Appendices A through E

Appendix A: Technical Review Panel (TRP) Members ........................................................................................... A-1

Appendix B: Endorsing Associations for NPSAS:16 ............................................................................................... B-1

Appendix C: Confidentiality for Administrative Record Matching ............................................................................ C-1

Appendix D: Data Security Language for Vendor Contracts ................................................................................... D-1

Appendix E: Previous Studies Based on NPSAS, B&B, and BPS Data.................................................................. E-1
A-1

Appendix A

Technical Review Panel (TRP) Members
A-2

Technical Review Panel

Jeff Allum

Director, Research and Policy Analysis

Council of Graduate Schools

One Dupont Circle NW

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)223-3791

Email: jallum@cgs.nche.edu

Michelle Appel

Director, Enrollment Policy & Planning – IRPA

University of Maryland

1101 Mitchell Building

College Park, MD 20742

Phone: (301)405-0475

Email: mappel@umd.edu

Terry Bazan

Executive Director of Student Assistance

Austin Community College

5930 Middle Fiskville Road

Austin, TX 78752

Phone: (512)223-7550

Email: tbazan@austincc.edu

Vasilios Bournas

Senior Reporting & Policy Research Analyst

DeVry Education Group

3005 Highland Parkway

Downers Grove, IL 60515

Phone: (630)515-5463

Email: vbournas@devrygroup.com

Alberto Cabrera

Professor

University of Maryland

3112 Benjamin Building

College Park, MD 20742

Phone: (301)405-2875

Email: cabrera@umd.edu

Margaret Cahalan

Vice President for Research & Director 

The Pell Institute, Council for Opportunity in Education

1025 Vermont Avenue NW

Suite 1020 

Washington, DC 20005

Phone: (202)347-7430

Email: margaret.cahalan@pellinstitute.org

Colleen Campbell

Research Analyst

Institute for Higher Education Policy

1825 K Street NW

Suite 720 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)861-8223

Email: ccampbell@ihep.org

Julia Carpenter-Hubin

Assistant Vice President, IR and Planning

Ohio State University

383 Bricker Hall

230 North Oval Mall 

Columbus, OH 43210

Phone: (614)292-5915

Email: carpenter-hubin.16@osu.edu

Deborah Floyd

Interim Dean, Graduate College & Professor, Higher Ed

Florida Atlantic University

777 Glades Road

SU 80 Graduate College 

Boca Raton, FL 33431

Phone: (954)649-0344

Email: dfloyd@fau.edu

Donald Heller

Dean, College of Education

Michigan State Univeristy

501 Erickson Hall

620 Farm Lane 

East Lansing, MI 48824

Phone: (517)355-1734

Email: dheller@msu.edu

Brad Hershbein

Economist

W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

300 South Westnedge Avenue

Kalamazoo, MI 49007

Phone: (269)385-0437

Email: hershbein@upjohn.org
A-3

Nick Hillman

Assistant Professor

University of Wisconsin

1000 Bascom Mall

Room 249 

Madison, WI 53706

Phone: (608)262-3106

Email: nwhillman@wisc.edu

Alexander McCormick

Associate Professor

Center for Postsecondary Research

Indiana University, Bloomington

1900 East 10th Street, Suite 419 

Bloomington, IN 47405

Phone: (812)856-4435

Email: amcc@indiana.edu

Catherine Millett

Senior Research Scientist

Educational Testing Service

660 Rosedale Road

MS 01-R 

Princeton, NJ 08541

Phone: (609)240-2556

Email: cmillett@ets.org

Christopher Mullin

Assistant Vice Chancellor, Policy & Research

State University Systerm of Florida, Board of Governors

325 West Gaines Street

Suite 1602C 

Tallahassee, FL 32399

Phone: (850)245-0031

Email: christopher.mullin@flbog.edu

Christopher Nellum

Senior Policy Analyst

American Council on Education

One Dupont Circle NW

Suite 1B 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)939-9405

Email: cnellum@acenet.edu

Patrick Perry

Executive Vice Chancellor

California Community Colleges

1102 Q Street

Sacramento, CA 95811

Phone: (916)832-1328

Email: pperry@cccco.edu

Kent Phillippe

Associate Vice President, Research & Student Success

American Association of Community Colleges

One Dupont Circle NW

Suite 410 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)416-4505

Email: kphillippe@aacc.nche.edu

Matt Reed

Program Director

The Institute for College Access and Success

405 14th Street

Suite 1100 

Oakland, CA 94612

Phone: (510)318-7900

Email: mreed@ticas.org

Steven Rivkin

Professor

University of Illinois - Chicago

601 South Morgan Street

Chicago, IL 60607

Phone: (312)413-2368

Email: sgrivkin@uic.edu

Hal Salzman

Professor

Rutgers University

Heldrich Center Workforce Development

30 Livingston Avenue 

New Brunswick, NJ 08901

Phone: (978)929-9503

Email: hsalzman@rutgers.edu

Kurt Slobodzian

Vice President, Research

Nexus Research and Policy Center

5662 South Amberwood Drive

Chandler, AZ 85248

Phone: (602)568-1178

Email: kurt.slobodzian@nexusresearch.org

Jeff Strohl

Director of Research

Georgetown University Center on Education and the 

Workforce

3300 White Haven, Suite 5000

Washington, DC 20007

Phone: (202)687-4945

Email: js787@georgetown.edu
A-4

Randy Swing

Executive Director

Association for Institutional Research

1435 East Piedmont Drive

Tallahassee, FL 32308

Phone: (850)385-4155

Email: rswing@airweb.org

Omari Swinton

Associate Professor

Howard University, Department of Economics

2400 6th Street NW

ASB-B, Room 319 

Washington, DC 20059

Phone: (202)806-6774

Email: oswinton@howard.edu

Marvin Titus

Associate Professor

University of Maryland

2200 Benjamin Building

Room 3209 

College Park, MD 20742

Phone: (301)405-2220

Email: mtitus@umd.edu

Christine Tracy

Director of Research

Association for Private Sector Colleges and Universities

1100 Connecticut Avenue NW

Suite 900 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)336-6804

Email: chris.tracy@apscu.org

Paul Umbach

Professor

North Carolina State University

300 Poe Hall, Box 7801 

Raleigh, NC 27695

Phone: (919)515-9366

Email: paul_umbach@ncsu.edu

Jeff Webster

Assistant Vice President

TG Research and Analytical Services

PO Box 83100

Round Rock, TX 78681

Phone: (512)219-4504

Email: jeff.webster@tgslc.org

Federal Panelists

Dori Allard

Chief, Division of Labor Force Statistics

Bureau of Labor Statistics

2 Massachusetts Avenue NE

Suite 4675 

Washington, DC 20212

Phone: (202)691-6470

Email: allard.dorinda@bls.gov

Xiaoling Ang

Economist, Office of Research

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

1275 First Street NE

Suite 827-C 

Washington, DC 20002

Phone: (202)435-7686

Email: xiaoling.ang@cfpb.gov

Donald Conner

U.S. Department of Education, OPE

1990 K Street NW

Room 8030 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7818

Email: donald.conner@ed.gov

Daniel Goldenberg

Management and Program Analyst

U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Room 5W308 

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)401-3562

Email: daniel.goldenberg@ed.gov

Nimmi Kannankutty

Senior Advisor

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard

Suite 965 S 

Arlington, VA 22230

Phone: (703)292-7797

Email: nkannank@nsf.gov
A-5

Kashka Kubzdela

OMB Liaison

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9014 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7411

Email: kashka.kubzdela@ed.gov

John Mingus

Assistant Director

General Accounting Office

U.S. Government Accountability Office

441 G Street NW 

Washington, DC 20548

Phone: (202)512-4987

Email: mingusj@gao.gov

Jon O'Bergh

Senior Policy Advisor

U.S. Department of Education, Office of the 

Undersecretary

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)260-8568

Email: jon.obergh@ed.gov

Jeffrey Owings

Associate Commissioner

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9114 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7423

Email: jeffrey.owings@ed.gov

Daniel Pollard

Lead Management and Program Analyst

U.S. Department of Education, FSA

830 First Street NE

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)377-3389

Email: daniel.pollard@ed.gov

Richard Reeves

Branch Chief

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 8113A 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7436

Email: richard.reeves@ed.gov

Emilda Rivers

Program Director

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard

Suite 965 S 

Arlington, VA 22230

Phone: (703)292-7773

Email: erivers@nsf.gov

David Smole

Specialist in Education Policy

Congressional Research Service

101 Independence Avenue SE

Mail Stop 7440 

Washington, DC 20003

Phone: (202)707-0624

Email: dsmole@crs.loc.gov

Matthew Valerius

Education Program Specialist

U.S. Department of Education

500 12th Street SW

Office 11-135 

Washington, DC 20536

Phone: (202)245-7859

Email: matthew.valerius@ed.gov

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

Sample Surveys Division

Chris Chapman

Associate Commissioner, Sample Surveys Divisions

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW,

Room 9042 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7414

Email: chris.chapman@ed.gov
A-6

Elise Christopher

Project Officer, ELS:2002 & HSLS:09

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9030 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7899

Email: elise.christopher@ed.gov

Sarah Crissey

Research Scientist

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9026 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7395

Email: sarah.crissey@ed.gov

Tracy Hunt-White

Education Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9018 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7438

Email: tracy.hunt-white@ed.gov

Sean Simone

Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9025 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7367

Email: sean.simone@ed.gov

Ted Socha

Statistician, B&B Project Officer

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9028 

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: 202-502-7383

Email: ted.socha@ed.gov

RTI International

Melissa Cominole

Project Director, B&B:08/12

RTI International

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)990-8456

Email: mcominole@rti.org

Kristin Dudley

Research Programmer Analyst

RTI International

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6855

Email: marvill@rti.org

Emily Forrest Cataldi

Research Education Analyst

RTI International

3916 78th Street

Urbandale, IA 50322

Phone: (919)597-5178

Email: ecataldi@rti.org

Natasha Janson

Research Education Analyst

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)316-3394

Email: njanson@rti.org

David Radwin

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue

Suite 800 

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8274

Email: dradwin@rti.org
A-7

Bryan Shepherd

Research Education Analyst

RTI International

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)316-3482

Email: bshepherd@rti.org

Peter Siegel

Senior Statistician

RTI International

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6348

Email: siegel@rti.org

Sandra Staklis

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

1618 SW First Avenue

Suite 300 

Portland, OR 97201

Phone: (503)428-5676

Email: sstaklis@rti.org

Jennifer Wine

Senior Director, Program in Education Survey Design

RTI International

3040 East Cornwallis Road

P.O. Box 12194 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6870

Email: jennifer@rti.org

Jennie Woo

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue

Suite 800 

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: 510-665-8276

Email: jwoo@rti.org

Consultants

Sandy Baum

Consultant

George Washington University and Urban Institute

161 East Chicago Avenue

#45C 

Chicago, IL 60611

Phone: (518)369-3774

Email: sbaum@email.gwu.edu

Alisa Cunningham

Consultant

Alisa Federico Cunningham, LLC

613 4th Street NW

Washington, DC 20002

Phone: (202)413-5381

Email: afc0029@yahoo.com

Stephen Porter

Professor

North Carolina State University

6416 Northwyck Place

Raleigh, NC 27609

Phone: (860)328-0154

Email: porterstephenr@gmail.com
B-1

Appendix B

Endorsing Associations for NPSAS:16
B-2

The following organizations have confirmed that they have endorsed NPSAS:16 :

ACPA--College Student Educators Network International

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers

American Association of Community Colleges

American Association of State Colleges and Universities

American Council On Education

Association for Institutional Research

Association of American Colleges and Universities

Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities

Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities 

Association of Public and Land-grant Universities

The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

The College Board

Council of Graduate Schools

The Council of Independent Colleges

Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities

Midwestern Higher Education Compact

NASPA-Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education

National Association of College and University Business Officers

National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities

National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators

New England Board of Higher Education

Southern Regional Education Board

State Higher Education Executive Officers

The United Negro College Fund

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education
C-1

Appendix C

Confidentiality for Administrative Record Matching
C-2

C.1 Develop Linkages with Administrative Data Sources

Linkages will be developed with existing data sources to supplement the 2015-16 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16) student data, during both the field test (2015) and full-scale 

(2016) collections. NCES recognizes the great value added to the NPSAS:16 data file with the addition of data 

from specific administrative data sources as certain data, such as specific financial aid amounts and associated 

dates, can only be accurately obtained from sources other than the student or parent. Our postsecondary 

studies, including previous NPSAS studies, Beginning Postsecondary Student (BPS), and Baccalaureate and 

Beyond (B&B), have included file merges with many existing sources of valuable data, including Department 

of Education’s (ED) Central Processing System (CPS) for Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) 

data, the National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS), and ACT. For this study, we plan to perform file 

merges with the following datasets: CPS, NSLDS, ACT, SAT, and National Student Clearinghouse.

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (34 CFR Part 99) allows the disclosure of 

information without prior consent for the purposes of NPSAS:16 according to the following excerpts: 34 

CFR § 99.31 asks, “Under what conditions is prior consent not required to disclose information?” and 

explains in 34 CFR § 99.31(a) that “An educational agency or institution may disclose personally identifiable 

information from an education record of a student without the consent required by §99.30 if the disclosure 

meets one or more” of several conditions. These conditions include, at 34 CFR § 99.31(a)(3):

The disclosure is, subject to the requirements of §99.35, to authorized representatives of--

(i) The Comptroller General of the United States;

(ii) The Attorney General of the United States;

(iii) The Secretary; or

(iv) State and local educational authorities. 

NPSAS:16 is collecting data under the Secretary’s authority. Any personally identifiable information is 

collected with adherence to the security protocol detailed in 34 CFR § 99.35:

(a)(1) Authorized representatives of the officials or agencies headed by officials listed in §99.31(a)(3) may have access to 

education records in connection with an audit or evaluation of Federal or State supported education programs, or for the 

enforcement of or compliance with Federal legal requirements that relate to those programs.

(2) The State or local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) is responsible for 

using reasonable methods to ensure to the greatest extent practicable that any entity or individual designated as its 

authorized representative—

(i) Uses personally identifiable information only to carry out an audit or evaluation of Federal- or State-supported 

education programs, or for the enforcement of or compliance with Federal legal requirements related to these programs;

(ii) Protects the personally identifiable information from further disclosures or other uses, except as authorized in 

paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and

(iii) Destroys the personally identifiable information in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this 

section.

(b) Information that is collected under paragraph (a) of this section must—

(1) Be protected in a manner that does not permit personal identification of individuals by anyone other than the State or 

local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) and their authorized representatives, 

except that the State or local educational authority or agency headed by an official listed in §99.31(a)(3) may make 

further disclosures of personally identifiable information from education records on behalf of the educational agency or 

institution in accordance with the requirements of §99.33(b); and
C-3

(2) Be destroyed when no longer needed for the purposes listed in paragraph (a) of this section.

As part of initial sampling activities, we will ask participating institutions to provide SSNs for all 

students on their enrollment list. Having an initial list of all student SSNs minimizes the time and burden on 

both the institutions and the data collection contractor. Institutions will only have to provide one enrollment 

list; if the SSNs were provided only for those students selected, the institutions would have to provide two 

separate enrollment lists. Immediately after the student sample is selected, the SSNs for non-selected students 

will be securely discarded. 

Secure Data Transfers. NCES has set up a secure data transfer system, using the NCES member 

site with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology, described above. The contractor will use this electronic 

system for submitting data containing potentially identifying information (such as SSNs, names, and dates of 

birth of our sample members) along with their survey ID (not the same ID that is available on the restricteduse data). Before being transmitted, files will be encrypted using FIPS 140-2 validated encryption tools. Data 

will be received from the NCES system as well. The system requires that both parties to the transfer be 

registered users of the NCES Members Site and that their Members Site privileges be set to allow use of the 

secure data transfer service as described above. This process will be used for all file matching procedures 

described below, except in instances when the vendor already has a secure data transfer system in place.

C.2 File Merge with ED Central Processing System (CPS) 

File merges will be performed with the CPS data containing federal student aid application 

information by the data collection contractor. The merge with CPS can occur at any time for any number of 

cases, provided that the case has an apparently valid SSN associated with it. A file will be sent to CPS and in 

return a large data file containing all students who applied for federal aid will be received. The data collection 

contractor has programs and procedures in place to prepare and submit files according to rigorous CPS 

standards, and to receive and process data obtained from CPS. 

