p. 1



# OAR Box 1413 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 76 ) 11-1-7 7 Docket Number: 

# A-94-5 2

Printed 7/9/2008 3:11:23 PM

Sheet 76 of 114P. 2



# Regulator yReach Ou t B y Joh n Schweitze r 

# 4 -14** S-X- V?
EPAAI R DOCKE T 

# MAC T—A Brie

f Chronolog

y (Part 1 ) 

# D o yo u remembe r wha t yo u wer e doin g o n Novembe r

15 , 1990 ? No ? Well , that' s th e da y Georg e Bus h(wh o w e hav e t o than k fo r th e Clinto n Follies , bu t that' s asubjec t

fo r anothe r column ) signe dint o la w th e 199 0 Amendment s t o th e Clean Ai r Act

. Federal regulatio n o f ai r qualit y ha dbee n aroun dsinc e th e 196 7 Ai r Qualit y Act , bu t

wa s widel y perceive dt o b e afailure

. Citie s ha dfilthy air , Lov e Cana l wa s i n th e news , and , despit e decade s o f

work , EP A ha dregulate donl y ahan dfull o f

toxi c ai r pollutant s (arsenic , asbestos , benzene , beryllium , mercury , radionuclides , radon-222 , an dviny l chloride , i n cas e yo u wer e counting)

. I n 1990 i Congres s sai d"Enough! " an damende dth e Clea n Ai r Ac t t o strengthe n o r

creat e anumbe r

o f regulator y programs . O f particula r

inter

es t t o th e composite s industr y are Titl e V ofth e 199 0 Amendments , whic hcreate d ane w operatin g permi t program , an d Tid e III , whic hcreate dane w Federal ai r toxic s program . (Okay , sinc e yo u asked , Tid e I i s fo r

urba n ai r

quality , Titl e I I i s fo r mobil e sources , Titl e I V i s for aci d rain , Titl e V

T i s fo r stratospheri c ozon e protection , Titl e VI I i s o n enforcement , in dTitl e VII I contain s miscellaneou s jrovisions. ) Th e operatin g permit s programunde r Title V i s administere db y th e states , an d equire s al l "majo r

sources " o f

ai r pollu

ant s t o appl y for

apermit

. A source' s •ermi t i s i n essenc e aconsolidatio n al l o f t s applicabl e ai r

pollution-relate drequire

lents , includin g MACT

. Congres s sa w bi s "everythin g i n on e place " approac ha s n ai dt o facilitie s an dregulator s in clarify

lg , complyin g with , an denforcin g th e pplicabl e requirements

. Unde r th e Titl e
' program , permi t

application s mus t

b e /ailabl e fo

r publi c revie w an dcomment , i dar e subjec t

t o EP A veto
. An downer s r CEO s o f majo r source s wh o are operat
i g i n violatio n o f

(o r without ) apermi t Composites fabricationl)unc 1998 ar e subjec t t o felon y charge s i n Federal courts
. A "majo r source, " b y th e way , i s afacilit

y tha t ha s th e potentia l t o emit , assumin g continuou s operation s an d withou t controls , mor e tha n certai n amount s of

certai n regulate dpollutants

. Unde r Titl e I o f

th e Act , for

example , amajo r sourc e i s afacilit

y tha t ha s th e potentia l t o emi t "criteri apollutants " i n quandtie s tha t excee dcertai nthresholds

. Criteri apollu

tant s includ e CO , lead , N02 , ozone , particulates , an dS02 ; thes e are substance s tha t contribut e t o urba nai r pollution

. Sinc e volatil e organi c compound s release d


## Asource's

permit is in
essence a consolidation all of its applicable

air pollution-related

requirements, including MACT.

int o th e atmospher e contribut e t o th e formatio no f

ozone , VO C i s als o typicall y regulate dunde r

Tid e I programs . Th e threshold s for

thes e criteri apollutant s ar e determine daccordin g t o th e severity ofth e local ai r pollution

