OFFICE OF THE ATl.ORNEYGENERAL OF TEXAS 

AUSTIN 

43( 
OOnClUdOd it does POt in thOW3 portions hereinafter 

pointed out. 

Seation 1 of the Bill provldeer 

*HeXQaftfir, when 8 diB&Ult~ ahdLl tWi88 b8t#8@lI 

- elPglW3~ aad Olg~lO~OeI il3 an induetw nhloh i8 

OtWMti8l to rutiOn defenre, or where the amPlOYer i8 WWating a holrpital, pub110 uatllltf, or 

6 trMSQOTt~tf0~ 8~8tePD, b8fOr8 My 8tdk8 8&8U be 

iWZ8Eed in Of put intO MeOt br 8Uch 8np;Loy8sa, 0~ 

belox;.; mob 9Ji@Oyet,8 ehakl ba locked out by the 

wnployes, a UZFittOn uotiea ahall bs filed by auoh 

WJ?1WW OX W@lOYW, a8 t&S Ua88 ItIEr be, Wit& the 

&JWltJr Cl8rk Of the 00Unty where the isdU8t~ 18 

aitUh& 68 WSU 80 Wita, the r8&3p8iltiYa SOuatg 

olerka of all othar oountiea in rhloh l uah fndwtry 

OjWX8t~a it8 bLUiOslS, if eplr, aad t&9 mat8 18 

affroted by 8Wh di8pUtb. Swh aotloe by thr eaQlO 8W dlau. state that it i8 th8 pUl?QO88 Uf rtrah 

OLUp % ,yseS to alter Upon 8 8trikm and atate the 

re8&wla and densanti, end euoh notfoe byth8 

UDae 

10Lofrr 

ohall atets that it ie the purpose Of maof& Qm# Or8r 

to OlOSe h&8 burinsaa fmd 10&t Out the mqWpw8 Sod 

g ive th s r ea 8o aa thareror. SJo l w& etr lk,ahall a 

be entered tnfn and no ruoh lo&out Uua3.L be at& 

erfeotiwt, untlf after the ;trpfbe oi not loasp thar 

l&&r &I~8 f~8l Wb tdt8l’ fih8 tUtng ai: Sri6 R4tiW 

or notiosr wit& the COW&~ Clerk ot County Cloek# 

aa hersia prorldad. Guoh aotide v&on ifl6d with the 

countg clmk *br31 be paat04 br bia in a publlb 

pl.aoe ln the anart house and 8hal.X be releaaetl to 

the ~reaa. 

*Any atrtke whiah 

“g 

be called tn +LolatL+Ba 

of~thir eectj,on aall be eared to bs an i.~aiW etxl)rC, end sag lookout whioh 8hau be IYLb. in 

violation or thlra rreotlon @ha&l be UOWd t0 be (111 

ill.egaI, lookout, aab. anr peraoa aatfmg br hiruilfv 

or 68 a mnnb.rr Of aw grOUp Or =%~='tf-r w 

acta b aoases& aith B%%O OE POFB Othw Pw8Qn*a 

a0 ahall knowingly great say ikid. or aaai6t8m* ’ 

tQ any p*rson sDgeged in anp auoh ille@ rtrib* 

03 -7 euoh- iL1eeaL lookmat, hall be ssutltr a 6 

&&m-r, ati upon oonvlotion thereof t@mlt be 
Hon. iv. 0. Reed - pagI3 3. 

punished by a fine of not leea than One ThOU8md 

lo 

~l,OOO.OO 

5,000.00 j 

Dolbrrs, nor more tiban :ave Thousand 

Dollare, aud eaoh day 8UOh aid or 

assistance ie oontinued shell ooastitute a separate 

orrennro. The provisions of thie sactlon 6hal.J. not 

app2.y to employees of railro8ds or the management 

OS r81lroade who am under tha jurf8dlation of the 

Federal Hailway Labor Aot.* 

As a oonditian preoethat to t&t3 operation of seotion 

1 ai the Bill, it i8 nao=aeary that *a d&sputa ahall ariaa 

between en s?dQloyer and amployea8~. The tana ?dis 

p" 

ta bstwomn 

an employer and employeaaW fa not defined. The Bi 1 doea aOt 

pride that the dfapute between the employer and emgloyeaa 

ahaU be a labor dispute concerned with working hours or aanditiano or rates of pay, nor doe8 the Bill apsoify the number 

or propOrtion of emgAoyees who must be engaged in a diap@ie 

with the employer in order to mnkc the Bill oparativsr A8 tha 

I3iJ.l is now writtan a dispute betaem l amployar and employees* 

will oonos5.vabl.y exist within the manti(s or the Aot whm an 

amployer or numeroue employees bsooma inv0av0a in 8 diapu$e 

with a rolstively small number of hia employees oonoernlng 

a matter whioh nay or inay not have relation to working ooaM.- 

tionr hours, or rata8 of pey in the employer18 buelnaaa. Oa 

tha other hand, it mui bo plm~aibilq argued that tha Bill aontOI@8tlJ8 thet a dieputo i&u&4 aXi8t between an employer and 

8s 

of his amployser wit&out eroeption. In therae m,apeotr 

otion 1 oi iiou5e Sill 746, ic our opinion, in tuo vsgua, gemera1 and indaflnlts to be valid or enforceable. 

The Bill by its term8 A8 aonffned to hidWtxd.e8 

%aantial to E;atiocal D&enee or Prhars the ampkJy6r ia OparS8iag 

a hoepital, publfo utility, ST a trt~4caportation syatam*+ ai 

definition is cont*ineU in the oil&l pL8 to what eoastitutea, 

Wtthin the waning of the Ad,, an iSldUUtry 4WWS&31 t0 &XtiO3Ial 

hf. en0e. I* requires no argument to demonstrate that there a8D. 

6d Qcms;b~ &X38 id,& % wiba diffW%IlCl‘ Of OQtlliOn QS t0 

which in&uatpies 5.n Texas e-e or are not '@eSsential" ta N~ti~~l 

h3?nB~.' Numerous industries in Tsiterr asa oertaialg perform%3 

*z-tat part8 in the Batic3nal Defense Pro&Tam but we bali*v* 

00 jut&e, jwy or layman aan with eractnstm e%ate the indu%tsir8 
&?A. w. 0. Reed - Page 4. 

Seatton 1 es quoted rurtbsr grovider fop the “iiOr wPftt85 notice wfth ths County Clerk by euoh 0rqplO~n00 Or 

8~~10 

day8 i; 

er @iv the 0~80 may be* for a pm-led or at least 0ixm 

orem RAY nrtrilce* or *laok~ut* shall be nurd0 0rre0tlr0. 

Th0 tOX@8 *strike" find "lOOk0Ut" are not d0ffa0d. !&0 Bill 

dO00 not stata what in roswrt by the term "maah saplOy0sa Or 

Omployerw. cwtli0ting lnt0rpretation0 0an logi~axiy be 

mabe of this previiaion of t&e Bill. It ia poral~0 th0 

inta7it is that only those esnployoae that apta aotirrly 

IA dlsputs with an e4nployer 6re rapo;tred to ril6 the 

or it uun a8 legloally b0 oontand& Chat tJ& porfrton ia 

intended tQ L'OQUbb j&& OIi@O$'fJeS *iho ~I?O~O8@ t0 ,rtdks t&3 

rile notioo theraof.. 

SeotLoii 1 in it8 final paragreph prrovlU%les thet ary 

*mtPike eaxleb~ or any "lockout made" in vtolatiba or 3e0t1oA 

1 rhall be deemed *an iUe(gal %trike* or an aillOgal lookout** 

The p~%notptmle M&a a0tualS.y bdag about anil auwg(, intko 

strike tar leekout ~PQ net punished. Them rho knorrU& rent 

any aid or aeaistenoe to any porsan sngFaged in mar rub i B - 

l-al rtrike or lookout are pMl8hm¶ bf the ail& whdah provider met tk4g shall be 6U.W Of a ari8dubsanOr and upon 

oonrlotion shall be rlrmd not 1 08s t&en $l,OOQ.oO nQr 5Or0 

than @,QQQ.OO for eaoh day SU0b Pi6 Qr 6S0i8t-00 iU OOAtiAU4d. 
xon. w. 0. Beed - Page 5. 

It hao been uniior&J held that l%we, to be 

v%Ud, mist rs;;ulm the &tpe treat&sat of all who are'ti 

like oircufaetanaer and cOAditioAs. satourr v. Btats 

289 6. W. 1072, Yck Wo V. EZopkine, 118 U. 6. 356, 30 l!. kid. 

22.01 COmuy V. u@Q seWer’l?UbliU Eje~+Vii~ 00.. m v, S. 

54o, 46 L. a;d. 679. We believe Se&ion 1 of IIowa Bill 

746 ia Toid ~6 ummrorceeble, as new dr%wn, beoauee it 

leaves unpunished the prlnci ~ln in R eGrike or lockout 

while pmridin$ aev~re punfs L ent for thone who bnly ei4 

and aeeiet the prinolp%ls. Furthermore, the ctharaoter or 

aid Or aosistanoe to an miploye4 or tsaployer neueasery to 

constitute a violation 0r t&s hot is nowhere dsrlned and 

is not d%finitsly rateted in the Bill. Xt is not provided 

thet the aid or aaeiataaos shall be in %id oi the prohibite strike or lcakout but apparently w rid or aesiotancs 

to an 0rrwuAg mnployex or 61~ loyee, whether or not it bear8 

eny relation to the strike or E eokout, irr 4eeslarsd to br 

unlawhkl. Iuthis reepeot we believe Seotiaa 1 M.&I te 

define with 6uiPiolant certainty and defialtenees sop punleheblo arJ,bva und,aa d.rrwA, is wlttnfar0cPable. 

Bectien 2 provideas 

, 

"XII all e%%ee where diaputea sxiet between 

employerr, end eaployoea, it ehall be uul%wit& to 

have tame then two (2) p4rsozu on pi&et duty et 

any entranoa to s plaoe or bulldin& where a labor 

dirf i0ultt exista. ~n~r pw3f.m guilty Or violating 

thie ssction, or ang p6reon or 9rgaPfzatfon guilty 

of abettin& or aiding otihers to VloheQ thlr #eation, 

shell be guilty or a aied4mvmor and upon aoWotien thexeof 6hal.l be pashed by % tine of not lee8 

than ihe Etirsd (WQ.00) DOUWS, AOr ~twe than 

OnQ Thouoend ($l,SOO,OO) Dollars, and 6aob dq 

au& violation of this motion shall 0OntiAua sh6l.l 

aOnrrtitUt0 A SegCWi3tB OifOAiWs” 

It ir observed that S60tion 2 by its tW i6 AQt 

ezpreeely 1Faited to iaduetslee eaeentLal to Zlational Def%IWe 

or to ho&tale, publio utllltise end trenSpHt*tkQn efet@%er 

& exatioa or the fill as B whole imluding fto aap%ton 

Q-a not 4ntirgQ rBtpo*e d0Ubt as td induatsiee tAtQPde4 tO 
Hon. I+‘. 0, Xeed - Pa&e 6. 

be oovered fn Ss0ticm 2. The m%a,ning; 02 the teriaa “labor 

,d.Wficultieaa or mdisput%r b%ta%%n employere and employees* 

ie not defined. It is not ale&r whether the Dill intends 

to make croninal the ect,oi peaaeful picketing by all 

p%r%ous in 8x0666 OS two, or w$sther the Bill 1% dtiooted 

solely at the organization or petieon who auppliles pickets 

IA exeem of two in nurabsr. Xf the Bill intend% to lpeke . 

or&minal the aat of picket- by a3.l exoe 

whioh two employees my legduy picket? B 

t tuo employee%, 

r three pioketa 

are 

Ip 

resent, whioh one ia guilty? Bouse Bfll 746 doer not 

pror de the fmewer. Or if Pleot5.an 2 ie..dlrslobed eol%ly at 

the organiastion furnirhlng the giokets, what is the result 

if nor8 than one organizetfan undertakes to oupply pioketr? 

I&y eaQh organization eupply two pioket8, or if a total 

of only two piokelw are permitted rs&wdlese of the number 

OP srgenieationr, whioh or@nilratioa is p%rmitted the 

lege OZ having, two pioketr, end to whiah organiaiation P 

piti8 

that privflege denied? The BIU doe% not %eyI 

The right of a pewma to pioket in a peaceful 

mmmr a buslneee aetoblirhmatt a,t which he ir OF wail formmly 

employed haa reoently b,oan reannounced by the Unitad St&or 

Supsmu Court in three oa%e%* lirosrie8~ F%d%ration. ar hbor 

v. Gwhtssg,, 85 2, Ed. 313, W&man Drlv6rs ‘union vi Ysadoaioop 

Dairies, 85 L. Ed. 497, and Thoznhlll v+ n;labaoa, 310 U. 8. 

66, & t. Xd. 209). Kn the flr%t oitod eaee, th% &Ipr~te 

Court had before It the queatton of the oon8titutionaUty 

0f an i.njus~~Dian &o6woe of an UUnolr CquFt wh&ob in l ffsat 

nscrd.ned the nwimberr of a Labor union Mm ~iaetullg 

piek~t5a& an employer*8 establimhmmt. S’he Court in ho~diIU$ 

the inju~otiOA inval&d asr ~OhCf~cr of the $~w@AE Oi UpO%‘Sh 

%nd &a. pret%%as ek%ua%a of the ,hW#titUti@Il MidS 

*thn are asked to au#tgPn a deeme whioh for 

purporsr, oi thilr oaae aewrt8 am the eomman 3.m 

of a at&a that tbsre u(u1 b6 09 'peaO'~,hrt R%‘-+ 

j.ng or paacaeful pereuaeioa* in selatlon *Q arUr 

diepute betw%%n an employee and a trade Wian 

~~86 th% cungloper~*s own eapl~y%%a ar6 in contrarepay with him. 

~~~blelas thrown up iby ~d%rn Isiduatry end to preeerve the peace 1% %xiomtticrl But not efe~ the%% 

era em unfettersd by the requlrerasnta 

i$g$$%.i?~ kQht%. The %,aope of the Fourteenth 

JLmsndtaent is rmt confined by the notion of a dregarding the *ii58 

@I industrial 
Hon. W. 0. Bead - %'~a 7. 

rant t0 their intoreaia, be barred baga&m 

of oowern for the eeimemlo fnteraeta againrt w&ioh 

Of II Union sight, without 8peoial l tatutory au$&ri~ 

tion by a State, m&oab lcnom the faota of a labor dispute, 

for freedom of a eoh la uarantsed by t&a Federal 

Constitution. 8 -LA v. T&r Layer6 Protetetiro UAC~A 

,OlUS 466, 478, 81 L. Icd. l229, 1236, 57 9. Qt. 857:” 

The lieadowiwor and ThorAhill 4~olaN~a, rupra, are to 

t&i darn0 0fSeot. That ia,tkey l .fia?n the rule fo be that a 

rtatute or ootwt dmmos whioh opmratra to ditprtm on oaployoe oi 

“Xt shall be unlawfti for ev perron by tha u8* 

Qf foroe or Vb3leAOe, or Chm@b Gf the uam Of fOXO8 

OP riolens*, to attesqt to prevent uky pws;ool froa 

engaging in any lawful voaatiun within this State. 

by person guilty or riolatiag tafa reotloti shall be 

beand 6tdlty of % ieiOAy, snd U&WA OOAViOtfW 

thereof a&LA be punished by 0oniin@&eAt b the Stat8 

Penitenti~ for not lees than On* (1) paw, ll0T 

awe than two (2) years.” 

438 

desire Our opinion on c3.l. conetitutlonal queetton8 raised 

by the subatenos of the Sill. 

It ia 3uT 0 iniOn that tho LagisLsture i8 without 

oomtltutiunc;l Pruthor P lit, by simpb req&idng the givl.ai# 

of B 60 day r;otioe a8 cr proraqtieite to the l.qgsll.ty of a 

@trike or lookout, to suspend the legal right of snployger, 

for Jwt aauso 

or the legal r b 

to q.Uit their eS@.o~aait SW or in grotqm, 

ht of an employer, for Just @aWe, to &me hia 

busimaa and leak out hi8 egployeea. 

In Bheohen 'vb Levy, 2L5 ti. X. 229, afrimmd 236 

8. 'tl, 900, the Della Court of Civil &pp~&r $n ho&Qina that 

tho &%:a of e l&Or unicm ocmld not be enJolard from 

leaving th8 employemit et plaintitS aoidr 


.~ 

441 

Eon. k?. 0. Reed - Pago 12. 

&E’PROPED~R 21, 1941