# Patent

## Title
Nano-sized inorganic metal particles, preparation thereof, and application thereof in improving rubber properties

## Abstract

Provided are enophile functionalized polymer particles, nano-sized inorganic metal particles such as Al(OH)3 particles, and preparations thereof. Also provided is a method of improving the properties of a rubber composition, such as a tire, by formulating the rubber to incorporate nano-sized inorganic metal particles such as Al(OH)3. The composition exhibits improved properties including bonding rubber, tensile strength, tear strength, and wet traction, among others. A novel rubber composition comprising nano-sized inorganic metal particles is also disclosed.

## Background
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/751,788, Filed Dec. 20, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is generally related to enophile functionalized polymer particles, nano-sized inorganic metal particles, and preparations of both. Also, the present invention is related to a novel rubber composition comprising nano-sized inorganic metal particles and a method of improving the properties of a rubber composition.
As a transition between atomic and bulk material, nano-sized material has new, surprising and important properties such as solubility, optical properties, electronic properties, magnetic properties, chemical reactivity, and chemical selectivity etc. The potential benefits of nano-sized material are pervasive, including information technology, medicine and health, material and manufacturing, aeronautics and space exploration, environmental and energy etc. Various prior arts have described the preparation, analysis, physics, and chemistry of nano-sized materials, for example, “Physics and Chemistry Of Metal Cluster Compounds” edited by L. J. De Jongh, Kluver Academic, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, and references thereof. For nano-sized materials that are synthesized from polymer matrices, examples include clusters of zinc sulfide, lead sulfide and cadmium sulfide from polymethyltetracyclododecene (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4409-4410); inorganic crystallites or clusters of cadmium sulfide, cobalt sulfide, nickel sulfide and zinc sulfide from functionalized diblock copolymers of polystyrene and poly-2-vinylpyridine (Synthetic Metals, 1991, 41-43, 1159-1162); semiconductor particles from an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (Inorganic Chemistry, 1988, 27(3), 435-436); lead sulfide clusters from ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers (J. Chem. Phys., 1987 87(12), 7315-7322); cadmium sulfide in a Nafion polymer film (J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 980-984); spherical cadmium sulfide particles with a diameter of one micrometer or smaller, from an ionically conductive polymer membrane (Nafion) (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, No. 23, 7002-7003); metal clusters that are less than 100 Angstroms in diameter from a nonconductive polymer matrix (Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 885-894); Cu2+ complexes formed with anionic polyamidoamine dendrimers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 661-671); and PAMAM-SBDs/Mn(II) complexes (J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 11033-11042).
The exploration and exploitation of nano-sized inorganic metal particles, however, have not so far been adequately and satisfactorily carried out for industrial application purpose. Advantageously, the present invention provides a method of preparing nano-sized inorganic metal particles using enophile functionalized polymer particles as host. Equally advantageously, the present invention provides a method of improving the properties of a rubber composition, such as that used to construct tires by formulating nano-sized inorganic metal particles into the formulation, and thereby improving several properties, including bonding rubber, tensile strength, tear strength, and wet traction, among others.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention is to provide enophile functionalized polymer particles.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide nano-sized inorganic metal particles such as Al(OH)3 particles.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing enophile functionalized polymer particles.
A still further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of preparing nano-sized inorganic metal particles in which enophile functionalized polymer particles can be used as intermediates.
One more aspect of the present invention is to provide a novel rubber composition, such as a tire product, which comprises nano-sized inorganic metal particles such as Al(OH)3 particles.
A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of improving the properties of a rubber composition, such as a tire, the properties including bonding rubber, tensile strength, tear strength, and wet traction, among others. The method comprises formulating nano-sized inorganic metal particles into the rubber composition.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals dispersed in azo carboxylate functionalized butadiene-t-butyl styrene copolymer nano-particles in accord with one aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of azocarboxylated butadiene-styrene copolymer nano-particles in accord with one aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows the atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals dispersed in azocarboxylated butadiene-styrene copolymer nano-particles in accord with one aspect of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 shows a schematic process of making nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles in accord with one aspect of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is to be understood herein, that if a “range” or “group” of substances or the like is mentioned with respect to a particular characteristic (e.g. temperature, size, time and the like) of the present invention, it relates to and explicitly incorporates herein each and every specific member and combination of sub-ranges or sub-groups therein whatsoever. Thus, any specified range or group is to be understood as a shorthand way of referring to each and every member of a range or group individually as well as each and every possible sub-range or sub-group encompassed therein; and similarly with respect to any sub-ranges or sub-groups therein.
The present invention is generally related to enophile functionalized polymer particles, nano-sized inorganic metal particles, and preparations of both, in which the former can be used as intermediates for the preparation of the latter. What is more, the present invention is also related to a method of improving the properties of a rubber composition, such as a tire, by formulating nano-sized inorganic metal particles such as Al(OH)3 particles into the rubber composition, the improved properties including bonding rubber, tensile strength, tear strength, and wet traction, among others, and a novel rubber composition comprising nano-sized inorganic metal particles.
According to an embodiment of the invention, preparation of enophile functionalized polymer nano-particles may comprise the steps of:
forming block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block;
assembling the block copolymer chains into micelles or polymer nano-particles;
optionally crosslinking the block copolymer with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer; and
functionalizing the poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles with an enophile.
In various embodiments of the invention, the method of preparing nano-sized inorganic metal particles comprises:
forming block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block;
assembling the block copolymer chains into micelles or polymer nano-particles;
optionally crosslinking the block copolymer with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer;
functionalizing the poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles with an enophile;
contacting the enophile functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block with an organic metallic compound;
distributing the organic metallic compound on or in the functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block;
converting the distributed organic metallic compound to nano-sized inorganic metal particles; and
optionally isolating the nano-sized inorganic metal particles in a solvent in which the enophile functionalized polymer particles are sufficiently more soluble than the nano-sized inorganic metal particles.
In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the enophile functionalized polymer nano-particle is used as a template or matrix for the formation of the nano-sized inorganic metal particles. Metals of the organic metallic compound may include, but are not limited to, Cu, Ti, Fe, Al, Cd, Ni, Pd, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, and the like, and the mixture thereof. As such, the organic metallic compound may comprise metal alkoxide compounds, metal alkyl compounds, metal alkylenyl compounds, metal alkylnitride compounds, and other similar compounds known to the skilled artisan. In embodiments of the invention, the bond between the metal atom and the organic unit in the organic metallic compound should be sufficiently ionic that conversion of the organic metallic compound to nano-sized inorganic metal particles is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible. Said conversion reactions may include, but are not limited to, hydrolysis, sulfidizing methods, carbonation, oxidation, and other methods known to the skilled artisan.
According to the invention, various kinds of nano-sized inorganic metal particles may be prepared, such as hydroxides, oxides and sulfides of Cu, Ti, Fe, Al, Cd, Ni, Pd, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, etc. and the mixture thereof.
As a representative example of the invention, the procedure of preparing nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles, during which the enophile functionalized polymer particle is formed as an intermediate, comprises:
forming block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block;
assembling the block copolymer chains into micelles or polymer nano-particles;
optionally crosslinking the block copolymer with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer;
functionalizing the poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles with an enophile;
contacting the enophile functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block with an aluminum alkoxide;
distributing aluminum ion on or in the functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block;
hydrolyzing the distributed aluminum ion with water to form the nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles; and optionally
isolating the Al(OH)3 particles by disassociating them from the enophile functionalized polymer particles in a solvent.
In forming the block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block and assembling them into a micelle, anionic polymerization and dispersion polymerization are preferred to be employed. Anionic polymerization and dispersion polymerization are well-known for a skilled person in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,942,209, 4,829,135, 5,891,947, 5,847,054, and 5,763,551 have disclosed methods for dispersion polymerization, which are entirely incorporated herein as references.
As indicated supra, the block copolymer chain comprises at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block. As a contributory factor in facilitating micelle formation from the block copolymer chains, the solubility difference in a selected dispersion solvent between the two blocks, should be sufficiently significant. For example, when a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is selected as the dispersion solvent, conjugated diene monomers and polymer blocks thereof, will typically have adequately higher solubility than alkenyl arene monomers and polymer blocks thereof.
Generally, C4-C8 conjugated diene monomers are well suited for the present invention. Exemplary conjugated diene monomers include, but are not limited to, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, piperylene (1,3-pentadiene), 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, and the like. Suitable non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents include aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, and the like, as well as cyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane, cyclooctane, cyclopentane, cycloheptane, cyclononane, cyclodecane and the like. These hydrocarbons may be used individually or in combination. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, hexane is first charged to a polymerization reactor, and then butadiene/hexane blend is charged.
According to the present invention, temperature control is also essential, as it is not only part of the reaction conditions for the polymerization per se, but also another contributory factor in facilitating micelle formation from the block copolymer chains. Therefore, the overall control of, and balance between, selection and quantity of for example monomers, selection and quantity of solvent, temperature, and reaction time, dictate the formation of micelles and ultimately the enophile-functionalized polymer nano-particles. The assembled micelles are preferably formed by maintaining a temperature that is also favorable to polymerization of the selected monomers in the selected solvent(s). Preferred temperatures are in the range of about −70 to 200° C., with a temperature in the range of about −10 to 150° C. being particularly preferred.
To the reaction mixture which includes conjugated diene and dispersion solvent and, preferably after the temperature of the reaction mixture is stabilized, an anionic initiator can be added to initiate the anionic polymerization, this may optionally be added together with a 1,2-microstructure controlling agent.
The anionic initiators selected for the dispersion polymerization of the present invention can be any known organolithium compounds. Preferred organolithium compounds are alkyl lithium, cycloalkyl lithium, cycloalkylalkyl lithium, alkylcycloalkyl lithium, alkenyl lithium, aryl lithium and alkylaryl lithium. Examples of the alkyl group in alkyl lithium include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, and the like. Examples of the cycloalkyl group in cycloalkyl lithium include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2,2,1-bicycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of the alkylcycloalkyl group in alkylcycloalkyl lithium include, but are not limited to, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, ethylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, ethylcyclohexyl, isopropylcyclohexyl, 4-butylcyclohexyl, and the like. Examples of the cycloalkylalkyl group in cycloalkylalkyl lithium include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl-methyl, cyclohexyl-ethyl, cyclopentyl-ethyl, methyl-cyclopentylethyl, 4-cyclohexylbutyl, and the like. Examples of the alkenyl group in alkenyl lithium include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, and the like. Examples of the arylalkyl group in arylalkyl lithium include, but are not limited to, 4-phenylbutyl, benzyl, and the like. Examples of the aryl and alkylaryl in the lithium compounds include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, 4-butylphenyl, p-tolyl, and the like.
The anionic initiator of the present invention is employed in amounts designed to result in the desired molecular weight of the block polymer. The ratio of millimoles of initiator per hundred grams of monomer for use in the present invention ranges between 0.1 millimoles to 100 millimoles, preferably 0.5 millimoles to 50 millimoles.
For a conjugated diene monomer such as 1,3-butadiene, either 1,2-addition or 1,4-addition can occur when it is subject to the polymerization reaction. As such, a 1,2-microstructure controlling agent is optionally used to control the 1,2-addition mechanism, and also, as a result, to control the final 1,2-microstructure content of the conjugated diene polymer blocks in the micelles and polymer nano-particles. The 1,2-microstructure controlling agents that can be used in the present invention include linear or cyclic oxolanyl oligomers. Suitable 1,2-microstructure controlling agents include, but are not limited to, bis(2-oxolanyl)methane; 1,1-bis(2-oxolanyl)ethane; bistetrahydrofuryl propane; 2,2-bis(2-oxolanyl)propane; 2,2-bis(5-methyl-2-oxolanyl)propane; 2,2-bis-(3,4,5-trimethyl-2-oxolanyl)propane; 2,5-bis(2-oxolanyl-2-propyl)oxolane; octamethylperhydrocyclotetrafurfurylene (cyclic tetramer); 2,2-bis(2-oxolanyl) butane; and the like. A mixture of two or more 1,2-microstructure controlling agents also can be used. The preferred 1,2-microstructure controlling agents for use in the present invention are oligomeric oxolanyl propanes (OOPs).
In one embodiment of the present invention, as the charge of 1,2-microstructure controlling agent increases, the percentage of 1,2-microstructure (vinyl content) increases in the poly(conjugated diene) block, which is situated at, for example, the surface region of the micelles or polymer nano-particles. The ratio of the 1,2-microstructure controlling agent to the monomers can vary from a minimum as low as 0 to a maximum as great as about 30 millimoles, preferably about 0 to 10 millimoles, of 1,2-microstructure controlling agent per hundred grams of monomer being charged into the reactor. The vinyl content of the conjugated diene block is preferably between about 0% and 100%, and more preferably between about 7% and 70%.
Taking 1,3-butadiene as a representative example for the conjugated diene monomer, when the monomers are polymerized, possible 1,2-addition, cis and trans 1,4-addition mechanisms result in a final poly(conjugated diene) block in accord with the illustrative structure shown below.




In the above structure of poly(1,3-butadiene), only trans 1,4-addition is shown for illustration purposes. However it should be understood that cis 1,4-addition is also within the present invention. It should also be noted that at least one allylic hydrogen (ene) is present in each contributing monomer. As will be more fully described herein below, these ene groups can be functionalized with enophile reagents.
Optionally, an antioxidant can be added to the reaction system during, for example, the polymerization of the conjugated diene monomer. Suitable antioxidants include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) such as 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl phenol or other stereochemically-hindered phenols, thioethers, and phospites etc.
In completing the formation of the block copolymer chains of the present invention, the poly(alkenyl arene) block is introduced into the chains. According to one embodiment of the invention, a diblock copolymer chain may be formed by anionic living polymerization, in which alkenyl arene monomers are added to a polymerized conjugated diene with an anionic living end. Another method of forming the block copolymer chain is anionic living copolymerization of a mixture of conjugated diene monomers and alkenyl arene monomers, particularly, in the absence of certain polar additives, such as ethers, tertiary amines, or metal alkoxides which could otherwise effect the polymerization of the separately constituted polymer blocks. Under these conditions, the conjugated diene generally polymerizes first, followed by the polymerization of the alkenyl arene. In either instances, the block copolymer contains a poly(conjugated diene) block, which is more soluble in a non-aromatic hydrocarbon dispersion solvent, and a poly(alkenyl arene) block, which is less soluble in the same dispersion solvent.
Exemplary alkenyl arene monomers include, but are not limited to, styrene, t-butyl styrene, α-methylstyrene, 1-vinyl naphthalene, 2-vinyl naphthalene, 1-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, 2-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, vinyl toluene, methoxystyrene, t-butoxystyrene, and the like, as well as alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl derivatives thereof, in which the total number of carbon atoms in the combined hydrocarbon is generally not greater than 18, as well as any di- or tri-vinyl substituted arenes, and mixtures thereof. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the selected alkenyl arene is styrene or t-butyl styrene, and is added as a blend with hexane.
In forming the micelle from the block copolymer chains, an additional amount of dispersion solvent can be added to initiate the micelle assembling and/or to control the size or concentration of already-formed micelles.
Optionally, the poly(alkenyl arene) block can be further crosslinked with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer. According to the present invention, the micelle formed by the polymerization of the conjugated diene and alkenyl arene monomers is preferably crosslinked to enhance the uniformity and permanence of shape and size of the resultant polymer nano-particles. In a specific embodiment of the invention, after formation of the micelles, a cross-linking agent is added to the polymerization mixture. The cross-linking agent has at least two polymerizable groups such as vinyl which can be polymerized and result in a crosslinked polymer network. Preferably, a selected crosslinking agent has a stronger affinity to, or higher compatibility with, the alkenyl arene monomers and the poly(alkenyl arene) block, and therefore is able to migrate into them. The crosslinking agents can crosslink at least part of the micelles to form the desired polymer nano-particles of the present invention. In a specific embodiment, polymer nano-particles are formed from the micelles with a core including crosslinked poly(alkenyl arene) blocks and a surface layer including poly(conjugated diene) blocks. Typical crosslinking agents are di-alkenyl- or tri-alkenyl-substituted arene. A preferred crosslinking agent is divinylbenzene (DVB).
After an appropriate period of the anionic polymerization, the reaction can be terminated with a stopping agent such as an alcohol, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, and the like, and the mixture thereof. For example, the polymer nano-particle products can be dropped into isopropanol, and after precipitation, drum dried.
The polymer nano-particles of the present invention can be analyzed and characterized by routine measurements that are well-known to a skilled artisan, for example, NMR, GPC (with polystyrene/THF as standard), and etc. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that an exemplary micelle will be comprised of ten to five hundred block copolymers yielding, after crosslinking, a nano-particle having a number average molecular weight of between about 1,000 and 10,000,000, preferably between about 10,000 and 1,000,000, for example, around 900,000. The polymer nano-particles preferably have an average diameter less than about 100 nm, are substantially monodisperse and uniform in shape. The dispersity is represented by the ratio of Mw to Mn, with a ratio of 1 being substantially monodisperse. The polydispersity of the molecular weight is preferably less than about 2.0, more preferably less than about 1.8, and most preferably less than about 1.5, for example, around 1.1. Moreover, the polymer nano-particles are preferably spherical, though shape defects are acceptable, provided the nano-particles generally retain their discrete nature with little or no polymerization between particles. As can be learned from NMR analysis, the polymer nano-particles contain typically 1% to 99% of conjugated diene and 99% to 1% of alkenyl arene, for example 50/50 butadiene and styrene. For the poly(conjugated diene) block, the cis, trans, and vinyl structures are 0 ̃40%, 0 ̃40%, and 0 ̃100% respectively. As an example, in one specific embodiment, a polybutadiene block contains 22% cis, 18% trans and 60% vinyl structures.
For the polymer nano-particle product, its poly(conjugated diene) block can be further functionalized with an enophile reagent. Enophile is a compound with electron-deficient multiple bonds such as carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, nitroso, and imine, among others. The enophile used in the present invention preferably contains at least one azo group, more preferably, one azo and one carbonyl group, and most preferably, two carbonyl groups separated by an azo group. Exemplary enophiles include, but are not limited to, azodicarboxylate compounds as shown below:




R1 and R2 are each independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like.

When an enophile reagent is added to an alkene having an allylic hydrogen (ene), a pericyclic ene reaction or Alder-ene reaction can occur, as illustrated below, between the electron-deficient multiple bond and the ene group:




In the ene reaction, a new σ bond is formed between the two unsaturated termini, with allylic shift of the ene double bond, and the allylic hydrogen is transferred to the enophile. The reaction can optionally be promoted with heating and Lewis acids such as BF3.O(CH2CH3)2, SnCl4, Al(CH2CH3)Cl2, Al(CH3)2Cl, and the like.
Poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles according to the present invention contains ene group, which provides the chemical basis for enophile functionalization via an ene reaction. For example, when the enophile is diisopropyl azodicarboxylate and the ene is poly(1,3-butadiene) block of the polymer nano-particle, the ene reaction between them is believed, although with no intention to be limited by any theory, to yield one or more products as shown in the following scheme:




Preferably, the ene reaction is conducted with agitation, elevated temperature such as up to 115° C., and reflux etc. for a sufficient period of time such as 7 hours. The product was dropped into hexane. Before further use, the ene reaction products are preferably washed several times with a non-aromatic solvent such as hexane. The enophile-functionalized polymer nano-particles of the present invention can be analyzed and characterized by routine measurements such as H-NMR, C13-NMR, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and GPC (with polystyrene/THF as standard) etc. The nano-particles have a number average molecular weight of between about 1,000 and 10,000,000, preferably between about 1,000 and 1,000,000, for example, around 850,000. The polydispersity of the molecular weight is preferably less than about 2.0, more preferably less than about 1.5, and most preferably less than about 1.3, for example, around 1.09. The nano-particles contain up to 300, preferably up to 100, such as 80, parts of chemically bonded enophile over one hundred parts (by weight) of the polymer nano-particles.
Aluminum (III) can be introduced and diffused into the enophile functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block by contacting it with an aluminum alkoxide. The aluminum alkoxide or alcoholate used in the present invention can be any compound with a general formula of Al(OR3)(OR4)(OR5), in which R3, R4, and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. When an aluminum alkoxide contacts the enophile functionalized polymer nano-particle, it is believed that the aluminum alkoxide will migrate to the enophile positions or neighborhood, where one or more of the (—OR3), (—OR4), and (—OR5) groups may take an acidic hydrogen from the enophile functionalized polymer nano-particle, resulting in a negative or partially negative group such as —N− or —Nδ−—, to which an aluminum ion can non-covalently bind on. By doing so, an aluminum cation can be internally complexed in, and therefore distributed or dispersed throughout, the poly(conjugated diene) region. As such, the internal architecture, the number, and the density of the enophile functionalized groups in the poly(conjugated diene) region such as shell of the nano-particles, will dictate the spatial arrangement of the aluminum cations. In a sense, the enophile functionalized polymer nano-particle can be regarded as nano-sized organic container, nano-sized reactor, template, matrix, and the like, as can be envisioned by a skilled artisan in the art.
The retained aluminum cationic species are not covalently bonded to the polymer nano-particle, they can undergo chemical reactions in accordance with their nature and reactivity. As opposed to small molecular complexing agents, polymer nano-particles do not hinder the formation of new chemical compounds from the aluminum ions, but retain the new compound(s) in or nearby where they were. In the presence of an apposite amount of water, Al3+ will be hydrolyzed, and Al(OH)3 will be formed, discretely crystallized, and distributed on or in the polymer nano-particle, particularly, the poly(conjugated diene) location. In an embodiment of the present invention, the Al(OH)3 nano-particles are formed in the vicinity of the azocarboxylate groups, and bind to them through a loose acid/base interaction, as illustrated in exemplary Formula (IV) below. Consequently, Al(OH)3 nano-sized particles can be supplied as particles embedded in the host block copolymer or they can be detached and separated from the block copolymer by an appropriate shift in pH level and later centrifugation etc.




Because, on an microscopic level, the reactant Al(III) is dispersed throughout the poly(conjugated diene) regime, the size and size-distribution of the distributed Al(OH)3 particles are determined and controlled by their host enophile functionlized polymer nano-particles. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the size of the Al(OH)3 particles is controlled to be within a magnitude of less than 50 nanometers, preferably 5 ̃10 nanometers.
In a specific embodiment, it has been observed that THF is a good solvent for the block copolymer. Using THF solvent in fact can dissolve the polymer molecules around the particles. As a result, the nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals aggregated to clusters of micrometers and settled out from the solution. This phenomenon allows separation of the nanoparticles from the block copolymer by using simple centrifuge or filtration. The polymer and the solvent can then be recycled or reused again.
The nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles of the present invention can be industrially utilized in a variety of ways. For example, the Al(OH)3 particles can be directly used in rubber compounding, in which only their host polymer serves as the rubber ingredient for the rubber compounding. In another example, the Al(OH)3 particles, separated or not separated from their host polymer, can be used in rubber compounding with other rubbery elastomers. Examples of other rubbery elastomers include, but are not limited to, natural rubber, low-vinyl polybutadiene, cis-1,4-polybutadiene, amorphous 1,2-polybutadiene, low-vinyl polyisoprene, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, neoprene, ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber (EPR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene rubber (SIR), styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS), styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB), hydrogenated styrene butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS), hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SEB), styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer (SIS), styrene-isoprene block copolymer (SI), hydrogenated styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer (SEPS), hydrogenated styrene-isoprene block copolymer (SEP), polysulfide rubber, acrylic rubber, urethane rubber, silicone rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, and the like. Mixtures of the above rubbery elastomers may also be used. These rubbery elastomers are well known and are commercially available. Also, those skilled in the art will be able to readily synthesize these rubbery elastomers by using techniques that are well known in the art. Using the nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles of the present invention in rubber compounding can beneficially improve the properties of the final products, such as bound rubber, tensile strength, tear strength, and wet traction etc. For example, nano-sized Al(OH)3 shows strong interactions with diene rubber. It can be used to improve rubber properties (e.g., for increasing carbon gel, increasing Tb/Eb, tear Strength and G′). In addition, adding nano-sized Al(OH)3 into a rubber formulation can effectively improve the wet traction, with minimal loss of wear.
In rubber compounding, a variety of desired additives can optionally be added to the rubber composition. Typical additives include filler, processing aids, activators, processing aids, tackifiers, stabilizers, age resistors, sulfur, antioxidants and antiozone compounds, extenders, plasticizers, blowing agents, pigments, and accelerators etc. When necessary, such as a rubber subject to compounding is partially crystallized, the rubber can be heated before it will yield to mixing. As a skilled artisan knows, stabilizers such as amines and phenols can help the rubber withstand oxidative, ageing and ozone attack, by intercepting the active free radicals breaking the free-radical-associated degradation process. Reinforcing filler such as carbon black, presumably by adhesion its surface to rubber, are able to improve the mechanical properties such as hardness, abrasion resistance, modulus, and tear resistance etc., and to provide other benefits such as retarding UV degradation, increasing electrical conductivity, reducing triboelectric charging, and acting as an antistatic material. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, to be added in the rubber compounding include carbon black (N343), aromatic oil, zinc oxide, hydrocarbon resin (tackifier), Santoflex 13 (antioxidant), stearic acid, wax, sulphur, cyclohexyl-benzothiazole sulfenamide (accelerator), and diphenylguanidine (accelerator) etc.
The following examples are included to provide additional guidance to those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention. The examples provided are merely representative of the work that contributes to the teaching of the present application. Accordingly, these examples are not intended to limit the invention, as defined in the appended claims, in any manner.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of TbSt-BR Diblock Copolymer
To a 32 oz. nitrogen purged bottle, 400 ml of pure hexane, 20 ml of t-butyl styrene, and 0.5 ml of 1.54M butyl lithium were added. Then, the bottle was placed into a water bath of 80° C. for reaction. The bottle was shaken for 40 minutes. Then, 100 g of 1,4-Butadiene/Hexane blend (21.4 wt %) was added to the bottle. After additional 40 minute reaction, the reaction was terminated by charging the bottle with 1 ml isopropanol. After evaporating the solvent, a small amount of the product was taken for GPC analysis. The GPC analysis, using polystyrene/THF as the standard, showed that the polymer had a number average molecular weight of 58000. The polydispersity of the molecular weight was 1.19. The conversion of the reaction is about 100%. The product is a linear diblock copolymer, containing 45 wt % of t-butyl styrene monomer unit and 55 wt % of butadiene monomer unit.
Example 2
Preparation of Azocarboxylated Diblock Copolymer
A 300 ml three-neck round-bottom flask was used for the preparation. The middle neck was connected with a mechanical string motor. The left neck was used to reflux the solvent. The right neck was used for placing the thermometer. At 23° C., 110 g of the toluene solution contained 10% of the product from Example 1 was added to the flask. Then, to the flask was charged 10 g diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (From Aldrich). After that the solution in the flask was purged with nitrogen for 1 hour. Then, the flask was heated up to 115-120° C. The reaction was continued at that temperature for 8 hours. After evaporation of the solvent, a light-yellow solid product was obtained. The conversion of the grafting reaction was 100%.
Example 3
Preparation of Nano-sized Al(OH)3 Particles
First, two 40 ml bottles were charged with following materials. Those bottles were then named as bottles A and B respectively. The material inside those bottles was named accordingly as material A and material B respectively. In Bottle A, 0.5 g of the products from Example 2 was added into 15 g hexane solvent. After vigorous stirring for 1 hour, the azocarboxylated PBd-TbST were dissolved. The solution is completely transparent. In Bottle B, 0.5 g Al(Isopropoxide)3 was added into 15 g toluene solvent. After vigorous stirring for 1 hour, the solution is completely transparent.
The bottle A was then charged with 2.0 ml of solution from the Bottle B and 0.5 ml of water. The solution was shaken for 1 hour. A small drop of the final solution was placed on a copper microgrid. After the solvent evaporated, the surface was then examined under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FIG. 1 shows the TEM image, indicating that the material containing nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals.
The Al(OH)3 nanoparticles are formed in the vicinity of the azocarboxylate groups but not bound to them chemically but through a loose acid/base interaction. Consequently, Al(OH)3 nanoparticles can be supplied as particles embedded in the host block copolymer or they can be detached and separated from the block copolymer by an appropriate shift in pH level and later centrifugation etc.
Example 4
Separation of Al(OH)3 Nano-sized Particles
About 1 ml of the solution prepared according to Example 3 was further diluted by 10 times using THF. It should be noted here that THF is a good solvent for the block copolymer. Using THF solvent in fact dissolved the polymer molecules around the particle. As a result, the nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals aggregated to clusters of micrometers and settled out from the solution. This phenomenon is very important since it allows one to separate the nanoparticles from the block copolymer by using simple centrifuge or filtration. The polymer and the solvent can then be recycled or reused again. It has been discovered that after separation the aggregated particles can be re-dispersed in hexane by adding some of the copolymer. The separation process has a great industrial value. FIG. 4 shows the schematic process of making nano-sized Al(OH)3 particles.
Example 5
Preparation of St-BR Particle Polymers
A 2-gallon polymerization reactor was used for the preparation. The reactor was first charged with 1.14 lbs. of hexane, then was charged with 2.28 lbs. of butadiene/hexane blend that contained 21.7 wt % of butadiene. The reactor was then heated to 135° F. After the temperature stabilized, the reactor was first charged with 2.51 ml of 1.6 M solution of OOPS. The polymerization was then initiated 5.0 ml of a 1.68 M solution of butyl lithium in hexane. The batch temperature was maintained at 135° F. for the duration of the polymerization. After 2 hours (when the reaction was finished), the reactor was charged with 1.50 lbs. of styrene/hexane blend that contains 33 wt % of styrene. After additional two-hour reaction, the reactor was charged with 4 lbs. of hexane. After another additional 20 minutes, the reactor was charged with 50 ml of divinyl benzene. The reactor was then maintained at 135° F. for another two-hour period, and a small amount of the product was taken for GPC analysis. The GPC analysis of the product, using polystyrene/THF as the standard, showed that the micelle polymer had a number average molecular weight of 893700. The polydispersity of the molecular weight was 1.13. The conversion of the reaction is about 100%. The NMR analysis showed that the product contains 50% of butadiene and 50% of styrene. The polybutadiene contains 22% cis, 18% trans and 60% vinyl structures. The product was finally dropped into isopropanol. After precipitation, the product was drum dried.
Example 6
Preparation of Azocarboxylated Particle Polymers
A 2,000 ml three-neck round-bottom flask was used for the preparation. The middle neck was connected with a mechanical string motor. The left neck was used to reflex the solvent. The right neck was used for placing the thermometer. At 23° C., 740 g of the toluene solution contained 10% of the product from Example 5 was added to the flask. Then, to the flask was charged 100 g diisopropyl azodicaboxylate (From Aldrich). After that, the solution in the flask was purged with nitrogen for 1 hour. Then, the flask was heated up to 115° C. and held at the temperature for 7 hours. The product was dropped into hexane. A light-yellow product was precipitated from the hexane solution. The product was finally washed with using hexane for five times. The GPC analysis of the product, using polystyrene/THF as the standard, showed that the polymer had a number average molecular weight of 851200. The polydispersity of the molecular weight was 1.09. C13 NMR analysis C═O and styrene showed that the product contained about 79 parts of chemical bonded diisopropyl azocarboxylate over one hundred parts (by weight) of the polymer of Example 5. The product was soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, THF, chloroform, toluene, but not soluble in hexane and cyclohexane.
For microscopy observation, a small amount ( ̃10 mg) of the product was first dissolved into toluene. Then, a small drop of the toluene solution was placed on a newly cleaved graphite surface. After the solvent evaporated, the surface was then examined under atomic force microscopy (AFM). FIG. 2 shows the AFM image, indicating that the material is nano-sized particles.
Example 7
Preparation of Nano-sized Al(OH)3 Polymer Nanocomposite Particles
First, four 40 ml bottles were charged with the following materials. Those bottles were then named as bottle A, B, and C, respectively. The material inside those bottles was named accordingly as material A, B, and C, respectively. In Bottle A, 0.5 g of the products from Example 6 was added into 15 g toluene solvent. After vigorous stirring for 1 hour, the azocarboxylated particles were dissolved. The solution is completely transparent. In Bottle B, 0.5 g of the products from Example 6 was added into 15 g THF solvent. After vigorous stirring for 1 hour, the azocarboxylated particles were dissolved. The solution is completely transparent. In Bottle C, 0.5 g Al(isopropoxide)3 was added into 15 g toluene solvent. After vigorous stirring for 1 hour, the azocarboxylated particles were dissolved. The solution is completely transparent.
The Bottle A was then charged with 1.5 ml of solution from Bottle C and 1.5 ml of water. The solution was shaken for 1 hour. The resulted solution looked like emulsified solution. After diluted with toluene 10 times, it becomes transparent again. A small drop of the final solution was placed on a copper micro-grid. After the solvent evaporated, the surface was then examined under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FIG. 3 shows the AFM image, indicating that the material containing nano-sized Al(OH)3 crystals.
Example 8
Al(OH)3 Cluster
The bottle B was then charged with 1.5 ml of solution from bottle C and 1.5 ml of water. The solution was then shaken for 1 hour. The resulted material is not a solution. Al(OH)3 crystals form big clusters and precipitated.
Example 9
Preparation of Azocarboxylated Particle Polymers
A 2-gallon polymerization reactor was used for the preparation. The reactor was first charged with 2.36 lbs. of hexane, then was charged with 4.56 lbs. of butadiene/hexane blend that contained 22.4 wt % of butadiene. The reactor was then heated to 135° F. After the temperature stabilized, the reactor was first charged with 2.5 ml of 1.68 M solution of butyl lithium in hexane. The batch temperature was maintained at 135° F. for the duration of the polymerization. After 2 hours (when the reaction was finished), the reactor was charged with 0.78 lbs. of styrene/hexane blend that contains 33 wt % of styrene. After additional two-hour reaction, the reactor was charged with 6 lbs. of hexane. After another additional 20 minutes, the reactor was charged with 50 ml of divinyl benzene. The reactor was then maintained at 135° F. for another two-hour period, and 1 ml isopropanol was added to stop the anionic reaction. After that, 100 g diisopropyl azodicarboxylate was added into the reactor. The temperature was then set to 220° F., after 16-hour ene-reaction. The reaction was stopped and material was dropped out of the reactor.
Example 10
Preparation of Nano-sized Al(OH)3 Particles
The half of the product from Example 9 was further dissolved into toluene and then diluted to about 6% wt concentration in a big container. With string, a solution that contained 0.5 lb. Al(isopropoxide)3 (from Aldrich) and 0.4 lb. water was added to the container. After about 2 hours string, the solution was first concentrated with blowing in the nitrogen gas, and was then drum dried. TGA results show that the material contains about 12% Al2O3.
Examples 11-12
Application of the Particles in Rubber Compounds
Two kinds of rubber compositions were prepared according to the formulation shown in Tables 1 and 2 by selectively adding the Al(OH)3 particles to the compound formulation. In each sample, a blend of the ingredients was kneaded by a method listed in Table 3. The final stock was sheeted and molded at 160° C. for 30 minutes.







TABLE 1







Composition for Mater Batch










Example 11
Example 12















Polymer from Example 9
100.00




Polymer from Example 10

112.00



Carbon Black (N343)
50.00
50.00



Aromatic Oil
15.00
15.00



Zinc Oxide
3.00
3.00



Hydrocarbon Resin (tackifiers)
2.00
2.00



Santoflex 13 (antioxidants)
0.95
0.95



Stearic Acid
2.00
2.00



Wax
1.00
1.00

















TABLE 2







Composition for Final Batch










Example 11
Example 12













Sulphur
2.10
2.10


Cyclohexyl-benzothiazole sulfenamide
1.40
1.40


(accelerator)


Diphenylguanidine (accelerator)
0.20
0.20
















TABLE 3





Mixing Conditions
















Mixer: 300 g Brabender
Agitation Speed: 60 rpm


Mater Batch Stage


Initial Temperature
110° C.


 0 min
charging polymers


0.5 min
charging oil and Carbon Black


5.0 min
Drop


Final Batch Stage


Initial Temperature
 75° C.


 0 sec
charging master stock


30 sec
charging curing agent and accelerators


75 sec
Drop









On the vulcanized rubber compounds of Examples 11 and 12, measurement of the tensile strength, tear strength, hysteresis loss gave the results as shown in Table 4. Measurement of tensile strength is based on conditions of ASTM-D 412 at 22° C. Test specimen geometry was taken the form of a ring of a width of 0.05 inches and of a thickness of 0.075 inches. The specimen was tested at a specific gauge length of 1.0 inch. The measurement of tear strength is based on conditions of ASTM-D 624 at 170° C. Test specimen geometry was the form of a nicked ring (ASTM-624-C). The specimen was tested at the specific gauge length of 1.750 inches. The hysteresis loss was measured with a Dynastat Viscoelastic Analyzer. Test specimen geometry was that of a strip of a length of 30 mm and of a width of 15 mm. The following testing conditions were employed: frequency 5 Hz, 2% strain. Measurement of the wet traction was performed on the British Portable Skid Tester, which is specified in Road Research Laboratory Technical Paper No. 66 by C. G. Giles et al. London, 1966. The sample geometry for the test is a rectangle bar of 1×3×0.25 inches.







TABLE 4







Effect of Nano-Sized Al(OH)3 on Rubber Compound










Control
Test















Polymer of Example 9
100
100



~10 nm Al(OH)3
0
12



Carbon black, N343
50
50



Sulfur content
2.1
2.1



Cure Property, Bond Rubber (%)
25.6
46.9



Room Temp Ring Tensile, 23° C.



Tb (MPa)
18.93
22.58



Eb (%)
334
373



M300
16.86
17.73



M50
2.89
2.35



High Temp Ring Tensile, 100° C.



Tb (MPa)
10.17
10.91



Eb (%)
335
399



M300
8.75
7.35



M50
0.88
1.06



Ring Tear, 170° C.



Strength (kN/m)
13.7
21.1



Travel (%)
329.4
485.3



Rolling Resistance, 50 C tanδ
0.247
0.305



Wet Traction Index



1) 0° C. loss G′′ (MPa)
0.172
0.246



3) BPST Index
100
109



Lanborne Wear Index (65%)
100
92










As can be seen in the Table 4, the rubber composition of Example 12 exhibited very well balanced physical properties. The tensile strength and the tear strength of the modified rubber compounds are better than that of the comparative compound (i.e., Example 11) under equal modulus condition. Of most importance, the wet traction of the test compound is about 10% better than that control.
Nano-sized Al(OH)3 show strong interactions with diene rubbers. It can be used to improve rubber properties in general (e.g., increased C/B gel, increased Tb/Eb, tear strength and G′). Adding Al(OH)3 can effectively improve the wet traction.
The exemplary embodiment has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the exemplary embodiment be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A method of preparing enophile functionalized polymer nano-particles, which comprises
forming block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block;
assembling the block copolymer chains into micelles or polymer nano-particles;
crosslinking the block copolymer with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer; and
functionalizing the poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles with an enophile having an electron-deficient multiple bond.

2. The method according to claim 1, in which the conjugated diene monomer comprises a C4-C8 conjugated diene monomer.

3. The method according to claim 1, in which the conjugated diene monomer comprises a diene selected from the group consisting of 1,3-butadiene, isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, piperylene (1,3-pentadiene), 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, and mixture thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1, in which the conjugated diene monomer comprises 1,3-butadiene.

5. The method according to claim 1, in which the alkenyl arene is selected from the group consisting of styrene, t-butyl styrene, α-methylstyrene, 1-vinyl naphthalene, 2-vinyl naphthalene, 1-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, 2-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, vinyl toluene, methoxystyrene, t-butoxystyrene, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl derivatives thereof, and mixture thereof.

6. The method according to claim 1, in which the alkenyl arene monomer comprises styrene or t-butyl styrene.

7. The method according to claim 1, in which forming the block copolymer chains is conducted in a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.

8. The method according to claim 7, in which the non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent is selected from the group consisting of pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane, cyclooctane, cyclopentane, cycloheptane, cyclononane, cyclodecane, and the mixture thereof.

9. The method according to claim 1, in which the copolymerization and micelle assembly are conducted in a temperature of about −70 to 200° C.

10. The method according to claim 1, in which the copolymerization is initiated by an organolithium compound.

11. The method according to claim 1, in which the enophile contains at least one azo group.

12. The method according to claim 11, in which the enophile contains two carbonyl groups separated by at least an azo group.

13. The method according to claim 12, in which the enophile comprises a compound having the formula:



wherein the R1 and R2 are each independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl.

14. The method according to claim 13, in which both R1 and R2 are isopropyl.

15. A method of preparing nano-sized inorganic metal particles, which comprises
forming block copolymer chains having at least a poly(conjugated diene) block and at least a poly(alkenyl arene) block;
assembling the block copolymer chains into micelles or polymer nano-particles;
crosslinking the block copolymer with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene monomer;
functionalizing the poly(conjugated diene) block of the polymer nano-particles with an enophile having an electron-deficient multiple bond;
contacting the enophile functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block with an organic metallic compound;
distributing the organic metallic compound on or in the functionalized poly(conjugated diene) block;
converting the distributed organic metallic compound to nano-sized inorganic metal particles; and
optionally isolating the nano-sized inorganic metal particles in a solvent in which the enophile functionalized polymer particles is sufficiently more soluble than the nano-sized inorganic metal particles.

16. The method according to claim 15, in which the metal of the organic metallic compound is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ti, Fe, Al, Cd, Ni, Pd, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, and the mixture thereof.

17. The method according to claim 15, in which the organic metallic compound is selected from the group consisting of metal alkoxide compounds, metal alkylenyl compounds, metal alkylnitride compounds, and combinations thereof.

18. The method according to claim 15, in which the organic metallic compound comprises aluminum alkoxide.

19. The method according to claim 18, in which the aluminum alkoxide is a compound with a general formula of Al(OR3)(OR4)(OR5), wherein R3, R4, and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.

20. The method according to claim 19, in which the aluminum alkoxide comprises Al(OCH(CH3)2)3.

21. Enophile functionalized polymer nano-particles, which are prepared according to the method of claim 1.

22. The enophile functionalized polymer nano-particles of claim 21, which have a number average molecular weight of between about 1,000 and 10,000,000.

23. The enophile functionalized polymer nano-particles of claim 21, having a polydispersity of less than about 1.5.

24. Nano-sized inorganic metal particles, which are prepared in accord with the method of claim 15, wherein the nano-sized inorganic metal particles have a diameter of 5 to 10 nanometers.

25. A rubber composition including the nano-sized inorganic metal particles prepared in accord with the method of claim 15, wherein the nano-sized inorganic metal particles have a diameter of 5 to 10 nanometers.

26. An enophile functionalized polymer composition comprised of nano-particles comprising poly(conjugated diene) monomer and poly(alkenyl arene) monomer, said nano-particles having an average diameter less than about 100 nm and a number average molecular weight between about 10,000 and 1,000,000 and a poly dispersity less than about 1.8, said nano-particles further comprising enophile and organic metal compounds;
wherein the enophile has an electron-deficient multiple bond;
wherein the nano-particles are cross-linked with a multiple-alkenyl substituted arene.

27. The method of claim 1, wherein the enophile has two or more multiple bonds.

28. The method of claim 15, wherein the enophile has two or more multiple bonds.

29. The enophile functionalized polymer composition of claim 26, wherein the enophile has two or more multiple bonds.