. I n Lo s Angeles , for example , th e threshol dfor majo r source s unde r Titl e I i s 1 0 ton s o f

criteri apollutan t pe r year . Unde r Tid e III , amajo r

sourc e i s a facilit y wit hth e potentia l t o emi t mor e tha n 1 0 ton s pe r

year o f an y singl e Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutan t

(mor e abou t HAP s in aminute) , o r

2 5 ton s pe r

yea r o r mor e o f an y combinatio n o f

HAPs

. Onc e afacilit

y i s amajo r

sourc e (for eithe r criteri apollutant s o r

HAPs) , the n i t mus t

appl y for an doperat e unde r

aTitl e V operatin g permit

. Man y state s hav e program s tha t

allo w facilitie s withpotentia l emission s abov e th e threshold s t o neverthe

les s escap e majo r

sourc e designatio n an d Titl e V requirements ; thes e Federall y Enforceabl e Stat e Operatin g Permi t program s typicall y plac e operationa l limit s o nfacilities , preventin g the mfro mexceed

in g th e majo r

sourc e thresholds

. No w t o Titl e III
. Titl e II I o f th e Amendment s modifie s Sectio n 11 2 o f th e Act

. Sectio n 11 2 tell s EP A ho w t o regulat e ai r toxics

. I n general , EP A regulate s ai r toxic s b y promulgatin g Nationa l Emissio n Standard s for

Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutants

. Unde r th e 199 0 Amendments , NESHAP s ar e t o requir e facilitie s t o compl y wit h Maximu mAchievabl e Contro l Technology

. Go t it ? No ? Okay , let' s sta n fro mth e very beginning

. Clea n Ai r

Ac t Sectio n 112(a) , a s amende di n 1990 , contain s definitions , includin g "majo r

source, " "are asource, " "ne w source, " "modification, " e t cetera
. Sectio n112(b ) list s 18 9 o r s o HAP s (som e o f

th e HAP s ar e group s o f substances)

. Styrene , methy l methacrylate , methylen e chloride , an d"fin e minera l fibers" ar e HAPs , whil e aceton e an dviny l toluen e ar e not
. Congres s cobble d togethe r th e HA Plis t

fro mlist s o f substance s regulate delsewhere

. Bein g a HA Pdoesn' t

reall y meantha t

you're mor e toxi c tha n non-HAPS ; i t jus t mean s tha t you'r e o nth e list

. EPA i s allowe dt o ad do r remov e HAP s fro mth e list , an dha s i n fac t remove don e (caprolactam)

. Sectio n112(c ) tell s EPA t o prepar e a lis t o f "al l categorie s an dsubcategorie s o f majo r sources " tha t

emi t HAPs

. EPA di d subsequentl y lis t

"Reinforce d Plastics/Composites " a s acategor y o f source s tha t

emi t styren e an dothe r

HAPs

. Fo r eac ho f th e liste dcategorie s o r

subcat

egories , 112(c ) als o direct s EP A t o estab

lis hemissio nstandard s a s specifie di n 112(d)

. An d112(c ) tell s EP A to lis t boa t manufacturin g as aseparat e subcategory

.P. 3

Sectio n 112(d ) i s th e hear t

o f Titl e III
. i) direct s EP

A t o establis hemissio n ard s fo r eac hcategory o r

subcategory urce s liste dunde r

112(c)

. I t

allow s ro set different standard s for

different o f source s withi n acategory , vn dno w we finally get

t o MACT

. > n 112(d ) require s tha t

th e emissio n ard s (i.e. , NESHAPs ) establishe d r thi s sectio n shal l requir e "th e nu mdegre e o f

reductio n i n ion s o f th e [HAPs ] tha t

[EPA]..

. nine s i s achievable..

. throug hth e ;atio n o f [contro l technology]... " s , "Maximu mAchievabl e Contro l lology. " EP A i s allowedt o tak e int o considera

costs , environmenta l impacts , an d Y us e whe n determinin g wha t i s -able

. However , 112(d ) tell s EPA i e standar dfo

r ne w source s shal l no t > stringen t

tha n th e emissio n contro l 'e di n practic e b y th e bes t controlle d r source . An ddi e standar dfo r exist

urce s shal l no t

b e les s stringen t

tha n erag e emissio n limitatio n achieve di n : e b y th e bes t

performin g 12 % o f i g source s (or

for th e bes t performin g mrce s fo r categorie s o r

subcategorie s fewer tha n 3 0 sources)

. Thes e m mstringenc y level s (o r "MAC T
' ) are set withou t regar dt o cos t

o r impacts

. Congres s assume dthat , )the r facilitie s are usin g th e controls , the y ar e b y definitio n feasibl e an dachiev

able

. Thi s simpl e assumption , an dEPA' s derivatio n o f

th e floors for

composites , i s causin g u s n o en do f

trouble ; mor e abou t tha t nex t month

. Sectio n112(e ) tell s EPA t o establis h thes e standard s accordin g t o aschedule

. EPA i s t o promulgat e all standard s b y Novembe r

15 , 2000

. (There' s tha t pesk y Novembe r

1 5 again. ) Th e RP/ C NESHA Pwa s originall y schedule dfor promulgatio ni n 1997 , bu t wa s recend y move dt o Novembe r

15 , 200 0 t o allo w EP A mor e tim e t o collec t data

. Sectio n 112(f

) direct s EP A t o revisi t th e MAC T standard s an dissu e additiona l regulation s i f

di e MACT s ar e no t

suffi

cientl y protectin g th e publi c health

. 112(f ) is know nas th e "residua l risk " provision

. Sectio n 112(g ) require s MAC T for new , reconstructed , an dmodifie dsources , eve n if EP A ha s no t

ye t promulgate dth e appropriat e MAC T standard

. Yo u may recal l alo t

o f hea t an dnois e abou t

112(g ) afew year s ago . I nit s first propose drul e t o implemen t

112(g) , EP A classifie d styren e as acarcinogen , an drequire dcase by-cas e MAC T an dpermi t revision s for man y o f th e day-to-da y operationa l change s commonl y mad e i n th e compos ite s industr y (like changin g t o ane w spray gun)

. Th e composite s industr y wa s instru

menta l i n gettin g EPA t o limi t case-by

cas e MAC T requirement s t o constructio n

o f ne w source s an dreconstructio n o f exist

in g source s (wher e 50 % o r mor e o f

a sourc e i s replaced)

. An dEPA decide dno t t o classif y styren e o r

othe r HAP s as par t

o f th e 112(g ) rule

. Fo r industrie s wher e i t

i s no t possibl e t o enforc e a

n emissio n limitation , Sectio n 112(h ) allow s EP

A t o establis hMAC T as a design , equipment , wor k practice , o r operational standard

. Unde r th e RP/ C MACT , man y part s o f

th e industr y will b e require dt o emplo y certai n equipmen t designs , materials , o r

wor k practices , rathe r dia n compl y wit hemissio n limitations

. Ther e ar e severa l odie r part s o f Sectio n 11 2 (112(k) , fo r

example , require s EP A t o limi t

emission s fro mnon-majo r source s t o reduc e cance r ris k i n urba n areas) , bu t

the y don' t

hav e muc ht o d o withMACT

. Nex t month : EPA' s developmen t o f MAC T for

composites

. O

mically Speaking"

continued

from 42) apor-suppresse dresi n ha s produce d on s i n th e rang e o f

1-2 % o f resi n t , whic hi s extremel y low

. Th e flo w >e r ha s an advantag e ove r bucke t rus hhan dlay-u p - th e flo w choppe r ix. Th e faste

r th e resi n i s transferre d laminat e th e lower

th e emissions , onally , cho p i s generall y easier t o te an droll-ou t

tha n choppe dstran d ; o bot hth e resi n applicatio n stag e h e roll-ou t

stag e ar e truncated , n g i n lowe

r emissions

. Shoul dyo u us e avapo r suppressant ? Th e answer

i s aqualifie dyes . I s secondar y bondin g a

n issu e for you r products ? If

yo u are fabricatin g "on e shot " laminates , o r i f structura l bondin g i s no t

a nissue , yo u ar e free t o us e almos t

an y typ e o f

suppressant
. However , if

yo u are fabricatin g products , whic hus e multipl e laminate s an dhav e structura l requirements , yo u shoul d approac hsuppressant s cautiously

. You mus t selec t asuppressan t

tha t i s effectiv e wit hyou r

specifi c resi n system
. Additionally , yo u mus t

hav e procedure s i n 

# 9~ place , whic hspecif y laminat e timin g and/o r sandin g schedules

. B y workin g closel y wit hyou r resi n supplier , yo r

^a n tak e maximu madvan

tag e o f spec , .ii g avapo r

suppressan t tha t ha s th e require dadhesio ncharacter

istics , an di s effectiv e i n reducin g emissions

. Whil e styren e suppressant s are no t suitabl e for

al l applications , the y ca n offer

rea l emission s reductio n benefit s i nawid e rang e o n moldin g situations

. O