Emerald Ash Borer Program 

Manual

Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire)
Cover image of Emerald Ash Borer courtesy of Joel Floyd

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manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented inventionin 

the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS 

does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any 

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When using pesticides, read and follow all label instructions.

Second Edition Issued 2020
Contents

Figures LOF-1

Introduction 1-1

Pest Information 2-1

Identification 3-1

Response Procedures 4-1

Survey Procedures 5-1

Regulatory Procedures 6-1

Management Procedures 7-1

Environmental Compliance 8-1

Public Outreach 9-1

References 10-1

Appendix A A-1

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Screening Aid

Appendix B B-1

Emerald Ash Borer Larval Screening Guide

Appendix C C-1

Contacts

Appendix D D-1

Ash Identification Guide

Appendix E E-1

Passive Dispersal Pathways

Appendix F F-1

Interstate and Intrastate Movement of EAB Host Materials

Glossary Glossary-1

Index Index-1

Contents

TOC-1 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

Emerald Ash 

Borer
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer LOF-1

Figures

Figure 2-1 Emerald Ash Borer Life Cycle 2-8 

Figure 3-1 Agrilus planipennis Egg on Bark 3-2 

Figure 3-2 Agrilus planipennis Egg Cluster 3-2

Figure 3-3 Unhatched Agrilus planipennis Neonate on Bark 3-2 

Figure 3-4 Three Instars of Agrilus planipennis Larvae 3-3 

Figure 3-5 Anterior Abdominal Segments 3-3

Figure 3-6 Posterior Abdominal Segments1 3-3

Figure 3-7 Agrilus planipennis Prepupal Stage 3-4

Figure 3-8 Pupal Ventral and Dorsal Views 3-4

Figure 3-9 Agrilus planipennis Adult 3-5

Figure 3-10 Agrilus anxius (Weber) 3-6

Figure 3-11 Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) 3-6

Figure 3-12 Agrilus cyanescens 3-6

Figure 3-13 Agrilus masculinus 3-6

Figure 3-14 Agrilus vittaticollis 3-7

Figure 5-1 Canopy Stress/Dieback 5-3

Figure 5-2 Epicormic Shoots/Suckering 5-3

Figure 5-3 Bark Splits with Larval Galleries Underneath 5-4

Figure 5-4 Woodpecker Damage 5-4

Figure 5-5 D-Shaped Exit Holes (3-4 mm diameter) 5-5

Figure 5-6 Serpentine Larval Galleries 5-5

Figure A-1 Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire A-1

Figure A-2 Pygidium of A. planipennis A-2

Figure A-3 Aedeagus of A. planipennis (a. tergal, b. sternal views) A-3

Figure A-4 Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) A-4 

Figure A-5 Agrilus cyanescens Ratzeburg A-5 

Figure A-6 Agrilus anxius (Weber) A-6

Figure A-7 Agrilus vittaticollis (Randall) A-7 

Figure A-8 Agrilus obsoletoguttatus Gory A-8 

Figure A-9 Agrilus masculinus Horn A-9 

Figure A-10 Agrilus subcinctus Gory A-10

Figure B-1 Emerald Ash Borer Larval Screening Guide

Emerald Ash 

Borer
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 1-1

Chapter

1 Introduction

Contents

Purpose 1-1

Disclaimers 1-2

Document Comprehensiveness 1-2

Commercial Suppliers or Products 1-2

Program Safety 1-2

Support for Program Decision-Making 1-2

Purpose

The Emerald Ash Borer Program Manual contains information to guide a 

management program for the emerald ash borer (EAB) beetle, Agrilus 

planipennis (Fairmaire), (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) using nonregulatory 

options.

The guidelines are intended to assist the United States Department of 

Agriculture, Animal and Plant health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and 

Quarantine (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, hereafter PPQ), Field Operations and state 

departments of agriculture personnel in implementing specific action plans to 

manage EAB infestations. This information includes strategies for detection 

and response to an EAB infestation with available information for 

implementing surveys, EAB identification, management, and containment 

procedures. Although domestically, EAB is no longer regulated by PPQ, the 

EAB program staff will continue to provide non-regulatory assistance and 

support to state regulatory agencies as they implement their own regulations. 

The EAB program will continue to provide EAB parasitoid wasps for release 

in appropriate locations. EAB program staff will also work with state 

departments of agriculture and forestry to evaluate establishment of the EAB 

parasitoids at release locations.

PPQ staff will also, if asked, help state personnel with the use of temperature 

probes, training for kiln certifications, and the use of temperature probe data 

from other kiln certifications that PPQ conducts.

Specific program activities should be based on the most current information 

available. This manual provides best management practices for EAB.

PPQ develops guidelines through discussion, consultation, or agreement with 

other APHIS staff, State Plant Regulatory Officials (SPRO), USDA Forest
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Introduction

Disclaimers

Service, tribal governments, and other State and Federal agencies and 

cooperators directly involved in EAB management. The APHIS Emergency 

Response Programs Manual and other pest national response guidelines may 

be found at:

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/complete-list-ofelectronic-manuals

Disclaimers

Document Comprehensiveness

This document is not intended to be a complete and exhaustive resource, but 

does provide a foundation based on literature available to assist current EAB 

management efforts. As ongoing EAB research and program efforts provide 

new information, the direction and strategies described in this manual may 

change to reflect the best management practices for EAB. For the latest 

updates on this pest, it is recommended to conduct periodic literature searches 

on the web and in other archives.

Commercial Suppliers or Products

References to commercial suppliers or products should not be construed as an 

endorsement of the company or product by the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, APHIS, or PPQ.

Program Safety

Safety of the public and program personnel has priority in pre-program 

planning and training, and throughout operations. Safety officers and 

supervisors must enforce on-the-job safety procedures.

Support for Program Decision-Making

The USDA-APHIS-PPQ Science and Technology (S&T) provides technical 

support, in consultation with other scientists, to program managers concerning 

risk assessments, survey methods, management strategies, and other aspects of 

the pest response program.
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Chapter

2

Pest Information

Contents

Systematic Placement 2-1

Background Information 2-2

Historical Information 2-2

Economic Impact 2-5

Host Range 2-6

Geographic Distribution 2-7

Biology 2-7

Life Cycle 2-8

Eggs 2-8

Larva 2-9

Pupa 2-9

Adult 2-9

Development 2-10

Natural Dispersal 2-10

Systematic Placement

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera

Family Buprestidae

Genus Agrilus

Species planipennis

Entomological Author Fairmaire, Léon Marc Herminie

Approved Name Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire)

Synonyms Agrilus marcopoli (Obenberger 1930) 

Agrilus marcopoli ulmi (Kurosawa 1956) 

Agrilus feretrius (Obenberger 1936)

Common Names emerald ash borer (English) 

agrile du frêne (French)

изумрудная ясеневая златка (Russian)
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Pest Information

Background Information

Background Information

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is a non-native phloem-feeding pest of ash trees. 

This devastating pest was first found in 2002 in North America where it was 

discovered in southeastern Michigan and adjacent areas in Windsor, Ontario, 

Canada. It is thought to have been introduced in the 1990’s on solid wood 

packing material originating from Asia.

This destructive beetle poses an enormous threat to all of NorthAmerica’s ash 

resources. Unlike many other wood boring beetles, EAB aggressively kills 

healthy and stressed trees; many dying within two to three years after 

becoming infested. Currently, EAB has no natural enemies in North America 

(although there are some native parasitoids that will attack EAB) and no 

effective and practical chemical or mechanical control options. If it is not 

contained or its effects mitigated, this pest will continue to infest and kill all 

species of trees in the genus Fraxinus. The impact on ash in North America has 

been compared to the effects of chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease, which 

devastated rural and urban forests in the 20th century.

The lack of effective survey and control methods has reduced the effectiveness 

of EAB containment efforts. At the current time and with currently available 

tools, EAB eradication in North America is not possible. Effective and 

appropriate use of the four currently available biological control parasitoid 

wasps may be the most effective direction of the program. Please see the 

Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines for 

more information.

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/ 

downloads/EAB-FieldRelease-Guidelines.pdf

Historical Information

EAB Detections

When first detected in the United States in 2002, only two short publications 

on EAB could be found in the literature: Chinese Academy of Science (1986) 

and Yu (1992). These papers include brief morphology, biology, host range, 

and symptoms of infestation. Significant progress has been made in the last 18 

years on the biology and host range of EAB, including numerous symposia 

conducted by USDA and has been documented in other resources. Please see 

this body of literature for more information (Herms and McCullough, 2014).

In 2002, shortly after EAB was confirmed as the cause of significant ash tree 

mortality observed in Detroit, Michigan, five counties were found to be
Pest Information

Historical Information

infested and were placed under quarantine. Since then, PPQ, USDA Forest 

Service, state, and local cooperators have conducted survey and mitigation 

activities. Efforts have included imposing quarantines, conducting surveys, 

delimiting areas around confirmed infested sites, removing ash trees, and 

developing information which will support management efforts as well as 

research into the development of more effective survey tools and foreign 

exploration to identify and test EAB biological control parasitoids.

Intensive visual survey efforts in 2003 expanded this area by 10 additional 

counties in Michigan and five counties in northern Ohio. Additionally, due to a 

2002 Michigan quarantine violation involving nursery stock, control actions 

were implemented in Maryland and Virginia in 2003, resulting in an EAB 

detection in one Maryland county.

Survey methods were improved in 2004 with the use of trap trees (trees with 

the outer bark removed to stress the tree). This survey method, in combination 

with the visual survey methods, resulted in the discovery of 28 additional 

counties in 2004: 24 in Michigan, two in Ohio, and two in Indiana discovered 

in April and May.

In 2005, two additional new detections were made in Indiana, eight in Ohio, 

and 12 in Michigan which accounted for the 22 new county detections that 

year.

Two counties in Illinois were found to be infested in 2006. This was in addition 

to nine additional new county finds in Michigan, 11 in Ohio, and eight in 

Indiana, for a total of 30 new county finds for 2006. In addition, Maryland 

reported a re-infestation of a site that underwent eradication actions in 2004.

Michigan found EAB in six additional counties in 2007. Indiana discovered 

five more infested counties and Ohio saw an increase of 8 more counties this 

same year. EAB was detected in two more counties in Illinois. The state of 

Pennsylvania reported their initial EAB infestation in two counties with West 

Virginia reporting EAB in a single county.

In 2008, 25 additional new detections in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, 

Pennsylvania, Maryland, along with new infestations in singular counties of 

Missouri, Virginia and Wisconsin occurred.

In 2009, EAB was detected in 47 new counties and in three new states 

(Kentucky, Minnesota and New York). In 2010, EAB detections occurred in 46 

new counties and in 2 new States (Iowa and Tennessee and the District of 

Columbia. New EAB infestations were detected in 61 new counties in 2011and 

also in the District of Columbia.

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Pest Information

Historical Information

In 2012 EAB was found in 74 additional counties in all the previous states and 

in three new states (Connecticut, Kansas and Massachusetts). In 2013, 95 

additional counties were found to have EAB infestations in 4 new state 

(Colorado, Georgia, New Hampshire and North Carolina, with the first noncontiguous detection in Colorado. At this time, a total of 23 states had at least 

one county with an EAB infestation.

In 2014, EAB was detected in a total of 134 new counties and in two new 

States (Arkansas and New Jersey) and 129 new county detections in 2015 and 

the first Parish in Louisiana. In 2016, EAB was found in 127 new counties and 

five new States (Alabama, Delaware, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas).

In 2017, new EAB infestations were detected in the State of South Carolina 

and in a total of 100 new counties. By then, a total of 32 states had some EAB 

infested counties. In 2018, 4 new States found EAB infestations and an 

additional 75 new counties were found positive for EAB.

As of the writing of this document in December 2020, 1,244 counties in 35 

states and the District of Columbia had EAB infestations.

Regulations

The first State and federal quarantines were enacted in 2002 with the original 

six infested Michigan counties. This area was expanded in 2003 to include 13 

full counties and portions of two counties in Michigan, portions of four 

counties in Ohio, and a portion of a Maryland county. At the end of 2004, 20 

Michigan counties were considered generally infested and quarantined; 

portions of 16 additional counties in Michigan, four counties in Ohio, and two 

counties in Indiana were quarantined due to small spot infestations caused by 

the movement of firewood, nursery stock, or timber. In 2005, the quarantine 

expanded to 21 entire counties and 25 partial counties in Michigan, four entire 

counties in Indiana, and one county and ten partial counties in Ohio.

By December, 2006, the entire Lower Peninsula of Michigan (68 counties) as 

well as one partial county in the Upper Peninsula, the entire states of Ohio, 

Indiana, and Illinois and a county in Maryland were federally quarantined to 

prevent the human-assisted spread of this destructive pest.

On August 8, 2007 the federal quarantine was expanded to include four 

counties in Pennsylvania after discovery of an initial infestation in thatState.

The initial Missouri infestation was detected in Wayne County and was added 

to the federal quarantine on August 8, 2008. Four additional counties 

(Ozaukee, Washington, Fond du Lac and Sheboygan) in Wisconsin were 

federally quarantined on August 12, 2008. On December 4, 2008 the counties

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 2-4
Pest Information

Economic Impact

of Delta, Mackinac, and Schoolcraft in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were 

added to the Federal Quarantine.

Since 2010, State and Federal quarantines have been implemented in Alabama,

Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, 

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, 

Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin following the detection of EAB.

A total of 1,198 counties in 35 states and the District of Columbia were under 

the federal EAB quarantine when the federal EAB regulation ended.

On September 19, 2018, PPQ published in the Federal Register a proposed rule 

(83 FR 47310-47312, Docket No. APHIS-2017-0056) to remove domestic 

quarantine regulations for EAB.

EAB was officially deregulated by PPQ on December 15, 2020, with an 

effective date of January 14, 2021

(https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=APHIS-2017-0056).

Economic Impact

The eastern United States produces nearly 114 million board feet of ash saw 

timber with a value of $25.1 billion annually (McPartlan et al. 2006). White, 

black, and green ash make up over 7 percent of all hardwood species and 5.5 

percent of all tree species in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. 

The wood is used for a variety of applications including tool handles, baseball 

bats, furniture, cabinetry, solid wood packing materials, pulp, and paper. The 

continued spread of this pest threatens these resources and may permanently 

alter urban landscape ecosystems of the Midwest, which consists of up to 20 to 

40 percent ash in some areas.

There is potential for extensive negative economic effects if this wood-borer 

were to become widespread in the United States. If left unchecked, EAB will 

continue to infest and destroy ash trees, resulting in the losses of millions of 

dollars to the lumber and nursery industries as well as urban communities.

Preliminary findings by U.S. Forest Service estimate that EAB’s potential 

impact to the national urban landscape is a potential loss of between 0.5 to 2 

percent of the total leaf area (30-90 million trees) and a value loss of between

$20-60 billion (McPartlan et al. 2006).

Infested states may experience significant economic losses in forest products if 

EAB spreads from the currently quarantined area into the forests of the eastern 

United States. Quarantines imposed by State and Federal agencies have negative 

impacts on the nursery, landscaping, forest product, recreation, and tourism.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 2-5
Pest Information

Host Range

industries which are economically important to the region.

In addition to its value to the timber industry and the forest ecosystem, ash is 

one of the most popular landscape trees because of its wide ecological 

amplitude and resistance to other pests. It has been one of the most commonly 

planted tree in new residential and commercial developments.

In an initial economic analysis of EAB, the U.S. Forest Service estimated that 

EAB, if not contained and eradicated, could cause approximately $10.7 billion 

in additional costs to State and local governments and landowners to remove 

and replace dead and dying ash trees in urban and suburban areas over the next 

10 years (Kovacs et al, 2010). Nationwide, the nursery industry produces an 

estimated 2 million ash trees each year. With median approximate values 

ranging from $50 to $70 per tree, the ash nursery stock crop is worth between

$100 and $140 million annually (McPartlan et al, 2006).

A cost projection of EAB in just 25 northeastern communities of the United 

States for only one decade (2009-2019) to treat, remove, and replace landscape 

ash was $25 billion (Kovacs et al, 2010), making EAB the most destructive 

and costly wood-boring insect to invade the United States (Aukema et al, 2011) 

(Duan et al, 2018).

Host Range

In North America, EAB is capable of infesting all 16 species of ash trees in the genus Fraxinus, 

including green ash (F. pennsylvanica), white ash (F. americana), black ash (F. nigra), pumpkin ash, 

(F. profunda), blue ash (F. quadrangulata), and other native species in this same genus (MacFarlane 

and Meyer, 2005). The white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) and cultivated olive (Olea europea) 

has also been found to be reproductive hosts of EAB while in the presence of heavily infested ash 

trees (Cipollini, 2015). An approximate natural range map of all ash species in North America can be 

found in Appendix D and here.

Chinese reports indicate that the species F. chinensis var. chinensis, F. chinensis var. 

rhynchophylla, and F. mandshurica. (Chinese Academy of Science 1986, Yu 1992) are native 

Asian EAB hosts.

In Japan, the host range has been reported to include Manchurian ash, (Fraxinus mandshurica var. 

japonica), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana, and var. sachalinensis), 

Japanese wingnut (Pterocarya rhoifolia) and Japanese elm (Ulmus davidiana var. japonica), 

(Akiyama and Ohmomo 1997, Sugiura 1999).

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 2-6
Pest Information

Geographic Distribution

There is an isolated reference to privet (Ligustrum spp.) being suitable for 1st 

stage larval development in a laboratory setting (Cappaert et al. 2005).

Geographic Distribution

Native distribution of EAB in Asia includes several provinces of China 

(Liaoning, Jilin, Heilingjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and Shandong), Korea, 

Japan, Taiwan, and a small area in adjacent Russia and Mongolia (U.S. Forest 

Service 2008).

EAB is now considered established in 35 States and the District of Columbia in 

the United States and four Canadian Provinces. As of the writing of this 

document in June 2020, 1,206 counties in 35 states and the District of 

Columbia had EAB infestations.The most current map depicting the emerald 

ash borer infestation can be found here https://www.aphis.usda.gov/

plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/downloads/

eab_quarantine_map.pdf.

Biology

Current research suggests that EAB can complete its life cycle in either a oneor two-year cycle. Low density populations on vigorous ash trees tend to 

support a two-year life cycle while stressed trees with higher larval population 

densities tend to support a one year life cycle (Cappaert et al. 2005). Effects on 

life cycle due to latitudinal and altitudinal variation are unknown at this time, 

but are being actively researched, especially in Southern U.S. States where 

new EAB establishments have occurred.

.

2-7 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Pest Information

Life Cycle

Life Cycle

Figure 2-1 Emerald Ash Borer Life Cycle

Eggs

This life stage is extremely difficult to visually detect during survey. 

Oviposition sites are likely to be correlated with the direction of sunlight, with 

the most eggs being laid on the southwestern side of the tree (Timms et al.

2006). Recent research indicates that females may prefer to lay eggs in areas 

where the bark is rough, cracked, or rippled, as may be found near branch 

crotches. The female may lay 1-23 eggs at a time, with one being the norm. 

Each female can lay 60-90 eggs in their lifetime, depositing them individually 

on the bark along the trunk and portions of the major branches. The eggs 

typically hatch in 7-10 days (Yu 1992).

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 2-8
Pest Information

Life Cycle

Larva

Minute larvae bore through the bark and into the cambium where they feed on 

the phloem from late spring to early autumn. There are four stages to larval 

development (Cappaert et al. 2005). As they feed, the larvae create long 

serpentine galleries filled with frass, which enlarge in width as they grow.

Larvae continue development into fall. Facultative diapause occurs after fourth 

instar larvae enter the sapwood or outer bark and excavate a pupal chamber 

where they overwinter as prepupae.

Larvae too immature to prepupate spend the winter in the larval gallery and 

complete development the following spring. Larval galleries are typically 20-

30 cm long.

Pupa

Pupal development is variable according to humidity and temperature. 

Pupation may begin upon the accumulation of 100-150 growing degree days 

and, in ideal laboratory conditions, pupal development typically takes 

approximately 4 weeks. After pupae transform into adults, the beetle takes 1 to 

2 weeks before it emerges through D-shaped exit holes 3-4 mm wide. More 

research is necessary to fully understand pupal development.

Adult

Newly formed adults typically remain in the pupal chamber for 1-2 weeks after 

pupation is complete. Initial adult emergence predictively occurs when an 

accumulation of 400-500 growing degree days is achieved. Evidence of adult 

emergence appears in the form of a D-shaped exit hole 3-4 mm in diameter.

Peak activity for adults is predicted to occur at approximately 1,000 growing 

degree days (McCullough and Siegert 2006). Adults are capable of immediate 

flight and, in laboratory conditions, adults mate shortly after emergence.

Females may mate as many as 3 times with mating lasting 20-90 minutes 

(average of 60 min.). An approximate 3 week period of maturation feeding 

occurs before oviposition. The adults feed on ash foliage, causing minimal 

damage. Adults may feign death when frightened or disturbed. They are 

phototactic and thermotactic and most active on warm, cloudless, windless 

days. Oviposition begins 7-9 days after the initial mating (Yu 1992). Average 

longevity for adult males is 13 days; average longevity for females is 22 days 

(Bauer et al. 2004, Lyons et al. 2004, Poland and McCullough 2006). EAB 

adults are strong fliers, with females flying twice as far as males and mated 

females flying twice as far as unmated females. Tethered flight under 

laboratory conditions suggests that a mated female may fly more than 20 km 

(Taylor et al. 2006).

2-9 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 2-10

Pest Information

Natural Dispersal

Development

Many environmental factors can influence the development of insects, the 

timing of their biological events, and the dynamics of their populations.

Among these factors are host availability, population densities, photoperiod, 

and weather. Temperature and moisture, because they are so critical to 

biochemical reactions, are universal influences on egg, larval, pupal and adult 

development in insects. Current research suggests initial adult emergence 

occurs when cumulative growing degree days reach 400-500 degree days with 

peak activity occurring at approximately 1000 growing degree days. Temporal 

variation for these occurrences may exceed one month when considering 

latitudinal differences in the quarantine area.

Over the last decade much has been learned about the biology of EAB but 

more research is necessary to fully understand EAB biology, including 

developmental thresholds on its life cycle and EAB phenology associated with 

latitudinal changes.

Natural Dispersal

The rate of natural dispersal by adult flight of EAB is estimated to be as little 

as 800 meters per year (Taylor et al, 2004), but may be more than 10 km per 

year (6.2 miles). However, unpublished data suggests that this rate may be 

much higher and variable due to environmental factors and insect population 

density. The average distance a mated female EAB could fly was 3 km in a day, 

but 20% flew more than 10 km and 1% of the females flew more than 20 km 

(Taylor et al, 2010).
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Chapter

3

Identification

Contents

Importance 3-1

Authorities 3-1

Identification 3-1

Description of the Species,Agrilus planipennis 3-2

Eggs 3-2

Larvae 3-2

Pupae 3-4

Adults 3-4

Similar Species 3-5

Collection and Preparation of Specimens 3-7

Screening for Suspect Buprestidae and Specimen Submission 3-8

Importance

Accurate identification of the pest is key to assessing its potential risk, 

developing a survey strategy, and deciding the level and manner of 

management with biological control.

Authorities

For new detections in a State or county, the USDA APHIS PPQ National 

Identification Services can identify the suspect pest as Agrilus planipennis 

before consideration of any management activities.

Identification

Some pre-identification and screening can be performed by field personnel 

assigned to the program if training is provided. A description of EAB, Agrilus 

planipennis, including distinctive features that separate it from native species 

that resemble it, with pictures, is provided below.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 3-2

Identification

Description of the Species, Agrilusplanipennis

Description of the Species, Agrilus planipennis

Eggs

Figure 3-1 Agrilus planipennis Egg on Bark1

Figure 3-2 Agrilus planipennis Egg Cluster2

Figure 3-3 Unhatched Agrilus planipennis

Neonate on Bark3

1 Photo: Houping Liu, www.forestryimages.org

2 Photo: David Cappaert, Michigan State University

3 Photo: Houping Liu, www.forestryimages.org

Eggs are 1.0 mm long x 0.6 mm wide and oblate. They are creamy white 

turning to amber before hatching with a reductus extending radially toward the 

edges. Eggs are extremely difficult to observe with the naked eye.

Larvae

Larvae are creamy white, and dorso-ventrally flattened. They are 26-32 mm 

long when fully mature in the fourth instar. The small, brown head is mostly 

retracted into the prothorax with only the mouthparts remaining visibly 

externally. The prothorax is enlarged with the mesothorax and metathorax 

more narrow. The mesothorax and each of the first eight abdominal segments 

have a pair of spiracles.
Identification

Description of the Species, Agrilus planipennis

Figure 3-4 Three Instars of Agrilus planipennis Larvae1

1 Photo: David Cappaert, Michigan State University

There are ten abdominal segments. The first abdominal segment shape varies 

considerably but can be distinctly rectangular to trapezoidal shaped. Segments 

A2 through A6 are somewhat trapezoidal with protruding flattened lobes. A7 is 

strongly bell shaped and A8 is somewhat trapezoidal in shape. The last 

abdominal segment (A10) contains a pair of urogomphi. Emerald ash borer 

prepupae are more difficult to identify, being subtly different than less mature 

larvae, but A8 is still bellshaped.

Figure 3-5 Anterior Abdominal

Segments1

1 Photo: James Zablotny, USDAAPHIS PPQ

Figure 3-6 Posterior Abdominal

Segments1

A larval screening guide comparing Agrilus planipennis to A. anxius may be 

found in Appendix B.

3-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Figure 3-7 Agrilus planipennis Prepupal Figure 3-8 Pupal Ventral and Dorsal 

Stage Views1

Identification

Description of the Species, Agrilusplanipennis

Pupae

Pupae are creamy white and 10-14 mm long. The antennae extend dorsally to 

the base of the wing buds. The posterior abdominal segments are slightly 

curved ventrally.

1 Photo: Deborah Miller, USFS (NC)

Adults

Adults have metallic (brassy or golden) green pronotum, with darker, metallic 

emerald green elytra and abdominal sternites. They may reach a length of 8.5-

13.5 mm long and 3.1-3.4 mm wide. The cuneiform body is narrow and 

elongate. The abdominal tergites are metallic coppery red. The head is flat with 

the vertex shield shaped. The compound eyes are obscure-aeneous and kidney 

shaped. The rectangular prothorax is slightly wider than the head, but the same 

width as the elytra. The anterior margin of the elytra is raised, forming a 

transverse ridge; the surface is covered with punctures. The elytra’s posterior 

margins are round and obtuse with small denticles on the edge. There is an 

emarginate pygidial spine.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 3-4
Identification

Similar Species

Figure 3-9 Agrilus planipennis Adult1

1 Photo: David Cappaert, Michigan State University

Similar Species

Agrilus is one of the largest genera in the world with almost 3,000 described 

species. Species in this genus are difficult to identify because of structural 

coloration (i.e., Agrilus bilineatus in Figure 3-11) and subtle morphological 

differences.

In North America Agrilus also is a very diverse genus with 171 known species 

on this continent. North American species most similar to Agrilus planipennis 

are A. anxius (Weber) (Figure 3-10), A. bilineatus (Weber) (Figure 3-11),

Agrilus cyanescens Ratzeburg (Figure 3-12), A. masculinus Horn

(Figure 3-13), A. obsoletoguttatus Gory, A. subcinctus Gory, and A. vittaticollis

(Randall) (Figure 3-14).

3-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Figure 3-12 Agrilus cyanescens Figure 3-13 Agrilus masculinus

Identification

Similar Species

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 3-6

Figure 3-10 Agrilus anxius (Weber) Figure 3-11 Agrilus bilineatus

(Weber)
Identification

Collection and Preparation of Specimens

Figure 3-14 Agrilus vittaticollis

The only other Agrilus species besides Agrilus planipennis known to occur on 

Fraxinus spp. in the Midwest is Agrilus subcinctus. A. subcinctus is a twig 

borer and prefers smaller branches for oviposition.

Collection and Preparation of Specimens

Collect as many specimens as possible of the pest for identification. Do not 

mix samples. Be sure to separate larvae into vials by tree or location. Use of 

entomological forceps is recommended in order to minimize damage to the 

specimen. Even with deregulation, the location of new EAB-positive counties 

is important to know and is still needed to support non-regulatory activities, 

such as biological control. Collect additional information as noted:

 Fill out PPQ Form 391.

 Gather the following information about the tree:

 State

 County

 Date

 GPS Coordinates

 Tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH)

3-7 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Identification

Screening for Suspect Buprestidae and Specimen Submission

Prepare specimens according to the following protocols.

 Gather larvae/pupae from the same tree into the same vial. Do notinsert 

larvae into alcohol at this time.

 Label the vial with the naming protocol: Year-collector initials-MonthDate (for example: 06-PDB-10-29)

 Larvae should be killed in boiling water, allowed to cool, and placed in 

vials with hand sanitizer gel (70% ethanol).

 If there are too many larvae/pupae, extras may be placed in hand sanitizer 

gel in larger container (labeled completely)

 Ship vials in a well-padded box (be aware of possible restrictions on 

shipping alcohol by air carriers).

Large specimens or small specimens that have been crowded into one vial 

should be transferred to fresh vials with new hand sanitizer gel. If the hand 

sanitizer becomes too dilute, the specimens may begin to decompose. It is 

recommended to place vials in a vapor lock bag to prevent leakage.

Screening for Suspect Buprestidae and Specimen Submission

Any suspect Buprestidae adult or suspect EAB specimen from a new State 

should be placed in a vial with hand sanitizer gel or 90% ethanol and delivered 

to the State Plant Health Director or PPQ representative to be packaged and 

shipped to Dr. James Zablotny along with a completed PPQ Form 391 -

Specimens for Determination. Be sure to include any survey record number 

and/or GPS coordinates on the PPQ Form 391 so identified specimens can be 

linked to survey records.

Dr. James Zablotny 

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

11200 Metro Airport Center Drive, Suite 140 

Romulus, MI 48174

Phone: 734-942-9005

e-mail: james.e.zablotny@usda.gov

Dr. Zablotny will make a determination and send specimens to the Systematic 

Entomology Laboratory (SEL) if necessary for initial state detection 

confirmation.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 3-8
Identification

Screening for Suspect Buprestidae and Specimen Submission

Any suspect Buprestidae adult or suspect EAB specimen collected from a trap 

in a new county in a quarantined EAB-positive State should be placed in a vial 

with hand sanitizer gel and delivered to the State Plant Health Director or PPQ 

representative to be packaged and shipped to Dr. Bobby Brown along with a 

completed PPQ Form 391 - Specimens for Determination. Be sure to include 

any survey record number and/or GPS coordinates on the PPQ Form 391 so 

identified specimens can be linked to survey records.

Dr. Bobby Brown 

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

901 W. State Street

Smith Hall, Purdue University 

West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089 

Phone: 765-496-9673

e-mail: robert.c.brown@usda.gov

3-9 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 12-

Chapter

4 Response Procedures

Content

Introduction 4-1

Consultation 4-1

New State Detection 4-1

Identification by PPQ Identifier 4-2

Radial Delimiting Survey 4-2

Survey Data 4-2

Community Management Plan 4-2

Biological Control 4-3

Eradication 4-3

Introduction

Emerald ash borer (EAB) is a difficult pest to detect during incipient 

infestations. Following introduction, visual signs or symptoms of infestation 

are often not observed for 3-5 years. When obvious visual signs of infestation 

(e.g., D-shaped holes, bark splits, crown dieback) are observed the possibility 

of eradication is remote.

Consultation

PPQ will no longer conduct regulatory activities. However, it is advantageous 

for the State Plant Regulatory Official (SPRO), State Plant Health Director 

(SPHD), and local officials to understand where in the state’s EAB populations 

are known to occur for the possibility of future EAB parasitoid releases in 

those infested counties. PPQ encourages continued consultations with the PPQ 

National Policy Manager and the Operations Manager.

New State Detection

In addition, general outreach efforts have educated the public on the 

identification of signs and symptoms of EAB infestation. New state detections 

may be identified in a variety of ways.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 4-3

Response Procedures

Identification by PPQIdentifier

Identification by PPQ Identifier

Official confirmation of EAB by PPQ is no longer required. If a collected 

suspect is submitted to the PPQ Identifier along with PPQ Form, the sample 

will be identified and forwarded to the appropriate authorities for 

confirmation and subsequent notifications.

Please submit suspect samples from any new counties as shown in Chapter 3 

(Identification Please refer to instructions provided in Identification on page

3-1). New county detections are important to support the release of EAB 

parasitoids in all counties with EAB infestations.

Radial Delimiting Survey

States may conduct an initial visual delimiting survey of infestations 

accompanied by close inspection and/or destructive sampling of trees 

exhibiting obvious signs (e.g., D-shaped exit holes, epicormic sprouting, 

crown dieback, serpentine galleries, bark splits, woodpecker damage) may be 

conducted. This initial survey is intended to provide a preliminary sense of the 

size and scope of the infestation. A more intensive follow-up survey strategy 

may also be developed in consultation with EAB Program Management to 

determine the suitability of specific sites for biological control releases.

Survey Data

Compilation of the number of infested trees, larvae, prepupae, and adults and 

plotting the location where each was found on a map aid in determining the 

suitability of locations as biological control release sites.

Community Management Plan

Examples of community management and response plans for states may be 

found at:

http://www.emeraldashborer.info/communityplan.cfm
4-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

Response Procedures

Biological Control

Biological Control

The APHIS EAB parasitoid rearing facility for biological control agents is 

located in Brighton, Michigan. Tools and techniques for rearing and releasing 

biological control parasitoids of EAB are refined at this location with the goal 

of release of parasitoids in EAB infested counties in the Unites States. For 

further information on release and recovery of EAB parasitoids, please refer to 

the Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines.

The APHIS EAB parasitoid rearing facility is currently rearing four parasitoid 

stingless wasps and releasing theme in EAB infested counties by our PPQ staff 

and cooperators at appropriate pre-approved release sites. These parasitoids are 

known to attack EAB in its native range in China and Russia.

PPQ began small-scale trial releases in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2010-2012, 

PPQ made program releases and additional releases for research of larger

numbers of parasitoids. Release sites are monitored for establishment of the 

parasitoids and evaluated for their potential to control and slow the dispersal of 

EAB. To date, more than 7.5 million EAB parasitoid wasps have been reared in 

the PPQ Rearing Facility in Brighton, MI and released in 340 counties in 30 

States, the District of Columbia and 4 Canadian Provinces over 11 release 

seasons (B. Slager, USDA, Pers. Comm.).

Eradication

Eradication is not a feasible outcome with currently available detection and management tools. The 

EAB Program transitioned from an eradication program in 2013 to an integrated pest management

(IPM) program focusing on the use of biological control parasitoids. Now the program is further 

directing activities to parasitoids for EAB management. Program partners and PPQ are also 

conducting research to provide additional IPM tools and methodologies.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 5-1

Chapter

5 Survey Procedures

Contents

Introduction 5-1

Trace Back and TraceForward Investigations 5-1

General Detection Surveys 5-1

Visual Survey 5-2

Symptoms of EAB Infestations 5-3

Delimiting Survey 5-5

During the dormantseason (“Leaf-off”): 5-6

During the growing season (“Leaf-on”): 5-6

Destructive Sampling Option 5-6

Monitoring Survey 5-7

Survey Sample Collection 5-7

Quality Control for Survey Activities 5-7

Introduction

Surveys support EAB management by providing information on the location, 

distribution, and movement of EAB. Surveys also function as a delimiting tool 

to estimate the scope and extent of current EAB infestations. Survey 

information provides the basis for management decisions and provides 

continuous assessment of the effectiveness of the parasitoid release and 

recovery activities.

Trace Back and Trace Forward Investigations

States and communities may conduct trace back and trace forward 

investigations to find new infestations and determine the extent of a known 

infestation. Because of EAB deregulation, PPQ will no longer be conducting 

these investigations.

General Detection Surveys

The purpose of a general detection survey is to determine if a pest exists in an 

area. Positive results indicate that a pest is present. Lack of a positive result is 

valuable for providing clues to dispersal, temporal, or spatial activity patterns 

of pests particularly when considered with positive results from similar areas 

or proximities.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 5-2

Survey Procedures

Visual Survey

The survey methods for Agrilus planipennis are conducted to determine 

distribution of EAB and for selection of appropriate locations for the release of 

EAB parasitoids.

Activities for conducting general surveys include:

 Planning, prioritizing, and procuring equipment and supplies forsurvey 

activities

 Developing or adapting existing protocols to meet new or unusualsitespecific program needs

 Assisting scientists with the development and evaluation of newor 

improved survey protocols

 Following procedures for reporting new infestations and prompt specimen 

identification

 Maintaining survey records and maps

 Reporting survey results to management officials in a timely fashion

Many EAB infestations have been found by the public. As such, a strong 

outreach program is crucial for survey to be utilized efficiently. For current 

information on survey protocol, please consult the USDA-APHIS-PPQ EAB 

Survey Guidelines located at the Emerald Ash Borer site.

Visual Survey

Visual survey can be helpful in locating older (3-5 yr.) infestations for use as 

biological control release sites. Visible symptoms are difficult to identify in 

early infestation stages with no visible symptoms in the first years of 

infestation.

Visual survey may only detect trees that have been infested for three or more 

years. Early stages, which show few signs of EAB infestation, are not easily 

detected by visual survey alone. Panel traps are most effective in detecting 

earlier stage infestations (Marshall, 2009). On larger trees, symptoms may be 

present only in the upper canopy in the early stages of infestation.

Trees in a state of decline or with a combination of other symptoms should be 

examined more closely by an experienced tree climber or a destructive 

sampling technique. The trees should be marked and their location recorded 

with GPS coordinates. If no life stages, exit holes, or serpentine galleries under 

bark are found, the tree should be considered negative for data recording 

purposes.
Survey Procedures

Symptoms of EAB Infestations

Symptoms of EAB Infestations

Symptoms of Agrilus planipennis infestation to be cognizant ofwhen 

conducting visual surveys include:

Figure 5-1 Canopy Stress/Dieback

Figure 5-2 Epicormic Shoots/Suckering

5-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Survey Procedures

Symptoms of EAB Infestations

Figure 5-3 Bark Splits with Larval Galleries Underneath

shap

Figure 5-4 Woodpecker Damage

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 5-4
Survey Procedures

Delimiting Survey

Figure 5-5 D-Shaped Exit Holes (3-4 mm diameter)

Figure 5-6 Serpentine Larval Galleries

Delimiting Survey

The purpose of a delimiting survey is to gather population density and 

dispersal information that will assist in planning a strategy for management.

1. After detecting adult EABs in traps or finding an infested tree, conduct a 

visual survey until symptomatic trees are no longer found. Continue visual

5-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Survey Procedures

Destructive Sampling Option

survey for a distance of two miles beyond the initial trap capture or infested 

tree detection.

2. The season will indicate which of the following methods are used for 

delimiting new detections.

During the dormant season (“Leaf-off”):

Cooperators may consult with EAB Program management to determine if 

destructive sampling is warranted and to determine the amount of destructive 

sampling in order to define the extent of the infestation.

During the growing season (“Leaf-on”):

After completion of the visual survey, measure the distance between the two 

infested trees with the greatest separation. This distance will serve as the buffer 

zone measurement to create an exclusionary zone void of traps surrounding the 

infestation. A systematic grid of traps starting at the outside boundary of the 

exclusionary zone and extending for one mile in radius for every year that the 

infestation was determined to have existed and then add one additional mile.

EXAMPLE

Aging of the infestation indicates that it is three years old. From the last 

infested tree determined from visual survey, draw a band four miles wide (3 

years + 1 mile) around the infestation and survey the area with program traps.

Recommended trap deployment is eight traps placed per square mile where ash 

trees are accessible. If a candidate area has no ash, the area should be omitted. 

Exceptions to setting traps in only ash trees include areas where volumes of 

potentially infested logs and/or firewood were introduced to the site.

If inexperienced personnel are assisting with the survey, a training session with 

all participants is recommended. Information covered should include 

recognition of EAB life stages, damage symptoms, ash tree identification, 

description of infested sites, survey methods, data collection protocols, and 

safety considerations.

Destructive Sampling Option

Destructive sampling of standing trees should be limited to specific trees 

displaying two or more symptoms of EAB in an uninfested county.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 5-6

Aging of the infestation indicates that it is three years old. From the 

last infested tree determined from visual survey, draw a band four 

miles wide (3 years + 1 mile) around the infestation and survey the 

area with program traps.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 5-1

Survey Procedures

Monitoring Survey

Monitoring Survey

The purpose of a monitoring survey is to evaluate the effectiveness of an action 

to contain or suppress EAB. These surveys may also be used to examine the 

efficacy of EAB parasitoids release and recovery. Use the same survey tools 

specified for delimiting surveys. More information is available at the EAB 

parasitoid release and recovery guidelines for EAB parasitoid surveys here and 

in the Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery 

Guidelines: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/

emerald_ash_b/downloads/EAB-FieldRelease-Guidelines.pdf

Survey Sample Collection

Please refer to instructions provided in Identification on page 3-1.

Quality Control for Survey Activities

Survey activities should include quality control monitoring. Quality control 

techniques will include resurvey of a percentage of the sites, analysis of survey 

data, and by direct observation.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 6-1

Chapter

6 Regulatory Procedures

Contents

Instructions To Officials 6-1

Authorities 6-1

Outreach 6-1

Instructions To Officials

There are no longer domestic quarantine regulations for EAB. However, PPQ 

officials should continue to coordinate with states and to help with any 

appropriate nonregulatory activities they need (such as training on the use of 

kiln certification, use of kiln probes and use of kiln certification data from 

other appropriate activities).

Authorities

There are no longer any federal domestic quarantine regulations for EAB. 

Contact your state plant regulatory official (SPRO) for EAB regulations in 

your state.

APHIS removed the domestic quarantine regulations for EAB (7CFR 301.53) 

as of January 14, 2021, and no longer provides the authority to establish 

quarantines and conduct regulatory activities. Individual states may have 

established state quarantines regulating intrastate movement of regulated 

material. The EAB program will assist states with nonregulatory activities 

during the transition from federal EAB regulatory compliance.

PPQ will continue to work in conjunction with states’ departments of 

agriculture as they conduct EAB surveys and implement control actions.

Outreach

Outreach is a vital component of every aspect of the EAB program. Without 

public support and cooperation, the efficacy of the EAB program is limited. 

PPQ personnel will take opportunities during operations to inform the public 

about the EAB program and enlist their cooperation. APHIS will maintain an 

active outreach program for EAB as described on page 9-1.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 7-1

Chapter

7 Management Procedures

Contents

Overview 7-1

Community Preparedness Planning 7-1

Biological Control 7-2

Chemical Control 7-5

Overview

APHIS removed the domestic quarantine regulations for EAB and is now 

directing available resources toward management of EAB. The APHIS EAB 

Program is a pest management program that uses biological control agents to 

mitigate and control EAB. The program goal is to maintain ash trees in the 

North American landscape.

In the future additional tools may become available to suppress EAB. Program 

partners are conducting extensive research to develop additional tools and 

methodologies. The EAB program will incorporate appropriate methods and 

tactics as they become available.

This section provides program information on the development and 

deployment of EAB biological control agents and other integrated pest 

management approaches. This program emphasis will assist states, local 

communities, and the public in mitigating the effects of this destructive pest.

Because research is ongoing on EAB by APHIS, other federal agencies, and 

universities, APHIS will modify management procedures as new information 

on EAB management is ready for operational use. Please contact EAB 

Program Management to ensure that procedures are up to date before 

implementing management measures.

Community Preparedness Planning

Since options to eradicate or prevent dispersal are not effective at this time, it is 

recommended that communities at risk consider and take appropriate action to 

prepare for an infestation of emerald ash borer.

Examples of preparedness/response plans for States may be found at: http://

www.emeraldashborer.info/communityplan.cfm
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 7-2

Management Procedures

Biological Control

Examples of individual city response plans may be found at the following 

URLs:

https://www.mariettaoh.net/images/Government/Commissions/ 

EAB_man_plan.pdf

https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/UrbanForests/EABToolBox.html

https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/agr/Insects/Pests/EmeraldAshBorer/Pages/ 

default.aspx

Urban forest management experts suggest taking preventive measures such as 

diversifying landscape plantings using the 30:20:10 rule: The urban forest 

should be composed of no more than 30% of the same family, 20% of the same 

genus, and 10% of the same species. Choosing native species over non-native 

species is recommended in order to reduce costs associated with maintenance 

(watering and fertilizers). Ash (Fraxinus spp.) should be avoided as landscape

plantings. Models exist for ash phloem reduction in managed forests/woodlots.

One such model can be found at: http://www.ashmodel.org/

Reduction of ash populations should be considered in consultation with forest 

management experts.

It is prudent to have a response plan prior to an EAB infestation. An example 

of a response planning exercise may be found at:

http://www.mda.state.mn.us/news/publications/pestsplants/insects&pests/eab/ 

eabxrciserpt.pdf

Biological Control

In order to be a successful biological control agent, the following traits are 

desired:

1. Parasitoid (organism that lives on or in another organism)

2. Multivoltine (producing more than one generation per year)

APHIS PPQ is releasing four parasitoids that meet the above criteria. USDA 

ARS is continuing to evaluate a fifth egg parasitoid in the ARS research 

containment facility in Delaware (Duan, pers. Comm.). Research on EAB 

biological control began in 2002 when this destructive beetle was first found in 

Michigan. Because EAB is native to southeastern Asia, researchers conducted 

much of the early biological control research in China. The four non-native 

biological control agents include two larval ectoparasitoids, Spathius agrili
Management Procedures

Biological Control

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Yang et al. 2005) Spathius galinae Belokobylskij 

& Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); one species of egg parasitoid, 

Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Zhang et al. 2005); and one species 

of larval endoparasitoid, Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 

(Liu et al. 2003; Yang et al. 2006). These parasitoids are known to attack EAB 

consistently in its native range in China and Russia. APHIS PPQ is seeking 

additional parasitoids that meet these criteria in Asia.

These natural enemies are tiny stingless wasps that seek and kill EAB eggs and

larvae. Five years of research in China and quarantine laboratories led to an 

environmental assessment of field release of these natural enemies. After a 60-

day public comment period and a “Finding of No Significant Impact”, PPQ 

and the State of Michigan approved release of these wasps for control of EAB. 

Small-scale inoculative releases were performed in Michigan in 2007 and 

2008. Releases have occurred in 31 states since 2008. PPQ and our cooperative 

partners will continue to monitor sites for establishment of the parasitoids and 

evaluate their potential to control and slow the dispersal of EAB in the United 

States.

Early results indicate that three species are capable of overwintering and 

reproducing in North America. The fourth species, Spathius agrili, is expected 

to perform well at locations south of the 40 degrees North Latitude. Additional 

research is being conducted in areas south of this region on the phenology of 

EAB and timing of parasitoid releases in the southern part of the U.S.

APHIS PPQ established an EAB parasitoid rearing facility in Brighton, 

Michigan. PPQ continues method development work on tools and techniques 

for rearing EAB parasitoids at the PPQ Science and Technology Laboratory in 

Otis, Massachusetts and the facility at Brighton, Michigan. Beginning in 2010, 

APHIS PPQ selected specific release sites for EAB parasitoid research and 

tracked the releases at these sites to collect data to determine:

 Successful establishment of released EAB parasitoids

 Numbers of parasitoids needed for establishment

 Site conditions required for establishing parasitoid populations

 Interactions among the four exotic parasitoids and native natural enemies

 EAB parasitoid dispersal rates

 Impacts on EAB populations and ash survival or recovery

 Effects on non-target species

While the focus in the first several years of the biological control program was 

centered on how to maintain and mass-produce the parasitoids, release them 

into the field, and monitor for their ability to overwinter across the EAB7-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Management Procedures

Biological Control

infested areas of the United States, the program is now focusing on the release 

of the parasitoids in EAB infested counties and the impact of the parasitoids. 

Specifically, the program is now maximizing efforts to understand the dynamic 

relationship of the host EAB population to the parasitoids, and the impacts of 

releasing parasitoids on ash stand health and longevity.

Advances in rearing technology in the early stages of the biological control 

program have allowed average annual production of female parasitoids to 

increase rapidly from a few tens of thousands annually in 2009 to more than 

250,000 per year in 2012. Increases in annual parasitoid production occurred in 

2013 and 2014 with continued improvements. These improvements, in turn, 

have facilitated additional investments into the parasitoid-impact questions 

that are now our focus.

The program has increased the suggested base numbers of insects released at a 

site as production increases have been made. We have also made parasitoids 

available to research cooperators to examine key questions that support 

program initiatives. These questions include: how far and how quickly the 

parasitoids are able to spread naturally (dispersal ability); how well-suited 

individual parasitoid species may be for specific ecological and climatological 

regions of the United States as EAB spreads; and how the parasitoids are 

influencing ash stand health as we evaluate recovery and establishment at 

parasitoid release sites over several years following the initial release.

The EAB rearing facility is responsible for rearing these four parasitoids for 

scheduled releases. Release sites will be determined by PPQ in consultation 

with program partners. The releases will depend upon program needs, 

regulatory approval, and production capabilities. Availability of parasitoids is 

limited, but is increasing and every effort has been made to fill requestswhen 

appropriate, i.e., correct time of year and stage of EAB needed by the 

parasitoids.

For more information on release considerations for EAB parasitoids, please 

refer to the Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery 

Guidelines:

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/emerald_ash_b/ 

downloads/EAB-FieldRelease-Guidelines.pdf

Initial releases and post-release monitoring, including impacts on EAB and 

non-target wood-boring beetles, and dispersal and establishment of each 

parasitoid species, will be conducted. The environmental assessment for this 

release can be found at the following web site:

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 7-4
Management Procedures

Chemical Control

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ea/downloads/2015/spathius-galinaeeab-biocontrol.pdf

Chemical Control

At this time available chemical treatments are not cost effective for large scale 

implementation. Therefore, the EAB program can not recommend chemical 

control on a large scale. However, depending on EAB population densities, 

research suggests individual trees may be effectively treated (Herms et al., 

2009). Consult your county or university extension agent for information on 

approved ash tree treatments recommended for your specific location.

7-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 8-1

8 Compliance

Chapter Environmental

Contents

Overview 8-1

Disclaimer 8-1

Protected Species 8-2

Environmental Assessment 8-2

Overview

Environmental and Risk Analysis Services (ERAS) is a unit of APHIS’ Policy 

and Program Development Staff (PPD). This unit manages the preparation of 

environmental documentation, such as environmental impact statements and 

environmental assessments, to aid in program operational decisions. ERAS 

also coordinates pesticide registration and approvals for APHIS pest control 

and eradication programs, ensuring that registrations and approvals meet 

program use needs and conform to pesticide use requirements.

Disclaimer

All uses of pesticides must be registered or approved by appropriate Federal, 

State, and/or Tribal agencies before they can be applied. The information 

provided on pesticide labels may not reflect all of the actual information, 

including precautions and instructions for use, which you are required to 

follow in your specific State or locality. It is the responsibility of persons 

intending to use a pesticide to read and abide by the label, including labeling 

that has been approved for the particular State or locality in which the chemical 

is to be used, and to comply with all Federal, State, Tribal, and local laws and 

regulations relating to the use of the pesticide. APHIS program staffs are 

responsible for their compliance with applicable environmentalregulations.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 8-2

Environmental Compliance

Protected Species

Protected Species

To ensure that protected species are not impacted negatively during survey and 

control activities, contact the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) National Operations 

Manager (NOM) with USDA APHIS PPQ Field Operations.

To date, program activities have significantly interfaced with several protected 

species. Specific protocols have been implemented to mitigate negative 

impacts on the Indiana gray bat, the bald eagle, the copperbelly water snake, 

and other species in consultation with Fish and Wildlife Services.

For further details, see the biological assessment and contact the EAB Field 

Operations NOM.

Environmental Assessment

All program control activities require review by Headquarters Environmental 

Services staff before any work may begin. Control activities include 

eradication and containment actions that require cutting and/or destruction of 

trees. An environmental assessment is mandatory before APHIS supported 

control or containment activities may begin.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 9-1

Chapter

9

Public Outreach

Contents

Introduction 9-1

Outreach Objectives for State Partners 9-2

General Outreach Activities and Initiatives 9-3

Outreach Material 9-4

Telephone Hotline 9-4

Report EAB Email 9-4

Websites 9-4

Public Meetings or Informational Open Houses 9-4

Media Relations 9-5

Introduction

EAB outreach and education has been a sustained and dynamic program 

objective since the pest was first detected in 2002. Collectively, Federal and 

State program partners work to increase awareness, facilitate understanding 

and garner program support. Education and outreach efforts include the use of 

various vehicles and initiatives (outdoor advertising, radio and television, web, 

written materials, public presentations, etc.) to accomplish its goals and reach 

its audiences. EAB Outreach and Education has a variety of material available 

free of charge. An electronic ordering system is available at: https://

www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/publications or contact the EAB 

program’s Legislative and Public Affairs (LPA) specialist.

Regarding the development of new communication tools (publications, videos, 

posters, news releases, etc.) Federal/State cooperators are encouraged to work 

with LPA to prevent duplication of efforts and to ensure consistency. When 

USDA is mentioned/identified, and/or federal dollars are used, communication 

tools must be reviewed by the LPA program specialists prior to publication/ 

release.

It is never too early to begin the education and outreach process, especially 

firewood messaging. “Don’t move firewood” and “Buy it (firewood) where 

you burn it” speaks to firewood as a vector and supports proactive 

environmental stewardship.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 9-2

Public Outreach

Outreach Objectives for StatePartners

Outreach Objectives for State Partners

Coordinate outreach efforts among your cooperators to ensure the program has 

a consistent message.

1. Establish a small, core committee, to manage and direct program 

communication; membership should include local, State, and Federal 

partners, cooperative extension, and other partners deemed relevant. This 

group will develop standard program messages in accordance with Federal 

and State regulations.

 Identify roles and responsibility for individuals and as a whole

 Identify policies and procedures for releasing information to the public 

and stakeholders

 Address financial responsibilities

 Develop a two-way reporting mechanism withCooperative 

Management Staff

 Establish a CommunicationsAdvisory Committee and identify roles 

and responsibilities.

2. Membership could include industry groups such as professional 

landscapers and arborists, lumber and wood industry, nursery owners, 

environmental organizers, and other economically impacted groups. This 

group will be an invaluable network for the dissemination of standard 

program messages and information Develop outreach materials to meet 

State program needs and reach multiple audiences. Outreach personnel will 

work with EAB program managers to identify areas or activities where 

outreach materials are needed and do not currently exist. Priorities may 

include the following:

 Identify target audiences and leadership

 Identify key messages for all program initiatives; survey, public 

meetings, control activities, etc.

 Identify key messages to support activities “Don’t move firewood,” 

“Buy it where you burn it” examine your trees, know state regulations, 

etc.

3. Deliver outreach materials through a variety of outlets to ensure widest 

exposure.

 Create a marketing mix using mainstream/alternative/grassroots media 

to reach targeted audience. (Television, radio, outdoor, newspaper, 

internet, industry publications, civic groups, newsletters, etc.)
Tax rolls apply to owners, not necessarily residents.

NOTICE

Public Outreach

General Outreach Activities and Initiatives

 Reach out to specialized target audiences through theirindustry 

newsletters, web site links, and association meetings. Develop 

“champions” for the program.

 Seek out opportunities for communication: County fairs, home and 

garden shows, regional association meetings, Chamber ofCommerce 

events, etc.

 Establish a speakers’ bureau and create cannedPowerPoint 

presentations

General Outreach Activities and Initiatives

Listed below are some common outreach and education initiatives to support 

an agency’s EAB program:

1. Develop/maintain an EAB website to provide access to current information 

on EAB, state quarantines, survey areas, etc.

2. Develop and staff a toll-free EAB hotline to addressState-specific 

regulations and messages.

3. Catalogue and review existing informational materials to prevent 

duplication of effort and ensure consistency.

4. Develop your own public service announcements (PSA’s) or useUSDAprovided PSA’s and arrange for broadcast.

5. Keep the media informed regarding program activities.

6. Keep local officials, local government, community leaders, triballeaders, 

etc. informed about the program.

7. When necessary, craft easy to read letters regarding time, date, location, 

and purpose of public meetings and execute mailing.

A. Use tax rolls for names and addresses

B. Allow substantial lead time.

C. In resort areas, allow for absentee homeowner issues.

8. Arrange, moderate, and provide presentations and support at public 

meetings. Periodically meet with program staff for program feedback, 

problems, concerns, etc. Engage and encourage open dialogue. Create 

specialized communication vehicles when needed to support EAB 

awareness. Continually refine and develop communication vehicles 

(brochures, posters, newsletters, etc.) to ensure accuracy and current 

program information. Develop and arrange for publication of news releases 

for mainstream, electronic, and alternative media.

9-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Public Outreach

Outreach Material

Outreach Material

Program materials are available free of charge to support public education.

To prevent duplication of effort and to ensure consistency, before 

implementing outreach activities contact the EAB LPA specialist to review 

existing outreach materials.

Telephone Hotline

The toll-free telephone National EAB hotline is 866-322-4512. The hotline is 

staffed by trained and knowledgeable personnel who can answer questions 

about the EAB program and direct callers to appropriate program personnel.

Report EAB Email

The email address to report new detections of EAB is Report.EAB@usda.gov. 

The email box goes directly to the EAB NOM and the email will be forwarded 

to the State Plant Health Director to determine the appropriate response.

Websites

The PPQ EAB website is located at: www.aphis.usda.gov/plant-health/eab.

The website contains current program information including: EAB signs and 

symptoms, ash tree identification, treatment options, tree replacement options, 

community preparedness plans, maps, and on-going research.

The Emerald Ash Borer Information Network is a multinational website 

developed by the Cooperative EAB Program and funded by the U.S. Forest 

Service as a resource and link to Federal and State information. The website is 

located at: www.emeraldashborer.info.

National Plant Board Firewood Working Group Guidelines located at 

https://firewood.nationalplantboard.org/

Public Meetings or Informational Open Houses

Public meetings or informational open houses take place when deemed 

necessary and/or appropriate. These meetings address public concerns, 

communicate the program strategy and actions, and help to garner community 

support and compliance.

Outreach personnel work collectively to: Coordinate scheduling, secure 

suitable facilities, ensure the delivery of adequate notification, and provide

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 9-4
Public Outreach

Media Relations

collateral materials (handouts, fact sheets, informational posters, etc.) for the 

meeting.

Public venues may include additional participation from:

1. Political representatives and community leaders who are familiarwith 

local concerns and recognized by the local community.

2. State and Federal program representatives who can respond to questions 

about EAB, state quarantine restrictions, control measures, and its impact.

3. Representatives from cooperating State universities who can answer 

questions about biology of EAB, its host range, and potential impact in the 

United States.

4. County, city, and local cooperators who can respond to questions about 

their roles.

Media Relations

The APHIS PPQ and LPA staff should be notified when a new EAB detection 

is confirmed. In addition, PPQ staff should also be notified of media requests. 

National media calls (from high profile media outlets) must be coordinated 

with APHIS LPA. To avoid conflicting and confusing statements, all outgoing 

information should be processed through the designated spokesperson. It is 

recommended that one primary media spokesperson be designated by the State 

cooperator to work with the EAB LPA spokesperson. Spokespersons should 

thoroughly understand particular aspects of the program, such as survey and 

management activities. EAB program spokespersons will develop and 

maintain close contacts with each other and reporters and community group 

leaders to provide accurate and consistent information. If no personnel at the 

local level exist or he/she does not have adequate media experience, the EAB 

LPA specialist should be notified so he/she can provide experienced media 

representation to the program.

9-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 10-1

Chapter

10 References

Literature Cited

Akiyama K. and S. Ohmomo. 1997. A checklist of the Japanese Buprestidae.

Gekkan- Mushi (Supplement 1).

Aukema, J.; Leung, B.; Kovacs, K.; Chivers, C.; Britton, K.O.; Englin, J.; 

Frankel, S.J.; Haight, R.G.; Holmes, T.P.; Liebhold, A.M.; et al. Economic 

impacts of non-native forest insects in the United States. PLoS ONE 2011, 

6, e24587.

Bauer, L. S., R. A. Haack, D. L. Miller, T. R. Petrice, and H. Liu. 2004.

Emerald ash borer life cycle. In: Emerald ash borer research and 

technology development meeting, Compiled by: V.Mastro and R. Reardon.

Cappaert, D., D. G. McCullough, T. M. Poland, and N.W. Siegert. 2005.

Emerald ash borer in North America: A research and regulatory challenge. 

American Entomologist, 51:152-165.

Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Zoology. 1986. Agrilus marcopoli 

Obenberger. Agriculture Insects of China (part I), China Agriculture Press, 

Beijing, China.

Duan, J. J., L. S. Bauer, R. G. van Driesche, and J. R. Gould. 2018. Forests 

2018, 9(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030142.

Francese, J. A., I. Fraser, D. R. Lance, and V. C. Mastro. 2006. Developing 

survey techniques for emerald ash borer: The role of trap height and design. 

In: Emerald ash borer and Asian long-horned beetle research and 

technology development meeting, Compiled by: V. Mastro, D. Lance, R. 

Reardon, and G. Parra.

Herms, D. A., D. G. McCullough, D. R. Smitley, C. S. Sadof, R. C. 

Williamson, and P. L. Nixon. 2009. Insecticide options for protecting ash 

trees from emerald ash borer. North Central IPM Center Bulletin. 12pp.

Herms, D. A. and D. G. McCullough. 2014 Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of 

North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management 

Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2014. 59:13–30.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer 10-2

References

Literature Cited

Kovacs, K. F., R. G. Haight, D. G. McCullough, R. J. Mercader, N. W. Siegert, 

and A. M. Liebhold. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in

U.S. communities, 2009-2019. Ecological Economics, 69:569-578.

Liu, H-P, L.S. Bauer, R-T Gao, T-H Zhao, T.R. Petrice, and R.A. Haack. 2003.

Exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and its natural enemies in China. Great Lakes 

Entomologist. 36:191-204.

Lyons, D. B. G. C. Jones, and K. Wainio-Keizer. 2004. The biology and 

phenology of the emerald ash borer. In: Emerald ash borer research and 

technology development meeting, Compiled by: V.Mastro and R. Reardon.

MacFarlane, D. W. and S. P. Meyer. 2005. Characteristics and distribution of 

potential ash tree hosts for emerald ash borer. Forest Ecology and 

Management, 213:1524.

Marshall, J. M., A. J. Storer, I. Fraser, and V. C. Mastro. 2009. Efficacy of trap 

and lure types for detection of Agrilus planipennis (Col., Buprestidae) at 

low density. Journal of Applied Entomology, In press.

McCullough, D. M. and N. W. Siegert. 2006. Using girdled trap trees 

effectively for emerald ash borer detection, delimitation, and survey. http:// 

www.emeraldashborer.info/files/handoutforpdf.pdf Last accessed January 

18, 2008. NOTE: this link does not work.

McPartlan, D., P. D. Bell, C. Kellogg. 2006. Eradication of emerald ash borer 

in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana – Implementation of the strategic plan.

January 11, 2006 revision. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/ea/

downloads/eab-ea4-07.pdf Last accessed January 18, 2008. No longer 

available online.

Nomura, S. 2002. Agrilus planipennis. Canadian Food Inspection Agency 

Science Branch. Last accessed November 30, 2004.

Poland T. M. and D. G. McCullough. 2006. Emerald ash borer: Invasion of the 

urban forest and the threat to North America’s ash resource. Journal of 

Forestry, 118124.

Sugiura N. 1999. The family Buprestidae in Fukushima Prefecture: The genus 

Agrilus. http://www1.linkclub.or.jp/~sugirin/fukusima/nagatama/

nagatama2.html Last accessed August 2002.
References

Literature Cited

Taylor, R. A. J., T. M. Poland, L. S. Bauer, K. N. Windell, and J. L. Kautz. 

2006. Emerald ash borer flight estimates revised. In: Emerald ash borer 

research and technology development meeting, Compiled by: V. Mastro, D. 

Lance, R. Reardon, and G. Parra.

Taylor, R. A. J., L. S. Bauer, D. L. Miller, and R. A. Haack. 2004. Emerald ash 

borer flight potential. In: Emerald ash borer research and technology 

development meeting, Ed. V. Mastro and R. Reardon.

Timms, L. L., S. M. Smith, and P. de Groot. 2006. Patterns in the within-tree 

distribution of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) in 

young green-ash plantations of south-western Ontario, Canada.

Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 8:313-321.

US Forest Service. 2008. Emerald ash borer maps. http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/

4501/eab/maps/ Last accessed: 01/17/08.

Yang, Z-Q., J.S. Strazanac, Y-X Yao, and X-Y Wang. 2006. A new species of 

emerald ash borer parasitoid from China belonging to the genus 

Tetrastichus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing emerald ash 

borer from China. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America. 

108:550-558.

Yang, Z-Q, J. S. Strazanac, P. M. Marsh, C. van Achterberg, and W-Y, Choi. 

2005. First recorded parasitoid from China of Agrilus planipennis: A new 

species of Spathius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae). Annals of the 

Entomological Society of America. 98(5):636-642.

Yu, C. 1992. Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), pp. 

400-401. In: Forest Insects of China (2nd edition) Ed. G. Xiao, China 

Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China.

Zhang, Y-Z., D-W Huang, T-H Zhao, H-P Liu, and L.S. Bauer. 2005. Two new 

egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of economic importance from 

China. Phytoparasitica. 33:253-260.

10-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer A-1

Appendix

A Appendix A

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Screening Aid

Figure A-1 Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

Members of the genus Agrilus are challenging to identify due to structural 

coloration and subtle morphological differences between species.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer A-2

Appendix A

Furthermore, the presence of newly discovered exotic Agrilus species in New 

York, the Midwest, and Ontario complicates identification issues and demands 

a renewed interest in applied taxonomy of Agrilus beetles.

The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive buprestid beetle native to 

Northeast China, Korea, Japan, and Russia. In the United States, EAB is 

established in 35 states and the District of Columbia. In Canada, EAB is 

established in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. 

In Michigan and Ontario, this pest has devastated stands of native ash trees. 

The following characteristics can be used for discriminating EAB from other 

native Agrilus species:

 No patches of pubescence

 Pronotum copper/green

 Elytra and abdominal sternites emerald green

 Abdominal tergites purplish copper in color

 Length 13 mm

 Emarginate pygidial spine (Figure A-2)

 EXOTIC

Figure A-2 Pygidium of A. planipennis
Appendix A

Figure A-3 Aedeagus of A. planipennis (a. tergal, b. sternal views)

A-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Appendix A

Some commonly intercepted native and exotic species are illustrated and 

briefly described on the following pages.

Figure A-4 Agrilus bilineatus (Weber)

 Pubescent line on pronotum extending down each elytron

 Bronze-black to dark blue

 Length 11 mm

 Host Quercus spp.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer A-4
Appendix A

Figure A-5 Agrilus cyanescens Ratzeburg

 No patches of pubescence

 Metallic blue in color, darker below

 Length 8 mm

 Host: Lonicera spp.

 EXOTIC

A-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Appendix A

Figure A-6 Agrilus anxius (Weber)

 No patches of pubescence

 Bronze-black

 Length 12-13 mm

 Host: Betula spp.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer A-6
Appendix A

Figure A-7 Agrilus vittaticollis (Randall)

 Pubescent line on pronotum

 Pronotum copper colored with dark elytra, darker below with violet 

highlights

 Length 10-12mm

 Hosts: Crataegus, Malus, Amelanchier spp.

A-7 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
Appendix A

Figure A-8 Agrilus obsoletoguttatus Gory

 Pubescent spots on elytra

 Copper color with violet elytral apices, darker below

 Length 9-10 mm

 Hosts: Hardwood spp.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer A-8
Appendix A

Figure A-9 Agrilus masculinus Horn

 No distinct patches of pubescence

 Bronze-black, green face on males

 Length 6-7 mm

 Hindleg tarsi longer than tibia

 Host: Acer negundo

In addition to Agrilus planipennis, A. subcinctus Gory is the only other Agrilus 

species known to occur on Fraxinus in the Midwest. A. subcinctus differs 

behaviorally from A. planipennis in that it is a twig borer and prefers smaller 

branches for oviposition. In the field, A. subcinctus can be sweep-netted from 

ash leaves. A. subcinctus is small in size (>4.0 mm) and features a distinct 

subbassal and subapical spots of scale-like pubescence on the elytra

(Figure A-10).

A-9 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer BAppendix A

Figure A-10 Agrilus subcinctus Gory

All of these Agrilus are often found on sticky and in funnel trap samples. With 

close to 50 Agrilus species known from the Midwest, other species may be 

added to this preliminary guide in the near future.

Ppendi

x
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer BEmerald Ash Borer Larval Screening Guide

J. E. Zablotny

Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire Agrilus anxius Gory

A1-A7 Trapezoidal A1-A7 Rectangular

A8 Bell-shaped

The shape of the abdominal segments as 

well as host is useful for discriminating 

EAB (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) 

larvae from other native Agrilus species 

such as the bronze birch borer (Agrilus 

anxius Gory). I chose A. anxius to serve 

as a reference for comparison with EAB 

as its larval morphology is more typical 

for the genus.

The first abdominal segment shape 

varies considerably but can be distinctly 

rectangular to trapezoidal in A. 

planipennis while more rectangular and 

cylindrical in A. anxius. In EAB, A2 

through A7 are somewhat trapezoidal 

with protruding flattened lobes. In A. 

anxius, the abdominal segments do not 

have protruding flattened lobes and are 

rectangular in profile. A8 is obviously

A8 Rectangular

bell-shaped in EAB and rectangular in 

the bronze birch borer.

These apparent differences in segment 

shapes are obvious in all instars of EAB 

examined so far. However, segment 

shape differences between species can be 

more subtle in prepupae and in poorly 

preserved larvae. In EAB prepupae, 

abdominal segment eight is still bellshaped and rectangular in A. anxius.

In Michigan, EAB is the most common 

Agrilus species associated with 

Fraxinus. North American populations 

of EAB are known only to oviposit in 

Fraxinus, or white fringe tree.

B

Appendix B

Emerald Ash Borer Larval Screening Guide

Figure B-1 Emerald Ash Borer Larval Screening Guide
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer C-1

Appendix

C Appendix C

Contacts

USDA-APHIS-PPQ-EAB Program Contacts

EAB Hotline: 866-322-4512 (tollfree)

Herb Bolton, Ph.D.

EAB National Policy Manager 

Riverdale, MD

Phone: 301-851-2283

email: herbert.bolton@usda.gov

Russ Bulluck, Ph.D.

EAB National Operations Manager 

Raleigh, NC

Phone: 919-855-7182

email: russ.bulluck@usda.gov

Rhonda Santos

EAB Program Public Information Officer 

Worcester, MA

Phone: 508-852-8044

email: rhonda.j.santos@usda.gov

Identification Authority

James Zablotny, Ph.D., Area Identifier 

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

11200 Metro Airport Dr., Ste. 140

Romulus, MI 48174

Phone: 734-942-9005

email: james.e.zablotny@usda.gov

Dr. Bobby Brown 

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

901 W. State Street

Smith Hall, Purdue University 

West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089 

Phone: 765-496-9673

e-mail: robert.c.brown@usda.gov
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer D-1

Appendix

D Appendix D

Ash Identification Guide

MSU Extension Bulletin E-2892, New May 2003

Distinguishing Ashfrom 

other Common Trees

Diane Brown-Rytlewski and Rebecca Thompson 

Michigan State University IPM Program

Identifying ash trees

Due to the recent discovery of the emerald ash borer 

(EAB) in Michigan, it is important to be able torecognize 

and identify ash trees. To date, emerald ash borer has only

been found on ash trees (see page 4). Not sure if your tree is 

an ash? This simple key is intended to help you distinguish 

between some common deciduous landscape trees frequently 

confused with ash, including: elm, boxelder, mountainash, 

walnut and hickory.

Using the identification key key, tree ID photos are on pages 2-4.

Begin at number 1 on the key and choose (a) or (b). Then 

proceed to the number listed in italics at the end of your 

choice. This number will give you a new set of choices.

Continue this way through the key. We have listed enough 

characteristics to help you determine whether or not your tree 

is an ash. If it doesn’t match the characteristics in the key, 

relax; it most likely isn’t an ash. If you don’t want to use the

Identification key

1. a) Branches alternate (Fig. 1) – go to 2

b) Branches opposite (Fig. 2) – go to 4

2. a) Simple leaves, with irregular leaf base and 

toothed edge (Fig. 3). See elm, page 2.

b) Compound leaves (Fig. 4), with 9 to 15 leaflets, 

finely toothed around edge of leaf – go to 3

c) Compound leaves, 5 to 7 leaflets – go to 3c

3. a) Cut open twiglengthwise.

Chambered pith (Fig. 6). See black walnut, page 3.

If you are still curious about what kind of trees you have, 

consult Extension Bulletin E-2332, “Identifying Trees of 

Michigan,” or a good field guide such as: “The Tree 

Identification Book,” by George W.D. Symonds; “Tree 

Finder: A Manual for the Identification of Trees by Their 

Leaves,” by May T. Watts; or “A Field Guide to Trees and 

Shrubs” by George A. Petrides. There are many other good 

guides available; these are mentioned only as examples.

b) If pith is not chambered, but has white flowers in May, 

orange or red berries in fall. See mountainash, page3.

c) If pith is not chambered, but has three leaflets at endof 

leaf larger than the rest. See hickory, page 2.

4. a) Compound leaves, 5 to 9 leaflets, smooth or finely toothed 

around outer edge. See ash, page 4.

b) Compound leaves, 3 to 5 leaflets, few coarse teeth or none, 

end leaflet pointed (Fig. 5). See boxelder, page 4.

Fig. 1- Alternate 

branching

Linedrawings:StevenBrown

Fig. 2- Opposite 

branching

Fig. 3- Simple leaf 

(American elm)

Fig. 4- Compound

leaf, 7 leaflets 

(White ash)

Fig. 5- Compound leaf, 

3 leaflets (Boxelder)

Fig. 6- Chambered 

pith (Black walnut)

Definitions

• Alternate – leaves/branches that are staggered or not directly across from each other, Fig 1.

• Opposite – leaves/branches that are directly across from each other, Fig.2.

• Simple – a single leaf blade joined by its stalk to a woody stem, Fig 3.

• Compound – a leaf with more than one leaflet. All leaflets attached to a single leafstem, Fig. 4-5. 1
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer D-2

Appendix D

Elm, Ulmus spp.

Branches and buds are alternate and leaf bases are unequal. The leaves are simple, 

serrate (toothed) and 3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide (American elm) or 

3/4 to 3 incheslong and 1/3 to 1 inchwide (Siberian elm).The fruit is awinged seed.

Sandy Perry Sandy Perry

Left: American elm has a vase-shaped growth habit. Right: Siberian elms 

are fast-growing, brittle trees that break easily. Other elms will have 

similar leaves and seeds, although leaf size and growth habit will vary.

Hickory, Carya spp.

Shagbark hickory has distinctive bark – long, loose,shaggy strips. Leaves are

Unequal leaf base

Mary Wilson

Alternate branching

compound, 8 to 14 inches long with 5 to 7 leaflets. The three terminal leaflets are 

larger than the otherleaflets. Othersimilarspecies(notshown) include bitternut, 

pignut and mockernut, which have similar leaves and fruits although leafsize will 

vary. They do not have distinctive shaggy bark. These trees are seldom planted in 

landscapes, but are native, and may be found growing in woods. Fruits are hardshelled light brown nuts, in a green husk that splits into four parts.

Hickory leaf

UGA0008353 Paul Wray

Bark of shagbark 

hickory tree

2 Diane Brown-Rytlewski

Elm leaves 

and fruit

Hickory fruit

UGA0008213 Paul Wray
Appendix D

Black walnut fruit

UGA0008279 Paul Wray

Black walnut, Juglans nigra

Branches and buds are alternate. Leaves are compound, 15 to 

24 inches long, with 9 to 15 leaflets/leaf. Crushed leaflets 

and stems have a distinct odor – similar to turpentine.Twigs, 

split lengthwise, have chambered pith. Fruit is a large dark 

brown nut inside a greenhusk.

Mountainash – alternate branching Diane Brown-Rytlewski European mountainash,

Sorbus aucuparia

Leaves are compound, 5 to 9 incheslong with 9 to 15 leaflets 

per leaf. Leaflets are a toothed, rounded oval shape. Flowers 

are five-petaled, white and similar to cherry or apple 

blossoms but in clusters. Fruits are fleshy, red-orange berries 

in clusters – they are found in the fall.

Diane Brown-Rytlewski

Mountainash flowers

Diane Brown-Rytlewski

3

D-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

Black walnut leaf

UGA0008448 Paul Wray

Mountainash leaf

Alternate 

branching

Black walnut 

chambered pith
Appendix D

Ash, Fraxinus spp.

Branches and buds are opposite with a single bud at the end 

of the branch (terminal bud). Twigs are gray to brown and do 

not have a waxy coating. Leaves are compound, 8 to 12 

incheslong, 5 to 9 leaflets/leaf. Leaves may be finely toothed 

or have smooth edges. The most common ash trees planted in 

the landscape are white ash (Fraxinus americana) and green 

ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Other native ash trees less 

commonly found include black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and

blue ash (Fraxinus quadangulata) (not shown). Black ash 

has 7 to 11 leaflets and is found in wet woods; blue ash has 7 

to 11 leaflets and distinctive 4-angled corky wings on the 

stem. White ash buds are paired with a leaf scar beneath the 

bud that looks like the letter “C” turned on its side. Green 

ash buds are paired with a leaf scar beneath the bud that 

looks like the letter “D” turned on its side (like a smile).

Individual fruits are shaped like single wings and occur in 

clusters; many ash cultivars are seedless.

Dave Cappaert UGA0008169 Paul Wray

Green ash leaf White ash leaf Opposite 

branching

Left: green ash leaf 

scar. Right: white ash 

leaf scar.

Ash seeds

Boxelder, Acer negundo stem. Leaf scars beneath the buds are narrow, and join in a

Boxelder is sometimes called ash-leafed maple. The twigs 

and buds are opposite; with a single bud on the end of the 

twig (terminal bud). Twigs are green to purplish brown, and 

often have a waxy white coating that can be rubbed off the

point. Leaves are compound, 4 to 10 inches long, with 3 to 5 

leaflets/leaf. Leaves may have a few coarse teeth, or none. 

The end leaflet is sharply pointed. Fruit is a paired winged 

seed, occurring in clusters.

Boxelder branches Boxelder fruit UGA1219006Bill Cook UGA1219003 Bill Cook

Photo credits:

Bill Cook, Michigan State University, www.forestryimages.org/

Paul Wray, Iowa State University, www.forestryimages.org/

MSU is an Affirmative-Action Equal-Opportunity Institution. MSU Extension programs and materials are open to all without 

regard to race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, maritalstatus, or family 

status. Issued in furtherance of Extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8 and June 20, 1914, in cooperation 

with the US Dept. of Agriculture. Margaret A. Bethel, Extension director, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824.

The information is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement or

4 bias against those not mentioned. Reprinting cannot be used to endorse or advertise a commercial product or company.

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer D-4

Boxelder leaf, 

3 leaflets

UGA0008303 Paul Wray

UGA0008289 Paul Wray Diane Brown-Rytlewski
Appendix D

Emerald Ash Borer Symptoms

Emerald Ash Borer Symptoms

Images courtesy of bugwood.org

EAB detection Information

The following are links to currently available maps:

 Ash Range Map with Federal EAB detection information

 Federal EAB detection map

 Initial County EAB Detection Map

D-5 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer E-1

Appendix

E Appendix E

Passive Dispersal Pathways

The following passive dispersal pathways of emerald ash borer, Agrilus 

planipennis (Fairmaire), (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) are identified by the USDA 

APHIS PPQ EAB Program.

Firewood

Type Packaged/bundled or bulk (split, unsplit, or slab)

Pathway  “Big box” store

 Firewood producer/distributor

 Firewood broker

 Sawmill slab wood

 Campground

 Online sale and auction

 Local auction

 Roadside sale

 Small business sale

 Homeowner collection

Method of Transport  Long-distance hauling company

 Domestic parcel delivery service

 Private vehicle

Solid Wood Packing Material

Type  Dunnage

 New and recycled pallets

 Pallet stock/cant

 Crating

 Case

 Skid

 Block

Pathway  Pallet manufacturer

 Sawmill

 Distribution center

Method of Transport  Railway

 Freighter

 Long-distance hauling company

 Domestic parcel delivery service

 Air cargo service
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer E-2

Appendix E

Lumber

Type  Sawn timber

 Green lumber

 Air-dried rough lumber

 Air-dried dimensioned lumber

 Miscellaneous products

 Railroad ties

 Crane mats

 Stakes

 Trailer beds and sides

Pathway  Sawmill

 Portable sawmill operator

Method of Transport  Railway

 Long-distance hauling company

 Domestic parcel delivery service

 Local delivery service

Logs

Type  Saw log

 Pulp log

 Veneer log

Pathway  Logger

 Log hauling company

 Sawmill

 Portable sawmill operator

 Tree service company

 Veneer mill

 Paper mill

 Pulp mill

Method of Transport  Freighter/barge

 Railway

 Long-distance hauling company

 Local hauling service
Appendix E

Chips

Type  Biofuel

 Animal bedding

 Engineered wood panel material

Pathway  Wood-fired utility company

 Panel manufacturer

 Zoo

 Tree service company

 Sawmill

Method of Transport  Long-distance hauling company

 Railway

 Local delivery service

 Private vehicle

Mulch

Type  Composted and uncomposted

Pathway  Landscape company

Method of Transport  Long-distance hauling company

 Local delivery service

 Private vehicle

Nursery Stock

Type  Fraxinus spp.

Pathway  Nursery

 Online sales and auction

Method of Transport  Long-distance hauling company

 Local delivery service

 Private vehicle

E-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer F-1

Appendix E

Appendix

F Appendix F

Interstate and Intrastate Movement of EAB 

Host Materials

Movement regulations of EAB host material may vary from state to state. 

Please contact the state’s department of agriculture where movement in or 

through will take place for a list of movement conditions or regulations.
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Glossary-1

Appendix F

Glossary

Introduction

Use this Glossary to find the meaning of specialized words, abbreviations, 

acronyms, and terms used in regulating the fresh, cut articles imported for 

decoration or ornamentation. To locate where in the manual a given definition, 

term, or abbreviation is mentioned, use the Index.

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

anthropogenic. Human-caused

APHIS. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

cambium. The meristematic tissue in woody plants that exists between the 

wood (xylem) and the inner most bark (phloem)

°C. Degrees Celsius

CFR. Code of Federal Regulations

cuneiform. Triangular or wedge-shaped

DBH. Diameter at breast height, equivalent to 1.37 meters from the ground

delimiting survey. A sampling method to determine extent of an infestation of 

an exotic species in an area

destructive sampling. Method of observing signs and symptoms of the 

presence or absence of a pest by destruction of the living sample unit; i.e., 

removal of bark to look for larvae

detection survey. A sampling technique to determine the presence or absence 

of a nonnative species in an area

developmental thresholds. The minimum and/or maximum temperatures that 

support physiological development of a species

Emerald Ash 

Borer

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Glossary-2

Glossary

Definitions, Terms, andAbbreviations

diapause, facultative. The cessation of growth and reduction of metabolic 

activity in a species which occurs seasonally or when environmental 

conditions are unfavorable

dispersal, active. The spread of an organism by its own method of locomotion 

(e.g., walking, flight, etc.)

dispersal, passive. The spread of an organism aided by other than it own 

method of locomotion (e.g., wind, water, man, etc.)

EAB. emerald ash borer

EAN. Emergency Action Notification

ectoparasitoid. A parasitoid that develops outside the host and is attached or 

embedded in host tissue

endoparasitoid. A parasitoid that develops inside the host

epicormic shoots. Fast growing, relatively soft stems arising from the main 

trunk below the crown or root collar of a dying or stressed tree. Sometimes 

referred to as “water sprouts” or “suckering”

ES. Environmental Services

exotic species. An organism or pest species not native to nor historically 

resident in North America, also referred to as alien, non-native, or invasive 

species

°F. Degrees Fahrenheit

FIFRA. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FY. Fiscal year

generally infested area. All areas within a line extending from the peripheral 

positive EAB finds

generation. One complete life cycle

GPS. Global positioning system

growing degree day. Or Degree days (GDD, DD). A measure of the number 

of thermal units (degrees) that accumulate above a specified base temperature 

over a 24 hour period
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

host. A species that provides food, shelter, or reproductive requirements for 

another organism

IES. Investigative and Enforcement Services

IPHIS. Integrated Plant Health Information System 

ISPM. International Standard for Phytosaniatry Measures 

km. kilometer

leading edge. The boundary defined by the line delineating the generally 

infested area

LPA. Legislative and Public Affairs

mg. milligram

mm. millimeter

monophagous. Feeding on only one type of food

MOU. Memorandum of understanding

multivoltine. Producing more than one generation per year

obscure-aeneous. Dark coppery color

parasitoid. An organism that lives on or in another organism, usually referred 

to as its host, and from which it obtains nourishment

phloem. Nutrient conducting tissue of the inner bark

phototactic. Movement of an organism toward or away from a light source

PPD. Policy and Program Development

PPQ. Plant Protection and Quarantine

regulated articles. All known or suspected hosts of a confirmed infestation of 

a non-native species, including soil and any other suspected product or article

SEL. Systematics Entomology Laboratory

SPHD. State Plant Health Director

Glossary-3 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Glossary-4

Glossary

Definitions, Terms, andAbbreviations

SPRO. State Plant Regulatory Official

S&T. USDA-APHIS-PPQ Science and Technology

thermotactic. Movement of an organism toward or away from a heat source

USDA. United States Department of Agriculture

visual survey. Simple examination of areas for eggs, larvae, pupae, or other 

evidence to determine if a particular insect species is present

xylem. Water conducting tissue that comprises the bulk of most woody plants; 

wood
12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Index-1

Index

A

abdominal segments 3-2, 3-3

abdominal sternites 3-4, A-2

abdominal tergites 3-4, A-2

absentee homeowner issues 9-3

Acer negundo A-9

adult 2-9

adult development 2-10

adult emergence 2-9, 2-10

adults 3-4, 4-2

aedeagus A-3

Agrilus

anxius 3-5, 3-6, A-6

bilineatus 3-5, 3-6, A-4

cyanescens 3-5, 3-6, A-5

feretrius 2-1

marcopoli 2-1

masculinus 3-5, 3-6, A-9

obsoletoguttatus 3-5, A-8

planipennis 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, E-1

species A-2

subcinctus 3-5, 3-7, A-9, A-10

vittaticollis 3-5, 3-7, A-7

air cargo service E-1

air carriers 3-8

air-dried dimensioned lumber E-2

air-dried rough lumber E-2

Alabama 2-4, 2-5

alternative media 9-3

altitudinal variation 2-7

Amelanchier spp. A-7

analysis of survey data 5-7

animal bedding E-3

antennae 3-4

APHIS program staffs 8-1

applied taxonomy of Agrilus beetles A-2

approved treatments 7-5

arborists 9-2

archives 1-2

Arkansas 2-4, 2-5

Arthropoda 2-1

ash

foliage 2-9

nursery stock crop 2-6

populations 7-2

saw timber 2-5

stand health 7-4

stand longevity 7-4

tree identification 5-6

trees 5-6

ash tree identification D-1

Asia 2-2, 2-7, 7-3

association meetings 9-3

audiences 9-2

awareness 9-3

B

bald eagle 8-2

bark 2-8, 5-2

bark splits 4-1, 4-2, 5-4

base numbers of insects released 7-4

baseball bats 2-5

Betula spp. A-6

big box stores E-1

biochemical reactions 2-10

biofuel E-3

biological control

agents 4-3, 7-2

as a management procedure 7-2

as a response procedure 4-3

currently available parasitoids 2-2

non-native agents 7-2

parasitoids 4-3

release sites 5-2

research 7-2

biological control release sites 4-2

biological control releases 4-2

biological events 2-10

biology 2-2

black ash 2-5, 2-6

blocks E-1

blue ash 2-6

Braconidae 7-3

branch crotches 2-8

Brighton, Michigan 4-3, 7-3

brochures 9-3

buffer zone 5-6

buprestid beetle A-2

Buprestidae 1-1, 2-1, 3-8, 3-9, E-1

C

cabinetry 2-5

cambium 2-9

campgrounds E-1

Canada 2-5

Canadian Provinces 2-7, 4-3

candidate area 5-6

canopy stress/dieback 5-3

cases E-1

Chamber of Commerce events 9-3

chemical control 7-5

chemical treatments 7-5

chestnut blight 2-2

China 2-7, 4-3, 7-2, 7-3, A-2

Chinese Academy of Science 2-2

Chionanthus virginicus 2-6

Emerald Ash 

Borer

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
Index

city cooperators 9-5

city response plans7-2

civic groups 9-2

Coleoptera 1-1, 

2-1, E-1

collateral materials 9-5

Colorado 2-4, 

2-5

commercial developments 2-6

commercial suppliers 1-2

communication vehicles 9-3

Communications Advisory Committee 9-2

community group leaders 9-5

community leaders 9-3, 

9-5

community management 4-2

community preparedness planning 7-1

community support and compliance 9-4

compliance9-4

compound eyes 3-4

Connecticut 2-4, 

2-5

containment activities 8-2

containment efforts 2-2

containment procedures 1-1

control actions 2-3, 

6-1

control activities 9-2

control measures 9-5

control options 2-2

cooperative extension 9-2

Cooperative Management Staff 9-2

cooperators 1-2

copperbelly water snake 8-2

core committee 9-2

County cooperators 9-5

County extension agent 7-5

County fairs 9-3

crane mats E-2

Crataegus spp. A-7

crating E-1

crown dieback 4-1, 

4-2

cultivated olive 2-6

D

damage symptoms 5-6

data collection protocols 5-6

data recording purposes 5-2

DBH 3-7

decision-making program 1-2

degree days 2-9, 

2-10

Delaware 2-4, 

2-5

delimiting areas 2-3

delimiting survey 4-2, 

5-5, 5-7

delimiting tool 5-1

denticles 3-4

description of infested sites 5-6

designated spokesperson 9-5

destruction of trees 8-2

destructive sampling 4-2, 

5-2, 5-6

detection 1-1

detection and management tools 4-3

Detroit, Michigan 2-2

development environmental factors 2-10

developmental thresholds 2-10

Diameter at Breast Height3-7

direct observation 5-7

direction of sunlight 2-8

dispersal

ability 7-4

clues to 5-1

information 5-5

preventing 

7-1

slowing 4-3

distinctive features 3-1

distribution

centers E-1

geographic 2-7

native 2-7

District of Columbia 2-3, 

2-5, 2-7, 4-3

domestic parcel delivery service E-1, 

E-2

D-shaped exit holes 4-1, 

4-2, 5-5

dunnage E-1

duplication of effort 9-3, 

9-4

Dutch elm disease 2-2

E

EAB program management 4-2, 5-6

early infestation stages 5-2

ecological amplitude 2-6

ecological and climatological regions of the U.S. 7-

4

economically impacted groups 9-2

ectoparasitoids 7-2

education and outreach process 9-1

education initiatives 9-3

efficacy of the program 6-1

egg parasitoid 7-3

eggs 2-8, 

3-2

electronic media 9-3

electronic ordering system 9-1

elytra 3-4, 

A-2, A-7, A-8, A-9

elytron A-4

emarginate pygidial spine 

3-4, A-2

Emergency Response Programs Manual 1-2

Encyrtidae 7-3

engineered wood panel material E-3

entomological forceps 3-7

environmental assessments 7-3, 

7-4, 8-1,8-2

environmental documentation 8-1

environmental factors 2-10

environmental impact statements 8-1

environmental organizers 9-2

environmental regulations 8-1

Environmental Services 8-1

Environmental Services staff 8-2

environmental stewardship9-1

epicormic shoots/suckering5-3

epicormic sprouting 4-2

equipment 5-2

eradication

not a feasible outcome 4-3

possibility of 4-1

program 4-3

ethanol 3-8

Eulophidae 7-3

exclusionary zone 5-6

existing protocols 5-2

exit holes 2-9

,5-2

exotic natural enemies 7-3

exotic speciesA-4

Index-2 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Index

extent of the infestation 5-6

F

fact sheets 9-5

facultative diapause 2-9

Federal agencies 1-2

Federal regulations 9-2

Federal/State cooperators 9-1

female parasitoids 7-4

Field Operations 1-1, 

8-2

Field Operations NOM 8-2

field personnel 3-1

field release 7-3

financial responsibilities 9-2

Finding of No Significant Impact 7-3

firewood

as a passive dispersal pathway E-1

brokers E-1

messaging 9-1

potentially infested 5-6

producers/distributors E-1

Fish and Wildlife Services 8-2

follow-up survey strategy 4-2

forceps 3-7

forest ecosystem 2-6

forest management experts 7-2

forest product industry 2-6

forest products 2-5

fourth instar 3-2

fourth instar larvae 2-9

frass2-9

Fraxinus

americana 2-6

chinensis var. chinensis 2-6

chinensis var. rhynchophylla 2-6

genus 2-6

mandshurica 2-6

nigra 2-6

pennsylvanica 2-6

profunda 2-6

quadrangulata 2-6

spp. 3-7

freighter/barge E-2

freighters E-1

funnel trap samples A-10

furniture2-5

G

galleries2-9

general detection survey 5-1

Georgia 2-4, 

2-5

GPS coordinates 3-9, 

5-2

green ash 2-5, 

2-6

green lumber E-2

growing degree days 2-9

H

hand sanitizer gel 3-8

handouts 9-5

Herb Bolton C-1

high profile media outlets 9-5

home and garden shows 9-3

homeowner collections E-1

host availability 2-10

host range 2-2, 

9-5

hotline 9-3

human-assisted spread 2-4

humidity 2-9

Hymenoptera 7-3

I

identification authority C-1

identification of the pest 3-1

Illinois 2-3, 

2-5

incipient infestations 4-1

Indiana 2-3, 

2-5

Indiana gray bat 8-2

industry groups 9-2

industry newsletters9-3

industry publications9-2

infestations 5-1

infested tree detection 5-6

infested trees 4-2, 

5-6

informational materials 9-3

informational open houses 9-4

informational posters 9-5

initial economic analysis 2-6

initial releases7-4

initial trap capture 5-6

initial visual delimiting survey of infestations 4-2

inoculative releases 7-3

Insecta 2-1

integrated pest management (IPM) program 4-3

internet

using to reach targeted audience 9-2

intrastate movement 6-1

Iowa 2-5

IPM tools and methodologies 4-3

J

James Zablotny C-1

Japan 2-7, 

A-2

Japanese elm 2-6

Japanese wingnut 2-6

Juglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana 2-6

K

Kansas 2-4, 2-5

Kentucky 2-3

,2-5

key messages9-2

known infestation 5-1

Korea 2-7, 

A-2

L

landscape company E-3

landscape ecosystems 2-5

landscape plantings 7-2

landscape trees2-6

landscapers 9-2

landscaping industry 2-6

larger trees 5-2

larvae 2-9, 

3-2, 3-7, 3-8, 4-2

larval development 2-10

larval ectoparasitoids7-2

larval endoparasitoid7-3

larval galleries 2-9, 

5-4

larval population densities 2-7

larval screening guide B-1

latitudinal differences 2-10

latitudinal variation 2-7

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Index-3

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Index

lead time 9-3

Legislative and Public Affairs 9-1

life cycle 2-7, 

2-10

life stages 5-2

Ligustrum spp. 2-7

literature searches 1-2

local auctions E-1

local community9-5

local concerns 9-5

local cooperators 9-5

local delivery service E-2, 

E-3

local government 9-3

local hauling service E-2

local officials 4-1, 

9-3

log hauling company E-2

loggers E-2

long-distance hauling company E-1, 

E-2, E-3

longevity 2-9

Lonicera spp. A-5

Louisiana 2-4

,2-5

low density populations 2-7

lumber and wood industry 9-2

lumber industry2-5

M

Maine 2-5

mainstream media 9-3

major branches 2-8

Malus spp. A-7

management

activities 9-5

approaches 7-1

decisions 5-1

efforts 1-2

officials 5-2

practices 1-2

program 1-1

strategies 1-2

management activities

consideration of 3-1

Manchurian walnut 2-6

maps 5-2

marketing mix9-2

Maryland 2-3

,2-5

Massachusetts 2-4, 

2-5

mated females 2-9

mating 2-9

media

outlets 9-5

relations 9-5

representation 9-5

requests 9-5

to reach targeted audience 9-2

mesothorax3-2

metathorax3-2

methods of transport E-1

Michigan 2-2, 

2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 7-2, 7-3, A-2

Midwest 2-5

Minnesota 2-3, 

2-5

miscellaneous products E-2

Missouri 2-3, 

2-4,2-5

mitigation activities2-3

moisture 2-10

Mongolia 2-7

monitoring survey 5-7

morphological differences A-1

morphology2-2

mouthparts3-2

multivoltine7-2

N

naming protocol 3-8

National EAB hotline9-4

National Identification Services 3-1

National media calls9-5

National Operations Manager 8-2

National Policy Manager 4-1

national response guidelines 1-2

native ash trees A-2

native natural enemies 7-3

native species 2-6, 

3-1, 7-2

natural enemies 7-3

Nebraska 2-4, 

2-5

negative economic effects 2-5

new communication tools 9-1

new detections 3-1

New Hampshire 2-4, 

2-5

new infestations5-2

New Jersey 2-4

,2-5

New York 2-3, 

2-5

news releases 9-1, 

9-3

newsletters 9-2, 

9-3

newspapers 9-2

non-native biological control agents 7-2

non-native species7-2

non-target species7-3

non-target wood-boring beetles 7-4

North America 2-2, 

2-6, 7-3

North Carolina 2-4, 

2-5

nursery industry 2-5, 

2-6

nursery owners 9-2

nursery stock

quarantine violation involving 2-3

O

Ohio 2-3, 2-4,2-5

Oklahoma 2-4

,2-5

Olea europea 2-6

olive 2-6

online sales and auctions E-1, 

E-3

Ontario A-2

Ontario, Canada 2-2, 

A-2

on-the-job safety procedures 1-2

Oobius agrili7-3

open houses9-4

operational decisions8-1

Operations Manager4-1

outdoor advertising 9-1

outer bark 2-9

outgoing information 9-5

outreach

activities 9-3, 

9-4

and education 9-1

as a vital component of the EAB program 6-1

efforts 4-1, 

9-1, 9-2

materials 9-2, 

9-4

objectives 9-2

Index-4 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Index

personnel 9-2, 9-4

program 5-2

outside boundary of the exclusionary zone 5-6

oviposition 2-9, 

3-7, A-9

oviposition sites 2-8

P

pallet manufacturers E-1

pallets E-1

panel manufacturers E-3

panel traps 5-2

paper 2-5

paper mills E-2

parasitoid

release and recovery activities 5-1

parasitoid populations 7-3

parasitoids 4-3, 

7-4

as biological control agents 7-2

availability of 7-4

EAB biological control 2-3

impact questions 7-4

known to attack EAB 7-3

mass production of 7-3

native 2-2

release of 4-3

release sites 7-4

releases of 7-3

species of 7-4

stingless wasps 4-3

wasps4-3

participants5-6

passive dispersal pathways E-1

Pennsylvania 2-3, 

2-4, 2-5

periodic literature searches 1-2

pest control and eradication programs 8-1

pest response program 1-2

pesticide labels 8-1

pesticide registration 8-1

pesticide use requirements 8-1

pesticides8-1

phenology7-3

phloem 2-9

photoperiod 2-10

phototactic 2-9

planning 1-2

planning a strategy for management 5-5

Plant Protection and Quarantine 1-1

Policy and Program Development 8-1

political representatives 9-5

population densities 2-10, 

5-5, 7-5

portable sawmill operator E-2

positive results 5-1

posters 9-1, 

9-3, 9-5

post-release monitoring 7-4

potential impact 9-5

potentially infested logs 5-6

PowerPoint presentations9-3

PPQ Forms

391 3-7, 

3-8, 3-9

PPQ personnel 6-1

pre-identification 3-1

preparedness/response plans 7-1

prepupae 2-9, 

3-3, 4-2

presentations 9-3

preventive measures 7-2

primary media spokesperson9-5

private vehicles E-1, 

E-3

procedures for reporting new infestations 5-2

program

activities9-3

communication 9-2

contacts C-1

feedback9-3

information 9-3

initiatives 7-4, 

9-2

managers 1-2

materials 9-4

messages 9-2

needs 7-4

operational decisions 8-1

partners 4-3, 

7-4

personnel 1-2, 

9-4

releases 4-3

representatives 9-5

safety 1-2

staff 9-3

strategy and actions 9-4

traps 5-6

pronotum 3-4, 

A-2, A-4, A-7

protected species 8-2

prothorax 3-2, 

3-4

pubescence A-2, 

A-5, A-6, A-9

public comment period 7-3

public concerns 9-4

public education 9-4

public meetings 9-2, 

9-3, 9-4

public presentations 9-1

public service announcements 9-3

public support6-1

public venues9-5

publications 9-1

pulp 2-5

pulp logs E-2

pulp mills E-2

pumpkin ash 2-6

pupae 2-9, 

3-4, 3-8

pupal chamber 2-9

pupal development 2-9, 

2-10

pupation 2-9

pygidium A-2

Q

quality control monitoring 5-7

quarantine

areas 2-5

,2-10

laboratories7-3

restrictions 9-5

Quercus spp. A-4

R

radial delimiting survey 4-2

radio 9-2

radio and television 9-1

railroad ties E-2

railways E-1, 

E-2, E-3

rearing facility 7-4

rearing technology 7-4

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Index-5

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Index

recognition of EAB life stages 5-6

recreation industry 2-6

reductus 3-2

regional association meetings 9-3

regulated materials 6-1

regulatory activities

conducting 6-1

curtailing 4-1

regulatory compliance 6-1

release seasons 4-3

release sites 4-3

reporters 9-5

reporting mechanism 9-2

reporting new infestations 5-2

reproductive hosts 2-6

research 4-3

research cooperators 7-4

residential developments 2-6

resort areas 9-3

response 1-1

response planning exercise 7-2

response plans 4-2, 

7-2

resurvey 5-7

Rhode Island 2-5

Rhonda Santos C-1

risk assessments 1-2

roadside sales E-1

roles and responsibilities 9-2

Russ Bulluck C-1

Russia 2-7, 

A-2

S

S&T 1-2

safety 1-2

safety considerations 5-6

safety officers 1-2

sapwood 2-9

saw logs E-2

sawmill slab wood E-1

sawmills E-1, 

E-2, E-3

sawn timber E-2

scheduled releases 7-4

scope of the infestation 4-2

screening3-1

SEL 3-8

serpentine larval galleries 4-2, 

5-2, 5-5

significant economic losses2-5

signs and symptoms of EAB infestation 4-1

site-specific program needs5-2

size of the infestation 4-2

skids E-1

slab wood E-1

small business sales E-1

small-scale trial releases 4-3

solid wood packing material 2-2, 

2-5, E-1

South Carolina 2-4, 

2-5

South Dakota 2-5

southeastern Asia 7-2

Spathius agrili 7-2, 

7-3

Spathius galinae 7-3

spatial activity patterns 5-1

speakers’ bureau 9-3

specimen identification 5-2

SPHD 4-1

spiracles 3-2

SPRO4-1

stakeholders 9-2

stakesE-2

standard program messages 9-2

State agencies 1-2

State cooperators 9-5

State detections 4-1

State Plant Health Director 4-1

State Plant Regulatory Officials 1-1, 

4-1

State program needs 9-2

state quarantines6-1

State regulations9-2

state regulations9-2

State universities 9-5

State-specific regulations 9-3

sticky trap samplesA-10

stingless wasps 4-3

,7-3

strategy for management 5-5

structural colorationA-1

subbassal and subapical spots A-9

suburban areas 2-6

suitable facilities 9-4

supervisors 1-2

supplies 5-2

survey

activities 5-2

data 4-2

methods 1-2, 

5-6

procedures 5-1

protocols 5-2

records 5-2

results 5-2

sample collection 5-7

tools 5-7

symptomatic trees 5-5

symptoms of EAB 5-6

,D-5

symptoms of infestation 2-2

Systematic Entomology Laboratory 3-8

systematic grid of traps5-6

systematic placement 

2-1

T

Taiwan 2-7

target audiences 9-2, 

9-3

tarsi A-9

tax rolls9-3

taxonomy of Agrilus beetles A-2

technical support 1-2

television 9-2

temperature

as an influence in insect development 2-10

pupal development according to 2-9

temporal activity patterns 5-1

temporal variation 2-10

Tennessee 2-5

tethered flight 2-9

Tetrastichus planipennisi 7-3

Texas 2-4, 

2-5

thermotactic 2-9

tibia A-9

tool handles 2-5

Index-6 Emerald Ash Borer 12/2020

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Index

tourism industry 2-6

trace back investigations 5-1

trace forward investigations 5-1

trailer beds and sides E-2

training 1-2

training session5-6

transverse ridge3-4

trap deployment5-6

traps 5-6

tree service company E-2, 

E-3

trial releases 4-3

tribal governments 1-2

tribal leaders 9-3

twig borer A-9

U

U.S. Department of Agriculture 1-2

U.S. Forest Service 2-6, 

2-7

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica 2-6

uninfested county 5-6

United States 2-7

university extension agent 7-5

unmated females 2-9

upper canopy 5-2

urban areas 2-6

urban communities 2-5

urban forest management experts 7-2

urban forests 2-2, 

7-2

urogomphi 3-3

USDA Forest Service 1-1, 

2-3

V

vapor lock bag 3-8

veneer logs E-2

veneer mills E-2

Vermont 2-5

vertex3-4

videos

9-1

vigorous ash trees 2-7

Virginia 2-3, 

2-5

visible symptoms 5-2

visual delimiting survey4-2

visual signs or symptoms of infestation 4-1

visual surveys 5-2, 

5-3, 5-5, 5-6

W

watering and fertilizers 7-2

weather 2-10

web 9-1

web site links 9-3

website 9-3

West Virginia 2-3, 

2-5

white ash 2-5

,2-6

white fringetree2-6

Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2-2

wing buds 3-4

Wisconsin 2-3, 

2-4,2-5

wood boring beetles2-2

wood-fired utility company E-3

woodpecker damage 4-2, 

5-4

written materials 9-1

Z

zoos E-3

12/2020 Emerald Ash Borer Index-7

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