# Patent

## Title
Methods and arrangement for implementing highly efficient plasma traps

## Abstract

An arrangement configured to contain plasma within plasma tube assembly of downstream microwave plasma system. Downstream microwave plasma system is configured to generate plasma within plasma-sustaining region of plasma tube assembly and channeling at least portion of plasma downstream to plasma processing chamber of downstream microwave plasma system. Arrangement includes a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a cylindrical structure that defines plasma passage of plasma tube assembly. Arrangement also includes a second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. Second hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to first hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between first hollow center electrically conductive disc and second hollow center electrically conductive disc.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application contains subject matter that is related to the subject matter of the following applications, which are assigned to the same assignee as this application. The below-listed applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference:
“Methods and Arrangement for Creating a Highly Efficient Downstream Microwave Plasma System,” by Kamarehi et al., Ser. No. 11/317,874 filed on even date herewith.
“Plasma Shield Arrangement for O-rings,” by Wang et al., Ser. No. 11/317,517 filed on even date herewith.
“Methods and Arrangement for a Highly Efficient Gas Distribution Arrangement,” by Wang et al., Ser. No. 11/317,961 filed on even date herewith.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Plasma processing has continued to evolve as manufacturing companies attempt to stay competitive in the semiconductor industry. To gain a competitive advantage, different methods and arrangements have been implemented to increase the amount of plasma that may be utilized in substrate processing to produce non-defective devices
One development that has shown continuing promise is the use of new and different geometries in plasma processing machines. Different geometries, such as long straight plasma tube and convoluted plasma tube, have been utilized in an attempt to efficiently absorb microwave power or convert absorbed microwave power into useful plasma species. To facilitate discussion, FIG. 1 shows a simple diagram of a prior art convoluted plasma tube assembly. Plasma 112 may be formed within a plasma tube 102 through the coupling of one or more gases (e.g., O2, N2, N2H2, HeH2, water vapor, and fluorinated compounds) with microwave power, which may have been transmitted by a microwave power generator 106 through a waveguide 108. Those skilled in the arts are aware that conventional plasma tube of one inch or less in diameter may lose significant percentage of the microwave power that may be generated due to thermal loading. Since plasma 112 may include both harmful plasma species and useful plasma species, shape and dimension of plasma tubes may be manipulated to allow for harmful species to recombine into useful species. Consequently, different geometries may translate into higher efficiency apparatuses.
Consider the situation wherein, for example, plasma 112 travels through plasma tube 102 and encounters a bend 116. As plasma 112 interacts with walls of plasma tube 102 at bend 116, some of the plasma species may recombine. However, with a convoluted plasma tube, the chance for neutral species to recombine may have also increased. As a result, the more convoluted a plasma tube, the less efficient the plasma tube may be in delivering neutral species to a plasma processing chamber.
To reduce the number of useful plasma species from recombining, some manufacturers may use straight plasma tubes. Without a bend, the recombination rate of plasma species within plasma tube may be reduced. However, manufacturers may have to extend the plasma tube to minimize the possibility of harmful plasma species from reaching the plasma processing chamber.
Additionally, plasma species may be formed outside of the waveguide enclosed area of the plasma tube due to microwave radiation leakage that may occur. Traps have been used in some plasma tube assembly to limit the amount of leakage. Traps are usually hollow aluminum disk shape device, which may measure approximately 0.5 inches to 2 inches thick. However, in practice, not all microwave radiation may be contained and microwave leakage may occur resulting in power loss and an extension of harmful plasma species.
Although the geometry of plasma tubes and traps may provide a partial solution for delivering useful plasma species to plasma processing chamber, what are needed are methods and arrangement for creating a highly efficient downstream microwave plasma system.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The invention relates, in an embodiment, an arrangement configured to contain plasma within a plasma tube assembly of a downstream microwave plasma system. The downstream microwave plasma system is configured to generate plasma within a plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly and channeling at least a portion of the plasma downstream to a plasma processing chamber of the downstream microwave plasma system. The arrangement includes a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a cylindrical structure that defines a plasma passage of the plasma tube assembly. The arrangement also includes a second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The second hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the first hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the first hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. The arrangement further includes a third hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The third hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the second hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the third hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. Whereby, the first hollow center electrically conductive disk, the second hollow center electrically conductive disk, the third hollow center electrically conductive disk, the