role of Surface Chemistry Toxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles to Caenorhabditis elegans

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Manufactured ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles (NP) are valued for their ability to transition easily between +3 and +4 

oxidation states, rendering them a useful catalyst in various applications. Surface coatings are usually applied to NPs, 

promoting stability and decreasing aggregation. The molecular weight and charge of surface coatings can potentially 

affect CeO2’s bioaccumulation and toxicity to soil dwelling organisms. We synthesized 4 nm CeO2 coated with a 

neutral 10 kDa dextran (DEX) (ζ potential =-0.731 mV in DI H2O, pH 6.88), positively charged diethylaminoethyldextran (DEAE) (+26.9 mV in DI H2O, pH 7.41) or negatively

charged carboxymethyl-dextran (CM) (-29.3 mV in DI H2O, pH 6.19). The particles were characterized by 

transmission electron microscopy as well as dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering (to determine ζ

potential). We exposed the model soil organism Caenorhabditis elegans to DEX-, DEAE-, and CM- coated CeO2 in 

reconstituted moderately hard water. DEAE-CeO2 was more lethal than both DEX- and CM-CeO2, likely due to 

positively charged particles interacting to a greater extent with cell membranes. We observed significant increases in 

mortality at DEAE-CeO2 concentrations as low as 50 mg/L while no significant mortality was observed for the DexCeO2 treatment at concentrations of up to 5000 mg/L. We observed no significant mortality for CM-CeO2 particles up

to 1000 mg/L. We concluded that positively charged surface coatings dramatically increase the toxicity of CeO2 

particles, while negatively charged or neutral coatings decrease particle toxicity. Effects on C. elegans reproduction are

currently under investigation.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP195

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Electronic Chapter

%A OECD

%D 2012

%T Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for 

the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%B Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%N 36

%8 December 18

%! Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for 

the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%U http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)40&doclanguage=en

%G English

%0 Report

%A OECD

%D 2012

%T Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%B Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%C Paris

%I Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

%N 36

%P 93

%8 December 18

%! Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials

%U http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)40&doclanguage=en

%G English
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%0 Journal Article

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Ranville, James F.

%A Diamond, Stephen

%A Gallego-Urrea, Julian A.

%A Metcalfe, Chris

%A Rose, Jerome

%A Horne, Nina

%A Koelmans, Albert A.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%D 2012

%T Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 50-59

%! Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.726

%K Nanomaterials-containing products

Nanoparticles

Environmental transformation

Fate

Transport

Risk assessment

%X The risks associated with exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will be determined in part by the processes

that control their environmental fate and transformation. These processes act not only on ENM that might be released 

directly into the environment, but more importantly also on ENM in consumer products and those that have been 

released from the product. The environmental fate and transformation are likely to differ significantly for each of these 

cases. The ENM released from actual direct use or from nanomaterial-containing products are much more relevant for 

ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment than pristine ENM. Released ENM may have a greater or lesser 

environmental impact than the starting materials, depending on the transformation reactions and the material. Almost 

nothing is known about the environmental behavior and the effects of released and transformed ENM, although these 

are the materials that are actually present in the environment. Further research is needed to determine whether the 

release and transformation processes result in a similar or more diverse set of ENM and ultimately how this affects 

environmental behavior. This article addresses these questions, using four hypothetical case studies that cover a wide 

range of ENM, their direct use or product applications, and their likely fate in the environment. Furthermore, a more 

definitive classification scheme for ENM should be adopted that reflects their surface condition, which is a result of 

both industrial and environmental processes acting on the ENM. The authors conclude that it is not possible to assess 

the risks associated with the use of ENM by investigating only the pristine form of the ENM, without considering 

alterations and transformation processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:50–59. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.726

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.726/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Nel, Andre

%A Xia, Tian

%A Meng, Huan

%A Wang, Xiang
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%A Lin, Sijie

%A Ji, Zhaoxia

%A Zhang, Haiyuan

%D 2012

%T Nanomaterial Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Use of a Predictive Toxicological Approach and HighThroughput Screening

%J Accounts of Chemical Research

%V 46

%N 3

%P 607-621

%8 2013/03/19

%! Nanomaterial Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Use of a Predictive Toxicological Approach and HighThroughput Screening

%@ 0001-4842

%R 10.1021/ar300022h

%X The production of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is a sci-entific breakthrough in material design and the 

development of new consumer products. While the successful implementation of nanotechnology is important for the 

growth of the global economy, we also need to consider the possible environmental health and safety (EHS) impact as 

a result of the novel physicochemical properties that could generate hazardous biological outcomes. In order to assess 

ENM hazard, reliable and reproducible screening approaches are needed to test the basic materials as well as 

nanoenabled products. A platform is required to investigate the potentially endless number of biophysicochemical 

interactions at the nano/bio interface, in response to which we have developed a predictive toxicological approach. We 

define a predictive toxicological approach as the use of mechanisms-based high-throughput screening in vitro to make 

predictions about the physicochemical properties of ENMs that may lead to the generation of pathology or disease 

outcomes in vivo. The in vivo results are used to validate and improve the in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) 

and to establish structure?activity relationships (SARs) that allow hazard ranking and modeling by an appropriate 

combination of in vitro and in vivo testing. This notion is in agreement with the landmark 2007 report from the US 

National Academy of Sciences, ?Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy? ( 

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11970 ), which advocates increased efficiency of toxicity testing by 

transitioning from qualitative, descriptive animal testing to quantitative, mechanistic, and pathway-based toxicity 

testing in human cells or cell lines using high-throughput approaches. Accordingly, we have implemented HTS 

approaches to screen compositional and combinatorial ENM libraries to develop hazard ranking and structure?activity 

relationships that can be used for predicting in vivo injury outcomes. This predictive approach allows the bulk of the 

screening analysis and high-volume data generation to be carried out in vitro, following which limited, but critical, 

validation studies are carried out in animals or whole organisms. Risk reduction in the exposed human or 

environmental populations can then focus on limiting or avoiding exposures that trigger these toxicological responses 

as well as implementing safer design of potentially hazardous ENMs. In this Account, we review the tools required for

establishing predictive toxicology paradigms to assess inhalation and environmental toxicological scenarios through the

use of compositional and combinatorial ENM libraries, mechanism-based HTS assays, hazard ranking, and 

development of nano-SARs. We will discuss the major injury paradigms that have emerged based on specific ENM 

properties, as well as describing the safer design of ZnO nanoparticles based on characterization of dissolution 

chemistry as a major predictor of toxicity.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300022h

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar300022h

%[2013/03/26

%0 Book

%A National Research Council Of The National Academies

%D 2012

%T A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials

%I The National Academies Press

%! A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials
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%@ 9780309253284

%U http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13347

%0 Journal Article

%A Mudunkotuwa, Imali A.

%A Pettibone, John M.

%A Grassian, Vicki H.

%D 2012

%T Environmental Implications of Nanoparticle Aging in the Processing and Fate of Copper-Based Nanomaterials

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7001-7010

%8 2012/07/03

%! Environmental Implications of Nanoparticle Aging in the Processing and Fate of Copper-Based Nanomaterials

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203851d

%X Copper nanomaterials are being used in a large number of commercial products because these materials exhibit 

unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Metallic copper nanoparticles, which often have a thin surface 

oxide layer, can age in the ambient environment and become even more oxidized over time. These aged nanoparticles 

will then have different properties compared to the original nanoparticles. In this study, we have characterized three 

different types of copper-based nanoparticle (NP) samples designated as Cu(new) NPs, Cu(aged) NPs, and CuO NPs 

that differ in the level of oxidation. The solution phase behavior of these three copper-based nanoparticle samples is 

investigated as a function of pH and in the presence and absence of two common, complexing organic acids, citric and 

oxalic acid. The behavior of these three copper-based NP types shows interesting differences. In particular, Cu(aged) 

NPs exhibit unique chemistry including oxide phases that form and surface adsorption properties. Overall, the current 

study provides some insights into the impacts of nanoparticle aging and how the physicochemical characteristics and 

reactivity of nanomaterials can change upon aging.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203851d

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203851d

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Mu, Hui

%A Zheng, Xiong

%A Chen, Yinguang

%A Chen, Hong

%A Liu, Kun

%D 2012

%T Response of Anaerobic Granular Sludge to a Shock Load of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles during Biological 

Wastewater Treatment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 11

%P 5997-6003

%8 2012/06/05

%! Response of Anaerobic Granular Sludge to a Shock Load of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles during Biological 

Wastewater Treatment

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300616a
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%X The increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in consumer and industrial products highlights a need 

to understand their potential environmental impacts. In this study, the response of anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) to 

a shock load of ZnO NPs during anaerobic biological wastewater treatment was reported. It was observed that the 

extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of AGS and the methane production were not significantly influenced at ZnO

NPs of 10 and 50 mg per gram of total suspended solids (mg/g-TSS), but they were decreased when the dosage of 

ZnO NPs was greater than 100 mg/g-TSS. The visualization of EPS structure with multiple fluorescence labeling and 

confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that ZnO NPs mainly caused the decrease of proteins by 69.6%. The 

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis further indicated that the C?O?C group of polysaccharides and 

carboxyl group of proteins in EPS were also changed in the presence of ZnO NPs. The decline of EPS induced by ZnO

NPs resulted in their deteriorating protective role on the inner microorganisms of AGS, which was in correspondence 

with the observed lower general physiological activity of AGS and the death of microorganisms. Further investigation 

showed that the negative influence of ZnO NPs on methane production was due to their severe inhibition on the 

methanization step.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300616a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300616a

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Money, Eric

%A Reckhow, Kenneth H.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2012

%T The use of Bayesian networks for nanoparticle risk forecasting: model formulation and baseline evaluation

%J Science of the Total Environment

%V 426

%P 436-445

%8 02/2012

%! The use of Bayesian networks for nanoparticle risk forecasting: model formulation and baseline evaluation

%R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.064

%X We describe the use of Bayesian networks as a tool for nanomaterial risk forecasting and develop a baseline 

probabilistic model that incorporates nanoparticle specific characteristics and environmental parameters, along with 

elements of exposure potential, hazard, and risk related to nanomaterials. The baseline model, FINE (Forecasting the 

Impacts of Nanomaterials in the Environment), was developed using expert elicitation techniques. The Bayesian nature 

of FINE allows for updating as new data become available, a critical feature for forecasting risk in the context of 

nanomaterials. The specific case of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic environments is presented here 

(FINEAgNP). The results of this study show that Bayesian networks provide a robust method for formally 

incorporating expert judgments into a probabilistic measure of exposure and risk to nanoparticles, particularly when 

other knowledge bases may be lacking. The model is easily adapted and updated as additional experimental data and 

other information on nanoparticle behavior in the environment become available. The baseline model suggests that, 

within the bounds of uncertainty as currently quantified, nanosilver may pose the greatest potential risk as these 

particles accumulate in aquatic sediments.

%U http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969712004676/1-s2.0-S0048969712004676-main.pdf?_tid=e78659f0-d1fa-11e2-

a60b-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1370888813_6e5b77cdc7071e473cd969bc5682c8dd

%0 Journal Article

%A Mitrano, Denise M.

%A Lesher, Emily K.

%A Bednar, Anthony

%A Monserud, Jon

%A Higgins, Christopher P.
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%A Ranville, James F.

%D 2012

%T Detecting nanoparticulate silver using single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 115-121

%! Detecting nanoparticulate silver using single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.719

%K Nanoparticle

Quantification

Wastewater

Silver

%X The environmental prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticulate silver (AgNP), is expected

to increase substantially. The ubiquitous use of commercial products containing AgNP may result in their release to 

the environment, and the potential for ecological effects is unknown. Detecting engineered nanomaterials is one of the 

greatest challenges in quantifying their risks. Thus, it is imperative to develop techniques capable of measuring and 

characterizing exposures, while dealing with the innate difficulties of nanomaterial detection in environmental samples,

such as low-engineered nanomaterial concentrations, aggregation, and complex matrices. Here the authors demonstrate

the use of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, operated in a single-particle counting mode (SP-ICP-MS), 

to detect and quantify AgNP. In the present study, two AgNP products were measured by SP-ICP-MS, including one 

of precisely manufactured size and shape, as well as a commercial AgNP-containing health food product. Serial 

dilutions, filtration, and acidification were applied to confirm that the method detected particles. Differentiation of 

dissolved and particulate silver (Ag) is a feature of the technique. Analysis of two wastewater samples demonstrated 

the applicability of SP-ICP-MS at nanograms per liter Ag concentrations. In this pilot study, AgNP was found at 100 

to 200 ng/L in the presence of 50 to 500 ng/L dissolved Ag. The method provides the analytical capability to monitor 

Ag and other metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in fate, transport, stability, and toxicity studies using a commonly 

available laboratory instrument. Rapid throughput and element specificity are additional benefits of SP-ICP-MS as a 

measurement tool for metal and metal oxide engineered nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:115–121. © 

2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.719

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.719/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A McShane, Heather

%A Sarrazin, Manon

%A Whalen, Joann K.

%A Hendershot, William H.

%A Sunahara, Geoffrey I.

%D 2012

%T Reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 184-193

%! Reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.714

%K Earthworm

Ecotoxicology

Nanoparticle
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Soil

Titanium dioxide

%X Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is found in a number of commercial products; however, its effects 

on soil biota are largely unknown. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida) were exposed 

to three types of commercially available, uncoated TiO2 nanomaterials with nominal diameters of 5, 10, and 21 nm. 

Nanomaterials were characterized for particle size, agglomeration, surface charge, chemical composition, and purity. 

Standard lethality, reproduction, and avoidance tests, as well as a juvenile growth test, were conducted in artificial soil 

or field soil amended with nano-TiO2 by two methods, liquid dispersion and dry powder mixing. All studies included 

a micrometer-sized TiO2 control. Exposure to field and artificial soil containing between 200 and 10,000 mg nanoTiO2 per kilogram of dry soil (mg/kg) had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on juvenile survival and growth, adult 

earthworm survival, cocoon production, cocoon viability, or total number of juveniles hatched from these cocoons. 

However, earthworms avoided artificial soils amended with nano-TiO2. The lowest concentration at which avoidance 

was observed was between 1,000 and 5,000 mg nano-TiO2 per kilogram of soil, depending on the TiO2 nanomaterial 

applied. Furthermore, earthworms differentiated between soils amended with 10,000 mg/kg nano-TiO2 and 

micrometer-sized TiO2. A positive relationship between earthworm avoidance and TiO2 specific surface area was 

observed, but the relationship between avoidance and primary particle size was not determined because of the 

agglomeration and aggregation of nano-TiO2 materials. Biological mechanisms that may explain earthworm avoidance

of nano-TiO2 are discussed. Results of the present study indicate that earthworms can detect nano-TiO2 in soil, 

although exposure has no apparent effect on survival or standard reproductive parameters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 

2012;31:184–193. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.714

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.714/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A McLaughlin, Julianne

%A Bonzongo, Jean-Claude J.

%D 2012

%T Effects of natural water chemistry on nanosilver behavior and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and 

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 168-175

%! Effects of natural water chemistry on nanosilver behavior and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and 

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.720

%K Nanosilver

Aquatic systems

Nanotoxicology

Nanoparticles

Natural waters

%X The success of nanotechnology will undoubtedly lead to the increased introduction of nanoparticles (NPs) into 

natural systems, and aquatic systems will likely act as sinks for these new pollutants. Differences in the chemistry of 

these aquatic systems will control changes in surface properties of NPs and therefore could impact their environmental 

fate and toxicity. A series of batch experiments was conducted to determine the effect of natural waters with different 

solution chemistries on nanosilver (nAg) particle dispersion, stability, and toxicity. Toxicity assays were performed in 

tested natural waters as well as in traditional growth media. Briefly, nAg suspended in a natural water with a low ionic

strength/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio had an average particle size of 76.8 ± 0.4 nm and was less toxic to 

Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 221 ppb and median 

inhibition concentration [IC50] = 1,600 ppb, respectively), whereas a natural water with a high ionic strength/DOC 

ratio had an average particle size of 192 ± 5.1 nm and produced a much higher toxicity response (LC50 = 0.433 ppb 
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and IC50 = 22.6 ppb, respectively). These findings help to establish needed correlations between water-matrixdependent nAg particle properties and toxicity implications and indicate that the use of traditional growth media in 

toxicity assays concerning engineered NPs might not always be appropriate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:168–

175. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.720

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.720/abstract

%0 Conference Paper

%A Maurer-Jones, M.

%A Chen, L.

%A Mousavi, M.

%A Gunsolus, I.L.

%A Christenson, C.J.

%A Buhlmann, P.

%A Haynes, C.L.

%D 2012

%T Monitor of Ion Dissolution from Ag Nanoparticles using Ion Selective Electrodes for the Understanding of Ag 

Nanoparticle Toxicity to S. oneidensis

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Increased use of silver nanoparticles in a variety of consumer products has elevated the potential of release and 

toxicity in the environment. Since Ag+

ion is considered to cause toxicity, it is critical to determine ion dissolution from nanoparticles in ecologically relevant 

conditions. In this work, weutilized ion selective electrodes with an ionophore-doped fluorous phase membrane to 

selectively, sensitively, and dynamically measure the concentration of Ag+ release from citrate-capped Ag 

nanoparticles over time in water and bacterial growth broth. Nanoparticles were characterized with

TEM, zeta-potential, and UV-vis and stability of the nanoparticles were also monitored over time using dynamic light 

scattering. Additionally, bacterial

toxicity studies, including minimum inhibitory concentration, viability and growth curve analysis, were performed 

with the bacteria Shewanella

oneidensis to understand the toxicity of the nanoparticles and the relevant Ag+ concentrations. Results indicate 

increased ion dissolution over time,

though dissolution kinetics and concentration of released ions are similar between water and bacterial broth. 

Furthermore, Ag+ ions cause changes in

S. oneidensis growth and viability, which correlates strongly with Ag nanoparticle toxicity results, indicating Ag ion as

a primary cause of nanotoxicity

to S. oneidensis.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract MP274

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Masion, A

%A Auffan, M.

%A Labille, J

%A Botta, A.

%A Solovitch, N.

%A Rose, J.

%A Bottero, J-Y

%D 2012
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%T Environmental fate of nanoparticles: physical chemical and biological aspects – a few snapshots

%J International Journal of Nanotechnology

%V 9

%N 3

%P 167-180

%8 02/2012

%! Environmental fate of nanoparticles: physical chemical and biological aspects – a few snapshots

%R 10.1504/ijnt.2012.045325

%X The environmental risk that nanomaterials can undergo is a major problem, which could prevent the commercial 

development of nanoproducts, especially in technology domains corresponding to large distribution: cosmetics, 

composite materials, civil engineering materials and leisure materials. The risk assessment is based on a complex 

approach, which implies the knowledge of the degradation mechanisms of the nanoproducts in aquatic media (kinetics 

and chemical change), the quantities that are distributed in the different ecosystem compartments and the biological 

effects on various targets (bacterial micro–organisms, primary and secondary predators). The paper aims at showing 

the unique surface properties of nanomaterials and especially when the size is decreasing largely less than 100 nm, the 

stability and the eventual degradation of intermediate nanomaterials, e.g., some composites used in sunscreens. The 

biological effects of the nanomaterials depends on their unique properties and especially the large surface tension as 

the size decreases, the defects within the bulk and on the surface at the origin of the production of ROS. The molecular

mechanisms underlying the toxicity are described especially in terms of oxidation–reduction reactions owing to surface

reactivity, surface atoms dissolution, oxidative dissolution and dissolution.

%0 Conference Paper

%A Marr, L.C.

%A Pruden, A.

%A Vejerano, E.

%A Ma, Y.

%A Holder, A.L.

%D 2012

%T Transformation and Fate of Nanomaterials During Wastewater Treatment and Incineration

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Disposal is the final step in the product life cycle, and understanding how waste treatment processes might modify

nanomaterials is critical to predicting their fate in the environment. The overall objective of this research is to 

characterize the transformation and fate of engineered nanomaterials and byproducts during biological wastewater 

treatment and incineration. We have assessed the response of a nitrifying wastewater treatment system to nanosilver 

and titanium dioxide. The majority of the nanomaterials partitioned to the sludge in lab-scale sequencing batch 

reactors. Results of RT-qPCR indicated that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were significantly reduced in reactors containing

nanosilver compared those containing ionic silver and the control. The expression of specific tetracycline and 

sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes did not change in response to the addition of nanosilver or ionic silver. We 

have characterized the

microbial community through high-throughput pyrosequencing and used

the Comet Assay to assess toxicity of the effluent. Incineration was simulated

through combustion of waste samples spiked with 0.1%, 1%, and 10% by

weight ceria, C60-fullerene, nickel oxide, silver, or titania in a muffle furnace.

The presence of nanomaterials in the waste stream either enhanced or

reduced emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), depending

on the type of waste and the specific PAH. The most abundant PAH species

found in the exhaust were those containing 2-3 rings, and their yields depended

on the concentration of nanomaterials in the waste. Phenanthrene,

fluorene, and anthracene were the dominant PAH species at nanomaterial

concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%, respectively. Nanomaterials in the waste resulted in increased emissions of 

some of the 4-6 ring PAHs:
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benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene. The total PAH yields for the

samples containing nanomaterials were ~6 times higher, on average, than

for samples containing the nanomaterials’ bulk counterparts, suggesting that

the high specific surface area of the nanomaterials affects PAH formation.

The shift in emissions occurred mainly in the 2-3 ring PAHs and not in the

larger ones. Partitioning between the ash and airborne particulate matter was

assessed for the metallic nanoparticles. At most, 3% of the nanomaterials

were found in particulate matter.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 119

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Manusadžianas, Levonas

%A Caillet, Celine

%A Fachetti, Louis

%A Gylyte, Brigita

%A Grigutyte, Reda

%A Jurkoniene, Sigita

%A Karitonas, Rolandas

%A Sadauskas, Kazys

%A Thomas, Fabien

%A Vitkus, Rimantas

%A Férard, Jean-François

%D 2012

%T Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 108-114

%! Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.715

%K CuO nanoparticle ecotoxicity

Nitellopsis obtusa

Thamnocephalus platyurus

Brachionus calyciflorus

LuminoTox assay

%X Toxicity effects induced by nanosuspensions of CuO (<50 nm; Sigma-Aldrich) on macrophytic algae cells of 

Nitellopsis obtusa (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50]), microphytic algae Chlorella (30-min median inhibitory 

concentration [IC50]), shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus (24-h LC50), and rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (24-h 

LC50) were investigated. No substantial differences between the effects of nonsonicated and sonicated nCuO 

suspensions were observed. The particle size distribution analysis accomplished by the laser diffraction technique at 

suspension concentration from 3 to 100 mg/L revealed rapid (within 5 min) reagglomeration of the particles after the 

sonication. The observed adverse effects on N. obtusa cells may be attributed to nanoparticles per se, but not to ionic 

Cu, because neither chemical analysis nor biological testing (algae survival in the supernatants of suspensions) 

confirmed the presence of cupric ions in toxic amounts. Contrary to ionic Cu form, nCuO delayed the initial phase of 

N. obtusa cell membrane depolarization. Lethality tests with rewash demonstrated that the least used 5-min exposure in

100 mg/L nCuO sonicated suspension induced 70% mortality in charophyte cells after 8 d, whereas the rewash after a 

short exposure to a noticeably toxic concentration of Cu2+ prevented cell mortality. The obtained data suggested the 

possible influence of a thick charophyte cell wall on the dynamics of nanotoxicity effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 

2012;31:108–114. © 2011 SETAC
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%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.715

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.715/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Majumdar, Sanghamitra

%A Peralta-Videa, Jose R.

%A Castillo-Michel, Hiram

%A Hong, Jie

%A Rico, Cyren M.

%A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.

%D 2012

%T Applications of synchrotron μ-XRF to study the distribution of biologically important elements in different 

environmental matrices: A review

%J Analytica Chimica Acta

%V 755

%N 0

%P 1-16

%8 11/28/

%! Applications of synchrotron μ-XRF to study the distribution of biologically important elements in different 

environmental matrices: A review

%@ 0003-2670

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.050

%K Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence

Biological important elements

Nanoparticles

Distribution

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

%X Environmental matrices including soils, sediments, and living organisms are reservoirs of several essential as well 

as non-essential elements. Accurate qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution and interaction of 

biologically significant elements is vital to understand the role of these elements in environmental and biological 

samples. Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-SXRF) allows in situ mapping of biologically important elements 

at nanometer to sub-micrometer scale with high sensitivity, negligible sample damage and enable tuning of the incident

energy as desired. Beamlines in the synchrotron facilities are rapidly increasing their analytical versatility in terms of 

focusing optics, detector technologies, incident energy, and sample environment. Although extremely competitive, it is 

now feasible to find stations offering complimentary techniques like micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and micro-Xray absorption spectroscopy (μ-XAS) that will allow a more complete characterization of complex matrices. This 

review includes the most recent literature on the emerging applications and challenges of μ-SXRF in studying the 

distribution of biologically important elements and manufactured nanoparticles in soils, sediments, plants, and 

microbes. The advantages of using μ-SXRF and complimentary techniques in contrast to conventional techniques used

for the respective studies are discussed.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267012014237

%0 Journal Article

%A Ma, Rui

%A Levard, Clément

%A Marinakos, Stella M.

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Liu, Jie

%A Michel, F. Marc

%A Brown, Gordon E.
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%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2012

%T Size-Controlled Dissolution of Organic-Coated Silver Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 2

%P 752 - 759

%8 01/2012

%! Size-Controlled Dissolution of Organic-Coated Silver Nanoparticles

%R 10.1021/es201686j

%X The solubility of Ag NPs can affect their toxicity and persistence in the environment. We measured the solubility 

of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) having particle diameters ranging from 5 to 80 nm that were 

synthesized using various methods, and with different organic polymer coatings including poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and 

gum arabic. The size and morphology of Ag NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Xray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and synchrotron-based total X-ray scattering and pair distribution 

function (PDF) analysis were used to determine the local structure around Ag and evaluate changes in crystal lattice 

parameters and structure as a function of NP size. Ag NP solubility dispersed in 1 mM NaHCO3 at pH 8 was found to 

be well correlated with particle size based on the distribution of measured TEM sizes as predicted by the modified 

Kelvin equation. Solubility of Ag NPs was not affected by the synthesis method and coating as much as by their size. 

Based on the modified Kelvin equation, the surface tension of Ag NPs was found to be 1 J/m2, which is expected for 

bulk fcc (face centered cubic) silver. Analysis of XAFS, X-ray scattering, and PDFs confirm that the lattice parameter, 

a, of the fcc crystal structure of Ag NPs did not change with particle size for Ag NPs as small as 6 nm, indicating the 

absence of lattice strain. These results are consistent with the finding that Ag NP solubility can be estimated based on 

TEM-derived particle size using the modified Kelvin equation for particles in the size range of 5–40 nm in diameter.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es201686j

%0 Journal Article

%A Lv, Jitao

%A Zhang, Shuzhen

%A Luo, Lei

%A Han, Wei

%A Zhang, Jing

%A Yang, Ke

%A Christie, Peter

%D 2012

%T Dissolution and Microstructural Transformation of ZnO Nanoparticles under the Influence of Phosphate

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7215-7221

%8 2012/07/03

%! Dissolution and Microstructural Transformation of ZnO Nanoparticles under the Influence of Phosphate

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es301027a

%X The toxicity and fate of nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be highly dependent on the chemistry of the 

medium, and the effects of phosphate have tended to be ignored despite the wide existence of phosphate contamination

in aqueous environments. In the present study the influence of phosphate on the dissolution and microstructural 

transformation of ZnO NPs was investigated. Phosphate at a low concentration rapidly and substantially reduced the 

release of Zn2+ into aqueous solution. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis 

reveal that interaction between ZnO NPs and phosphate induced the transformation of ZnO into zinc phosphate. 

Transmission electronic microscopy observation shows that the morphology of the particles changed from structurally 

uniform nanosized spherical to anomalous and porous material containing mixed amorphous and crystalline phases of 
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ZnO and zinc phosphate in the presence of phosphate. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the detailed 

process of phosphate-induced speciation and microstructural transformation of ZnO NPs has been analyzed. In view of

the wide existence of phosphate contamination in water and its strong metal-complexation capability, phosphateinduced transformations may play an important role in the behaviors, fate, and toxicity of many other metal-based 

nanomaterials in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es301027a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301027a

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Gregory, Kelvin B.

%A Apte, Simon C.

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%D 2012

%T Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6893 - 6899

%8 07/2012

%! Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment

%R 10.1021/es300839e

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es300839e

%0 Journal Article

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Gregory, Kelvin B.

%A Apte, Simon C.

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%D 2012

%T Guest Comment: Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment Focus Issue

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6891 - 6892

%8 07/2012

%! Guest Comment: Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment Focus Issue

%R 10.1021/es3022039

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es3022039

%0 Journal Article

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Espinasse, Benjamin P.

%A Badireddy, Appala Raju

%A Richardson, Curtis J.

%A Reinsch, Brian C.

%A Bryant, Lee D.
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%A Bone, Audrey J.

%A Deonarine, Amrika

%A Chae, Soryong

%A Therezien, Mathieu

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Hsu-Kim, Heileen

%A Bernhardt, Emily S.

%A Matson, Cole W.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2012

%T Long-Term Transformation and Fate of Manufactured Ag Nanoparticles in a Simulated Large Scale Freshwater 

Emergent Wetland

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7027-7036

%8 04/2012

%! Long-Term Transformation and Fate of Manufactured Ag Nanoparticles in a Simulated Large Scale Freshwater 

Emergent Wetland

%R 10.1021/es204608d

%X Transformations and long-term fate of engineered nanomaterials must be measured in realistic complex natural 

systems to accurately assess the risks that they may pose. Here, we determine the long-term behavior of 

poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in freshwater mesocosms simulating an emergent wetland 

environment. AgNPs were either applied to the water column or to the terrestrial soils. The distribution of silver 

among water, solids, and biota, and Ag speciation in soils and sediment was determined 18 months after dosing. Most 

(70 wt %) of the added Ag resided in the soils and sediments, and largely remained in the compartment in which they 

were dosed. However, some movement between soil and sediment was observed. Movement of AgNPs from terrestrial

soils to sediments was more facile than from sediments to soils, suggesting that erosion and runoff is a potential 

pathway for AgNPs to enter waterways. The AgNPs in terrestrial soils were transformed to Ag2S (52%), whereas 

AgNPs in the subaquatic sediment were present as Ag2S (55%) and Ag-sulfhydryl compounds (27%). Despite 

significant sulfidation of the AgNPs, a fraction of the added Ag resided in the terrestrial plant biomass (3 wt % for the 

terrestrially dosed mesocosm), and relatively high body burdens of Ag (0.5–3.3 μg Ag/g wet weight) were found in 

mosquito fish and chironomids in both mesocosms. Thus, Ag from the NPs remained bioavailable even after partial 

sulfidation and when water column total Ag concentrations are low (<0.002 mg/L).

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204608d

%0 Journal Article

%A Louie, Stacey M.

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Small, Mitchell J.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2012

%T Parameter Identifiability in Application of Soft Particle Electrokinetic Theory To Determine Polymer and 

Polyelectrolyte Coating Thicknesses on Colloids

%J Langmuir

%V 28

%N 28

%P 10334 - 10347

%8 07/2012

%! Parameter Identifiability in Application of Soft Particle Electrokinetic Theory To Determine Polymer and 

Polyelectrolyte Coating Thicknesses on Colloids
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%R 10.1021/la301912j

%X Soft particle electrokinetic models have been used to determine adsorbed nonionic polymer and polyelectrolyte 

layer properties on nanoparticles or colloids by fitting electrophoretic mobility data. Ohshima first established the 

formalism for these models and provided analytical approximations (Ohshima, H. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.1995, 62, 

189). More recently, exact numerical solutions have been developed, which account for polarization and relaxation 

effects and require fewer assumptions on the particle and soft layer properties. This paper characterizes statistical 

uncertainty in the polyelectrolyte layer charge density, layer thickness, and permeability (Brinkman screening length) 

obtained from fitting data to either the analytical or numerical electrokinetic models. Various combinations of particle 

core and polymer layer properties are investigated to determine the range of systems for which this analysis can 

provide a solution with reasonably small uncertainty bounds, particularly for layer thickness. Identifiability of layer 

thickness in the analytical model ranges from poor confidence for cases with thick, highly charged coatings, to good 

confidence for cases with thin, low-charged coatings. Identifiability is similar for the numerical model, except that 

sensitivity is improved at very high charge and permeability, where polarization and relaxation effects are significant. 

For some poorly identifiable cases, parameter reduction can reduce collinearity to improve identifiability. Analysis of 

experimental data yielded results consistent with expectations from the simulated theoretical cases. Identifiability of 

layer charge density and permeability is also evaluated. Guidelines are suggested for evaluation of statistical 

confidence in polymer and polyelectrolyte layer parameters determined by application of the soft particle electrokinetic

theory.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la301912j

%0 Journal Article

%A Lombi, Enzo

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Baun, Anders

%A McGrath, Steve P.

%D 2012

%T Evidence for effects of manufactured nanomaterials on crops is inconclusive

%J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

%V 109

%N 49

%P E3336

%8 December 4, 2012

%! Evidence for effects of manufactured nanomaterials on crops is inconclusive

%R 10.1073/pnas.1214934109

%U http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336.short

http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336

http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336.full.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Liu, Wei

%A Chaurand, Perrine

%A Di Giorgio, Carole

%A De Méo, Michel

%A Thill, Antoine

%A Auffan, Mélanie

%A Masion, Armand

%A Borschneck, Daniel

%A Chaspoul, Florence

%A Gallice, Philippe

%A Botta, Alain
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%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%A Rose, Jérôme

%D 2012

%T Influence of the Length of Imogolite-Like Nanotubes on Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity toward Human 

Dermal Cells

%J Chemical Research in Toxicology

%V 25

%N 11

%P 2513 - 2522

%8 11/2012

%! Influence of the Length of Imogolite-Like Nanotubes on Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity toward Human 

Dermal Cells

%R 10.1021/tx3003214

%X Physical-chemical parameters such as purity, structure, chemistry, length, and aspect ratio of nanoparticles (NPs) 

are linked to their toxicity. Here, synthetic imogolite-like nanotubes with a set chemical composition but various sizes 

and shapes were used as models to investigate the influence of these physical parameters on the cyto- and genotoxicity

and cellular uptake of NPs. The NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering 

(SAXS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Imogolite precursors (PR, ca. 5 nm curved platelets), as well as short 

tubes (ST, ca. 6 nm) and long tubes (LT, ca. 50 nm), remained stable in the cell culture medium. Internalization into 

human fibroblasts was observed only for the small particles PR and ST. None of the tested particles induced a 

significant cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10(-1) mg·mL(-1). However, small sized NPs (PR and ST) were found

to be genotoxic at very low concentration 10(-6) mg·mL(-1), while LT particles exhibited a weak genotoxicity. Our 

results indicate that small size NPs (PR, ST) were able to induce primary lesions of DNA at very low concentrations 

and that this DNA damage was exclusively induced by oxidative stress. The higher aspect ratio LT particles exhibited a

weaker genotoxicity, where oxidative stress is a minor factor, and the likely involvement of other mechanisms. 

Moreover, a relationship among cell uptake, particle aspect ratio, and DNA damage of NPs was observed.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx3003214

%0 Journal Article

%A Lin, Shihong

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Liu, Jie

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2012

%T Polymeric Coatings on Silver Nanoparticles Hinder Autoaggregation but Enhance Attachment to Uncoated 

Surfaces

%J Langmuir

%V 28

%N 9

%P 4178 - 4186

%8 03/2012

%! Polymeric Coatings on Silver Nanoparticles Hinder Autoaggregation but Enhance Attachment to Uncoated 

Surfaces

%R 10.1021/la202884f

%X The propensity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) having two different polymer coatings (poly(vinylpyrrolidone), 

PVP, or gum arabic, GA) to aggregate, or to deposit to a reference surface (silica), was explored as a basis for 

differentiating the effect of surface coating on the stability of nanoparticles in aggregation and in deposition. Surface 

polymeric coatings stabilize nanoparticles against aggregation as shown by either an increased critical coagulation 

concentration as for PVP-coated AgNPs (AgPVP) or the absence of observable aggregation even at a high ionic 

strength as for GA-coated AgNPs (AgGA). In experiments of AgNPs deposition in a silica porous medium, dissimilar 

surfaces favored deposition, such as the case where polymer coatings were present on the AgNPs but were absent on 

the porous medium. The increased affinity of the AgNPs for the porous medium in this case may be explained by a 
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shifted contact frontier where electrical double layer interaction is weaker. When coating polymers were introduced to 

the porous medium and allowed to preadsorb to the silica surfaces, the attachment efficiencies for both the AgPVP and

AgGA were reduced due to steric and electrosteric stabilization, respectively. The results suggest that polymeric 

coatings that are usually deemed as stabilizers (as they indeed are in the case of autoaggregation) might not necessarily

stabilize nanoparticles against deposition unless the collector surfaces are also coated with polymer.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la202884f

%0 Journal Article

%A Li, Baolei

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Liu, Jie

%A Yi, Congwen

%A Brown, April S.

%A Yuan, Hsiangkuo

%A Vo-Dinh, Tuan

%A Fischer, Martin C.

%A Warren, Warren S.

%D 2012

%T Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping

%J Nano Letters

%V 12

%N 11

%P 5936 - 5940

%8 11/2012

%! Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping

%R 10.1021/nl303358p

%X Nonlinear optical microscopy, based on femtosecond laser spectral reshaping, characterized and imaged graphene 

samples made from different methods, both on slides and in a biological environment. This technique clearly 

discriminates between graphene flakes with different numbers of layers and reveals the distinct nonlinear optical 

properties of reduced graphene oxide as compared to mechanically exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition grown 

graphene. The nonlinearity makes it applicable to scattering samples (such as tissue) as opposed to previous methods, 

such as transmission. This was demonstrated by high-resolution imaging of breast cancer cells incubated with 

graphene flakes.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl303358p

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672226/pdf/nihms435145.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Levard, Clément

%A Hotze, E. Matt

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Brown, Gordon E.

%D 2012

%T Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%P 120229163713001

%8 02/2012

%! Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity

%R 10.1021/es2037405

%X Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) readily transform in the environment, which modifies their properties and alters 

their transport, fate, and toxicity. It is essential to consider such transformations when assessing the potential 
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environmental impact of Ag-NPs. This review discusses the major transformation processes of Ag-NPs in various 

aqueous environments, particularly transformations of the metallic Ag cores caused by reactions with (in)organic 

ligands, and the effects of such transformations on physical and chemical stability and toxicity. Thermodynamic 

arguments are used to predict what forms of oxidized silver will predominate in various environmental scenarios. 

Silver binds strongly to sulfur (both organic and inorganic) in natural systems (fresh and sea waters) as well as in 

wastewater treatment plants, where most Ag-NPs are expected to be concentrated and then released. Sulfidation of 

Ag-NPs results in a significant decrease in their toxicity due to the lower solubility of silver sulfide, potentially 

limiting their short-term environmental impact. This review also discusses some of the major unanswered questions 

about Ag-NPs, which, when answered, will improve predictions about their potential environmental impacts. Research 

needed to address these questions includes fundamental molecular-level studies of Ag-NPs and their transformation 

products, particularly Ag2SNPs, in simplified model systems containing common (in)organic ligands, as well as under 

more realistic environmental conditions using microcosm/mesocosm-type experiments. Toxicology studies of Ag-NP 

transformation products, including different states of aggregation and sulfidation, are also required. In addition, there is

the need to characterize the surface structures, compositions, and morphologies of Ag-NPs and Ag2S-NPs to the 

extent possible because they control properties such as solubility and reactivity.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2037405

%0 Book

%A Leszczynski, Jerzy (Editor)

%A Kroto, Harry (Series Editor)

%A O'Brien, Paul (Series Editor)

%A Craighead, Harold (Series Editor)

%D 2012

%T Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and 

Experimental Techniques

%I Royal Society of Chemistry

%P 378

%Y Tomasz Puzyn, Jerzy Leszczynski

%8 September 27, 2012

%! Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and 

Experimental Techniques

%@ 978-1849734530

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Leng, Weinan

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2012

%T Nanoclustered Gold Honeycombs for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

%J Analytical Chemistry

%V 85

%N 3

%P 1342-1349

%8 2013/02/05

%! Nanoclustered Gold Honeycombs for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

%@ 0003-2700

%R 10.1021/ac301028w

%X A honeycomb-shaped gold substrate was developed for surface-enhanced Raman imaging (SERI). The 

honeycombs are composed of clusters of 50?70 nm gold nanoparticles and exhibit high Raman enhancement 

efficiency. An average surface enhancement factor (ASEF) of 1.7 ? 106 was estimated for a monolayer of l-cysteine 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

molecules adsorbed to gold via a thiol linkage. The presence of a linear relationship in the low concentration region 

was observed in SERI detection of malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC). These results together with the high 

reproducibility and simple and cost-effective fabrication of this substrate suggest that it has utility for applications of 

surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in quantitative diagnoses and analyte detection.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac301028w

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac301028w

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Leitch, Megan E.

%A Casman, Elizabeth

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2012

%T Nanotechnology patenting trends through an environmental lens: analysis of materials and applications

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 12

%8 12/2012

%! Nanotechnology patenting trends through an environmental lens: analysis of materials and applications

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-1283-9

%X Many international groups study environmental health and safety (EHS) concerns surrounding the use of 

engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). These researchers frequently use the “Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies” 

(PEN) inventory of nano-enabled consumer products to prioritize types of ENMs to study because estimates of lifecycle ENM releases to the environment can be extrapolated from the database. An alternative “snapshot” of 

nanomaterials likely to enter commerce can be determined from the patent literature. The goal of this research was to 

provide an overview of nanotechnology intellectual property trends, complementary to the PEN consumer product 

database, to help identify potentially “risky” nanomaterials for study by the nano-EHS community. Ten years of 

nanotechnology patents were examined to determine the types of nano-functional materials being patented, the 

chemical compositions of the ENMs, and the products in which they are likely to appear. Patenting trends indicated 

different distributions of nano-enabled products and materials compared to the PEN database. Recent nanotechnology 

patenting is dominated by electrical and information technology applications rather than the hygienic and anti-fouling 

applications shown by PEN. There is an increasing emphasis on patenting of nano-scale layers, coatings, and other 

surface modifications rather than traditional nanoparticles, and there is widespread use of nano-functional 

semiconductor, ceramic, magnetic, and biological materials that are currently less studied by EHS professionals. These 

commonly patented products and the nano-functional materials they contain may warrant life-cycle evaluations to 

determine the potential for environmental exposure and toxicity. The patent and consumer product lists contribute 

different and complementary insights into the emerging nanotechnology industry and its potential for introducing 

nanomaterials into the environment.

%U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-1283-9

%0 Journal Article

%A Lee, Yong-Ju

%A Kim, Jiwon

%A Oh, Jeehyun

%A Bae, Sujin

%A Lee, Sungkyu

%A Hong, In Seok

%A Kim, Sang-Ho

%D 2012

%T Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles
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%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 155-159

%! Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.717

%K Silver nanoparticles

Ecotoxicity effects

Ion-release kinetics

%X The environmental toxicity associated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been a major focus in 

nanotoxicology. The Ag+ released from AgNPs may affect ecotoxicity, although whether the major toxic effect is 

governed by Ag+ ions or by AgNPs themselves is unclear. In the present study, we have examined the ecotoxicity of 

AgNPs in aquatic organisms, silver ion-release kinetics of AgNPs, and their relationship. The 48-h median effective 

concentration (EC50) values for Daphnia magna of powder-type AgNP suspensions were 0.75 μg/L (95% confidence 

interval [CI] = 0.71–0.78) total Ag and 0.37 μg/L (95% CI = 0.36–0.38) dissolved Ag. For sol-type AgNP suspension, 

the 48-h EC50 values for D. magna were 7.98 μg/L (95% CI = 7.04–9.03) total Ag and 0.88 μg/L (95% CI = 0.80–

0.97) dissolved Ag. The EC50 values for the dissolved Ag of powder-type and sol-type AgNPs for D. magna showed 

similar results (0.37 μg/L and 0.88 μg/L) despite their differences of EC50 values in total Ag. We observed that the 

first-order rate constant (k) of Ag+ ions released from AgNPs was 0.0734/h at 0.05 mg/L total Ag at 22°C within 6 h. 

The kinetic experiments and the toxicity test showed that 36% and 11% of sol-type AgNPs were converted to the Ag+ 

ion form under oxidation conditions, respectively. Powder-type AgNPs showed 49% conversion rate of Ag+ ion from 

AgNPs. We also confirmed that Ag+ ion concentration in AgNP suspension reaches an equilibrium concentration after

48 h, which is an exposure time of the acute aquatic toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:155–159. © 2011 

SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.717

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.717/abstract

%0 Conference Paper

%A Lead, J.

%D 2012

%T Fate and behaviour of silver nanoparticles in aquatic systems

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Silver nanoparticles are one of the most used nanoparticles types due to anti-bacterial properties and such usage 

inevitably leads to environmental discharge. However, both the nature and extent of silver nanoparticle exposure and 

hazard are poorly understood. This talk will particularly focus on the potential environmental transformations of 

nanoparticles, related to aggregation, oxidation, dissolution and the formation of nanoscale coatings of natural organic 

macromolecules (NOM). These processes will be examined in relation to nanoparticle properties (size, capping agent) 

and environmental conditions (concentration and nature of NOM, pH, ionic strength, presence of specific ions). 

Speculations on potential timescales and ultimate fates of the nanoparticles will be given.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 120

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%+ University of Birmingham / School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Scien.

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Lead, J.

%D 2012

%T nanoBEE; a joint US–UK project to model exposure, bioavailability and toxicity of nanoparticles
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%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X This talk will give an overview of the nanoBEE project which aims overall to validate a set of exposure, 

bioavailability and toxicity models so that they are both scientifically valid and usable by regulators and industry. After

the scene setting, the synthesis of size and surface coating selected silver nanoparticles will be discussed. Finally, the 

presentation will focus on the behaviour of these nanoparticles in toxicology media over suitable time periods which 

mimic standard exposure times. Dynamic changes in particle properties such as aggregation, oxidation, dissolution and 

surface changes will be examined as will the effects of media modification. Changes in dose and the nature of the 

toxicant in media will be highlighted and related to toxicity studies under the same media conditions.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 204

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Kwok, Kevin WH

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Nelson, Clay M

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Chilkoti, Ashutosh

%A Liu, Jie

%A Marinakos, Stella M.

%A Hinton, David E

%D 2012

%T Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Effect of 

coating materials

%J Aquatic Toxicology

%V 120-121

%P 59 - 66

%8 9/2012

%! Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Effect of 

coating materials

%R 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.012

%X Silvernanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial properties are perhaps the most deployed engineered 

nanomaterials in consumer products. Almost all AgNPs are coated with organic materials to enhance their dispersion 

in water. Contributions of coatings to the toxicity of NPs have received little attention. Studies using AgNPs with one 

of three different coatingmaterials (citrate (Cit), gum arabic (GA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) showed 

significantly different toxicity. GA AgNP proved to be the most toxic, while PVP and Cit AgNP exhibited similar and 

lower toxicity. However, all AgNPs were about three to ten times less toxic than AgNO3 when their toxicities were 

compared on a mass-concentration basis. Evidence for NP-specific toxicity was observed with longer time for 

initiation of toxicity and increased incidence of resultant spinal flexure of medaka exposed to AgNPs, compared to 

AgNO3. Hyperspectral imaging of 6 μm paraffin sections of fish exposed to AgNPs revealed AgNPs and their 

aggregates in tissues of fish. Gill distribution was ubiquitous, while small amounts were found in other organs, 

including the liver and brain. AgNPs were observed regularly in the gut lumen, but rarely in mural elements and 

mesentery. These results suggest that while ingestion was common, gills were the principal sites of AgNP uptake. In 

conclusion, AgNPs is a source of toxic Ag ions, while itself contribute partially to its toxicity to fish, and which 

interact with skin surface and were taken up via the gills.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12001567

%0 Journal Article
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%A Kumar, Prashant

%A Kumar, Arun

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%D 2012

%T Nanoparticles in the Indian Environment: Known, Unknowns and Awareness

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7071-7072

%8 2012/07/03

%! Nanoparticles in the Indian Environment: Known, Unknowns and Awareness

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es302308h

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302308h

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es302308h

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Kumar, Niraj

%A Shah, Vishal

%A Walker, Virginia K.

%D 2012

%T Influence of a nanoparticle mixture on an arctic soil community

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 131-135

%! Influence of a nanoparticle mixture on an arctic soil community

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.721

%K Mixed nanoparticles

Arctic soil

Microbial community

Fatty acid analysis

Genomic profile

%X Interest is growing in understanding not only the impact of individual nanoparticles (NPs) on ecosystems but also 

the effect of NP mixtures. In the present study, the impact of a combination of three different NPs, silver, copper, and 

silica (all at 0.022%, w/w), on an arctic microbial community was investigated. After adding the NPs, soil microcosms 

were incubated for 176 d, and subsequent estimates of microbe diversity were obtained using culture-dependent and 

culture-independent assessments. The treated soil appeared to show a reduction in the ability to use carbohydrate and 

amino acid substrates and demonstrated an altered pattern of major fatty acid peaks. Polymerase chain reaction–

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed consistent differences in the pattern of predominant rRNA gene 

sequences. Although this is an initial investigation of soil contaminated with mixed NPs, these results demonstrate that 

even at the relatively modest concentrations used such pollutants have the potential to disrupt microbial communities. 

Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:131–135. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.721

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.721/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Kulacki, K. J.
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%A Cardinale, B. J.

%A Keller, A. A.

%A Bier, R.

%A Dickson, H.

%D 2012

%T How do stream organisms respond to, and influence, the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles? A 

mesocosm study with algae and herbivores

%J Environ Toxicol Chem

%V 31

%N 10

%P 2414-22

%7 2012/08/01

%8 Oct

%! How do stream organisms respond to, and influence, the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles? A 

mesocosm study with algae and herbivores

%Z Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC

%@ 1552-8618 (Electronic)

0730-7268 (Linking)

%R 10.1002/etc.1962

%M 22847763

%X The biologically active properties of many nanomaterials, coupled with their rapidly expanding production and 

use, has generated concern that certain types of nanoparticles could have unintended impacts when released into 

natural ecosystems. In the present study, the authors report the results of an experiment in which they grew three 

common species of stream algae as monocultures and together as polycultures in the biofilms of stream mesocosms 

that were exposed to 0, 0.1, or 1.0 ppm nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nTiO(2) ). The nTiO(2) did not alter the growth 

trajectory of any algal biofilm over 10+ generations. However, Ti accrual in biofilms not only differed among the 

algal species but was also higher in polycultures than in the average monoculture. Variation in accrual among species 

compositions was readily predicted by differences in the total biomass achieved by the different biofilms. When 

biofilms were fed to the herbivorous snail Physa acuta at the end of the experiment, initial concentrations of nTiO(2) 

did not alter short-term rates of herbivory. However, because of differences in palatability among the algae, biofilm 

composition influenced the amount of nTiO(2) that accumulated in the herbivore tissue. The results have important 

implications for understanding how efficiently nTiO(2) is removed from surface waters and the potential transfer of 

nanomaterials to higher trophic levels.

%Z Kulacki, Konrad J

Cardinale, Bradley J

Keller, Arturo A

Bier, Raven

Dickson, Helen

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

United States

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Oct;31(10):2414-22. doi: 10.1002/etc.1962. Epub 2012 Aug 24.

%U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.1962/abstract

%+ Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 

California, USA. kkulacki@umich.edu

%W NLM

%G eng

%0 Journal Article

%A Kulacki, Konrad J.

%A Cardinale, Bradley J.

%D 2012

%T Effects of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Freshwater Algal Population Dynamics
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%J PLoS ONE

%V 7

%N 10

%P e47130

%! Effects of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Freshwater Algal Population Dynamics

%R 10.1371/journal.pone.0047130

%X <p>To make predictions about the possible effects of nanomaterials across environments and taxa, toxicity testing 

must incorporate not only a variety of organisms and endpoints, but also an understanding of the mechanisms that 

underlie nanoparticle toxicity. Here, we report the results of a laboratory experiment in which we examined how 

titanium dioxide nanoparticles impact the population dynamics and production of biomass across a range of freshwater

algae. We exposed 10 of the most common species of North American freshwater pelagic algae (phytoplankton) to 

five increasing concentrations of n-TiO<sub>2</sub> (ranging from controls to 300 mg n-TiO<sub>2</sub> L<sup>

-1</sup>). We then examined the effects of n-TiO<sub>2</sub> on the population growth rates and biomass 

production of each algal species over a period of 25 days. On average, increasing concentrations of nTiO<sub>2</sub> had no significant effects on algal growth rates (<italic>p</italic> = 0.376), even though there was 

considerable species-specific variation in responses. In contrast, exposure to n-TiO<sub>2</sub> tended to increase 

maximum biomass achieved by species in culture (<italic>p</italic> = 0.06). Results suggest that titanium dioxide 

nanoparticles could influence certain aspects of population growth of freshwater phytoplankton, though effects are 

unlikely at environmentally relevant concentrations.</p>

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047130

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468504/pdf/pone.0047130.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Kong, Lingjun

%A Zepp, Richard G.

%D 2012

%T Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 136-143

%! Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.711

%K Buckminster fullerene

Fullerenol

Singlet oxygen

Superoxide

Hydroxyl radical

%X Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the most important intermediates in chemical, photochemical, and 

biological processes. To understand the environmental exposure and toxicity of fullerenes better, the production and 

consumption of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) by Buckminster fullerene

(C60) and fullerenol were investigated in aqueous systems. Fullerenol exhibits higher photoproduction efficiency of 

singlet oxygen and superoxide than aqueous suspensions of C60 aggregates (aqu/nC60), and this higher efficiency 

results in higher steady-state concentrations of these two ROS. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that the 

C60 molecules in aqu/nC60 are much more closely packed than the C60 cages in fullerenol. These observations 

provide additional evidence that the lower ROS production efficiency of aqu/nC60 is attributable primarily to efficient 

self-quenching of C60 triplet states. Production of singlet oxygen by aqu/nC60 is accelerated by increasing oxygen 

concentration and in part is sensitized by fluorescent photoproducts that accumulate during irradiation. The fullerenes 

react slowly with singlet oxygen (second-order rate constant <4 × 105 M-1 s-1), but react rapidly with hydroxyl 

radicals (second-order rate constants of 5.4 × 109 and 4 × 108 M-1 s-1 for aqu/nC60 and fullerenol, respectively). 

These results show that environmental conditions, including light exposure and oxygen concentration, have the 
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potential to impact the generation of toxic ROS by fullerenes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:136–143. © 2011 

SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.711

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.711/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%A Koelmans, Albert A.

%A Horne, Nina

%A Carley, Stephen

%A Handy, Richard D.

%A Kapustka, Larry

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A von der Kammer, Frank

%D 2012

%T Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 3-14

%! Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.733

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.733

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.733/abstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/etc.733/asset/733_ftp.pdf?

v=1&t=hhrzmopt&s=6e10f920f8d74c0cd571be133c4c72c180ef266f

%0 Journal Article

%A Kiser, Mehlika A.

%A Ladner, David A.

%A Hristovski, Kiril D.

%A Westerhoff, Paul K.

%D 2012

%T Nanomaterial Transformation and Association with Fresh and Freeze-Dried Wastewater Activated Sludge: 

Implications for Testing Protocol and Environmental Fate

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7046-7053

%8 2012/07/03

%! Nanomaterial Transformation and Association with Fresh and Freeze-Dried Wastewater Activated Sludge: 

Implications for Testing Protocol and Environmental Fate

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300339x

%X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are an emerging class of contaminants entering wastewater treatment plants 

(WWTPs), and standardized testing protocols are needed by industry and regulators to assess the potential removal of 

ENMs during wastewater treatment. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard method 

(OPPTS 835.1110) for estimating soluble pollutant removal during wastewater treatment using freeze-dried, heattreated (FDH) activated sludge (AS) has been recently proposed for predicting ENM fate in WWTPs. This study is the 
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first to evaluate the use of FDH AS in batch experiments for quantifying ENM removal from wastewater. While 

soluble pollutants sorbed equally to fresh and FDH AS, fullerene, silver, gold, and polystyrene nanoparticles? 

removals with FDH AS were approximately 60?100% less than their removals with fresh AS. Unlike fresh AS, FDH 

AS had a high concentration of proteins and other soluble organics in the liquid phase, an indication of bacterial 

membrane disintegration due to freeze-drying and heat exposure. This cellular matter stabilized ENMs such that they 

were poorly removed by FDH AS. Therefore, FDH AS is not a suitable sorbent for estimating nanoparticle removal in 

WWTPs, whereas fresh AS has been shown to reasonably predict full-scale performance for titanium removal. This 

study indicates that natural or engineered processes (e.g., anaerobic digestion, biosolids decomposition in soils) that 

result in cellular degradation and matrices rich in surfactant-like materials (natural organic matter, proteins, 

phospholipids, etc.) may transform nanoparticle surfaces and significantly alter their fate in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300339x

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300339x

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A King, Stephen M.

%A Jarvie, Helen P.

%D 2012

%T Exploring How Organic Matter Controls Structural Transformations in Natural Aquatic Nanocolloidal Dispersions

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6959-6967

%8 2012/07/03

%! Exploring How Organic Matter Controls Structural Transformations in Natural Aquatic Nanocolloidal Dispersions

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2034087

%X The response of the dispersion nanostructure of surface river bed sediment to the controlled removal and 

readdition of natural organic matter (NOM), in the absence and presence of background electrolyte, was examined 

using the technique of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Partial NOM removal induced aggregation of the 

mineral particles, but more extensive NOM removal restored colloidal stability. When peat humic acid (PHA) was 

added to a NOM-deficient sediment concentration-related structural transformations were observed: at 255 mg/L PHA 

aggregation of the nanocolloid was actually enhanced, but at 380 mg/L PHA disaggregation and colloidal stability 

were promoted. The addition of 2 mM CaCl2 induced mild aggregation in the native sediment but not in sediments 

with added PHA, suggesting that the native NOM and the PHA respond differently to changes in ionic strength. A first

attempt at using SANS to directly characterize the thickness and coverage of an adsorbed PHA layer in a natural 

nanocolloid is also presented. The results are discussed in the context of a hierarchical aquatic colloidal nanostructure, 

and the implications for contemporary studies of the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sustaining the transport

of colloidal iron in upland catchments.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2034087

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2034087

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2012

%T Effect of kaolinite, silica fines and pH on transport of polymer-modified zero valent iron nano-particles in 
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heterogeneous porous media

%J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

%V 370

%N 1

%P 1 - 10

%8 3/2012

%! Effect of kaolinite, silica fines and pH on transport of polymer-modified zero valent iron nano-particles in 

heterogeneous porous media

%R 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.059

%X Polymer coatings on nano-sized remediation agents and subsurface heterogeneity will affect their transport, likely 

in a pH-dependent manner. The effect of pH on the aggregation of polymer-coated nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) 

and its deposition onto sand and clay (kaolinite) surfaces was studied. nZVI coatings included a high molecular weight

(90 kg/mol) strong polyanion, poly(methacrylic acid)-b-(methy methacrylate)-b-(styrenesulfonate) (PMAA-PMMAPSS) and a low molecular weight (2.5 kg/mol) weak polyanion, polyaspartate. Aggregation and deposition increased 

with decreasing pH for both polyelectrolytes. The extent was greater for the low MW polyaspartate coated nZVI. 

Enhanced deposition at lower pH was indicated because the elutability of polyaspartate-modified hematite (which did 

not aggregate) also decreased at lower pH. The greater deposition onto clay minerals compared to similar sized silica 

fines is attributed to charge heterogeneity on clay mineral surfaces, which is sensitive to pH. Heteroaggregation 

between kaolinite particles and nZVI over the pH range 6-8 confirmed this assertion. Excess unadsorbed 

polyelectrolyte in solution (100mg/L) enhanced the transport of modified nZVI by minimizing aggregation and 

deposition onto sand and clay. These results indicate that site physical and chemical heterogeneity must be considered 

when designing an nZVI emplacement strategy.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979711015487

%0 Journal Article

%A Kim, Bojeong

%A Murayama, Mitsuhiro

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%D 2012

%T Characterization and environmental implications of nano- and larger TiO2 particles in sewage sludge, and soils 

amended with sewage sludge

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 14

%N 4

%P 1128-1136

%9 10.1039/C2EM10809G

%! Characterization and environmental implications of nano- and larger TiO2 particles in sewage sludge, and soils 

amended with sewage sludge

%@ 1464-0325

%R 10.1039/C2EM10809G

%X Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most extensively used engineered nanoparticle to date, yet its fate in the soil 

environment has been investigated only rarely and is poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted two fieldscale investigations to better describe TiO2 nano- and larger particles in their most likely route of entry into the 

environment, i.e., the application of biosolids to soils. We particularly concentrated on the particles in the nano-size 

regime due to their novel and commercially useful properties. First, we analyzed three sewage sludge products from 

the US EPA TNSSS sampling inventory for the occurrence, qualitative abundance, and nature of TiO2 nano- and 

larger particles by using analytical scanning electron microscopy and analytical (scanning) transmission electron 

microscopy. Nano- and larger particles of TiO2 were repeatedly identified across the sewage sludge types tested, 

providing strong evidence of their likely concentration in sewage sludge products. The TiO2 particles identified were 

as small as 40 nm, and as large as 300 nm, having faceted shapes with the rutile crystal structure, and they typically 

formed small, loosely packed aggregates. Second, we examined surface soils in mesocosms that had been amended 
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with Ag nanoparticle-spiked biosolids for the occurrence of TiO2 particles. An aggregate of TiO2 nanoparticles with 

the rutile structure was again identified, but this time TiO2 nanoparticles were found to contain Ag on their surfaces. 

This suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles from biosolids can interact with toxic trace metals that would then enter the 

environment as a soil amendment. Therefore, the long-term behavior of TiO2 nano- and larger particles in sewage 

sludge materials as well as their impacts in the soil environment need to be carefully considered.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM10809G

%0 Conference Paper

%A Kennedy, A.J.

%A Hull, M.

%A Vikesland, P.

%A Chappell, M.

%A Hill, F.

%A Laird, J.

%A Stanley, J.

%A Poda, A.

%A Bednar, A.

%A Steevens, J.

%D 2012

%T Gaining a critical mass: considering alternative nanomaterial dose metrics and mitigating factors for whole 

organisms

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X If engineered nanoparticles contaminate environmental media at toxicologically relevant levels, risk assessors will 

require an easy to implement dosimetry standard

that is predictive of effects on traditional, population level effect endpoints.

Increasing evidence suggests the mass-only toxicity paradigm inadequately

standardizes the implications of nanoparticles to eco-receptors. While we

continue to rely on mass measurement, since direct analytical determination

of particle properties at low concentration is less convenient or unavailable,

mass-based conversions to other dose metrics should be considered in the

interim. In this presentation, we review several dose metric calculations for

nanosilver such as particle size, number, total dispersion surface area, particle

number density and the dissolved fraction. Mass-based dosimetry resulted

in divergent lethal median concentrations, indicating size dependent toxicity

of nanosilver (20 – 100 nm) to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas.

Total surface area, however, better standardized observed toxicity. Examination

of dose metric efficacy with increased environmental complexity

suggested the total surface area metric was confounded by various factors

(particle polydispersity, dissolved organic matter, UV light, ionic strength),

resulting in under- or over-prediction of toxicity, depending on the factor.

Nanosilver is characteristically much less toxic in environmentally relevant

conditions compared to pristine laboratory media. Thus, just as water quality criteria for dissolved metals are scaled to 

water hardness, nanoparticle toxicity thresholds need adjustment for mitigating factors. Further, computational 

chemistry predicts temporal instability of citrate functional groups on nanosilver, resulting in oxidation and ion release.

Empirical data indicating that the dissolved fraction and toxicity of nanosilver suspensions increases over time supports

this prediction. Thus, in some cases total surface area dose metrics may co-vary with direct causes of toxicity, such as 

ion release from dispersions of smaller (but higher total surface area) nanosilver particles. Relating novel dose metrics 

to nanosilver toxicity may be impractical for dispersions with high dissolved fractions in which ions will dominate 

toxicity, as confirmed by similar mass-based LC50 values between particle suspensions and supernatants of the same 

suspension.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP187
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%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%A Garner, Kendra

%A Miller, Robert J.

%A Lenihan, Hunter S.

%D 2012

%T Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and Marine Organisms

%J PLoS ONE

%V 7

%N 8

%P e43983

%! Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and Marine Organisms

%R 10.1371/journal.pone.0043983

%X <p>We tested whether three commercial forms (uncoated, organic coating, and iron oxide coating) of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) are toxic to freshwater and marine organisms, specifically three species of marine phytoplankton, 

one species of freshwater phytoplankton, and a freshwater zooplankton species (<italic>Daphnia magna</italic>), 

because these organisms may be exposed downstream of where nZVI is applied to remediate polluted soil. The 

aggregation and reactivity of the three types of nZVI varied considerably, which was reflected in their toxicity. Since 

levels of Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> increase as the nZVI react, we also evaluated their toxicity 

independently. All four phytoplankton species displayed decreasing population growth rates, and <italic>Daphnia 

magna</italic> showed increasing mortality, in response to increasing levels of nZVI, and to a lesser degree with 

increasing Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>. All forms of nZVI aggregated in soil and water, especially in the 

presence of a high concentration of calcium ions in groundwater, thus reducing their transports through the 

environment. However, uncoated nZVI aggregated extremely rapidly, thus vastly reducing the probability of 

environmental transport and potential for toxicity. This information can be used to design a risk management strategy 

to arrest the transport of injected nZVI beyond the intended remediation area, by injecting inert calcium salts as a 

barrier to transport.</p>

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043983

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431385/pdf/pone.0043983.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Judy, Jonathan D.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Rao, William

%A Wirick, Sue

%A Bertsch, Paul M.

%D 2012

%T Bioavailability of Gold Nanomaterials to Plants: Importance of Particle Size and Surface Coating

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 15

%P 8467 - 8474

%8 08/2012

%! Bioavailability of Gold Nanomaterials to Plants: Importance of Particle Size and Surface Coating

%R 10.1021/es3019397

%X We used the model organisms Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi (tobacco) and Triticum aestivum (wheat) to 

investigate plant uptake of 10-, 30-, and 50-nm diameter Au manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) coated with either 
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tannate (T-MNMs) or citrate (C-MNMs). Primary particle size, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential were 

characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electrophoretic 

mobility measurements, respectively. Plants were exposed to NPs hydroponically for 3 or 7 days for wheat and 

tobacco, respectively. Volume averaged Au concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass 

spectrometry (ICP-MS). Spatial distribution of Au in tissue samples was determined using laser ablation ICP-MS (LAICP-MS) and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy (μXRF). Both C-MNMs and T-MNMs of each size treatment 

bioaccumulated in tobacco, but no bioaccumulation of MNMs was observed for any treatment in wheat. These results 

indicate that MNMs of a wide range of size and with different surface chemistries are bioavailable to plants, provide 

mechanistic information regarding the role of cell wall pores in plant uptake of MNMs, and raise questions about the 

importance of plant species to MNM bioaccumulation.

%0 Conference Paper

%A Jefferson, B. 

%A Martin, B. 

%A Pawlett, M. 

%A Dorey, R.

%A Rocks, S. 

%A Ritz, K. 

%A J., Harris

%D 2012

%T Comparison of the fate and impact of dissolved and nanoparticle metals on sewage treatment and biosolids 

production

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Manufactured nanomaterials are increasingly used in consumer products with a large proportion discharged to 

wastewater treatment facilitiesleading to the potential transmission pathways into both aquatic and

terrestrial ecosystems. Recent estimates suggest that up to 90% of some nanomaterials may end up in sewage 

highlighting the importance of a clear understanding of their fate so that effective risk assessments can be developed. 

Whilst there is a growing intensity of studies on the topic information related to real sewages and the ageing effects of 

NP residence within sewage matrices remains limited. The proposed presentation will outline current activities as part 

of a joint UK-US consortium investigating the fate and impact of nanoparticles in sewage biosolids. Three identical 

pilot sewage treatment facilities have been set up to treat real raw sewage incorporating

sedimentation, activated sludge, thickening, anaerobic digestion and dewatering processes to mimic the processes most

likely to be encountered. A mixture of titanium, silver and zinc nanoparticles are being dosed into both the primary 

sludge and the activated sludge components prior to mixing and biolsolids production in anaerobic digestion and 

dewatering. One of the

other identical lines is dosed with an equivalent concentration of dissolved metals to ascertain any NP specific effects 

and the final line is operated without

dosing as a control. All plants are operated under standard conditions and were stabilised for three sludge ages prior to

start of analysis. Comparison of the partitioning rates into the final bio-solid product revealed that in the case of 

titanium and zinc less total metal associated with the biosolids in the NP dosed line compared to the metal salt dosed 

line. In contrast, in the case of silver more of the total metal content associated to the sludge in the NP dosed line. No 

statistical difference between NP dosed and metal salt dosed lines could be observed in terms of organics removal, 

nitrification, solids destruction, biogas generation although difference in the microbial

community within the NP dosed lines were apparent. Current work is fractionating the different liquid streams across 

the treatment lines to establish the colloidal banding of the metals and this data will also be presented.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 202

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English
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%0 Journal Article

%A Jassby, David

%A Budarz, Jeffrey Farner

%A Wiesner, Mark

%D 2012

%T Impact of Aggregate Size and Structure on the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6934-6941

%8 2012/07/03

%! Impact of Aggregate Size and Structure on the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es202009h

%X Aggregation of photocatalytic semiconductors was determined to reduce the generation of free hydroxyl radicals in

aqueous suspensions in a fashion dependent on aggregate size and structure. Static light scattering measurements were 

used to follow temporal changes in the fractal dimension of aggregating TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. At length scales 

comparable to nanoparticle size, the structure of aggregated TiO2 nanoparticles was independent of particle stability 

and the associated aggregation rate, consistent with the fused nature of TiO2 primary particles in the initial suspension.

In contrast, ZnO aggregates were characterized by smaller fractal dimensions when ionic strength, and the resulting 

aggregation rate, were increased. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO2 in generating free hydroxyl radicals 

varied with aggregate structure and size, consistent with theory that predicts reduced reactivity as aggregates become 

larger and more dense.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202009h

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es202009h

%[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper

%A Jafvert, C.T

%A Milani, S. Beigzadeh

%A Fairbrother, D.H.

%A Bitter, J.L.

%A Filley, T.R.

%A Berry, T.

%A Gibson, C.

%D 2012

%T Photochemical and Fungal Transformations of Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Transformations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the environment are likely to be dominated by abiotic oxidative 

and extracellular microbial processes. Consequently, we are investigating photochemical and fungal mediated 

transformations of CNTs, both individually and sequentially. Types of CNTs investigated include pristine 

(unfunctionalized) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) from Carbon Solutions (AP and P2) and from 

SouthWest Nano Technologies (SG-65); and functionalized singlewalled nanotubes from Carbon Solutions (P3 and 

P7). Also studied are SG-65 nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes from NanoLab Inc that have been functionalized 

by acid treatment and further purified to remove metal catalysts (used in their preparation). Initial results indicate the 

recalcitrance of unfunctionalized SWCNTs to both solar light (after weeks) and fungal reactions. When suspended in 

water and exposed to solar spectrum light, both carboxylated and PEGylated SWCNTs produce reactive oxygen 

species (ROS). Singlet oxygen and superoxide anion have been detected from these two SWCNTs. Fungal species, 

Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum are currently being investigated for toxicity responses to the suite of 

CNTs in this study and show impeded growth in culture media when exposed to some unpurified CNTs. Because 

reaction may lead to further oxidation of carboxyl carbon, the rate of CO2 evolution is being assessed in both sunlight 
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irradiated samples and CNT preparations exposed to white and brown rot-type wood decay fungi. As a result of 

exposure to 254 nm light (a positive control for potential product identification), flocculation was observed for 

oxidized MWCNTs and SWNTs over a range of pH values (4-10), although their ability to resist aggregation was 

enhanced as the pH and the degree of CNT surface oxygen increased. The rate of photo-induced aggregation was 

found to depend linearly on the photon flux. Collectively, these observations are consistent with the idea that photodecarboxylation of the oxidized CNTs is responsible for the effects of UV-irradiation. This hypothesis is currently 

being tested by using XPS in conjunction with chemical derivatization to assay the change in oxygen concentration 

and functional group distributions induced by photolysis in both the UVC and solar regions.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 117; Purdue University, Johns Hopkins University

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Hull, M.

%A Kennedy, A. J.

%A Detzel, C.

%A Vikesland, P.

%A Chappell, M. A.

%D 2012

%T Moving beyond Mass: The Unmet Need to Consider Dose Metrics in Environmental Nanotoxicology Studies

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 20

%P 10881 - 10882

%8 10/2012

%! Moving beyond Mass: The Unmet Need to Consider Dose Metrics in Environmental Nanotoxicology Studies

%R 10.1021/es3035285

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es3035285

%0 Journal Article

%A Hou, L.

%A Li, K.

%A Ding, Y.

%A Li, Y.

%A Chen, J.

%A Wu, X.

%A Li, X.

%D 2012

%T Removal of silver nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on COD and NH(4) 

reduction

%J Chemosphere

%V 87

%N 3

%P 248-52

%8 Apr

%! Removal of silver nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on COD and NH(4) 

reduction

%Z Chemosphere

%@ 1879-1298 (Electronic)

0045-6535 (Linking)
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%R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.042

%M 22245077

%K Ammonia/analysis/*chemistry

Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis

Metal Nanoparticles/analysis/*chemistry

Sewage/chemistry

Silver/analysis/*chemistry

Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods

Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*chemistry

%X The increasing utilization of silver nanoparticles in industrial and consumer products has raised concern to 

wastewater treatment utilities due to its antimicrobial activity. In this work, the removal of citrate stabilized silver 

nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) during the wastewater treatment processes and its impact on treatment performance were 

examined. During simulated primary clarification, over 90% of the Ag-NPs remained in the wastewater, indicating that

the majority of silver nanoparticles in sewage would enter the subsequent treatment units. During sequencing batch 

reactor processes, silver nanoparticles were effectively removed in each cycle throughout the 15-d experimental 

duration. Continuous input of silver nanoparticles into the wastewater did not significantly alter chemical oxygen 

demand (COD) removal. NH(4) removal was reduced at the beginning of the SBR experiment but quickly recovered at

the later stage of the experiment. This study demonstrated that in the near future it is unlikely that citrate-stabilized 

Ag-NPs released into sewage will cause significant adversary effects on the COD and NH(4) removal of activated 

sludge processes in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

%Z Hou, Linlin

Li, Kaiyang

Ding, Yuanzhao

Li, Yan

Chen, Jian

Wu, Xiaolei

Li, Xiqing

eng

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

England

2012/01/17 06:00

Chemosphere. 2012 Apr;87(3):248-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.042. Epub 2012 Jan 14.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245077

%+ Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 

100871, PR China.

%0 Journal Article

%A Horst, AllisonM

%A Ji, Zhaoxia

%A Holden, PatriciaA

%D 2012

%T Nanoparticle dispersion in environmentally relevant culture media: a TiO2 case study and considerations for a 

general approach

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 8

%P 1-14

%8 2012/07/14

%! Nanoparticle dispersion in environmentally relevant culture media: a TiO2 case study and considerations for a 

general approach

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764
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%R 10.1007/s11051-012-1014-2

%] 1014

%K Nanoparticle

Dispersion

Agglomeration

Toxicity

Dynamic light scattering

TiO2

%Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1014-2

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-1014-2

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Hoque, E.

%A Fischer, J.

%A Hintelmann, H.

%A Metcalfe, C.D.

%D 2012

%T Carbon nanotubes as a sorbent for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of silver nanoparticles prior to 

analysis by ICP-MS

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Because of its antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles or nanosilver (nAg) are widely used in consumer 

products, such as textiles, personal care products, food containers, laundry detergents and home appliances. It is likely 

that nAg is discharged with wastewater from municipal and industrial sources into aquatic ecosystems. Hence, it is 

important to develop analytical methods to extract, preconcentrate and quantify nAg in samples of water and 

wastewater. In this study, we used carbon nanotubes (CNT) as a sorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) to extract 

nAg, and then analyzed the extracts by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The CNT surface has

a strong interaction with other molecules or atoms because of its hexagonal arrays of carbon atoms in graphene sheet 

structure. Different types of CNTs, including NH2 and COOH functionalized material are being investigated as the 

solid phase. Preliminary data using a CNT-NH2 based SPE system shows that this sorbent can extract both 

polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate capped nAg (50 nm) and dissolved Ag (dAg) from water using a 50 mL 

sample volume (10 ng/mL) and 5 mL of 5% HNO3 for elution. Under these conditions, the concentration enhancement

factor and % recovery are 4.7 ± 0.3 (n = 5) and 55.4 ± 3.3 (n = 5), respectively. Further optimization of SPE 

parameters is being carried out to improve % recovery of nAg from aqueous sample. Centrifugal filtration with 3 KDa 

molecular weight cut-off cellulose based filter isolates nAg from its dAg fraction effectively. Developed analytical 

methodologies employing CNT based SPE, centrifugal filtration and ICP-MS will be utilized to investigate the fate of 

nAg in aquatic mesocosms as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS project in the Experimental Lakes Area 

(ELA) of Ontario, Canada.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP260, Trent University

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Hischier, Roland

%A Walser, Tobias

%D 2012

%T Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: State of the art and strategies to overcome existing gaps

%J Science of The Total Environment
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%V 425

%N 0

%P 271-282

%8 5/15/

%! Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: State of the art and strategies to overcome existing gaps

%@ 0048-9697

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.001

%K Life Cycle Assessment

LCA

Engineered nanomaterials

Carbon nanotubes

Nanocomposite

%X The use of engineered nanomaterials offers advantages as well as disadvantages from a sustainability perspective. 

It is important to identify such points as early as possible in order to be able to build on existing strengths, while 

counteracting disadvantages. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a suitable method to assess the environmental 

performance of a product or process. But so far studies applying LCA to the area of nanotechnology have been scarce. 

One reason might be that the LCA framework has a whole list of issues that need further precision in order to be 

applicable to nanotechnologies: system boundaries and a functional unit have to be chosen in a way that allows one to 

do a comparison of equal functionalities; adequate and comprehensive life cycle inventory data for engineered 

nanomaterials are the key on the level of inventory analysis; and the impact assessment step requires a clear definition 

of the degree of detail on the level of nanoparticle emissions. The LCA studies existing thus far in the area of 

nanotechnology have barely begun to cover all these aspects. Thus, in order to improve the current situation, the 

authors propose to go ahead in each of the LCA stages as far as scientific advances allow. For the inventory modelling 

this means e.g. that comprehensive, transparently documented and quality ensured data of the most important 

engineered nanomaterials should be collected and made available in a widely-accepted format. Concerning 

nanoparticle emissions, as many parameters as possible have to be collected pertaining to the production, use, and the 

disposal phase of these engineered nanomaterials. Furthermore, on the level of impact assessment, relevant physical 

characteristics have to be identified for a toxicity assessment of nanoparticles and a consensus has to be found for a 

limited but sufficient number of independent parameters influencing toxicity to be collected.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712003324

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969712003324/1-s2.0-S0048969712003324-main.pdf?_tid=6ba9a29c-d1fa-11e2-8d34-

00000aab0f27&acdnat=1370888605_389e0889fd3f3ed5bb4e7da0bc8fbb40

%0 Conference Paper

%A Heideman, W.

%A Bar-Ilan, O.

%A Peterson, R.

%A Pedersen, J.

%A Robert, H.

%D 2012

%T TiO2 Nanoparticle Exposure and Illumination During Zebrafish Development: Mortality at Parts per Billion 

Concentrations

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) can be activated by photons to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Exposure to TiO2NPs and illumination has the potential to produce cumulative cellular damage. To test this, we 

exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to two commercial TiO2NP preparations at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10,000

ng/ml over a 23-day period. This short period spans all of embryogenesis, larval development, and metamorphosis into 

the juvenile/ adult body plan. During this exposure, some groups of exposed fish were also illuminated with a metal 

halide lamp that simulates solar irradiation below the surface of shallow water. TiO2NP exposure produced significant 

mortality at 1 ng/ml. As expected, this toxicity was photo-dependent. The LC50 values for the two TiO2NP 

preparations were 14 ng/mL (95% CI: 0-400), and 268 ng/mL (95% CI: 50-2803). Toxicity included stunted growth, 
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delayed metamorphosis, malformations, organ pathology, and DNA damage. TiO2NPs were found in the gills and gut, 

and elsewhere. Toxic responses were observed in gills, liver, and skin—where exposure to TiO2NPs is highest. The 

two preparations differed in particle diameter (12.1 ± 3.7 nm and 23.3 ± 9.8 nm), but produced aggregates in the 1 μm 

range, and both were taken up to approximately the same extent, in a dose-dependent manner. Illuminated particles 

produced a time-and dose-dependent increase in 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts, consistent with 

cumulative ROS damage. Zebrafish take up TiO2NPs from the aqueous environment even at low ng/ml concentrations,

and these particles, when illuminated in the violet-near UV range produce cumulative toxicity.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 118

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Hanna, S.K.

%A Miller, R.J.

%A Lenihan, H.S.

%D 2012

%T Fate, transport, and toxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials in a soft-sediment estuarine system

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) often possess unique physicochemical properties compared with their larger 

counterparts and are being incorporated into commercial and industrial products at an accelerating pace. Rising 

production and use of these products will lead to increased environmental release, exposure, and possible accumulation

of ENMs in estuarine and marine sediments. We examined the fate, transport, and toxicity of three prevalent metal 

oxide ENMs, zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and nickel oxide (NiO) in estuarine microcosms containing 

amphipods, Leptocheirus plumulosus, as a means of estimating potential impacts of ENM exposure on an ecologically 

and toxicologically relevant species. Amphipods are important prey for a number of different species and are essential 

in sediment mixing in coastal environments. We exposed amphipods to concentrations of ENMs ranging from 100 to 

2000 mg kg-1 in sediment for 10 days. We determined amphipod mortality and collected surviving amphipods as well 

as water and sediment samples to determine the fate and transport of the ENMs. Mortality of amphipods increased 

with increasing ZnO and CuO ENM concentrations but we found no similar relationship for NiO ENMs. The LC50 of 

ZnO and CuO ENMs were 770 and 870 mg L-1 respectively, which is comparable with that of ionic Zn found in a 

previous study but higher than expected for Cu. Amphipods exposed to higher concentrations of ZnO, CuO, and NiO 

ENMs in sediment accumulated greater amounts of Zn, Cu, and Ni, but had higher concentrations of Cu than any other

metal tested. Zn, Cu, and Ni concentrations in pore water and overlying water samples also increased with increasing 

ENM concentrations. We found up to nine times more Zn

in water samples than Cu or Ni, suggesting that ZnO ENMs dissolve more

rapidly than the others. We conclude that dissolution of ENMs is the main

factor contributing to toxicity in L. plumulosus but that amphipods accumulate dissolved as well as particulate metals, 

suggesting possible exposure pathways to higher taxa.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP199

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Handy, Richard D.

%A Cornelis, Geert

%A Fernandes, Teresa

%A Tsyusko, Olga

%A Decho, Alan
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%A Sabo-Attwood, Tara

%A Metcalfe, Chris

%A Steevens, Jeffery A.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%A Koelmans, Albert A.

%A Horne, Nina

%D 2012

%T Ecotoxicity test methods for engineered nanomaterials: Practical experiences and recommendations from the 

bench

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 15-31

%! Ecotoxicity test methods for engineered nanomaterials: Practical experiences and recommendations from the bench

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.706

%K Nanoparticle

Ecotoxicity test method

Validation

Bioaccumulation

%X Ecotoxicology research is using many methods for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), but the collective 

experience from researchers has not been documented. This paper reports the practical issues for working with ENMs 

and suggests nano-specific modifications to protocols. The review considers generic practical issues, as well as 

specific issues for aquatic tests, marine grazers, soil organisms, and bioaccumulation studies. Current procedures for 

cleaning glassware are adequate, but electrodes are problematic. The maintenance of exposure concentration is 

challenging, but can be achieved with some ENMs. The need to characterize the media during experiments is 

identified, but rapid analytical methods are not available to do this. The use of sonication and natural/synthetic 

dispersants are discussed. Nano-specific biological endpoints may be developed for a tiered monitoring scheme to 

diagnose ENM exposure or effect. A case study of the algal growth test highlights many small deviations in current 

regulatory test protocols that are allowed (shaking, lighting, mixing methods), but these should be standardized for 

ENMs. Invertebrate (Daphnia) tests should account for mechanical toxicity of ENMs. Fish tests should consider 

semistatic exposure to minimize wastewater and animal husbandry. The inclusion of a benthic test is recommended for 

the base set of ecotoxicity tests with ENMs. The sensitivity of soil tests needs to be increased for ENMs and shortened

for logistics reasons; improvements include using Caenorhabditis elegans, aquatic media, and metabolism endpoints in 

the plant growth tests. The existing bioaccumulation tests are conceptually flawed and require considerable 

modification, or a new test, to work for ENMs. Overall, most methodologies need some amendments, and 

recommendations are made to assist researchers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:15–31. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.706

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.706/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Griffitt, Robert J.

%A Brown-Peterson, Nancy J.

%A Savin, Daniel A.

%A Manning, C. Steve

%A Boube, Idrissa

%A Ryan, R. A.

%A Brouwer, Marius

%D 2012

%T Effects of chronic nanoparticulate silver exposure to adult and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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%V 31

%N 1

%P 160-167

%! Effects of chronic nanoparticulate silver exposure to adult and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.709

%K Nanoparticle

Nanosilver

Nanotoxicity

Sheepshead minnow

%X The use of nanoparticulate silver (AgNP) is increasingly widespread and recently has been shown to have a 

plausible release route into aquatic environments. To date, relatively little research has examined the effects of AgNP 

on estuarine fish. The authors present data indicating that chronic exposure to low levels of AgNP induces significant 

adverse effects in both juvenile and adult sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegarus; SHMs). Chronic exposure to 

low levels of AgNP produced significant increases in tissue burdens in both juvenile and adult SHMs, resulting in 

significant thickening of epithelia gill tissue and in dramatically altered gene expression profiles. The results do not 

appear to be attributable to the release of silver ions through particle dissolution. The alteration in gene expression was 

greatest in adult gonads, but no evidence of AgNP-related dysfunction was found at the tissue level. In contrast, the 

authors found a significant effect on gill morphology, but very little evidence of effect on gill transcription profiles. 

Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:160–167. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.709

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.709/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Grieger, Khara D.

%A Laurent, Alexis

%A Miseljic, Mirko

%A Christensen, Frans

%A Baun, Anders

%A Olsen, Stig I.

%D 2012

%T Analysis of current research addressing complementary use of life-cycle assessment and risk assessment for 

engineered nanomaterials: have lessons been learned from previous experience with chemicals?

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 7

%! Analysis of current research addressing complementary use of life-cycle assessment and risk assessment for 

engineered nanomaterials: have lessons been learned from previous experience with chemicals?

%@ 1388-0764

1572-896X

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-0958-6

%U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0958-6

%0 Journal Article

%A Gondikas, Andreas P.

%A Morris, Amanda

%A Reinsch, Brian C.

%A Marinakos, Stella M.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.
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%A Hsu-Kim, Heileen

%D 2012

%T Cysteine-Induced Modifications of Zero-valent Silver Nanomaterials: Implications for Particle Surface Chemistry, 

Aggregation, Dissolution, and Silver Speciation

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7037-7045

%8 2012/07/03

%! Cysteine-Induced Modifications of Zero-valent Silver Nanomaterials: Implications for Particle Surface Chemistry, 

Aggregation, Dissolution, and Silver Speciation

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es3001757

%X The persistence of silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments and their subsequent impact on organisms depends

on key transformation processes, which include aggregation, dissolution, and surface modifications by metalcomplexing ligands. Here, we studied how cysteine, an amino acid representative of thiol ligands that bind monovalent

silver, can alter the surface chemistry, aggregation, and dissolution of zero-valent silver nanoparticles. We compared 

nanoparticles synthesized with two coatings, citrate and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP), and prepared nanoparticle 

suspensions (approximately 8 ?M total Ag) containing an excess of cysteine (400 ?M). Within 48 h, up to 47% of the 

silver had dissolved, as indicated by filtration of the samples with a 0.025-?m filter. Initial dissolution rates were 

calculated from the increase of dissolved silver concentration when particles were exposed to cysteine and normalized 

to the available surface area of nanoparticles in solution. In general, the rates of dissolution were almost 3 times faster 

for citrate-coated nanoparticles relative to PVP-coated nanoparticles. Rates tended to be slower in solutions with 

higher ionic strength in which the nanoparticles were aggregating. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of the 

particles suggested that cysteine adsorbed to silver nanoparticles surfaces through the formation of Ag(+I)?sulfhydryl 

bonds. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of modifications by sulfhydryl-containing ligands that 

can drastically influence the long-term reactivity of silver nanoparticles in the aquatic environment and their 

bioavailability to exposed organisms. Our findings demonstrate the need to consider multiple interlinked 

transformation processes when assessing the bioavailability, environmental risks, and safety of nanoparticles, 

particularly in the presence of metal-binding ligands.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3001757

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3001757

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Glenn, J. Brad

%A White, Sarah A.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%D 2012

%T Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 194-201

%! Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.728

%K Nanoparticle

Aquatic macrophyte

Trophic transfer

Gold

Sorption
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%X The partitioning of 4- and 18-nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to aquatic macrophytes was investigated in vivo 

with exposure suspension in well water. Three morphologically distinct aquatic macrophytes were studied. 

Myriophyllum simulans Orch. and Egeria densa Planch. are submerged aquatic vascular plants, whereas Azolla 

caroliniana Willd. is a free-floating aquatic fern. Because aquatic plants absorb the majority of their nutrients from the 

water column, it is logical to hypothesize that they may absorb nanomaterials in suspension, potentially facilitating 

trophic transfer. Each plant was exposed to two different-sized gold nanospheres at a nominal concentration of 250 

μg/L AuNPs for 24 h. Macrophytes were harvested at six time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h), dried, and then 

analyzed for gold concentration via inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Concentrations were normalized to

whole-plant dry tissue mass. The present study shows that absorption of AuNPs through root uptake was size and 

species dependent. Electron microscopy revealed that 4- and 18-nm AuNPs adsorbed to the roots of each species. Root

tissue was sectioned, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that 4-nm and 18-nm AuNPs were absorbed by 

A. caroliniana, whereas only 4-nm AuNPs were absorbed by M. simulans. Egeria densa did not absorb AuNPs of 

either size. Gold nanoparticles were confirmed in tissue by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Absorption of 

AuNPs by plants may be a function of the salinity tolerance of each species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:194–

201. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.728

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.728/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Gavankar, Sheetal

%A Suh, Sangwon

%A Keller, ArturoF

%D 2012

%T Life cycle assessment at nanoscale: review and recommendations

%J The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

%V 17

%N 3

%P 295-303

%8 2012/03/01

%! Life cycle assessment at nanoscale: review and recommendations

%Z Int J Life Cycle Assess

%@ 0948-3349

%R 10.1007/s11367-011-0368-5

%K LCA of engineered nanomaterials

LCI of engineered nanomaterials

LCIA of engineered nanomaterials

Nanomaterial fate

Transport

Toxicity

%Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0368-5

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11367-011-0368-5

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Gao, Jie

%A Llaneza, Veronica

%A Youn, Sejin

%A Silvera-Batista, Carlos A.

%A Ziegler, Kirk J.
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%A Bonzongo, Jean-Claude J.

%D 2012

%T Aqueous suspension methods of carbon-based nanomaterials and biological effects on model aquatic organisms

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 210-214

%! Aqueous suspension methods of carbon-based nanomaterials and biological effects on model aquatic organisms

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.704

%K Fullerene

Single-walled carbon nanotube

Dispersing agents

Nanotoxicity

%X The preparation of aqueous suspensions of carbon-based nanomaterials (NMs) requires the use of dispersing 

agents to overcome their hydrophobic character. Although studies on the toxicity of NMs have focused primarily on 

linking the characteristics of particles to biological responses, the role of dispersing agents has been overlooked. This 

study assessed the biological effects of a number of commonly used dispersing agents on Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model test organisms. The results show that for a given organism, NM toxicity 

can be mitigated by use of nontoxic surfactants, and that a multispecies approach is necessary to account for the 

sensitivity of different organisms. In addition to the intrinsic physicochemical properties of NMs, exposure studies 

should take into account the effects of used dispersing fluids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:210–214. © 2011 

SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.704

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.704/abstract

%0 Conference Paper

%A Galloway, T.S.

%A Dogra, S.

%A Larner, F.

%A Dybowska, A.

%A Valsami Jones, E.

%A Rehkamper, M.

%A Lead, J.

%A Stohlpe, B.

%A Tyler, C.

%D 2012

%T Tracing bioavailability of metal oxide nanoparticles using stable isotope labeling

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Metal oxide nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in industrial applications and consumer products, and there 

is a pressing need for risk assessments for human and environmental health. For many metals, high background 

concentrations in natural systems hinder the interpretation of exposure studies at environmentally relevant exposure 

concentrations. Aim: To study the bioaccumulation and biological effects of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a model 

invertebrate test species, using stable isotope tracing methods with high detection sensitivities. Methods: The 

amphipod Corophium volutator (mud shrimp) is an OECD test species and constituent of the marine food web. 68ZnO 

NPs were synthesised using wet chemistry. We exposed C. volutator in simple microcosms to DEG- 68ZnO NPs 

(diam 30nm), and 68ZnO in bulk and soluble forms for 10 days, and evaluated the partitioning of particles/ionic Zn 

between water column, sediment and body tissues. Coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), TEM and EDX 

helped establish the uptake and tissue distribution of particles in situ. Multiple collector ICP-MS was used to evaluate 

the Zn isotopic ratios in samples. Results: Our results show that uptake of 68Zn from particles into storage tissues of 

the organism is active, and appears to proceed through normal physiological processes. Comparable work with 109Ag 
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is underway and we will also present our latest results with this material. Conclusions: Our work illustrates the 

sensitivity of stable isotope tracking for studying nanoparticles in complex environmental settings and offers insight 

into the biological methods used to detoxify metal oxides and NPs in vivo.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 206

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Gaiser, Birgit K.

%A Fernandes, Teresa F.

%A Jepson, Mark A.

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%A Tyler, Charles R.

%A Baalousha, Mohammed

%A Biswas, Anamika

%A Britton, Graham J.

%A Cole, Paula A.

%A Johnston, Blair D.

%A Ju-Nam, Yon

%A Rosenkranz, Philipp

%A Scown, Tessa M.

%A Stone, Vicki

%D 2012

%T Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 144-154

%! Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.703

%K Nanoparticles

Nanotoxicology

In vitro toxicology

Aquatic toxicology

Metal toxicity

%X An increasing number and quantity of manufactured nanoparticles are entering the environment as the diversity of 

their applications increases, and this will lead to the exposure of both humans and wildlife. However, little is known 

regarding their potential health effects. We compared the potential biological effects of silver (Ag; nominally 35 and 

600–1,600 nm) and cerium dioxide (CeO2; nominally <25 nm and 1–5 μm) particles in a range of cell (human 

hepatocyte and intestinal and fish hepatocyte) and animal (Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio) models to assess possible 

commonalities in toxicity across taxa. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to characterize the particles 

and investigate their biological uptake. Silver particles were more toxic than CeO2 in all test systems, and an 

equivalent mass dose of Ag nanoparticles was more toxic than larger micro-sized material. Cellular uptake of all 

materials tested was shown in C3A hepatocytes and Caco-2 intestinal cells, and for Ag, into the intestine, liver, 

gallbladder, and gills of carp exposed via the water. The commonalities in toxicity of these particle types across diverse

biological systems suggest that cross-species extrapolations may be possible for metal nanoparticle test development in

the future. Our findings also suggest transport of particles through the gastrointestinal barrier, which is likely to be an 

important uptake route when assessing particle risk. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:144–154. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.703

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.703/abstract
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%0 Journal Article

%A Fvd, Kammer

%A PL, Ferguson

%A PA, Holden

%A A, Masion

%A KR, Rogers

%A Klaine, SJ

%A Koelmans AA

%A Horne, M

%A Unrine, JM

%D 2012

%T Analysis of Engineered Nanomaterials in Complex Matrices (Environment & Biota): General Considerations 

Considerations and Conceptual Case Studies

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%P 32-49

%! Analysis of Engineered Nanomaterials in Complex Matrices (Environment & Biota): General Considerations 

Considerations and Conceptual Case Studies

%0 Conference Paper

%A Furtado, L.

%A E.Hoque

%A Hintelmann, H.

%A Metcalfe, C.D.

%D 2012

%T Environmental fate of silver nanoparticles in littoral mesocosms

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in textiles and in medical applications for their antimicrobial 

properties. There is concern that AgNPs will be released from these products and enter aquatic ecosystems via 

municipal and industrial wastewaters, and these discharges will put aquatic organisms at risk. In order to accurately 

define these risks, the environmental fate of AgNPs once they enter a freshwater ecosystem must be understood. 

AgNPs discharged into water can remain as isolated particles, aggregate with other particles (homo-aggregation) or 

with suspended particulates (hetero-aggregation) and/or release dissolved silver (e.g. Ag+). These chemical 

transformations will dictate the environmental fate and resulting ecological risks associated with release of these 

contaminants of emerging concern. However, there are currently few analytical methods that can be used to 

characterize both the size and the form of AgNPs in aquatic matrixes. In laboratory experiments, we refined “cloud 

point extraction” as a technique to pre-concentrate AgNPs suspended in water. Using this method, we extracted 

AgNPs capped with different agents at efficiencies >75%, while not extracting dissolved silver present in the water. 

Studies are currently underway to determine whether extracted AgNPs retain their size characteristics. This cloud point

extraction technique as well as ultra-filtration are being used to characterize the transformations and distribution of 

AgNPs in mesocosms deployed in a natural lake environment as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS) 

project in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of northwestern Ontario. Twelve littoral mesocosms (2 m diameters x 2 

m depth) were installed in Lake 239 at ELA to evaluate the fate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) versus citrate capped 

AgNPs. After sample processing using both ultrafiltration and cloud point extraction, water samples are being analyzed

by ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of silver in both dissolved form and nanoform. The results from this study 

will be presented and related to assessments of the risks associated with the release of AgNPs into the aquatic 

environment.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract MP272

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf
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%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Fisichella, Matthieu

%A Berenguer, Frederic

%A Steinmetz, Gerard

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Rose, Jerome

%A Prat, Odette

%D 2012

%T Intestinal toxicity evaluation of TiO2 degraded surface-treated nanoparticles: a combined physico-chemical and 

toxicogenomics approach in caco-2 cells

%J Particle and Fibre Toxicology

%V 9

%N 1

%P 18

%8 2012

%! Intestinal toxicity evaluation of TiO2 degraded surface-treated nanoparticles: a combined physico-chemical and 

toxicogenomics approach in caco-2 cells

%R 10.1186/1743-8977-9-18

%X BACKGROUND: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used due to their specific properties, 

like UV filters in sunscreen. In that particular case TiO2 NPs are surface modified to avoid photocatalytic effects. 

These surface-treated nanoparticles (STNPs) spread in the environment and might release NPs as degradation residues.

Indeed, degradation by the environment (exposure to UV, water and air contact ...) will occur and could profoundly 

alter the physicochemical properties of STNPs such as chemistry, size, shape, surface structure and dispersion that are 

important parameters for toxicity. Although the toxicity of surface unmodified TiO2 NPs has been documented, 

nothing was done about degraded TiO2 STNPs which are the most likely to be encountered in environment. The 

superoxide production by aged STNPs suspensions was tested and compared to surface unmodified TiO2 NPs. We 

investigated the possible toxicity of commercialized STNPs, degraded by environmental conditions, on human 

intestinal epithelial cells. STNPs sizes and shape were characterized and viability tests were performed on Caco-2 cells

exposed to STNPs. The exposed cells were imaged with SEM and STNPs internalization was researched by TEM. 

Gene expression microarray analyses were performed to look for potential changes in cellular functions. RESULTS: 

The production of reactive oxygen species was detected with surface unmodified TiO2 NPs but not with STNPs or 

their residues. Through three different toxicity assays, the STNPs tested, which have a strong tendency to aggregate in 

complex media, showed no toxic effect in Caco-2 cells after exposures to STNPs up to 100 μg/mL over 4 h, 24 h and 

72 h. The cell morphology remained intact, attested by SEM, and internalization of STNPs was not seen by TEM. 

Moreover gene expression analysis using pangenomic oligomicroarrays (4x 44000 genes) did not show any change 

versus unexposed cells after exposure to 10 μg/ mL, which is much higher than potential environmental concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS: TiO2 STNPs, degraded or not, are not harmful to Caco-2 cells and are unlikely to penetrate the 

body via oral route. It is likely that the strong persistence of the aluminium hydroxide layer surrounding these 

nanoparticles protects the cells from a direct contact with the potentially phototoxic TiO2 core.

%U http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/pdf/1743-8977-9-18.pdf

%0 Conference Paper

%A Fischer, J.

%A Hoque, E.

%A Metcalfe, C.D.

%A Hintelmann, H.

%D 2012

%T A Comparison of Passive Sampling Devices for Dissolved and Nanoform Silver in the Aquatic Environment
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%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X The use of silver nanoparticles in consumer products, industrial

applications and health care technology is rapidly growing, due to their high catalytic activity and strong bactericidal 

properties. With such widespread usage, their inadvertent release into the environment is unavoidable. Since the 

majority of silver nanoparticles in consumer products enter sewer systems and then are potentially released through 

waste-water treatment plants, assessments of environmental impacts are primarily focused on exposures to silver in 

water. It has been shown that ng/L concentrations of silver nanoparticles and dissolved silver can inhibit the growth of 

bacterial communities, and may be toxic to invertebrates and fish, but there are no currently available analytical 

techniques that can detect these low concentrations in aquatic matrixes. To move forward with an environmental risk 

assessment of silver nanoparticles, it is essential to develop pre-concentration techniques that can be used to quantify 

trace concentrations of silver in

water in nanoform and in dissolved form. We developed and tested three types of passive samplers for the selective 

detection of dissolved silver and silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments, including Diffusive Gradient in Thin 

Film (DGT) probes using chelex and thiol resins, Chemcatcher devices using chelating and anionic sorption disks, and 

surfaces impregnated with carboxylic and amine functionalized carbon nanotubes. Experiments in the laboratory 

compared the uptake of citrate- and PVP-capped nanoparticles, and dissolved silver. Studies are currently underway to

field test the most promising passive sampling devices in the Grand River watershed, which receives discharges from 

26 waste-water treatment plants in the Kitchener-Waterloo region of Ontario and in mesocosms deployed in a lake in 

the Experimental Lakes Area of Ontario as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS) project. Optimized 

techniques with passive samplers will provide estimates of time-averaged concentrations in water and will preconcentrate the analytes to levels that can be detected using ICP-MS analysis. Results from laboratory experiments 

and field measurements will be presented and compared. This work is an important step for risk assessment

of silver nanoparticles in the environment.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP259

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Engeman, Cassandra D

%A Baumgartner, Lynn

%A Carr, Benjamin M

%A Fish, Allison M

%A Meyerhofer, John D

%A Satterfield, Terre A

%A Holden, Patricia A

%A Harthorn, Barbara Herr

%D 2012

%T Governance implications of nanomaterials companies’ inconsistent risk perceptions and safety practices

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 3

%P 1-12

%8 2012/02/09

%! Governance implications of nanomaterials companies’ inconsistent risk perceptions and safety practices

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-0749-0

%] 749

%K Environmental health and safety (EH&S) practices

Risk perception

Regulation
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Government guidance

Worker safety

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0749-0

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0749-0

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Eckelman, Matthew J.

%A Mauter, Meagan S.

%A Isaacs, Jacqueline A.

%A Elimelech, Menachem

%D 2012

%T New Perspectives on Nanomaterial Aquatic Ecotoxicity: Production Impacts Exceed Direct Exposure Impacts for 

Carbon Nanotoubes

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 5

%P 2902-2910

%8 2012/03/06

%! New Perspectives on Nanomaterial Aquatic Ecotoxicity: Production Impacts Exceed Direct Exposure Impacts for 

Carbon Nanotoubes

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203409a

%X Environmental impacts due to engineered nanomaterials arise both from releases of the nanomaterials themselves 

as well as from their synthesis. In this work, we employ the USEtox model to quantify and compare aquatic 

ecotoxicity impacts over the life cycle of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). USEtox is an integrated multimedia fate, transport,

and toxicity model covering large classes of organic and inorganic substances. This work evaluates the impacts of nonCNT emissions from three methods of synthesis (arc ablation, CVD, and HiPco), and compares these to the modeled 

ecotoxicity of CNTs released to the environment. Parameters for evaluating CNT ecotoxicity are bounded by a highly 

conservative ?worst case? scenario and a ?realistic? scenario that draws from existing literature on CNT fate, transport,

and ecotoxicity. The results indicate that the ecotoxicity impacts of nanomaterial production processes are roughly 

equivalent to the ecotoxicity of CNT releases under the unrealistic worst case scenario, while exceeding the results of 

the realistic scenario by 3 orders of magnitude. Ecotoxicity from production processes is dominated by emissions of 

metals from electricity generation. Uncertainty exists for both production and release stages, and is modeled using a 

combination of Monte Carlo simulation and scenario analysis. The results of this analysis underscore the contributions 

of existing work on CNT fate and transport, as well as the importance of life cycle considerations in allocating time 

and resources toward research on mitigating the impacts of novel materials.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203409a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203409a

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Doudrick, Kyle

%A Herckes, Pierre

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%D 2012

%T Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 22
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%P 12246-12253

%8 2012/11/20

%! Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es300804f

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300804f

%[2013/12/31

%0 Journal Article

%A Dotson, Aaron

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%D 2012

%T Character and Treatment of Organic Colloids in Challenging and Impacted Drinking Water Sources

%J Journal of Environmental Engineering

%V 138

%N 4

%P 393-401

%! Character and Treatment of Organic Colloids in Challenging and Impacted Drinking Water Sources

%@ 0733-9372

1943-7870

%R 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000489

%0 Journal Article

%A Diagne, Fatou

%A Malaisamy, Ramamoorthy

%A Boddie, Vic

%A Holbrook, R. David

%A Eribo, Broderick

%A Jones, Kimberly L.

%D 2012

%T Polyelectrolyte and Silver Nanoparticle Modification of Microfiltration Membranes To Mitigate Organic and 

Bacterial Fouling

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 7

%P 4025 - 4033

%8 04/2012

%! Polyelectrolyte and Silver Nanoparticle Modification of Microfiltration Membranes To Mitigate Organic and 

Bacterial Fouling

%R 10.1021/es203945v

%X Membrane fouling remains one of the most problematic issues surrounding membrane use in water and 

wastewater treatment applications. Organic and biological fouling contribute to irreversible fouling and flux decline in 

these processes. The aim of this study was to reduce both organic and biological fouling by modifying the surface of 

commercially available poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes using the polyelectrolyte multilayer modification method 

with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), and silver nanoparticles 

(nanoAg) integrated onto the surface as stable, thin (15 nm) films. PSS increases the hydrophilicity of the membrane 

and increases the negative surface charge, while integration of nanoAg into the top PSS layer imparts biocidal 

characteristics to the modified surface. Fouling was simulated by filtering aqueous solutions of humic acid (5 and 20 

mg L–1), a suspension of Escherichia coli (106 colony-forming units (CFU) mL–1), and a mixture of both foulants 

through unmodified and modified PES membranes under batch conditions. Filtration and cleaning studies confirmed 
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that the modification significantly reduced organic and biological fouling.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203945v

%0 Journal Article

%A Das, Pranab

%A Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.

%A Williams, Clayton J.

%A Hoque, Md Ehsanul

%A Metcalfe, Chris D.

%D 2012

%T Effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterial activity in natural waters

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 122-130

%! Effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterial activity in natural waters

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.716

%K Nanosilver

Silver

Nanomaterial

Bacterial production

Toxicity

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may be introduced into aquatic ecosystems because of their widespread use as 

antimicrobial agents. However, few studies have investigated the impacts of AgNPs on natural aquatic microbial 

activity in an environmentally relevant context. In this study, bacterioplankton were collected from nine aquatic 

habitats and exposed to six concentrations of carboxy-functionalized AgNP (ViveNano, 10-nm particle size, 20% Ag 

w/w) over 48 h. After 1 h of exposure, bacterial production and extracellular alkaline phosphatase affinity were 

significantly reduced in all AgNP-exposed samples. However, across a 48-h exposure, extracellular aminopeptidase 

affinity was not consistently impacted by AgNPs. After 48 h, bacterial production recovered by 40 to 250% at low 

AgNP nominal concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 mg/L) but remained inhibited at the two highest AgNP nominal 

concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L). In contrast, AgNO3 additions between 0.01 to 2 mg Ag/L fully inhibited bacterial 

production over the 48-h exposure. At 48-h exposure, the lowest observed effective concentrations and average median

effective concentration for bacterial production ranged from 8 to 66 and 15 to 276 μg Ag/L, respectively. Thus, in 

natural aquatic systems, AgNP concentrations in the nanogram per liter range are unlikely to negatively impact aquatic

biogeochemical cycles. Instead, exposures in the low microgram per liter range would likely be required to negatively 

impact natural aquatic bacterioplankton processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:122–130. © 2011 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.716

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.716/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Wang, Si-Yi

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Bernhardt, Emily S.

%D 2012

%T Antimicrobial effects of commercial silver nanoparticles are attenuated in natural streamwater and sediment

%J Ecotoxicology

%V 21
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%N 7

%P 1867 - 1877

%8 10/2012

%! Antimicrobial effects of commercial silver nanoparticles are attenuated in natural streamwater and sediment

%R 10.1007/s10646-012-0920-5

%X Given the demonstrated antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the key role that 

microorganisms play in performing critical ecosystem functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, there is 

growing concern that AgNP pollution may negatively impact ecosystems. We examined the response of streamwater 

and sediment microorganisms to commercially available 21 ± 17 nm AgNPs, and compared AgNP impacts to those of 

dissolved-Ag added as AgNO3. We show that in streamwater, AgNPs and AgNO3 decreased respiration in proportion 

to dissolved-Ag concentrations at the end of the incubation (r2 = 0.78), while in sediment the only measurable effect 

of AgNPs was a 14 % decrease in sulfate concentration. This contrasts with the stronger effects of dissolved-Ag 

additions in both streamwater and sediment. In streamwater, addition of dissolved-Ag at a level equivalent to the 

lowest AgNP dose led to respiration below detection, a 55 % drop in phosphatase enzyme activity, and a 10-fold 

increase in phosphate concentration. In sediment, AgNO3 addition at a level equivalent to the highest AgNP addition 

led to a 34 % decrease in respiration, a 55 % increase in microbial biomass, and a shift in bacterial community 

composition. The results of this study suggest that, in similar freshwater environments, the short-term biological 

impacts of AgNPs on microbes are attenuated by the physical and chemical properties of streamwater and sediment.

%U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10646-012-0920-5

%0 Conference Paper

%A Coleman, J.G.

%A Kennedy, A.J. 

%A Laird, J.D. 

%A Bednar, A.J. 

%A Ranville, J.F. 

%A Harmon, A.

%D 2012

%T Nano Particle Dispersion, Aggregation, and Bio-concentration within Whole Body and Target Organs of Aquatic 

Organisms

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X As the production and applications of nanomaterials increase, it is essential to characterize the fate, transport, and 

effects in environmental systems and

ecological receptor organisms. Our objective was to investigate the impact and target location of military-relevant 

nanoparticles within fish (Pimephales promelas, Danio rerio) and worms (Lumbriculus variegates) following a direct, 

aquatic exposure. The present study utilized multiple detection instruments including single particle detection and field 

flow fractionation (FFF) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Dynamic Light 

Scattering (DLS), and CytoViva® hyperspectralmicroscopy to determine particle location, size, and concentration in 

treatments and target organs such as the gills, gut, and tissue. The extensive characterization techniques were 

combined to assess potential for aggregation/dispersion within in vivo systems and detect target areas of bioconcentration. Treatment suspensions with various nanoparticles were created in serial dilutions of synthetic 

freshwater media with bath sonication (1 hour), P. promelas and D. rerio were exposed to 23 nm nano titanium dioxide

(TiO2), 20-30 nm polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated nano silver, and 41 nm bovine serum albumin (BSA) nano gold 

for 96 hours at 25 ppm utilizing a continuous delivery system. Lumbriculus variegates (n=3) were exposed to 30 nm 

and 70 nm PVP coated silver for 24 hours at a 5 ppm concentration. Post exposure, L. variegates were depurated for 0, 

8, 24, and 48 hours to assess relative gut residency time and potential to cross the digestive track into body tissue. In D.

rerio and P. promelas, presence of nanoparticle aggregates was confirmed in the gut and gills of exposed fish. Particle 

retention in L. variegates up to 48 hours was confirmed with the single particle detection-FFF and ICP-MS; 

hyperspectral imaging detected PVP particles within the gut compartment and potential translocation across the gut 

lining into tissue. Additionally, FFF of the L. variegates suggested degradation of 70 nm PVP silver, resulting in a 50-

60 nm particle, potential degradation mechanisms are being investigated. The proposed research will aide in 
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determining bioaccumulation factors for nanomaterials within aquatic organisms and provide information about how 

these materials may enter the food chain through trophic transfer.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 95

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Cole, B. 

%A Miller, R.J.

%A Martin, T.

%A Nesbit, R.

%A Lenihan, H.

%A Cherr, G.

%D 2012

%T Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Marine Phytoplankton

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Potential impacts of engineered nanomaterials on the marine environment are largely unknown. Determining what 

these impacts may be is a complicated endeavor that is made more difficult by the nearly limitless diversity in size, 

shape, and composition of nanomaterials. To determine these impacts we have examined the effects of long-term lowdose exposures of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials on marine phytoplankton. Phyoplankton are fundamental to 

assessing ocean health as they are the basis of most marine foodwebs, so even subtle changes in growth rates can have

large outcomes when scaled up to population or ecosystem levels. Endpoints examined in this study were chosen with 

the aim of linking cellular targets of toxicity with population and ecosystem level effects so as to provide a broad scale

perspective on this issue. We have adapted a suite of fluorescence based assays for cellular

targets of cytotoxicity in two species of phytoplankton. These assays can be performed in high-content screens using a

fluorescence plate reader, thus facilitating rapid and inexpensive examination of a large number of nanomaterials. 

Specific cytotoxicity targets include reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell 

death. Additionally we have determined the population growth rates and decreases in photosystem efficiency in 

phytoplankton exposed to nanomaterials. These data can be modeled using dynamic energy budgets to predict 

ecosystem-wide impacts. In combination these assays provide a framework for testing the environmental impacts of 

nanomaterials on marine phytoplankton across a broad yet interdependent range of scales.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 291

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Clark, Katherine

%A Tongeren, Martie

%A Christensen, FransM

%A Brouwer, Derk

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Micheletti, Christian

%A Schmid, Kaspar

%A Gerritsen, Rianda

%A Aitken, Rob

%A Vaquero, Celina

%A Gkanis, Vasileios

%A Housiadas, Christos
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%A Ipiña, JesúsMaríaLópez

%A Riediker, Michael

%D 2012

%T Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-specific exposure estimation and scenarios: 

recommendations for improved reporting practices

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 9

%P 1-14

%8 2012/08/31

%! Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-specific exposure estimation and scenarios: 

recommendations for improved reporting practices

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-0970-x

%] 970

%K Nanomaterials

Exposure assessment

Risk assessment

Modeling

REACH

Environmental and health effects

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0970-x

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0970-x

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Chowdhury, Indranil

%A Cwiertny, David M.

%A Walker, Sharon L.

%D 2012

%T Combined Factors Influencing the Aggregation and Deposition of nano-TiO2 in the Presence of Humic Acid and 

Bacteria

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6968-6976

%8 2012/07/03

%! Combined Factors Influencing the Aggregation and Deposition of nano-TiO2 in the Presence of Humic Acid and 

Bacteria

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2034747

%X This study investigates the contributions of natural organic matter (NOM) and bacteria to the aggregation and 

deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) in aquatic environments. Transport experiments with TNPs were conducted 

in a microscopic parallel plate system and a macroscopic packed-bed column using fluorescently tagged E. coli as a 

model organism and Suwannee River Humic Acid as a representative NOM. Notably, TNPs were labeled with 

fluorescein isothiocyanate allowing particles and cells to be simultaneously visualized with a fluorescent microscope. 

Results from both experimental systems revealed that interactions among TNPs, NOM, and bacteria exhibited a 

significant dependence on solution chemistry (pH 5 and 7) and ion valence (K+ and Ca2+), and that these interactions 

subsequently affect TNPs deposition. NOM and E. coli significantly reduced deposition of TNPs, with NOM having a 

greater stabilizing influence than bacteria. Ca2+ ions played a significant role in these interactions, promoting 

formation of large clusters of TNPs, NOM, and bacteria. TNPs transport in the presence of both NOM and E. coli 
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resulted in much less deposition than in the presence of NOM or E. coli alone, indicating a complex combination of 

interactions involved in stabilization. Generally, over the aquatic conditions considered, the extent of TNPs deposition 

follows: without NOM or bacteria > with bacteria only > with NOM only > combined bacteria and NOM. This trend 

should allow better prediction of the fate of TNPs in complex aquatic systems.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2034747

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2034747

%[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper

%A Choi, S.

%A Eichhorn, J.

%A Johnston, M.V.

%A Huang, C.

%D 2012

%T Qualification and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in municipal wastewater systems

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X In spite of the mass effort focused on the development of engineered nanopartices (ENPs), the amount of 

discharge into and the effect of ENPs on the environment are still yet to be known. This mainly can be attributed to 

the technical difficulties involved in the isolation and detection of ENPs in water and wastewater. This lack of 

technique for the study of free ENPs in wastewater treatment plants has prompted us to carry out the following 

investigation. The main focus of the research was on developing an appropriate methodology for detecting the 

distribution of engineered nano particles in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Sludge was sampled from various

points in several regional

municipal wastewater treatment facilities including the city of Wilmington,

DE, Philadelphia, PA, Baltimore, MD, and Washington DC. The sludge

samples, upon collection, were first cleaned using advanced oxidation

process, by autoclaving in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, to remove

the organic and biological constituents. The organic-free sludge samples

were further cleaned using dialysis to remove salts. The remaining materials,

mostly inorganic by nature, are further characterized for physical and

chemical properties as to identify and quantifying the ENPs. Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were

used to gain information on the type, size, and chemical composition of the

ENPs. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy

(ICP-OES and ICP-MS) technique were used to identify and quantified

the ENPs. Additionally, scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) coupled

with LiquiScan NP nebulizer and condensation particle counter (CPC)

was used to classify the particle size of ENPs. Results showed the presence

of titanium, zinc, iron, and aluminum nanoparticles throughout the entire

wastewater treatment systems, namely, secondary influents, aeration tank,

secondary effluents and sludge. Concentration of metallic ENPs up to a

level of 600 mg/kg -dried sludge was observed. Results also showed that the

ENPs in the sludge had an average diameter of 10-20 nm and the particle

size decreased with the degree of dilution with water indicating the aggregation

nature of the ENPs in the sludge matrix. The number concentration

also increased as the degree of dilution increased, which confirmed the

destabilization of aggregates upon dilution.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 24

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English
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%0 Conference Paper

%A Chen, Y.

%A Capco, D.

%A Chen, Z.

%D 2012

%T Development of an In Vitro Test and a Prototype Model to Predict Cellular Penetration of Nanoparticles

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Concerns regarding the safety and health effects of engineered

nanomaterials arise alongside the booming nanotechnology. This year, we

investigated the toxicity mechanisms of selected nanoparticles (NPs) on a

variety of organisms. 1) We examined the toxicity of metal oxide NPs to

E. coli cells; the results showed that the cytotoxicity was quantitatively correlated

with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NPs. The ROS

generation mechanism was further elucidated by comparing the electronic

structures of the metal oxides with the redox potentials of various ROS

generation. 2) We tested the NP toxicity on Paramecium and found that

surface interactions between NPs and cell surface largely affected the toxicity

of metal oxide NPs to Paramecium. 3) The toxic effects of different sized

hematite NPs on intestinal epithelia were examined and the results indicated

that the epithelial integrity was affected by disruption of epithelial structures

(e.g. apical microvilli) and cell-cell junctions. Epithelial integrity was also affected

at the genetic level as shown by differential expression of genes related

to cell junction maintenance, which was assessed by microarray analysis. 4)

We explored the potential genotoxicity of NPs by investigating the interactions

of NPs (e.g. quantum dots, hematite and silver NPs) with single DNA

molecules using scanning probe techniques. DNA conformation was altered

after the exposure to NPs with the formation of DNA condensates and

DNA loops. The interaction energy between NPs and DNA molecules was

computed, using the surface element integration (SEI) approach, to predict

the affinity of NPs to DNA. The computational predictions agreed well with

the binding phenomena observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This

work should provide unique insights into the toxic effects of engineered

nanomaterials at the cellular level and genetic level.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 18

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Chen, Gexin

%A Liu, Xuyang

%A Su, Chunming

%D 2012

%T Distinct Effects of Humic Acid on Transport and Retention of TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Saturated Sand 

Columns

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 7142-7150

%8 2012/07/03
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%! Distinct Effects of Humic Acid on Transport and Retention of TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Saturated Sand 

Columns

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es204010g

%X The distinct effects of humic acid (HA, 0?10 mg L?1) on the transport of titanium dioxide (rutile) nanoparticles 

(nTiO2) through saturated sand columns were observed under conditions of environmental relevance (ionic strength 3?

200 mM NaCl, pH 5.7 and 9.0). Specifically, the transport of nTiO2 was dramatically enhanced in the presence of HA 

at pH 5.7, even at a low HA concentration of 1 mg L?1. The mobility of nTiO2 was further increased with greater 

concentrations of HA. In contrast, this enhancement of the nTiO2 transportability due to the presence of HA was 

limited at pH 9.0 because of the negligible adsorption of HA onto nTiO2, regardless of the concentrations of HA 

examined in this study. The distinct effects can be explained by the adsorption behaviors of HA to nTiO2 and sand 

surfaces and the resulting interactions between nTiO2 and sand surfaces under different conditions, which resulted in a

large variation of the nTiO2 transport and deposition behaviors at various conditions. In addition, theoretical 

interaction energy calculations and additional elution experiments indicate that the secondary energy minimum played 

an important role in controlling the nTiO2 transport and deposition in porous media observed in this study. Moreover, 

the interaction energy calculations suggest that at pH 5.7, HA affected nTiO2 transport by increasing the negative 

surface charge of nTiO2 at low HA adsorption densities; whereas, combinations of increased electrostatic and steric 

interactions due to the presence of HA were the main mechanisms of enhanced transportability of nTiO2 at high HA 

adsorption densities. Overall, results from this study suggest that natural organic matter and solution pH are likely key 

factors that govern the stability and mobility of nTiO2 in the natural aquatic environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204010g

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204010g

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Chang, Xiaojun

%A Duncan, Laura K.

%A Jinschek, Joerg

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2012

%T Alteration of nC60 in the Presence of Environmentally Relevant Carboxylates

%J Langmuir

%V 28

%N 20

%P 7622-7630

%8 2012/05/22

%! Alteration of nC60 in the Presence of Environmentally Relevant Carboxylates

%@ 0743-7463

%R 10.1021/la3005272

%X C60 forms colloidally stable nanoscale particles (nC60) when mixed with water for extended periods. Past studies 

have shown that macromolecules such as natural organic matter (NOM) and proteins accelerate nC60 formation and 

stabilize the resulting nanoparticles. To better elucidate the mechanisms underlying this behavior, nC60 was produced 

via extended mixing in the presence of sodium citrate and other carboxylates. Carboxyl groups are a predominant 

functional group in many environmentally relevant macromolecules, thus studies examining carboxyl?C60 interactions 

are merited. nC60 produced in the presence of citrate (cit/nC60) and other carboxylates differs from nC60 produced in 

water alone (aq/nC60), exhibiting enhanced negative surface charge, smaller particle size, and different spectroscopic 

characteristics. Importantly, the simultaneous detection of irregular nC60 nanoparticles and small, regularly shaped 

nC60 suggests that mixing-mediated ?top-down? and carboxyl group-mediated ?bottom-up? processes occur 

concurrently when nC60 is produced in the presence of carboxylates and, by extension, in the presence of carboxylatecontaining macromolecules. The ?bottom-up? process is expected to involve molecular C60 or small clusters of C60 

molecules as an important intermediate.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3005272
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la3005272

%[2013/03/25

%0 Report

%A Carr, Bob

%A Hole, Patrick

%A Vincent, Philip

%A Warren, Jeremy

%A Malloy, Andrew

%A Wright, Matthew

%D 2012

%T The EU Definition of Nanomaterial – Potential Measurement Methodologies

%C Minton Park, Amesbury, Wiltshire SP4 7RT, UK

%I NanoSight Ltd

%P 8

%8 May 2012

%! The EU Definition of Nanomaterial – Potential Measurement Methodologies

%U http://www.nanosight.com/applications/eu-definition-of-nanomaterials

%[March 29, 2013

%0 Journal Article

%A Cardinale, Bradley J

%A Bier, Raven

%A Kwan, Courtney

%D 2012

%T Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 8

%P 1-8

%8 2012/07/14

%! Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6

%] 913

%K Titanium dioxide

Nanomaterials

Lakes

Primary production

Nanobiotechnology

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Cardinale, BradleyJ

%A Bier, Raven

%A Kwan, Courtney
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%D 2012

%T Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 14

%N 8

%P 1-8

%8 2012/07/14

%! Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6

%] 913

%K Titanium dioxide

Nanomaterials

Lakes

Primary production

Nanobiotechnology

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Brown, Gordon E.

%A Calas, Georges

%D 2012

%T Mineral-Aqueous Solution Interfaces and Their Impact on the Environment

%J Geochemical Perspectives

%P 483 - 742

%8 10/2012

%! Mineral-Aqueous Solution Interfaces and Their Impact on the Environment

%R 10.7185/geochempersp.1.4

%X This Perspective describes an area of geochemistry that involves minerals, their surfaces, and the interactions of 

these surfaces with water and the ions and molecules present in water, some of which, like arsenic, are highly toxic to 

organisms. The importance of these interactions, together with those between microorganisms and mineral surfaces, 

cannot be overestimated, for they control the composition of our natural environment and mitigate some of the 

anthropogenic perturbations that are changing our environment in ways that are often unpredictable and sometimes 

detrimental. Following overviews of our scientific careers to date, including acknowledgments of our former and 

current students and research collaborators, we highlight some of the scientific contributions of Victor Goldschmidt, 

Irving Langmuir, Linus Pauling, Konrad Krauskopf, Werner Stumm, and others that led directly or indirectly to the 

evolution of this field, recalling personal interactions with some of these pioneers. In all fields of science, advances are

made when new experimental methods, new characterisation and computational tools, and new theories become 

available. The field of mineral-water interface geochemistry is no different and has advanced significantly over the 

past 30-40 years due to enormous changes in molecular-level experimental methods, particularly those involving the 

extremely intense X-ray sources known as synchrotrons, in digital computers, and in molecular-level theories. We (GB

and GC) offer our perspectives on the development of synchrotron radiation sources and their applications to mineralwater interface processes, based on our personal experiences starting in the early days of these major user facilities. 

We discuss some of these new methods and theories and their applications to mineral-water interface processes 

through various examples. Because of the complexity of mineral-water interfaces, particularly in natural Earth surface 

environments, where natural organic matter and microorganisms play very important roles, we adopt a reductionist 

approach and consider simple model systems of increasing complexity in our quest to understand the chemical 

processes occurring at these interfaces at the molecular level. We start with a discussion of the acid-base chemistry of 

metal-oxide surfaces in contact with bulk water and empirical models of the electrical double layer (EDL) that is 

thought to develop at solid-water interfaces. We then consider experimental and theoretical studies of the EDL, which 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

show that the classical Helmholtz-Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model is qualitatively correct. Following a story 

about some of the new, controversial research on the structure of water, we discuss (1) experimental and theoretical 

studies of the reaction of water with metal-oxide surfaces, (2) the structure of hydrated mineral surfaces, (3) the uptake

of cations and anions on metal-oxide surfaces, (4) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of lead and arsenic 

adsorption complexes at mineral-water interfaces, (5) the adsorption of organic molecules at mineral-water interfaces, 

(6) the effect of organic and microbial biofilm coatings on the reactivity of mineral surfaces, and (7) the effect of 

particle size on the structure and properties of nanoparticles, using ferrihydrite as an example of a natural nanomineral 

and silver nanoparticles as an example of an engineered nanoparticle. In keeping with the spirit of Geochemical 

Perspectives, we interspersed personal experiences resulting from our involvement in most of these research areas. To 

put this in context we end by discussing selected applications of mineral-water interface geochemistry to 

environmental and Earth science problems, including (1) sorption reactions in real environmental systems that were 

anthropogenically perturbed, focusing on lead-polluted sites in the USA and France and As-polluted areas in southern 

Asia and France, (2) dissolution and weathering mechanisms of silicate minerals and zircon, (3) the interaction of 

aluminum with diatom surfaces, (4) the interactio of cobalt with manganese oxides, (5) the role of mineral-surface 

reactions in isotope fractionation, (6) the role of mineral surfaces in mineral- carbonation reactions, and (7) the surface 

chemistry associated with alteration of nuclear waste glasses. We finish with our thoughts on what has and has not 

been learned about mineral-water interface processes over the past 30 years and offer our opinions about some of the 

exciting research opportunities in this field that await the next generation of geochemists.

%0 Journal Article

%A Bone, Audrey J.

%A Colman, Benjamin P.

%A Gondikas, Andreas P.

%A Newton, Kim M.

%A Harrold, Katherine H.

%A Cory, Rose M.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Klaine, Stephen J.

%A Matson, Cole W.

%A Di Giulio, Richard T.

%D 2012

%T Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles: Part 2–

Toxicity and Ag Speciation

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6925 - 6933

%8 07/2012

%! Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles: Part 2–

Toxicity and Ag Speciation

%R 10.1021/es204683m

%X To study the effects of complex environmental media on silver nanoparticle (AgNP) toxicity, AgNPs were added 

to microcosms with freshwater sediments and two species of aquatic plants (Potamogeton diversifolius and Egeria 

densa), followed by toxicity testing with microcosm surface water. Microcosms were designed with four environmental

matrices in order to determine the contribution of each environmental compartment to changes in toxicity: water only 

(W), water + sediment (WS), water + plants (WP), and water + plants + sediment (WPS). Silver treatments included 

AgNPs with two different coatings, gum arabic (GA-AgNPs) or polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP-AgNPs), as well as 

AgNO3. Water samples taken from the microcosms at 24 h postdosing were used in acute toxicity tests with two 

standard model organisms, early life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna. Speciation of Ag in these 

samples was analyzed using Ag L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Silver speciation patterns

for the nanoparticle treatments varied significantly by coating type. While PVP-AgNPs were quite stable and resisted 

transformation across all matrices (>92.4% Ag(0)), GA-AgNP speciation patterns suggest significantly higher 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

transformation rates, especially in treatments with plants (<69.2% and <58.8% Ag(0) in WP and WPS, respectively) 

and moderately increased transformation with sediments (<85.6% Ag(0)). Additionally, the presence of plants in the 

microcosms (with and without sediments) reduced both the concentration of Ag in the water column and toxicity for 

all Ag treatments. Reductions in toxicity may have been related to decreased water column concentrations as well as 

changes in the surface chemistry of the particles induced by organic substances released from the plants.

%Z CEINT

%0 Conference Paper

%A Bertsch, P.M

%A McGrath, S.

%A J.M. Unrin

%A Tsyusko, O.V.

%A Kabengi, N.J.

%A McNear, D.M.

%A Lowry, G.V.

%A Casman, E.

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Liu, J.

%A Neal, A.

%A Jefferson, B.

%A Dorey, R.

%A Ritz, K.

%A Harris, J.

%A Rocks, S.

%A Lofts, S.

%A Spurgeon, D.

%A Svendsen, C.

%A Zhang, H.

%D 2012

%T TINE: The fate, behavior, and ecotoxicology of manufactured nanomaterials in terrestrial ecosystems

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X We have developed a life cycle perspective

inspired conceptual model (CM) that indicates terrestrial ecosystems as a major repository for ZnO, TiO2, and Ag 

manufactured nanomaterials

(MNMs) introduced via the land application of MNM-containing biosolids. In this project we are investigating the 

transport, fate, behavior, bioavailability, and effects of MNMs in(to) agroecosystems under environmentally

realistic scenarios organized around three key hypotheses: Hypothesis (H1) Surface chemistry is the primary factor 

influencing the fate and transport

of MNMs in the terrestrial environment as well as the bioavailability and effects to biological receptors; Hypothesis 

(H2) Once released to the

environment, pristine MNM surfaces will be modified by interactions with organic and inorganic ligands 

(macromolecules) or via other biogeochemical

transformations (aging effects forming a-MNMs); Hypothesis (H3) Ecoreceptors will respond to interactions with 

pristine metal and metal

oxide MNMs, a-MNMs, and/or dissolved constituent metal ions and bulk oxides by specific ecological and 

toxicogenomic responses that will reflect

their combined effects. The overall objectives are to: O1) Compare the transport, fate, behavior, bioavailability, and 

effects of MNMs, a- MNMs,

and/or dissolved free metals/bulk oxides to organisms with key terrestrial ecosystem functions, as well as exposure 

pathways involving humans; O2)

Determine MNM, surface modified MNM and a MNM interactions with important biological targets relevant to the 
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BLM and pBRM models and

relate these interactions to physicochemical properties; O3) Validate models with information generated from 

experiments designed to address O1 for MNMs introduced through a pilot scale Waste Water Treatment Process 

(WWTP) to key terrestrial ecoreceptors, including effects of MNMs on the

WWTP itself; O4) Determine realistic MNM emission scenarios for Tier 1 MNMs in wastewater from the WWT pilot 

plant data and develop first

generation Life-Cycle-Analysis-inspired Risk Assessment (LCA-RA) model components for terrestrial effects of Tier 

1 MNMs and a-MNMS based on data generated in experiments designed to address O1, O2, & O3; and O5) Provide 

tools for in situ detection, monitoring, and characterization of

pristine MNMs and a-MNMs in environmental media and biota. The key results from aging and toxicity studies will 

be presented.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 200

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Belinga, M.

%A Merrifield, R.

%A Lead, J.

%D 2012

%T Transport and chemistry of silver nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment Pilot Plant (Preliminary data)

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Understanding the fate, behaviour and transportations of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in wastewater treatment 

plant is of great importance in today’s society due to concerns about potential human and environmental health. In this 

work, Ag-NPs were synthesised by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride and stabilised by citrate, 

polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or by poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol (PEG-SH). Ag-NPs have the average core diameter of 10

nm. A suspension of 500 ppb Ag-NPs was dispersed in OECD synthetic sewage used as feed for the system and their 

behaviour was investigated. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum showed a reduction of the peak height and

a broadening of the peak at ca. 400 nm within 24 hours. With the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a decreasing 

of the particle concentration of 45%, 42% and 20% for citrate, PEG and PVP coated Ag-NPs respectively, was 

observed within 24 hours after their dispersion in the media. Ag-NPs were dispersed into a wastewater treatment pilot 

plant and their physical and chemical transportation monitored. A multi-method approach was used and the results will

be discussed.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP198

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Bandyopadhyay, Susmita

%A Peralta-Videa, Jose R.

%A Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A.

%A Montes, Milka O.

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L.

%D 2012

%T Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to the Measurements of Nanoparticles in the Environment

%J Applied Spectroscopy Reviews

%V 47

%N 3
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%P 180-206

%8 2012/04/01

%! Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to the Measurements of Nanoparticles in the Environment

%@ 0570-4928

%R 10.1080/05704928.2011.637186

%Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2011.637186

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Badireddy, Appala Raju

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Liu, Jie

%D 2012

%T Detection, Characterization, and Abundance of Engineered Nanoparticles in Complex Waters by Hyperspectral 

Imagery with Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 18

%P 10081-10088

%8 2012/09/18

%! Detection, Characterization, and Abundance of Engineered Nanoparticles in Complex Waters by Hyperspectral 

Imagery with Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es204140s

%X We introduce a novel methodology based on hyperspectral imagery with enhanced Darkfield microscopy for 

detection, characterization, and analysis of engineered nanoparticles in both ultrapure water and in complex waters, 

such as simulated-wetland ecosystem water and wastewater. Hyperspectral imagery analysis of 12 different 

nanoparticle sample types, scattering the obliquely incident visible and near-infrared light (VNIR: 400?1000 nm) in an

enhanced Darkfield background, showed that the sample information in terms of the spatial distribution as well as 

spectral characteristics unique to each nanoparticle types, at a sensitivity of single nanoparticle (size =10 nm) can be 

obtained. Hyperspectral imagery and Raman spectral analyses of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) revealed that the 

apparent hydrodynamic size of the particle increased while the primary size remained unchanged in the presence of 

coatings, which is further confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurements. Similar in size, AgNPs with different 

coatings exhibited similar spectral color (or peak position) but a red-shift in the peak positions by same amount relative

to Bare AgNPs was observed. In conclusion, hyperspectral imagery with enhanced Darkfield microscopy can be a 

promising tool for detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in environmental systems, facilitating 

studies on fate and transformation of these particles in various types of water samples.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204140s

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204140s

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Rose, Jerome

%A Proux, Olivier

%A Masion, Armand

%A Liu, Wei

%A Benameur, Laila

%A Ziarelli, Fabio
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%A Botta, Alain

%A Chaneac, Corinne

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2012

%T Is There a Trojan-Horse Effect during Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metalloid Cocontamination of Human Dermal 

Fibroblasts?

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 19

%P 10789 - 10796

%8 10/2012

%! Is There a Trojan-Horse Effect during Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metalloid Cocontamination of Human Dermal 

Fibroblasts?

%R 10.1021/es302493s

%X This study investigates the issue of nanoparticles/pollutants cocontamination. By combining viability assays, 

physicochemical and structural analysis (to probe the As speciation and valence), we assessed how γFe(2)O(3) 

nanoparticles can affect the cytotoxicity, the intra- and extracellular speciation of As(III). Human dermal fibroblasts 

were contaminated with γFe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and As(III) considering two scenarios: (i) a simultaneous coinjection

of the nanoparticles and As, and (ii) an injection of the nanoparticles after 24 h of As adsorption in water. In both 

scenarios, we did not notice significant changes on the nanoparticles surface charge (zeta potential ~ -10 mV) nor 

hydrodynamic diameters (~950 nm) after 24 h. We demonstrated that the coinjection of γFe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and 

As in the cellular media strongly affects the complexation of the intracellular As with thiol groups. This significantly 

increases at low doses the cytotoxicity of the As nonadsorbed at the surface of the nanoparticles. However, once As is 

adsorbed at the surface the desorption is very weak in the culture medium. This fraction of As strongly adsorbed at the 

surface is significantly less cytotoxic than As itself. On the basis of our data and the thermodynamics, we demonstrated

that any disturbance of the biotransformation mechanisms by the nanoparticles (i.e., surface complexation of thiol 

groups with the iron atoms) is likely to be responsible for the increase of the As adverse effects at low doses.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302493s

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, M.

%A Chaurand, P

%A Botta, C

%A Labille, J

%A Masion, A

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%A Rose, J.

%D 2012

%J Actualité Chimique

%V 367-368

%P 59-62

%U http://www.lactualitechimique.org/larevue_article.php?cle=3019

%0 Journal Article

%A Arnaout, Christina L.

%A Gunsch, Claudia K.

%D 2012

%T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Coating on the Nitrification Potential of Nitrosomonas europaea
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%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 10

%P 5387-5395

%8 May 15

%! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Coating on the Nitrification Potential of Nitrosomonas europaea

%Z Environmental science & technology

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es204540z

%M 22533675

%K Cell Membrane/drug effects/ultrastructure

Citric Acid/*chemistry

Cysteine/pharmacology

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects

Gene Silencing/drug effects

Genes, Bacterial/genetics

Gum Arabic/*chemistry

Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry/ultrastructure

Microbial Viability/drug effects

Nitrification/*drug effects

Nitrites/analysis

Nitrosomonas europaea/cytology/*drug effects/genetics/ultrastructure

Povidone/*chemistry

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

Silver/*pharmacology

Solubility/drug effects

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used as bacteriostatic agents to prevent microbial growth. AgNPs 

are manufactured with a variety of coatings, and their potential impacts on wastewater treatment in general are poorly 

understood. In the present study, Nitrosomonas europaea, a model ammonia oxidizing bacterium, was exposed to 

AgNPs with citrate, gum arabic (GA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). GA and citrate AgNPs inhibited nitrification 

most strongly (67.9 ± 3.6% and 91.4 ± 0.2%, respectively at 2 ppm). Our data indicate that Ag+ dissolution and colloid

stability of AgNPs were the main factors in AgNP toxicity. In general, low amounts of dissolved Ag initially caused a 

post-transcriptional interruption of membrane-bound nitrifying enzyme function, reducing nitrification by 10% or 

more. A further increase in dissolved Ag resulted in heavy metal stress response (e.g., merA up-regulation) and 

ultimately led to membrane disruption. The highest effect on membrane disruption was observed for citrate AgNPs (64 

± 11% membranes compromised at 2 ppm), which had high colloidal stability. This study demonstrates that coating 

plays a very important role in determining Ag dissolution and ultimately toxicity to nitrifiers. More research is needed 

to characterize these parameters in complex growth media such as wastewater.

%Z Arnaout, Christina L

Gunsch, Claudia K

eng

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

2012/04/27 06:00

Environ Sci Technol. 2012 May 15;46(10):5387-95. doi: 10.1021/es204540z. Epub 2012 May 4.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204540z

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204540z

%+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 

27708, United States.

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Apul, Onur Guven
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%A Shao, Ting

%A Zhang, Shujuan

%A Karanfil, Tanju

%D 2012

%T Impact of carbon nanotube morphology on phenanthrene adsorption

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 31

%N 1

%P 73-78

%8 Jan

%! Impact of carbon nanotube morphology on phenanthrene adsorption

%Z Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.705

%M 22002628

%K Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotube diameter

Morphology

Naphtalene

Phenanthrene

%X The present study examined the roles of the specific surface area (SSA), diameter, and length of carbon nanotubes 

(CNT) on the adsorption of phenanthrene (PNT) by analyzing the adsorption isotherms obtained with several singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). At low equilibrium concentrations 

(e.g., 1 ppb), MWNTs with larger outer diameters exhibited higher PNT adsorption capacity on an SSA basis than 

those with smaller diameters. With increasing equilibrium concentration, adsorption on an SSA basis became 

independent of MWNT diameter, and the total surface area controlled maximum adsorption capacity. A similar 

analysis for the adsorption of naphthalene, a planar molecule with one less benzene ring but 20 times higher solubility 

than PNT, showed no correlation with respect to MWNT outer diameter. The results indicated that the surface 

curvature of MWNT was more important on the adsorption of PNT than on the adsorption of naphthalene. Specific 

surface area normalized isotherms did not show a correlation between PNT adsorption and lengths of SWNTs and 

MWNTs. Characterization results indicated that the morphology of CNTs plays an important role on the SSA and pore 

volume. Data from the manufacturer may not always represent the characteristics of CNTs in a particular batch. 

Therefore, accurate characterization of CNTs is critical to systematically examine the behavior of CNTs, such as 

adsorption and transport, in environmental systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:73–78. © 2011 SETAC

%Z Apul, Onur Guven

Shao, Ting

Zhang, Shujuan

Karanfil, Tanju

eng

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

2011/10/18 06:00

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Jan;31(1):73-8. doi: 10.1002/etc.705.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.705

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.705/abstract

%+ Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, 

USA.

%0 Conference Paper

%A An, Y.

%A Nam, S.

%A Shin, Y.

%A Yoon, S.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Lee, W.

%A Kim, S.

%A Kwak, J.

%D 2012

%T Deriving guideline of gold nanoparticles to protect aquatic life

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X This study conducted a battery of bioassay for gold nanoparticles to derive guideline value to protect aquatic 

ecosystems. Test species were two bacteria (Escherichia coli

and Bacillus subtilis), one green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), three

cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus mixtus),

and two fish (Oryzias latipes and Danio rerio). Predicted no effect concentration

(PNEC) was estimated to be 0.04 mg/L for gold nanoparticles based on

species sensitivity distribution (SSD). To the best of our knowledge, this is

the first result to suggest water quality guideline value of gold nanoparticles

to protect aquatic life. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation

Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF 2011-0015985).

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract RP143

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Conference Paper

%A Alloy, M.

%A Roberts, A.

%D 2012

%T Photo-enhanced toxicity of nano-titanium dioxide (anatase) on freshwater zooplankton

%B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting

%C Long Beach, California

%X Some engineered nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide have the potential to exert effects through photoenhanced toxicity, similar to that associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Titanium dioxide has been used 

for decades as a paint pigment, food coloring, sun screen, the active portion of self-cleaning surfaces, fog free mirrors,

and in many more roles prior to the use of nano-scale TiO2 crystals. The first reports of TiO2 photocatalytically 

decomposing compounds in the aqueous phase by generating reactive oxygen species was reported in the late 1970s. 

Toxicology of nano TiO2 is not new, but few studies have looked at aquatic toxicity of nano TiO2 under exposure to 

UV light. The goals of this study were: (1) to determine if nano TiO2 was more toxic to aquatic organisms in the 

presence of UV light and (2) if toxicity followed patterns of reciprocity as previously described with PAHs, in outdoor 

microcosm exposure systems. An eight hour single exposure study using Daphnia magna adults as model organisms 

was performed to establish differences in immobility between exposures and controls under

natural UV radiation. Fluoranthene, a well studied PAH phototoxicant, was used as a reference toxicant. After eight 

hours of natural light the organisms were removed from light exposure and immobility of thoracic appendages coupled

with a lack of response to light stimulus was assessed. A significant difference in the endpoint was found between full 

UV and partial UV treatments (Tukey post hoc p< 0.01) and among TiO2 exposures (ANOVA F=23.54 p< 0.01 Tukey

post hoc). We report that anatase nano TiO2 was photoxic under ambient solar UV in concentrations in the parts per 

billion range.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP192

%U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf

%G English

%0 Book

%D 2012
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%T Nature's Nanostructures

%I Pan Stanford Publishing

%P 604

%Y Amanda S. Barnard (CSIRO, Australia), Haibo Guo

%8 1/31/2012

%! Nature's Nanostructures

%@ 9789814316828

%R 10.4032/9789814364218

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhou, W. W.

%A Ding, L.

%A Yang, S.

%A Liu, J.

%D 2011

%T Synthesis of High-Density, Large-Diameter, and Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Multiple-Cycle 

Growth Methods

%J Acs Nano

%V 5

%P 3849-3857

%8 May

%! Synthesis of High-Density, Large-Diameter, and Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Multiple-Cycle 

Growth Methods

%@ 1936-0851

%M ISI:000290826800052

%K arrays

chemical-vapor-deposition

circuit

high density

high-frequency performance

horizontally aligned arrays

interconnects

large diameter

quartz

scale

single-crystal quartz

single-walled carbon nanotubes

substrate

transistors

WATER

%X A dense array of parallel single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the device channel can carry higher current,

be more robust, and have smaller device-to-device variation, thus Is more desirable for and compatible with 

applications In future highly integrated circuits when compared with single-tube devices. The density of the parallel 

SWNT arrays and the diameter of SWNTs both are key factors in the determination of the device performance. In this 

paper, we present a new multiple-cycle chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to synthesize horizontally aligned 

arrays of SWNTs with densities of 20-40 SWNT/mu m over large area and a diameter distribution of 2.4 +/- 0.5 nm on

the quartz surface based on a methanol/ethanol CVD method. The high nucleation efficiency of catalyst particles In 

multiple-cycle CVD processes has been demonstrated to be the main reason for the improvements in the density of 

SWNT arrays. More Interestingly, we confirmed the existence of an etching effect, which strongly affects the final 

products in the multiple-cycle growth. This etching effect is likely the reason that only large-diameter SWNTs were 

obtained in the multiple-cycle CVD growth. Using these high-density and large-diameter nanotube arrays, two-
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

terminal devices with back-gates were fabricated. The performances of these devices have been greatly improved in 

overall resistance and on-state current, which indicates these SWNT arrays have high potential for applications such as

interconnects, high-frequency devices, and high-current transistors in future micro- or nanoelectronics.

%Z 767ADTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:40

%U <Go to ISI>://000290826800052

%0 Journal Article

%A Zheng, Xiong

%A Wu, Rui

%A Chen, Yinguang

%D 2011

%T Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Wastewater Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 7

%P 2826-2832

%8 2011/04/01

%! Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Wastewater Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2000744

%X With the increasing utilization of nanomaterials, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been reported to induce 

adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. However, the potential impacts of ZnO NPs on wastewater 

nitrogen and phosphorus removal with an activated sludge process are unknown. In this paper, short-term exposure 

experiments were conducted to determine whether ZnO NPs caused adverse impacts on biological nitrogen and 

phosphorus removal in the unacclimated anaerobic-low dissolved oxygen sequencing batch reactor. Compared with the

absence of ZnO NPs, the presence of 10 and 50 mg/L of ZnO NPs decreased total nitrogen removal efficiencies from 

81.5% to 75.6% and 70.8%, respectively. The corresponding effluent phosphorus concentrations increased from 

nondetectable to 10.3 and 16.5 mg/L, respectively, which were higher than the influent phosphorus (9.8 mg/L), 

suggesting that higher concentration of ZnO NPs induced the loss of normal phosphorus removal. It was found that the 

inhibition of nitrogen and phosphorus removal induced by higher concentrations of ZnO NPs was due to the release of 

zinc ions from ZnO NPs dissolution and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which caused 

inhibitory effect on polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and decreased nitrate reductase, exopolyphosphatase, and 

polyphosphate kinase activities.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2000744

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zheng, Xiong

%A Chen, Yinguang

%A Wu, Rui

%D 2011

%T Long-Term Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater 

and Bacterial Community Shift in Activated Sludge

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 17

%P 7284-7290

%8 2011/09/01

%! Long-Term Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and

Bacterial Community Shift in Activated Sludge
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%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2008598

%X The expanding use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in a wide range of fields raises concerns about 

their potential environmental impacts. However, investigations of the potential effects of TiO2 NPs on biological 

nitrogen and phosphorus removal and bacterial community in activated sludge are sparse. This study evaluated the 

influences of TiO2 NPs on biological nutrient removal in the anaerobic-low dissolved oxygen (0.15?0.50 mg/L) 

sequencing batch reactor. It was found that 1 and 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs had no acute effects on wastewater nitrogen and 

phosphorus removal after short-term exposure (1 day). However, 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs (higher than its environmentally 

relevant concentration) was observed to significantly decrease total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 80.3% to 

24.4% after long-term exposure (70 days), whereas biological phosphorus removal was unaffected. Denaturing 

gradient gel electrophoresis profiles showed that 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs obviously reduced the diversity of microbial 

community in activated sludge, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the abundance of 

nitrifying bacteria, especially ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, was highly decreased after long-term exposure to 50 mg/L 

TiO2 NPs, which was the main reason for the serious deterioration of ammonia oxidation. Further study revealed that 

50 mg/L TiO2 NPs inhibited the activities of ammonia monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase after long-term 

exposure, but had no significant impacts on the activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase, and the 

transformations of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, which were consistent with the observed 

influences of TiO2 NPs on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2008598

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Yin, L. Y.

%A Cheng, Y. W.

%A Espinasse, B.

%A Colman, B. P.

%A Auffan, M.

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Rose, J.

%A Liu, J.

%A Bernhardt, E. S.

%D 2011

%T More than the Ions: The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 2360-2367

%8 Mar 15

%! More than the Ions: The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000288146200046

%K cells

engineered nanoparticles

environment

Exposure

Oxidative stress

Toxicity

%X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used as antimicrobial additives in consumer products and may have 

adverse impacts on organisms when they inadvertently enter ecosystems. This study investigated the uptake and 

toxicity of AgNPs to the common grass, Lolium multiflorum. We found that root and shoot Ag content increased with 

increasing AgNP exposures. AgNPs inhibited seedling growth. While exposed to 40 mg L(-1) GA-coated AgNPs, 

seedlings failed to develop root hairs, had highly vacuolated and collapsed cortical cells and broken epidermis and 

rootcap. In contrast, seedlings exposed to identical concentrations of AgNO(3) or supernatants of ultracentrifuged 
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AgNP solutions showed no such abnormalities. AgNP toxicity was influenced by total NP surface area with smaller 

AgNPs (6 nm) more strongly affecting growth than did similar concentrations of larger (25 nm) NPs for a given mass. 

Cysteine (which binds Ag(+)) mitigated the effects of AgNO(3) but did not reduce the toxicity of AgNP treatments. Xray spectro-microscopy documented silver speciation within exposed roots and suggested that silver is oxidized within 

plant tissues. Collectively, this study suggests that growth inhibition and cell damage can be directly attributed either 

to the nanoparticles themselves or to the ability of AgNPs to deliver dissolved Ag to critical biotic receptors.

%Z 731YHTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:33

%U <Go to ISI>://000288146200046

%0 Journal Article

%A Yan, Liang

%A Zhao, Feng

%A Li, Shoujian

%A Hu, Zhongbo

%A Zhao, Yuliang

%D 2011

%T Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, 

and graphenes

%J Nanoscale

%V 3

%N 2

%P 362-382

%! Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and 

graphenes

%@ 2040-3364

%X The toxicity grade for a bulk material can be approximately determined by three factors (chemical composition, 

dose, and exposure route). However, for a nanomaterial it depends on more than ten factors. Interestingly, some nanofactors (like huge surface adsorbability, small size, etc.) that endow nanomaterials with new biomedical functions are 

also potential causes leading to toxicity or damage to the living organism. Is it possible to create safe nanomaterials if 

such a number of complicated factors need to be regulated? We herein try to find answers to this important question. 

We first discuss chemical processes that are applicable for nanosurface modifications, in order to improve 

biocompatibility, regulate ADME, and reduce the toxicity of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, 

metallofullerenes, and graphenes). Then the biological/toxicological effects of surface-modified and unmodified 

carbon nanomaterials are comparatively discussed from two aspects: the lowered toxic responses or the enhanced 

biomedical functions. We summarize the eight biggest challenges in creating low-toxicity and safer nanomaterials and 

some significant topics of future research needs: to find out safer nanofactors; to establish controllable surface 

modifications and simpler chemistries for low-toxic nanomaterials; to explore the nanotoxicity mechanisms; to justify 

the validity of current toxicological theories in nanotoxicology; to create standardized nanomaterials for toxicity tests; 

to build theoretical models for cellular and molecular interactions of nanoparticles; and to establish systematical 

knowledge frameworks for nanotoxicology.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00647E

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/NR/c0nr00647e

%0 Journal Article

%A Xiao, Yao

%A Chae, Soryong

%A Wiesner, Mark

%D 2011

%T Quantification of Fullerene (C60) in Aqueous Samples and Use of C70 as Surrogate Standard

%J Chemical ENgineering Journal
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%V 170

%P 555-561

%! Quantification of Fullerene (C60) in Aqueous Samples and Use of C70 as Surrogate Standard

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Casman, Elizabeth

%A Bertsch, Paul M.

%A Matson, Cole W.

%A Di Giulio, Richard T.

%A Liu, Jie

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%D 2011

%T Meditations on the Ubiquity and Mutability of Nano-Sized Materials in the Environment

%J ACS Nano

%V 5

%N 11

%P 8466-8470

%8 2011/11/22

%! Meditations on the Ubiquity and Mutability of Nano-Sized Materials in the Environment

%@ 1936-0851

%R 10.1021/nn204118p

%X A wide variety of nanomaterials can be found naturally occurring in the environment, although finding and 

characterizing these materials remains a challenge due to their size. Recent studies in the field have shown that natural 

nanomaterials are common in many geochemical systems. In this issue of ACS Nano, Hutchison and co-workers make 

us realize that manmade nanomaterials can often be practically identical to those that spontaneously form in the 

environment. This Perspective discusses the prevalence of nanomaterials in nature, including anthropogenic and 

naturally occurring nanomaterials, and the dynamic behavior of these materials in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn204118p

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn204118p

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%D 2011

%T A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing

%J Comptes Rendus Physique

%V 12

%P 659-668

%8 Sep

%! A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing

%@ 1631-0705

%M WOS:000295436600007

%X Nanomaterials exhibit novel properties that enable new applications ranging from molecular electronics to energy 

production. Proactive consideration of the potential impacts on human health and the environment resulting from 

nanomaterial production and use requires methods for forecasting risk associated with of these novel materials. 

However, the potential variety of nanomaterials is virtually infinite and a case-by-case analysis of the risks these 

materials may pose is not possible. The challenge of forecasting risk for a broad number of materials is further 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

complicated by large degrees of uncertainty concerning production amounts, the characteristics and uses of these 

materials, exposure pathways, and a scarcity of data concerning the relationship between nanomaterial characteristics 

and their effects on organisms and ecosystems. A traditional risk assessment on nanomaterials is therefore not possible 

at this time. In its place, an evolving process is needed for analyzing the risks associated with emerging nanomaterialsrelated industries. In this communication, we propose that such a process should include the following six key 

features: (1) the ability to generate forecasts and associated levels of uncertainty for questions of immediate concern; 

(2) a consideration of all pertinent sources of nanomaterials; (3) an inclusive consideration of the impacts of activities 

stemming from nanomaterial use and production that extends beyond the boundaries of toxicology and include full life

cycle impacts; (4) the ability to adapt and update risk forecasts as new information becomes available; (5) feedback to 

improve information gathering; and (6) feedback to improve nanomaterial design. Feature #6 implies that the potential 

risks of nanomaterials must ultimately be determined as a function of fundamental, quantifiable properties of 

nanomaterials, so that when these properties are observed in a new material, they can be recognized as indicators of 

risk. Thus, the required risk assessment process for nanomaterials addresses needs that span from urgent, short-term 

questions dealing with nanomaterials currently in commerce, to longer-term issues that will require basic research and 

advances in theory. In the following sections we outline issues surrounding each of these six features and discuss. (C) 

2011 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

%Z Wiesner, Mark R. Bottero, Jean-Yves

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295436600007

%0 Journal Article

%A Westerhoff, P.

%A Song, G.

%A Hristovski, K.

%A Kiser, M. A.

%D 2011

%T Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials

%J J Environ Monit

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1195-203

%8 May

%! Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials

%Z Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM

%@ 1464-0333 (Electronic)

1464-0325 (Linking)

%R 10.1039/c1em10017c

%M 21494702

%K Biodegradation, Environmental

Metal Nanoparticles/*analysis/chemistry

Sewage/chemistry

Titanium/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism

Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods

Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism

%X Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increasingly will be used in commercial products and have a high likelihood of 

entering municipal sewage that flows to centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Treated water (effluent) 

from WWTPs flows into rivers and lakes where nanoparticles may pose an ecological risk. To provide exposure data 

for risk assessment, titanium concentrations in raw sewage and treated effluent were determined for 10 representative 

WWTPs that use a range of unit processes. Raw sewage titanium concentrations ranged from 181 to 1233 microg L(-

1) (median of 26 samples was 321 microg L(-1)). The WWTPs removed more than 96% of the influent titanium, and 

all WWTPs had effluent titanium concentrations of less than 25 microg L(-1). To characterize the morphology and 

presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in the effluent, colloidal materials were isolated via rota-evaporation, dialysis 

and lyophilization. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated 
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the presence of spherical titanium oxide nanoparticles (crystalline and amorphous) on the order of 4 to 30 nm in 

diameter in WWTP effluents. This research provides clear evidence that some nanoscale particles will pass through 

WWTPs and enter aquatic systems and offers a methodological framework for collecting and analyzing titaniumbased nanomaterials in complex wastewater matrices.

%Z Westerhoff, Paul

Song, Guixue

Hristovski, Kiril

Kiser, Mehlika A

eng

DE-FG02-08ER64613/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

England

2011/04/16 06:00

J Environ Monit. 2011 May;13(5):1195-203. doi: 10.1039/c1em10017c. Epub 2011 Apr 14.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21494702

%+ School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 

Program, Ira A Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Engineering Center, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306,

USA. p.westerhoff@asu.edu

%0 Journal Article

%A Weinberg, Howard

%A Galyean, Anne

%A Leopold, Michael

%D 2011

%T Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters

%J TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

%V 30

%N 1

%P 72-83

%8 1//

%! Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters

%@ 0165-9936

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.09.006

%K Aquatic environment

Characterization

Drinking water

Engineered nanoparticle

Fate

Nanomaterial

Recreational water

Separation

Transport

Water treatment

%X With the accelerating introduction of engineered nanomaterials into commercial products and their potential use in

water-treatment processes, it is inevitable that these materials will ultimately reside at some level in our recreational 

and drinking waters, thereby creating a critical need to detect and to quantify them in those media. Much is known 

about the diversity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment but almost nothing about their 

characterization and detection in the natural aquatic environment. There is no conventional treatment that can 

absolutely protect the consumer from exposure to ENPs either through recreational use or consumption of drinking 

waters. The question is whether this exposure poses a significant public health risk. Unfortunately, we are far from 

having methods to obtain data on occurrence levels, fate, and transport of ENPs in aquatic systems. Before a sound 
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analytical approach can be developed, we need a fuller understanding of the nanomaterial domain which requires an 

evaluation of the matrix of source materials, their transformation in the natural aquatic environment, and their 

physical/chemical behavior that is specific to the water medium. We review characterization techniques that are used 

for identifying different types of ENP, and then, by extrapolation from isolation techniques appropriate for extracting 

ENPs from water, suggest approaches to analyzing them in a variety of waters.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993610002773

%0 Web Page

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2011

%T Nanotechnology Basic Information

%V 2013

%N May 24

%! Nanotechnology Basic Information

%U http://epa.gov/ncer/nano/questions/

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2011

%T Screening Methods for Metal-Containing Nanoparticles in Water

%E Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and

%C Washington, DC

%P 28

%@ EPA/600/R-11/096

%0 Journal Article

%A Tsao, Tsung M.

%A Chen, Yue M.

%A Wang, Ming K.

%D 2011

%T Origin, separation and identification of environmental nanoparticles: a review

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1156-1163

%! Origin, separation and identification of environmental nanoparticles: a review

%@ 1464-0325

%X The biogeochemical and ecological impacts of environmental nanoparticles (ENPs) are some of the fastest 

growing areas of research today. However, efficient separation and collection of ENPs in natural systems remains 

difficult. This review article is focused on experimental investigation of separation and identification of ENPs, 

including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of <2000, 450 to 2000, 100 to 450 and 1 to 100 nm. An 

automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) was used successfully to overcome the problem of efficiently collecting ENPs 

in large quantities in red soils. A significant amount of hematite nanoparticles was present on the surface coating of 

kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range 

of 5 to 8 nm. Synchrotron XRD technique is more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with oriented 

specimens and random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles, crystallinity, and particle size in red soils, 

particularly for the illite, kaolinite, goethite and hematite nanoparticles. The AUD apparatus can be employed to 

efficiently collect large quantities of soil and related ENPs for investigation of their structural characteristics and 
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surface properties, which have significant impact on weathering reaction pathways, catalysis, the fate of vital elements 

and environmental pollutants, and ecosystem restoration.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10013K

%0 Journal Article

%A Tripathi, Shweta

%A Champagne, Denis

%A Tufenkji, Nathalie

%D 2011

%T Transport Behavior of Selected Nanoparticles with different Surface Coatings in Granular Porous Media coated 

with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6942-6949

%8 2012/07/03

%! Transport Behavior of Selected Nanoparticles with different Surface Coatings in Granular Porous Media coated 

with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es202833k

%X Well-controlled laboratory column experiments were conducted to understand the influence of Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilms on the transport of selected engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in granular porous 

media representative of groundwater aquifers or riverbank filtration settings. To understand the importance of particle 

size on retention in the biofilm-coated granular (quartz sand) matrix, column experiments were carried out using 

nanosized (20 nm) and micrometer-sized (1 ?m) sulfate-functionalized polystyrene latex particles (designated as 

20nSL and 1mSL, respectively). Additional experiments conducted with nanosized (20 nm) carboxyl-modified latex 

particles (20nCL) and carboxyl-modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provide information on the influence of 

particle surface chemistry on retention. Biofilm grown on the surface of the sand was characterized by total biomass 

quantification, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and electrokinetic analysis. All four particles exhibit 

increased retention in the biofilm-coated packed bed: e.g., the attachment efficiency (a) of the 1mSL particle increases 

from 0.40 to 1.7, whereas a for the 20nSL particle increases from 0.04 to 0.10 in the biofilm-coated system. Particle 

surface chemistry can also influence the affinity of the ENPs for the biofilm coating as revealed by the greater 

attachment of the 20nSL particle onto the biofilm-coated sand (a = 0.10) than its carboxylated counterpart (a = 0.04). 

Column experiments conducted using sand coated with growth medium (LB) or extracellular polymeric substances 

(EPS) extracted from P. aeruginosa biofilms further reveal that particle surface chemistry influences the interaction 

between the different ENPs and these coated sand surfaces. Namely, coating of sand surfaces with LB medium or 

bacterial EPS does not affect the transport of the sulfonated nanoparticle, but the LB coating leads to decreased 

retention of the carboxylated latex nanoparticle. Furthermore, our results show that EPS coatings are not necessarily 

good surrogates for biofilm-coated sand. Electrokinetic characterization of the clean and coated sand surfaces also 

reveals that the extent of particle retention is not controlled by electrical double layer interactions. Future studies 

should thus be aimed at improving our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms (both colloidal and noncolloidal)

governing nanoparticle transport and fate in biofilm-laden granular aquatic environments.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202833k

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es202833k

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Thio, Beng Joo Reginald

%A Montes, Milka O.

%A Mahmoud, Mahmoud A.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Lee, Dong-Woog

%A Zhou, Dongxu

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%D 2011

%T Mobility of Capped Silver Nanoparticles under Environmentally Relevant Conditions

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6985-6991

%8 2012/07/03

%! Mobility of Capped Silver Nanoparticles under Environmentally Relevant Conditions

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203596w

%X The mobility and deposition of capped silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on silica surfaces were characterized over a

wide range of pH and ionic strength (IS) conditions, including seawater and freshwater. Two common organic capping 

agents (citrate and PVP) were evaluated. Both the capped Ag NPs and the silica surfaces were negatively charged 

under these environmentally relevant conditions, resulting in net repulsive electrostatics under most conditions. The 

steric repulsion introduced by the capping agents significantly reduced aggregation and deposition. In addition, the 

presence of natural organic matter in solution further decreased the deposition of either Ag NP on silica. Ag NPs were 

found to be highly mobile under these environmentally relevant conditions, with little or no deposition.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203596w

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203596w

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Theis, T. L.

%A Bakshi, B. R.

%A Durham, D.

%A Fthenakis, V. M.

%A Gutowski, T. G.

%A Isaacs, J. A.

%A Seager, T.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T A life cycle framework for the investigation of environmentally benign nanoparticles and products

%J Physica Status Solidi-Rapid Research Letters

%V 5

%P 312-317

%8 Sep

%! A life cycle framework for the investigation of environmentally benign nanoparticles and products

%@ 1862-6254

%M WOS:000295719100004

%X While significant advances in our understanding of the behavior of engineered nanoparticles in the environment 

continue, there remains a need to engage the nanoparticle research community directly in the development and 

evaluation of environmentally benign nanoparticles to ensure that nanomaterial-based industries emerge as tools for 

sustainability rather than environmental liabilities. Current research efforts aimed at understanding the environmental 

implications of nanotechnology emphasize existing groups of nanoparticles and products already in commercial 

distribution. While this is clearly necessary, this approach fails to identify and address the many tradeoffs associated 

with product performance and environmental quality. We believe this to be a critical gap in the ongoing exploration of

nanostructured materials and their properties and applications. We posit that a number of issues are not being 

holistically addressed, including resource availability and allocation, manufacturing energy requirements and 

embodied energy, material efficiency, environmental properties of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, and waste 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

generation. An interdisciplinary approach to research, based on the life cycle paradigm and devoted to the 

identification, investigation, synthesis, testing, and analysis of groups of new, more environmentally conscious 

nanoparticles is needed. (C) 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

%Z Theis, Thomas L. Bakshi, Bhavik R. Durham, Delcie Fthenakis, Vasilis M. Gutowski, Timothy G. Isaacs, 

Jacqueline A. Seager, Thomas Wiesner, Mark R.

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295719100004

%0 Journal Article

%A Taurozzi, J. S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T A standardized approach for the dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological media

%J Nanotoxicology

%V Submitted

%! A standardized approach for the dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological media

%0 Journal Article

%A Taurozzi, J. S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Protocol for the preparation of a nanoscale TiO2 aqueous dispersion for toxicological or environmental testing

%J CEINT/NIST Protocol (http://ceint.duke.edu/allprotocols)

%9 Note - This is a CEINT/NIST protocol published online on the CEINT website

%! Protocol for the preparation of a nanoscale TiO2 aqueous dispersion for toxicological or environmental testing

%0 Journal Article

%A Taurozzi, J. S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Protocol for the preparation of nanoscale TiO2 dispersions in biological media for toxicological testing

%J CEINT/NIST Protocol (http://ceint.duke.edu/allprotocols)

%9 Note - This is a CEINT/NIST protocol published online on the CEINT website

%! Protocol for the preparation of nanoscale TiO2 dispersions in biological media for toxicological testing

%0 Journal Article

%A Taurozzi, J. S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles for environmental, health and safety assessment - issues and 

recommendations

%J Nanotoxicology

%V 5
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%P 711-729

%8 Dec

%! Ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles for environmental, health and safety assessment - issues and 

recommendations

%@ 1743-5390

%M WOS:000296633100021

%X Studies designed to investigate the environmental or biological interactions of nanoscale materials frequently rely 

on the use of ultrasound (sonication) to prepare test suspensions. However, the inconsistent application of ultrasonic 

treatment across laboratories, and the lack of process standardization can lead to significant variability in suspension 

characteristics. At present, there is widespread recognition that sonication must be applied judiciously and reported in a

consistent manner that is quantifiable and reproducible; current reporting practices generally lack these attributes. The 

objectives of the present work were to: (i) Survey potential sonication effects that can alter the physicochemical or 

biological properties of dispersed nanomaterials (within the context of toxicity testing) and discuss methods to mitigate

these effects, (ii) propose a method for standardizing the measurement of sonication power, and (iii) offer a set of 

reporting guidelines to facilitate the reproducibility of studies involving engineered nanoparticle suspensions obtained 

via sonication.

%Z Taurozzi, Julian S. Hackley, Vincent A. Wiesner, Mark R.

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000296633100021

%0 Journal Article

%A Taurozzi, J. S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Development of characterization approaches and test matrices for the environmental safety assessment of 

nanomaterials

%J Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society

%V 241

%8 Mar

%! Development of characterization approaches and test matrices for the environmental safety assessment of 

nanomaterials

%@ 0065-7727

%M WOS:000291982804456

%Z Taurozzi, Julian S. Hackley, Vincent A. Wiesner, Mark R.241st National Meeting and Exposition of the 

American-Chemical-Society (ACS)Mar 27-31, 2011Anaheim, CAAmer Chem Soc

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000291982804456

%0 Journal Article

%A Song, J. E.

%A Phenrat, T.

%A Marinakos, S.

%A Xiao, Y.

%A Liu, J.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%A Tilton, R. D.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%D 2011

%T Hydrophobic Interactions Increase Attachment of Gum Arabic- and PVP-Coated Ag Nanoparticles to 

Hydrophobic Surfaces

%J Environmental Science & Technology
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%V 45

%P 5988-5995

%8 Jul 15

%! Hydrophobic Interactions Increase Attachment of Gum Arabic- and PVP-Coated Ag Nanoparticles to Hydrophobic

Surfaces

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000292850200012

%K bacterial adhesion

charge

deposition kinetics

packed-beds

particles

polyelectrolyte

POROUS-MEDIA

stabilization

transport

WATER

%X A fundamental understanding of attachment of surface-coated nanoparticles (NPs) is essential to predict the 

distribution and potential risks of NPs in the environment. Column deposition studies were used to examine the effect 

of surface-coating hydrophobicity on NP attachment to collector surfaces in mixtures with varying ratios of 

octadecylichlorosilane (OTS)-coated (hydrophobic) glass beads and clean silica (hydrophilic) glass beads. Silver 

nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with organic coatings of varying hydrophobicity, including citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone 

(PVP), and gum arabic (GA), were used. The attachment efficiencies of GA and PVP AgNPs increased by 2- and 4-

fold, respectively, for OTS-coated glass beads compared to clean glass beads. Citrate AgNPs showed no substantial 

change in attachment efficiency for hydrophobic compared to hydrophilic surfaces. The attachment efficiency of. PVP,

GA-, and citrate-coated AgNPs to hydrophobic collector surfaces correlated with the relative hydrophobicity of the 

coatings. The differences in the Observed attachment efficiencies among AgNPs could not be explained by classical 

DLVO, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions between AgNPs and OTS-coated glass beads were responsible for the

increase in attachment of surface-coated AgNPs with greater hydrophobicity. This study indicates that the overall 

attachment efficiency of AgNPs will be influenced by the hydrophobicity of the NP coating and the fraction of 

hydrophobic surfaces in the environment.

%Z 793UUTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:42

%U <Go to ISI>://000292850200012

%0 Journal Article

%A Silbergeld, E. K.

%A Contreras, E. Q.

%A Hartung, T.

%A Hirsch, C.

%A Hogberg, H.

%A Jachak, A. C.

%A Jordan, W.

%A Landsiedel, R.

%A Morris, J.

%A Patri, A.

%A Pounds, J. G.

%A Ruiz, A. D.

%A Shvedova, A.

%A Tanguay, R.

%A Tatarazako, N.

%A van Vliet, E.

%A Walker, N. J.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Wilcox, N.

%A Zurlo, J.

%D 2011

%T Nanotoxicology: "The End of the Beginning" - Signs on the Roadmap to a Strategy for Assuring the Safe 

Application and Use of Nanomaterials

%J Altex-Alternatives to Animal Experimentation

%V 28

%P 236-241

%! Nanotoxicology: "The End of the Beginning" - Signs on the Roadmap to a Strategy for Assuring the Safe 

Application and Use of Nanomaterials

%@ 1868-596X

%M WOS:000295573100006

%X In October 2010, a group of experts met as part of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t(4)) to exchange 

ideas about the current status and future of safety testing of nanomaterials. At present, there is no widely accepted path 

forward to assure appropriate and effective hazard identification for engineered nanomaterials. The group discussed 

needs for characterization of nanomaterials and identified testing protocols that incorporate the use of innovative 

alternative whole models such as zebrafish or C. elegans, as well as in vitro or alternative methods to examine specific

functional pathways and modes of action. The group proposed elements of a potential testing scheme for nanomaterials

that works towards an integrated testing strategy, incorporating the goals of the NRC report Toxicity Testing in the 

21(st) Century: A Vision and a Strategy by focusing on pathways of toxic response, and utilizing an evidence-based 

strategy for developing the knowledge base for safety assessment. Finally, the group recommended that a reliable, 

open, curated database be developed that interfaces with existing databases to enable sharing of information.

%Z Silbergeld, Ellen K. Contreras, Elizabeth Q. Hartung, Thomas Hirsch, Cordula Hogberg, Helena Jachak, Ashish C.

Jordan, William Landsiedel, Robert Morris, Jeffery Patri, Anil Pounds, Joel G. de Vizcaya Ruiz, Andrea Shvedova, 

Anna Tanguay, Robert Tatarazako, Norihasa van Vliet, Erwin Walker, Nigel J. Wiesner, Mark Wilcox, Neil Zurlo, 

Joanne

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295573100006

%0 Journal Article

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. A.

%A Zhurbich, O. I.

%A McNear, D. H.

%A Tsyusko, OV

%A Bertsch, PM

%A Unrine, JM

%D 2011

%T Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

%J Ecotoxicology

%V 20

%P 385-96

%7 2011/01/14

%8 Mar

%! Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

%@ 1573-3017 (Electronic)0963-9292 (Linking)

%M 21229389

%X Silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, ideally acting as 

antimicrobial agents. Silver exposure has long been known to cause toxic effects to a wide variety of organisms, 

making large scale production of silver nanoparticles a potential hazard to environmental systems. Here we describe 

the first evidence that an organism may be able to sense manufactured nanoparticles in a complex, environmentally 

relevant exposure and that the presence of nanoparticles alters the organism's behavior. We found that earthworms 

(Eisenia fetida) consistently avoid soils containing silver nanoparticles and AgNO(3) at similar concentrations of Ag. 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

However, avoidance of silver nanoparticles occurred over 48 h, while avoidance of AgNO(3) was immediate. It was 

determined that avoidance of silver nanoparticles could not be explained by release of silver ions or any changes in 

microbial communities caused by the introduction of Ag. This leads us to conclude that the earthworms were in some 

way sensing the presence of nanoparticles over the course of a 48 h exposure and choosing to avoid exposure to them. 

Our results demonstrate that nanoparticle interactions with organisms may be unpredictable and that these interactions 

may result in ecologically significant effects on behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations.

%Z Shoults-Wilson, W AZhurbich, Oksana IMcNear, David HTsyusko, Olga VBertsch, Paul MUnrine, Jason 

MResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesEcotoxicology (London, England)Ecotoxicology. 2011 

Mar;20(2):385-96. Epub 2011 Jan 13.

%0 Journal Article

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. A.

%A Reinsch, B. C.

%A Tsyusko, OV

%A Bertsch, PM

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Unrine, JM

%D 2011

%T Role of particle size and soil type in toxicity of silver nanoparticles to earthworms

%J Soil Science Society of America Journal

%V 75

%P 365-377

%8 Mar-Apr

%! Role of particle size and soil type in toxicity of silver nanoparticles to earthworms

%@ 0361-5995

%M ISI:000288827000005

%X Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are an emerging contaminant of concern due to their increased use. The earthworm 

Eisenia fetida was exposed to a range of concentrations of AgNO3 and two polyvinylpyrolidone coated Ag NPs with 

different particle size distributions. They were exposed in two different soils: a naturally occurring sandy loam and a 

standardized artificial soil. The AgNO3 significantly reduced E. fetida growth and reproduction at 7.41 +/- 0.01 mg 

kg(-1) Ag in the sandy loam but only reproduction was affected at concentrations of 94.1 +/- 3.2 mg kg(-1) in the 

artificial soil. In the artificial soil, significant (alpha = 0.05) reproductive toxicity was only observed in organisms 

exposed to the Ag NPs at concentrations approximately eight times higher than those at which the effects from ionic 

Ag were observed. Eisenia fetida exposed to either AgNO3 or Ag NPs in the sandy loam accumulated significantly 

(alpha = 0.05) higher concentrations of Ag than those exposed in the artificial soil and had higher bioaccumulation 

factors. Earthworms exposed to AgNO3 also accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Ag than those exposed

to Ag NPs. No differences in toxicity were observed between the two size distributions. Extended x-ray absorption fine

structure spectroscopy analysis of the soils indicated that the Ag was approximately 10 to 17% Ag(1), suggesting that 

Ag ions may be responsible for effects on growth and development caused by exposure to Ag NPs. Our results also 

suggest that soil type is a more important determinant of Ag accumulation from Ag NPs than particle size.

%Z Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron Reinsch, Brian C. Tsyusko, Olga V. Bertsch, Paul M. Lowry, Greg V. Unrine, Jason 

M.

%U <Go to ISI>://000288827000005

%0 Journal Article

%A Shawky, H. A.

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Lin, S. H.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%T Synthesis and characterization of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite membrane for water treatment

%J Desalination

%V 272

%P 46-50

%8 May

%! Synthesis and characterization of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite membrane for water treatment

%@ 0011-9164

%M WOS:000289708200006

%X Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/aromatic polyamide (PA) nanocomposite membranes were synthesized by 

a polymer grafting process. Surface morphology, roughness, and mechanical strength of the resultant nanocomposite 

membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and microstrain analysis, respectively. SEM and AFM images showed that MWCNTs were well dispersed in the PA matrix. 

Measurements of mechanical properties of this composite showed increasing membrane strength with increasing 

MWCNT content with monotonic increases in Young's modulus, toughness, and tensile strength. The addition of 

MWCNTs also improved the rejection of both salt and organic matter relative to the 10% PA membrane base case. The

nanocomposite membrane synthesized with 15 mg/g MWCNT in a 10% PA casting solution rejected NaCl and humic 

acid by factors of 3.17 and 1.67 respectively relative to the PA membrane without MWCNTs, while membrane 

permeability decreased by 6.5%. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

%Z Shawky, Hosam A. Chae, So-Ryong Lin, Shihong Wiesner, Mark R.

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000289708200006

%0 Journal Article

%A Sengül, Hatice

%A Theis, Thomas L.

%D 2011

%T An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through

use

%J Journal of Cleaner Production

%V 19

%N 1

%P 21-31

%8 1//

%! An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through 

use

%@ 0959-6526

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.08.010

%K Life cycle assessment

Quantum dots

Nanophotovoltaics

Quantum dot photovoltaic modules

Solar energy

Renewable energy

Sustainable technology development

%X Some emerging technologies are expected to be pivotal for solving many of the environmental challenges faced 

today, especially those related to energy. However, many of these technologies may incur significant environmental 

impacts over their life cycle, while having environmental benefits during their use. This paper presents results of a Life

Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a proposed type of nanophotovoltaic, quantum dot photovoltaic (QDPV) module. The 

LCA is confined to the stages of raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, and use. The impacts of QDPV are 

compared with other types of PV modules and energy sources – both renewable and nonrenewable. To provide a 

comprehensive comparative assessment, QDPV modules were compared with mature as well as emerging PV types for

which data are available. Comparative assessment with other types of energy sources includes coal, oil, lignite, natural 

gas, diesel, nuclear, wind, and hydropower. QDPV modules may have the potential to overcome two current barriers 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

of solar technology: low efficiencies and high manufacturing costs. If higher efficiencies are realized, QDPV modules 

could pave the way to large scale implementation of solar energy, helping nations move toward greater energy 

independence. On the other hand, candidate materials as quantum dots for solar cell applications are mostly compound 

semiconductors such as cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, and lead sulfide which may be toxic and for which 

renewable options are limited. Toxic effects of these materials may be exacerbated by their nanoscale features. The 

LCA was carried out using the software SimaPro, and the Ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database 

supplemented with available literature and patent information. Our results indicate that while QDPV modules have 

shorter Energy PayBack Time (EPBT), lower Global Warming Potential (GWP), SOx and NOx emissions than other 

types of PV modules, they have higher heavy metal emissions, underscoring the need for investigation of emerging 

technologies, especially nano-based ones, from a life cycle perspective. QDPV modules are better in all impact 

categories assessed than carbon-based energy sources but they have longer EPBT than wind and hydropower and 

higher GWP.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652610003252

%0 Journal Article

%A Roebben, G.

%A Ramirez-Garcia, S.

%A Hackley, V. A.

%A Roesslein, M.

%A Klaessig, F.

%A Kestens, V.

%A Lynch, I.

%A Garner, C. M.

%A Rawle, A.

%A Elder, A.

%A Colvin, V. L.

%A Kreyling, W.

%A Krug, H. F.

%A Lewicka, Z. A.

%A McNeil, S.

%A Nel, A.

%A Patri, A.

%A Wick, P.

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Xia, T.

%A Oberdorster, G.

%A Dawson, K. A.

%D 2011

%T Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact 

assessment

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 13

%P 2675-2687

%8 Jul

%! Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact 

assessment

%@ 1388-0764

%M WOS:000291746600001

%X The International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization (IANH) organises interlaboratory comparisons of methods

used to study the potential biological impacts of nanomaterials. The aim of IANH is to identify and reduce or remove 

sources of variability and irreproducibility in existing protocols. Here, we present results of the first IANH round robin 

studies into methods to assess the size and surface charge of suspended nanoparticles. The test materials used 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

(suspensions of gold, silica, polystyrene, and ceria nanoparticles, with [primary] particles sizes between 10 nm and 80 

nm) were first analysed in repeatability conditions to assess the possible contribution of between-sample heterogeneity 

to the between-laboratory variability. Reproducibility of the selected methods was investigated in an interlaboratory 

comparison between ten different laboratories in the USA and Europe. Robust statistical analysis was used to evaluate 

within- and between-laboratory variability. It is shown that, if detailed shipping, measurement, and reporting protocols 

are followed, measurement of the hydrodynamic particle diameter of nanoparticles in predispersed monomodal 

suspensions using the dynamic light scattering method is reproducible. On the other hand, measurements of more 

polydisperse suspensions of nanoparticle aggregates or agglomerates were not reproducible between laboratories. 

Ultrasonication, which is commonly used to prepare dispersions before cell exposures, was observed to further increase

variability. The variability of the zeta potential values, which were also measured, indicates the need to define better 

surface charge test protocols and to identify sources of variability.

%Z Roebben, G. Ramirez-Garcia, S. Hackley, V. A. Roesslein, M. Klaessig, F. Kestens, V. Lynch, I. Garner, C. M. 

Rawle, A. Elder, A. Colvin, V. L. Kreyling, W. Krug, H. F. Lewicka, Z. A. McNeil, S. Nel, A. Patri, A. Wick, P. 

Wiesner, M. Xia, T. Oberdoerster, G. Dawson, K. A.

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000291746600001

%0 Journal Article

%A Rezic, Iva

%D 2011

%T Determination of engineered nanoparticles on textiles and in textile wastewaters

%J TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

%V 30

%N 7

%P 1159-1167

%! Determination of engineered nanoparticles on textiles and in textile wastewaters

%@ 01659936

%R 10.1016/j.trac.2011.02.017

%X Textile materials with engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have excellent properties as they are antibacterial, 

antimicrobial, water resistant and protective. The textile industry has recognized the importance and the advantages of 

ENPs, so they comprise one of the fastest developing branches of processing.

The most important sources of ENPs released to the environment from textiles are textile-industry wastewaters and 

waters from large hospital or hotel laundries. In addition, waste textile materials coated with ENPs present a threat to 

the environment, if such materials are not properly handled and disposed of after use.

Currently, the toxicity and the potential harm of ENPs widely applied on textiles are not thoroughly investigated and/or

eliminated. Consequently, there is an urgent need to define the most appropriate analytical methods for monitoring 

ENPs on textiles.

This review presents the most important techniques for monitoring ENPs on textile materials and in textile-wastewater 

samples, from the perspective of protecting the environment and human health.

%0 Journal Article

%A Powers, Christina M.

%A Slotkin, Theodore A.

%A Seidler, Frederic J.

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Padilla, Stephanie

%D 2011

%T Silver nanoparticles alter zebrafish development and larval behavior: Distinct roles for particle size, coating and 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

composition

%J Neurotoxicology and Teratology

%8 02/2011

%! Silver nanoparticles alter zebrafish development and larval behavior: Distinct roles for particle size, coating and 

composition

%R 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.002

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036211000092

%0 Journal Article

%A Pidgeon, Nick

%A Harthorn, Barbara

%A Satterfield, Terre

%D 2011

%T Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication: Emerging Technologies, Emerging Challenges

%J Risk Analysis

%V 31

%N 11

%P 1694-1700

%! Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication: Emerging Technologies, Emerging Challenges

%@ 1539-6924

%R 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x

%X Nanotechnology involves the fabrication, manipulation, and control of materials at the atomic level and may also 

bring novel uncertainties and risks. Potential parallels with other controversial technologies mean there is a need to 

develop a comprehensive understanding of processes of public perception of nanotechnology uncertainties, risks, and 

benefits, alongside related communication issues. Study of perceptions, at so early a stage in the development 

trajectory of a technology, is probably unique in the risk perception and communication field. As such it also brings 

new methodological and conceptual challenges. These include: dealing with the inherent diversity of the 

nanotechnology field itself; the unfamiliar and intangible nature of the concept, with few analogies to anchor mental 

models or risk perceptions; and the ethical and value questions underlying many nanotechnology debates. Utilizing the 

lens of social amplification of risk, and drawing upon the various contributions to this special issue of Risk Analysis 

on Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication, nanotechnology may at present be an attenuated hazard. 

The generic idea of “upstream public engagement” for emerging technologies such as nanotechnology is also 

discussed, alongside its importance for future work with emerging technologies in the risk communication field.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Petersen, Elijah J.

%A Zhang, Liwen

%A Mattison, Nikolai T.

%A O’Carroll, Denis M.

%A Whelton, Andrew J.

%A Uddin, Nasir

%A Nguyen, Tinh

%A Huang, Qingguo

%A Henry, Theodore B.

%A Holbrook, R. David

%A Chen, Kai Loon

%D 2011

%T Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes
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%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 23

%P 9837-9856

%8 2011/12/01

%! Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es201579y

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201579y

%[2014/01/09

%0 Government Document

%A NSET

%D 2011

%T The National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategy for Nanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety 

Research

%P 136

%U http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nni_2011_ehs_research_strategy.pdf

%[12/31/13

%0 Journal Article

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Krug, Harald F.

%A Height, Murray

%D 2011

%T Reply to Comments on ”120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers”

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 17

%P 7593-7595

%8 2011/09/01

%! Reply to Comments on ”120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers”

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2017895

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2017895

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2017895

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Krug, Harald F.

%A Height, Murray

%D 2011

%T 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 4

%P 1177-1183
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%8 2011/02/15

%! 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es103316q

%X Nanosilver is one nanomaterial that is currently under a lot of scrutiny. Much of the discussion is based on the 

assumption that nanosilver is something new that has not been seen until recently and that the advances in 

nanotechnology opened completely new application areas for silver. However, we show in this analysis that nanosilver 

in the form of colloidal silver has been used for more than 100 years and has been registered as a biocidal material in 

the United States since 1954. Fifty-three percent of the EPA-registered biocidal silver products likely contain 

nanosilver. Most of these nanosilver applications are silver-impregnated water filters, algicides, and antimicrobial 

additives that do not claim to contain nanoparticles. Many human health standards for silver are based on an analysis 

of argyria occurrence (discoloration of the skin, a cosmetic condition) from the 1930s and include studies that 

considered nanosilver materials. The environmental standards on the other hand are based on ionic silver and may need

to be re-evaluated based on recent findings that most silver in the environment, regardless of the original silver form, 

is present in the form of small clusters or nanoparticles. The implications of this analysis for policy of nanosilver is 

that it would be a mistake for regulators to ignore the accumulated knowledge of our scientific and regulatory heritage 

in a bid to declare nanosilver materials as new chemicals, with unknown properties and automatically harmful simply 

on the basis of a change in nomenclature to the term ?nano?.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103316q

%[2013/03/26

%0 Report

%A Netherlands, Health Council of the

%D 2011

%T Nanomaterials in waste. 

%I The Hague: Health

Council of the Netherlands

%P 49

%7 publication no. 2011/14E.

%! Nanomaterials in waste. 

%@ 978-90-5549-874-1

%U http://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/publications/environmental-health/nanomaterials-waste

%0 Journal Article

%A Neal, A.

%A Kabengi, N.J.

%A Grider, A.

%A Bertsch, PM

%D 2011

%T Can the Soil Bacterium Cupriavidus necator sense ZnO Nanomaterials and Aqueous Zn2+ Differentially?

%J Nanotoxicology

%! Can the Soil Bacterium Cupriavidus necator sense ZnO Nanomaterials and Aqueous Zn2+ Differentially?

%R 10.3109/17435390.2011.579633

%X Synthetic metal oxide nanomaterials exert toxicity via two general mechanisms: Release of free ions at 

concentrations which exert toxic effects upon the target cell, or specific surface-mediated physicochemical processes 

leading to the formation of hydroxyl free radicals and other reactive oxygen species which act to disrupt cell 

membranes and organelles. From a regulatory standpoint this presents a potential problem since it is not trivial to 

detect free metal ions in the presence of nanoparticles in biological or natural media. This makes efforts to identify the 

route of uptake difficult. Although in vitro studies of zinc oxide nanoparticles suggest that toxicity to the soil bacterium

Cupriavidus necator is exerted in a similar manner to zinc acetate, we found no free Zn ion is associated with 
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nanoparticle suspensions. The proteome of cells subjected to equal concentrations of either the nanoparticle or zinc 

acetate suggest that the mode of toxicity is quite different for the two forms of Zn, with a number of membraneassociated proteins up-expressed in response to nanoparticle exposure. Our data suggests that nanoparticles act to 

interrupt cell membranes thereby causing cell death rather than exerting a strictly toxic effect. We also identify 

potentially useful genes to serve as biomarkers of membrane disruption in toxicogenomic studies with nanoparticles or 

to engineer biosensor organisms.

%U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.579633

%0 Journal Article

%A Musee, Ndeke

%A Thwala, Melusi

%A Nota, Nomakhwezi

%D 2011

%T The antibacterial effects of engineered nanomaterials: implications for wastewater treatment plants

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1164-1183

%! The antibacterial effects of engineered nanomaterials: implications for wastewater treatment plants

%@ 1464-0325

%X Nanotechnology is currently at the forefront of scientific research and technological developments that have 

resulted in the manufacture of novel consumer products and numerous industrial applications using engineered 

nanomaterials (ENMs). With the increasing number of applications and uses of ENMs comes an increasing likelihood 

of nanoscale materials posing potential risks to the environment and engineered technical systems such as wastewater 

treatment plants (WWTPs). Recent scientific data suggests that ENMs that are useful in, for example, medical 

applications due to their novel physicochemical properties, may also cause adverse effects to the bacterial populations 

used in wastewater treatment systems. In this review, the toxicological effects of titanium nanoparticles (nTiO2), zinc 

oxide (nZnO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes (C60) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to bacteria were 

examined. The results suggest that the potential ENMs risks to bacteria are non-uniform (need to be assessed case-bycase), and are dependent on numerous factors (e.g. size, pH, surface area, natural organic matter). Currently available 

data are therefore insufficient for evaluating the risks that ENMs pose in WWTPs. To fill these knowledge gaps, we 

recommend scenario specific studies aimed at improving our understanding on: (i) estimated volumes of ENMs in 

effluents, (ii) the antibacterial sensitivity of cultures within WWTPs towards selected ENMs, and (iii) processes 

improving the stability of ENMs in solutions. Two factors that merit consideration for elucidating the potential risks 

systematically are the toxicity mechanisms of ENMs to bacteria, and the influencing factors based on inherent 

physicochemical properties and environmental factors. Furthermore, the complexity of behaviour and fate of ENMs in 

real WWTPs requires case studies for assessing the ENMs risks to bacteria in vivo. The current laboratory results 

derived using simplified exposure media do not reflect actual environmental conditions.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10023H

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10023h

%0 Journal Article

%A Musee, N.

%D 2011

%T Nanotechnology risk assessment from a waste management perspective: are the current tools adequate?

%J Hum Exp Toxicol

%V 30

%N 8

%P 820-35

%8 Aug
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%! Nanotechnology risk assessment from a waste management perspective: are the current tools adequate?

%Z Human & experimental toxicology

%@ 1477-0903 (Electronic)

0960-3271 (Linking)

%R 10.1177/0960327110384525

%M 20921061

%K Ecotoxicology

*Hazardous Waste/adverse effects/analysis/prevention & control

Nanotechnology/*standards

Risk Assessment

*Waste Management/methods/standards

%X The burgeoning nanotechnology industry is rapidly generating new forms of waste streams generically referred 

herein as nanowastes. However, little is known about the fate and behavior of these waste streams and their impacts 

thereof in different ecological systems despite their increasingly widespread dispersion into the environment through 

production, distribution, handling, and nanomaterials (NMs) incorporation into bulk products processes. In this paper, 

risk assessment of nanotechnology from a waste management perspective was examined to elucidate potential new 

forms of challenges nanowastes may likely pose to the current legislative and waste management systems. This was 

through the identification of several knowledge gaps that merit urgent attention in order to increase our collective 

understanding of managing nanowastes safely, responsibly, and sustainably. The paper presents the identified gaps and

consequently proposes a qualitative risk assessment of nanowastes to address some of the current challenges. The 

applicability of the proposed model is illustrated through several examples. In addition, the first nanowastes 

classification protocol presented in this article show that a given nanomaterial may result in generating nanowaste 

streams of different forms with variant hazard levels ranging from benign to extremely being hazardous waste streams 

- a dramatic phenomenon from the conventional waste streams due to macroscale chemicals. The study shows that it is 

in the early days to draw broad generic classification of different nanowastes, and each stream may require their risk 

profile be assessed on a case-by-case basis. We conclude by presenting several recommendations on what needs to be 

done in dealing with nanowastes as means of avoiding unintended long-term consequences of nanotechnology.

%Z Musee, Ndeke

eng

England

2010/10/06 06:00

Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011 Aug;30(8):820-35. doi: 10.1177/0960327110384525. Epub 2010 Oct 4.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921061

http://het.sagepub.com/content/30/8/820

%+ Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. museen2001@yahoo.com

%0 Journal Article

%A Musee, N.

%D 2011

%T Nanowastes and the environment: Potential new waste management paradigm

%J Environment International

%V 37

%N 1

%P 112-128

%8 Jan

%! Nanowastes and the environment: Potential new waste management paradigm

%@ 1873-6750 (Electronic)

0160-4120 (Linking)

%R 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.005

%M 20832119

%K Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/toxicity

Industrial Waste/analysis
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Nanostructures/*analysis/toxicity

Waste Management/*methods

%X Recent exponential growth in the development of nanomaterials (NMs) and nanoproducts is premised on the 

provision of novel benefits to the society-through the exploitation of their unique industrial and biomedical 

applications like medical imaging, fabrics in textiles, tissue engineering, nanocomposites, bioremediation, and 

biomedicine. These NMs and nanoproducts have increased in quantity and volume from few kilograms to thousands of

tonnes over the last fifteen to twenty years, and their uncontrolled release into the environment is anticipated to grow 

dramatically in future. However, their potential impacts to the biological systems are unknown. Among the key present

challenges in the waste management sector include the emergence of nanowastes; however, the effectiveness and the 

capability of the current systems to handle them are yet to be established. Because of limited studies on nanowastes 

management, in this paper, three-fold objectives are pursued, namely; (i) to raise concerns related to the alarming 

increases of uncontrolled releases of NMs into the environment through nanowastes, (ii) examine the unique challenges

nanowastes pose to the waste management systems-both from technological and legislative perspectives, and (iii) 

summarize results of the first nanowastes classification formalism in order to elucidate the potential challenges of 

waste streams containing nanoscale dimension materials to the present waste management paradigm. Finally, the 

article closes by summarizing several proactive steps of enhancing effective long-term and responsible management of 

nanowastes.

%Z Musee, N

eng

Netherlands

2010/09/14 06:00

Environ Int. 2011 Jan;37(1):112-28. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Sep 15.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832119

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010001558

%+ Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. nmusee@csir.co.za

%0 Journal Article

%A Mudunkotuwa, Imali A.

%A Grassian, Vicki H.

%D 2011

%T The devil is in the details (or the surface): impact of surface structure and surface energetics on understanding the 

behavior of nanomaterials in the environment

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1135-1144

%! The devil is in the details (or the surface): impact of surface structure and surface energetics on understanding the 

behavior of nanomaterials in the environment

%@ 1464-0325

%X Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials are found in many consumer products for use in a wide range of applications

including catalysis, sensors and contaminant remediation. Because of the extensive use of metal-based nanomaterials, 

there are concerns that these materials have the potential to get into the environment sometime during production, 

distribution, use and/or disposal. In particular, there exists the potential that they will make their way into water 

systems, e.g. drinking water systems, ground water systems, estuaries and lakes. In this review, some of the 

uncertainties in understanding nanoparticle behavior, which is often due to a lack of fundamental knowledge of the 

surface structure and surface energetics for very small particles, are discussed. Although classical models may provide 

guidance for understanding dissolution and aggregation of nanoparticles in water, it is the detailed surface structure 

and surface chemistry that are needed to accurately describe the surface free energy, a large component of the total 

free energy, in order to fully understand these processes. Without this information, it is difficult to develop a 

conceptual framework for understanding the fate, transport and potential toxicity of nanomaterials. Needed research 

areas to fill this void are discussed.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM00002K
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http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em00002k

%0 Journal Article

%A Maynard, A. D.

%A Warheit, D. B.

%A Philbert, M. A.

%D 2011

%T The new toxicology of sophisticated materials: nanotoxicology and beyond

%J Toxicol Sci

%V 120 Suppl 1

%P S109-29

%8 Mar

%! The new toxicology of sophisticated materials: nanotoxicology and beyond

%Z Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

%@ 1096-0929 (Electronic)

1096-0929 (Linking)

%R 10.1093/toxsci/kfq372

%2 3145386

%M 21177774

%K Animals

Drug Interactions

Humans

Nanostructures/chemistry/*toxicity

*Nanotechnology

Particle Size

Physicochemical Phenomena

Risk Assessment

Toxicity Tests/*methods

*Toxicology

%X It has long been recognized that the physical form of materials can mediate their toxicity--the health impacts of 

asbestiform materials, industrial aerosols, and ambient particulate matter are prime examples. Yet over the past 20 

years, toxicology research has suggested complex and previously unrecognized associations between material 

physicochemistry at the nanoscale and biological interactions. With the rapid rise of the field of nanotechnology and 

the design and production of increasingly complex nanoscale materials, it has become ever more important to 

understand how the physical form and chemical composition of these materials interact synergistically to determine 

toxicity. As a result, a new field of research has emerged--nanotoxicology. Research within this field is highlighting 

the importance of material physicochemical properties in how dose is understood, how materials are characterized in a 

manner that enables quantitative data interpretation and comparison, and how materials move within, interact with, and

are transformed by biological systems. Yet many of the substances that are the focus of current nanotoxicology studies 

are relatively simple materials that are at the vanguard of a new era of complex materials. Over the next 50 years, there

will be a need to understand the toxicology of increasingly sophisticated materials that exhibit novel, dynamic and 

multifaceted functionality. If the toxicology community is to meet the challenge of ensuring the safe use of this new 

generation of substances, it will need to move beyond "nano" toxicology and toward a new toxicology of sophisticated

materials. Here, we present a brief overview of the current state of the science on the toxicology of nanoscale 

materials and focus on three emerging toxicology-based challenges presented by sophisticated materials that will 

become increasingly important over the next 50 years: identifying relevant materials for study, physicochemical 

characterization, and biointeractions.

%Z Maynard, Andrew D

Warheit, David B

Philbert, Martin A

eng

ES 2R01 ES08846/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

2010/12/24 06:00

Toxicol Sci. 2011 Mar;120 Suppl 1:S109-29. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq372. Epub 2010 Dec 22.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21177774

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145386/pdf/kfq372.pdf

%+ Risk Science Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, USA.

%0 Journal Article

%A Mashford, Benjamin

%A Baldauf, Julia

%A Nguyen, Tich-Lam

%A Funston, Alison M.

%A Mulvaney, Paul

%D 2011

%T Synthesis of quantum dot doped chalcogenide glasses via sol-gel processing

%J Journal of Applied Physics

%V 109

%N 9

%P -

%! Synthesis of quantum dot doped chalcogenide glasses via sol-gel processing

%R doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3579442

%K passivation

oxidation

chalcogenide glasses

photoluminescence

sol-gel processing

semiconductor quantum dots

zinc compounds

semiconductor growth

II-VI semiconductors

wide band gap semiconductors

%U http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/109/9/10.1063/1.3579442

%0 Journal Article

%A MacCuspie, Robert I.

%A Rogers, Kim

%A Patra, Manomita

%A Suo, Zhiyong

%A Allen, Andrew J.

%A Martin, Matthew N.

%A Hackley, Vincent A.

%D 2011

%T Challenges for physical characterization of silver nanoparticles under pristine and environmentally relevant 

conditions

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1212-1226
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%! Challenges for physical characterization of silver nanoparticles under pristine and environmentally relevant 

conditions

%@ 1464-0325

%X The reported size distribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is strongly affected by the underlying measurement 

method, agglomeration state, and dispersion conditions. A selection of AgNP materials with vendor-reported diameters

ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm, various size distributions, and biocompatible capping agents including citrate, starch 

and polyvinylpyrrolidone were studied. AgNPs were diluted with either deionized water, moderately hard reconstituted

water, or moderately hard reconstituted water containing natural organic matter. Rigorous physico-chemical 

characterization by consensus methods and protocols where available enables an understanding of how the underlying 

measurement method impacts the reported size measurements, which in turn provides a more complete understanding 

of the state (size, size distribution, agglomeration, etc.) of the AgNPs with respect to the dispersion conditions. An 

approach to developing routine screening is also presented.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10024F

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10024f

%0 Journal Article

%A Lin, S. H.

%A Cheng, Y. W.

%A Bobcombe, Y.

%A Jones, K. L.

%A Liu, J.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from 

Surface Composition Analysis

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 5209-5215

%8 Jun 15

%! Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from 

Surface Composition Analysis

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000291422200023

%K colloid deposition

electrical double-layer

expressions

KINETICS

NANOMATERIALS

particle deposition

transport

%X The transport of uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a porous medium composed of silica glass beads 

modified with a partial coverage of iron oxide (hematite) was studied and compared to that in a porous medium 

composed of unmodified glass beads (GB). At a pH lower than the point of zero charge (PZC) of hematite, the affinity 

of AgNPs for a hematite-coated glass bead (FeO-GB) surface was significantly higher than that for an uncoated 

surface. There was a linear correlation between the average nanoparticle affinity for media composed of mixtures of 

FeO-GB and GB collectors and the relative composition of those media as quantified by the attachment efficiency 

over a range of mixing mass ratios of the two types of collectors, so that the average AgNPs affinity for these media is 

readily predicted from the mass (or surface) weighted average of affinities for each of the surface types. X-ray 

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the composition of the collector surface as a basis for 

predicting the affinity between the nanoparticles for a heterogeneous collector surface. A correlation was also observed

between the local abundances of AgNPs and FeO on the collector surface.

%Z 774YHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:27
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%U <Go to ISI>://000291422200023

%0 Journal Article

%A Lin, Shihong

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Bobcombe, Yohan

%A L. Jones, Kimberly

%A Liu, Jie

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2011

%T Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from 

Surface Composition Analysis

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 12

%P 5209-5215

%8 2011/06/15

%! Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from 

Surface Composition Analysis

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2002327

%X The transport of uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a porous medium composed of silica glass beads 

modified with a partial coverage of iron oxide (hematite) was studied and compared to that in a porous medium 

composed of unmodified glass beads (GB). At a pH lower than the point of zero charge (PZC) of hematite, the affinity 

of AgNPs for a hematite-coated glass bead (FeO-GB) surface was significantly higher than that for an uncoated 

surface. There was a linear correlation between the average nanoparticle affinity for media composed of mixtures of 

FeO-GB and GB collectors and the relative composition of those media as quantified by the attachment efficiency 

over a range of mixing mass ratios of the two types of collectors, so that the average AgNPs affinity for these media is 

readily predicted from the mass (or surface) weighted average of affinities for each of the surface types. X-ray 

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the composition of the collector surface as a basis for 

predicting the affinity between the nanoparticles for a heterogeneous collector surface. A correlation was also observed

between the local abundances of AgNPs and FeO on the collector surface.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2002327

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2002327

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Levard, Clément

%A Reinsch, Brian C.

%A Michel, F. Marc

%A Oumahi, Camella

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Brown, Gordon E.

%D 2011

%T Sulfidation Processes of PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution: Impact on Dissolution Rate

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 12

%P 5260-5266

%8 2011/06/15
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%! Sulfidation Processes of PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution: Impact on Dissolution Rate

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es2007758

%X Despite the increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in nanotechnology and their toxicity to invertebrates, 

the transformations and fate of Ag-NPs in the environment are poorly understood. This work focuses on the sulfidation

processes of PVP-coated Ag-NPs, one of the most likely corrosion phenomena that may happen in the environment. 

The sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio was varied in order to control the extent of Ag-NPs transformation to silver sulfide (Ag2S).

A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 

spectroscopy shows the increasing formation of Ag2S with an increasing sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio. TEM observations 

show that Ag2S forms nanobridges between the Ag-NPs leading to chain-like structures. In addition, sulfidation 

strongly affects surface properties of the Ag-NPs in terms of surface charge and dissolution rate. Both may affect the 

reactivity, transport, and toxicity of Ag-NPs in soils. In particular, the decrease of dissolution rate as a function of 

sulfide exposure may strongly limit Ag-NPs toxicity since released Ag+ ions are known to be a major factor in the 

toxicity of Ag-NPs.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2007758

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2007758

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Levard, Clement

%A Michel, F. Marc

%A Wang, Yingge

%A Choi, Yongseong

%A Eng, Peter

%A Brown, Gordon E., Jr

%D 2011

%T Probing Ag nanoparticle surface oxidation in contact with (in)organics: an X-ray scattering and fluorescence yield 

approach

%J Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

%V 18

%P 871-878

%! Probing Ag nanoparticle surface oxidation in contact with (in)organics: an X-ray scattering and fluorescence yield 

approach

%@ 0909-0495

%K corrosion processes

environmental interfaces

SILVER NANOPARTICLES

thin films

%X Characterizing interfacial reactions is a crucial part of understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in nature and 

for unlocking their functional potential. Here, an advanced nanostructure characterization approach to study the 

corrosion processes of silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nps), currently the most highly produced nanoparticle for 

nanotechnology, is presented. Corrosion of Ag-Nps under aqueous conditions, in particular in the presence of organic 

matter and halide species common to many natural environments, is of particular importance because the release of 

toxic Ag+ from oxidation/dissolution of Ag-Nps may strongly impact ecosystems. In this context, Ag-Nps capped 

with polyvinolpyrrolidone (PVP) in contact with a simple proxy of organic matter in natural waters [polyacrylic acid 

(PAA) and Cl- in solution] has been investigated. A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray standing-wave 

fluorescence yield- and X-ray diffraction-based experiments on a sample consisting of an approximately singleparticle layer of Ag-Nps deposited on a silicon substrate and coated by a thin film of PAA containing Cl revealed the 

formation of a stable AgCl corrosion product despite the presence of potential surface stabilizers (PVP and PAA). 

Diffusion and precipitation processes at the Ag-Nps-PAA interface were characterized with a high spatial resolution 

using this new approach.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S090904951103843X
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http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S090904951103843X

%0 Journal Article

%A Lee, Joohyung

%A Donahue, Neil M.

%D 2011

%T Secondary Organic Aerosol Coating of Synthetic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 4689-4695

%8 2011/06/01

%9 doi: 10.1021/es104147z

%! Secondary Organic Aerosol Coating of Synthetic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

%@ 0013-936X

%X Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the Œ±-pinene + ozone reaction readily coats TiO2 and CeO2 metal?

oxide nanoparticles in smog-chamber experiments under atmospherically relevant conditions. Otherwise identical 

experiments compared bare nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The PAA-coated 

particles result in significantly higher new-particle formation rates, suggesting that the SOA vapors coat bare metal 

oxide more readily than the PAA. After particles begin to grow via SOA coating, however, all particles, independent 

of size or the presence of a metal?oxide core, grow with a rate proportional to their surface area, modified to account 

for gas-phase diffusion in the transition regime between the kinetic and bulk-flow regimes. This suggests that SOA 

condensational growth may be modeled based on the size distribution of the condensational sink in the atmosphere.

%Z doi: 10.1021/es104147z

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es104147z

%0 Journal Article

%A Kirschling, Teresa L.

%A Golas, Patricia L.

%A Unrine, Jason M.

%A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof

%A Gregory, Kelvin B.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%D 2011

%T Microbial Bioavailability of Covalently Bound Polymer Coatings on Model Engineered Nanomaterials

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 12

%P 5253-5259

%8 2011/06/15

%! Microbial Bioavailability of Covalently Bound Polymer Coatings on Model Engineered Nanomaterials

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es200770z

%X By controlling nanoparticle flocculation and deposition, polymer coatings strongly affect nanoparticle fate, 

transport, and subsequent biological impact in the environment. Biodegradation is a potential route to coating 

breakdown, but it is unknown whether surface-bound polymers are bioavailable. Here we demonstrate, for the first 

time, that polymer coatings covalently bound to nanomaterials are bioavailable. Model poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) 

brush-coated nanoparticles (densely cross-linked bottle brush copolymers) with hydrophobic divinyl benzene crosslinked cores and hydrophilic PEO brush shells, having ?30 nm hydrodynamic radii, were synthesized to obtain a 

nanomaterial in which biodegradation was the only available coating breakdown mechanism. PEO-degrading 
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enrichment cultures were supplied with either PEO homopolymer or PEO brush nanoparticles as the sole carbon 

source, and protein and CO2 production were monitored as a measure of biological conversion. Protein production 

after 90 h corresponded to 14% and 8% of the total carbon available in the PEO homopolymer and PEO brush 

nanoparticle cultures, respectively, and CO2 production corresponded to 37% and 3.8% of the carbon added to the 

respective system. These results indicate that the PEO in the brush is bioavailable. Brush biodegradation resulted in 

particle aggregation, pointing to the need to understand biologically mediated transformations of nanoparticle coatings 

in order to understand the fate and transport of nanoparticles in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200770z

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200770z

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Key, Catherine Silver

%A Reaves, Denise

%A Turner, Fran

%A Bang, John J.

%D 2011

%T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Ingestion on Pigmentation and Developmental Progression in Drosophila

%J Atlas Journal of Biology

%V 1

%P 52-61

%! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Ingestion on Pigmentation and Developmental Progression in Drosophila

%@ 21589151

%K development

Drosophila

Exposure

pigmentation

SILVER NANOPARTICLES

%X In recent years, the advent of nanomaterial use has increased exposure rates and raised health concerns. However, 

the toxicology profiles of many nanomaterials are far from complete for various reasons. In this study, Drosophila 

melanogaster, commonly called fruit flies, were exposed to one of the most widely used nanomaterials, silver 

nanopowder (Ag NP), to assess its toxicity and determine if D. melanogaster would be a good model organism for 

nanotoxicology studies. Comparison of developmental progression amongst groups of flies ingesting different Ag NP 

concentrations (0.05%/~90 ppm-5.0%/~9000 ppm), revealed that hatch rates were unaffected, but that larval 

progression was impeded at any dosage of Ag NP. At 0.3% Ag NP an approximate LD50 was observed. Additionally, 

a distinctive phenotype was observed among emergent adults (F1 generation) that arose from larvae exposed to Ag NP 

which included reduced body pigmentation accompanied by shortened life span and abnormal climbing behavior. The 

phenotype prompted speculation that Ag NPs may affect the dopamine and/or the stress response pathway(s).

%0 Journal Article

%A Kent, Ronald D.

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2011

%T Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 46

%N 13

%P 6977-6984

%8 2012/07/03

%! Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es203475a

%X Incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into an increasing number of consumer products has led to concern 

over the potential ecological impacts of their unintended release to the environment. Dissolution is an important 

environmental transformation that affects the form and concentration of AgNPs in natural waters; however, studies on 

AgNP dissolution kinetics are complicated by nanoparticle aggregation. Herein, nanosphere lithography (NSL) was 

used to fabricate uniform arrays of AgNPs immobilized on glass substrates. Nanoparticle immobilization enabled 

controlled evaluation of AgNP dissolution in an air-saturated phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 25 °C) under variable NaCl 

concentrations in the absence of aggregation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to monitor changes in particle

morphology and dissolution. Over the first day of exposure to =10 mM NaCl, the in-plane AgNP shape changed from 

triangular to circular, the sidewalls steepened, the in-plane radius decreased by 5?11 nm, and the height increased by 

6?12 nm. Subsequently, particle height and in-plane radius decreased at a constant rate over a 2-week period. 

Dissolution rates varied linearly from 0.4 to 2.2 nm/d over the 10?550 mM NaCl concentration range tested. NaClcatalyzed dissolution of AgNPs may play an important role in AgNP fate in saline waters and biological media. This 

study demonstrates the utility of NSL and AFM for the direct investigation of unaggregated AgNP dissolution.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203475a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203475a

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Karn, Barbara

%D 2011

%T Inside the radar: select elements in nanomaterials and sustainable nanotechnology

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1184-1189

%! Inside the radar: select elements in nanomaterials and sustainable nanotechnology

%@ 1464-0325

%X Rare earth elements and several metals formerly uncommon in commerce are being introduced into new products, 

particularly as nanoscaled materials. Until recently, little attention has been paid to their sustainability issues. This 

perspective addresses these elements, their commercial uses, health and environment issues, sustainability, and 

suggests a path forward.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10049A

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10049a

%0 Journal Article

%A Judy, JD

%A Unrine, JM

%A Bertsch, PM

%D 2011

%T Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 776-781

%8 Jan 15

%! Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain

%@ 0013-936X

%K absorption

iron-oxide
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metals

NANOMATERIALS

plants

translocation

web

%X Nanoparticles from the rapidly increasing number of consumer products that contain manufactured nanomaterials 

are being discharged into waste streams. Increasing evidence suggests that several classes of nanomaterials may 

accumulate in sludge derived from wastewater treatment and ultimately in soil following land application as biosolids. 

Little research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of nanoparticles on terrestrial ecosystems, despite the fact 

that land application of biosolids from wastewater treatment will be a major pathway for the introduction of 

manufactured nanomaterials to the environment To begin addressing this knowledge gap, we used the model organisms

Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi and Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) to investigate plant uptake and the potential 

for trophic transfer of 5, 10, and 15 nm diameter gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). Samples were analyzed using both 

bulk analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as well as spatially resolved methods such 

as laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (mu XRF). Our results 

demonstrate trophic transfer and biomagnification of gold nanoparticles from a primary producer to a primary 

consumer by mean factors of 6.2, 11.6, and 9.6 for the 5, 10, and 15 nm treatments, respectively. This result has 

important implications for risks associated with nanotechnology, including the potential for human exposure.

%Z 704YBTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:37

%U <Go to ISI>://000286090500067

%0 Journal Article

%A Jassby, D.

%A Wiesner, M.

%D 2011

%T Characterization of ZnS Nanoparticle Aggregation using Photoluminescence

%J Langmuir

%V 27

%P 902-908

%8 Feb

%! Characterization of ZnS Nanoparticle Aggregation using Photoluminescence

%@ 0743-7463

%M WOS:000286485600009

%X Aggregation of uncoated ZnS nanoparticles was determined to have an unexpected impact on the particle's 

photoluminescent properties. Aggregation had significant consequences to both band-edge and trap-site 

photoluminescence, increasing the former and decreasing the latter. The onset of changes to photoluminescence was 

influenced by aggregation rate. Results suggest that aggregate structure plays an important role in determining the 

extent to which changes to photoluminescence occur. Strong evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that 

aggregation-induced changes to surface tension are responsible for the observed photoluminescence behavior. We 

show that changes in photoluminescence can be used to predict the attachment coefficient, in lieu of dynamic light 

scattering. Additionally, our data indicate that the particle size distribution of aggregating ZnS nanoparticles is 

invariant across electrolyte concentrations, at a given standard deviation away from the maximum rate of 

photoluminescence change.

%Z Jassby, David Wiesner, Mark

%U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000286485600009

%0 Journal Article

%A Hull, Matthew S.

%A Chaurand, Perrine

%A Rose, Jerome
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%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%A Jones, Jason C.

%A Schultz, Irvin R.

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2011

%T Filter-Feeding Bivalves Store and Biodeposit Colloidally Stable Gold Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 15

%P 6592-6599

%8 2011/08/01

%! Filter-Feeding Bivalves Store and Biodeposit Colloidally Stable Gold Nanoparticles

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es200809c

%X Nanoparticles resistant to salt-induced aggregation are continually being developed for biomedical and industrial 

applications. Because of their colloidal stability these functionalized nanoparticles are anticipated to be persistent 

aquatic contaminants. Here, we show that Corbicula fluminea, a globally distributed clam that is a known sentinel of 

aquatic ecosystem contamination, can uptake and biodeposit bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized gold 

nanoparticles. Nanoparticle clearance rates from suspension were dictated by diameter and concentration, with the 

largest particles cleared most quickly on a mass basis. Particle capture facilitates size-selective ?biopurification? of 

particle suspensions with nanoscale resolution. Nanoparticles were retained either within the clam digestive tract or 

excreted in feces. Our results suggest that biotransformation and biodeposition will play a significant role in the fate 

and transport of persistent nanoparticles in aquatic systems.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200809c

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200809c

%[2013/03/25

%0 Government Document

%A Holdren, J.P.

%A Sunstein, C.R.

%A Siddiqui, I.A

%D 2011

%T Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies. Policy

Principles for the U.S. Decision-Making Concerning Regulation and Oversight of Applications of Nanotechnology and

Nanomaterials.

%E Office of Science and Technology Policy

%E President, Executive Office of the

%U www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/nanotechnology

-regulation-and-oversight-principles.pdf

%[March 29, 2013

%0 Journal Article

%A Hendrickson, O. D.

%A Safenkova, I. V.

%A Zherdev, A. V.

%A Dzantiev, B. B.

%A Popov, V. O.

%D 2011

%T Methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticles
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%J Biophysics

%V 56

%N 6

%P 961-986

%8 2011/12/01

%! Methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticles

%Z BIOPHYSICS

%@ 0006-3509

%R 10.1134/S0006350911060066

%K nanomaterials

manufactured nanoparticles

nanobiosafety

methods of detection

%X The actual methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticles in both simple and complex 

multi-component matrix for assessing biological effects and safety of nanotechnology products have been reviewed. 

The detection of priority species of biologically active nanoparticles, which include fullerenes, singleand multi-walled 

carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles of silver, gold, titanium oxide, aluminum, cerium, zinc and silicon, has been given a 

special attention. The requirements for sample preparation have been discussed. The results of the successful 

application for the detection of manufactured nanoparticles in biosamples with methods of scanning and transmission 

electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, 

size exclusion chromatography, field-flow fractionation, electrophoretic, light scattering, spectrophotometry, 

fluorescent spectroscopy, X-ray and other spectrometry, mass spectrometry, “particle counters”, immunochemistry 

have been reviewed. The possibilities and limitations of different techniques, and their complementarity have been 

analyzed.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0006350911060066

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS0006350911060066

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Hendren, C. O.

%A Mesnard, X.

%A Droge, J.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Estimating Production Data for Five Engineered Nanomaterials As a Basis for Exposure Assessment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 2562-2569

%8 Apr 1

%! Estimating Production Data for Five Engineered Nanomaterials As a Basis for Exposure Assessment

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000288841500012

%K environment

Nanoparticles

RISK

silver

water suspensions

%X The magnitude of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) being produced and potentially released to the environment is

a crucial and thus far unknown input to exposure assessment. This work estimates upper and lower bound annual 

United States production quantities for 5 classes of ENMs. A variety of sources were culled to identify companies 

producing source ENM products and determine production volumes. Using refining assumptions to attribute 

production levels from companies with more reliable estimates to companies with little to no data, ranges of U.S. 
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production quantities were projected for each of the 5 ENMs. The quality of data is also analyzed; the percentage of 

companies for which data were available (via Web sites, patents, or direct communication) or unavailable (and thus 

extrapolated from other companies' data) is presented.

%Z 741CUTimes Cited:3Cited References Count:41

%U <Go to ISI>://000288841500012

%0 Journal Article

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2011

%T The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 13

%N 5

%P 1145-1155

%! The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment

%@ 1464-0325

%X There is scientific agreement that engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, use and disposal lead to 

environmental release of ENM. However, very little is known on emissions of ENM to the environment. Currently, 

techniques are lacking to quantitatively monitor ENM emissions to and concentrations in the environment, and hence 

data on emissions and environmental concentrations are scarce. One of the few available studies reports the detection 

of nano-TiO2 in water leaching from exterior facades. Some experimental evidence is available on the release of 

nanosized materials from commercial textiles during washing. A handful of modeling studies have investigated ENM 

release to the environment. These studies modeled either the release of ENMs to the environment from ENM 

containing products during the consumer usage, or the release throughout the whole life cycle of ENM and ENMcontaining products. Sewage sludge, wastewater, and waste incineration of products containing ENM were shown to 

be the major flows through which ENMs end up in the environment. However, reliable data are particularly lacking on 

release during ENM production and on the application amounts and empirical information on release coefficients for 

all life cycle stages and environmental compartments. Quantitative data linking occupational exposure measurements 

and ENM emission flows into the environment are almost completely missing. Besides knowing the amounts of ENM 

released into the environment, it is equally important to investigate in what form ENMs are released. First results show

that much of the ENM released from products is present in matrix-bound form, but that also some fraction is released 

as single, dispersed nanoparticles.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0EM00547A

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c0em00547a

%0 Journal Article

%A Glover, Richard D.

%A Miller, John M.

%A Hutchison, James E.

%D 2011

%T Generation of Metal Nanoparticles from Silver and Copper Objects: Nanoparticle Dynamics on Surfaces and 

Potential Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environment

%J ACS Nano

%V 5

%N 11

%P 8950-8957

%8 2011/11/22

%! Generation of Metal Nanoparticles from Silver and Copper Objects: Nanoparticle Dynamics on Surfaces and 

Potential Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environment
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%@ 1936-0851

%R 10.1021/nn2031319

%X The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in antimicrobial applications, including a wide range of consumer goods 

and apparel, has attracted attention because of the unknown health and environmental risks associated with these 

emerging materials. Of particular concern is whether there are new risks that are a direct consequence of their 

nanoscale size. Identifying those risks associated with nanoscale structure has been difficult due to the fundamental 

challenge of detecting and monitoring nanoparticles in products or the environment. Here, we introduce a new strategy

to directly monitor nanoparticles and their transformations under a variety of environmental conditions. These studies 

reveal unprecedented dynamic behavior of AgNPs on surfaces. Most notably, under ambient conditions at relative 

humidities greater than 50%, new silver nanoparticles form in the vicinity of the parent particles. This humiditydependent formation of new particles was broadly observed for a variety of AgNPs and substrate surface coatings. We 

hypothesize that nanoparticle production occurs through a process involving three stages: (i) oxidation and dissolution 

of silver from the surface of the particle, (ii) diffusion of silver ion across the surface in an adsorbed water layer, and 

(iii) formation of new, smaller particles by chemical and/or photoreduction. Guided by these findings, we investigated 

non-nanoscale sources of silver such as wire, jewelry, and eating utensils that are placed in contact with surfaces and 

found that they also formed new nanoparticles. Copper objects display similar reactivity, suggesting that this 

phenomenon may be more general. These findings challenge conventional thinking about nanoparticle reactivity and 

imply that the production of new nanoparticles is an intrinsic property of the material that is not strongly size 

dependent. The discovery that AgNPs and CuNPs are generated spontaneously from manmade objects implies that 

humans have long been in direct contact with these nanomaterials and that macroscale objects represent a potential 

source of incidental nanoparticles in the environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn2031319

%[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article

%A Fairbairn, Elise A.

%A Keller, Arturo A.

%A Mädler, Lutz

%A Zhou, Dongxu

%A Pokhrel, Suman

%A Cherr, Gary N.

%D 2011

%T Metal oxide nanomaterials in seawater: Linking physicochemical characteristics with biological response in sea 

urchin development

%J Journal of Hazardous Materials

%V 192

%N 3

%P 1565-1571

%8 9/15/

%! Metal oxide nanomaterials in seawater: Linking physicochemical characteristics with biological response in sea 

urchin development

%@ 0304-3894

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.080

%K Seawater

Engineered nanomaterial

Sea urchin embryo

Metal oxide nanoparticles

Aggregation

%X The fate and behavior of nanomaterials (NMs) in environmental media has important consequences for toxicity. 

The majority of aquatic research to date has focused on NM behavior in freshwater systems. However, pH and salinity 

differences of seawater affect dissolution and aggregation of NMs. In this study, physical characteristics of metal 

oxide NMs in seawater were linked with their toxicity to developing sea urchins. The metal oxide NMs TiO2 and 
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CeO2 up to 10 mg/L were not toxic to the embryos of the white sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus). In contrast, ZnO NM 

was highly toxic to these embryos (EC50 = 99.5 μg/L). The toxicity of ZnO NM was not significantly different from 

bulk ZnO or soluble Zn2+ (from ZnSO4·7H2O), suggesting that the toxicity of ZnO NM can be attributed to soluble 

Zn2+. Furthermore, solubility data indicate that at the concentrations used in our sea urchin embryo experiments, ZnO 

NM was rapidly and completely solubilized in seawater. The present study also demonstrated that Fe-doped NMs were

less soluble in seawater compared to pure ZnO NMs, but there was no concomitant reduction in toxicity.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389411008557

%0 Journal Article

%A Fabrega, Julia

%A Luoma, Samuel N.

%A Tyler, Charles R.

%A Galloway, Tamara S.

%A Lead, Jamie R.

%D 2011

%T Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment

%J Environment International

%V 37

%N 2

%P 517-531

%8 2//

%! Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment

%@ 0160-4120

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.012

%K Marine

Freshwater

Fate

Ecotoxicology

Nanotechnology

Organisms

%X This review summarises and evaluates the present knowledge on the behaviour, the biological effects and the 

routes of uptake of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to organisms, with considerations on the nanoparticle 

physicochemistry in the ecotoxicity testing systems used. Different types of Ag NP syntheses, characterisation 

techniques and predicted current and future concentrations in the environment are also outlined. Rapid progress in this 

area has been made over the last few years, but there is still a critical lack of understanding of the need for 

characterisation and synthesis in environmental and ecotoxicological studies. Concentration and form of nanomaterials 

in the environment are difficult to quantify and methodological progress is needed, although sophisticated exposure 

models show that predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for Ag NPs in different environmental compartments

are at the range of ng L- 1 to mg kg- 1. The ecotoxicological literature shows that concentrations of Ag NPs below the 

current and future PECs, as low as just a few ng L- 1, can affect prokaryotes, invertebrates and fish indicating a 

significant potential, though poorly characterised, risk to the environment. Mechanisms of toxicity are still poorly 

understood although it seems clear that in some cases nanoscale specific properties may cause biouptake and toxicity 

over and above that caused by the dissolved Ag ion. This review concludes with a set of recommendations for the 

advancement of understanding of the role of nanoscale silver in environmental and ecotoxicological research.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201000228X

%0 Journal Article

%A Erickson, Britt

%D 2011

%T NANOTECH Europe moves toward harmonized regulations by defining a nanomaterial
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%J Chemical & Engineering News Archive

%V 89

%N 44

%P 9

%8 2011/10/31

%! NANOTECH Europe moves toward harmonized regulations by defining a nanomaterial

%@ 0009-2347

%R 10.1021/cen-v089n044.p009a

%X The European Commission, the administrative arm of the European Union has defined the term ?nanomaterial,? 

opening the door for future regulations on nanoscale particles in consumer products sold in the EU. The chemical 

industry and consumer groups both welcomed and criticized the action. The definition is intended to help EU 

regulators and industry determine which products contain nanomaterials and therefore might need special safety 

provisions, such as risk assessments or ingredient labeling. Under the definition, a nanomaterial is made up of natural 

or manufactured particles that are unbound or aggregated. Of these particles, at least 50% must have one or more 

dimensions between 1 nm and 100 nm. Consumer and environmental groups welcomed the definition as a first step 

toward more uniform nanotechnology legislation, but they characterized it as ?too narrow,? arguing that numerous 

products will escape regulation. Many groups were disappointed that the threshold was raised from 1% of the particles 

in the draft ...

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v089n044.p009a

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Deonarine, A.

%A Lau, B.L.T.

%A Aiken, G.R.

%A Ryan, J. N.

%A Hsu-Kim, H.

%D 2011

%T Effects of humic substances on precipitation and aggregation of zinc sulfide nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%P 3217-3223

%! Effects of humic substances on precipitation and aggregation of zinc sulfide nanoparticles

%0 Journal Article

%A Costanza, Jed

%A El Badawy, Amro M.

%A Tolaymat, Thabet M.

%D 2011

%T Comment on “120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers”

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 17

%P 7591-7592

%8 2011/09/01

%! Comment on “120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers”

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es200666n

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200666n

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200666n
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%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Chowdhury, Indranil

%A Hong, Yongsuk

%A Honda, Ryan J.

%A Walker, Sharon L.

%D 2011

%T Mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle transport in porous media: Role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle 

concentration, and flowrate

%J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

%V 360

%N 2

%P 548-555

%8 8/15/

%! Mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle transport in porous media: Role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle 

concentration, and flowrate

%@ 0021-9797

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.111

%K Titanium dioxide

Transport

Porous media

Mechanisms

Nanoparticle concentration

Hydrodynamic effects

%X The role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle concentration and hydrodynamic effects in the transport and 

deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles through porous media has been systematically investigated. Two solution chemistry 

variables, pH and ionic strength (IS), showed a significant influence on the transport due to their involvement in the 

aggregation of the nanoparticles and interaction with quartz sand. An electrostatically unfavorable condition for 

deposition existed at pH 7, at which the greatest retention occurred in the column, likely due to aggregation (>1000 

nm) and straining effects. Under electrostatically favorable conditions (pH 5) significant elution from the column was 

observed and attributed to smaller aggregate size (~300 nm) and blocking effects. Nanoparticle concentration was 

found to contribute to the increased breakthrough of nanoparticles at pH 5 due to blocking and subsequent particle–

particle repulsion. Increased flowrate resulted in greater elution of nanoparticles due to hydrodynamic forces acting on 

aggregates and subsequently contributed to blocking. Overall, a combination of mechanisms including straining, 

blocking, and DLVO-type forces were involved over the range of solution chemistry and nanoparticle concentrations 

tested. Consideration of these mechanisms is necessary for improved removal of TiO2 nanoparticles via filtration and 

reliable prediction of transport of these potentially problematic nanoparticles through the subsurface.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979711005819

%0 Journal Article

%A Cho, Jinhyun

%A Lin, Qiubao

%A Yang, Sungwoo

%A Simmons, Jay G

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Lin, Erica

%A Yang, Jianqiu

%A Foreman, John V

%A Everitt, Henry O
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Yang, Weitao

%A Kim, Jungsang

%A Liu, Jie

%D 2011

%T Sulfur-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanostars: Synthesis and simulation of growth mechanism

%J Nano Research

%V 5

%P 20-26

%8 Nov 12

%! Sulfur-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanostars: Synthesis and simulation of growth mechanism

%U http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s12274-011-0180-3

%0 Journal Article

%A Cheng, Y. W.

%A Yin, L. Y.

%A Lin, S. H.

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Bernhardt, E.

%A Liu, J.

%D 2011

%T Toxicity Reduction of Polymer-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles by Sunlight

%J Journal of Physical Chemistry C

%V 115

%P 4425-4432

%8 Mar 24

%! Toxicity Reduction of Polymer-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles by Sunlight

%@ 1932-7447

%M ISI:000288401200010

%K GOLD

metal nanostructures

nanocrystals

nanoprisms

shape-controlled synthesis

size

WATER

%X The environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials are becoming important topics of research in recent years.

The unique advantages offered by these nanomaterials in wide range of applications cannot be realized until these 

concerns are resolved. Among all the nanomaterials, Ag nanoparticles, due to their existing extensive uses in 

commercial products, demand immediate attention. Since the nanoparticle suspensions will be exposed to 

environmental conditions different from a research lab setting, many factors, including light, temperature, salinity, etc.,

are suspected to affect the stability of the nanoparticle and also their toxicity. In this study, we examined the effect of 

sunlight on the stability and toxicity of 6 and 25 nm Ag nanoparticles coated with gum arabic (GA) and 

polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Under sunlight irradiation, all of these nanoparticles irreversibly aggregated to different 

degrees depending on the surface coating. The UV content of the sunlight is identified to be the driving force of 

nanoparticle aggregation, and the strong oscillating dipole dipole interaction is believed to be the origin of the 

destabilization. Toxicity examinations of the nanoparticles to a wetland plant, Lolium multiflorum, indicate that their 

toxicity is greatly reduced after sunlight irradiation.

%Z 735GKTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:35

%U <Go to ISI>://000288401200010
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%0 Journal Article

%A Chen, Jiawei

%A Xiu, Zongming

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Alvarez, Pedro J. J.

%D 2011

%T Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron

%J Water Research45

%V 45

%P 1995-2001

%! Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron

%Z CEINT

%0 Journal Article

%A Chang, Xiaojun

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2011

%T UV–vis Spectroscopic Properties of nC60 Produced via Extended Mixing

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 23

%P 9967-9974

%8 2011/12/01

%! UV–vis Spectroscopic Properties of nC60 Produced via Extended Mixing

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es201229a

%X Colloidally stable C60 suspensions produced via extended mixing in water (aq/nC60) are highly heterogeneous 

with respect to particle size and morphology. Ultraviolet?visible (UV?vis) absorption spectra of aq/nC60 are often 

used as a supplemental tool to dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other 

analytical methods to characterize aq/nC60. In the present study, the UV?vis spectra provide information about the 

average particle size and the interactions between C60 and water. We report that the decrease in relative absorption in 

the 240?290 nm range is a function of magnetic stirring time, that the average size (Zave) of an aq/nC60 suspension 

determines the position of absorbance maximum of its 360 nm band, and that the methods used to prepare and 

fractionate nC60 affect the extent of the blue shift in this band that occurs due to a decrease in Zave. We also confirm 

that the broad absorption band in the 400?600 nm region is a result of C60 aggregation.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201229a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es201229a

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Watanabe, Y.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Comparative photochemical reactivity of spherical and tubular fullerene nanoparticles in water under ultraviolet 

(UV) irradiation

%J Water Research

%V 45

%P 308-314

%8 Jan
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%9 Article

%! Comparative photochemical reactivity of spherical and tubular fullerene nanoparticles in water under ultraviolet 

(UV) irradiation

%@ 0043-1354

%M ISI:000286027300029

%K 2-Chlorophenol degradation

ACID

c-60

Carbon nanotubes

Colloidal aggregates

Fullerene nanoparticles

organic-compounds

oxidation

oxygen

reactive oxygen species

suspensions

%X Fullerene nanomaterials are finding an increasing number of applications in energy and environmental 

technologies. However, substantial production and use of fullerenes will likely lead to environmental exposure with 

unknown consequences. In this study, aqueous suspensions of three types of fullerenes nanoparticles, C-60 fullerene, 

single-wall (SW) and multi-wall (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared by sonication and tested for reactive 

oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidation of benchmark organic compounds under ultraviolet (UV)-A 

irradiation. All three fullerenes formed colloidal aggregates in water. SWCNTs showed the highest ROS production 

and 2-chlorophenol degradation followed by MWCNT, and fullerene. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 704BYTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 16Chae, So-Ryong Watanabe, 

Yoshimasa Wiesner, Mark R.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF, Center for the Environmental 

Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT) [EF-0830093]; National Science Foundation (NSF)This material is based 

upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

under NSF Cooperative Agreement EF-0830093, Center for the Environmental Implications of Nano Technology 

(CEINT). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s)

and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF or the EPA. This work has not been subjected to EPA review and 

no official endorsement should be inferred.Pergamon-elsevier science ltdOxford

%U <Go to ISI>://000286027300029

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410005488

%0 Journal Article

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Therezien, M.

%A Budarz, J. F.

%A Wessel, L.

%A Lin, S. H.

%A Xiao, Y.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2011

%T Comparison of the photosensitivity and bacterial toxicity of spherical and tubular fullerenes of variable aggregate 

size

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 13

%P 5121-5127

%8 Oct

%! Comparison of the photosensitivity and bacterial toxicity of spherical and tubular fullerenes of variable aggregate 

size

%@ 1388-0764
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%M ISI:000295609700067

%X Nanomaterials such as fullerene C(60), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and other fullerenes show unique electrical, 

chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties that are not well understood in the context of the environmental behavior 

of this class of carbon-based materials. In this study, aqueous suspensions of three fullerenes nanoparticles, C(60), 

single-wall (SW) and multi-wall (MW) CNTs were prepared by sonication and tested for reactive oxygen species 

(ROS) production and inactivation of Vibrio fischeri, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, under ultraviolet (UV)-A

irradiation. We show that ROS production and microbial inactivation increases as colloidal aggregates of C(60), 

SWCNT, and MWCNT are fractionated to enrich with smaller aggregates by progressive membrane filtration. As the 

quantity and influence of these more reactive fractions of the suspension may increase with time and/or as the result of 

fractionation processes in the laboratory or the environment, experiments evaluating photo-reactivity and toxicity 

endpoints must take into account the evolution and heterogeneity of nanoparticle aggregates in water.

%U <Go to ISI>://000295609700067

%0 Journal Article

%A Cerrato, José M.

%A Knocke, William R.

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%A Dietrich, Andrea M.

%A Jones, Andrew

%A Cromer, Thomas F.

%D 2011

%T Application of XPS and Solution Chemistry Analyses to Investigate Soluble Manganese Removal by MnO <sub> 

<i>x</i> </sub> (s)-Coated Media

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 23

%P 10068 - 10074

%8 12/2011

%! Application of XPS and Solution Chemistry Analyses to Investigate Soluble Manganese Removal by MnO <sub> 

<i>x</i> </sub> (s)-Coated Media

%R 10.1021/es203262n

%X X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to investigate Mn(II) removal by MnOx(s)-coated media 

under experimental conditions similar to the engineered environment of drinking water treatment plants in the absence 

and presence of chlorine. Macroscopic and spectroscopic results suggest that Mn(II) removal at pH 6.3 and pH 7.2 in 

the absence of chlorine was mainly due to adsorption onto the MnOx(s) surface coating, while removal in the presence

of chlorine was due to a combination of initial surface adsorption followed by subsequent surface-catalyzed oxidation. 

However, Mn(III) was identified by XPS analyses of the Mn 3p photoline for experiments performed in the absence of 

chlorine at pH 6.3 and pH 7.2, suggesting that surface-catalyzed Mn oxidation also occurred at these conditions. 

Results obtained at pH 8.2 at 8 and 0.5 mg·L–1 dissolved oxygen in the absence of chlorine suggest that Mn(II) 

removal was mainly due to initial adsorption followed by surface-catalyzed oxidation. XPS analyses suggest that 

Mn(IV) was the predominant species in experiments operated in the presence of chlorine. This study confirms that the 

use of chlorine combined with the catalytic action of MnOx(s) oxides is effective for Mn(II) removal from drinking 

water filtration systems.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203262n

%0 Journal Article

%A Brasuel, Murphy

%A Wise, Kelsey

%D 2011

%T The current state of engineered nanomaterials in consumer goods and waste streams: the need to develop 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

nanoproperty-quantifiable sensors for monitoring engineered nanomaterials

%J Nanotechnology, Science and Applications

%P 73

%! The current state of engineered nanomaterials in consumer goods and waste streams: the need to develop 

nanoproperty-quantifiable sensors for monitoring engineered nanomaterials

%@ 1177-8903

%R 10.2147/nsa.s9039

%U http://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=10444

%0 Journal Article

%A Bang, John

%A Yeyeodu, Susan

%A Gilyazova, Naila

%A Witherspoon, Sam

%A Ibeanu, Gordon

%D 2011

%T Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on a Neuronal Cell Model In Vitro

%J Atlas Journal of Biology

%V 1

%P 70-77

%! Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on a Neuronal Cell Model In Vitro

%K NeuroScreen-1, Carbon nanotubes, Hypodiploid, Neuronal viability, Pheochromocytoma, Pathway Finder

%X As the use of nanomaterials continues to flourish in industrial and biomedical applications so does the concern 

that these materials may have unanticipated and undesirable effects on human health and the environment. Inhaled or 

ingested nanoparticles have been detected in the brain, among other organs, raising the question as to their effect on 

neuronal viability. The effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the viability of NeuroScreen-1 (NS-1)

cells, a neuronal cell model, were studied. Resazurin reduction and in situ Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) double 

staining indicated MWCNTs reduce cell viability. Caspase 3/7 activity on par with etoposide-induced apoptosis was 

not observed until 72 hours and was only 20-30% higher than controls. However, increased levels of annexin V in the 

outer leaflet of the cell plasma membranes after 24 hours and a minimum two-fold increase in relative mitochondrial 

depolarization after 48 hours both suggested MWCNTs promoted apoptosis in this neuronal cell model.

%0 Conference Proceedings

%A Arnaout, C.L.

%A Gunsch, C.K.

%D 2011

%T Measuring the antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles

%B Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors Meeting, Tampa, FL (July 10-12, 2011).

%! Measuring the antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles

%0 Journal Article

%A Aiken, G.R.

%A Hsu-Kim, H.

%A Ryan, J. N.

%A Alvarez, P.

%D 2011

%T Guest comment: nanoscale metal-organic matter interactions

%J Environmental Science & Technology
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%V 45

%P 3194-3195

%! Guest comment: nanoscale metal-organic matter interactions

%0 Journal Article

%A Aiken, G. R.

%A Hsu-Kim, H.

%A Ryan, J. N.

%D 2011

%T Influence of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of metals, nanoparticles, and colloids

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 8

%P 3196-3201

%8 Apr 15

%! Influence of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of metals, nanoparticles, and colloids

%Z Environmental science & technology

%@ 1520-5851 (Electronic)

0013-936X (Linking)

%R 10.1021/es103992s

%M 21405118

%K Colloids/chemistry

Ecological and Environmental Processes

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental Pollutants/*chemistry

Humic Substances/analysis

Kinetics

Metals/*chemistry

Nanoparticles/*chemistry

Photochemical Processes

%Z Aiken, George R

Hsu-Kim, Heileen

Ryan, Joseph N

eng

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

2011/03/17 06:00

Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Apr 15;45(8):3196-201. doi: 10.1021/es103992s. Epub 2011 Mar 15.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21405118

%+ U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States. graiken@usgs.gov

%0 Standard

%A (ISO), International Organization for Standardization

%D 2011

%T Nanotechnologies

%B Part 4: Nanostructured materials

%I ISO/TC 229

%V ISO/TS 80004

%8 2011-11-21

%@ ICS 07.030, 01.040.07

%U https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:80004:-4:ed-1:v1:en:term:2.2
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%[6/06/13

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Xiu, Z. M.

%A Jin, Z. H.

%A Li, T. L.

%A Mahendra, S.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Alvarez, P. J. J.

%D 2010

%T Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene

%J Bioresource Technology

%V 101

%P 1141-1146

%8 Feb

%! Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene

%@ 0960-8524

%M ISI:000272071800005

%X Nano-scale zero-valent iron particles (NZVI) are increasingly being used to treat sites contaminated with 

chlorinated solvents. This study investigated the effect of NZVI on dechlorinating microorganisms that participate in 

the anaerobic bioremediation of such sites, NZVI can have a biostimulatory effect associated with water-derived 

cathodic H-2 production during its anaerobic corrosion (730 +/- 30 mu mol H-2 Was produced in 166 h in abiotic 

controls with 1 g/L NZVI) or an inhibitory effect upon contact with cell surfaces (assessed by transmission electron 

microscopy). Methanogens, which are known to compete for H-2 with dechlorinators, were significantly biostimulated 

by NZVI and methane production increased relative to NZVI-free controls from 58 +/- 5 to 275 +/- 2 mu mol. In 

contrast, bacteria dechlorinating TCE were inhibited by NZVI, and the first-order degradation rate coefficient 

decreased from 0.115 +/- 0.005 h(-1) (R-2 = 0.99) for controls to 0.053 +/- 0.003 h(-1) (R-2 = 0.98) for treatments 

with 1 g/L NZVI. Ethene production from TCE was initially inhibited by NZVI, but after 331 h increased to levels 

observed for an NZVI-free system (7.6 +/- 0.3 mu mol ethene produced in 502 h compared to 11.6 +/- 0.5 mmol in the

NZVI-free system and 3.8 +/- 0.3 mu mol ethene for NZVI alone). Apparently, cathodic H-2 was utilized as electron 

donor by dechlorinating bacteria, which recovered following the partial oxidation and presumably passivation of the 

NZVI. Overall, these results suggest that reductive treatment of chlorinated solvent sites with NZVI might be enhanced

by the concurrent or subsequent participation of bacteria that exploit cathodic depolarization and reductive 

dechlorination as metabolic niches. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

%U <Go to ISI>://000272071800005

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409012632

%0 Journal Article

%A Xiu, Z. M.

%A Gregory, K. B.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Alvarez, P. J. J.

%D 2010

%T Effect of Bare and Coated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron on tceA and vcrA Gene Expression in Dehalococcoides spp

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%P 7647-7651

%8 Oct

%! Effect of Bare and Coated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron on tceA and vcrA Gene Expression in Dehalococcoides spp
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000282209700075

%X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) can be used to dechlorinate trichloroethylene (TCE) in contaminated aquifers. 

Dehalococcoides spp. is the only microbial genus known to dechlorinate TCE to ethene as a respiratory process. 

However, little is known about how NZVI affects the expression of genes coding for reductive dechlorination. We 

examined a high-rate TCE-dechlorinating mixed culture which contains organisms similar to known Dehalococcoides 

to study the effects of NZVI on the expression of two model genes coding for reductive dehalogenases (tceA and 

vcrA). A novel pretreatment approach, relying on magnetic separation of NZVI prior to reverse transcription qPCR (to 

avoid RNA adsorption by NZVI), was developed and used with relative quantification (relative to 16S rRNA as 

endogenous housekeeping gene) to quantify reductive dehalogenase gene expression. Both tceA and vcrA were 

significantly down-regulated (97- and 137-fold, respectively) relative to baseline (time 0) conditions after 72-h 

exposure to chlorinated ethenes (0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/L cis-DCE, 0.69 +/- 0.11 mg/L t-DCE, and 0.54 +/- 0.16 mg/L VC) 

and bare-NZVI (1 g-NZVI/L). However, coating NZVI with an olefin maleic acid copolymer (a common approach to 

enhance its mobility in aquifers) overcame this significant inhibitory effect, and both tceA and vcrA were up-regulated

(3.0- and 3.5-fold, respectively) after 48-h exposure. Thus, NZVI coating might enhance the expression of 

dechlorinating genes and the concurrent or sequential participation of Dehalococcoides spp. in the remediation process.

%Z Sp. Iss. SI

%U <Go to ISI>://000282209700075

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%A Chae, S. R.

%D 2010

%T Nanoparticle aggregation state and aging: Implications for reactivity and toxicity testing

%J Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta

%V 74

%P A1131-A1131

%8 Jun

%9 Meeting Abstract

%! Nanoparticle aggregation state and aging: Implications for reactivity and toxicity testing

%@ 0016-7037

%M ISI:000283941400302

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 676TLTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 0Wiesner, M. R. Chae, S. R.Conference

on Goldschmidt 2010 - Earth, Energy, and the EnvironmentJun 13-18, 2010Knoxville, TNPergamon-elsevier science 

ltdOxfordSuppl. 1

%U <Go to ISI>://000283941400302

%0 Journal Article

%A Unrine, JM

%A Tsyusko, OV

%A Hunyadi, SE

%A Judy, JD

%A Bertsch, PM

%D 2010

%T Effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed

to copper nanoparticles

%J J Environ Qual

%V 39

%P 1942-53

%7 2011/02/03
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%8 Nov-Dec

%! Effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed 

to copper nanoparticles

%@ 0047-2425 (Print)0047-2425 (Linking)

%M 21284291

%K Animals

Biological Availability

Copper/ chemistry/ pharmacokinetics

Metal Nanoparticles/ chemistry

Oligochaeta/ drug effects/ metabolism

Particle Size

%X To investigate the role of particle size on the oxidation, bioavailability, and adverse effects of manufactured Cu 

nanoparticles (NPs) in soils, we exposed the earthworm Eisenia ferida to a series of concentrations of commercially 

produced NPs labeled as 20- to 40-nm or < 100-nm Cu in artificial soil media. Effects on growth, mortality, 

reproduction, and expression of a variety of genes associated with metal homeostasis, general stress, and oxidative 

stress were measured. We also used X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy to 

characterize changes in chemical speciation and spatial distribution of the NPs in soil media and earthworm tissues. 

Exposure concentrations of Cu NPs up to 65 mg kg(-1) caused no adverse effects on ecologically relevant endpoints. 

Increases in metallothionein expression occurred at concentrations exceeding 20 mg kg(-1) of Cu NPs and 

concentrations exceeding 10 mg kg(-1) of CuSO4. Based on the relationship of Cu tissue concentration to 

metallothionein expression level and the spatial distribution and chemical speciation of Cu in the tissues, we conclude 

that Cu ions and oxidized Cu NPs were taken up by the earthworms. This study suggests that oxidized Cu NPs may 

enter food chains from soil but that adverse effects in earthworms are likely to occur only at relatively high 

concentrations (> 65 mg Cu kg(-1) soil).

%Z Unrine, Jason MTsyusko, Olga VHunyadi, Simona EJudy, Jonathan DBertsch, Paul MResearch Support, U.S. 

Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesJournal of environmental qualityJ Environ Qual. 2010 Nov-Dec;39(6):1942-53.

%0 Journal Article

%A Unrine, JM

%A Hunyadi, SE

%A Tsyusko, OV

%A Rao, W.

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. A.

%A Bertsch, PM

%D 2010

%T Evidence for bioavailability of Au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

%J Environ Sci Technol

%V 44

%P 8308-13

%7 2010/10/01

%8 Nov 1

%! Evidence for bioavailability of Au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

%@ 1520-5851 (Electronic)0013-936X (Linking)

%R 10.1021/es101885w

%M 20879765

%K Animals

Biological Availability

Environmental Monitoring

Gold/ metabolism/toxicity

Metal Nanoparticles/ analysis/toxicity

Metallothionein/genetics/metabolism

Oligochaeta/genetics/growth & development/ metabolism
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

Particle Size

Reproduction

Soil Pollutants/ metabolism/toxicity

%X Because Au nanoparticles (NPs) are resistant to oxidative dissolution and are easily detected, they have been used 

as stable probes for the behavior of nanomaterials within biological systems. Previous studies provide somewhat 

limited evidence for bioavailability of Au NPs in food webs, because the spatial distribution within tissues and the 

speciation of Au was not determined. In this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence, including orthogonal 

microspectroscopic techniques, as well as evidence from biological responses, that Au NPs are bioavailable from soil 

to a model detritivore (Eisenia fetida). We also present limited evidence that Au NPs may cause adverse effects on 

earthworm reproduction. This is perhaps the first study to demonstrate that Au NPs can be taken up by detritivores 

from soil and distributed among tissues. We found that primary particle size (20 or 55 nm) did not consistently 

influence accumulated concentrations on a mass concentration basis; however, on a particle number basis the 20 nm 

particles were more bioavailable. Differences in bioavailability between the treatments may have been explained by 

aggregation behavior in pore water. The results suggest that nanoparticles present in soil from activities such as 

biosolids application have the potential to enter terrestrial food webs.

%Z Unrine, Jason MHunyadi, Simona ETsyusko, Olga VRao, WilliamShoults-Wilson, W AaronBertsch, Paul 

MResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesEnvironmental science & technologyEnviron Sci Technol. 

2010 Nov 1;44(21):8308-13.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101885w

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2010

%T Nanomaterial Case Studies: Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide in Water Treatment and in Topical Sunscreen

%E Division, Office of Research

%E Development/National Center for Environmental Assessment–, R. T. P.

%C Washington, D.C

%P 204

%@ EPA/600/R-09/057F

%1 US EPA

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2010

%T Characterizing Concentrations and Size Distributions of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles in Waste Water

%C Washington, DC

%I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development

%P 56

%@ EPA/600/R-10/117

%X Nanomaterials containing metals are finding increasing use in consumer, industrial, and medical products, and 

they are subsequently being released into the environment. Methods for detecting, quantifying, and characterizing these

materials in complex matrices are critical for the eventual understanding of their implications to environmental quality 

and human health. This report describes recent progress in the development of new metrology tools. Single particle – 

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICPMS) is used to analyze complex aqueous samples. SP-ICPMS 

simultaneously quantifies the concentration of nanoparticles containing an analyte metal and measures the metal mass 

in individual nanoparticles. The accuracy of SPICPMS is assessed over a range of nanoparticle sizes. The utility of the 

technique in a number of applications is examined. Nanoparticles containing the analyte element can be measured 

accurately and precisely in the presence of a 10,000-fold greater concentration of other nanoparticles. SP-ICPMS is 

used to assess transformation of nanoparticles induced by changes in ionic strength. A screening-level assessment of 

metal-containing nanoparticles in urban runoff using SP-ICPMS is demonstrated, and preliminary studies of coupling 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

SP-ICPMS with online nanoparticle size separation methods are presented.

%[04/15/2013

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Stone, Vicki

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Baun, Anders

%A van den Brink, Nico

%A von der Kammer, Frank

%A Dusinska, Maria

%A Handy, Richard

%A Hankin, Steven

%A Hassellöv, Martin

%A Joner, Erik

%D 2010

%T Nanomaterials for environmental studies: classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physicochemical characterisation

%J Science of the Total Environment

%V 408

%N 7

%P 1745-1754

%! Nanomaterials for environmental studies: classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physicochemical characterisation

%@ 0048-9697

%0 Journal Article

%A Song, Guixue

%A Wang, Jun

%A Chiu, Chao-An

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%D 2010

%T Biogenic Nanoscale Colloids in Wastewater Effluents

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 21

%P 8216-8222

%8 2010/11/01

%! Biogenic Nanoscale Colloids in Wastewater Effluents

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es101208b

%X The size, surface area, metal complexation capacity, organic pollutant sorption potential, reactivity with 

disinfectants, and elevated nitrogen content of biogenic organic nanoscale material (BONM) can potentially affect 

aquatic environments. BONM in effluents from 11 full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which use a 

range of biological processes, were characterized in two ways. First, BONM was measured by hydrodynamic sizeexclusion chromatography coupled with an online organic carbon and UV detector. Second, BONM was isolated from 

the wastewater using rotary evaporation and dialysis and then characterized by elemental analysis, transmission 

electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The wastewaters contained 6?10 mg/L of dissolved 

organic carbon (DOC). BONM accounted for 5%?50% of the DOC in wastewater effluent organic matter, and the 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

largest size fraction (>10 kDa) of organic carbon correlated with the organic carbon content determined after rotary 

evaporation and dialysis. Membrane bioreactor WWTPs had the lowest fraction of BONM (<10% of the DOC), 

followed by conventional activated sludge (10% to 30% of the DOC), with other processes (e.g., trickling filters, 

aerated lagoons) containing larger BONM percentages. BONM had a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio (6.2 ± 1.7) 

compared with the literature values for humic or fulvic acids, exhibited chemical bonds that were indicative of amides 

and polysaccharides, and contained fibril entangled networks. This work has important implications for operations 

efficiency of WWTPs, including controlling membrane fouling and release of organic nitrogen into sensitive 

environments.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101208b

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101208b

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Solovitch, Natalia

%A Labille, Jérôme

%A Rose, Jérôme

%A Chaurand, Perrine

%A Borschneck, Daniel

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2010

%T Concurrent Aggregation and Deposition of TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Sandy Porous Media

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 13

%P 4897-4902

%8 2010/07/01

%! Concurrent Aggregation and Deposition of TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Sandy Porous Media

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es1000819

%X The possibility of simultaneous particle aggregation and deposition in a porous medium was examined for the case

of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). While potential for particle aggregation is typically assumed to be negligible in porous 

media due to favored interactions with porous media surfaces (collectors), we show that nanoscale particle dimensions 

may favor aggregation kinetics, thus altering the transport and retention of these materials in saturated porous media. 

When surface chemistry favors nanoparticle?nanoparticle attachment (app) over nanoparticle-collector attachment 

(apc), the rate of particle aggregation within pores may be comparable to that of deposition at ratios of collector to 

nanoparticle surface areas as high as 40. Aggregation of NPs in the porous media enhances NP deposition, however 

aggregates that are not removed will sample a smaller portion of the available pore network within the column due to 

size exclusion.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1000819

%[2014/08/13

%0 Journal Article

%A Shoults-Wilson, W. A.

%A Reinsch, B. C.

%A Tsyusko, OV

%A Bertsch, PM

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Unrine, JM

%D 2010
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%T Effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia 

fetida)

%J Nanotoxicology

%V 5

%N 3

%P 432-444

%7 2010/12/15

%8 Dec 13

%! Effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia 

fetida)

%@ 1743-5404 (Electronic)1743-5390 (Linking)

%M 21142839

%X Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver 

nanoparticles (Ag NPs) soil. Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to AgNO(3) and Ag NPs with similar size 

ranges coated with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (hydrophilic) or oleic acid (amphiphilic) during a standard sub-chronic 

reproduction toxicity test. No significant effects on growth or mortality were observed within any of the test 

treatments. Significant decreases in reproduction were seen in earthworms exposed to AgNO3, (94.21 mg kg(-1)) as 

well as earthworms exposed to Ag NPs with either coating (727.6 mg kg(-1) for oleic acid and 773.3 mg kg(-1) for 

polyvinylpyrrolidone). The concentrations of Ag NPs at which effects were observed are much higher than predicted 

concentrations of Ag NPs in sewage sludge amended soils; however, the concentrations at which adverse effects of 

AgNO(3) were observed are similar to the highest concentrations of Ag presently observed in sewage sludge in the 

United States. Earthworms accumulated Ag in a concentration-dependent manner from all Ag sources, with more Ag 

accumulating in tissues from AgNO(3) compared to earthworms exposed to equivalent concentrations of Ag NPs. No 

differences were observed in Ag accumulation or toxicity between earthworms exposed to Ag NPs with 

polyvinylpyrrolidone or oleic acid coatings.

%Z NanotoxicologyNanotoxicology. 2010 Dec 13.

%0 Journal Article

%A Scheckel, Kirk G.

%A Luxton, Todd P.

%A El Badawy, Amro M.

%A Impellitteri, Christopher A.

%A Tolaymat, Thabet M.

%D 2010

%T Synchrotron Speciation of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Aged in a Kaolin Suspension

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 4

%P 1307-1312

%8 2010/02/15

%! Synchrotron Speciation of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Aged in a Kaolin Suspension

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es9032265

%X Assessments of the environmental fate and mobility of nanoparticles must consider the behavior of nanoparticles 

in relevant environmental systems that may result in speciation changes over time. Environmental conditions may act 

on nanoparticles to change their size, shape, and surface chemistry. Changing these basic characteristics of 

nanoparticles may result in a final reaction product that is significantly different than the initial nanomaterial. As such, 

basing long-term risk and toxicity on the initial properties of a nanomaterial may lead to erroneous conclusions if 

nanoparticles change upon release to the environment. The influence of aging on the speciation and chemical stability 

of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles in kaolin suspensions was examined in batch reactors for up to 18 months. Silver

nanoparticles remained unchanged in sodium nitrate suspensions; however, silver chloride was identified with the 

metallic silver nanoparticles in sodium chloride suspensions and may be attributed to an in situ silver chloride surface 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

coating. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were rapidly converted via destabilization/dissolution mechanisms to Zn2+ innersphere sorption complexes within 1 day of reaction and these sorption complexes were maintained through the 12 

month aging processes. Chemical and physical alteration of nanomaterials in the environment must be examined to 

understand fate, mobility, and toxicology.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9032265

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9032265

%[2013/03/26

%0 Report

%A Roco, Mihail C. 

%A Mirkin, Chad A. 

%A Hersam, Mark C. (eds.)

%D 2010

%T Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook

%I WTEC

%Y Springer

%8 September 30, 2010

%! Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook

%U 

http://www.wtec.org/nano2/Nanotechnology_Research_Directions_to_2020/Nano_Resarch_Directions_to_2020.pdf

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Reinsch, Brian C.

%A Forsberg, Brady

%A Penn, R. Lee

%A Kim, Christopher S.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2010

%T Chemical Transformations during Aging of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles in the Presence of Common 

Groundwater Dissolved Constituents

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 9

%P 3455-3461

%8 2010/05/01

%! Chemical Transformations during Aging of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles in the Presence of Common 

Groundwater Dissolved Constituents

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es902924h

%X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) that was aged in simulated groundwater was evaluated for alterations in 

composition and speciation over 6 months to understand the possible transformations NZVI could undergo in natural 

waters. NZVI was exposed to 10 mN of various common groundwater anions (Cl?, NO3?, SO42?, HPO42?, and 

HCO3?) or to dissolved oxygen (saturated, ?9 mg/L). Fresh and exposed NZVI samples, along with Fe-oxide model 

compounds, were then analyzed using synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to yield both 

relative oxidation state, using the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and quantitative speciation 

information regarding the types and proportions of mineral species present, from analysis of the extended X-ray 

absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Over 1 month of aging the dissolved anions inhibited the oxidation of the NZVI to 

varying degrees. Aging for 6 months, however, resulted in average oxidation states that were similar to each other 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

regardless of the anion used, except for nitrate. Nitrate passivated the NZVI surface such that even after 6 months of 

aging the particles retained nearly the same mineral and Fe0 content as fresh NZVI. Linear least-squares combination 

fitting (LCF) of the EXAFS spectra for 1 month-aged samples indicated that the oxidized particles remain 

predominantly a binary phase system containing Fe0 and Fe3O4, while the 6 month aged samples contained additional 

mineral phases such as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) and iron sulfate species, possibly schwertmannite 

(Fe3+16O16(OH,SO4)12?13·10?12H2O). The presence of these additional mineral species was confirmed using 

synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD). NZVI exposed to water saturated with dissolved oxygen showed a rapid 

(<24 h) loss of Fe0 and evolved both magnetite and maghemite (?-Fe2O3) within the oxide layer. These findings have 

implications toward the eventual fate, transport, and toxicity of NZVI used for groundwater remediation.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es902924h

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902924h

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Powers, Christina M.

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Ryde, Ian T.

%A Seidler, Frederic J.

%A Slotkin, Theodore A.

%D 2010

%T Silver Nanoparticles Compromise Neurodevelopment in PC12 Cells: Critical Contributions of Silver Ion, 

Particle Size, Coating, and Composition

%J Environmental Health Perspectives

%V 119

%N 1

%P 37 - 44

%8 09/2010

%! Silver Nanoparticles Compromise Neurodevelopment in PC12 Cells: Critical Contributions of Silver Ion, Particle 

Size, Coating, and Composition

%R 10.1289/ehp.1002337

%0 Journal Article

%A Plathe, K. L.

%A von der Kammer, F.

%A Hassellov, M.

%A Moore, J.

%A Murayama, M.

%A Hofmann, T.

%A Hochella, M. F.

%D 2010

%T Using FlFFF and aTEM to determine trace metal-nanoparticle associations in riverbed sediment

%J Environmental Chemistry

%V 7

%P 82-93

%! Using FlFFF and aTEM to determine trace metal-nanoparticle associations in riverbed sediment

%@ 1448-2517

%M ISI:000274732200009

%X Analytical transmission electron microscopy (aTEM) and flow field flow fractionation (FlFFF) coupled to multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) and high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (HR-ICPMS) 

were utilised to elucidate relationships between trace metals and nanoparticles in contaminated sediment. Samples 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

were obtained from the Clark Fork River (Montana, USA), where a large-scale dam removal project has released 

reservoir sediment contaminated with toxic trace metals (namely Pb, Zn, Cu and As) which had accumulated from a 

century of mining activities upstream. An aqueous extraction method was used to recover nanoparticles from the 

sediment for examination; FlFFF results indicate that the toxic metals are held in the nano-size fraction of the sediment

and their peak shapes and size distributions correlate best with those for Fe and Ti. TEM data confirms this on a single

nanoparticle scale; the toxic metals were found almost exclusively associated with nano-size oxide minerals, most 

commonly brookite, goethite and lepidocrocite.

%Z Plathe, K. L. von der Kammer, F. Hassellov, M. Moore, J. Murayama, M. Hofmann, T. Hochella, M. F., Jr.

%U <Go to ISI>://000274732200009

%0 Journal Article

%A Phenrat, T.

%A Song, J. E.

%A Cisneros, C. M.

%A Schoenfelder, D. P.

%A Tilton, R. D.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%D 2010

%T Estimating Attachment of Nano- and Submicrometer-particles Coated with Organic Macromolecules in Porous 

Media: Development of an Empirical Model

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%P 4531-4538

%8 Jun

%! Estimating Attachment of Nano- and Submicrometer-particles Coated with Organic Macromolecules in Porous 

Media: Development of an Empirical Model

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000278617000027

%X Assessing the environmental transport and fate of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) and potential exposure risks 

requires models for predicting attachment of NPs coated with organic macromolecules in porous media. The objective 

of this study was to determine the properties of coated nanoparticles that control their attachment behavior. Deposition 

data for a variety of nanoparticles with different types of anionic organic coatings, including natural organic matter 

(NOM)-coated latex and hematite nanoparticles, and poly(styrenesulfonate)-, carboxymethylcellulose-, and 

polyaspartate-coated hematite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (80 data points), were used to develop an empirical 

correlation between measurable NP properties and their sticking coefficient (a) under a variety of electrolyte conditions

and flow velocities. Available semiempirical correlations used to predict the attachment efficiency of electrostatically 

stabilized (uncoated) NPs overestimate the attachment efficiency of nanoparticles coated with NOM or synthetic 

polyelectrolytes because the correlations neglect electrosteric repulsions and the decreased friction afforded by such 

coatings that can inhibit attachment to surfaces. Adding a dimensionless parameter (N-LEK) representing steric 

repulsions and the decreased friction force afforded by adsorbed NOM or anionic polyelectrolytes in the correlation 

significantly improves the correlation. This establishes the importance of including the adsorbed NOM- or 

polyelectrolyte layer properties for estimating the attachment efficiency of NPs in the environment. The form of NLEK

suggests that limiting unintended transport and exposure to NPs could be achieved by using coatings with the smallest 

adsorbed mass and polymer density, shortest extended layer thickness, and largest molecular weight that would still 

afford the desired functionality of the coating.

%U <Go to ISI>://000278617000027

%0 Journal Article

%A Phenrat, T.

%A Cihan, A.
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%A Kim, H. J.

%A Mital, M.

%A Illangasekare, T.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%D 2010

%T Transport and Deposition of Polymer-Modified Fe-0 Nanoparticles in 2-D Heterogeneous Porous Media: Effects 

of Particle Concentration, Fe-0 Content, and Coatings

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%P 9086-9093

%8 Dec

%! Transport and Deposition of Polymer-Modified Fe-0 Nanoparticles in 2-D Heterogeneous Porous Media: Effects of

Particle Concentration, Fe-0 Content, and Coatings

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000284523400048

%X Concentrated suspensions of polymer-modified Fe-0 nanoparticles (NZVI) are injected into heterogeneous porous 

media for groundwater remediation. This study evaluated the effect of porous media heterogeneity and the dispersion 

properties including particle concentration, Fe-0 content, and adsorbed polymer mass and layer thickness which are 

expected to affect the delivery and emplacement of NZVI in heterogeneous porous media in a two-dimensional (2-D) 

cell. Heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity had a significant impact on the deposition of NZVI. Polymer modified 

NZVI followed preferential flow paths and deposited in the regions where fluid shear is insufficient to prevent NZVI 

agglomeration and deposition. NZVI transported in heterogeneous porous media better at low particle concentration 

(0.3 g/L) than at high particle concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) due to greater particle agglomeration at high concentration. 

High Fe-0 content decreased transport during injection due to agglomeration promoted by magnetic attraction. NZVI 

with a flat adsorbed polymeric layer (thickness similar to 30 nm) could not be transported effectively due to pore 

clogging and deposition near the inlet, while NZVI with a more extended adsorbed layer thickness (i.e., similar to 70 

nm) were mobile in porous media. This study indicates the importance of characterizing porous media heterogeneity 

and NZVI dispersion properties as part of the design of a robust delivery strategy for NZVI in the subsurface.

%U <Go to ISI>://000284523400048

%0 Book Section

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Mueller, Nicole C.

%A Som, Claudia

%D 2010

%T Life-Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts

%B Handbook of Green Chemistry

%I Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

%! Life-Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts

%@ 9783527628698

%R 10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102

%K engineered nanomaterials

nanoproducts

life-cycle

exposure monitoring

safer chemicals

green chemistry

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102/abstract
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%0 Journal Article

%A Meyer, Joel N.

%A Lord, Christopher A.

%A Yang, Xinyu Y.

%A Turner, Elena A.

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Marinakos, Stella M.

%A Chilkoti, Ashutosh

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Auffan, Melanie

%D 2010

%T Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans

%J Aquatic Toxicology

%V 100

%N 2

%P 140 - 150

%8 10/2010

%! Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans

%R 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.016

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X1000264X

%0 Journal Article

%A Lynn Ko, Wen Yin

%A Bagaria, Hitesh G.

%A Asokan, Subashini

%A Lin, Kuan-Jiuh

%A Wong, Michael S.

%D 2010

%T CdSe tetrapod synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and heat transfer fluids

%J Journal of Materials Chemistry

%V 20

%N 12

%P 2474-2478

%9 10.1039/B922145J

%! CdSe tetrapod synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and heat transfer fluids

%@ 0959-9428

%R 10.1039/B922145J

%X The synthesis of CdSe tetrapod-shaped quantum dots using phenyl-based heat transfer fluids as inexpensive 

alternatives to octadecene solvent was studied. The CdSe tetrapods were synthesized using the hot-injection method, in

which the trioctylphosphine selenide precursor and the shape-inducing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant 

were injected into a cadmium oleate-containing solvent at 190 [degree]C. At a synthesis temperature of 160 [degree]C,

the resulting quantum dot particles were found to grow more slowly in heat transfer fluids and pure phenyl-type 

solvents than in octadecene. With synthesis time, the selectivity to tetrapods increased, and the arms grew 

proportionally in width and length. The use of heat transfer fluids provides a convenient means to control growth of 

shaped nanoparticles.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B922145J

%0 Journal Article

%A Lowry, G. V.
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%A Hotze, E. M.

%A Bernhardt, E. S.

%A Dionysiou, D. D.

%A Pedersen, J. A.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%A Xing, B. S.

%D 2010

%T Environmental Occurrences, Behavior, Fate, and Ecological Effects of Nanomaterials: An Introduction to the 

Special Series

%J Journal of Environmental Quality

%V 39

%P 1867-1874

%8 Nov-Dec

%9 Editorial Material

%! Environmental Occurrences, Behavior, Fate, and Ecological Effects of Nanomaterials: An Introduction to the 

Special Series

%@ 0047-2425

%M ISI:000283897200001

%K ACID

AGGREGATION

DECREASE

FULLERENE C-60

MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIALS

Nanoparticles

RISK

Toxicity

WATER

ZEROVALENT IRON

%X The release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into the biosphere will increase as industries find new and useful

ways to utilize these materials. Scientists and engineers are beginning to assess the material properties that determine 

the fate, transport, and effects of ENMs; however, the potential impacts of released ENMs on organisms, ecosystems, 

and human health remain largely unknown. This special collection of four review papers and four technical papers 

identifies many key and emerging knowledge gaps regarding the interactions between nanomaterials and ecosystems. 

These critical knowledge gaps include the form, route, and mass of nanomaterials entering the environment; the 

transformations and ultimate fate of nanomaterials in the environment; the transport, distribution, and bioavailability of

nanomaterials in environmental media; and the organismal responses to nanomaterial exposure and effects of 

nanomaterial inputs on ecological communities and biogeochemical processes at relevant environmental concentrations

and forms. This introductory section summarizes the state of knowledge and emerging areas of research needs 

identified within the special collection. Despite recent progress in understanding the transport, transformations, and 

fate of ENMs in model environments and organisms, there remains a large deed for fundamental information regarding

releases, distribution, transformations and persistence, and bioavailability of nanomaterials. Moreover, fate, transport, 

bioaccumulation, and ecological impacts research is needed using environmentally relevant concentrations and forms 

of ENMs in real field materials and with a broader range of organisms.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 676FUTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 41

%U <Go to ISI>://000283897200001

%0 Journal Article

%A Li, Z. Q.

%A Greden, K.

%A Alvarez, P. J. J.

%A Gregory, K. B.

%A Lowry, G. V.
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%D 2010

%T Adsorbed Polymer and NOM Limits Adhesion and Toxicity of Nano Scale Zerovalent Iron to E. coli

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%P 3462-3467

%8 May

%9 Article

%! Adsorbed Polymer and NOM Limits Adhesion and Toxicity of Nano Scale Zerovalent Iron to E. coli

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000277067000044

%K ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

CYTOTOXICITY

DECHLORINATION

ESCHERICHIA-COLI

FULLERENE WATER SUSPENSION

NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER

SEDIMENTATION

SILVER NANOPARTICLES

SURFACE

TCE

ZERO-VALENT IRON

%X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) is used for groundwater remediation. Freshly synthesized bare, i.e. uncoated 

NZVI is bactericidal at low mg/L concentration, but the impact of surface modifiers and aging (partial oxidation) on its

bactericidal properties have not been determined. Here we assess the effect that adsorbed synthetic polymers and 

natural organic matter (NOM) and aging (partial oxidation) have on the bactericidal properties of NZVI to the gramnegative bacterium, Escherichia coli. Exposure to 100 mg/L of bare NZVI with 28% Fe-0 content resulted in a 2.2-log 

inactivation after 10 min and a 5.2-log inactivation after 60 min. Adsorbed poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), 

poly(aspartate) (PAP), or NOM on NZVI with the same Fe-0 content significantly decreased its toxicity, causing less 

than 0.2-log inactivation after 60 min. TEM images and heteroaggregation studies indicate that bare NZVI adheres 

significantly to cells and that the adsorbed polyelectrolyte or NOM prevents adhesion, thereby decreasing NZVI 

toxicity. The 1.8-log inactivation observed for bare NZVI with 7% Fe-0 content was lower than the 5.2-log 

inactivation using NZVI with 28% Fe-0 after 1 h; however, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after 24 h 

was 5 mg/L regardless of Fe-0 content. The MIC of PSS, PAP, and NOM coated NZVI were much higher: 500 mg/L, 

100 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, respectively. But the MIC was much lower than the typical injection concentration used in 

remediation (10 g/L). Complete oxidation of Fe-0 in NZVI under aerobic conditions eliminated its bactericidal effects. 

This study indicates that polyelectrolyte coatings and NOM will mitigate the toxicity of NZVI for exposure 

concentrations below 0.1 to 0.5 g/L depending on the coating and that aged NZVI without Fe-0 is relatively benign to 

bacteria.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 588JXTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 49

%U <Go to ISI>://000277067000044

%0 Journal Article

%A Latkoczy, Christopher

%A Kagi, Ralf

%A Fierz, Martin

%A Ritzmann, Mathias

%A Gunther, Detlef

%A Boller, Markus

%D 2010

%T Development of a mobile fast-screening laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) system for field-based 

measurements of nanometre sized particles in aqueous solutions

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%V 12

%N 7

%P 1422-1429

%9 10.1039/C002020F

%! Development of a mobile fast-screening laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) system for field-based 

measurements of nanometre sized particles in aqueous solutions

%@ 1464-0325

%R 10.1039/C002020F

%X Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is a promising method to detect trace amounts of nanoparticles (NP, 

<100 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Based on available systems, we developed a mobile LIBD, designed for on-site and 

on-line measurements. We used the energy ratio of every laser pulse before and after passing the laser beam through 

the aqueous sample as a new method to detect laser-induced plasma events. The particle size and the particle number 

density are derived from recorded energy curves. Our LIBD is operated with a Nd:YAG laser at 100 Hz significantly 

reducing the measurement times compared to other LIBD systems operated at 20 Hz and increasing the capabilities for 

monitoring purposes. Long-term experiments on water samples revealed losses of NP up to 75% in 15 mL and 35% in 

5 L sample containers after 3 months. The size of the particles remained constant (5 L) or slightly decreased (15 mL) 

indicating significant adsorption of NP to the walls of the sampling containers. Furthermore, we monitored the NP 

content of water after different purification steps at a drinking water plant (Maennedorf, Lake Zurich, Switzerland). 

Activated carbon filtration resulted in an increase of the particle size from [similar]20 nm to [similar]75 nm possibly 

caused by the release of organic fragments derived from the biology within the activated carbon tank. After the final 

ultrafiltration step the particle size was around 10 nm in agreement with the nominal cutoff of 100 kDa of the 

membrane. The results underline the strength of a fast-screening LIBD to detect relative changes in NP size and 

concentration.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C002020F

%0 Journal Article

%A Labille, Jérôme

%A Feng, Jinghuan

%A Botta, Céline

%A Borschneck, Daniel

%A Sammut, Magali

%A Cabie, Martiane

%A Auffan, Mélanie

%A Rose, Jérôme

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2010

%T Aging of TiO2 nanocomposites used in sunscreen. Dispersion and fate of the degradation products in aqueous 

environment

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 158

%N 12

%P 3482 - 3489

%8 12/2010

%! Aging of TiO2 nanocomposites used in sunscreen. Dispersion and fate of the degradation products in aqueous 

environment

%R 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.012

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749110000734

%0 Journal Article

%A Kirschling, Teresa L.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Gregory, Kelvin B.

%A Minkley, Jr Edwin G.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%D 2010

%T Impact of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on Geochemistry and Microbial Populations in Trichloroethylene 

Contaminated Aquifer Materials

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 9

%P 3474-3480

%8 2010/05/01

%! Impact of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on Geochemistry and Microbial Populations in Trichloroethylene 

Contaminated Aquifer Materials

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es903744f

%X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles are a promising technology for reducing trichloroethylene (TCE) 

contamination in the subsurface. Prior to injecting large quantities of nanoparticles into the groundwater it is important 

to understand what impact the particles will have on the geochemistry and indigenous microbial communities. 

Microbial populations are important not only for nutrient cycling, but also for contaminant remediation and heavy 

metal immobilization. Microcosms were used to determine the effects of NZVI addition on three different aquifer 

materials from TCE contaminated sites in Alameda Point, CA, Mancelona, MI, and Parris Island, SC. The oxidation 

and reduction potential of the microcosms consistently decreased by more than 400 mV when NZVI was added at 1.5 

g/L concentrations. Sulfate concentrations decreased in the two coastal aquifer materials, and methane was observed in

the presence of NZVI in Alameda Point microcosms, but not in the other two materials. Denaturing gradient gel 

electrophoresis (DGGE) showed significant shifts in Eubacterial diversity just after the Fe0 was exhausted, and 

quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses showed increases of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene 

(dsrA) and Archaeal 16s rRNA genes, indicating that reducing conditions and hydrogen created by NZVI stimulate 

both sulfate reducer and methanogen populations. Adding NZVI had no deleterious effect on total bacterial abundance 

in the microcosms. NZVI with a biodegradable polyaspartate coating increased bacterial populations by an order of 

magnitude relative to controls. The lack of broad bactericidal effect, combined with the stimulatory effect of 

polyaspartate coatings, has positive implications for NZVI field applications.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es903744f

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es903744f

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Kim, Bojeong

%A Park, Chee-Sung

%A Murayama, Mitsuhiro

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%D 2010

%T Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 19

%P 7509 - 7514

%8 10/2010

%! Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products

%R 10.1021/es101565j

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101565j
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%0 Journal Article

%A Kennedy, A. J.

%A Hull, M. S.

%A Bednar, A. J.

%A Goss, J. D.

%A Gunter, J. C.

%A Bouldin, J. L.

%A Vikesland, P.J.

%A Steevens, J. A.

%D 2010

%T Fractionating Nanosilver: Importance for Determining Toxicity to Aquatic Test Organisms

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%P 9571-9577

%8 Dec

%! Fractionating Nanosilver: Importance for Determining Toxicity to Aquatic Test Organisms

%@ 0013-936X

%M ISI:000285266900052

%X This investigation applied novel techniques for characterizing and fractionating nanosilver particles and aggregates

and relating these measurements to toxicological endpoints. The acute toxicity of eight nanosilver suspensions of 

varying primary particle sizes (10-80 nm) and coatings (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, EDTA, proprietary) was 

assessed using three aquatic test organisms (Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). 

When 48-h lethal median concentrations (LC50) were expressed as total silver, both D. magna and P. promelas were 

significantly more sensitive to ionic silver (Ag+) as AgNO3 (mean LC50 = 1.2 and 6.3 mu g/L, respectively) relative 

to a wide range in LC50 values determined for the nanosilver suspensions (2-126 mu g/L). However, when LC50 

values for nanosilver suspensions were expressed as fractionated nanosilver (Ag+ and/or <4 nm particles), determined 

by utiracentrifugation of particles and confirmed field-flow-fractograms, the LC50 values (0.3-5.6 mu g/L) were 

comparable to the values obtained for ionic Ag+ as AgNO3. These results suggest that dissolved Ag+ plays a critical 

role in acute toxicity and underscores the importance of characterizing dissolved fractions in nanometal suspensions.

%0 Journal Article

%A Kemsley, Jyllian

%D 2010

%T Lax about nanomaterial handling

%J Chemical & Engineering News Archive

%V 88

%N 6

%P 13

%8 2010/02/08

%! Lax about nanomaterial handling

%@ 0009-2347

%R 10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013

%X AS MANY AS one-quarter of researchers handling nanomaterials do not use any lab protection measures, such as 

fume hoods, and half do not use masks or respirators to prevent inhalation of particles, according to an international 

survey of research laboratories by a team of Spanish researchers (Nat. Nanotechnol., DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.1). 

"We don't know a lot about the consequences of long-term exposure to nanoparticles," comments Kristen Kulinowski, 

director of external affairs at Rice University's Center for Biological & Environmental Nanotechnology and director of 

the International Council on Nanotechnology. Consequently, much of the available guidance for handling 

nanomaterials safely focuses on minimizing exposure. "It sounds like that message has not gotten down to the research 

community," Kulinowski says. The survey team, led by Jesus Santamaria of the Nanoscience Institute of Aragon at the 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

University of Zaragoza, used a Web of Science literature search for keywords such as "nanoparticle" and "nanotube" 

to identify researchers working with nanomaterials.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Kahru, Anne

%A Dubourguier, Henri-Charles

%D 2010

%T From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology

%J Toxicology

%V 269

%N 2

%P 105-119

%! From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology

%@ 0300-483X

%0 Book

%A Johnston, John M

%D 2010

%T State-of-the-Science Report on Predictive Models and Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating 

Exposure to Nanomaterials

%I National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Ecosystems Research Division

%! State-of-the-Science Report on Predictive Models and Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating 

Exposure to Nanomaterials

%0 Journal Article

%A Jassby, D.

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Hendren, Z.

%A Wiesner, M.

%D 2010

%T Membrane filtration of fullerene nanoparticle suspensions: Effects of derivatization, pressure, electrolyte species 

and concentration

%J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

%V 346

%P 296-302

%8 Jun

%9 Article

%! Membrane filtration of fullerene nanoparticle suspensions: Effects of derivatization, pressure, electrolyte species 

and concentration

%@ 0021-9797

%M ISI:000277482200003

%K AGGREGATION

aqueous suspensions

c-60

films
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

Fullerene

Fullerol

Ionic bridging

NANOMATERIALS

Stability

Transmembrane pressure

WATER

%X Particle aggregation is induced in derivatized fullerene (fullerol) suspensions by introducing different counter-ion 

species (Na+ Ca2+ and Mg2+) and concentrations. The suspensions are filtered through 20 nm ceramic membranes 

under different transmembrane pressures, and the removal efficiency is compared. In all cases, the average 

hydrodynamic radius far exceeded the average pore diameter of the membrane. In the case of mono-valent counterions, removal efficiency is influenced by transmembrane pressure, with higher removal efficiencies achieved at lower 

pressures. In contrast, removal efficiencies of fullerol suspensions destabilized with di-valent ions are insensitive to 

transmembrane pressure, similar to what was found in the case of non-derivatized fullerene. Scanning Electron 

Microscope (SEM) images of post-filtration membranes indicate that fullerol aggregates destabilized with Mg2+ ions 

deform and partially penetrate the membrane, but are ultimately trapped. The proposed mechanism suggests that divalent ions act as bridges between fullerol aggregates, forming strong bonds that were not broken under the 

experimental conditions. These strong bonds may allow aggregated fullerol particles to deform under high pressure, 

and partially penetrate the membrane. Mono-valent ions are incapable of functioning as bridges, and subsequently, 

when sufficient pressure is applied, fullerol aggregates will break apart and pass through the membrane. (C) 2010 

Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 593SYTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 28Jassby, David Chae, So-Ryong 

Hendren, Zachary Wiesner, MarkCenter for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology ; National Science 

Foundation ; US Environmental Protection AgencyFinancial support for this work was provided by the Center for the 

Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, and is greatly appreciated. The National Science Foundation and the 

US Environmental Protection Agency jointly fund the Center for the Environmental Implications of 

Nanotechnology.Academic press inc elsevier scienceSan diego

%U <Go to ISI>://000277482200003

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979710003188

%0 Journal Article

%A Hou, Ye

%A Cheng, Yingwen

%A Hobson, Tyler

%A Liu, Jie

%D 2010

%T Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO2 Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary 

Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

%J Nano Letters

%V 10

%N 7

%P 2727 - 2733

%8 07/2010

%! Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO2 Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary 

Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

%R 10.1021/nl101723g

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl101723g

%0 Journal Article

%A Hotze, E. M.
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%A Phenrat, T.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%D 2010

%T Nanoparticle Aggregation: Challenges to Understanding Transport and Reactivity in the Environment

%J Journal of Environmental Quality

%V 39

%P 1909-1924

%8 Nov-Dec

%! Nanoparticle Aggregation: Challenges to Understanding Transport and Reactivity in the Environment

%@ 0047-2425

%M ISI:000283897200005

%X Unique forms of manufactured nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and their suspensions are rapidly being created by 

manipulating properties such as shape, size, structure, and chemical composition and through incorporation of surface 

coatings. Although these properties make nanomaterial development interesting for new applications, they also 

challenge the ability of colloid science to understand nanoparticle aggregation in the environment and the subsequent 

effects on nanomaterial transport and reactivity. This review briefly covers aggregation theory focusing on DerjaguinLandau-Verwey-Overbeak (DLVO)-based models most commonly used to describe the thermodynamic interactions 

between two particles in a suspension. A discussion of the challenges to DLVO posed by the properties of 

nanomaterials follows, along with examples from the literature. Examples from the literature highlighting the 

importance of aggregation effects on transport and reactivity and risk of nanoparticles in the environment are 

discussed.

%U <Go to ISI>://000283897200005

%0 Journal Article

%A Hotze, E. M.

%D 2010

%T Theoretical Framework for Nanoparticle Reactivity as a Function of

%J Langmuir

%V 26

%P 11170-11175

%8 Jul

%! Theoretical Framework for Nanoparticle Reactivity as a Function of

%@ 0743-7463

%M ISI:000279239900103

%X Theory is developed that relates the reactivity of nanoparticles to the

%0 Journal Article

%A Halvorson, R.

%A Vikesland, P.J.

%D 2010

%T Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Environmental Analyses

%J Environmental Science and Technology

%V 44

%P 7749-7755

%! Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Environmental Analyses

%0 Journal Article

%A Gottschalk, Fadri
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Sonderer, Tobias

%A Scholz, Roland W.

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2010

%T Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic 

material flow analysis

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 29

%N 5

%P 1036-1048

%! Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic 

material flow analysis

%@ 1552-8618

%R 10.1002/etc.135

%K Probabilistic material flow analysis

Engineered nanomaterials

Exposure assessment

Predicted environmental concentrations

Predicted-no-effect concentrations

%X Information on environmental concentrations is needed to assess the risks that engineered nanomaterials (ENM) 

may pose to the environment. In this study, predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) were modeled for nanoTiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nano-Ag for Switzerland. Based on a life-cycle perspective, the model considered 

as input parameters the production volumes of the ENMs, the manufacturing and consumption quantities of products 

containing those materials, and the fate and pathways of ENMs in natural and technical environments. Faced with a 

distinct scarcity of data, we used a probabilistic material flow analysis model, treating all parameters as probability 

distributions. The modeling included Monte Carlo and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations as well as a sensitivity 

and uncertainty analysis. The PEC values of the ENMs in the different environmental compartments vary widely due 

to different ENM production volumes and different life cycles of the nanoproducts. The use of ENM in products with 

high water relevance leads to higher water and sediment concentrations for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag, compared to 

CNTs, where smaller amounts of ENM reach the aquatic compartments. This study also presents a sensitivity analysis 

and a comprehensive discussion of the uncertainties of the simulation results and the limitations of the used approach. 

To estimate potential risks, the PEC values were compared to the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNEC) derived 

from published data. The risk quotients (PEC/PNEC) for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag were larger than one for treated 

wastewater and much smaller for all other environmental compartments (e.g., water, sediments, soils). We conclude 

that probabilistic modeling is very useful for predicting environmental concentrations of ENMs given the current lack 

of substantiated data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1036–1048. © 2010 SETAC

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.135

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.135/abstract

%0 Journal Article

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Scholz, Roland W.

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2010

%T Probabilistic material flow modeling for assessing the environmental exposure to compounds: Methodology and 

an application to engineered nano-TiO2 particles

%J Environmental Modelling & Software

%V 25

%N 3

%P 320-332

%8 3//

%! Probabilistic material flow modeling for assessing the environmental exposure to compounds: Methodology and an 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

application to engineered nano-TiO2 particles

%@ 1364-8152

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.08.011

%K Probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA)

Monte Carlo (MC)

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)

Uncertainty

Engineered Nanoparticles (NP)

Exposure assessment

Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs)

%X An elementary step towards a quantitative assessment of the risks of new compounds or pollutants (chemicals, 

materials) to the environment is to estimate their environmental concentrations. Thus, the calculation of predicted 

environmental concentrations (PECs) builds the basis of a first exposure assessment. This paper presents a 

probabilistic method to compute distributions of PECs by means of a stochastic stationary substance/material flow 

modeling. The evolved model is basically applicable to any substance with a distinct lack of data concerning 

environmental fate, exposure, emission and transmission characteristics. The model input parameters and variables 

consider production, application quantities and fate of the compounds in natural and technical environments. To cope 

with uncertainties concerning the estimation of the model parameters (e.g. transfer and partitioning coefficients, 

emission factors) as well as uncertainties about the exposure causal mechanisms (e.g. level of compound production 

and application) themselves, we utilized and combined sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, Monte Carlo simulation 

and Markov Chain Monte Carlo modeling. The combination of these methods is appropriate to calculate realistic PECs 

when facing a lack of data. The proposed model is programmed and carried out with the computational tool R and 

implemented and validated with data for an exemplary case study of flows of the engineered nanoparticle nano-TiO2 

in Switzerland.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815209002394

%0 Journal Article

%A Golas, P. L.

%A Louie, S.

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Matyjaszewski, K.

%A Tilton, R. D.

%D 2010

%T Comparative Study of Polymeric Stabilizers for Magnetite Nanoparticles Using ATRP

%J Langmuir

%V 26

%P 16890-16900

%8 Nov

%9 Article

%! Comparative Study of Polymeric Stabilizers for Magnetite Nanoparticles Using ATRP

%@ 0743-7463

%M ISI:000283837800039

%K AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

FE-0 NANOPARTICLES

GOLD

IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Nanoparticles

POROUS-MEDIA

Surface modification

TCE DECHLORINATION

TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
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ZEROVALENT IRON

%X A series of polyelectrolytes with controlled molecular weight, a narrow chain-length distribution, and systematic 

structural differences were synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization and investigated as stabilizers for 

magnetite nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions. Structural differences include the degree of polymerization, the chain 

architecture, and the identity of the charged functional unit. The synthesized polymers are sulfonated poly(2-

hydroxyethyl methacrylate), a block copolymer of the former with poly(n-butyl methacrylate). poly(sodium styrene 

sulfonate), poly(sodium acrylate), and poly(sodium vinylphosphonate). The colloidal stability is assessed by measuring 

the fraction of particles, based on turbidity, that sediment alter a period or time at increasing ionic strength. 

Sedimentation results are complimented by dynamic light scattering determinations of the hydrodynamic diameter of 

the particles that remain suspended. When adsorption and sedimentation are conducted at high pH, poly(sodium 

acrylate) and poly(sodium vinylphosphonate) yield the most stable suspensions because of their strong coordinative 

interactions with the iron oxide surface. At tow pH, the polymers that retain pendant negative charges (each of the 

sulfonated polymers) yield high stable fractions at all ionic strengths investigated up to 100 mM (NaCl), whereas 

polyelectrolytes that become protonated with decreasing pH, poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium 

vinylphosphonate). lose their stabilizing capacity even at low ionic strengths. The chain-length distribution profoundly 

alters a polymer's stabilization tendencies. Two poly(sodium acrylate) samples with the same number-average 

molecular weight hut widely different chain-length distributions proved to have opposite tendencies, with the 

polydisperse sample being a good stabilizer and the low polydispersity one being a strong flocculant. This investigation

provides guidelines for the design or polymeric stabilizers for magnetite nanoparticles according to the pH and ionic 

strength of the intended application.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 675NQTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 82

%U <Go to ISI>://000283837800039

%0 Journal Article

%A Ganesh, Rajagopalan

%A Smeraldi, Josh

%A Hosseini, Turaj

%A Khatib, Leila

%A Olson, Betty H.

%A Rosso, Diego

%D 2010

%T Evaluation of Nanocopper Removal and Toxicity in Municipal Wastewaters

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 20

%P 7808-7813

%8 2010/10/15

%! Evaluation of Nanocopper Removal and Toxicity in Municipal Wastewaters

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es101355k

%X Bench scale studies were performed to evaluate removal and toxicity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and copper 

ions in activated sludge biomass. The data indicated that, under the test conditions, copper nanoparticles were removed 

more effectively (?95%) than copper ions (30?70%) from the wastewater. Mechanisms of CuNP removal were further 

investigated by equilibrating CuNP and copper ion in activated sludge filtrate (0.45 ?m). The predominant mechanisms

of copper removal appear to be aggregation and settling (CuNP) or precipitation (copper ion) rather than biosorption. 

Most probable number (MPN) test data indicated that addition of 10 mg/L of copper ion was toxic to both coliform and

ammonia oxidizing bacteria in the wastewater while no inhibitory effects were observed with the addition of the same 

amount of copper nanoparticles. Respirometry data indicated a 55% decrease in respiration rate when 10 mg/L ionic 

copper was added. However, no significant decrease in respiration rate was observed in the presence of copper 

nanoparticles. The toxicity of copper to activated sludge microorganisms appears to be a function of the concentration 

and characteristics of copper remaining in solution/suspension.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101355k
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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101355k

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A El Badawy, Amro M.

%A Silva, Rendahandi G.

%A Morris, Brian

%A Scheckel, Kirk G.

%A Suidan, Makram T.

%A Tolaymat, Thabet M.

%D 2010

%T Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 45

%N 1

%P 283-287

%8 2011/01/01

%! Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es1034188

%X As a result of the extensive number of applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), their potential impacts, once 

released into the environment, are of concern. The toxicity of AgNPs was reported to be dependent on various factors 

such as particle size, shape and capping agent. Although these factors may play a role in AgNPs toxicity, the results 

presented herein suggest that surface charge is one of the most important factors that govern the toxicity of AgNPs. In 

the current study, the toxicity of four AgNPs representing various surface charging scenarios ranging from highly 

negative to highly positive was investigated. These AgNPs were (1) uncoated H2?AgNPs, (2) citrate coated AgNPs 

(Citrate-AgNPs), (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs), and (4) branched polyethyleneimine coated 

AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs). Our results clearly demonstrate that the AgNPs exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity on 

the bacillus species investigated. Furthermore, ultrafiltration membranes were utilized to purify the AgNPs suspensions

from residual impurities prior to the introduction to the microbes. This step was crucial in determining the true AgNPs 

toxicity and is either missing or not explicitly mentioned in most of the reported toxicity studies.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1034188

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es1034188

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Choi, W. Y.

%D 2010

%T Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant photocatalytic

%J Water Science and Technology

%V 62

%P 963-971

%! Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant photocatalytic

%@ 0273-1223

%M ISI:000281602000029

%X A self-organized nano-structured, photocatalytic TiO2 membrane with

%0 Journal Article
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Chae, So-Ryong

%A Badireddy, Appala R.

%A Farner Budarz, Jeffrey

%A Lin, Shihong

%A Xiao, Yao

%A Therezien, Mathieu

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2010

%T Heterogeneities in Fullerene Nanoparticle Aggregates Affecting Reactivity, Bioactivity, and Transport

%J ACS Nano

%V 4

%N 9

%P 5011-5018

%8 2010/09/28

%! Heterogeneities in Fullerene Nanoparticle Aggregates Affecting Reactivity, Bioactivity, and Transport

%@ 1936-0851

%R 10.1021/nn100620d

%X Properties of nanomaterial suspensions are typically summarized by average values for the purposes of 

characterizing these materials and interpreting experimental results. We show in this work that the heterogeneity in 

aqueous suspensions of fullerene C60 aggregates (nC60) must be taken into account for the purposes of predicting 

nanomaterial transport, exposure, and biological activity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), microbial 

inactivation, and the mobility of the aggregates of the nC60 in a silicate porous medium all increased as suspensions 

were fractionated to enrich with smaller aggregates by progressive membrane filtration. These size-dependent 

differences are attributed to an increasing degree of hydroxylation of nC60 aggregates with decreasing size. As the 

quantity and influence of these more reactive fractions may increase with time, experiments evaluating fullerene 

transport and toxicity end points must take into account the evolution and heterogeneity of fullerene suspensions.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn100620d

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn100620d

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Hotze, E. M.

%A Xiao, Y.

%A Rose, J.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2010

%T Comparison of Methods for Fullerene Detection and Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Production in Cosmetic 

Products

%J Environmental Engineering Science

%V 27

%P 797-804

%8 Sep

%9 Article

%! Comparison of Methods for Fullerene Detection and Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Production in Cosmetic 

Products

%@ 1092-8758

%M ISI:000281666300010

%K aging

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

c-60 fullerene

c-70
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

commercial creams

extraction

Fullerene

NANOMATERIALS

Nanoparticles

oxygen species

performance liquid-chromatography

production of reactive

quantitative-analysis

water suspensions

%X Numerous commercial products incorporate novel engineered nanomaterials such as gold, silica, zinc oxide, and 

fullerenes in complex matrices such as polymer composites, creams, and textiles. Analytical methods for detecting 

nanomaterials in complex matrices are not well developed. Moreover, nanomaterial content and properties of these 

commercial products are typically unknown and protected for proprietary reasons. This study had two primary aims: 

detection of C-60 within commercial face creams to establish a baseline concentration in these products (the first time 

this has been performed) and detection of residual C-60 reactivity remaining in the products aged in water under 

various light conditions with a view toward environmental exposure assessment. To achieve these aims, three 

commercial creams advertised as containing the fullerene nanomaterials were investigated using a range of analytical 

techniques. Among the detection methods tested, only extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography

was able to detect fullerenes in these products. The measured quantities of C-60 in these creams represented <0.005% 

(w/w) with an unknown yield because total amounts added to the creams were unknown. Production of reactive 

oxygen species from these face creams was measured after aging them in water as well as exposing them to solar 

spectrum illumination or ultraviolet light, or storage in the dark. Singlet oxygen generated in the products after 48 h of 

aging was correlated with the amounts of C-60 extracted from preaged samples, indicating residual photochemical 

reactivity and pointing toward the long-term impacts of utilizing these materials in commercial products.

%Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 648BVTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 28Chae, So-Ryong Hotze, Ernest M. 

Xiao, Yao Rose, Jerome Wiesner, Mark R.National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) under NSF [EF-0830093]; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnologyThis material is based 

upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

under NSF Cooperative Agreement EF-0830093, Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology. The 

authors thank Dr. Hiroshi Yamamura at Hokkaido University and Armand Masion at CEREGE, Aix-Marseille 

University for help with SEM-EDX and <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR analysis, respectively. Additionally, the authors 

acknowledge support from Dr. Fabio Ziarelli and the Spectropole, the Analytical Facility of Aix-Marseille University, 

by allowing special access to the instruments purchased with European funding (FEDER OBJ2142-3341).Mary ann 

liebert incNew rochelle

%U <Go to ISI>://000281666300010

%0 Journal Article

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%D 2010

%T Considerations in evaluating the physicochemical properties and

%J Nanomedicine

%V 5

%P 1009-1014

%8 Aug

%! Considerations in evaluating the physicochemical properties and

%@ 1743-5889

%M ISI:000282264800019

%X Nanomaterials and the technologies they enable are often presented as

%U http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fm/nnm/2010/00000005/00000006/art00016?

token=00511887d58601b87b76504c48663c256a497b6c787a344d7c6a332b25757d5c4f6d4e227af21ee14
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%0 Journal Article

%A Bernhardt, E. S.

%A Colman, B. P.

%A Hochella, M. F.

%A Cardinale, B. J.

%A Nisbet, R. M.

%A Richardson, C. J.

%A Yin, L. Y.

%D 2010

%T An Ecological Perspective on Nanomaterial Impacts in the Environment

%J Journal of Environmental Quality

%V 39

%P 1954-1965

%8 Nov-Dec

%! An Ecological Perspective on Nanomaterial Impacts in the Environment

%@ 0047-2425

%M ISI:000283897200009

%X Growing concerns over the potential for unintended, adverse consequences of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in 

the environment have generated new research initiatives focused on understanding the ecological effects of ENPs. 

Almost nothing is currently known about the fate and transport of ENPs in environmental waters, soils, and sediments 

or about the biological impacts of ENPs in natural environments, and the bulk of modern nanotoxicogical research is 

focused on highly controlled laboratory studies with single species in simple media. In this paper, we provide an 

ecological perspective on the current state of knowledge regarding the likely environmental impacts of nanomaterials 

and propose a strategy for making rapid progress in new research in ecological nanoscience

%Z Bernhardt, Emily S. Colman, Benjamin P. Hochella, Michael F., Jr. Cardinale, Bradley J. Nisbet, Roger M. 

Richardson, Curtis J. Yin, Liyan

%U <Go to ISI>://000283897200009

%0 Journal Article

%A Benn, Troy

%A Cavanagh, Bridget

%A Hristovski, Kiril

%A Posner, Jonathan D.

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%D 2010

%T The Release of Nanosilver from Consumer Products Used in the Home

%J J. Environ. Qual.

%V 39

%N 6

%P 1875-1882

%8 2010/11

%! The Release of Nanosilver from Consumer Products Used in the Home

%R 10.2134/jeq2009.0363

%X Nanosilver has become one of the most widely used nanomaterials in consumer products because of its 

antimicrobial properties. Public concern over the potential adverse effects of nanosilver's environmental release has 

prompted discussion of federal regulation. In this paper, we assess several classes of consumer products for their silver

content and potential to release nanosilver into water, air, or soil. Silver was quantified in a shirt, a medical mask and 

cloth, toothpaste, shampoo, detergent, a towel, a toy teddy bear, and two humidifiers. Silver concentrations ranged 

from 1.4 to 270,000 μg Ag g product-1 Products were washed in 500 mL of tap water to assess the potential release of 

silver into aqueous environmental matrices (wastewater, surface water, saliva, etc.). Silver was released in quantities 
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

up to 45 μg Ag g product-1, and size fractions were both larger and smaller than 100 nm. Scanning electron 

microscopy confirmed the presence of nanoparticle silver in most products as well as in the wash water samples. Four 

products were subjected to a toxicity characterization leaching procedure to assess the release of silver in a landfill. 

The medical cloth released an amount of silver comparable to the toxicity characterization limit. This paper presents 

methodologies that can be used to quantify and characterize silver and other nanomaterials in consumer products. The 

quantities of silver in consumer products can in turn be used to estimate real-world human and environmental 

exposure levels.

%U https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/39/6/1875

%0 Journal Article

%A Badawy, Amro M. El

%A Luxton, Todd P.

%A Silva, Rendahandi G.

%A Scheckel, Kirk G.

%A Suidan, Makram T.

%A Tolaymat, Thabet M.

%D 2010

%T Impact of Environmental Conditions (pH, Ionic Strength, and Electrolyte Type) on the Surface Charge and 

Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles Suspensions

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 4

%P 1260-1266

%8 2010/02/15

%! Impact of Environmental Conditions (pH, Ionic Strength, and Electrolyte Type) on the Surface Charge and 

Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles Suspensions

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es902240k

%X The impact of capping agents and environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and background electrolytes) on 

surface charge and aggregation potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) suspensions were investigated. Capping 

agents are chemicals used in the synthesis of nanoparticles to prevent aggregation. The AgNPs examined in the study 

were as follows: (a) uncoated AgNPs (H2?AgNPs), (b) electrostatically stabilized (citrate and NaBH4?AgNPs), (c) 

sterically stabilized (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-AgNPs), and (d) electrosterically stabilized (branched 

polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-AgNPs)). The uncoated (H2?AgNPs), the citrate, and NaBH4-coated AgNPs aggregated at 

higher ionic strengths (100 mM NaNO3) and/or acidic pH (3.0). For these three nanomaterials, chloride (Cl?, 10 mM), 

as a background electrolyte, resulted in a minimal change in the hydrodynamic diameter even at low pH (3.0). This 

was limited by the presence of residual silver ions, which resulted in the formation of stable negatively charged AgCl 

colloids. Furthermore, the presence of Ca2+ (10 mM) resulted in aggregation of the three previously identified AgNPs 

regardless of the pH. As for PVP coated AgNPs, the ionic strength, pH and electrolyte type had no impact on the 

aggregation of the sterically stabilized AgNPs. The surface charge and aggregation of the BPEI coated AgNPs varied 

according to the solution pH.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es902240k

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902240k

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, M.

%A Pedeutour, M

%A Rose, J.

%A Masion, A
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Ziarelli, F

%A Borschneck, D

%A Chaneac, C

%A Botta, C

%A Chaurand, P

%A Labille, J

%A Bottero, J-Y

%D 2010

%T Structural Degradation at the Surface of a TiO2 -Based Nanomaterial Used in Cosmetics

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 44

%N 7

%P 2689 - 2694

%8 04/2010

%! Structural Degradation at the Surface of a TiO2 -Based Nanomaterial Used in Cosmetics

%R 10.1021/es903757q

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es903757q

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, M.

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%A Chaneac, C

%A Rose, J.

%D 2010

%T Inorganic manufactured nanoparticles: How their physico-chemical properties influence their biological effects in 

aqueous environments

%J Nanomedicine

%V 5

%P 999-1007

%! Inorganic manufactured nanoparticles: How their physico-chemical properties influence their biological effects in 

aqueous environments

%U http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fm/nnm/2010/00000005/00000006/art00015?

token=0059187fe26e286b39412f415d763f257370232b602a385138253048296a7c2849266d656c9a88150468d1875

%0 Journal Article

%A Aruguete, D. M.

%A Hochella, M. F.

%D 2010

%T Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions and their environmental implications

%J Environmental Chemistry

%V 7

%P 3-9

%! Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions and their environmental implications

%@ 1448-2517

%M ISI:000274732200002

%X Part of the responsible use of nanotechnology will be to better delineate the potential impact of nanomaterials 

released into the environment. A key aspect of understanding this impact is to examine the interaction between 

nanomaterials and microorganisms, which are not only highly abundant in nature but critical for global environmental 

processes. In this Highlight, current knowledge about the interaction between bacteria and industrially-relevant 

nanoparticles is reviewed. Important areas for further study are discussed.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%Z Aruguete, Deborah M. Hochella, Michael F., Jr.

%U <Go to ISI>://000274732200002

%0 Journal Article

%A Aruguete, D. M.

%A Guest, J. S.

%A Yu, W. W.

%A Love, N. G.

%A Hochella, M. F.

%D 2010

%T Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

%J Environmental Chemistry

%V 7

%P 28-35

%! Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

%@ 1448-2517

%M ISI:000274732200004

%X Polymer-encapsulated CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots, which closely model commercially-available quantum 

dots, were tested for toxic effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The size, aggregation state, and dissolution of the 

quantum dots were characterised before and after exposure to bacteria. The physical association of quantum dots with 

bacterial cells was also examined. The quantum dots were found to have no effect upon bacterial viability. They 

remained chemically stable and dispersed in solution even with bacterial exposure. It is suggested that the absence of 

toxicity is the result of the stability of the quantum dots due to their protective polymer coatings, and their apparent 

lack of association with bacterial cells. The stability of the quantum dots, even in the presence of the bacteria, as well 

as their non-toxicity has implications for their environmental behaviour and ultimate fate.

%Z Aruguete, Deborah M. Guest, Jeremy S. Yu, William W. Love, Nancy G. Hochella, Michael F., Jr.

%U <Go to ISI>://000274732200004

%0 Journal Article

%A Arnaout, C.L.

%A Gunsch, C.K.

%D 2010

%T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on the Growth and Composition of Microbial Communities Found in Wastewater

%J Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials: 2010, Clemson, SC (August 22-26, 2010)

%! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on the Growth and Composition of Microbial Communities Found in Wastewater

%0 Journal Article

%A Zeyons, Ophélie

%A Thill, Antoine

%A Chauvat, Franck

%A Menguy, Nicolas

%A Cassier-Chauvat, Corinne

%A Oréar, Cédric

%A Daraspe, Jean

%A Auffan, Mélanie

%A Rose, Jérôme

%A Spalla, Olivier

%D 2009
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%T Direct and indirect CeO2 nanoparticles toxicity for Escherichia coli and Synechocystis

%J Nanotoxicology

%V 3

%N 4

%P 284 - 295

%8 12/2009

%! Direct and indirect CeO2 nanoparticles toxicity for Escherichia coli and Synechocystis

%R 10.3109/17435390903305260

%X Physico-chemical interactions between nanoparticles and cell membranes play a crucial role in determining the 

cytotoxicity of nanoparticles, which may thereby vary depending on the nature of the target microorganisms. We 

investigated the responses of two different models of unicellular bacteria to cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles. These 

organisms are: Synechocystis PCC6803 a representative of environmentally important cyanobacterial organisms 

(producer of biomass for aquatic food chains), and Escherichia coli a representative of intestine-colonizing bacteria. 

Coupling physico-chemical (adsorption isotherms and electrophoretic mobility), biological (survival tests), 

microscopical (SEM, TEM and EDS) and spectroscopic (XANES) methods, we enlightened two distinct mechanisms 

for the CeO2 nanoparticles toxicological impact: A ‘direct’ mechanism that requires a close contact between 

nanoparticles and cell membranes, and an ‘indirect’ influence elicited by the acidity of nanoparticles stabilizing agents.

We showed that E. coli is sensitive to the ‘direct’ effects of nanoparticles, whereas Synechocystis being protected by 

extracellular polymeric substances preventing direct cellular contacts is sensitive only to the ‘indirect’ mechanism. 

Consequently, our findings demonstrate the importance of the ‘direct/indirect’ effects of nanoparticles on cell fitness, a

phenomenon that should be systematically investigated with appropriate techniques and dose metrics to make 

meaningful environmental and/or health recommendations.

%U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390903305260

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Jones, Kimberly L.

%A Hochella, Jr Michael F.

%A Di Giulio, Richard T.

%A Casman, Elizabeth

%A Bernhardt, Emily S.

%D 2009

%T Decreasing uncertainties in assessing environmental exposure, risk, and ecological implications of nanomaterials

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 17

%P 6458-6462

%8 2009/09/01

%! Decreasing uncertainties in assessing environmental exposure, risk, and ecological implications of nanomaterials

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es803621k

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803621k

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Jones, Kimberly L.

%A Hochella, Jr Michael F.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Di Giulio, Richard T.

%A Casman, Elizabeth

%A Bernhardt, Emily S.

%D 2009

%T Decreasing Uncertainties in Assessing Environmental Exposure, Risk, and Ecological Implications of 

Nanomaterials†‡

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 17

%P 6458-6462

%8 2009/09/01

%! Decreasing Uncertainties in Assessing Environmental Exposure, Risk, and Ecological Implications of 

Nanomaterials†‡

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es803621k

%X Determining the fate and interactions of nanomaterials in complex environmental contexts is required to assess 

exposure and possible harm as well as to inform regulation.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803621k

%[2013/03/26

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2009

%T Nanomaterial Research Strategy 

%E (ORD), Office of Research and Development

%C Washington, D.C.

%@ EPA 620/K-09/011

%U http://www.epa.gov/ncer/nano/publications/nano_strategy_june2009.pdf

%0 Journal Article

%A Sirk, Kevin M.

%A Saleh, Navid B.

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Dufour, Bruno

%A Ok, Jeongbin

%A Golas, Patricia L.

%A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%D 2009

%T Effect of Adsorbed Polyelectrolytes on Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Particle Attachment to Soil Surface Models

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 3803-3808

%9 doi: 10.1021/es803589t

%! Effect of Adsorbed Polyelectrolytes on Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Particle Attachment to Soil Surface Models

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es803589t

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803589t
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%0 Journal Article

%A Rose, J. 

%A Levard, C. 

%A Masion, A.

%A Cortalezzi, M. M.

%A Barron, A. R. 

%A R., Wiesner M.

%A Bottero, J. Y.

%D 2009

%T Ceramic membranes formed from nanoparticles: an environmental technology

%J Actualite Chimique

%N 331

%P 36-40

%! Ceramic membranes formed from nanoparticles: an environmental technology

%X Membranes, which are used commercially for the last 50 years, are more and more employed since the last ten 

years. They can be used at the industrial level for liquid, solid or gaseous separations down to the microscopic scale. In

spite of all the advantages of the ceramic membranes (chemical stability, resistance in organic solvents, extreme pH, of

high pressures) with regard to organic membranes, their development has been quite long mainly due to strong 

synthesis difficulties and high cost to produce crack and defect free membranes. Metallic oxides nanoparticles show 

themselves perfectly adapted to synthesize ceramic membranes, with various advantages. Their small size allows to 

realize membranes with very reduced sizes of pores. Moreover their high surface reactivity may enable the synthesis of

reactive membranes or even catalytic membranes. This paper presents some examples of nanoparticles used in the 

synthesis of ceramic membranes like the Ferroxane (R) nanoparticles obtained by reaction of an iron base mineral and 

acetic acid. All the characterizations indicate that the obtained membranes are adapted to the ultrafiltration. But the 

most important point concerns their surface reactivity allowing them to sorb certain soluble pollutants. Furthermore 

they appear as candidates of choice for fuel cells.

%0 Journal Article

%A Robichaud, Christine Ogilvie

%A Uyar, Ali Emre

%A Darby, Michael R.

%A Zucker, Lynne G.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2009

%T Estimates of Upper Bounds and Trends in Nano-TiO2 Production As a Basis for Exposure Assessment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 4227-4233

%9 doi: 10.1021/es8032549

%! Estimates of Upper Bounds and Trends in Nano-TiO2 Production As a Basis for Exposure Assessment

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es8032549

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8032549

%0 Journal Article

%A Plata, D. L.

%A Hart, A. J.
file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt[4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]

%A Reddy, C. M.

%A Gschwend, P. M.

%D 2009

%T Early evaluation of potential environmental impacts of carbon nanotube synthesis by chemical vapor deposition

%J Environ Sci Technol

%V 43

%N 21

%P 8367-73

%8 Nov 1

%! Early evaluation of potential environmental impacts of carbon nanotube synthesis by chemical vapor deposition

%Z Environmental science & technology

%@ 0013-936X (Print)

0013-936X (Linking)

%R 10.1021/es901626p

%M 19924971

%K *Environment

Environmental Pollution/analysis

Hydrogen/chemistry

Industry

Nanotubes, Carbon/*chemistry

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemical synthesis

Safety

Temperature

Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry

Volatilization

%X The carbon nanotube (CNT) industry is expanding rapidly, yet little is known about the potential environmental 

impacts of CNT manufacture. Here, we evaluate the effluent composition of a representative multiwalled CNT 

synthesis by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in order to provide data needed to design strategies for 

mitigating any unacceptable emissions. During thermal pretreatment of the reactant gases (ethene and H(2)), we found 

over 45 side-products were formed, including methane, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs). This finding suggests several environmental concerns with the existing process, including 

potential discharges of the potent greenhouse gas, methane (up to 1.7%), and toxic compounds such as benzene and 

1,3-butadiene (up to 36000 ppmv). Extrapolating these laboratory-scale data to future industrial CNT production, we 

estimate that (1) contributions of atmospheric methane will be negligible compared to other existing sources and (2) 

VOC and PAH emissions may become important on local scales but will be small when compared to national 

industrial sources. As a first step toward reducing such unwanted emissions, we used continuous in situ measures of 

CNT length during growth and sought to identify which thermally generated compounds correlated with CNT growth 

rate. The results suggested that, in future CNT production approaches, key reaction intermediates could be delivered to 

the catalyst without thermal treatment. This would eliminate the most energetically expensive component of CVD 

synthesis (heating reactant gases), while reducing the formation of unintended byproducts.

%Z Plata, Desiree L

Hart, A John

Reddy, Christopher M

Gschwend, Philip M

eng

2009/11/21 06:00

Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Nov 1;43(21):8367-73. doi: 10.1021/es901626p.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924971

%+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 

Massachusetts 02139, USA. dplata@alum.mit.edu

%0 Journal Article
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%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Long, Thomas C.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Veronesi, Bellina

%D 2009

%T Partial Oxidation (“Aging”) and Surface Modification Decrease the Toxicity of Nanosized Zerovalent Iron

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 1

%P 195 - 200

%8 01/2009

%! Partial Oxidation (“Aging”) and Surface Modification Decrease the Toxicity of Nanosized Zerovalent Iron

%R 10.1021/es801955n

%X Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a “redox”-active nanomaterial used in the remediation of contaminated 

groundwater. To assess the effect of “aging” and surface modification on its potential neurotoxicity, cultured rodent 

microglia (BV2) and neurons (N27) were exposed to fresh nZVI, “aged” (>11 months) nZVI, magnetite, and 

polyaspartate surface-modified (SM) nZVI. Increases in various measures of oxidative stress indicated that BV2 

microglia responded to these materials in the following rank order: nZVI > “aged” nZVI > magnetite = SM nZVI. 

Fresh nZVI produced morphological evidence of mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis. In N27 neurons, ATP levels 

were reduced in the following rank order: nZVI > SM-nZVI >“aged” nZVI = magnetite. Ultrastructurally, nZVI 

produced a perinuclear floccular material and cytoplasmic granularity. Both SM-nZVI produced intracellular deposits 

of nanosize particles in the N27. The physicochemical properties of each material, measured under exposure 

conditions, indicated that all had electronegative zeta potentials. The iron content of nZVI (35%) and SM-nZVI (25%) 

indicated high “redox” activity while that of “aged” and magnetite was neglibile. Sedimentation and agglomeration 

occurred in the following rank order: nZV > “aged” nZVI > magnetite SM-nZVI. Correlating these properties with 

toxicity indicated that partial or complete oxidation of nZVI reduced its “redox” activity, agglomeration, sedimentation 

rate, and toxicity to mammalian cells. Surface modification decreased nZVI toxicity by reducing sedimentation which 

limited particle exposure to the cells.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801955n

%0 Journal Article

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Liu, Yueqiang

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2009

%T Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Coatings Decrease Fe0 Nanoparticle Reactivity with TCE in Water: Conceptual Model 

and Mechanisms

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 1507-1514

%9 doi: 10.1021/es802187d

%! Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Coatings Decrease Fe0 Nanoparticle Reactivity with TCE in Water: Conceptual Model 

and Mechanisms

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es802187d

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802187d

%0 Journal Article

%A Phenrat, Tanapon
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%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Fagerlund, Fritjof

%A Illangasekare, Tissa

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2009

%T Particle Size Distribution, Concentration, and Magnetic Attraction Affect Transport of Polymer-Modified Fe0 

Nanoparticles in Sand Columns

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 5079-5085

%9 doi: 10.1021/es900171v

%! Particle Size Distribution, Concentration, and Magnetic Attraction Affect Transport of Polymer-Modified Fe0 

Nanoparticles in Sand Columns

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es900171v

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900171v

%0 Journal Article

%A Meyer, David E.

%A Curran, Mary Ann

%A Gonzalez, Michael A.

%D 2009

%T An Examination of Existing Data for the Industrial Manufacture and Use of Nanocomponents and Their Role in 

the Life Cycle Impact of Nanoproducts

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 5

%P 1256-1263

%8 2009/03/01

%! An Examination of Existing Data for the Industrial Manufacture and Use of Nanocomponents and Their Role in the

Life Cycle Impact of Nanoproducts

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es8023258

%X Potential environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of major groups of nanocomponents are 

examined.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8023258

%[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article

%A Lubick, Naomi

%D 2009

%T Silica nanoparticles flow in (and out of) waste

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 23

%P 8708-8709

%8 2009/12/01

%! Silica nanoparticles flow in (and out of) waste

%@ 0013-936X
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%R 10.1021/es9031024

%X New research highlights some of the issues swirling around nanomaterials in wastewater, but no answers are 

forthcoming.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9031024

%[2014/06/02

%0 Journal Article

%A Lowry, G. V.

%A Wiesner, M.

%A Rose, J.

%A Bottero, J.Y.

%D 2009

%T CEINT and iCEINT: An international collaboration to assess the environmental implications of nanotechnology

%J Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta

%V 73

%N 13

%! CEINT and iCEINT: An international collaboration to assess the environmental implications of nanotechnology

%0 Journal Article

%A Liu, Juan

%A Aruguete, Deborah M.

%A Murayama, Mitsuhiro

%A Hochella, Michael F.

%D 2009

%T Influence of Size and Aggregation on the Reactivity of an Environmentally and Industrially Relevant 

Nanomaterial (PbS)

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 21

%P 8178 - 8183

%8 11/2009

%! Influence of Size and Aggregation on the Reactivity of an Environmentally and Industrially Relevant Nanomaterial 

(PbS)

%R 10.1021/es902121r

%X Rarely observed nanoparticle dissolution rate data have been collected and explained for an environmentally and 

industrially relevant nanomaterial (PbS, the mineral galena) as a function of its particle size and aggregation state 

using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and solution analysis. Under identical anoxic acidic 

conditions (pH 3 HCl), it has been determined that the dissolution rate of PbS galena varies by at least 1 order of 

magnitude simply as a function of particle size, and also due to the aggregation state of the particles (dissolution rates 

measured are 4.4 × 10-9 mol m-2 s-1 for dispersed 14 nm nanocrystals; 7.7 × 10-10 mol m-2 s-1 for dispersed 3.1 μm 

microcrystals; and 4.7 × 10-10 mol m-2 s-1 for aggregated 14 nm nanocrystals). The dissolution rate difference 

between galena microparticles and nanoparticles is due to differences in nanotopography and the crystallographic faces

present. Aggregate vs. dispersed dissolution rates are related to transport inhibition in the observed highly confined 

spaces between densely packed, aggregated nanocrystals, where self-diffusion coefficients of water and ions decrease 

dramatically. This study shows that factors at the nanometer scale significantly influence the release rate of aqueous, 

highly toxic and bioavailable Pb in natural or industrial environments during galena dissolution.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902121r
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%0 Journal Article

%A Lim, Jit Kang

%A Majetich, Sara A.

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%D 2009

%T Stabilization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Core‚àíGold Shell Nanoparticles in High Ionic Strength Media

%J Langmuir

%V 25

%P 13384-13393

%9 doi: 10.1021/la9019734

%! Stabilization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Core‚àíGold Shell Nanoparticles in High Ionic Strength Media

%@ 0743-7463

%Z doi: 10.1021/la9019734

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9019734

%0 Journal Article

%A Labille, Jérôme

%A Masion, Armand

%A Ziarelli, Fabio

%A Rose, Jérôme

%A Brant, Jonathan

%A Villiéras, Frédéric

%A Pelletier, Manuel

%A Borschneck, Daniel

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2009

%T Hydration and Dispersion of C60 in Aqueous Systems: The Nature of Water-Fullerene Interactions

%J Langmuir

%V 25

%P 11232-11235

%9 doi: 10.1021/la9022807

%! Hydration and Dispersion of C60 in Aqueous Systems: The Nature of Water-Fullerene Interactions

%@ 0743-7463

%Z doi: 10.1021/la9022807

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9022807

%0 Journal Article

%A Kovochich, Michael

%A Espinasse, Benjamin

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Hotze, Ernest M.

%A Wessel, Lauren

%A Xia, Tian

%A Nel, Andre E.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2009

%T Comparative Toxicity of C60 Aggregates toward Mammalian Cells: Role of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) 

Decomposition

%J Environmental Science & Technology
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%V 43

%N 16

%P 6378 - 6384

%8 08/2009

%! Comparative Toxicity of C60 Aggregates toward Mammalian Cells: Role of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Decomposition

%R 10.1021/es900990d

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es900990d

%0 Journal Article

%A Koelmans, A. A.

%A Nowack, B.

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%D 2009

%T Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 157

%P 1110-1116

%9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.006

%! Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments

%@ 0269-7491

%K Black carbon

Carbon-based nanoparticles

Exposure

Sediment

Soil

Toxicity

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4TSC41P-2/2/a80fe86fb4cc796afcf64d4b5fd2baee

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004570

%0 Journal Article

%A Kiser, M. A.

%A Westerhoff, P.

%A Benn, T.

%A Wang, Y.

%A Hristovski, K.

%D 2009

%T Titanium Nanomaterial Removal and Release from Wastewater Treatment Plants

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 17

%P 6757-6763

%8 2009/09/01

%! Titanium Nanomaterial Removal and Release from Wastewater Treatment Plants

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es901102n

%X Titanium (Ti) occurs naturally in soils and as highly purified titanium dioxide (TiO2) in many commercial 

products that have been used for decades. We report for the first time the occurrence, characterization, and removal of 

nano- and larger-sized Ti at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). At one WWTP studied in detail, raw sewage 

contained 100 to nearly 3000 ?g Ti/L. Ti larger than 0.7 ?m accounted for the majority of the Ti in raw sewage, and 
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this fraction was well removed by WWTP processes. Ti concentrations in effluents from this and several other 

WWTPs ranged from <5 to 15 ?g/L and were nearly all present in the <0.7 ?m size fraction. As Ti was removed, it 

accumulated in settled solids at concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 ?g Ti/mg. Ti-containing solids were imaged in 

sewage, biosolids, and liquid effluent as well as in commercial products containing engineered TiO2. Single 

nanoparticles plus spherical aggregates (50 nm to a few hundred nanometer in size) composed of sub-50 nm spheres of

Ti and oxygen only (presumably TiO2) were observed in all samples. Significantly larger silicate particles containing a

mixture of Ti and other metal atoms were also observed in the samples. To support the field work, laboratory 

adsorption batch and sequencing batch reactor experiments using TiO2 and activated sludge bacteria verified that 

adsorption of TiO2 onto activated sludge biomass occurs. Monitoring for TiO2 in the environment where WWTP 

liquid effluent is discharged (rivers, lakes, oceans) or biomass disposed (landfills, agriculture and soil amendments, 

incinerator off-gas or residuals) will increase our knowledge on the fate and transport of other nanomaterials in the 

environment.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901102n

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2009

%T Fe0 Nanoparticles Remain Mobile in Porous Media after Aging Due to Slow Desorption of Polymeric Surface 

Modifiers

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 10

%P 3824-3830

%8 2009/05/15

%! Fe0 Nanoparticles Remain Mobile in Porous Media after Aging Due to Slow Desorption of Polymeric Surface 

Modifiers

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es802978s

%X The rate and extent of desorption of polyelectrolyte coatings used to stabalize nZVI and implications regarding its 

use for groundwater remediation is studied.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802978s

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802978s

%[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article

%A Jarvie, Helen P.

%A Al-Obaidi, Hisham

%A King, Stephen M.

%A Bowes, Michael J.

%A Lawrence, M. Jayne

%A Drake, Alex F.

%A Green, Mark A.

%A Dobson, Peter J.

%D 2009

%T Fate of Silica Nanoparticles in Simulated Primary Wastewater Treatment

%J Environmental Science & Technology
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%V 43

%N 22

%P 8622-8628

%8 2009/11/15

%! Fate of Silica Nanoparticles in Simulated Primary Wastewater Treatment

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es901399q

%X Through novel application of small-angle neutron scattering, we examined the fate of silica nanoparticles 

(SiO2NPs) during simulated primary wastewater treatment, by measuring, in real time, the colloidal behavior of 

SiO2NPs in wastewater (sewage). We examined the effects of surface functionality on SiO2NP fate in wastewater, by 

comparing both unfunctionalized (uncoated or ?bare?) SiO2NPs and SiO2NPs functionalized with a thin coating of a 

nonionic surfactant (Tween 20), which is widely used in personal care and household product formulations containing 

engineered oxide nanoparticles. Our results show new evidence that the surface functionality of SiO2NPs plays a 

crucial role in their flocculation and sedimentation behavior in wastewater, and thus the likely efficacy of their removal

from the effluent stream during primary wastewater treatment. Uncoated SiO2NPs did not flocculate in wastewater 

over typical residence times for primary treatment. Conversely, surface-functionalized (Tween-coated) SiO2NPs 

underwent rapid flocculation in wastewater. Our results show that the surface-functionalized SiO2NPs are likely to be 

removed by sedimentation to sewage sludge (typically recycled to land), whereas uncoated SiO2NPs will continue 

through the effluent stream. While nanoparticle design is driven by use purpose, this study shows new potential for 

exploiting surface functionalization of nanoparticles to modify their environmental pathways.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901399q

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es901399q

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Isaacson, Carl W.