A file will be electronically uploaded on the FAFSA secure web-site for matching which contains SSN 

and the first 2 letters of the sample member’s last name (but no other information). Access to the site for the 

upload is restricted to authorized users who are registered and provide identification/authentication 

information (SSN, DOB, and personal identification number [PIN]) to the FAFSA data site. The file is 

retrieved by the Central Processing System or CPS (the FAFSA contractor data system) for linkage. The 

linked file, containing student aid applications for matched records, is then made available to us only through 

a secure connection (EdConnect) which requires username and password. All CPS files will be processed, 

edited, and documented for inclusion on the analytic data files. All CPS files will be processed, edited, and 

documented for inclusion in the final restricted use file (RUF).

C.3 File Merge with National Student Loan Data System Disbursement 

A file merge will be conducted by the data collection contractor with the NSLDS to collect federal 

loan and Pell grant data. The resulting file will contain cumulative amounts for each student’s entire 

postsecondary education enrollment. NCES has set up a secure data transfer system that uses their NCES 

member site and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology. The system requires that both parties to the transfer 

be registered users of the NCES Members Site and that their Members Site privileges be set to allow use of 

the secure data transfer service. These privileges are set up and carefully controlled by the ED’s Institute of 

Education Sciences (IES) NCES Chief Technology Officer (CTO), a service designed by ED/NCES 

specifically for the secure transfer of electronic files containing personally identifying information (i.e., data 

protected under the Privacy Act or otherwise posing risk of disclosure), and can be used for NCES-toContractor; Contractor-to-Subcontractor; Subcontractor-to-Contractor; and Contractor-to-Other-Agency 

data transfers. The party uploading the information onto the secure server at NCES is responsible for deleting 

the file(s) after the successful transfer has been confirmed. Data transfers using this system will include 
C-4

notification to the ED/IES, the NCES CTO, and the NCES Deputy Commissioner as well as the 

ED/NCES project officer. The notification will include the names and affiliations of the parties in the data 

exchange/transfer and the nature and approximate size of the data to be transferred. Programs have been 

developed to create the files for the merge and also to read the data receive. All matching processes are 

initiated by the data collection staff providing a file with one record per sample member to be merged. 

C.4 File Merge with ACT

To obtain valuable admissions test data, a file merge will be performed with American College Testing 

(ACT) data by the data collection contractor. The approach for this file matching will be similar to those described 

in the sections on CPS and NSLDS file merging. This matching process has been used since NPSAS:96. 

Matching of students to ACT requires Social Security number (SSN), name and date of birth to assist 

the data vendor in performing confirmatory data quality checks. This process will be initiated by providing a 

file with one record per SSN. The same procedures will be used as described above for the NSLDS linkage: 

creating a password-protected, encrypted file using FIPS 140-2 validated encryption tools; uploading the 

electronic file on the NCES server for pick-up by ACT. ACT will process the data on their database and 

provide the matched data on the NCES server for our secure download. This file merge will only be 

conducted during the full-scale study.

C.5 File Merge with the College Board

To obtain SAT data, a file merge will be performed with the College Board by the data collection 

contractor. Matching of students to SAT data requires Social Security number (SSN), name and date of birth 

to assist the data vendor in performing confirmatory data quality checks. This process will be initiated by 

providing a file with one record per SSN. The same procedures will be used as described above for the 

NSLDS linkage: creating a password-protected, encrypted file using FIPS 140-2 validated encryption tools; 

uploading the electronic file on the NCES server for pick-up by the College Board. The College Board will 

process the data on their database and provide the matched data on the NCES server for our secure 

download. This file merge will only be conducted during the full-scale study.

C.6 File Merge with the National Student Clearinghouse

The National Student Clearinghouse will be used to obtain the Student Tracker data on institutions 

attended, enrollment dates, and degree completions for the NPSAS:16 sample. 

The data collection contractor will first set up an account with the Clearinghouse which will enable 

sending and receiving of files securely over encrypted FTPS connections. The file containing sensitive student 

identifiers (name, date of birth, and Social Security number) will be encrypted using FIPS 140-2 validated 

encryption tools then submitted to the Clearinghouse using their secure FTP site. All files received by the 

Clearinghouse will be securely stored using FIPS 140-2 validated AES encryption, the US federal encryption 

standard. Matched files, containing data on enrollment dates, institution names, and degrees completed, will 

be returned to the data collection contractor using the same secure FTP site.

C.7 Processing Administrative Data

We propose to send files for matching after the student record abstractions are completed to ensure 

the availability of the maximum number of verified Social Security numbers and to facilitate the batch mode 

processing that is suitable to many of these resources. We may need to match to a source (for example, CPS 

or NSLDS) more than once.
C-5

The data from all of these sources, as allowed by the vendor, will be delivered for inclusion on the 

RUF and will be useful for creating derived variables. The derived variables will be available on PowerStats 

and QuickStats, and both direct-pull and derived variables will be documented thoroughly. 
D-1

Appendix D

Data Security Language for Vendor Contracts
D-2

Data Security Requirements

a) Contractor shall use data supplied to them by Company for the specific purpose included in the 

corresponding Statements of Work only.

b) Contractor will protect all data supplied to them by Company as specifically stated in Exhibit C, 

below.

c) Unless otherwise agreed to, Contractor will promptly and properly destroy data supplied to them by 

Company upon the Statement of Work completion date.

EXHIBIT C

COMPANY INFORMATION SECURITY REQUIREMENTS

A. Definitions.

“Business Contact Information” is defined as name, job title, department name, company name, 

business telephone, business fax number, and business email address.

“COMPANY Confidential Information” as defined in the Agreement.

“Information Processing System(s)” is defined as the individual and collective electronic, mechanical, 

or software components of CONTRACTOR operations that store and/or process COMPANY 

Confidential Information.

“Information Security Event” is defined as any situation where COMPANY Confidential Information 

is lost; is subject to unauthorized or inappropriate access, use, or misuse; the security, confidentiality, 

or integrity of the information is compromised; or the availability of CONTRACTOR Information 

Processing Systems is compromised by external attack.

“Security Breach” is defined as an unauthorized access to CONTRACTOR’s facilities, Information 

Processing Systems or networks used to service, store, or access COMPANY Confidential 

Information, provided such unauthorized access exposes COMPANY Confidential Information or 

provided CONTRACTOR is required to report such unauthorized access to appropriate legal or 

regulatory agencies or affected COMPANY members. 

“Industry best practice” is defined by the information security guidelines prepared by the PCI Security 

Standards Council and documented in the PCI DSS requirements as well as standards and guidelines 

prepared by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC)

B. Security and Confidentiality.

Before receiving, or continuing to receive, COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR 

will implement and maintain an information security program that ensures: 1) COMPANY’s 

Confidential Information and CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems are protected from 

internal and external security threats; and 2) that COMPANY Confidential Information is protected 

from unauthorized disclosure.

C. Security Policy.

a. Formal Security Policy. Consistent with the requirement of this Attachment, 

CONTRACTOR will create an information security policy that is approved by 

CONTRACTOR’s management, published and communicated to all CONTRACTOR’s 

employees. Such information security policy may be reviewed by COMPANY at 

CONTRACTOR’s place of business pursuant to confidentiality obligations.
D-3

b. Security Policy Review. CONTRACTOR will review the information security policy at 

planned intervals or if significant changes occur to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy, 

and effectiveness.

D. Asset Management.

a. Asset Inventory. CONTRACTOR shall have the ability to identify the location of all 

CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and media containing COMPANY 

Confidential Information.

b. Acceptable Use. CONTRACTOR will implement rules for the acceptable use of information 

and assets which is no less restrictive than industry best practice and consistent with the 

requirements of this Attachment.

c. Equipment Use While on COMPANY Premises. While on COMPANY’s premises, 

CONTRACTOR will not connect hardware (physically or via a wireless connection) to 

COMPANY systems unless necessary for CONTRACTOR to perform Services under this 

Agreement. This hardware must be inspected / scanned by COMPANY before use.

d. Portable Devices. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the exception of Business 

Contact Information, may not be stored on portable devices including, but not limited to, 

laptops, external hard drives, Personal Digital Assistants, MP3 devices, and USB devices.

e. Personally-owned Equipment. COMPANY Confidential Information, with the exception of 

Business Contact Information, may not be stored on personally-owned equipment.