first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region, and the second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region form one of an upstream plasma trap and a downstream plasma trap relative to the plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for containing plasma within a plasma tube assembly of a downstream microwave plasma system. The downstream microwave plasma system is configured to generate plasma within a plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly and channeling at least a portion of the plasma downstream to a plasma processing chamber of the downstream microwave plasma system. The method includes providing a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a cylindrical structure that defines a plasma passage of the plasma tube assembly. The method also includes securing a second hollow center electrically conductive disk in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the first hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the first hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. The second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounds the cylindrical structure. The method further includes securing a third hollow center electrically conductive disk in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the second hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the third hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. The third hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounds the cylindrical structure. Whereby, the first hollow center electrically conductive disk, the second hollow center electrically conductive disk, the third hollow center electrically conductive disk, the first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region, and the second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region form one of an upstream plasma trap and a downstream plasma trap relative to the plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly.
In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to an arrangement configured to contain plasma within a plasma tube assembly of a downstream microwave plasma system. The downstream microwave plasma system is configured to generate plasma within a plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly and channeling at least a portion of the plasma downstream to a plasma processing chamber of the downstream microwave plasma system. The plasma is generated using microwave energy provided by a microwave that is mounted transversely relative to the plasma tube. The arrangement includes an upstream plasma trap that is disposed upstream relative to the microwave waveguide. The upstream plasma trap includes a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a cylindrical structure that defines a plasma passage of the plasma tube assembly. The upstream plasma trap also includes a second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The second hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the first hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the first hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. The upstream plasma trap also includes a third hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The third hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the second hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the third hollow center electrically conductive disc and the second hollow center electrically conductive disc. Whereby, the first hollow center electrically conductive disk, the second hollow center electrically conductive disk, the third hollow center electrically conductive disk, the first hollow center disk-shape interstitial region, and the second hollow center disk-shape interstitial region form one of an upstream plasma trap and a downstream plasma trap relative to the plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly. The arrangement also includes a downstream plasma trap that is disposed downstream relative to the microwave waveguide. The downstream plasma trap includes a fourth hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding the cylindrical structure. The downstream plasma trap also includes a fifth hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The fifth hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the fourth hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a third hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the fourth hollow center electrically conductive disc and the fifth hollow center electrically conductive disc. The downstream plasma trap also includes a sixth hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The sixth hollow center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the fifth hollow center electrically conductive disk so as to form a fourth hollow center disk-shape interstitial region between the sixth hollow center electrically conductive disc and the fifth hollow center electrically conductive disk.
In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to an arrangement configured to contain plasma within a plasma tube assembly of a downstream microwave plasma system. The downstream microwave plasma system is configured to generate plasma within a plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly and channeling at least a portion of the plasma downstream to a plasma processing chamber of the downstream microwave plasma system. The arrangement includes a first solid center electrically conductive disk surrounding a cylindrical structure that defines a plasma passage of the plasma tube assembly. The arrangement also includes a second solid center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The second solid center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the first solid center electrically conductive disk so as to form a first solid center disk-shape interstitial region between the first solid center electrically conductive disc and the second solid center electrically conductive disc. The arrangement further includes a third solid center electrically conductive disk also surrounding the cylindrical structure. The third solid center electrically conductive disk is configured to be disposed in a spaced-apart relationship relative to the second solid center electrically conductive disk so as to form a second solid center disk-shape interstitial region between the third solid center electrically conductive disc and the second solid center electrically conductive disc. Whereby, the first solid center electrically conductive disk, the second solid center electrically conductive disk, the third solid center electrically conductive disk, the first solid center disk-shape interstitial region, and the second solid center disk-shape interstitial region form one of an upstream plasma trap and a downstream plasma trap relative to the plasma-sustaining region of the plasma tube assembly.