%A Kleber, Markus

%A Field, Jennifer A.

%D 2009

%T Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 17

%P 6463-6474

%8 2009/09/01

%! Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es900692e

%X The increasing production and use of fullerene nanomaterials has led to calls for more information regarding the 

potential impacts that releases of these materials may have on human and environmental health. Fullerene 

nanomaterials, which are comprised of both fullerenes and surface-functionalized fullerenes, are used in electronic, 

optic, medical, and cosmetic applications. Measuring fullerene nanomaterial concentrations in natural environments is 

difficult because they exhibit a duality of physical and chemical characteristics as they transition from hydrophobic to 

polar forms upon exposure to water. In aqueous environments, this is expressed as their tendency to initially (i) selfassemble into aggregates of appreciable size and hydrophobicity, and subsequently (ii) interact with the surrounding 

water molecules and other chemical constituents in natural environments thereby acquiring negative surface charge. 

Fullerene nanomaterials may therefore deceive the application of any single analytical method that is applied with the 

assumption that fullerenes have but one defining characteristic (e.g., hydrophobicity). Our findings include the 

following: (1) Analytical procedures are needed to account for the potentially transitory nature of fullerenes in natural 

environments through the use of approaches that provide chemically explicit information including molecular weight 

and the number and identity of surface functional groups. (2) Sensitive and mass-selective detection, such as that 

offered by mass spectrometry when combined with optimized extraction procedures, offers the greatest potential to 
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achieve this goal. (3) Significant improvements in analytical rigor would result from an increased availability of well 

characterized authentic standards, reference materials, and isotopically labeled internal standards. Finally, the benefits 

of quantitative and validated analytical methods for advancing the knowledge on fullerene occurrence, fate, and 

behavior are indicated.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900692e

%[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article

%A Hull, Matthew S.

%A Kennedy, Alan J.

%A Steevens, Jeffery A.

%A Bednar, Anthony J.

%A Weiss, Jr Charles A.

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2009

%T Release of Metal Impurities from Carbon Nanomaterials Influences Aquatic Toxicity

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 11

%P 4169-4174

%9 doi: 10.1021/es802483p

%! Release of Metal Impurities from Carbon Nanomaterials Influences Aquatic Toxicity

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es802483p

%X Few studies have considered the environmental impacts of impurities and byproducts associated with lowefficiency nanomanufacturing processes. Here, we study the composition and aquatic toxicity of low-purity, asproduced fullerenes (C60) and metallofullerene waste solids, both of which were generated via arc-discharge 

synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and inductively 

coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were used to characterize the metals composition of the solid test 

materials and of aqueous leachates prepared by mixing test materials with waters of varying pH, hardness, and salinity.

The aquatic toxicity of the leachates was determined using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended 

aquatic bioassay protocols with two standard test organisms-Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results 

indicated that metals associated with the solid test materials became mobilized in our test system upon interaction with 

waters of circumneutral pH and reached concentrations sufficient to induce toxicity in both test species. Acute (48 h) 

LC50 values for P. promelas and C. dubia exposed to leachates prepared from metallofullerene waste solids were 54 

and 5% (as % leachate in diluent), respectively. Toxicity was eliminated after adding the chelator EDTA to the 

leachates, implicating divalent transition metals as the toxicity source. Our results demonstrate the aquatic toxicity of 

metals mobilized from products and byproducts of nanomanufacturing, and they emphasize the need for a global 

review of nanomanufacturing wastes and low-purity products.

%Z doi: 10.1021/es802483p

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802483p

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802483p

%0 Journal Article

%A Hotze, Ernest M.

%A Badireddy, Appala Raju

%A Chellam, Shankararaman

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2009

%T Mechanisms of Bacteriophage Inactivation via Singlet Oxygen Generation in UV Illuminated Fullerol Suspensions
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%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 6639-6645

%9 doi: 10.1021/es901110m

%! Mechanisms of Bacteriophage Inactivation via Singlet Oxygen Generation in UV Illuminated Fullerol Suspensions

%@ 0013-936X

%X Nonenveloped viruses are shown to be inactivated by singlet oxygen (1O2) produced in UVA photosensitized 

aqueous suspensions of a polyhydroxylated fullerene (C60(OH)22‚àí24; fullerol, 40 ŒoM). Experiments were 

performed with MS2, a ssRNA bacteriophage, as well as two dsDNA phages: PRD1, which has an internal lipid 

membrane, and T7, which entirely lacks lipids. MS2 was highly susceptible to inactivation, having a rate constant of 

0.034 min‚àí1 with UVA alone, which increased to 0.102 min‚àí1 with photoactivated fullerol. PRD1 and T7 were not 

susceptible to UVA alone but were photoinactivated by fullerol with rate constants of 0.026 and 0.035 min‚àí1, 

respectively. The role of 1O2 was demonstrated by three independent observations: (i) viruses that were insensitive to 

UVA alone were photoinactivated by rose bengal in the absence of fullerol, (ii) Œ=-carotene reduced (but did not 

eliminate) photoinactivation rates, and (iii) singlet oxygen sensor green fluorescence spectroscopy directly detected 

1O2 in UVA illuminated fullerol suspensions. Qualitative evidence is also presented that fullerol aggregates were 

closely associated with viruses allowing efficient transfer of 1O2 to their capsids. Fourier transform infrared 

spectroscopy revealed significant oxidative modifications to capsid proteins but comparatively minor changes to the 

DNA and (phospho)lipids. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested 1O2 

induced cross-linking of proteins. Hence, phage inactivation by photoactivated fullerol nanoparticles appears to be 

caused by cross-linking of capsid protein secondary structures by exogenous 1O2 and consequent impairment of their 

ability to bind to surface receptors of their bacterial hosts (loss of infectivity) rather than by direct reactions with 

fullerol.

%Z doi: 10.1021/es901110m

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901110m

%0 Journal Article

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%A Sonderer, Tobias

%A Scholz, Roland W.

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2009

%T Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for 

Different Regions

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 24

%P 9216-9222

%8 2009/12/15

%! Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for 

Different Regions

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es9015553

%X Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are already used in many products and consequently released into 

environmental compartments. In this study, we calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) based on a 

probabilistic material flow analysis from a life-cycle perspective of ENM-containing products. We modeled nanoTiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and fullerenes for the U.S., Europe and Switzerland. The 

environmental concentrations were calculated as probabilistic density functions and were compared to data from 

ecotoxicological studies. The simulated modes (most frequent values) range from 0.003 ng L?1 (fullerenes) to 21 ng 

L?1 (nano-TiO2) for surface waters and from 4 ng L?1 (fullerenes) to 4 ?g L?1 (nano-TiO2) for sewage treatment 

effluents. For Europe and the U.S., the annual increase of ENMs on sludge-treated soil ranges from 1 ng kg?1 for 

fullerenes to 89 ?g kg?1 for nano-TiO2. The results of this study indicate that risks to aquatic organisms may currently
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emanate from nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, and nano-ZnO in sewage treatment effluents for all considered regions and for 

nano-Ag in surface waters. For the other environmental compartments for which ecotoxicological data were available, 

no risks to organisms are presently expected.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9015553

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9015553

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Deonarine, Amrika

%A Hsu-Kim, Heileen

%D 2009

%T Precipitation of Mercuric Sulfide Nanoparticles in NOM-Containing Water: Implications for the Natural 

Environment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%P 2368-2373

%9 doi: 10.1021/es803130h

%! Precipitation of Mercuric Sulfide Nanoparticles in NOM-Containing Water: Implications for the Natural 

Environment

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es803130h

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803130h

%0 Journal Article

%A Chang, Xiaojun

%A Vikesland, Peter J.

%D 2009

%T Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 157

%P 1072-1080

%9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.052

%! Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation

%@ 0269-7491

%K Aggregates

C60

Carboxylic acids

Fullerene

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4V28T1X-1/2/549c9fba2d1f1aadf3d3a62a4d82fdb7

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004934

%0 Journal Article

%A Chae, S. R.

%A Wang, Shuyi

%A Hendren, Zachary D.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Watanabe, Yoshimasa

%A Gunsch, Claudia K.
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%D 2009

%T Effects of fullerene nanoparticles on Escherichia coli K12 respiratory activity in aqueous suspension and potential 

use for membrane biofouling control

%J Journal of Membrane Science

%V 329

%P 68-74

%9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.023

%! Effects of fullerene nanoparticles on Escherichia coli K12 respiratory activity in aqueous suspension and potential 

use for membrane biofouling control

%@ 0376-7388

%K Anti-fouling

Bacterial inhibition

Escherichia coli K12

Fullerene C60

Microfiltration (MF) membranes

%U http://198.81.200.2/science/article/B6TGK-4V70NC5-3/2/e9fcd0f420f29c6fd21c881988836455

%0 Journal Article

%A Lyon, Delina Y.

%A Hotze, Ernest M.

%A Alvarez, Pedro J. J.

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2009

%T Comparative Photoactivity and Antibacterial Properties of C60 Fullerenes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 43

%N 12

%P 4355 - 4360

%8 06/2009

%! Comparative Photoactivity and Antibacterial Properties of C60 Fullerenes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

%R 10.1021/es803093t

%X The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by aqueous suspensions of fullerenes and nano-TiO2 (Degussa 

P25) was measured both in ultrapure water and in minimal Davis (MD) microbial growth medium. Fullerol 

(hydroxylated C60) produced singlet oxygen (1O2) in ultrapure water and both 1O2 and superoxide (O2-•) in MD 

medium, but no hydroxyl radicals (OH•) were detected in either case. PVP/C60 (C60 encapsulated with poly(Nvinylpyrrolidone)) was more efficient than fullerol in generating singlet oxygen and superoxide. However, two other 

aggregates of C60, namely THF/nC60 (prepared with tetrahydofuran as transitional solvent) and aqu/nC60 (prepared 

by vigorous stirring of C60 powder in water), were not photoactive. Nano-TiO2 (also present as aggregates) primarily 

produced hydroxyl radicals in pure water and superoxide in MD medium. Bacterial (Escherichia coli) toxicity tests 

suggest that, unlike nano-TiO2 which was exclusively phototoxic, the antibacterial activity of fullerene suspensions 

was linked to ROS production. Nano-TiO2 may be more efficient for water treatment involving UV or solar energy, to

enhance contaminant oxidation and perhaps for disinfection. However, fullerol and PVP/C60 may be useful as water 

treatment agents targeting specific pollutants or microorganisms that are more sensitive to either superoxide or singlet 

oxygen.

%U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803093t

%0 Journal Article

%A Bose, S

%A Hochella, M. F.
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%A Gorby, Y

%A Kennedy, D

%A McCready, D

%A Madden, A

%A Lower, B

%D 2009

%T Bioreduction of hematite nanoparticles by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

%J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

%V 73

%N 4

%P 962 - 976

%8 02/2009

%! Bioreduction of hematite nanoparticles by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

%R 10.1016/j.gca.2008.11.031

%X We examined the reduction of different size hematite (a-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (average diameter of 11, 12, 30, 43,

and 99 nm) by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB), Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, to determine how S. 

oneidensis MR-1 may utilize these environmentally relevant solid-phase electron acceptors. The surface-areanormalized-bacterial Fe(III) reduction rate for the larger nanoparticles (99 nm) was one order of magnitude higher than

the rate observed for the smallest nanoparticles (11 nm). The Fe(III) reduction rates for the 12, 30, and 43 nm 

nanoparticles fell between these two extremes. Whole-cell TEM images showed that the mode of Fe2O3 nanoparticle 

attachment to bacterial cells was different for the aggregated, pseudo-hexagonal/irregular and platey 11, 12, and 99 nm

nanoparticles compared to the non-aggregated 30 and 43 nm rhombohedral nanoparticles. Due to differences in 

aggregation, the 11, 12, and 99 nm nanoparticles exhibited less cell contact and less cell coverage than did the 30 and 

43 nm nanoparticles. We hypothesize that S. oneidensis MR-1 employs both indirect and direct mechanisms of 

electron transfer to Fe(III)-oxide nanoparticles and that the bioreduction mechanisms employed and Fe(III) reduction 

rates depend on the nanoparticles’ aggregation state, size, shape and exposed crystal faces.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703708006972

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, Mélanie

%A Rose, Jérôme

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2009

%T Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: A parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 157

%P 1127-1133

%9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.002

%! Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: A parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro

%@ 0269-7491

%K Metallic

Nanoparticles

Oxidative stress

Redox

Toxicity

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4TXDXN7-2/2/64c80162aaf1b74217c2efc11b8b2801

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108005010

%0 Journal Article
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%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Rose, Jerome

%A Orsiere, Thierry

%A De Meo, Michel

%A Thill, Antoine

%A Zeyons, Ophelie

%A Proux, Olivier

%A Masion, Armand

%A Chaurand, Perrine

%A Spalla, Olivier

%A Botta, Alain

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%D 2009

%T CeO2 nanoparticles induce DNA damage towards human dermal fibroblasts in vitro

%J Nanotoxicology

%V 3

%N 2

%P 161 - 171

%8 01/2009

%! CeO2 nanoparticles induce DNA damage towards human dermal fibroblasts in vitro

%R 10.1080/17435390902788086

%X Cerium dioxide nanoparticles have been proposed for an increasing number of applications in biomedicine, 

cosmetic, as polishing materials and also as byproducts from automotive fuel additives. The aim of this study was to 

examine the potential in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity of nano-sized CeO2 (7 nm) on human dermal fibroblasts. By 

combining a physico-chemical and a (geno)toxicological approach, we defined the causal mechanisms linking the 

physico-chemical properties of nano-CeO2 with their biological effects. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we 

observed a reduction of 21±4% of the Ce4+ atoms localized at the surface of CeO2 nanoparticles due to the 

interactions with organic molecules present in biological media. These particles induced strong DNA lesions and 

chromosome damage related to an oxidative stress. These genotoxic effects occurred at very low doses, which 

highlighted the importance of a genotoxicological approach during the assessment of the toxicity of nanoparticles.

%U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17435390902788086

%0 Journal Article

%A Auffan, Melanie

%A Rose, Jerome

%A Bottero, Jean-Yves

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%A Jolivet, Jean-Pierre

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2009

%T Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective

%J Nat Nano

%V 4

%P 634-641

%9 10.1038/nnano.2009.242

%! Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective

%@ 1748-3387

%R 10.1038/nnano.2009.242

%Z CEINT

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.242
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%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Yang

%A Chen, Yongsheng

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Hristovski, Kiril

%A Crittenden, John C.

%D 2008

%T Stability of commercial metal oxide nanoparticles in water

%J Water Research

%V 42

%N 8–9

%P 2204-2212

%! Stability of commercial metal oxide nanoparticles in water

%@ 0043-1354

%R 10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.036

%K Nanoparticles

Disaggregate

Aggregate

Stability

Removal

%X The fate of commercial nanoparticles in water is of significant interest to health and regulatory authorities. This 

research investigated the dispersion and stability of metal oxide nanoparticles in water as well as their removal by 

potable water treatment processes. Commercial nanoparticles were received as powder aggregates, and in water neither

ultrasound nor chemical dispersants could break them up into primary nanoparticles. Lab-synthesized hematite was 

prepared as a primary nanoparticle (85 nm) suspension; upon drying and 1-month storage, however, hematite formed 

aggregates that could not be dispersed completely as primary nanoparticles in water. This observation may explain 

why it is difficult to disperse dry commercial nanoparticles. Except for silica, other nanoparticles rapidly aggregated in 

tap water due to electric double layer (EDL) compression. The stability of silica in tap water is related to its low 

Hamaker constant. For all these nanoparticles, at an alum dosage of 60 mg/L, coagulation followed by sedimentation 

could remove 20–60% of the total nanoparticle mass. Filtration using a 0.45 μm filter was required to remove more 

than 90% of the nanoparticle mass.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135407007294

%0 Journal Article

%A Wiesner, M. R.

%A Hotze, E. M.

%A Brant, J. A.

%A Espinasse, B.

%D 2008

%T Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example

%J Water Sci Technol

%V 57

%N 3

%P 305-10

%7 2008/03/01

%! Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example

%Z Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

%@ 0273-1223 (Print)

0273-1223 (Linking)

%R 10.2166/wst.2008.800
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%M 18309205

%K Environmental Pollutants/ chemistry/ toxicity

Fullerenes/ chemistry/ toxicity

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Macromolecular Substances/chemistry

Organic Chemicals/chemistry

Osmolar Concentration

Oxygen/chemistry

Reactive Oxygen Species/chemistry

Risk

Suspensions

Water/chemistry

%X An assessment of the potential risks posed by nanomaterials will require case-by-case evaluations of the processes

controlling exposure and hazards such as toxicity. Factors that control fullerene transport and transformation in 

aqueous environments and their relationship to toxicity are discussed. Natural organic matter is observed to either 

increase or decrease nanoparticle stability while trends in reactive oxygen generation run counter to proposed 

mechanisms of possible fullerene toxicity.

%Z Wiesner, M R

Hotze, E M

Brant, J A

Espinasse, B

England

Water Sci Technol. 2008;57(3):305-10. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.800.

%+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, PO Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 

27708-0287, USA. wiesner@duke.edu

%W NLM

%G eng

%0 Journal Article

%A Saleh, Navid

%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof

%A Tilton, Robert D.

%A Lowry, Gregory V.

%D 2008

%T Ionic Strength and Composition Affect the Mobility of Surface-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Water-Saturated 

Sand Columns

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%P 3349-3355

%9 doi: 10.1021/es071936b

%! Ionic Strength and Composition Affect the Mobility of Surface-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Water-Saturated 

Sand Columns

%@ 0013-936X

%Z doi: 10.1021/es071936b

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071936b

%0 Journal Article

%A Powell, Maria C
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%A Griffin, MartinP A.

%A Tai, Stephanie

%D 2008

%T Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State 

Environmental Agencies

%J Environmental Management

%V 42

%N 3

%P 426-443

%8 2008/09/01

%! Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State 

Environmental Agencies

%Z Environmental Management

%@ 0364-152X

%R 10.1007/s00267-008-9129-z

%K Nanotechnology

Risk assessment

Government regulation

Data gaps

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9129-z

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Plata, D. L.

%A Gschwend, P. M.

%A Reddy, C. M.

%D 2008

%T Industrially synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes: compositional data for users, environmental risk 

assessments, and source apportionment

%J Nanotechnology

%V 19

%N 18

%P 185706

%8 May 7

%! Industrially synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes: compositional data for users, environmental risk 

assessments, and source apportionment

%Z Nanotechnology

%@ 0957-4484 (Print)

0957-4484 (Linking)

%R 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185706

%M 21825702

%X Commercially available single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) contain large percentages of metal and 

carbonaceous impurities. These fractions influence the SWCNT physical properties and performance, yet their 

chemical compositions are not well defined. This lack of information also precludes accurate environmental risk 

assessments for specific SWCNT stocks, which emerging local legislation requires of nanomaterial manufacturers. To 

address these needs, we measured the elemental, molecular, and stable carbon isotope compositions of commercially 

available SWCNTs. As expected, catalytic metals occurred at per cent levels (1.3-29%), but purified materials also 

contained unexpected metals (e.g., Cu, Pb at 0.1-0.3 ppt). Nitrogen contents (up to 0.48%) were typically greater in 

arc-produced SWCNTs than in those derived from chemical vapor deposition. Toluene-extractable materials 

contributed less than 5% of the total mass of the SWCNTs. Internal standard losses during dichloromethane extractions

suggested that metals are available for reductive dehalogenation reactions, ultimately resulting in the degradation of 

aromatic internal standards. The carbon isotope content of the extracted material suggested that SWCNTs acquired 
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much of their carbonaceous contamination from their storage environment. Some of the SWCNTs, themselves, were 

highly depleted in (13)C relative to petroleum-derived chemicals. The distinct carbon isotopic signatures and unique 

metal 'fingerprints' may be useful as environmental tracers allowing assessment of SWCNT sources to the 

environment.

%Z Plata, D L

Gschwend, P M

Reddy, C M

eng

England

2008/05/07 00:00

Nanotechnology. 2008 May 7;19(18):185706. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185706. Epub 2008 Apr 2.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825702

%+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 

02139, USA. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods 

Hole, MA 02543, USA.

%0 Journal Article

%A Phenrat, Tanapon

%A Saleh, Navid

%A Sirk, Kevin

%A Kim, Hye-Jin

%A Tilton, Robert

%A Lowry, Gregory

%D 2008

%T Stabilization of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions by anionic polyelectrolytes: adsorbed anionic 

polyelectrolyte layer properties and their effect on aggregation and sedimentation

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 10

%P 795-814

%! Stabilization of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions by anionic polyelectrolytes: adsorbed anionic 

polyelectrolyte layer properties and their effect on aggregation and sedimentation

%K capping

%X Abstract  Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles are 5‚Äì40 nm sized Fe0/Fe-oxide 

particles that rapidly transform many environmental contaminants to benign products and are a promising in situ 

remediation agent. Rapid aggregation and limited mobility in water-saturated porous media limits the ability to deliver 

NZVI dispersions in the subsurface. This study prepares stable NZVI dispersions through physisorption of 

commercially available anionic polyelectrolytes, characterizes the adsorbed polymer layer, and correlates the polymer 

coating properties with the ability to prevent rapid aggregation and sedimentation of NZVI dispersions. Poly(styrene 

sulfonate) with molecular weights of 70 k and 1,000 k g/mol (PSS70K and PSS1M), carboxymethyl 

cellulose with molecular weights of 90 k and 700 k g/mol (CMC90K and CMC700K), and polyaspartate 

with molecular weights of 2.5 k and 10 k g/mol (PAP2.5K and 10K) were compared. Particle size 

distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering during aggregation. The order of effectiveness to prevent 

rapid aggregation and stabilize the dispersions was PSS70K(83%) > 

‚âàPAP10K(82%) > PAP2.5K(72%) > CMC700K(52%), where stability is defined 

operationally as the volume percent of particles that do not aggregate after 1 h. CMC90K and PSS1M could not 

stabilize RNIP relative to bare RNIP. A similar trend was observed for their ability to prevent sedimentation, with 40, 

34, 32, 20, and 5 wt%, of the PSS70K, PAP10K, PAP2.5K, CMC700K, and CMC90K modified NZVI 

remaining suspended after 7 h of quiescent settling, respectively. The stable fractions with respect to both 

aggregation and sedimentation correlate well with the adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass and thickness of the adsorbed 

polyelectrolyte layers as determined by Oshima‚Äôs soft particle theory. A fraction of the particles cannot be stabilized

by any modifier and rapidly agglomerates to micron sized aggregates, as is also observed for unmodified NZVI. This 

non-dispersible fraction is attributed to strong magnetic attractions among the larger particles present in the 
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polydisperse NZVI slurry, as the magnetic attractive forces increase as r6.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-007-9315-6

%0 Journal Article

%A Mueller, Nicole C.

%A Nowack, Bernd

%D 2008

%T Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%N 12

%P 4447-4453

%8 2008/06/01

%! Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es7029637

%X Exposure modeling shows that the expected concentrations of different engineered nanoparticles in the 

environment are strongly determined by product life cycles.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es7029637

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es7029637

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Mahendra, Shaily

%A Zhu, Huiguang

%A Colvin, Vicki L.

%A Alvarez, Pedro J.

%D 2008

%T Quantum Dot Weathering Results in Microbial Toxicity

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%N 24

%P 9424-9430

%8 2008/12/15

%! Quantum Dot Weathering Results in Microbial Toxicity

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es8023385

%X Quantum dots (QDs) are increasingly being used for electronics, solar energy generation, and medical imaging 

applications. Most QDs consist of a heavy metal core/shell coated with amphiphilic organics that stabilize the 

nanoparticles and allow conjugation with biological molecules. In this study, QDs were evaluated for their effects on 

bacterial pure cultures, which serve as models of cell toxicity and indicators of potential impact to ecosystem health. 

QDs with intact surface coatings decreased growth rates of Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram negative 

Escherichia coli but were not bactericidal. In contrast, weathering of various types of QDs under acidic (pH = 4) or 

alkaline (pH = 10) conditions significantly increased bactericidal activity due to the rapid (<1 min) release of cadmium

and selenite ions following QD destabilization upon loss of the organic coating. Toxicity was mitigated by humic 

acids, proteins, and other organic ligands that reduced metal bioavailability. The best available science, which is 

limited, suggests that QDs are potentially safe materials when used in their intended applications at near-neutral pH. 

These results forewarn us that even moderately acidic or alkaline conditions could lead to significant and localized 

organism effects due to toxic exposure to dissolved heavy metals. Thus, biocompatibility and ecotoxicity tests for QDs 

should consider in vivo and/or in situ transformations to fully characterize the potential risks to environmental health.
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%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8023385

%[2014/06/02

%0 Journal Article

%A Liu, Juan

%A Aruguete, Deborah M.

%A Jinschek, Joerg R.

%A Donald Rimstidt, J.

%A Hochella, Michael F., Jr

%D 2008

%T The non-oxidative dissolution of galena nanocrystals: Insights into mineral dissolution rates as a function of grain 

size, shape, and aggregation state

%J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

%V 72

%P 5984-5996

%9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.010

%! The non-oxidative dissolution of galena nanocrystals: Insights into mineral dissolution rates as a function of grain 

size, shape, and aggregation state

%@ 0016-7037

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-4TPPF52-2/2/d7d78062ff8344e59adfce6441ca652c

%0 Journal Article

%A Limbach, Ludwig K.

%A Bereiter, Robert

%A Krebs, Rolf

%A Stark, Wendelin J.

%D 2008

%T Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant: Influence of Agglomeration and 

Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%N 15

%P 5828-5833

%8 2008/08/01

%! Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant: Influence of Agglomeration and 

Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es800091f

%X The clearing efficiency of stabilized and unstabilized cerium oxide nanoparticles is investigated in a model 

wastewater treatment plant.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800091f

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es800091f

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Köhler, Andreas R.
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%A Som, Claudia

%A Helland, Aasgeir

%A Gottschalk, Fadri

%D 2008

%T Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle

%J Journal of Cleaner Production

%V 16

%N 8–9

%P 927-937

%8 5//

%! Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle

%@ 0959-6526

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.04.007

%K Nanotechnology

Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials

Carbon nanotubes

CNT

Release

Exposure

Textiles

Battery

Human health

Environment

Occupational

Life cycle assessment

LCA

Risk assessment

%X Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are expected to be applied in a wide range of industrial applications and consumer 

products. As a consequence of widespread usage and their supposed persistence against degradation, human and 

environmental exposure to CNT is likely to increase. There are still many open questions regarding the effects of 

human or ecological exposure. However, the results of toxicological studies suggest that nanotubes may affect human 

health. Here we study possible sources of CNT-release on the basis of two case studies. In order to investigate whether

and under which conditions CNT may be released from applications, we track the CNT throughout their life cycle as 

part of two types of consumer products: lithium-ion secondary batteries and synthetic textiles. The findings of the case 

studies suggest that a release of nanotubes can occur not only in the production phase, but also in the usage and 

disposal phases of nanotube applications. The likelihood and form of release is determined by the way CNT are 

incorporated into the material. A considerable part of all CNT used may finally be dispersed somewhere in the 

technosphere or the environment, e.g. by cross-product contamination during recycling. As long as potential adverse 

effects of CNT cannot be ruled out, we recommend implementing precautionary measures along the value chain 

(including the end-of-life treatment) in order to reduce the release and possible negative environmental or human 

health effects of CNT.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652607001126

%[2008/6//

%0 Journal Article

%A Klaine, Stephen J

%A Alvarez, Pedro JJ

%A Batley, Graeme E

%A Fernandes, Teresa F

%A Handy, Richard D

%A Lyon, Delina Y
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%A Mahendra, Shaily

%A McLaughlin, Michael J

%A Lead, Jamie R

%D 2008

%T Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects

%J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

%V 27

%N 9

%P 1825-1851

%! Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects

%@ 1552-8618

%0 Journal Article

%A Hochella, M. F., Jr.

%A Lower, S. K.

%A Maurice, P. A.

%A Penn, R. L.

%A Sahai, N.

%A Sparks, D. L.

%A Twining, B. S.

%D 2008

%T Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems

%J Science

%V 319

%N 5870

%P 1631-5

%8 Mar 21

%! Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems

%Z Science

%@ 1095-9203 (Electronic)

0036-8075 (Linking)

%R 10.1126/science.1141134

%M 18356515

%K Atmosphere

Biology

Geologic Sediments/chemistry

Humans

*Minerals/chemistry/metabolism

*Nanoparticles

Oceans and Seas

Particle Size

Solubility

Thermodynamics

%X Minerals are more complex than previously thought because of the discovery that their chemical properties vary as

a function of particle size when smaller, in at least one dimension, than a few nanometers, to perhaps as much as 

several tens of nanometers. These variations are most likely due, at least in part, to differences in surface and nearsurface atomic structure, as well as crystal shape and surface topography as a function of size in this smallest of size 

regimes. It has now been established that these variations may make a difference in important geochemical and 

biogeochemical reactions and kinetics. This recognition is broadening and enriching our view of how minerals 

influence the hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere.

%Z Hochella, Michael F Jr

Lower, Steven K
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Maurice, Patricia A

Penn, R Lee

Sahai, Nita

Sparks, Donald L

Twining, Benjamin S

eng

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Review

New York, N.Y.

2008/03/22 09:00

Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1631-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1141134.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356515

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1631

%+ Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 

(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA. hochella@vt.edu

%0 Journal Article

%A Healy, Meagan L.

%A Dahlben, Lindsay J.

%A Isaacs, Jacqueline A.

%D 2008

%T Environmental Assessment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Processes

%J Journal of Industrial Ecology

%V 12

%N 3

%P 376-393

%! Environmental Assessment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Processes

%@ 10881980

15309290

%R 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x

%U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x/asset/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x.pdf?

v=1&t=hhrzk57c&s=43d047d53831c9160387006be7a2182585b4d355

%0 Journal Article

%A Handy, Richard D

%A von der Kammer, Frank

%A Lead, Jamie R

%A Hassellöv, Martin

%A Owen, Richard

%A Crane, Mark

%D 2008

%T The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles

%J Ecotoxicology

%V 17

%N 4

%P 287-314

%! The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles

%@ 0963-9292

%U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10646-008-0199-8
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%0 Report

%A ERG

%D 2008

%T Eastern Research Group, Inc. Sampling and analysis of nanomaterials in the environment: A state-of-the-science 

review [Final Report]

%I Prepared for U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division

%8 August 29, 2008

%! Eastern Research Group, Inc. Sampling and analysis of nanomaterials in the environment: A state-of-the-science 

review [Final Report]

%+ 10200 Alliance Road

Suite 190

Cincinnati, OH 45242

%G English

%0 Report

%A ERG

%D 2008

%T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Sampling and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment: A State-OfThe-Science Review [Final Report]

%I Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental 

Sciences Division

%8 August 29, 2008

%! Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Sampling and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment: A State-OfThe-Science Review [Final Report]

%Z EPA Contract No. EP-C-05-059

Task Order # 66

%+ 10200 Alliance Road

Suite 190

Cincinnati, OH 45242

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Ding, Lei

%A Yuan, Dongning

%A Liu, Jie

%D 2008

%T Growth of High-Density Parallel Arrays of Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Quartz Substrates

%J Journal of the American Chemical Society

%V 130

%P 5428-5429

%9 doi: 10.1021/ja8006947

%! Growth of High-Density Parallel Arrays of Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Quartz Substrates

%@ 0002-7863

%Z doi: 10.1021/ja8006947

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8006947
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%0 Book

%A Breggin, Linda K

%A Porter, Read D

%D 2008

%T Application of the Toxics Release Inventory to Nanomaterials

%I Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

%! Application of the Toxics Release Inventory to Nanomaterials

%0 Journal Article

%A Benn, Troy M.

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%D 2008

%T Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%N 11

%P 4133-4139

%8 2008/06/01

%! Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es7032718

%X Manufacturers of clothing articles employ nanosilver (n-Ag) as an antimicrobial agent, but the environmental 

impacts of n-Ag release from commercial products are unknown. The quantity and form of the nanomaterials released 

from consumer products should be determined to assess the environmental risks of nanotechnology. This paper 

investigates silver released from commercial clothing (socks) into water, and its fate in wastewater treatment plants 

(WWTPs). Six types of socks contained up to a maximum of 1360 μg-Ag/g-sock and leached as much as 650 μg of 

silver in 500 mL of distilled water. Microscopy conducted on sock material and wash water revealed the presence of 

silver particles from 10 to 500 nm in diameter. Physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest 

that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks. Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the 

sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver. The adsorption of the leached silver to WWTP biomass 

was used to develop a model which predicts that a typical wastewater treatment facility could treat a high 

concentration of influent silver. However, the high silver concentration may limit the disposal of the biosolids as 

agricultural fertilizer.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es7032718

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Zhang, Yang

%A Chen, Yongsheng

%A Westerhoff, Paul

%A Crittenden, John C.

%D 2007

%T Stability and Removal of Water Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots in Water

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 42

%N 1

%P 321-325

%8 2008/01/01

%! Stability and Removal of Water Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots in Water
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%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es0714991

%X Quantum dots exhibit unique behavior and fate in water, which is related to chemical properties of capping ligands

bounded on surface of the quantum dots.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0714991

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Wigginton, Nicholas S.

%A Haus, Kelly L.

%A Hochella Jr, Michael F.

%D 2007

%T Aquatic environmental nanoparticles

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 9

%N 12

%P 1306-1316

%! Aquatic environmental nanoparticles

%@ 1464-0325

%X Researchers are now discovering that naturally occurring environmental nanoparticles can play a key role in 

important chemical characteristics and the overall quality of natural and engineered waters. The detection of 

nanoparticles in virtually all water domains, including the oceans, surface waters, groundwater, atmospheric water, and

even treated drinking water, demonstrates a distribution near ubiquity. Moreover, aquatic nanoparticles have the ability

to influence environmental and engineered water chemistry and processes in a much different way than similar 

materials of larger sizes. This review covers recent advances made in identifying nanoparticles within water from a 

variety of sources, and advances in understanding their very interesting properties and reactivity that affect the 

chemical characteristics and behaviour of water. In the future, this science will be important in our vital, continuing 

efforts in water safety, treatment, and remediation.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B712709J

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 2007

%T Method 6010c: Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

%E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory

%P 34

%1 EPA

%0 Journal Article

%A Nowack, Bernd

%A Bucheli, Thomas D

%D 2007

%T Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment

%J Environmental Pollution

%V 150

%N 1

%P 5-22

%! Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment
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%@ 0269-7491

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749107002734

%0 Journal Article

%A Mulfinger, Lorraine

%A Solomon, Sally D

%A Bahadory, Mozghan

%A Jeyarajasingam, Aravindan V

%A Rutkowsky, Susan A

%A Boritz, Charles

%D 2007

%T Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles

%J Journal of chemical education

%V 84

%N 2

%P 322

%! Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles

%@ 0021-9584

%0 Journal Article

%A Foss Hansen, Steffen

%A Larsen, Britt H.

%A Olsen, Stig I.

%A Baun, Anders

%D 2007

%T Categorization framework to aid hazard identification of nanomaterials

%J Nanotoxicology

%V 1

%N 3

%P 243-250

%! Categorization framework to aid hazard identification of nanomaterials

%@ 1743-5390

1743-5404

%R 10.1080/17435390701727509

%U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17435390701727509

%0 Government Document

%A ERG

%D 2007

%T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials An Overview

%E for:, Prepared

%E Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division

%E Management, Office of Administration and Resource

%E Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection

%E 20460, Washington D.C.

%P 25

%1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

%X Engineered nanomaterials have unique properties that make them the subject of much research and investigation. 
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These properties can make them very useful, but also raise concerns about impacts on health, safety, and the 

environment. To provide background on this issue, this paper presents an overview of nanotechnology and 

nanomaterials.

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Englert, Brian Carl

%D 2007

%T Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement

%J Journal of Environmental Monitoring

%V 9

%N 11

%P 1154-1161

%! Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement

%@ 1464-0325

%R 10.1039/B705988D

%X Nanotechnology has emerged as a field of science and engineering which offers many new product possibilities 

and potential solutions for a variety of problems. Nanomaterials come in many shapes and forms and contribute to 

potential products that do everything from sense analytes on a molecular level to function as self cleaning surfaces. 

With new and significant applications, it is likely that nanomaterial containing products may replace many of the 

products we use on a daily basis, leading to an increased presence of these materials in the environment. This will 

result in new needs and requirements from detection tools. It is likely that the analytical methods used to monitor 

nanomaterials in the environment will be very different than those used in risk assessment and exposure studies. This 

paper briefly outlines the history, impacts, and uses of nanomaterials and discusses possible methods of detection and 

quantification for environmental samples. The discussions in this article are specific to those matrices relating to 

wastewaters and sludge.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B705988D

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2007/EM/b705988d

%0 Journal Article

%A Boxall, ABA

%A Chaudhry, Q

%A Sinclair, C

%A Jones, A

%A Aitken, R

%A Jefferson, B

%A Watts, C

%D 2007

%T Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles

%J Central Science Laboratory, Department of the Environment and Rural Affairs, London, UK

%! Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles

%U http://hero.epa.gov/index.cfm?action=reference.details&reference_id=196111

%0 Journal Article

%A Asokan, Subashini

%A Krueger, Karl M

%A Colvin, Vicki L

%A Wong, Michael S
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%D 2007

%T Shape-Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Tetrapods Using Cationic Surfactant Ligands

%J Small

%V 3

%N 7

%P 1164-1169

%! Shape-Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Tetrapods Using Cationic Surfactant Ligands

%@ 1613-6829

%R 10.1002/smll.200700120

%K cadmium selenide

nanoparticles

quantum dots

surfactants

tetrapods

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700120

%0 Journal Article

%A Madden, Andrew S.

%A Hochella Jr, Michael F.

%A Luxton, Todd P.

%D 2006

%T Insights for size-dependent reactivity of hematite nanomineral surfaces through Cu2+ sorption

%J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

%V 70

%N 16

%P 4095-4104

%8 8/15/

%! Insights for size-dependent reactivity of hematite nanomineral surfaces through Cu2+ sorption

%@ 0016-7037

%R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1366

%X Macroscopic sorption edges for Cu2+ were measured on hematite nanoparticles with average diameters of 7 nm, 

25 nm, and 88 nm in 0.1 M NaNO3. The pH edges for the 7 nm hematite were shifted approximately 0.6 pH units 

lower than that for the 25 nm and 88 nm samples, demonstrating an affinity sequence of 7 nm > 25 nm = 88 nm. 

Although, zeta potential data suggest increased proton accumulation at the 7 nm hematite surfaces, changes in surface 

structure are most likely responsible for the preference of Cu2+ for the smallest particles. As Cu2+ preferentially binds

to sites which accommodate the Jahn–Teller distortion of its coordination to oxygen, this indicates the relative 

importance of distorted binding environments on the 7 nm hematite relative to the 25 nm and 88 nm particles. This 

work highlights the uniqueness of surface reactivity for crystalline iron oxide particles with decreasing nanoparticle 

diameter.

%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703706018254

%0 Journal Article

%A Aitken, R. J.

%A Chaudhry, M. Q.

%A Boxall, A. B. A.

%A Hull, M.

%D 2006

%T Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

%J Occupational Medicine

%V 56
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%N 5

%P 300-306

%8 August 2006

%! Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

%Z Occupational medicine

%@ 0962-7480 (Print)

0962-7480 (Linking)

%R 10.1093/occmed/kql051

%M 16868127

%K Environmental Exposure/adverse effects

Great Britain

Nanostructures/*utilization

Nanotechnology/methods/*trends

%X This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. 

Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk

markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM 

manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions 

have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, 

modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and 

private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities 

for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large 

quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. 

This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable 

database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, 

coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. 

However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs 

in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the 

nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and 

consumers.

%Z Aitken, R J

Chaudhry, M Q

Boxall, A B A

Hull, M

eng

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Review

England

Oxford, England

2006/07/27 09:00

Occup Med (Lond). 2006 Aug;56(5):300-6.

%U http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/300.abstract

http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/300.full.pdf

%+ Strategic Consulting, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 

4AP, UK. rob.aitken@iom-world.org

%0 Journal Article

%A Thomas, K.

%A Sayre, P.

%D 2005

%T Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of 

exposure to nanoscale materials

%J Toxicol Sci
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%V 87

%N 2

%P 316-21

%8 Oct

%! Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of 

exposure to nanoscale materials

%Z Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

%@ 1096-6080 (Print)

1096-0929 (Linking)

%R 10.1093/toxsci/kfi270

%M 16049265

%K Animals

*Environmental Health

Humans

Nanostructures/*toxicity

*Nanotechnology

Research

United States

%X Nanotechnology has the potential to dramatically improve the effectiveness of a number of existing consumer and 

industrial products and could have a substantial impact on the development of new products ranging from disease 

diagnosis and treatment to environmental remediation. The broad range of possible nanotechnology applications could 

lead to substantive changes in industrial productivity, economic growth, and international trade. A continuing 

evaluation of the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials will be essential before the commercial

benefits of these materials can be fully realized. The purpose of this article is to review the human health implications 

of exposure to nanoscale materials in the context of a toxicological risk evaluation, the current scope of U.S. Federal 

research on nanoscale materials, and selected toxicological studies associated with nanoscale materials to note 

emerging research in this area.

%Z Thomas, Karluss

Sayre, Philip

eng

Review

2005/07/29 09:00

Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct;87(2):316-21. Epub 2005 Jul 27.

%U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049265

%+ ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, USA. 

kthomas@ilsi.org

%0 Journal Article

%A Robichaud, Christine Ogilvie

%A Tanzil, Dicksen

%A Weilenmann, Ulrich

%A Wiesner, Mark R.

%D 2005

%T Relative Risk Analysis of Several Manufactured Nanomaterials: An Insurance Industry Context

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 39

%N 22

%P 8985-8994

%8 2005/11/01

%! Relative Risk Analysis of Several Manufactured Nanomaterials: An Insurance Industry Context

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es0506509
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%X A relative risk assessment is presented for the industrial fabrication of several nanomaterials. The production 

processes for five nanomaterials were selected for this analysis, based on their current or near-term potential for largescale production and commercialization:? single-walled carbon nanotubes, bucky balls (C60), one variety of quantum 

dots, alumoxane nanoparticles, and nano-titanium dioxide. The assessment focused on the activities surrounding the 

fabrication of nanomaterials, exclusive of any impacts or risks with the nanomaterials themselves. A representative 

synthesis method was selected for each nanomaterial based on its potential for scaleup. A list of input materials, output 

materials, and waste streams for each step of fabrication was developed and entered into a database that included key 

process characteristics such as temperature and pressure. The physical-chemical properties and quantities of the 

inventoried materials were used to assess relative risk based on factors such as volatility, carcinogenicity, flammability,

toxicity, and persistence. These factors were first used to qualitatively rank risk, then combined using an actuarial 

protocol developed by the insurance industry for the purpose of calculating insurance premiums for chemical 

manufacturers. This protocol ranks three categories of risk relative to a 100 point scale (where 100 represents 

maximum risk):? incident risk, normal operations risk, and latent contamination risk. Results from this analysis 

determined that relative environmental risk from manufacturing each of these five materials was comparatively low in 

relation to other common industrial manufacturing processes.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0506509

%[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article

%A Hochella, Michael F

%A Kasama, Takeshi

%A Putnis, Andrew

%A Putnis, Christine V

%A Moore, Johnnie N

%D 2005

%T Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn hydrous oxides: Ferrihydrite and a possibly new vernaditelike mineral from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex

%J American Mineralogist

%V 90

%N 4

%P 718-724

%! Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn hydrous oxides: Ferrihydrite and a possibly new vernaditelike mineral from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex

%@ 0003-004X

%0 Journal Article

%A Diallo, Mamadou S

%A Savage, Nora

%D 2005

%T Nanoparticles and Water Quality

%J Journal of Nanoparticle Research

%V 7

%N 4-5

%P 325-330

%8 2005/10/01

%! Nanoparticles and Water Quality

%Z J Nanopart Res

%@ 1388-0764

%R 10.1007/s11051-005-8543-x

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-8543-x
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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-005-8543-x

%G English

%0 Journal Article

%A Chow, Judith C.

%A Watson, John G.

%A Savage, Nora

%A Solomon, C. Jack

%A Cheng, Yung-Sung

%A McMurry, Peter H.

%A Corey, Lisa M.

%A Bruce, Gretchen M.

%A Pleus, Richard C.

%A Pleus, Richard C.

%A Biswas, Pratim

%A Wu, Chang-Yu

%D 2005

%T Nanoparticles and the Environment

%J Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

%V 55

%N 10

%P 1411-1417

%8 2005/10/01

%! Nanoparticles and the Environment

%@ 1096-2247

%R 10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743

%[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article

%A Stook, Kristin

%A Tolaymat, Thabet

%A Ward, Marnie

%A Dubey, Brajesh

%A Townsend, Timothy

%A Solo-Gabriele, Helena

%A Bitton, Gabriel

%D 2004

%T Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 39

%N 1

%P 155-163

%8 2005/01/01

%! Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es0493603

%X Size-reduced samples of southern yellow pine dimensional lumber, each treated with one of five different 

waterborne chemical preservatives, were leached using 18-h batch leaching tests. The wood preservatives included 
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chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quaternary, copper boron azole, copper citrate, and copper 

dimethyldithiocarbamate. An unpreserved wood sample was tested as well. The batch leaching tests followed 

methodology prescribed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity characteristic leaching procedure 

(TCLP). The wood samples were first size-reduced and then leached using four different leaching solutions (synthetic 

landfill leachate, synthetic rainwater, deionized water, and synthetic seawater). CCA-treated wood leached greater 

concentrations of arsenic and copper relative to chromium, with copper leaching more with the TCLP and synthetic 

seawater. Copper leached at greater concentrations from the arsenic-free preservatives relative to CCA. Arsenic 

leached from CCA-treated wood at concentrations above the U.S. federal toxicity characteristic limit (5 mg/L). All of 

the arsenic-free alternatives displayed a greater degree of aquatic toxicity compared to CCA. Invertebrate and algal 

assays were more sensitive than Microtox. Examination of the relative leaching of the preservative compounds 

indicated that the arsenic-free preservatives were advantageous over CCA with respect to waste disposal and soil 

contamination issues but potentially posed a greater risk to aquatic ecosystems.

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0493603

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0493603

%[2013/03/26

%0 Government Document

%A Roco, M.C. 

%A Williams, S. 

%A Alivisatos, P. (eds.)

%D 1999

%T Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for Nanotechnology in the Next Decade IWGN Workshop Report

%E Council, National Science and Technology

%E Technology, Committee on

%E Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN)

%I WTEC, Loyola College in Maryland

%1 National Science and Technology Council

%U http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directions/

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 1994

%T Method 200.8: Determination Of Trace Elements In Waters And Wastes By Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass 

Spectrometry

%E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory

%C Cincinnati, OH

%P 57

%1 EPA

%0 Government Document

%A U.S. EPA

%D 1994

%T Method 200.7: Determination Of Metals And Trace Elements In Water And Wastes By Inductively Coupled 

Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

%E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory

%C Cincinnati, OH

%P 58

%1 EPA
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%0 Journal Article

%A O'Melia, Charles R.

%D 1980

%T ES Features: Aquasols: the behavior of small particles in aquatic systems

%J Environmental Science & Technology

%V 14

%N 9

%P 1052-1060

%8 1980/09/01

%! ES Features: Aquasols: the behavior of small particles in aquatic systems

%@ 0013-936X

%R 10.1021/es60169a601

%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60169a601

%[2013/04/12

%0 Web Page

%A The Silver Institute

%T The Silver Institute

%V 2013

%N April 12, 2013

%! The Silver Institute

%U http://www.silverinstitute.org/site/

%G English