E. Human Resources Security.

a. Security Awareness Training. Prior to CONTRACTOR employees receiving access to 

COMPANY Confidential Information, they will receive security awareness training 

appropriate to their job function. CONTRACTOR will also ensure that recurring security 

awareness training is performed.

b. Removal of access Rights. The access rights of all CONTRACTOR employees to 

CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems or media containing COMPANY 

Confidential Information will be removed immediately upon termination of their 

employment, contract or agreement, or adjusted upon change.

F. Physical and Environmental Security.

a. Secure Areas. CONTRACTOR will secure all areas, including loading docks, holding areas, 

telecommunications areas, cabling areas and off-site areas that contain Information Processing 

Systems or media containing COMPANY Confidential Information by the use of appropriate 

security controls in order to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed access and to 

prevent damage and interference. The following controls will be implemented:

i. Access will be controlled and restricted by use of a defined security perimeter, 

appropriate security barriers, entry controls and authentication controls. A record of 

all accesses will be securely maintained.

ii. All personnel will be required to wear some form of visible identification to identify 

them as employees, contractors, visitors, et cetera. 

iii. Visitors to secure areas will be supervised, or cleared for non-escorted accessed via an

appropriate background check. Their date and time of entry and departure will be 

recorded.
D-4

b. Environmental Security. CONTRACTOR will protect equipment from power failures and 

other disruptions caused by failures in supporting utilities.

G. Communications and Operations Management.

a. Protections Against Malicious Code. CONTRACTOR will implement detection, prevention, 

and recovery controls to protect against malicious software, which is no less than current 

industry best practice and perform appropriate employee training on the prevention and 

detection of malicious software.

b. Back-ups. CONTRACTOR will perform appropriate back-ups of CONTRACTOR 

Information Processing Systems and media containing COMPANY Confidential Information 

as required in order to ensure services and service levels described in this Statement of Work.

c. Media and Information Handling. CONTRACTOR will protect against unauthorized access 

or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information contained on media by use of a media 

control management program and provide a copy of the program to COMPANY.

i. COMPANY input and result code data can be stored as Audit Data in a SQLServer table. 

All Audit Data on this SQLServer table can only be accessed for up to 180 days. After 180 

days the Audit Data in the SQLServer table is automatically destroyed.

d. Media and Information Disposal. CONTRACTOR will securely and safely dispose of 

COMPANY Confidential Information that resides on media (including but not limited to hard 

copies, disks, CDs, DVDs, optical disks, USB devices, hard drives) upon the Statement of 

Work completion date using establishment of procedures to include, but not be limited to: 

i. Disposing of COMPANY Confidential Information on mediaso that it is rendered 

unreadable or undecipherable, such as by burning, shredding, pulverizing or 

overwriting in compliance with DoD Standard 5220.22-M.

ii. Maintaining a secured disposal log that provides an audit trail of disposal activities.

iii. Purging COMPANY Confidential Information from all CONTRACTOR’s physical 

storage mediums (filing cabinets, drawers, et cetera.) and from all Information 

Processing Systems, including back-up systems, within thirty (30) days of the latest 

occurrence of following: upon termination of this agreement; or as soon as the 

COMPANY Confidential Information is no longer required to perform services under 

this Statement of Work.

iv. Providing a Certificate of Destruction to COMPANY certifying that all COMPANY 

Confidential Information was purged. The certificate will be provided to COMPANY 

within ten (10) business days after the information was purged.

e. Exchange of Information. To protect confidentiality and integrity of COMPANY 

Confidential Information in transit, CONTRACTOR will:

i. Perform an inventory, analysis and risk assessment of all data exchange channels 

(including but not limited to FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, modem, and fax) to 

identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential Information from these 

channels.

ii. Monitor and inspect all data exchange channels to detect unauthorized information 

releases.

iii. Ensure that appropriate security controls using approved data exchange channels are 

employed when exchanging COMPANY Confidential Information.
D-5

iv. If COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR 

electronically, then CONTRACTOR must employ industry standard encryption 

security measures (minimum standard of NIST’s FIPS 140-2) to encrypt COMPANY 

Confidential Information prior to transmitting via the Internet. Otherwise, 

COMPANY Confidential Information can only be sent to CONTRACTOR using an 

encrypted (minimum standard NIST’s FIPS 140-2) CD-ROM sent via courier service 

with a tracking number.

v. Ensure that information (including persistent cookies) about COMPANY customers, 

members or employees is not harvested by CONTRACTOR web pages except for 

purposes of this Agreement. 

f. Monitoring. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential 

Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, CONTRACTOR 

will:

i. Employ current industry best practice security controls and tools to monitor 

Information Processing Systems and log user activities, exceptions, unauthorized 

information processing activities, suspicious activities and information security events. 

Logging facilities and log information will be protected against tampering and 

unauthorized access. Logs will be kept for at least 90 days.

ii. Perform frequent reviews of logs and take necessary actions to protect against

unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY Confidential Information.

iii. At COMPANY’s request, make logs available to COMPANY to assist in 

investigations of security breaches.

iv. Comply with all relevant legal requirements applicable to monitoring and logging 

activities.

v. Ensure that the clocks of all relevant information processing systems are synchronized 

using a national or international time source.

H. Access Control.

a. User access Management. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY 

Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, 

CONTRACTOR will:

i. Employ a formal user registration and de-registration procedure for granting and 

revoking access and access rights to all CONTRACTOR Information Processing 

Systems.

ii. Employ a formal password management process.

iii. Perform recurring reviews of users’ access and access rights to ensure that they are 

appropriate for the users’ role.

b. User Responsibilities. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of COMPANY 

Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems, 

CONTRACTOR will:

i. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems users follow current 

security practices in the selection and use of strong passwords.

ii. Ensure that unattended equipment has appropriate protection to prohibit access and 

use by unauthorized individuals.
D-6

iii. Ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information contained at workstations, 

including but not limited to paper and on display screens is protected from 

unauthorized access.

c. Network access Control. access to internal, external, and public network services that allow 

access to CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems shall be controlled. 

CONTRACTOR will:

i. Ensure that current industry best practice standard authentication mechanisms for 

network users and equipment are in place and updated as necessary.

ii. Ensure electronic perimeter controls are in place to protect CONTRACTOR 

Information Processing Systems from unauthorized access.

iii. Ensure authentication methods are used to control access by remote users.

iv. Ensure physical and logical access to diagnostic and configuration ports is controlled.

d. Operating System access Control. To protect against unauthorized access or misuse of 

COMPANY Confidential Information residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing 

Systems, CONTRACTOR will:

i. Ensure that access to operating systems is controlled by a secure log-on procedure.

ii. Ensure that CONTRACTOR Information Processing System users have a unique 

identifier (user ID).

iii. Ensure that the use of utility programs that are capable of overriding system and 

application controls are highly restricted and tightly controlled.

iv. Ensure that inactive sessions are shut down when technically possible after a defined 

period of inactivity.

v. Employ restrictions on connection times when technically possible to provide 

additional security for high risk applications.

e. Mobile Computing and Remote Working. To protect COMPANY Confidential Information 

residing on CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems from the risks inherent in 

mobile computing and remote working, CONTRACTOR will:

i. Perform a risk assessment to identify and mitigate risks to COMPANY Confidential 

Information from residing on mobile computing and remote access systems.

ii. Develop a policy, operational plans and procedures for managing mobile computing 

and remote access systems to ensure that COMPANY Confidential Information does 

not reside on or are used on these systems.

I. Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Maintenance.

a. Security of System Files. To protect CONTRACTOR Information Processing Systems and 

system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, CONTRACTOR will ensure 

that access to source code is restricted to authorized users who have a direct need to know.

b. Security in Development and Support Processes. To protect CONTRACTOR Information 

Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, 

CONTRACTOR will:

i. Ensure that the implementation of changes is controlled by the use of formal change 

control procedures.
D-7

ii. Employ industry best practice security controls to minimize information leakage.

iii. Employ oversight quality controls and security management of outsourced software 

development.

