| a.   | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused      such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our      supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the      registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us      by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which      this report is being prepared; |
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| b.   | Designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal      control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to      provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles; |
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| c.   | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure      controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about      the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end      of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;      and |
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| d.   | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's      internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the      registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal      quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or      is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal      control over financial reporting;and |
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| a.   | All      significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or      operation of internal control over financial reporting which are      reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record,      process, summarize and report financial information;  and |
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| b.   | Any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal      controls over financial reporting. |
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