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<p><b>Pest List for the Movement of Fresh Fruit of Guava, </b></p>
<p><b><i>Psidium guajava</i>, from Hawaii into </b></p>
<p><b>the Continental United States</b></p>
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<p><b>June 21, 2010</b></p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Rev. 03</b></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Agency Contact:</b></p>
<p></p>
<p>Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory</p>
<p>Center for Plant Health Science and Technology</p>
<p></p>
<p>United States Department of Agriculture </p>
<p>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</p>
<p>Plant Protection and Quarantine</p>
<p>1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300</p>
<p class="header"><i>Pest List for Guava from Hawaii</i></p>
<p>Raleigh, NC 27606</p>
<p class="footer"></p>
<p class="footer"></p>
<p class="footer">ii</p>
<p>Rev. 03	June 21, 2010 </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc264905852"></a>Executive Summary</h1>
<p></p>
<p>The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this document to examine plant pest risks associated with the movement of fruit of fresh guava, <i>Psidium guajava</i> L. (Myrtaceae), from Hawaii into the continental United States. In addition to standard postharvest processing, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture proposes as a condition of entry to treat the commodity with an approved generic dose of irradiation (400 Gy), which mitigates the risk from all insect pests except for Lepidoptera pupae and adults.  </p>
<p></p>
<p>We developed a list of pests reported in Hawaii and reported as attacking guava based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. By developing this pest list, we can determine if the assumed treatments are adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may be required.</p>
<p></p>
<p>From the pest list, we identified 16 quarantine arthropod pests as likely to follow the commodity pathway of fresh guava fruit from Hawaii:</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Taxonomy			Pest name(s)</b></p>
<p>Acari: Tetranychidae		<i>Eutetranychus orientalis, Oligonychus biharensis</i></p>
<p>Diptera: Tephritidae		<i>Bactrocera cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
<p>Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae<i> 	Aleurodicus disperses, Parabemisia myricae </i></p>
<p>Hemiptera: Coccidae<i> 		Ceroplastes rubens, Coccus viridis, Vinsonia stellifera</i></p>
<p>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae	<i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus viridis, Pseudococcus cryptus</i></p>
<p>Lepidoptera: Pyralidae	<i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i></p>
<p>Thysanoptera: Thripidae	<i>Thrips palmi </i></p>
<p></p>
<p>Because irradiation will not completely mitigate the risks from the mite (Tetranychidae) pests,<i> Eutetranychus orientalis</i> and <i>Oligonychus biharensis</i>, additional measures may be required for mitigation. For all other pests, though, the irradiation treatment, along with standard postharvest processing, is highly likely to mitigate the risks. We discuss potential mitigation measures, but the choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS, and we did not address that in this document.</p>
<p><b>
Table of Contents</b></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="toc_1">Executive Summary	ii</p>
<p class="toc_1">1. Introduction	1</p>
<p class="toc_1">2. Pest Categorization	1</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.1. Pests associated with guava	1</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation	29</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation	31</p>
<p class="toc_1">3. Authors and Reviewers	32</p>
<p class="toc_1">4. Literature Cited	32</p>
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<p class="footer">40</p>
<p>Rev. 03	June 21, 2010</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc264905853"></a>1. Introduction</h1>
<p></p>
<p>This document accompanies a request for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s authorization to allow the interstate movement of fresh guava, <i>Psidium guajava</i> L. (Myrtaceae), fruit from the state of Hawaii into the continental United States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from Hawaii into the continental United States is regulated in 7 CFR §318.13 (2008). Currently, the entry of fresh guava fruit from Hawaii into the continental United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §318.13; the state of Hawaii seeks a change in this Federal Regulation to allow entry.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The movement of guava fruit from Hawaii provides a potential pathway for the introduction of unwanted plant pests into the continental United States. Consequently, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) prepared this document to examine the plant pest risks associated with the movement of this commodity into the continental United States. </p>
<p></p>
<p><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a>To reduce or eliminate the pest risk that may be associated with the movement of this commodity, Hawaii has proposed as a condition of entry (Hawaii, 2008; Lamb, 2008) to have the commodity treated with irradiation using a PPQ-approved generic treatment (400 Gy) (PPQ, 2008). All insect pests of concern except pupae and adult Lepidoptera would be effectively neutralized with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2008). We assumed that the commodity would undergo this irradiation treatment in addition to standard post-harvest processing. Standard post-harvest treatment measures described by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture include washing and brushing/power spraying in a soapy water bath (Liquido, 2008b). By developing this pest list, we can determine if the assumed treatments are adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may be required. </p>
<h1><a name="_Toc155671298"></a><a name="_Toc155671549"></a><a name="_Toc155671661"></a><a name="_Toc155683305"></a></h1>
<h1><a name="_Toc264905854"></a>2. Pest Categorization</h1>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc264905855"></a>2.1. Pests associated with guava</h2>
<p></p>
<p>Below, we list the pests associated with guava (in any country) that occur in Hawaii (on any host) (Table 1). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States, the quarantine status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, whether quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commercial guava fruit, and pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 2). </p>
<p></p>
<p>Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Pests reported on <i>Psidium guajava</i> (in any country) and present in Hawaii (on any host). </p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest Scientific Name</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>U.S. Distribution[footnoteRef:1]</b> [1:  Geographic Distribution: HI = Hawaii, CONUS = continental United States, AL = Alabama, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, MT = Montana, NC = North Carolina, NV = Nevada, TX = Texas (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the continental United States.)] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Reported on Guava</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quaran-tine Pest[footnoteRef:2]</b> [2:  Brackets around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Plant Part(s) Association[footnoteRef:3]</b> [3:  For the non-quarantine pests in Table 1, we put N/A (= Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant Part(s) Association” and “Likely to Follow Pathway.” See discussion above for more information.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Follow Pathway3</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARTHROPODS</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Eriophyidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhynacus haramotonis</i> Keifer</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Amrine and Stasny, 1994; Davis et al., 1982)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Amrine and Stasny, 1994; Davis et al., 1982</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Davis, 1964; Flechtmann, 1995; Walter, 1999)[footnoteRef:4] [4:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tarsonemidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Polyphagotarsonemus latus </i>(Banks)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (C.I.E., 1986)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crop Knowledge Master, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tenuipalpidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus californicus</i> (Banks)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Morton, 1987</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus obovatus</i> Donnadieu</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus phoenicis</i> (Geijskes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (CABI, 2007; Jeppson et al., 1975)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; Hill, 1983; Mitchell, 1973; Morton, 1987</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tetranychidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eotetranychus sexmaculatus</i> (Riley)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006; Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eutetranychus orientalis </i>(Klein)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Heu, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2004); Leaf, Fruit (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Childers, n.d.; Dhooria and Butani, 1984; Ibrahim et al., 2005; Rodrigues, 1973; Schwartz, 1964; van den Berg et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oligonychus biharensis </i>(Hirst) 
(syn: <i>Paratetranychus hawaiiensis </i>McGregor)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Gould and Raga, 2002; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002); Leaf (Kwee and Chong, 1990; Moutia, 1958; Wongsiri, 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oligonychus coffeae </i>(Nietner)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998); CONUS (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; EPPO, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No </p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oligonychus mangiferus </i>(Rahman & Sapra)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Jeppson et al., 1975)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oligonychus yothersi</i> (McGregor)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998); CONUS (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Panonychus citri </i>(McGregor)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus neocaledonicus</i> André</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998); CONUS (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch 
(syn:<i> T. cinnabarinus</i> (Boisd.))</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Bostrichidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sinoxylon conigerum</i> Gerstaker</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EPPO, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Bruchidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Callosobruchus phaseoli </i>Gyllenhal  </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Nishida, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Seed (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:5] [5:  The only evidence that guava is a host of C. phaseoli is one interception in passenger baggage at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). We consider this insufficient evidence that C. phaseoli attacks guava. Therefore, we think this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Cerambycidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anoplophora chinensis</i> (Forster)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Stem, Shoot, Trunk, Branch, Leaf, Root, Bark (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Curculionidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypera brunnipennis</i> Boheman</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pantomorus cervinus </i>(Boheman)     (syn:<i> Asynonychus godmani </i>Crotch, <i>Naupactus cervinus</i> Boheman<i>)</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (CABI, 2007; Gyeltshen and Hodges, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crop Knowledge Master, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Nitidulidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lasiodactylus</i> sp. prob.<i> tibialis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:6] [6:  The genus Lasiodactylus is a "nonreportable" pest (PestID, 2009), because the the entire family is considered to contain no plant pests (NIS, 2009).  ] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Adoretus sinicus</i> Burmeister 
(syn: <i>A. tenuimaculatus</i> Waterhouse)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (adults), Soil, Leaf litter, compost (larvae) (HDOA, 2008); Leaf (Hill, 1983; Wen et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Scolytidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euwallacea fornicatus</i> (Eichhoff) 
(syn: <i>Xyleborus fornicatus</i> Eichhoff)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bark, Stem, Wood (CABI, 2005); Trunk, Branch, Fruit, Seed (Wang and Yuan, 2003); Branch (Rai and Bhandary, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:7]  [7:  Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) has been reported on fruit once (Wang and Yuan, 2003). All other literature reports this species on bark, wood, branches, and stem (e.g., CABI, 2005). CABI (2005) also states that fruit are "not known to carry the pest in trade/transport"  Hence, this beetle seems unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Tephritidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera</i> (<i>Bactrocera</i>)<i> latifrons </i>(Hendel)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (White and Elson-Harris, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>White and Elson-Harris, 1994 [footnoteRef:8] [8:  Guava is a "doubtful" host (White and Elson-Harris, 1994) and a comprehensive review of the host plants of B. latifrons (Liquido et al., 1994) states that a report of guava as a host in the literature is erroneous.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:9] [9:  Bactrocera (Bactrocera) latifrons mainly attacks solanaceous crops (CABI, 2007; White and Elson-Harris, 1994). Out of over 28,000 pest interceptions on guava at U.S. ports-of-entry since 1985, B. latifrons has not been intercepted (PestID, 2008). Based on this and the doubtful host status, we think this fruit fly is unlikely to follow the pathway.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i> (Coquillett) 
(syn:<i> Dacus cucurbitae</i> Coquillett)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983; Morton, 1987; PPQ, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Flower, Root, Leaf, Stem (CABI, 2005; PPQ, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> (Hendel) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; Morton, 1987; White and Elson-Harris, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (CABI, 2005; Waterhouse, 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)[footnoteRef:10] [10:  Since 1985, Bactrocera sp. have been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry 917 times with guava from Hawaii (PestID, 2008).  The species intercepted is most likely B. dorsalis (Liquido, 2008a).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i> (Wiedemann)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008)[footnoteRef:11] [11:  The distribution of C. capitata in the United States only includes Hawaii (CDFA, 2003). Although it has been introduced periodically into the United States, first in Florida (1929), with most later infestations in California and Florida, it has not established in the continental United States (Bergsten et al., 1999). In California, C. capitata infestations since 1975 (Lance and Gates, 1994) have always been eradicated successfully (Guidicipietro, 2003). A National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Program run cooperatively by APHIS and U.S. states susceptible to fruit fly establishment prevents the establishment of C. capitata, thereby ensuring pest-free status (Bergsten et al., 1999; Lance and Gates, 1994).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Morton, 1987; PPQ, 2002; White and Elson-Harris, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (CABI, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dacus</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)[footnoteRef:12] [12:  Since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have intercepted Dacus sp. 46 times with guava originating from Hawaii (PestID, 2008).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:13] [13:  The genus Dacus does not exist in Hawaii (Liquido, 2008a; White and Elson-Harris, 1994). All the species in Hawaii previously identified as Dacus have been revised to Bactrocera (Liquido, 2008a).] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i> Quaintance & Baker </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EPPO, 2007; PPQ, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus woglumi </i>Ashby</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (FL, TX) (CABI, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Evans, 2007a; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes][footnoteRef:14] [14:  Quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006; PestID, 2008).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2005); Leaf, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:15] [15:  We found one report of A. woglumi on fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002) but it is not an original source reference, nor do the authors cite an original source. We found no other report of this species on fruit. Aleurocanthus woglumi is primarily a pest on leaves (e.g., CABI, 2005; Hill, 1983; Pena et al., 2009; PPQ, 2002; Weems, 1962); therefore, it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus cocois </i>(Curtis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Dooley, 2006); CONUS [CA (Dooley, 2006), FL (Hodges and Evans, 2005)]</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes][footnoteRef:16] [16:  Quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (PestID, 2008).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus dispersus</i> Russell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008); CONUS (FL) (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Evans, 2007a; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Wen et al., 2002); Leaf, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus dugesii</i> Cockerell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Dooley, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK5"></a>Leaf (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurothrixus floccosus</i> (Maskell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Evans, 2007a; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus trachoides </i>Back</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (Hodges and Evans, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bemisia tabaci </i>Gennadius</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EcoPort Record, 2008; Evans, 2007a</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orchamoplatus mammaeferus</i> (Quaintance & Baker)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; PPQ, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (PPQ, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parabemisia myricae</i> (Kuwana)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CA, FL) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2007; Evans, 2007a; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Siphoninus phillyreae</i> Haliday</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Evans, 2007b); CONUS [CA (CABI, 2007), AZ, CA, NV (Nguyen and Hamon, 2007), CA, GA, HI, NC (Evans, 2007b)]</p>
</td>	<td><p>Evans, 2007a</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> (Westwood)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aphididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis craccivora</i> Koch</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Blackman and Eastop, 2000; Gould and Raga, 2002; PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 1965, 2004; Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hill, 1983; Mitchell, 1973; PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis spiraecola</i> Patch</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Blackman and Eastop, 2000; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Greenidea psidii</i> van der Goot</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CA) (Halbert, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Sousa-Silva et al., 2005)[footnoteRef:17] [17:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Greenidea</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myzus persicae</i> (Sulzer)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Toxoptera aurantii</i> (Boyer de Fonscolombe)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Blackman and Eastop, 2000; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Russellaspis pustulans pustulans</i> (Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Cicadellidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sophonia rufofascia</i> Kuoh & Kuoh</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Coccidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes cirripediformis</i> Comstock</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes floridensis</i> Comstock 
(syn: <i>Paracerostegia floridensis </i>Tang)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes rubens</i> Maskell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2007; Hamon and Williams, 1984)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, Twig, Fruit (CABI, 2004); Stem, Branch, Leaf (Hamon and Williams, 1984); Leaf (Waite and Hwang, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus hesperidum</i> L. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus longulus</i> (Douglas)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis </i>(Green)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Martorell, 1945; Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, Fruit (Mitchell, 1973); Foliage, Fruit (Biosecurity Australia, 2002); Leaf, Stem, Fruit (CABI, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eucalymnatus tessellatus</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Kilifia acuminata</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Milviscutulus mangiferae</i> (Green)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parasaissetia nigra</i> (Nietner)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parthenolecanium persicae</i> (Fabricius) (syn: <i>Coccus elongatus</i> Fernald)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Prococcus acutissimus</i> (Green) 
(syn: <i>Coccus acutissimus</i> Fernald)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria psidii </i>Maskell 
(syn: <i>Chloropulvinaria psidii</i> (Maskell))</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983; Morton, 1987</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria urbicola </i>Cockerell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia coffeae</i> (Walker) 
(syn: <i>S. hemisphaerica</i> (Targioni)) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia miranda</i> (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia neglecta</i> De Lotto</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia oleae</i> (Olivier)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Vinsonia stellifera </i>(Westwood)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Nishida, 2002); CONUS (AL, FL, GA) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Delphacidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Peregrinus maidis</i> (Ashmead)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Diaspididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Abgrallaspis cyanophylli</i> (Signoret) 
(syn: <i>Hemiberlesia cyanophylli </i>Ferris)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aonidiella aurantii</i> (Maskell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aonidiella inornata</i> McKenzie</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (TX) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Gupta and Singh, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:18] [18:  The only evidence that guava is a host of A. inornata is six interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry with guava in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). We consider this insufficient evidence that A. inornata attacks guava. Therefore, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiella sacchari</i> (Cockerell) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus destructor</i> Signoret</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus nerii</i> Bouché</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomphalus aonidum</i> (Linnaeus) (syn: <i>C. ficus</i> Ashmead)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomphalus dictyospermi</i> (Morgan) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Duplaspidiotus claviger</i> (Cockerell) [syn: <i>Pseudaonidia clavigera</i> (Cockerell)]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia lataniae</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia palmae</i> (Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia rapax</i> (Comstock) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Howardia biclavis</i> (Comstock)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ischnaspis longirostris</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lepidosaphes beckii</i> (Newman)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>El-Minshawy et al., 1971</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lepidosaphes gloverii</i> (Packard)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lindingaspis rossi </i>(Maskell) 
(syn: <i>Chrysomphalus rossi </i>Leonardi) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Nair, 1975</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Morganella longispina</i> (Morgan)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycetaspis personata</i> (Comstock)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Octaspidiotus stauntoniae</i> (Takahashi)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parlatoria pergandii</i> Comstock</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parlatoria ziziphi </i>(Lucas)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Stem, Leaf, Shoot (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:19] [19:  The host range of P. ziziphi appears to be restricted to Rutaceae, particularly Citrus spp. and records from other hosts are questionable (Dekle, 1976; PPQ, 2002). Also, the only evidence that guava is a host of this scale species is four interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry on guava in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). Consequently, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis aspidistrae</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis strachani </i>(Cooley)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaonidia duplex </i>(Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis </i>(Green)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Heu, 2007; Nishida, 2002; PestID, 2008); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; EcoPort Record, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bark, Stem, Leaf (Kosztarab, 1996); Leaf (USDA, 1979); Fruit, Leaf (PestID, 2008)[footnoteRef:20] [20:  Since 1985, P. trilobitiformis has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry over 6,000 times on fruit, and over 4,000 times on leaves (PestID, 2008).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes[footnoteRef:21] [21:  Armored scales (Diaspididae) may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are not expected to become established via this pathway. Please see discussion below for a detailed explanation.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli </i>(Cooley) [syn: <i>Phenacaspis cockerelli </i>(Cooley)] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides</i> (Comstock)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Unaspis citri</i> (Comstock)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parlatoria proteus</i> (Curtis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Flatidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melormenis basalis</i> (Walker)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Coile and Dixon, 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Siphanta acuta</i> Walker</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (CA) (Bryant and Hemberger, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Growing tips (Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Margarodidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Icerya purchasi</i> Maskell</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; EPPO, 2007; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Miridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hyalopeplus pellucidus</i> (Stal)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Crop Knowledge Master, 2008; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crop Knowledge Master, 2008; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower (Mau et al., 2007; Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Pentatomidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plautia stali</i> Scott</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:22] [22:  Because of its high mobility, we do not expect this pest to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus brevipes</i> (Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i>Beardsley </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (FL) (Miller and Miller, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root, Stem, Flower, Leaf, Fruit (PestID, 2008); Leaf, Stem, Aerial roots, Flower, Fruit (Martin Kessing et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008 )</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus texensis</i> (Tinsley) 
(syn: <i>D. bispinosus</i> Beardsley)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (TX) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>In thorns (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ferrisia virgata</i> (Cockerell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Geococcus coffeae</i> Green</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crop Knowledge Master, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> (Green) (syn: <i>Phenacoccus hirsutus</i> Green)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (CA, FL) (CABI, 2004; Meyerdirk, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; PPQ, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002); Bark, Fruit, Flower, Leaf, Stem (CABI, 2004); Flower, Fruit, Leaf, Stem (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus nipae</i> (Maskell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Mitchell, 1973); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983; Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus </i>sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002); Fruit, Leaf, Twig, Branch (CABI, 2005); Twig, Shoot, Leaf, Flower, Fruit, Branch, Root (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus viridis </i>(Newstead) 
[syn:<i> N. vastator </i>(Maskell)]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Fruit (Gould and Raga, 2002); Fruit, Leaf, Twig, Branch (CABI, 2005); Twig, Shoot, Leaf, Flower, Fruit, Branch, Root (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paracoccus marginatus</i> Williams & Granara de Willink</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Heu et al., 2007); CONUS (FL, MT) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Leaf, Flower, Stem (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:23] [23:  We found no evidence in the scientific literature that guava is a host of P. marginatus, and U.S. inspectors have only intercepted this pestfive times with the commodity (four in passenger baggage, one in permit cargo) (PestID, 2008). Considering this lack of host association evidence, the one interception in permit cargo was likely an anomaly; it could have been a hitchhiker or a species misidentification. Therefore, this species seems unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i> Morrison</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Nishida, 2002); CONUS (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Marohasy, 1997) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus citri</i> (Risso)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i> (Maskell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower (Williams and Watson, 1988); Root, Leaf (Cox, 1989); Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:24] [24:  The only evidence for the presence of P. minor in Hawaii is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry with plant material from Hawaii. This is insufficient evidence that this insect species occurs in Hawaii. Therefore, we think this insect is unlikely to follow the pathway of guava fruit from Hawaii.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> (Kuwana)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus cryptus</i> Hempel 
(syn: <i>P. citriculus</i> Green) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root, Leaf (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); Root, Fruit, Whole plant (Williams and Watson, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi</i> Gimpel & Miller</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus longispinus</i> (Targioni Tozzetti)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus odermatti </i>Miller & Williams</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus viburni </i>(Signoret) 
[syn: <i>P. affinis </i>(Maskell)]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Ben-Dov et al., 2008); CONUS (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Rhopalidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Arhyssus parvicornis</i> (Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (NPAG, 1998); CONUS (Chopra, 1968)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Kallitaxila granulata</i> (Stal)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Yang et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cardiocondyla emeryi</i> Forel</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (Stuart et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pheidole</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008 )</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:25] [25:  Because of its high mobility, we do not expect this pest to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Isoptera: Kalotermitidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neotermes connexus</i> Snyder</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Wood (Gould and Raga, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Crambidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maruca vitrata</i> (Fabricius) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (internal), Leaf, Flower (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:26] [26:  The only evidence that guava is a host of M. vitrata is two interceptions with guava in passenger baggage at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2008). We consider this insufficient evidence that M. vitrata attacks guava. Therefore, we estimate this species would be unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i> Saunders</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]16</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Flower (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:27] [27:  The host range of Pectinophora gossypiella is restricted to Malvaceae and Fabaceae (CABI, 2007). The only evidence indicating that guava is a host of P. gossypiella is one interception with guava in passenger baggage at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). We consider this insufficient evidence that P. gossypiella attacks guava. Therefore, we estimate this species would be unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Geometridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scotorythra rara</i> Butler</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Stein and Scowcroft, 1984)[footnoteRef:28] [28:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Achaea janata</i> Linnaeus</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EcoPort Record, 2008; Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Foliage (Astridge and Fay, 2003; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002); Foliage, Fruit (CABI, 2004); Leaf (Astridge, 2001; Waite, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:29] [29:  Achaea janata is unlikely to follow the pathway because the highly mobile adult is the only life stage that feeds on the fruit (CABI, 2004), and minimal processing of the commodity would likely remove this pest prior to shipment.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis ipsilon</i> (Hufnagel)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anua indiscriminata </i>Moore</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Hawaii, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crop Knowledge Master, 2008; Hawaii, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Leaf (Anonymous, 1965; Forsyth, 1966; Hill, 1994; Smith and Peña, 2002)[footnoteRef:30] [30:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:31] [31:  Adults of Anua spp. are fruit-piercing moths (Anonymous, 1965; Forsyth, 1966; Hill, 1994; Smith and Peña, 2002) and the larvae feed on foliage (Anonymous, 1965; Hill, 1994). This genus is unlikely to follow the pathway because the highly mobile adult is the only life stage that attacks fruit, and minimal processing of the commodity would likely remove these pests prior to shipment.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eudocima fullonia </i>(Clerck) 
(syns: <i>Othreis fullonia </i>Clerck,<i> O. fullonica </i>Linn.)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hill, 1983</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Anonymous, 1965; Anupunt, 2003b; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; CABI, 2004; Gould and Raga, 2002; Menzel and McConchie, 1998; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:32] [32:  This pest is a fruit-piercing moth (Anonymous, 1965; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2007; Gould and Raga, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991), so only the adults feed on fruit, and they do so only externally (CABI, 2007). Furthermore, it only feeds at night (CABI, 2007), decreasing the chance of being on the fruit when harvested. Because the adults are relatively large and mobile, we do not expect this pest to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. ] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ophiusa disjungens</i> (Walker)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EcoPort Record, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Banziger, 1969; Yoon and Lee, 1974), Leaf (Rashid and Hammad, 1973; Robinson et al., 2001)[footnoteRef:33] [33:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:34] [34:  Species in the genus Ophiusa are fruit-piercing moths (Banziger, 1969; Hill, 1983; Yoon and Lee, 1974; Zhang, 1994). Because of the large size and high mobility of the adults, standard handling and processing is highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway. ] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ophiusa indiscriminata</i> Hampson</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Zhang, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No34</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera litura</i> (Fabricius) 
(syn: <i>Prodenia litura</i> Fabricius)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root, Fruit (CABI, 2005); Leaf, Young stalks, Bolls, Buds (USDA, 1982) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:35] [35:  Some reports state that S. litura feeds on fruit. For example, CABI (CABI, 2007) reports that it causes 5-10 percent damage to grapes. However, it is mainly a leaf-feeder (e.g., CABI, 2007; CABI/EPPO, 1997; Hill, 1983; Robinson et al., 2001), and we found no evidence that it feeds on guava fruit. Also, the genus Spodoptera has not been intercepted with guava at U.S. ports-of-entry since 1985, and this genus has mostly been intercepted on flowers and leaves (PestID, 2008). Of the interceptions on fruit, nearly 50 percent were with Capsicum sp., 8 percent were with corn, and most other hosts only had 1-5 interceptions (PestID, 2008). Consequently, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway. ] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thyrocopa abusa</i> Walsingham</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Decaying leaf tissue (Henneman and Memmott, 2008b)[footnoteRef:36] [36:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Pyralidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cadra cautella</i> (Walker) 
(syn: <i>Ephestia cautella</i> Walker)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corcyra cephalonica</i> (Stainton) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i>Millière</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 [footnoteRef:37] [37:  Since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have intercepted C. gnidiella 32 times with guava (PestID, 2008).] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (internal) (McQuate et al., 2000; PestID, 2008), Fruit (internal), Leaf, Stem (internal) (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes[footnoteRef:38] [38:  Only larvae seem likely to follow the pathway. Pupae are generally external or on the ground (CABI, 2007), while adults are highly mobile and not likely to remain on the product after harvest.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ectomyelois ceratoniae</i> (Zeller)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Robinson et al., 2008); CONUS (Herbison-Evans and Crossley, 2007; Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Tineidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erechthias simulans</i> Butler (syn: <i>Comodica decaspila</i> Lower)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes[footnoteRef:39] [39:  Quarantine status of Erechthias simulans is under review by PPQ’s National Identification Services (NIS, 2009).  Until NIS’s review is final, for the purposes of this risk assessment, we assume this species is a quarantine pest.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bark (Jacques, 1942)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opogona</i> sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:40] [40:  Since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have only intercepted Opogana sp. one time with guava from Hawaii, in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). We consider this insufficient evidence that Opogana sp. attacks guava. Therefore, this organism is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality guava fruit from Hawaii. ] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Tortricidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amorbia emigratella</i> Busck</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (HDOA, 2008; Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994); CONUS (Ebeling, 1959)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002; HDOA, 2008; Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eccoptocera foetorivorans</i> Butler</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Nishida, 2002; Robinson et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower (Henneman and Memmott, 2008a)[footnoteRef:41] [41:  Plant parts attacked are based on the genus level.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eucosma smithiana</i> Walsingham</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Zhang, 1994); CONUS (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Strepsicrates smithiana</i> (Walsingham)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Robinson et al., 2008); CONUS (Peña et al., 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002; Robinson et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conocephalus saltator </i>(Saussere)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Young fruit (Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dolichothrips idicus </i>Hood</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Morton, 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Haplothrips gowdeyi </i>(Franklin)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Camacho Molina et al., 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> (Pergande) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella</i> spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mitchell, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Flower, Fruit (Mitchell, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis</i> Bouché</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scirtothrips dorsalis </i>Hood</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (FL) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gould and Raga, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Shoot (Waite, 2005; Waite and Hwang, 2002); Bark, Leaf, Shoot (Li et al., 2004); Flower (Wongsiri, 1991); Leaf, Flower, Young fruit (Anupunt, 2003a); Shoot, Leaf, Young fruit, Flower (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:42] [42:  Guava fruit for fresh marketing and shipping are harvested when mature (CRFG, 2010; Morton, 1987). Scirtothrips dorsalis only attacks immature fruit (CABI, 2006; CABI/EPPO, 1997), so it is highly unlikely to be on harvested fruit (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Consequently, S. dorsalis is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Selenothrips rubrocinctus</i> (Giard)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anonymous, 2004; CABI, 2007; EcoPort Record, 2008; Gould and Raga, 2002; Hawaii, 2008; HDOA, 2008; Hill, 1983; Mitchell, 1973; Morton, 1987</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips hawaiiensis</i> (Morgan)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; HDOA, 2008); CONUS (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HDOA, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i> Karny</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007); CONUS (FL) (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008 </p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]14</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Fruit, Stem, Growing points (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ALGAE</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaleuros virescens </i>(syn: <i>C. parasiticus</i>)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Lim and Manicom, 2003; Morton, 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lim and Manicom, 2003; Morton, 1987</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>FUNGI</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Leaf (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria alternata </i>(Fr.:Fr) Keissl. 
(syn: <i>A. tenuis </i>Nees)<i> </i>[Ascomycetes:<i> </i>Pleosporales] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Lim and Manicom, 2003</p>
</td>	<td><p>No </p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Armillaria mellea </i>(Vahl) P. Kumm. [syn: <i>Clitocybe tabescens </i>(Scop.) Dennis, P.D. Orton & Hora] [Basidiomycetes: Agaricales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aschochyta </i>sp. [Anamorphic fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Auricularia auricula </i>(L.:Fr.) Underw. [syns: <i>A. polytricha </i>(Mont.) Farl;<i> A. cornea </i>Ehrenb.] [Basidiomycetes: Auriculariales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Farr et al., 2008; UH-CTAHR, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; UH-CTAHR, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asterina psidii </i>Ryan [Ascomycetes] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al., 1993</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botryosphaeria dothidea </i>(Moug) Ces & de Not 
(syn: <i>B. berengeriana </i>de Not) [Ascomycetes: Helotiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993; CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botryosphaeria ribis </i>Grossenb. & Duggar [Ascomycetes: Helotiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al., 1993; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium </i>sp. [Ascomyctes: Mycosphaerellales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coniothyrium </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coriolus versicolor </i>(L.) Quelet 
[syn: <i>Polyporus versicolor </i>(L.) Quelet] [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Wellman, 1977; Hawaii, 1973 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diploidia </i>sp. [Ascomycytes: Dothideales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Earlialla scabrosa </i>(Pers.) R.L. Gibertson & Ryvarden 
[syn: <i>Trametes corrugate </i>(Pers.) Bres.] [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Stem (Raabe et al., 1981)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Elsinoe </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Myriangiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporium </i>Schlecht [Ascomyctes: Hypocreales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Root, Stem (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusicoccum </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium </i>J.J. Ellis & Hesselt [Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Branch (Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gloeosporium </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Helotiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Leaf, Stem (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glomerella cingulata </i>(Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk [Ascomycetes] 
syn: <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides </i>[Penz.] Penz. & Sacc. [Sordariomycetes: Phyllachorales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Guignardia </i>sp. [Dothideales: Botryosphaeriaceae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptosphaeria </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p> PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meliola psidii 
</i>[syn: <i>M. trichostroma </i>(Kunze) Toro] [Ascomycetes: Meliolales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microsphaeropsis </i>sp. [Acomycetes: Dothideales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mucor hiemalis </i>Wehmer [Ascomycetes: Lecanorales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Lim and Manicom, 2003; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lim and Manicom, 2003; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orbilia leucostigma </i>(Fr.) Fr. 
[syns: <i>Calloria leucostigma </i>(Fr.) Phillips; <i>Peziza leucostigma </i>Fr.] [Oorbiliomycetes: Orbilaies]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Raabe et al., 1981</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Stem (Raabe et al., 1981; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pellicularia koleroga </i>(Cooke) Hohnel [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 1973); CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al., 1993; CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotia unicolor </i>Berk. & M.A. Curtis<i> </i>[syns: <i>Pestalozzina unicolor </i>(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., <a href="http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=359693"><i>Zetiasplozna unicolor </i>(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nag Raj</a>] [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis clavispora </i>(G.F. Atk.) Steyaert [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006), CONUS (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis disseminate </i>Thuem Stayaert [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2006; Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2006; Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis microspora </i>(Speg.) Bat. & Peres [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Keith et al., 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem (Keith et al., 2006; Metz et al., 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis </i>sp. [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (Lim and Manicom, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis versicolor </i>(Speg.) Steyaert [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Lim and Manicom, 2003; PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phellinus gilvus </i>(Schwein.:Fr.) Pat [Basidiomycetes: Hymenochaetales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phellinus melleoporus </i>(Morrill) Ryvarden [Basidiomycetes: Hymenochaetales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gilbertson et al., 2002; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Branch (Gilbertson et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis psidii </i>Nag Raj & Ponnapa [Ascomycetes: Diaportales] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Raabe et al., 1981)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Lim and Manicom, 2003</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Leaf (Farr et al., 2008; Lim and Manicom, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:43] [43:  Occurrence of Phomopsis psidii in Hawaii is based on one record (Raabe et al., 1981). Given a lack of corroborating evidence, this lone record is insufficient to establish the distribution there. Also, we found no evidence that P. psidii would follow the pathway of commercial shipments of guava fruit.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllosticta psidiicola </i>Petr. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008), CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Lim and Manicom, 2003 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A </p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllosticta </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Dothideales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phymatotrichiopsis omnivora </i>(Daggar) Hennebert 
(syn: <i>Phymatotrichum omnivorum</i>) [Basidiomycetes: incertae sedis]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora cinnamomi </i>Rands [Oomycetes: Pythiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora citricola </i>Sawada [Oomyctes: Pythiacea]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora nicotianae </i>Breda de Haan [Oomyctes: Pythiacea]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pleurotus cystidiosus </i>O.K. Mill 
[syn: <i>Antromycopsis macrocarpa </i>(Ellis & Everh.) Stalpers, Seifert & Samson] [Basidiomycetes: Agaricales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Agrios, 1997; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>wood (Agrios, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseodocercospora psidii </i>(Rangel) R.F. Castaneda & U. Braun 
(syn: <i>Cercospora psidii </i>Rangel) [Fungi imperfecti: Hypomycetes) </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Hawaii, 1973); CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al., 1993; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia psidii </i>G. Winter [Urediniomycetes: Uredinales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Hawaii, 1973; Lim and Manicom, 2003</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizoctonia </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root (Farr et al., 2008; Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizopus stolonifer </i>(Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill (syn: <i>R. nigricana </i>Ehrenb.) [Zygomycetes: Mucorales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rigidoporus microporus </i>Overeem (syn: <i>R. lignosus</i>) [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rigidoporus undatus </i>Sensus Pennycook (syn: <i>Polyporus undatus</i>) [Basidiomyctes: Agaricales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Branch (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK11"></a><a name="OLE_LINK12"></a><i>Rigidoporus vinctus </i>(Berk.) Ryvarden (syn: <i>Polyporus vinctus</i>) [Basidiomyctes: Agaricales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Branch (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Septoria </i>sp. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sphaceloma psidii </i>Bitancourt & Jenkins [Ascomycetes: Myriangiales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Hawaii, 1973)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sphaceloma </i>sp. [Anamorphic Fungi]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008; CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Subulicystidium longisporum </i>(Pat.) Parmasto [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK7"></a><a name="OLE_LINK8"></a>HI, CONUS (Alfieri et al., 1993; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al., 1993; Farr et al., 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trametes versicolor </i>(L.) Llyod [syns:<i> Polyporus versicolor </i>(L.) Fr.; <i>Polystictus versicolor </i>(L.) Fr.] [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gilbertson et al., 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Verticillium </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zetiasplozna thuemenii </i>(Spegazzini) Nag Raj [syn: <i>Pestalozzina thuemenii </i>(Spegazzini) Guba] [Anamorphic Ascomycetes]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>NEMATODA </b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Criconemella </i>sp. [Tylenchida: Criconematidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus dihystera </i>(Cobb) Sher [Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae] </p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemicriconemoides mangiferae </i>Siddiqi [Tylenchida: Criconematidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne arenaria </i>(Neal) Chitwood [Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne incognita </i>(Kofoid & White) Chitwood [Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne javanica </i>(Treub) Chitwood [Tylenchida: Heteroderidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus brachyurus </i>(Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus zeae </i>Graham [Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trichodorus </i>sp.[Dorylaimidae: Trichoridae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; Decraemer, 1995)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007; Decraemer, 1995</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xiphinema americanum </i>Cobb [Dorylaimidae: Longidoridae]</p>
</td>	<td><p>HI, CONUS (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2007, EPPO, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p></p>
<h2></h2>
<h2></h2>
<h2><a name="_Toc264905856"></a>2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation</h2>
<p></p>
<p>Quarantine pests not included in Table 2 could be detrimental to agriculture or ecosystems in the continental United States, but they are not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they are mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post-harvest processing; they have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port-of-entry inspection, but would not likely be present in commercial shipments; or the organism was identified (in the literature or in USDA’s interception data) only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Although <i>Pseudococcus elisae</i> Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) attacks guava (Charlin, 1973) and is reported in Hawaii (Beardsley, 1986; Heu, 2007), we did not include this species on the pest list. Including Beardsley (1986), <i>P. elisae</i> has been misidentified or confused with <i>P. jackbeardsleyi</i> in several pre-1996 publications (Ben-Dov et al., 2010)<i>. </i>Therefore, previous reports of <i>P.</i> <i>elisae</i> in Hawaii are misidentifications, and Hawaii is not included in this species’ distribution (Ben-Dov et al., 2010).</p>
<p></p>
<p>Generally, based on standards by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC, 2008), we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the continental United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to the arthropods <i>Bactrocera</i> sp. (Diptera: Tephritidae), <i>Dysmicoccus </i>sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), <i>Nipaecoccus</i> sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and <i>Frankliniella</i> sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the fungi <i>Alternaria </i>sp., <i>Aschochyta </i>sp., <i>Cladosporium </i>sp., <i>Coniothyrium </i>sp., <i>Diploidia</i> sp., <i>Elsinoe </i>sp., <i>Fusarium </i>sp., <i>Fusicoccum </i>sp., <i>Gloeosporium </i>sp., <i>Guignardia </i>sp., <i>Leptosphaeria </i>sp., <i>Microsphaeropsis </i>sp., <i>Mycosphaerella </i>sp., <i>Pestalotiopsis </i>sp., <i>Phomopsis </i>sp., <i>Phyllosticta </i>sp., <i>Puccinia </i>sp., and <i>Septoria </i>sp. These genera are reported to occur in the continental United States (Agrios, 1997; Alfieri et al., 1993; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Burrack and Zalom, 2008; CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008; Lim and Manicom, 2003). Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility that a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Conversely, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.</p>
<p>We identified <i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i>(Lepidorptera: Pyralidae) as a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway, but its pupae and adults are both unlikely to do so. Pupation of <i>C. gnidiella</i> occurs externally on its “food plant” or on the ground (CABI, 2007). Since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have never intercepted <i>Cryptoblabes</i> pupae on any commercial fruit shipments. Adult <i>C. gnidiella</i> are highly mobile. Thus, these pupae and adults are highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial guava fruit; only larvae might do so.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Also, the armored scale identified in this risk assessment as a quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway<i>,</i> <i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis</i> (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is not a candidate for mitigation measures. This is because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller et al., 1985; PERAL, 2007). A critical review of the literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high-level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption and, consequently, by their low probability of establishment (PERAL, 2007). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:</p>
<p>· Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females. </p>
<p>· Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long-distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate.</p>
<p>· Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of crawlers actively dispersing by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.</p>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc264905857"></a>2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation</h2>
<p></p>
<p>We identified 16 quarantine pests that are likely to follow the commodity pathway (Table 2). All of these pests are potential candidates for mitigation measures.</p>
<p></p>
<p>As noted in the Introduction, Hawaii proposes that, in addition to standard post-harvest processing, the commodity would undergo a PPQ-approved generic irradiation treatment (400 Gy) as a phytosanitary measure (Hawaii, 2008; Lamb, 2008). PPQ recognizes 400 Gy irradiation as an approved treatment for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera for all imported fruits and vegetables (PPQ, 2008). For the mite pests, <i>Eutetranychus orientalis</i> and <i>Oligonychus biharensis</i>, irradiation is unlikely to completely mitigate the risk, so additional measures may be required. For all other pests, however, the irradiation treatment is highly likely to mitigate the risks (Table 2).</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Table 2. </b>Arthropod quarantine pests likely to be associated with guava fruit from Hawaii. </p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Order</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Family</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pest Scientific Name</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Acari</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tetranychidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Eutetranychus orientalis</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Oligonychus biharensis</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Diptera</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tephritidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hemiptera</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aleyrodidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus dispersus</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Parabemisia myricae</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Coccidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes rubens</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis </i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Vinsonia stellifera</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Pseudococcidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Nipaecoccus viridis </i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus cryptus</i> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lepidoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pyralidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thysanoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i> Karny</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p></p>
<p><a name="_Toc155671308"></a><a name="_Toc155671559"></a><a name="_Toc155671668"></a><a name="_Toc155683312"></a></p>
<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc264905858"></a>3. Authors and Reviewers</h1>
<p></p>
<p><a name="OLE_LINK3"></a><a name="OLE_LINK4"></a><b>Authors		</b>Leah C. Millar, Entomologist/Risk Analyst (primary contact)a</p>
<p>Kayimbi M. Tubajika, Plant Pathologist/Risk Analysta</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Reviewers		</b>Nicanor J. Liquido, Entomologist/Senior Risk Analysta</p>
<p>John S. Rogers, Plant Pathologist/Risk Analysta</p>
<p>Ashley M. Jackson, Editorial Assistanta</p>
<p></p>
<p><a name="_Toc155671309"></a><a name="_Toc155671560"></a><a name="_Toc155671669"></a><a name="_Toc155683313"></a>a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL </p>
<p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc264905859"></a>4. Literature Cited</h1>
<p></p>
<p>7 CFR § 318.13. 2008. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 318.13 (7 CFR § 318.13 - Hawaiian and territorial quarantine notices).</p>
<p>Agrios. 1997. Plant Pathology (4 ed). Academic Press, Inc, Berkeley, CA.</p>
<p>Alfieri, S. A. J., K. R. Langdon, J. W. Kimbrough, N. E. El Gholi, and C. Wehlburg. 1993. Diseases and disorders of Plants in Florida. Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA. 1114 pp.</p>
<p>Amrine, J. W., and T. A. Stasny. 1994. Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michigan. 798 pp.</p>
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