J. Information Security Incident Management.

Reporting Information Security Events and Weaknesses. To protect CONTRACTOR Information 

Processing Systems and system files containing COMPANY Confidential Information, 

CONTRACTOR will, in the event that Contractor becomes aware of (or reasonably suspects) that 

any information and data obtained pursuant to the Services has been compromised in any manner, 

immediately notify Company via email or telephone call and follow-up on the incident in writing and 

provide all requested information about the event. For purposes of this obligation, “compromise” 

includes suspected or known incidents without limitation: (i) any unauthorized access to information 

and data obtained pursuant to the Services, (ii) any inadvertent disclosure of information and data 

obtained pursuant to the Services to any third party, (iii) any known or suspected misuse of 

information and data obtained pursuant to the Services by any person (even if such person was 

authorized to access such information or data), (iv) any suspected use of information and data 

obtained pursuant to the Services by any person outside of the scope of that person’s authority, and 

(v) any known or suspected alteration of information and data obtained pursuant to the Services other 

than as required or permitted by this Agreement.

a. Information Security Events and Security Breaches: Contractor shall

i. Implement a process to ensure that Information Security Events and Security 

Breaches are reported through appropriate management channels as quickly as 

possible.

ii. Train all employees of information systems and services how to report any observed 

or suspected Information Security Events and Security Breaches.

iii. Notify COMPANY by email (JDavis@RTI.org or by phone (800-334-8571) 

immediately of all suspected Information Security Events and Security Breaches. 

Following any such event or breach, CONTRACTOR will promptly notify 

COMPANY as to the COMPANY Confidential Information affected and the details 

of the event or breach.

K. Business Continuity Management.

a. Business Continuity Management Program. In order to ensure services and service levels 

described in this agreement, CONTRACTOR will:

i. Develop and maintain a process for business continuity throughout the organization 

that addresses the information security requirements needed for the 

CONTRACTOR’s business continuity so that the provision of products and/or 

services provided under the Agreement to COMPANY is uninterrupted.

ii. Identify events that can cause interruptions to business processes, along with the 

probability and impact of such interruptions and their consequences for information 

security.

iii. Develop and implement plans to maintain or restore operations and ensure availability 

of information at the required level and in the required time scales following 

interruption to, or failure of, critical business processes and provide COMPANY a 

copy of the same.
D-8

iv. Test and update Business Continuity Plans regularly to ensure that they are up-to-date 

and effective.

L. Security Assessments. 

a. Initial and Recurring Security Assessments. CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY 

representatives to perform an on-site physical and logical Security Assessment of 

CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities prior to the release of COMPANY 

Confidential Information and each year thereafter. Security Assessments will be performed 

during regular business hours, at a date and time agreed to by both parties, and will not require 

online access to CONTRACTOR’s Information Processing Systems.

b. Security Assessments Following Information Security Events and Security Breaches. 

Following the occurrence of an Information Security Event or Security Breach, 

CONTRACTOR will permit COMPANY representatives to perform an on-site physical and 

logical Security Assessment of CONTRACTOR’s data processing and business facilities to 

assess the impact of the event or breach even if a Security Assessment has been completed 

within the year.

c. Security Assessment Findings. Upon completion of a Security Assessment, COMPANY will 

provide CONTRACTOR with a Security Assessment completion letter that summarizes 

COMPANY’s Security Assessment findings. These findings may identify critical security 

deficiencies identified as “Mandatory” that require immediate correction before COMPANY 

can release, or continue to release, COMPANY Confidential Information to 

CONTRACTOR. CONTRACTOR will implement and continue to maintain all mutually 

agreed upon “Mandatory” security findings. If mutual agreement to “Mandatory” security 

findings cannot be reached, then these issues may be escalated using the dispute resolution 

provisions within this Agreement.
E-1

Appendix E

Previous Studies Based on NPSAS, B&B, 

and BPS Data
E-2

National	Postsecondary	Student	Aid	Study	(NPSAS)	

“NCES”, “ED”, and “EJ” publication numbers are indicated in parenthesis. Publications with an “NCES” 

number may be accessed from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http://nces.ed.gov. 

Publications with “ED” or “EJ” numbers are indexed in the Educational Resources Information Center 

(ERIC) at http://www.askeric.org.

Arranged alphabetically by study and year

2013

Adelman, C. (2013). Searching for Our Lost Associate’s Degrees: Project Win-Win at the Finish Line. Washington, DC: Institute 

for Higher Education Policy.

Alliance for Excellent Education. (2013). Repairing a Broken System: Fixing Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: Author.

Bailey, T. (2012). Developing Input-Adjusted Metrics of Community College Performance. Washington, DC: HCM Strategists, 

LLC.

Baum, S., Kurose, C., and Ma, J. (2013). How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues. Washington, DC: College Board 

Advocacy & Policy Center.

Baum, S., Kurose, C., and McPherson, M. (2013). An Overview of American Higher Education. Postsecondary Education 

in the United States, 23(1): 17–40.

Baum, S., Ma, J., and Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays 2013: the Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society. 

Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Baum, S., and Schwartz, S. (2013). Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment. Washington, DC: George 

Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development.

Baum, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The 

Hamilton Project.

Belfield, C.R. (2013). Student Loans and Repayment Rates: The Role of For-Profit Colleges. Research in Higher Education, 

54(1): 1–29.

Burd, S. (2013). Undermining Pell: How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low-Income Behind. Washington, 

DC: New America Foundation.

Carter, D.F., Locks, A.M., and Winkle-Wagner, R. (2013). From When and Where I Enter: Theoretical and Empirical 

Considerations of Minority Students’ Transition to College. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 28: 

93–149.

Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment. (2013). For-Profit Colleges: Growth, Outcomes, Regulation. 

New York: Author.

Chen, X. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths into and out of STEM Fields (NCES 2014-001). National Center 

for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
E-3

Choitz, V., and Reimherr, P. (2013). Mind the Gap: High Unmet Financial Need Threatens Persistence and Completion for LowIncome Community College Students. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc.

College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. (2013). Rethinking Pell Grants. New York: Author.

Crisp, G., and Delgado, C. (2013). The Impact of Developmental Education on Community College Persistence and 

Vertical Transfer. Community College Review. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://crw.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/05/0091552113516488.abstract.

Dannenberg, M., and Voight, M. (2013). Doing Away With Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College Affordability for 

Low and Middle-Income Families. Washington, DC: The Education Trust.

Daun-Barnett, N.J. (2013). Access to College: A Reconsideration of the National Education Longitudinal Study 

(NELS). Educational Policy, 27(1): 3–32.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Increasing FAFSA Completion Rates: Research, Policies and Practice. Journal of Student Financial 

Aid, 43(1): 38–54.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Federal Pell Grants. 

Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(7): 503–513.

Day, A., Dworsky, A., and Feng, W. (2013, April). An Analysis of Foster Care Placement History and Post-Secondary 

Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education Journal, 19: 1–17.

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 23(1): 

137–164.

Dillman, D.A., and House, C.C. (Eds.). (2013). Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure Survey. 

Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Doyle, W.R. (2013). A New Partnership: Reshaping the Federal and State Commitment to Need-Based Aid. Washington, DC: The 

Committee for Economic Development.

Dynarski, S., and Kreisman, D. (2013). Loans for Educational Opportunity: Making Borrowing Work for Today’s Students. 

Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project.

Dynarski, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research. NBER Working Paper 18710. 

Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Esen, E. (2013). Financial Aid and Student Persistence: A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Journal of Education 

Policy, Planning and Administration, 2(2): 107–116.

Flynn, D. (2013). Baccalaureate Attainment of College Students at 4-Year Institutions as a Function of Student 

Engagement Behaviors: Social and Academic Student Engagement Behaviors Matter. Research in Higher 

Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9321-8.

Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E.W., and Ellison, N.B. (2013). Examining Social Adjustment to College in the Age of Social 

Media: Factors Influencing Successful Transitions and Persistence. Computers & Education, 67: 193–207.
E-4

Guzman, T. (2013). To Choose or Not to Choose: Federal Income Tax Credits and Deductions and College Choice Decisions. 

Research Paper No. 2013-01-01. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University - School of Public and Environmental 

Affairs.

Habersham, S.L. (2013). Dual Enrollment: An Analysis of Persistence, Ethnicity, and Gender. Unpublished dissertation, Capella 

University, Minneapolis. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1412677956.

Hamilton, D.W., and Torraco, R.J. (2013). Integrative Review of the Literature on Adults With Limited Education and 

Skills and the Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development. Retrieved July1, 

2013, from Review http://hrd.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/23/1534484312471135.abstract.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95.

HCM Strategists. (2013). The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Improve College Access, Affordability, and 

Completion. Washington, DC: Author.

HCM Strategists. (2013). Doing Better for More Students: Putting Student Outcomes at the Center of Federal Financial Aid. 

Washington, DC: Author.

Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K.M. (2013). The Distribution of College Graduate Debt, 1990 to 2008: A Decomposition 

Approach. Paper presented at the Conference on Student Loans, Kalamazoo, MI.

Huelsman, M., and Cunningham, A.F. (2013). Making Sense of the System: Financial Aid Reform for the 21st Century Student. 

Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Aligning the Means and the Ends: How to Improve Federal Student Aid and 

Increase College Access and Success. White Paper. Washington, DC: Author.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Strengthening Cal Grants to Better Serve Today’s Students: Analysis and 

Recommendations. Washington, DC: Author.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College 

Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(2)

Karikari, J.A., and Dezhbakhsh, H. (2013). Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable? Education Economics, 

21(1): 60–78.

Kim, Y.M., and Cole, J.S. (2013). Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education. 

Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). For-Profit and Traditional Colleges: Institutional Control, Financial Aid Allocation, and Net Costs. Athens, 

GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps. Athens, GA: University of 

Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-for-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat 

Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic 

Research. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19135.
E-5

Lott II, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political 

Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9301-z.

Lovenheim, M.F., and Owens, E.G. (2013). Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence From Drug 

Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998. NBER Working Paper No. 18749. Cambridge, MA: National 

Bureau of Economic Research.

Lynch, D. (2013). Does Diversity Matter? Evidence From the Relationship Between an Institution’s Diversity and the Salaries of Its 

Graduates. Columbia University, New York.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Deggs, D.M. (2013). Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low-Income Students at 

Public Two-Year Institutions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 15(3): 409–432.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year 

Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85.

Mendoza, P. (2012). Should I Work or Should I Borrow? Counterfactual Analysis on the Effect of Working While 

Enrolled and Debt on Baccalaureate Completion. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 42(2): 25–59.

Mishory, J., and O'Sullivan, R. (2012). The Student Perspective on Federal Financial Aid Reform. Washington, DC: Young 

Invincibles.

Montgomerie, J. (2013). America’s Debt Safety-Net. Public Administration: An International Quarterly. Retrieved July1, 

2013, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02094.x/abstract.

Okahana, H. (2013). Shifting Demand or Just Moving Price?: A Multi-Level Analysis of Student Price Demand for College Education 

and State Policy Preferences. Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved January 27, 

2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371028120.

Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2013). Undergraduate Students’ Preferences for Distance Education by Field of 

Study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16(4). Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter164/pontes_pontes164.html.

Radey, M., and Cheatham, L.P. (2013). Do Single Mothers Take Their Share?: FAFSA Completion Among Aid-Eligible 

Female Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6(4): 261–275.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Characteristics of Certificate Completers with Their Time to Certificate and Labor Market 

Outcomes (NCES 2013-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

(NPSAS:12): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2011-12 (NCES 2013-165). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Reed, M., and Cochrane, D. (2013). Student Debt and the Class of 2012. Washington, DC: The Institute for College Access 

& Success.

Reimherr, P., Harmon, T., Strawn, J., and Choitz, V. (2013). Reforming Student Aid: How to Simplify Tax Aid and Use 

Performance Metrics to Improve College Choices and Completion. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc.
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Ross, P. (2013). Community College Pathways: A Narrative Inquiry with One Student. Open Access Theses and Dissertations 

from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Document 199. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska—

Lincoln.

Ruot, B. (2013). An Investigation of the Six-Year Persistence/Attainment of Independent Students and Students Beginning in 

Community Colleges, 2003–04 – 2008–09: A Closer Look at Academic and Social Integration Factors. Unpublished 

dissertation, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from 

http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413329202.

Santiago, D.A. (2013). Using a Latino Lens to Reimagine Aid Design and Delivery. White Paper. Washington, DC: Excelencia 

in Education.

Santos, J.L., and Sáenz, V.B. (2013). In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o Trends 

in Access and Financial Concerns, 1975–2008. Educational Policy. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

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Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36(1): 51–57.

Simone, S., Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study (NPSAS:12). Price Estimates for Attending Postsecondary Education Institutions (NCES 2014-166). National Center 

for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Smith, K., and Read, K. (2013). Student Characteristics and Summer Enrollment: A Comparison of Earlier Research 

With Findings From Nationally Representative Data. Summer Academe, 7: 1–19.

Sparks, D., and Malkus, N. (2013). First-Year Undergraduate Remedial Coursetaking: 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2007–08 (NCES 

2013-013). National Center Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

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Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
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Wells, R.S., and Lynch, C.M. (2013). Volunteering for College? Potential Implications of Financial Aid Tax Credits 

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Riccobono, J.A., Cominole, M.B, Siegel, P.H., Gabel, T.J, Link, M.W., and Berkner, L. (2002). National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study 1999–2000 [NPSAS:2000] Methodology Report (NCES 2002-152). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Siegel, P.H., Whitmore, R.W., Johnson, R.E., and Yu, D. (2002). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1999–2000 

(NPSAS: 2000), CATI Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report (NCES 2002-03). Working Paper. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Sikora, A. (2002). A Profile of Participation in Distance Education (NCES 2003-154). Statistical Analysis Report. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Wei, C.C, and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002-169). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2001

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2001). What Influences Student Persistence at Two-Year Colleges? Community College Review, 

29(3): 56–76.

Duggan, M. (2001, November 17–20). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. 

Cambridge, MA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional 

Research. (ED460140)

Henry, D.P. (2001). “Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and 

Institutional Analysis.” Dissertation. The College of William and Mary. 

Lee, J.B. (2001). Undergraduates Enrolled With Higher Sticker Prices (NCES 2001-171 ED450678). Statistical Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (2001). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999–2000. 

Education Statistics Quarterly, 3(3): 82–83. (EJ640237)

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Students: A Financial Impact Model.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. (ED459884)

Presley, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (2001). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for Their Education

(NCES 2001-155 ED456686). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2000

Berkner, L., and Bobbitt, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989–90, 1992–93, and 

1995–96 (NCES 2000-151 ED440562). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169 ED440189). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

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Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000). A Comparison of the Influence of Debtload on the Persistence of Students at Public 

and Private Colleges. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30(2): 39–58. (EJ620059)

DeAngelis, S.L. (2000, October). Tuition, Financial Aid, Debt, and Dental Student Attrition. Journal of Student Financial 

Aid, 30(2): 7–21. (EJ620057)

Heller, D.E. (2000, November 16–19). Institutional Scholarship Awards: The Role of Student and Institutional Characteristics. 

Sacramento, CA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. 

(ED448637)

Heller, D.E. (2000, April 24–28). The Role of Race and Gender in the Awarding of Institutional Financial Aid. New Orleans, LA: 

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. (ED442444)

Hergenrother, D.S. (2000). “Gender Bias: An Analysis of the Distribution of Institutional Student Aid.” Ed.D. 

Dissertation. St. John’s University, School of Education and Human Services. 

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence (NCES 2000-

092 ED444329). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

King, J.E. (2000). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program (ED448627). Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 

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Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED445636)

1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, May 30–June 3). Deeper in Debt: The Impact of the 1992 Reauthorization on Student Persistence. 

Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433784)

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, Fall). An Analytical Approach To Understanding Student Debtload Response. Journal of 

Student Financial Aid, 29(3): 25–44. (EJ614953)

Geddes, C. (1999). Learning About Education Through Statistics. Second Edition (NCES 1999-028 ED429127). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Heller, D.E., and Laird, T.F.N. (1999, May 30–June 3). Trends in the Use of Need-Based and Non-Need Financial Aid in 

American Colleges and Universities. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for 

Institutional Research. (ED433757)

Heller, D.E., and Laird, TFN. (1999, Fall). Institutional Need-Based and Non-Need Grants: Trends and Differences 

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Horn, L., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and 

Outcomes (NCES 1999-187 ED431268). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
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King, J.E. (1999). Money Matters: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on How Students Pay for College (ED443364). 

Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy Analysis. 

Lee, J.B., and Suzanne B. Clery. (1999). State Aid for Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. (NCES 1999-186 

ED430484). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Mulugetta, Y. (1999, May 30–June 3). Possible Long-Term Effects of Awarding Merit Aid. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the 

Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433755)

Redd, K.E. (1999). Is There Still a Need for Perkins Loans? Differences in the Demographic Characteristics and Income Levels of 

Perkins and Stafford Loan Borrowers (ED426683). Washington, DC: Sallie Mae Education Institute. 