These and other features of the present invention will be described in more detail below in the detailed description of the invention and in conjunction with the following figures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 shows a simple diagram of a prior art convoluted plasma tube assembly.
FIG. 2 shows, in an embodiment, a cross-section of a plasma generation arrangement.
FIG. 3 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of a microwave waveguide assembly.
FIG. 4 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of a gas distribution assembly.
FIG. 5 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of a plasma tube assembly coupled with a waveguide.
FIG. 6 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of a plurality of plasma traps.
FIG. 7 shows, in an embodiment, plasma traps with corrugated surfaces and peaks.
FIG. 8 shows, in an embodiment, how corrugated peaks of plasma traps may be offset.
FIG. 9 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of a cooling assembly.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to various embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps and/or structures have not been described in detail in order to not unnecessarily obscure the present invention.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a plasma generation arrangement for decreasing microwave leakage from a plasma-sustaining region within a downstream microwave plasma system that is configured to generate plasma and to channel plasma downstream to a plasma processing chamber. In some embodiments, plasma generation arrangement may include a plurality of traps to allow for more efficient absorption of microwave power. Embodiments of the invention also provide for plurality of traps to have a low profile configuration to enable more efficient delivery of useful plasma species to plasma processing chamber.
FIG. 2 shows, in an embodiment, a cross-sectional view of a plasma generation arrangement. The plasma generation arrangement may include a microwave waveguide assembly 210, which may be capable of delivering microwave power to a plasma tube assembly 220. Plasma generation arrangement may also include a gas distribution assembly 230, which may inject one or more gases into plasma tube assembly 220. Within plasma tube assembly 220, microwave power may couple with one or more gases, such as O2, N2, N2H2, HeH2, water vapor, and fluorinated compounds, to generate plasma 200. Further, plasma generation arrangement may include a plurality of plasma traps 240 to substantially reduce microwave radiation leakage that may occur. In addition, plasma generation arrangement may include a cooling assembly 260 to reduce thermal loading that may occur due to excess power.
FIG. 3 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of microwave waveguide assembly 210, which may include a microwave power generator 212, such as Hitachi magnetron, and a waveguide 214. Microwave power generator 212 may send microwave power through waveguide 214 to a plasma-sustaining region 216 of plasma tube assembly 220. Microwave waveguide assembly 210, which may have a longitudinal axis parallel with a first axis, may intersect with plasma tube assembly 220, which may have a longitudinal axis parallel with a second axis that is substantially orthogonal with the first axis.
As discussed herein, a waveguide is a rectangular or cylindrical tube designed to direct microwave power. Waveguide 214 may extend across plasma-sustaining region 216 of plasma tube assembly 220. One end of waveguide 214 may include a sliding short 218. By manipulating sliding short 218, an operator may be able to adjust microwave power delivery within waveguide 214.
FIG. 4 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of gas distribution assembly 230. Gas distribution assembly 230 may include a gas distribution showerhead 232, which may introduce one or more gases into plasma-sustaining region 216 of plasma tube assembly 220. As noted above, microwave power may be coupled with gases to create plasma 200. Gas distribution showerhead 232 may further include an ultraviolet (UV) transparent window 234 with an igniter module 236. Igniter module 236 may be used to ignite plasma 200.
As noted above, microwave power and one or more gases may couple within plasma sustaining region 216 to generate plasma 200 that may be needed for substrate processing. FIG. 5 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of plasma tube assembly 220 coupled with waveguide 214. Plasma tube assembly may be disposed substantially parallel with waveguide 214. Plasma tube 220 may be configured to allow plasma passage down to plasma processing chamber. Plasma tube assembly 220 may be a cylindrical structure that may be divided into three main sections: an upper section 222, a lower section 224, and plasma-sustaining region 216. As discussed herein, a plasma-sustaining region refers to a section of a plasma tube assembly that may be surrounded by a waveguide. Further, the plasma-sustaining region may be the area in which microwave power and one or more gases may couple to create plasma.
To provide a larger plasma-sustaining region, the geometry of plasma tube utilized has been altered. As noted above, prior art plasma tubes are generally configured having a diameter of about one inch in diameter. In an embodiment, the diameter of plasma tube assembly 220 may have a larger diameter than conventional tubes in the prior art.
