[Cite as In re J.H., 2019-Ohio-9.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 106658 

IN RE: J.H., ET AL. 

Minor Children

[Appeal by Mother ] 

JUDGMENT:

AFFIRMED 

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Juvenile Division 

Case Nos. AD 12920956 and AD 12920957 

BEFORE: Jones, J., Kilbane, A.J., and Celebrezze, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 3, 2019 
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ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Judith M. Kowalski 

333 Babbitt Road, Suite 323 

Euclid, Ohio 44123 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

For CCDCFS

Michael C. O’Malley 

Cuyahoga County Prosecutor 

BY: Cheryl Rice 

Assistant County Prosecutor 

3955 Euclid Avenue 

Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Guardian ad litems

Maureen T. Nagel 

2707 Jaycox Road 

Avon, Ohio 44011 

Gregory T. Stralka 

6509 Brecksville Road 

P.O. Box 31776 

Independence, Ohio 44131 

Charles Watson, pro se 

16205 Lakeshore Boulevard 

Cleveland, Ohio 44110 

Antoine Harris, pro se 

3672 East 118th Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44105 

Kenneth Murray, pro se 

1274 East 133rd Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44112 

Sheanette Watson, pro se 
3

3719 East 57th Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44105 

LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.: 

{¶1} This appeal arises from decisions rendered by the juvenile court on 

Mother-appellant’s motion to modify custody and visitation. For the reasons that follow, we 

affirm. 

I. Procedural History

{¶2} Two children are the subject of this case: K.M., date of birth, March 25, 2003, and 

J.H., date of birth, August 27, 2012. At all times relevant to the issues presented in this appeal, 

the children were not living with Mother or their alleged Fathers.1

 The children had also been 

living separate and apart from one another; since 2014, K.M. was in the care and custody of an 

uncle, and since 2013, J.H. was in the care and custody of an aunt. Although K.M. had 

previously lived with Mother, J.H. had never lived with her. 

{¶3} In May 2015, Mother filed a pro se motion to “modify custody and visitation and set 

visitation.” She requested that the children be placed in her custody or, alternatively, that she be 

granted additional visitation with them. In an affidavit submitted in support of her petition, 

Mother averred that K.M.’s custodian was not cooperating in scheduling visitation, and J.H’s 

custodian was not providing proper care for him and often left him in the care of others. 

Further, Mother averred that both custodians had problems with alcohol use. 

{¶4} A guardian ad litem (“GAL”) was appointed for the children. Mother requested, 

and was granted, an in camera hearing for K.M., and that was held on December 2, 2016. On 
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December 22, 2016, Mother requested an attorney; she had a GAL who had been representing 

her. 

{¶5} In February 2017, Mother’s GAL filed a motion to withdraw, stating that she was 

“no longer on the GAL or assigned counsel list and [was] no longer eligible to serve as appointed 

counsel or GAL in Juvenile Court.” The GAL requested that Mother be appointed a new GAL 

“as soon as possible.” 

{¶6} A pretrial hearing was held a few days after the GAL filed her motion. At the 

hearing, the juvenile court granted the GAL’s motion to withdraw. The juvenile court 

appointed a new GAL for mother, but denied her request for counsel. The new GAL appeared 

with Mother for two pretrials, but not for the hearing on her custody and visitation motion 

because he had been “dismissed” by the court at a June 2017 hearing. The hearing on Mother’s 

custody and visitation motion occurred in October 2017. 

{¶7} The magistrate issued her decisions in November 2017. The first one, issued on 

November 16, 2017, related to J.H., the younger child. The magistrate denied Mother’s 

requests to modify custody and for visitation. Specifically, the magistrate decided that it was in 

the best interest of J.H. if his custodian retained sole legal custody of him, and Mother had no 

visitation with him. Additionally, the magistrate decided that Mother was not entitled to access 

of any record relating to J.H., and any record keeper who knowingly failed to comply with the 

order would be in contempt of court. 

{¶8} The second decision of the magistrate related to K.M., and was issued on November 

27, 2017. The magistrate decided that the evidence was insufficient to warrant a change in 

 1

The alleged Fathers are not parties to this appeal and, thus, we limit our discussion of them. 
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custody, and that no modification was necessary. Therefore, Mother’s motion for custody was 

denied. The magistrate further decided that Mother “should not have access to records related 

to the child under the same terms and conditions as provided for the residential parent.” The 

magistrate granted visitation, and ordered that Mother’s visitation with K.M. would occur on 

Saturdays, from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m.; the magistrate also made arrangements for 

transportation to and from the visits. 

{¶9} Mother filed objections to the magistrate’s decision regarding J.H. on November 30, 

2017, and on December 11, 2017 relative to K.M. In entries dated December 1, 2017 and 

December 12, 2017, the juvenile court affirmed, approved, and adopted the magistrate’s 

decisions relating to J.H. and K.M., respectively. The trial court failed, however, to rule on 

Mother’s objections. Mother appealed, and we dismissed the appeal for lack of a final, 

appealable order. In re J.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106658, 2018-Ohio-4026. 

{¶10} After dismissal of her appeal, Mother requested, and was granted, a ruling from the 

trial court on her objections. In two separate entries dated October 10, 2018, the juvenile court 

overruled Mother’s objections to the magistrate’s decisions relating to J.H. and K.M., and 

affirmed, approved, and adopted the magistrate’s decisions. Mother thereafter requested that 

we reinstate her appeal; we granted her request. 

II. Factual Background 

{¶11} The first hearing in this case relative to Mother’s motion now at issue was held in 

December 2016. At that hearing, per Mother’s request, an in camera interview of K.M. was 

conducted. At that time, K.M. was 13-years old. 
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{¶12} The GAL for K.M. told the magistrate that K.M. was “anxious for visitation” with 

Mother, but that transportation was an issue. K.M. told the magistrate that he liked living with 

his uncle, but that he would also like to see his mom, with whom his contact at that time was 

limited to telephone conversations. When questioned by the court as to how he felt about 

supervised visits with Mother, K.M. replied that he did not feel that was necessary and he wanted 

to start with the weekends and then maybe try spending an entire summer with her. The 

magistrate questioned K.M., “you don’t need it to go real slow?,” to which K.M. replied, “No. 

It’s my mom. * * * I like to see her a lot.” The matter was scheduled for trial on Mother’s 

motion in June 2017. 

{¶13} On the June 2017 date set for trial, the following people were present: (1) the 

children’s GAL, (2) J.H.’s alleged Father, (3) Mother, and (4) J.H.’s custodian. The magistrate 

noted that “we did have other attorneys involved, but apparently the Court’s been informed that 

parents aren’t entitled to either attorneys or a guardian ad litem. So they have been dismissed.” 

{¶14} The children’s GAL informed the magistrate that she had concerns for both 

children and that she may need to make a referral. She recommended that both children stay in 

their then-current homes, and sought, and was granted, a no-contact order to prevent J.H.’s uncle 

(custodial aunt’s husband) from having any contact with J.H. The hearing was continued until 

August 2017, so that the GAL’s concerns could be addressed. On the August 2017 date, the 

GAL was sick, so the hearing was again continued for October 2017. 

{¶15} The hearing took place in October 2017 as scheduled. Present were the children’s 

GAL, J.H.’s alleged Father, Mother, K.M.’s aunt (wife of custodial uncle), and J.H.’s custodial 

aunt. Prior to the hearing, the children’s GAL filed a report, in which she recommended that 
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there be no change in custody for either child. It was the GAL’s opinion that the children were 

“thriving in their current environments and that a change in custody or residence would be 

against their best interest.” 

{¶16} But the GAL did recommend that K.M. be allowed regular visitation with Mother. 

And in regard to J.H., the GAL was of the opinion that Mother would not be capable of “meeting 

the needs of J.H. during even a brief visitation,” due to J.H.’s special needs. The GAL therefore 

opined that it was in the “best interest of J.H. that any visitation be supervised,” and that it occur 

at the custodial aunt’s residence. The GAL further recommended that K.M. and J.H. be 

afforded an opportunity to bond with one another. 

{¶17} Mother testified that she had concerns about both custodians’ drinking habits. 

She admitted, however, that in regard to K.M.’s custodian, she had not had any of those concerns 

since March 2014, which was when the custodians were granted custody of the children. 

{¶18} In regard to J.H.’s custodian, Mother testified that the custodian “socializes,” and 

although she had never seen her doing so, she knew it was “an issue.” When questioned about 

specifics, Mother replied, “I just know. I’d rather not go into that, but I just know.” 

{¶19} J.H.’s custodian testified that she repeatedly told Mother she was welcome at her 

home to visit J.H. But, according to the custodian, Mother never came or reached out in any 

way to make that happen, and the last time Mother saw J.H. was when he was approximately five 

months old; at the time of the hearing, he was five years old. The custodian testified that she 

did not believe Mother should get any type of visitation with J.H., not even supervised visitation. 

 She denied drinking excessively, doing drugs, or having mental health issues. She testified 
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that her only change in circumstance since she was granted custody of J.H. was one move to a 

new house, which she claimed was adequate and appropriate for J.H. 

{¶20} The wife of K.M.’s custodian testified. According to her, Mother was not so good 

about calling and “checking in” on K.M., but admitted that she did reach out to him on social 

media. She further testified that she believed an order of visitation between Mother and K.M. 

was reasonable. But she expressed concern about Mother not driving and either she or her 

husband always having to drop K.M. off at Mother’s house. She stated that Mother was 

allowed to come to her house. She also denied that she or her husband drank excessively, did 

drugs, or had any mental health issues. 

{¶21} The magistrate allowed Mother the opportunity to respond to the custodians’ 

testimony. Mother addressed the transportation issue regarding K.M., stating that she believed 

she did not have any responsibility to provide transportation, even if she had visitation, because 

“they have full 100% custody. They are responsible for everything with him. If we go and get 

him, [they are] going to have supply a bus fee.” 

{¶22} Further facts will be discussed below as necessary. 

III. Assignments of Error

I. The decision of the trial court was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

II. The trial court abused its discretion in finding that limited visitation for the 

Mother was in the best interest[s] of the children. 

III. The trial court abused its discretion in granting Mother such restrictive 

visitation that it amounts to a denial of visitation. 

IV. The trial court erred to the prejudice of the appellant and violated her due 

process rights by removing her guardian ad litem during the pendency of these 

proceedings. 
9

IV. Law and Analysis 

{¶23} Because the fourth assignment of error is potentially dispositive of this appeal, we 

consider it first. In this assignment, Mother contends that her due process rights were violated 

by the trial court’s removal of her guardian ad litem. We disagree. 

{¶24} R.C. 2151.281 and Juv.R. 4 govern the appointment of guardians in juvenile 

proceedings. Relative to appointing a GAL for a parent, the Revised Code and Juvenile Rules 

provide for the appointment if the “parent of the child appears to be mentally incompetent or is 

under eighteen years of age.” R.C. 2151.281(C) and Juv.R. 4(B)(3). Neither of these 

circumstances existed in this case. 

{¶25} Moreover, even if a parent had been entitled to a GAL, the parent must 

affirmatively demonstrate that the failure to appoint one affected the outcome of the proceedings. 

In re Amber G., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-04-1091, 2004-Ohio-5664, ¶ 38. An appellate court 

will not presume prejudice. Id. Mother merely offers her own conclusory statement that she 

suffered prejudice; she does not affirmatively demonstrate that her lack of a GAL affected the 

outcome of the proceedings and, our review does not show that it did. As mentioned, relative to 

this appeal, Mother was without a GAL for the October 2017 hearing at which her motion to 

modify custody or visitation was considered. However, Mother competently testified and 

presented her concerns about the children’s custodians. The custodians also testified, and 

Mother was allowed to respond to their testimony. On this record, we find that the outcome of 

the proceeding was not based solely on the fact that Mother did not have a GAL; therefore, there 

was no prejudice. 
10

{¶26} The fourth assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶27} The remaining assignments of error go the essence of the trial court’s judgments on 

Mother’s request for custody of her children or, alternatively, for additional visitation with them, 

and will be considered together. 

{¶28} Custody and visitation are different concepts, and the trial court has a broader 

measure of discretion in setting visitation. Roudebush v. Roudebush, 20 Ohio App.3d 380, 380, 

486 N.E.2d 849 (10th Dist.1984). As explained by the Ohio Supreme Court, “[m]odification of 

visitation rights is governed by R.C. 3109.05[1] and the specific rules for determining when a 

court may modify a custody decree are not equally applicable to modification of visitation 

rights.” Appleby v. Appleby, 24 Ohio St.3d 39, 40, 492 N.E.2d 831 (1986). 

{¶29} Specifically, a motion for a modification of visitation, which is governed by R.C. 

3109.051, only involves a best interests of the child analysis, while a motion for change in 

custody, which is governed by R.C. 3109.04, requires that a change in circumstance be 

demonstrated, as well as a best interests of the child analysis. Braatz v. Braatz, 85 Ohio St.3d 40, 

706 N.E.2d 1218 (1999); Flynn v. Flynn, 10th Dist. Franklin App. No. 02AP-801, 

2003-Ohio-990. 

{¶30} The standard of review for a trial court’s decisions on motions for modification of 

visitation rights and modification of custody is an abuse-of-discretion standard. Archer v. 

Archer, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 96CA37, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 4345, 19 (Sept. 24, 1997) 

(“[A] trial court’s decision on a motion for modification of visitation rights may not be reversed 

absent an abuse of discretion.”); Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 

(1997) (In considering changes in custody, “a trial judge must have wide latitude in considering 
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all the evidence before him or her — including many of the factors in this case — and such a 

decision must not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.”). 

{¶31} An abuse of discretion “connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies 

that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 

Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). When applying the abuse of discretion standard 

of review, we must not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. In re Jane Doe I, 57 

Ohio St.3d 135, 138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991). We must presume the findings of the trial court 

are correct because the trial judge is best able to observe the witnesses and use those observations 

in weighing the credibility of the testimony. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 

81, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). 

{¶32} In regard to the abuse-of-discretion standard for a change of custody, Davis

explained it as follows: 

Where an award of custody is supported by a substantial amount of credible and 

competent evidence, such an award will not be reversed as being against the 

weight of the evidence by a reviewing court. The reason for this standard of 

review is that the trial judge has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, 

attitude, and credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on 

the written page. * * * The underlying rationale of giving deference to the 

findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able 

to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, 

and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony. 

* * * A reviewing court should not reverse a decision simply because it holds a 

different opinion concerning the credibility of the witnesses and evidence 

submitted before the trial court. A finding of an error in law is a legitimate 

ground for reversal, but a difference of opinion on credibility of witnesses and 

evidence is not. The determination of credibility of testimony and evidence must 

not be encroached upon by a reviewing tribunal, especially to the extent where the 

appellate court relies on unchallenged, excluded evidence in order to justify its 

reversal. * * * This is even more crucial in a child custody case, where there 

may be much evident in the parties’ demeanor and attitude that does not translate 

to the record well. 
12

(Internal citations omitted.) Id. at 418-419. 

{¶33} As mentioned, the trial court denied Mother’s request for a change of custody as to 

both children. Relative to J.H., her younger child, the juvenile court also denied Mother’s 

request for visitation with him. However, relative to the older child, K.M., the trial court 

allowed Mother visitation on Saturdays, from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. 

Custody 

{¶34} The trial court determined that the evidence was insufficient to warrant a change of 

custody as to either child — that is, there was no change of circumstance in the children’s present 

custodial arrangement that would warrant a change, and it was not in their best interests to 

change custody. We uphold the trial court’s decision. 

{¶35} In regard to J.H., the record demonstrates that Mother and K.M. were homeless and 

living in a vehicle immediately preceding J.H.’s birth in August 2012. J.H. experienced 

complications at birth, and required an extended hospital stay. Because of the extended stay, 

Mother and K.M. were able to obtain housing at the Ronald McDonald House, a housing facility 

for families of patients in the hospital where J.H. was — the “house” is within walking distance 

of the hospital. However, Mother infrequently visited J.H. during his hospitalization. It was 

during this time that the Cuyahoga County Department of Children and Family Services 

(“CCDCFS”) initiated proceedings regarding the children. J.H. was discharged from the 

hospital in January 2013, and as of the time of the October 2017 hearing relative to this appeal, 

Mother had not visited with him since his discharge. 
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{¶36} The record demonstrates that J.H. has significant medical and developmental 

issues. The record further demonstrates that his custodian is very involved with his medical and 

developmental care, and that J.H. is “extremely” bonded to her. Although he is considered 

“medically fragile,” as of the time of the hearing, he was in preschool and was making strides. 

{¶37} The children’s GAL visited J.H. in several settings — at home, at school, and in 

the hospital — and found that the interactions among him, his custodians, and other people in the 

custodian’s home were “appropriate and loving.” According to the GAL, J.H. was “thriving” in 

his present environment. 

{¶38} Mother did not present evidence to the contrary. Essentially, she and J.H. were 

“strangers” at the time of the hearing — she had minimal involvement with him while he was 

hospitalized and no interaction with him after he was discharged. She made accusations about 

J.H.’s custodian, but when asked to elaborate on them at the hearing she merely replied that she 

“just knew there were issues, but she would rather not get into them.” 

{¶39} On this record, there was no change of circumstance in J.H’s custodial arrangement 

that would warrant a change, and it was not in his best interest to change custody. 

{¶40} Relative to K.M., the record demonstrates that K.M. and Mother did have a 

relationship. However, when K.M. was living with Mother, he was not regularly attending 

school, which caused him, at the time of the hearing, to be two years behind where he should 

have been in school. Since being in uncle’s custody, K.M. was regularly attending school, was 

doing well, and hoped to soon be placed in the appropriate grade for his age. 

{¶41} Mother stated that she had concerns about alcohol and drug use, and fighting in 

uncle’s home. K.M. reported that there was some fighting in the home, but that he knew that 
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Mother did not have much money and wished to continue visitation with her, as opposed to 

living with her. The GAL made multiple visits to uncle’s home — both announced and 

unannounced — and found the home to be “appropriate and safe.” 

{¶42} Both the GAL and uncle had concerns about Mother having custody of K.M. One 

of their main concerns was that he may lose the gains he had made educationally. Of further 

concern was that Mother had no income and did not drive. 

{¶43} The record did not support Mother’s allegations about alcohol and drug use in the 

home. And although the record supports Mother’s allegation that there was “fighting” in the 

home, the record also demonstrates that K.M. was doing well in the home and wanted to stay 

there. On this record, there was no change of circumstance in K.M’s custodial arrangement that 

would warrant a change, and it was not in his best interests to change custody. 

Visitation 

{¶44} In regard to J.H., as mentioned, he has significant medical and developmental 

issues — his care needs are extensive, and include the ability to monitor and manage his feeding 

G-tube and pump, and get him to his many medical and therapeutic appointments. 

{¶45} After J.H. was born, he was hospitalized for approximately the first five months of 

his life, and during that time, Mother had limited contact with him; therefore, Mother did not, 

among other things, learn how to tend to his medical needs. After his release from the hospital, 

Mother had no contact whatsoever with him. Thus, Mother and J.H. are virtual strangers to 

each other. 

{¶46} One of the difficulties that J.H. had that was noted by the GAL was a change in 

routine. For example, the GAL noted that on one occasion at school, the normal restroom that 
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J.H. used was out of order and he had to go to another restroom, and that caused him “extreme 

confusion and anger.” J.H. also had “extreme difficulty” when his aunt moved to a new house. 

{¶47} As mentioned, Mother never saw J.H. after he was released from the hospital when 

he was an infant. The record indicates, however, that aunt was willing to allow Mother to visit 

with J.H. in aunt’s home, but Mother never contacted her to make the arrangements. 

{¶48} Although aunt told the GAL that she was still open to allowing Mother to visit with 

J.H. in aunt’s home (contrary to her testimony at the hearing), and the GAL recommended 

supervised visitation for Mother with J.H, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion 

by finding that visitation was not in J.H.’s best interest. It is evident from the record that 

Mother had animosity toward aunt, and it was Mother’s belief that she should be able to visit 

with J.H. outside of the presence of aunt. But the record also demonstrates that a visitation 

outside aunt’s presence would not be in J.H.’s best interest. Because of the circumstances 

presented here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in altogether denying Mother’s request 

for visitation. 

{¶49} In regard to her visitation with K.M., Mother contends that the trial court’s order is 

so restrictive that it basically strips her of any visitation with him and was an abuse of discretion. 

 

{¶50} The court granted Mother visitation with K.M. on Saturdays from 10:00 a.m. until 

6:00 p.m., and made arrangements for transportation to and from the visits. On this record, we 

find no abuse of discretion. 

{¶51} The record demonstrates that Mother and K.M. were bonded, and it was K.M.’s 

desire to see Mother. Nonetheless, there were concerns, one in particular being that Mother had 
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previously neglected his educational needs. Therefore, visitation during the week would not 

have seemed to be a wise course for K.M. 

{¶52} Further, there were also concerns raised by uncle and confirmed by K.M., that 

Mother allowed him to leave her house, unsupervised, for extended periods of time. Mother 

also allowed his friends’ parents to pick him up for “play dates” without uncle’s prior knowledge 

and consent. 

{¶53} On this record, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting Mother’s 

visitation with K.M. to Saturdays. 

{¶54} In light of the above, the first, second and third assignments of error are overruled. 

{¶55} The trial court’s judgments are affirmed in toto. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into 

execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE 

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, A.J., and 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR