United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Marketing and 

Regulatory

Programs

Animal and 

Plant Health 

Inspection 

Service

Final Rulemaking for the 

Importation of Swine 

Commodities from 

Estonia

Environmental Assessment,

May 2011
Final Rulemaking for the 

Importation of Swine 

Commodities from Estonia

Environmental Assessment,

May 2011

Agency Contact for the Rulemaking:

Donald Link 

Import Risk Analyst, Regionalization Evaluation Services 

National Center for Import and Export, Veterinary Services 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

U.S. Department of Agriculture

920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

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Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, 

Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). 

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 
Table of Contents

 I. Need for the Proposed Action .................................................. 1

 II. Alternatives............................................................................... 3

III. Potential Environmental Impacts.............................................. 4

IV. Agencies or Persons Contacted............................................. 11

 V. References............................................................................. 11
1

I. Need for the Proposed Action

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service (APHIS) regulates the importation of animals 

and animal products into the United States to guard against the 

introduction of animal diseases. APHIS’ regulations allow for the 

importation of animal products from regions that are free of or low risk for 

classical swine fever (CSF) and free of swine vesicular disease (SVD). 

The Republic of Estonia submitted a request to APHIS to be recognized as 

a region free of both CSF and SVD, which would allow Estonia to export 

live swine and swine-derived products including semen, pork, and pork 

products (hereafter referred to as “swine commodities”) to the United 

States. CSF and SVD are highly contagious viral diseases of swine. CSF 

and SVD are exotic to the United States and are among the diseases of 

concern to APHIS in its regulation of animal and animal product 

importation into the United States.

In response to Estonia’s request, APHIS conducted a risk analysis to 

assess the risk of introduction of CSF and SVD into the United States 

from Estonia (in “APHIS Evaluation of the Status of Estonia Regarding 

Classical Swine Fever and Swine Vesicular Disease” (USDA, APHIS, 

2007)). APHIS’ evaluation found that Estonia meets the requirements for 

being recognized as low risk for CSF and free of SVD. Therefore, APHIS 

proposes to amend its regulations to add Estonia to the list of European 

Union (EU) Member States that comprise the APHIS-defined EU CSF 

region (9 CFR §§ 93.500, 94.0, and 98.30)—which APHIS considers low 

risk for CSF (9 CFR §§ 94.9, 94.10)—and thereby allow importation of 

swine commodities from this country (9 CFR §§ 94.10, 94.24, and 98.38). 

APHIS further proposes to add Estonia to the list of countries recognized 

as free of SVD (9 CFR §§ 94.12 and 94.13). 

Allowing the trade of swine commodities from Estonia would be 

consistent with the World Organization for Animal Health (commonly 

referred to as the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)) Terrestrial 

Animal Health Code for CSF and SVD. CSF and SVD are among the 

OIE-listed diseases of concern for international trade. The proposed 

rulemaking action is needed to allow the importation of swine 

commodities from Estonia because there is no scientific basis for 

prohibiting trade based on the CSF and SVD disease status in Estonia. 

This environmental assessment (EA) has been prepared to comply with the 

provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) 

(42 United States Code (U.S.C.) 4321, et seq.) as prescribed in 

implementing regulations adopted by the Council on Environmental 

Quality (40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) §§ 1500–1508), USDA’s 
2

NEPA regulations (7 CFR part 1b), and APHIS’ NEPA implementing 

procedures (7 CFR part 372). This EA evaluates the potential effects on 

the quality of the human environment1from a rulemaking that seeks to 

allow the importation of swine commodities according to APHIS import 

requirements. The import requirements are designed to manage animal 

health risks associated with the presence of diseases in swine. APHIS’ 

NEPA implementing procedures classify rulemakings that seek to remedy 

specific animal health risks as actions normally requiring preparation of 

EAs.2 

In accordance with requirements under the APHIS NEPA regulations, the 

EA was made available to the public for review and comment along with

APHIS’ risk evaluation and proposed rulemaking for this matter. APHIS 

received no comments on this EA. APHIS also welcomed public 

comments on the approach for future proposed actions of the same nature 

as in this EA, discussed in the following two paragraphs; no comments 

were received on the approach. 

Based upon (1) the Findings of No Significant Impact for EAs prepared 

for a rulemaking to allow the importation of swine and swine commodities 

from EU Member States in the past,

3

(2) the determination from an APHIS 

evaluation that Estonia is low risk for CSF and free from SVD, and (3) 

APHIS determinations that measures are in place to mitigate the risk of 

CSF or SVD introduction into the United States through importation of 

swine and swine commodities from countries or regions that APHIS 

recognizes as low risk for CSF or free of SVD, such as Estonia, APHIS 

will consider that future proposed actions of this nature4 would pose 

negligible environmental impact. 

This consideration applies to each EU Member State or country that has 

entered into an agricultural equivalency agreement with the European 

Union, provided that a disease status assessment finds them to be free of 

or a low risk for the relevant diseases. Accordingly, APHIS plans to 

consider future actions of this nature as posing negligible environmental 

impact and included under this environmental assessment. We would do 

so provided that, based on our evaluation of the disease status of the 

country, no extraordinary circumstances exist that require the preparation 

of an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement, the 

 

1

The “human environment” is interpreted comprehensively to include the natural and physical 

environment and the relationship of people with that environment (40 CFR § 1508.14).

2

7 CFR § 372.5(b)(1).

3

The Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland (72 Federal Register (FR) 67227–67233; 

November 28, 2007).

4

 By “of this nature,” we mean that the same disease concern is being considered, the same or 

comparable commodities are being considered for importation, the same or equivalent risk mitigation 

measures are in place in the exporting country and in APHIS import regulations, and our risk 

evaluation determines that the importation of the commodities into the United States would pose no 

greater risk than those authorized importation from previously assessed countries.
3

proposed action does not trigger the need for other environmental review 

under NEPA, and the proposed action would not individually or 

cumulatively have a significant environmental impact.

II. Alternatives

The two alternatives considered in this EA include: (1) the no action 

alternative in which the current regulations would remain unchanged, 

continuing to omit Estonia from the list of EU Member States comprising 

the APHIS-defined EU CSF region (a region considered low risk for CSF)

and from the list of countries considered free of SVD and, therefore, 

continuing to not allow the importation of swine commodities from that 

region to the United States, and (2) the rule amendment, which would 

designate Estonia as low risk for CSF and free of SVD and would, 

therefore, allow the importation of swine commodities from Estonia 

according to certain conditions. 

A. No Action

The no action alternative would leave the current importation regulations 

unchanged. Under this alternative, Estonia would continue to not be listed 

as part of the APHIS-defined EU CSF region considered low risk for CSF, 

and would also not be listed as free of SVD; consequently, Estonia would 

not be allowed to export swine commodities to the United States. The 

status of Estonia as low risk for CSF and free of SVD is not reflected in 

the current import regulations. The continuance of such unsupported trade 

restrictions would be contrary to U.S. obligations under international trade 

agreements.

B. Rule Amendment 

The rule amendment alternative would amend the current regulations to 

add Estonia to the list of EU Member States comprising the APHISdefined EU CSF region in 9 CFR §§ 93.500, 94.0, and 98.30,5

and include 

it as one of the Member States in a region that APHIS considers as low 

risk for CSF under 9 CFR §§ 94.9 and 94.10 and therefore subject to the 

import conditions specified under 9 CFR §§ 94.24 and 98.38. The 

amendment also would add Estonia to the regions listed under 9 CFR 

§ 94.12 as free of SVD but subject to the import conditions specified 

under 9 CFR § 94.13. Import conditions are necessary because, although 

 

5

 The APHIS-defined EU CSF region currently consists of Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, 

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, 

Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (England, 

Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland). 
4

APHIS has determined regions listed under 9 CFR § 94.12 as being free 

of SVD, the regions either import fresh pork meat from regions where 

SVD is considered to exist, have a common land border with such regions, 

or have trade practices that are less restrictive than are acceptable to the 

United States. This alternative would allow the importation of swine and 

swine commodities from Estonia if certain conditions are met. 

C. Alternatives Eliminated from Further 

Consideration

Alternatives differing from those mentioned above were eliminated from 

consideration because changes in the requirements either would not 

mitigate the potential risk from the region or would place excessive 

restrictions on the imports that would serve as a de facto trade barrier. 

The certification requirements in the rule provide sufficient mitigation 

measures without being overly restrictive.

III. Potential Environmental Impacts

The diseases of concern with regard to allowing the importation of swine 

commodities from Estonia are CSF and SVD. APHIS prepared a risk 

analysis, “APHIS Evaluation of the Status of Estonia Regarding Classical 

Swine Fever and Swine Vesicular Disease,” to evaluate the risk of CSF

and SVD introduction to U.S. animals from allowing these commodities 

from Estonia (USDA, APHIS, 2007). In preparing the risk analysis, 

APHIS evaluated the status of Estonia with regard to its infrastructure and 

control measures in place for these diseases, including an assessment of 

disease surveillance measures, import practices, laboratory capacity, 

emergency response procedures, and other factors that could influence the 

risk of disease introduction into the United States. 

Estonia, a Member State of the EU, adopted the legislation of the 

European Commission (EC) regarding animal health, welfare, and 

identification including legislation pertaining to CSF and SVD. Estonia 

also adopted the harmonized EC legislation regarding import, export, and 

trade of live animals, meat, and animal products. The APHIS-defined EU 

CSF region is considered low risk with respect to CSF. Estonia’s only

land borders are with EU Member State Latvia to the south and Russia to 

the east. In a previous and separate evaluation of Latvia, APHIS 

determined that the CSF risk profile for Latvia was equivalent to that of 15 

EU Member States that APHIS recognized at the time as a single region of 

low risk for CSF. APHIS has not formally evaluated the CSF or SVD risk 

status of Russia. 
5

A. Background 

CSF is a highly contagious viral disease affecting swine and wild boar. 

The incubation period for CSF is 2 to14 days. CSF is transmitted by

direct contact from pig to pig; through ingestion of products, including 

fresh, frozen, or cured pork, that contain the virus; and by aerosols. CSF 

also can be introduced or spread by infected swine semen. Indirect 

contact with body secretions and excretions from infected animals 

(including dead animals) and viral contamination of objects may lead to 

mechanical transfer of the virus. Thus, movement of people, wild 

animals, and inanimate objects, such as trucks used to transport animals, 

may indirectly transmit the CSF virus. The CSF virus is hardy, being 

stable between pH 4 and 10 and also stable at low temperatures (thus, it is 

unlikely to be destroyed by the post-mortem decrease in muscle pH that 

accompanies carcass maturation), and is unlikely to be destroyed by 

transport or cold storage (USDA, APHIS, 2006). More information about 

the characteristics of CSF is provided in the APHIS risk analysis (USDA, 

APHIS, 2007) for this matter. 

SVD also is a highly contagious viral disease affecting swine and wild 

boar. The incubation period for SVD is 2 to 7 days. SVD may be 

introduced into a herd by infected animals or by feeding garbage 

containing infected meat scraps. After the initial introduction, the disease 

spreads through contact of susceptible pigs with infected pigs and infected 

feces (such as from an improperly cleaned truck). The virus is hardy, 

resistant to pH changes between 2.5 and 12 (thus, it is unlikely to be 

destroyed by the post-mortem decrease in muscle pH that accompanies 

carcass maturation), and is very stable under cold conditions. The virus 

also is resistant to fermentation and smoking processes and may remain in 

hams for 180 days, sausages for more than 1 year, and processed intestinal 

casings for more than 2 years (USDA, APHIS, 2006). More information 

about the characteristics of SVD is provided in the APHIS risk analysis 

(USDA, APHIS, 2007) for this matter.

The potential for impacts on the human environment from the importation 

of swine commodities from Estonia is dependent upon the ability of 

mitigative factors and mitigation measures to prevent the introduction of 

the diseases of concern via the biological pathways of transmission of the 

diseases. This section addresses the potential environmental impacts that 

could occur under the alternatives considered.

B. No Action 

The “no action” alternative would not allow swine commodities to be 

imported from Estonia; the current rules governing the importation of 
6

these commodities would remain unchanged with regard to Estonia. This 

alternative would have no potential effect on U.S. animal health, public 

health, or the physical environment. This alternative, however, is 

inconsistent with the requirements of international trade agreements.

C. Rule Amendment 

The rule amendment alternative would allow the importation of swine 

commodities from Estonia according to certain requirements that are 

designed to prevent the introduction of CSF and SVD. Any potential for 

impacts to the human environment would be the result of exposure to the 

CSF or SVD virus via a breakdown in the requirements that are designed 

to mitigate the risk of exposure of U.S. livestock to these viruses. Animal 

health, the physical environment, and public health are addressed in this 

document as components of the U.S. human environment that have the 

potential to be impacted in the event that the CSF or SVD virus were to be 

introduced as a result of the rule amendment. Also, other environmental 

review considerations for the protection of the human environment are 

addressed in this section of the EA.

When allowing swine commodities, the health of animals in the region of 

origin and the region’s ability to prevent introduction of animal diseases is 

important in determining the risk to the health of U.S. animals. The 

animal health status of the exporting region was evaluated and the results 

reported in a risk analysis (USDA, APHIS, 2007). CSF was last reported 

in domestic swine in Estonia in January 1994. Prior to January 1994, CSF 

occurred in Estonia in 1958 and did not occur again until the outbreak in 

1994. Estonia officially prohibits general preventive vaccination against 

CSF and SVD; emergency vaccination against CSF is permitted only

under exceptional circumstances to prevent spread of the disease and only

when authorized by the Minister of Agriculture.

During its evaluation of Estonia, APHIS found no evidence that CSF or

SVD is present in wild boar, a potential pathway for disease transmission

to domestic swine in Estonia. The patterns of geographical distribution of 

domestic swine and wild boar in Estonia limit the potential for contact 

between them. CSF has not occurred since at least 2000 in any of the 

regions of Russia or Latvia that are adjacent to Estonia, and SVD has 

never been reported to have occurred in those regions. The regions 

adjacent to Estonia do not appear to pose a high risk as potential sources 

of CSF and SVD introduction into Estonia. SVD has never been 

diagnosed in Estonia. 

1. Animal 

 Health
7

The risk analysis (USDA, APHIS, 2007) assessed potential pathways

6

by

which either the CSF or SVD virus could be introduced into Estonia from 

other EU Member States or affected third countries, thereby potentially 

resulting in risk to U.S. animals by allowing the importation of swine 

commodities from Estonia. The risk analysis noted that for each of the 

pathways identified, Estonia has in place numerous mitigating factors and 

safeguards, including requirements under EC legislation that are designed 

to reduce the risk of disease introduction. These factors or safeguards 

include, but are not limited to, the following:

- Lack of high risk of the disease in the regions bordering Estonia as 

potential sources of CSF and SVD introduction into Estonia.

- Implementation of biosecurity measures for vehicles and people 

entering high production farms. 

- Strict EC and Estonian legislation governing importation of 

animals and animal products from third countries (those not part of 

the EC). 

- Prohibition on the entering of dirty trucks or trucks carrying 

manure into Estonia. 

- Certification of cleaning and disinfection of transport vehicles 

carrying live animals entering Estonia prior to entry.

- Strict regulation of agricultural commodities entering Estonia for 

personal consumption (must originate from EC-authorized third 

countries or from other EU Member States). 

- Awareness efforts among the traveling public and training of 

Customs, Border Guard, and Postal officials pertaining to illegal 

consignments of meat and meat products. 

- Veterinary inspection of most agricultural commodities at the ports

of entry into Estonia.

- Prohibition against garbage feeding to domestic swine.

The risk estimation conclusion suggested that, with the mitigating factors, 

the likelihood of release of CSF and SVD virus from Estonia is low and 

that Estonia also would be subject to the same requirements specified for 

other EU Member States in APHIS’ regulations under 9 CFR §§ 94.13 and 

94.24 for pork and pork products, 94.24 for breeding swine, and 98.38 for 

swine semen. 

The requirements specified in APHIS regulations are designed to prevent 

the introduction of CSF and SVD into the United States from low-risk 

regions and include, but are not limited to, the following:

- Official certification of the CSF-free and SVD-free origin of swine 

 

6

 (1) migration of wild boar, (2) trade of swine and swine products, (3) incoming vehicle and human 

traffic, and (4) importation of swine products for personal consumption.
8

commodities;

- Approval of exporting slaughtering establishments by USDA’s Food 

Safety and Inspection Service and certification by an official 

veterinarian of the exporting country that this condition has been 

met;

- No commingling or contact of swine, pork, or pork products with 

swine, pork, or pork products from CSF- or SVD-affected regions; 

- Origin of swine semen must be from animals at an approved 

collection center; and 

- Restrictions on the use of transportation equipment for live swine 

and movement of the commodities to prevent CSF or SVD infection. 

APHIS considers the risk potential for introduction of CSF or SVD from 

Estonia into the United States via export of swine commodities to be low 

and the probability of exposure of susceptible U.S. livestock to these 

diseases via meat or meat products, live animals, or genetic material from 

Estonia to also be low. Applying mitigation measures for Estonia 

equivalent to those specified for other EU Member States in 9 CFR §§ 

94.13, 94.24, and 98.38 would further reduce the risk (USDA, APHIS, 

2007).

If the proposed action were implemented and an incursion of CSF or SVD 

were to occur in an area of Estonia, APHIS regulations would prohibit for 

a specified period of time the exportation of swine commodities from the 

affected area that could be effectively regionalized for disease status.7 For 

a CSF outbreak in domestic swine, restrictions would be lifted without 

rulemaking once the designation as a restricted zone is lifted by the 

competent veterinary authority of Estonia or 6 months following 

depopulation of the swine on the affected premises in the restricted zone 

and the cleaning and disinfection of the last affected premises in the zone, 

whichever is later. For a CSF outbreak in wild boar, restrictions would 

remain in place from the time of detection until the designation of the zone 

as a restricted zone is removed by the Member State’s competent 

veterinary authority. For an outbreak of SVD, restrictions would remain 

in place until the restricted region was re-evaluated for free status and the 

appropriate follow-up action was taken. 

If CSF or SVD were introduced into the United States, APHIS would 

implement disease eradication measures, which could include quarantine 

and depopulation in areas where an effective barrier to the introduction of 

 

7

The national animal health authority of Estonia is the Veterinary and Food Board (VFB). The VFB 

is responsible for enforcing and supervising the implementation of legislation governing veterinary 

medicine, food safety, market organization, animal welfare, and farm animal breeding. The VFB is 

organized into one central office, which coordinates the supervisory activities of the VFB, and 15 local 

Veterinary Center offices, one in each of the 15 counties of Estonia. In the event of an animal disease 

outbreak, APHIS considers the counties in Estonia to be the smallest administrative units for animal 

disease status recognition purposes.
9

the disease can be established, surveillance of the area around an outbreak, 

and measures aimed at preventing any virus spread by swine commodities, 

contaminated material, and vehicles. 

If the introduction of CSF or SVD to U.S. swine were to occur, potential 

for impacts to the physical environment could occur in relation to disposal 

of carcasses due to death from disease and depopulation of infected 

animals or disposal of contaminated bedding and manure. Disposal 

methods could include rendering, burial, and incineration. If not handled 

properly, disposal of infected animals and materials could impact air, 

water, and soil quality and potentially could release the live CSF or SVD 

virus into the environment. Factors influencing proper disposal methods 

include the volume of infected animals and contaminated materials, 

geographic features of the area (e.g., water resources and soil type), other 

physical environment considerations (such as weather and temperature), 

and available funds, equipment, and personnel. 

Potential for impacts to the physical environment from the introduction of 

CSF or SVD could occur in relation to the use of disinfectants to prevent 

the transfer of the CSF or SVD virus from surfaces. As part of an 

eradication program, measures aimed at preventing spread of the CSF or

SVD virus, including disinfection of equipment, transport vehicles, and/or 

premises where infected swine were maintained, would be required in 

order to prevent mechanical transfer of the virus. Disinfectants used for 

such purposes would have to be approved for the specific use with the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and used according to registration 

requirements. Label instructions for disinfectants would be provided for 

their proper application to prevent potential environmental impacts 

associated with the use of the registered product.

The risk analysis that evaluates the animal health status of swine in 

Estonia concludes that the likelihood of CSF or SVD virus release into the 

United States from swine and swine product imports from Estonia appears 

to be low (USDA, APHIS, 2007). The analysis provides that risk would 

be further mitigated by application of the controls that applied to the 

EU-15—and which currently apply to the APHIS-defined EU CSF 

region—regarding imports of swine, pork, pork products, and swine 

semen from the APHIS-defined EU CSF region (9 CFR §§ 94.24 and 

98.38), and to the SVD-free regions specified in 9 CFR § 94.13. 

Conditions, or mitigation measures, that would be required to be met in 

order to comply with APHIS import regulations for swine and swine 

products from Estonia are designed to prevent the introduction of CSF and 

SVD into the United States. Under the proposed action, no significant 

impact on the physical environment as a result of allowing the importation 

of swine or swine products from Estonia is reasonably foreseeable. 

2. Physical 

Environment
10

CSF and SVD virus strains are host-specific, and, therefore, CSF and SVD 

infections are not a public health issue (USDA, APHIS, 2006). The 

occurrence of the SVD virus in humans is rare; human infection has been 

reported in laboratory personnel working with the SVD virus, and caution 

should be taken when working with infected material. CSF does not affect 

humans (The Center for Food Security & Public Health, 2005). Impacts 

on public health according to conditions of APHIS’ import regulations to 

prevent the introduction and spread of CSF and SVD and allowing the 

importation of swine or swine products from Estonia are not reasonably 

foreseeable. 

a. Environmental Executive Orders

Some executive orders such as Executive Order 13045, Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks, and 

Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice 

in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, and departmental 

or agency directives require special environmental reviews in certain 

circumstances. In considering these additional review requirements, no 

circumstance that would trigger the need for special environmental 

reviews is involved in implementing the action considered in this 

document. Neither impacts on the health or safety of children nor

disproportionately high and adverse human health and/or environmental 

effects on any minority populations and/or low-income populations in the 

United States as a result of CSF and SVD exposure are reasonably 

foreseeable as a result of the rule amendment to allow the importation of 

swine or swine products from Estonia.

b. Endangered Species Act

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its implementing 

regulations require Federal agencies to ensure that their actions are not 

likely to jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened 

species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical 

habitat. APHIS has considered the potential effects of the action on 

endangered and threatened species and designated critical habitat. CSF 

and SVD are host-specific, and there are no known federally listed or 

proposed endangered or threatened species in the United States that would 

be affected by CSF or SVD; therefore, the rule amendment would have no 

effect on endangered or threatened species in the United States or critical 

habitat. 

3. Public

Health

4. Additional 

Environmental 

Review 

Considerations
11

IV. Agencies or Persons Contacted

Environmental and Risk Analysis Services

Policy and Program Development 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

4700 River Road, Unit 149

Riverdale, MD 20737–1238

V. References

The Center for Food Security and Public Health, 2005. Classical swine 

fever. College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. Ames, IA. 

Last updated August 2, 2005. Available at 

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/classical_swine_fever.pdf. 

Accessed on 7/17/2008.

USDA, APHIS—See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2006. APHIS evaluation of the status of Lithuania regarding 

classical swine fever, swine vesicular disease, and foot and mouth disease. 

January 2006. Veterinary Services, National Center for Import and 

Export, Riverdale, MD.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2007. APHIS evaluation of the status of Estonia regarding 

classical swine fever and swine vesicular disease. October 2007. 

Veterinary Services, National Center for Import and Export, Riverdale, 

MD.