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES WP1999-11 ED431892). Working Paper. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Somers, P., Cofer, J., Hall, M.M, and Putten, J.V. (1999, November 18–21). A Comparison of the Persistence of African 

American and White Students Using NPSAS: 96. San Antonio, TX: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the 

Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED437872)

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999, Fall). Trends in Student Borrowing.

Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 69–70. (EJ600480)

1998

Berkner, L. (1998). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995–96. With an Essay on Student Loans. (NCES 98-076 

ED424835). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Moskovitz, R. (1998). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1995–96. With Profiles of 

Students in Selected Degree Programs (NCES 98-083 ED419452). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., Moskovitz, R., and Malizio, A.G. (1998). Graduate and First-Professional Students: National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-139 ED421038). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080 ED424830). Statistical Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, 

and Attendance (NCES 98-088 ED418097). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

DeAngelis, S. (1998, Fall). The Influence of Price and Price Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence of Graduate and 

Professional Students. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28(3): 41–57. (EJ584136)

Horn, L.J. (1998). Undergraduates Who Work. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-137 ED421042). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
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Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–96. With an 

Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-084 ED419461]. Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A-M. (1998) Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, with 

Profiles of Students Entering 2- and 4-Year Institutions (NCES 1999-030 ED425684). Descriptive Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Volkwein, J. F., Szelest, B.P., Cabrera, A.F., and Napierski-Prancl, M.R. (1998, March–April). Factors Associated With 

Student Loan Default Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. Journal of Higher Education, 69(2): 206–237. 

(EJ561345)

1997

Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B-S, Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary 

Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources (ED429519). Stanford, CA: 

National Center for Postsecondary Improvement.

Flint, T. (1997, June). Intergenerational Effects of Paying for College. Research in Higher Education, 38(3): 313–344. 

(EJ547652)

Flint, T.A. (1997, May–June ). Predicting Student Loan Defaults. Journal of Higher Education, 68(3): 322–54. (EJ546176)

Ignash, J.M. (Ed.) (1997, Winter). Implementing Effective Policies for Remedial and Developmental Education. New 

Directions for Community Colleges, 25(4). (ED413965)

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1997). Institutional Aid 1992–93 (NCES 98-104 ED413853). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Perna, L.W. (1997). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

(ED415818)

Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., Berkner, L.K, and Malizio, A.G. (1997). 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98-073 ED414341). 

Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wenglinsky, H. (1997). Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Their Aspirations & Accomplishments. Policy 

Information Report. New Jersey: Policy Information Center. (ED415239)

1996

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–93 (NCES 

96­161 ED394473). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Geddes, C. (1996). Learning About Education Through Statistics (NCES 96-871 ED403329). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L.J., and Carroll, C.D. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and 

Attainment Among 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES-97-578 ED402857). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
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Malizio, A.A. (1996). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96: Student Financial Aid Estimates for Federal Aid 

Recipients, 1995–96 (NCES 97-937). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1996). An Exploratory Study of College Purchase Options: How Financial Aid Widens 

Minorities’ Choices (ED402829). Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen

(ED402820). Virginia: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

St. John, E.P., and Others. (1996). The Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence. Research in Higher Education, 

37(2): 175–220. (EJ523071)

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Tax Expenditures. Information on Employer-Provided Educational Assistance. Report to 

the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, DC: Author. (ED403419)

Wells, E.D. (1996). “The Influence of Student Aid and Prices on Within-Year Persistence in the Health Care 

Professions.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of New Orleans.

1995

Boschung, M.D. (1995). “Title IV Student Loans Assumed by Students Enrolled in Four-Year Institutions: A National 

Study of the Factors Predicting Amounts Borrowed.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Alabama.

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M. (1995). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1992–93 With an Essay on 

Student Borrowing. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1992–93 (NCES 96-235 ED389241). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167 ED382122). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Education Resources Institute, and Institute for Higher Education Policy. (1995). College Debt and the American Family 

(ED420228). Massachusetts: Education Resources Institute. 

Flint, T. (1995). Legacies of Paying for College. Illinois: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED387012)

Horn, L.J., and Premo, M. (1995). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1992–93. With an 

Essay on Undergraduates at Risk (NCES 96-237 ED392852). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166 ED383276). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1995). Packaging of Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: 1989–90 (NCES 95-313 ED386083). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (1995). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992–93 (NCES 95-211 

ED392849). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 
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Malizio, A.G. (1995). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1992–93 (NCES 95-746 

ED384292). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–1990 (NCES 95-

173 ED386117). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Merisotis, J.P. (1995). The Next Step: Student Aid for Student Success (ED387069). Washington, DC: Education Resources 

Institute.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1995). An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral Education.

Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. (ED391411)

National Center for Education Statistics. (1995). Net Cost of Attending Postsecondary Education. Indicator of the Month (NCES 

95-786 ED387026). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

National Transition Network. (1995). Provisions for Youth with Disabilities in Higher Education (ED385043). Minneapolis, 

MN: Author. 

Persell, C.H., and Weglinsky, H. (1995). Comparing Proprietary and Non-Profit Vocational Schools: Implications for Educational 

Privatization. American Sociological Association.

St. John, E.P., Starkey, J.B., Paulsen, M.B, and Mbaduagha, L.M. (1995, Summer). The Influences of Prices and Price 

Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools. Educational Evaluation & Policy 

Analysis, 17(2): 149–65. (EJ511049)

Tuma, J. (1995). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992–93, With an Essay on the Costs of Undergraduate Education 

Before and After Student Financial Aid (NCES 95-202 ED389240). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Volkwein, J. F. (1995). Characteristics of Student Loan Defaulters Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. New York: AIR 

1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED386972)

1994

Choy, S.B. (1994). Characteristics of Students Who Borrow To Finance Their Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-310 ED377778). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1994, March). Who Defaults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study. Economics of Education Review, 13(1). (EJ483390)

Fitzgerald, R., and Others. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years Later (NCES 

94-386 ED372691). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Flint, T.A. (1994). “Legacies of Paying for College: The Intergenerational Effects of Financial Support to Attend 

College.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago.

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1994). Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90 (NCES 94-311 

ED374727). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.
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Trammell, M.L. (1994). Estimating the Enrollment Effects of a Mid-Year Surcharge: Using National Price Response Measures in 

Institutional Planning. Louisiana: AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. (ED373660)

St. John, E.P., and Starkey, J.B. (1994). The Influence of Costs on Persistence by Traditional College-Age Students in 

Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 18(2): 201–213.

Starky, J.B. (1994). “The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on the Within-Year Persistence by Part-Time 

Undergraduate Students: A Sequential Analysis.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Tuma, J. (1994). Patterns of Enrollment in Postsecondary Vocational and Academic Education. Journal of Vocational 

Education Research, 19(3): 107–130. (EJ507747)

Volkwein, F.J., and Szelest, B.P. (1994). The Relationship of Student Loan Default to Individual and Campus Characteristics

(ED373616). AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper.

1993

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Financing Undergraduate Education: 1990 (NCES 93-201 ED357728). Statistical Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Quality of Responses in the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 93-446 

ED356718). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Byce, C., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Changes in Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: Fall 1986 to Fall 1989 (NCES 93-157 

ED360902). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1989–90 (NCES 

93­091). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Kaltenbaugh, L.S. (1993). “By African American Students: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Survey of 1987.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Lyn, D.S. (1993). “The Impact of Living in University Residential Housing on Within-Year Persistence by 

Undergraduate Students Attending Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Lyn, J.G. (1993). “The Influence of Being Disabled on Within-Year Persistence by Students Attending Four-year 

Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Tynes, S. F.” (1993). The Relationship of Social, Economic, Academic, and Institutional Characteristics to Persistence 

of Nontraditional Age Students in Higher Education: Implications for Counselors.” Ph.D. Dissertation. 

University of New Orleans.

Wenglinsky, H.H., and Persell, C.H. (1993). The Paradoxes of Educational Privatization: The Case of the Proprietary Schools. 

American Sociological Association. 

1992

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C.M. (1992). Students at Less-Than-4-Year Institutions (NCES 92-206 ED351957). Statistical Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
E-24

Choy, S.P., and Henke, R.R. (1992). Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92-390 ED345623). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Malizio, A.G. (1992). Who Gets Financial Aid? And Why Low-Income Students Don’t Apply for Student Aid? Key Findings from 

the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (ED362969). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shepherd, J., and Malizio, A.G. (1992). Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 

92­080 ED347206). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Scmitt, C. (1992). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987: Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education

(NCES 92-390). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

1991

American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, and Association of Community College Trustees. (1991). 

Toward Human Resource Development: Position Statement on the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (ED330404). 

Washington, DC. 

Boyd, L.A. (1992). “Federally Subsidized Student Loans and the Economics of Default (Loan Defaults).” Dissertation. 

The Ohio State University.

Center, D.B., and Kaufman, M.E. (1991). A Study of the Present and Future Needs for Leadership Personnel To Train Educators 

in Behavioral Disorders (ED343308). Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Severe Behavior Disorders in 

Children and Youth. Tempe, Arizona. 

Congress of the United Stated, Congressional Budget Office. (1991). Student Aid and the Cost of Postsecondary Education. A 

CBO Study (ED329158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1991). Analysis of Factors Related to Default (ED354801).

Malizio, A.G. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1989–90 (NCES 92-003).

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Shepherd, J.C. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Preliminary Estimates on Student Financial Aid Recipients, 

1989–90 (NCES 91-335 ED331378). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Yankosky, R.E., and Andrew, L. (1991). The Proprietary School Sector: A Demographic and Financial Aid Profile (ED330269). 

Zito, E.H. (1991). Student Financial Aid and Choice of Undergraduate Major (ED339334). ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

1990

Choy, S.P. and Gifford, A.G. (1990). Profile of Undergraduates in American Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 90-353 

ED325483). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
E-25

Malitz, G. (1990). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987. Technical Report (NCES 90-309 

ED315460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Ross, Laurent and Others. (1990). Federal Student Aid Packages: Academic Year 1986–87 (ED323829). Washington, DC: 

National Center for Education Statistics, American Council on Education. 

Stowe, P. (1990). Undergraduate Financial Aid Awards: A Report of the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Analysis 

Report (NCES 90-332 ED326145). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Stowe, P., and Zimbler, L. (1990). Characteristics of Stafford Loan Recipients, 1988 (NCES 90-349 ED322859). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

1989

Andrew, L.D., and Russo, R. (1989). Who Gets What? Impact of Financial Aid Policies (ED309717).

Bishop, K.O. (1989). “Student Financial Aid: Comparison by Sector.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

and State University.

Brick, M.J. (1989). Comparison of Fall and Academic Year Student Aid Estimates (NCES 89-313 ED311834). National Center 

for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Greene, B., and Zimbler, L. (1989). Profile of Handicapped Students in Postsecondary Education, 1987 (NCES 89-337 

ED310616). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Korb, R. (1989). Student Financing of Graduate and Professional Education (NCES 89-303 ED309721). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

National Center for Education Statistics and Westat Research, Inc. (1989). Student Education Expenses, 1987 (NCES 

89­245 ED309711). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Westat Research, Inc. (1989). End of Academic Year Student Financial Aid Update Report. 1987 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study. Technical Report (NCES 89-310 ED311833). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.
E-26

Beginning	Postsecondary	Students	Longitudinal	Study	(BPS)	

2013

An, B.P. (2013). The Impact of Dual Enrollment on College Degree Attainment: Do Low-SES Students Benefit? 

Educational Evaluation And Policy Analysis, 35(1): 57–75. American Educational Research Association, Sage 

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Crisp, G. (2013). The Influence of Co-Enrollment on the Success of Traditional Age Community College Students. 

Teachers College Record, 115(10).

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Future of Children, 23(1): 137–163. Princeton 

University.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95. Sage Publications.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College 

Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(3): 335–368.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-For-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat 

Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic 

Research.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year 

Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85. Sage Publications.

Nichols, A.H., and Clinedinst, M. (2013). Provisional Admission Practices: Blending Access and Support to Facilitate Student 

Success. Washington, DC: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Characteristics of Certificate Completers With Their Time to Certificate and 

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2008

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2005

Bosshardt, W., and Watts, M. (2005). Teachers’ Undergraduate Coursework in Economics in the Baccalaureate and 

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2004

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Perna, L.W. (2004). Understanding the Decision to Enroll in Graduate School: Sex and Racial/Ethnic Group 

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Shen, J., Mansberger, N., and Yang, H. (2004). Teacher Quality and Students Placed at Risk: Results From the 

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2003

Bradburn, E.M., Berger, R., Li, X., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2003). A Descriptive Summary of 1999–2000 Bachelor’s Degree 

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Joy, L. (2003). Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects. Industrial 

& Labor Relations Review, 56(4): 606–621.

Millett, C.M. (2003, July/August). How Undergraduate Loan Debt Affects Application and Enrollment in Graduate or 

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Mullen, A.L., Goyette, K.A., and Soares, J.A. (2003). Who Goes to Graduate School? Social and Academic Correlates of 

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Mustafa, S. (2003). Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns. Unpublished Doctoral 

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Thomas, S.L. (2003). Longer-Term Economic Effects of College Selectivity and Control. Research in Higher Education, 

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2002

Bradburn, E.M., and Berger, R. (2002). Beyond 9 to 5: The Diversity of Employment Among 1992–93 College Graduates in 1997

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LaTurner, R.J. (2002, August). Teachers’ Academic Preparation and Commitment To Teach Math and Science. Teaching 

and Teacher Education, 18(6): 653–663.

2001

Clune, M.S., Nuñez, A.-M., and Choy, S.P. (2001). Competing Choices: Men’s and Women’s Paths After Earning a Bachelor’s 

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Henke, R., and Zahn, L. (2001). Attrition of New Teachers Among Recent College Graduates: Comparing Occupational Stability 

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National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Henry, D.P. (2001). Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and Institutional 

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Horn, L.J., and Zahn, L. (2001). From Bachelor’s Degree To Work: Major Field of Study and Employment Outcomes of 1992–93 

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Lasiewski, D.K. (2001). An Examination of the Factors by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Influencing Science, Mathematics, and 

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Massachusetts Boston.

Perry, K.K. (2001). Where College Students Live After They Graduate (ED453739 ). National Center for Education Statistics, 

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2000

Choy, S.P. (2000). Debt Burden Four Years After College (NCES 2000-188). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

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Henke, R.R., Chen, X., and Geis, S. (2000). Progress Through the Teacher Pipeline: 1992–93 College Graduates and 

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1999

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PA: University of Pennsylvania Center for Research and Evaluation in Social Policy and U.S. Department of 

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Fabiano, L. (1999). Measuring Teacher Qualifications (NCES 1999-04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Green, P., Myers, S., Veldaman, C., and Pedlow, S. (1999). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/97 Second 

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Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, 

and Outcomes (NCES 1999-187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C., Nuñez, A.-M., Shah, V., and Choy, S.P. (1999). Life After College: A Descriptive Summary of 1992–93 

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Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 98-

15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available From the National Center for Education Statistics (Working Paper 

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to Graduate School. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 13–15.

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1998

Nunez, A.-M., and Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (1998). First-Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in 

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Thomas, S.L. (1998). Deferred Costs and Economic Returns to College Major, Quality, and Performance: Recent Trends. Miami, FL: 

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education.

1997

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
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Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B.-S., Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary 

Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources. NCPI–5–01. Stanford, CA: 

National Center for Postsecondary Improvement.

Henke, R.R., Choy, S.P., Chen, X., Geis, S., and Alt, M.N. (1997). America’s Teachers: Profile of a Profession, 1993–94

(NCES 97-460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Veldman, C., Green, P.J., Myers, S., Chuchro, L., and Giese, P. (1997). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second 

Follow-Up Field Test Report, 1996 (NCES 97-261). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

1996

Green, P.J., Meyers, S.L., Giese, P., Law, J., Speizer, H.M., Tardino, V.S., and Knepper, P. (1996). Baccalaureate and 

Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/94 First Follow-Up Methodology Report (NCES 96-149). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Henke, R.R., Geis, S., and Giambattista, J. (1996). Out of the Lecture Hall and Into the Classroom: 1992–93 College Graduates 

and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching (NCES 96-899). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Horn, L.J. (1996). A Descriptive Summary of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: 1 Year Later, With 

Essay on Time to Degree (NCES 96-158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

1995

McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. 

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1994

Knepper, P. (1994). Field Test Methodology Report, Baccalaureate and Beyond First Follow-Up (B&B:93/94) (NCES 94-371). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.