In the prior art, generation of useful plasma species may reach a diminishing return at approximately 2300 watts due to the thermal loading that may occur in the plasma tube. For typical substrate processing using 3000 watts of microwave power at a frequency of 2450 MHz in a larger diameter configuration, plasma tube assembly 220 may provide for a larger volume in which plasma 200 may be generated. A larger volume may allow for less thermal loading, which in turn may result in a higher rate of absorbed microwave power to couple with one or more gases to generate plasma species. As discussed herein, plasma species may include both harmful and useful plasma species. Harmful plasma species may include, but are not limited to, UV photons and energetic species such as ions. Useful plasma species are usually neutral species such as radicals. Whereas harmful plasma species can damage a substrate and/or a process chamber, useful plasma species are needed to perform strip and/or non-critical etch on a substrate.
In another embodiment, plasma tube assembly 220 may be configured with a low profile in order to decrease wall surface area. With a smaller wall surface area, useful plasma species may have fewer opportunities to contact plasma tube assembly wall. Thus, one skilled in the art is aware that recombination rate may be reduced and the number of useful plasma species delivered to plasma processing chamber for substrate processing may be increased. The length of plasma tube assembly 220 may be determined by several factors including, but not limited to, the size of waveguide 214, the profile of plurality of plasma traps 240 (see FIG. 2), and the profile of cooling assembly 260 (see FIG. 2).
The size/shape of waveguide 214 may vary depend on microwave wavelength utilized and the mode for which the waveguide has been selected. In typical substrate processing, a microwave power generator employed may be capable of producing 3000 watts of microwave power at 2450 MHz. To support this amount of microwave power and minimize thermal loading, waveguide 214 may be a rectangular waveguide with a transverse electric sub 10 (TE10) mode, in an embodiment.
Another factor that may contribute to the shortened length of plasma tube assembly 220 may be the profile of plurality of plasma traps 240 as noted above. As discussed herein, plasma traps may be hollow and/or solid centered electrically conductive disks, which may surround a plasma tube assembly. Plasma traps are generally useful to direct microwave power and prevent microwave leakage. By preventing microwave leakage, plasma traps may prevent the extension of plasma beyond a waveguide enclosure resulting in less chance of harmful plasma species being created near the plasma processing chamber.
FIG. 6 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of plurality of plasma traps. Plurality of plasma traps 240 may include one or more plasma traps. Plurality of plasma traps 240 may substantially eliminate microwave leakage, especially in process conditions that may include a large number of operational parameters. In an embodiment, plurality of plasma traps 240 may include two sets of plurality of plasma traps, an upstream set of plasma traps 244 and a downstream set of plasma traps 246.
In an embodiment, upstream set of plasma traps 244 may include an upstream outer plasma trap 244a and an upstream inner plasma trap 244b. Upstream inner plasma trap 244b may be disposed above waveguide 214. Upstream outer plasma trap 244a may be disposed above upstream inner plasma trap 244b to form a hollow or solid center disk-shape interstitial region 244c. In an embodiment, the interstitial region may be an air gap or may be filled with a material other than air, such as a solid material.
Similarly, downstream set of plasma traps 246 may include a downstream outer plasma trap 246a and a downstream inner plasma trap 246b. Downstream inner plasma trap 246b may be disposed below waveguide 214 and downstream outer plasma trap 246a may be disposed below downstream inner plasma trap 246b. Between downstream inner plasma trap 246b and downstream outer plasma trap 246a may be a hollow or solid center disk-shape interstitial region 246c, which may be an air gap or may be filled with a material other than air, such as a solid material.
In an embodiment, the surface of each plasma trap (244a, 244b, 246a, and 246b) may have corrugated surfaces with corrugated peaks as shown in FIG. 7. In an example, downstream inner plasma trap 246b may have an upstream corrugated surface 254a and a downstream corrugated surface 254b. On each corrugated surface may be a plurality of corrugated peaks (250a, 250b, 250c, and 250d). Similarly, downstream outer plasma trap 246a may have an upstream corrugated surface 256a and a downstream corrugated surface 256b. On each surface may be a plurality of corrugated peaks (252a, 252b, 252c, and 252d).
Even though only two plasma traps have been described for each set of plurality of plasma traps, each set may include any number of plasma traps. The plurality of plasma traps additionally, within each set, may be disposed similarly to the plurality of plasma traps described above. Also, each set of plurality of plasma traps may include different number of plasma traps. In an example, the upstream set of plasma traps may have two plasma traps while the downstream set of plasma traps may have three plasma traps to decrease the risk of microwave radiation leakage.
FIG. 8 shows, in an embodiment, how the corrugated peaks may be offset. In an example, corrugated peaks 250c and 250d may be offset relative to corrugated peaks 252a and 252b. By offsetting the corrugated peaks, hollow or solid center disk-shape interstitial regions between each of the plasma traps may be minimized, thereby the length of the plasma tube assembly may be reduced.
As mentioned above, profile of the plurality of plasma traps may contribute to the profile of the plasma tube assembly. Although low profiles traps may be desired, the plurality of plasma traps must be large enough to prevent microwave leakage and to contain harmful plasma species. Those skilled in the art are aware that traps having a width of approximately a quarter of the wavelength of the microwave power may be able to maximize the voltage and minimize the current at the points of escape, thus, preventing or limiting microwave radiation leakage. In an embodiment, plurality of plasma traps may be corrugated, which may effectively reduce the electrical length of microwave power similar to that of a prior art single trap with dielectric material. Embodiment of the invention may further provide for corrugated plurality of plasma traps to be low profile and still remain effective.
Referring back to FIG. 6, microwave power tends to travel along the length of the waveguide (paths 242a and 242b). Consider the situation wherein, for example, microwave power has been introduced into waveguide 214. Microwave power may travel along path 242a to reach a point 248a where waveguide 214 and downstream inner plasma trap 246b may meet. At point 248a, impedance may be very high and current may be very low. In an example, if impedance is as high as infinite then current may be zero. Thus, microwave power may be effectively contained within the plurality of plasma trap and no microwave leakage may occur.
However, if microwave leakage does occur, then the microwave power may travel along the length of downstream inner plasma trap 246b to reach a corner 248b, which may also have very high impedance and very low current. Hence, any microwave leakage may be effectively contained within downstream outer plasma trap 246a. Similarly, upstream plurality of plasma traps 244 may capture microwave leakage that may travel along path 242b. 
A third factor that may affect the profile of a plasma tube assembly may be the size of a cooling assembly. FIG. 9 shows, in an embodiment, a simple diagram of cooling assembly 260. Cooling assembly 260 may include a cooling manifold 262 and a hollow cooling jacket 264. Coolant (i.e., heat-exchange fluid) may flow through cooling manifold 262 and up cooling jacket 264 to reduce thermal loading which in turn may reduce the recombination rate of plasma species.
To shorten the length of plasma tube assembly 220, the height of cooling manifold 262 may be reduced. However, cooling manifold 262 may still have to be large enough to effectively decrease thermal loading. In an embodiment, cooling manifold 262 may be located in close proximity to downstream outer plasma trap 246a. In an example, an upstream-facing surface 266 of downstream cooling manifold 262 may be adjacent to downstream-facing surface 256b of downstream outer plasma trap 246a. Unlike the prior art, there may be little or no air gap between downstream cooling manifold 262 and downstream outer plasma trap 246a, thereby, reducing the length of plasma tube assembly 220. Similarly, the same assembly may exist for an upstream cooling manifold in that the downstream-facing surface of an upstream cooling manifold may be adjacent (i.e. substantially no air gap) to an upstream-facing surface of an upstream outer plasma trap.
A coolant (e.g., Fluorinert FC-3283), which may be a microwave transparent fluid, may flow through cooling manifold 262 and up coolant jacket 264. Cooling jacket 264 may be a substantially cylindrical device that may surround plasma tube assembly 220. The coolant flowing through cooling jacket 264 may interact with plasma tube assembly 220 to facilitate heat transfer and effectively reduce the thermal loading that may occur, especially in plasma-sustaining region 216.
Over time, coolant may cause cooling assembly to deteriorate. In an embodiment, cooling assembly 260 may be made up of ceramic since ceramic may react less with the coolant than other materials. Further, since ceramic is opaque to the light spectra emitted by plasma 200, ceramic may block some of the radiation and may prevent damage to other components of the downstream microwave plasma system.
As can be appreciated from embodiments of the invention, the low profile plasma generation arrangement effectively reduces cost by generating more useful plasma species with the amount of microwave power typically employed in normal substrate processing. Thus, a highly efficient downstream microwave plasma system is created to provide for a more cost efficient isotropic substrate processing.
While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents, which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatuses of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A plasma system comprising:
a microwave waveguide assembly;
an upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive, disks;
a downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks; and
a plasma tube assembly intersecting said microwave waveguide assembly, said plasma tube assembly having a plasma-sustaining region defined between said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks and said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks,
wherein a first hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disk and said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks includes a first downstream corrugated outer surface and a first upstream corrugated outer surface disposed opposite to said first downstream corrugated outer surface, said first hollow center electrically conductive disk further including a first plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on said first downstream corrugated outer surface, said first hollow center electrically conductive disk further including a second plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on said first upstream corrugated outer surface, and
a second hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disk and said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks includes a second upstream corrugated outer surface and a second downstream corrugated outer surface disposed opposite to said second upstream outer surface, said second hollow center electrically conductive disk further including a third plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on said second downstream corrugated outer surface, said second hollow center electrically conductive disk further including a fourth plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on said second upstream corrugated outer surface, said second upstream corrugated outer surface facing said first downstream corrugated outer surface.

2. The plasma a system of claim 1 wherein said first plurality of corrugated peaks includes at least a first corrugated peak and a second corrugated peak, said first corrugated peak surrounding said plasma tube assembly, said second corrugated peak surrounding said first corrugated peak.

3. The plasma system of claim 1 wherein said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks includes at least a downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk and a downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk, said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk being disposed downstream relative to said downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk.

4. The plasma system of claim 3 further including a downstream cooling manifold, said downstream cooling manifold being disposed in at least one of a first assembly arrangement and a second assembly arrangement relative to sad downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk, said first assembly arrangement being characterized by having substantially no air gap between an upstream-facing surface of said downstream cooling manifold and a downstream-facing surface of said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk, said second assembly arrangement being characterized by said downstream cooling manifold being disposed adjacent to said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk.

5. The plasma system of claim 4 wherein said downstream cooling manifold is disposed in said first assembly arrangement relative to said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk.

6. The plasma system of claim 4 wherein said downstream cooling manifold is disposed in said second assembly arrangement relative to said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk.

7. The plasma system of claim 3 wherein said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk is formed of a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a passage within said plasma tube assembly, wherein a second hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk, said second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding said passage within said plasma tube assembly, and a first interstitial region is disposed between said first hollow center electrically conductive disc and said second hollow center electrically conductive disc.

8. The plasma system of claim 7 wherein said first interstitial region forms an air gap.

9. The plasma system of claim 7 wherein said first interstitial region is formed of a solid material other than air.

10. The plasma system of claim 7 wherein said downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk is formed of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, wherein a third hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream relative to said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, and a second interstitial region is disposed between said second hollow center electrically conductive disc and said third hollow center electrically conductive disc.

11. The plasma system of claim 10 wherein said second interstitial region forms an air gap.

12. The plasma system of claim 3 further including an upstream cooling manifold, said upstream cooling manifold being disposed such that there exists substantially no air gap between a downstream-facing surface of said upstream cooling manifold and an upstream-facing surface of an upstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk among said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks.

13. The plasma system of claim 3 further including an upstream cooling manifold, said, upstream cooling manifold being disposed adjacent to an upstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk among said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks.

14. The plasma system of claim 1 wherein said microwave guide assembly includes a sliding short configured for tuning said microwave guide assembly.

15. A plasma system comprising:
a microwave waveguide assembly;
an upstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set;
a downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set disposed downstream relative to said upstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set; and
a plasma tube assembly intersecting said microwave waveguide assembly, said plasma tube assembly having a plasma-sustaining region defined between said upstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set and said downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set,
wherein a first hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set and said downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set includes a first set of corrugated peaks disposed on an outer surface of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk, each of said first set of corrugated peaks having a rectangular cross section, and
a second hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set and said downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set includes a second set of corrugated peaks disposed on an outer surface of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, a cross section of each of said second set of corrugated peaks is rectangular, said second set of corrugated peaks being aligned with said first set of corrugated peaks, said outer surface of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk facing said outer surface of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk.

16. The plasma system of claim 15 further comprising a downstream cooling manifold disposed such that substantially no air gap exists between an upstream-facing surface of said downstream cooling manifold and a downstream-facing surface of said downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set.

17. The plasma system of claim 15 wherein said first set of corrugated peaks includes at least a first corrugated peak and a second corrugated peak, said first corrugated peak surrounding said plasma tube assembly, said second corrugated peak surrounding said first corrugated peak.

18. The plasma system claim 15 wherein said downstream hollow center electrically conductive disk set includes at least a downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk and a downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk, said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk being disposed downstream relative to said downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk,
wherein at least one of said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk and said downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk includes a plurality of corrugated peaks, said plurality of corrugated peaks being oriented parallel to said plasma tube assembly.

19. The plasma system of claim 18 wherein said downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk is formed of a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a passage within said plasma tube assembly, wherein a second hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk, said second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding said passage within said plasma tube assembly, and a first interstitial region is disposed between said first hollow center electrically conductive disc and said second hollow center electrically conductive disc.

20. The plasma system of claim 19 wherein said first interstitial region forms an air gap.

21. The plasma system of claim 19 wherein said downstream inner hollow center electrically conductive disk is formed of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, wherein a third hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream relative to said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, and a said interstitial region is disposed between said second hollow center electrically conductive disc and said third hollow center electrically conductive disc.

22. The plasma system of claim 21 wherein said second interstitial region forms an air gap.

23. The plasma system of claim 15 wherein said microwave guide assembly includes a sliding short configured for tuning said microwave guide assembly.

24. A plasma system comprising:
a microwave waveguide assembly;
an upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks;
a downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks; and
a plasma tube assembly intersecting said microwave waveguide assembly, said plasma tube assembly having a plasma-sustaining region defined between said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks and said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks,
wherein a first hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks and said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks includes a lust plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on an outer surface of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk, and
a second hollow center electrically conductive disk among at least one of said upstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks and downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks includes a second plurality of corrugated peaks disposed on an outer surface of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, said second plurality of corrugated peaks being offset relative to said first plurality of corrugated peaks, said outer surface of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk facing said outer surface of said second hollow center electrical conductive disk.

25. The plasma system of claim 24 further comprising a downstream cooling manifold disposed such that substantially no air gap exists between an upstream-facing surface of said downstream cooling manifold and a downstream-facing surface of a downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk among said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks.

26. The plasma system of claim 24 wherein said first plurality of corrugated peaks includes at least a first corrugated peak and a second corrugated peak, said first corrugated peak surrounding said plasma tube assembly, said second corrugated peak surrounding said first corrugated peak.

27. The plasma system of claim 24 wherein a downstream outer hollow center electrically conductive disk among said downstream plurality of hollow center electrically conductive disks is formed of a first hollow center electrically conductive disk surrounding a passage within said plasma tube assembly, wherein a second hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream of said first hollow center electrically conductive disk, said second hollow center electrically conductive disk also surrounding said passage within said plasma tube assembly, and a first interstitial region is disposed between said first hollow center electrically conductive disc and said second hollow center electrically conductive disc.

28. The plasma system of claim 27 wherein said first interstitial region forms a first air gap.

29. The plasma system of claim 27 wherein a downstream inner plasma trap among said downstream plurality of plasma traps is formed of said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, wherein a third hollow center electrically conductive disk is disposed upstream relative to said second hollow center electrically conductive disk, and a second interstitial region is disposed between said second hollow center electrically conductive disc and said third hollow center electrically conductive disc.

30. The plasma system of claim 29 wherein said second interstitial region forms a second air gap.