UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 16-2293

MICHELLE A. TRAPP; DAVID ALLEN TRAPP, on behalf of themselves and 

others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.

SUNTRUST BANK,

Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at 

Greensboro. Catherine C. Eagles, District Judge. (1:15-cv-00937-CCE-JLW)

Submitted: June 26, 2017 Decided: July 6, 2017

Before DUNCAN, AGEE, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed as modified by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Leonard A. Bennett, Susan M. Rotkis, CONSUMER LITIGATION ASSOCIATES, P.C., 

Newport News, Virginia; Stuart T. Rossman, NATIONAL CONSUMER LAW 

CENTER, Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellants. Robert R. Marcus, Timothy P. 

Lendino, Matthew W. Krueger-Andes, SMITH MOORE LEATHERWOOD LLP, 

Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:

Michelle A. Trapp and David Allen Trapp* filed a complaint alleging that 

SunTrust Bank (SunTrust) violated the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA), 

15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1691 to 1691f (West 2009 & Supp. 2017). The Trapps appeal the district 

court’s order granting SunTrust’s motion for summary judgment. We find no reversible 

error, and affirm the district court’s judgment as modified.

“We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” Dreher v. 

Experian Info. Solutions, Inc., 856 F.3d 337, 343 (4th Cir. 2017). “In doing so, we apply 

the same legal standards as the district court, and view all facts in the light most favorable 

to the nonmoving party.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). We also review a 

district court’s decision “regarding standing de novo.” Id.

“Standing is a threshold jurisdictional question that ensures a suit is appropriate 

for the exercise of the federal courts’ judicial powers.” Id. (alteration and internal 

quotation marks omitted). To establish standing, the Trapps “‘must have (1) suffered an 

injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and 

(3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.’” Id. (quoting Spokeo, 

Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016)).

In Spokeo, the Supreme Court reiterated that “[t]o establish [an] injury in fact, a 

plaintiff must show that he or she suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ 

 * We refer to Michelle and David Trapp collectively as “the Trapps,” and use their 

first names when distinguishing between the two.
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that is ‘concrete and particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or 

hypothetical.’” 136 S. Ct. at 1548 (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 

560 (1992)). The Court clarified that “[a] concrete injury must be de facto; that is, it 

must actually exist,” and it must be “real,” “not abstract.” Id. (internal quotation marks 

omitted). The Court further recognized that “[i]n determining whether an intangible 

harm constitutes injury in fact, both history and the judgment of Congress play important 

roles.” Id. at 1549. Thus, courts should “consider whether an alleged intangible harm 

has a close relationship to a harm that has traditionally been regarded as providing a basis 

for a lawsuit in English or American courts.” Id. Moreover, courts should consider 

Congress’ judgment as to whether an intangible harm qualifies as an injury in fact. Id.

However, the Court cautioned that “standing requires a concrete injury even in the 

context of a statutory violation.” Id. Thus, a plaintiff cannot “allege a bare procedural 

violation, divorced from any concrete harm, and satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement of 

Article III.” Id. “[A] plaintiff suffers a concrete informational injury where he is denied 

access to information required to be disclosed by statute, and he suffers, by being denied 

access to that information, the type of harm Congress sought to prevent by requiring 

disclosure.” Dreher, 856 F.3d at 345-46.

We conclude, in light of Spokeo and Dreher, that the district court correctly 

determined that the Trapps lack standing. The Trapps did not suffer an information 

injury as contemplated by Congress. The branch manager informed the Trapps that their 

application was denied because of issues with David’s Social Security number (SSN). 

While the Trapps attempt to blame the Equifax fraud score as the reason for Suntrust’s 
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denial, this is a distinction without a difference—the reason the Trapps’ fraud score 

indicated the highest risk of fraud was because David’s SSN was linked to a deceased 

person. The evidence in the record shows that the Trapps knew that there was a problem 

because of David’s SSN. Moreover, they took actions, albeit actions that SunTrust found 

to be insufficient, to attempt to remedy the problem. Furthermore, the Trapps were able 

to purchase with cash the boat they were attempting to finance, as they originally 

intended to do before applying for a loan, thus further demonstrating that they suffered no 

real world harm. Thus, accepting the Trapps’ contention that SunTrust violated the 

ECOA, see Int’l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, 857 F.3d 554, 581-82 (4th Cir. 

2017) (en banc), petition for cert. granted, S. Ct. , , No. 16-1436, 2017 WL 

2722580 (U.S. June 26, 2017), we conclude that the Trapps’ claim amounts to an 

allegation of a bare procedural violation of the ECOA in which they suffered no concrete 

injury. However, we modify the district court’s dismissal order to be without prejudice. 

See S. Walk at Broadlands Homeowner’s Ass’n v. OpenBand at Broadlands, LLC, 713 

F.3d 175, 185 (4th Cir. 2013).

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order as modified. We dispense with 

oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the 

materials before this court and argument would not aid in the decisional process.

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED