JUDGMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNAL (First Chamber)

11 May 2010 (*)

(Civil service — Officials — Jurisdiction of the Civil Service Tribunal — Admissibility — Act adversely affecting an official — Non-contractual liability — Leaks in the press — Principle of the presumption of innocence — Non-material damage — Decision instituting disciplinary proceedings — Manifest error of assessment — Duty to provide assistance — Article 24 of the Staff Regulations)

In Case F-30/08,

ACTION under Articles 236 EC and 152 EA,

**Fotios Nanopoulos,**a former official of the European Commission, residing in Itzig (Luxembourg), represented initially by V. Christianos, lawyer,
and subsequently by V. Christianos, D. Gouloussis and V. Vlassi, lawyers,

applicant,

v

**European Commission,** represented initially by J. Currall and K. Herrmann, acting as Agents, and subsequently by J. Currall and K. Herrmann, acting
as Agents, assisted by E. Bourtzalas and I. Antypas, lawyers,

defendant,

THE CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNAL (First Chamber),

composed of S. Gervasoni (Rapporteur), President, H. Kreppel and I. Rofes i Pujol, Judges,

Registrar: R..Schiano, Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 18 November 2009,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        By application lodged at the Tribunal Registry on 28 February 2008, Mr Nanopoulos claims that the Commission of the European
Communities should, on account of faults which it committed in the management of his situation and his career, be ordered
to pay him the sum of EUR 850 000 to compensate for the non-material damage which he considers himself to have suffered.

**Legal context**

2        Under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations of Officials of the European Union (‘the Staff Regulations’):

‘The Communities shall assist any official, in particular in proceedings against any person perpetrating threats, insulting
or defamatory acts or utterances, or any attack to person or property to which he or a member of his family is subjected by
reason of his position or duties.

They shall jointly and severally compensate the official for damage suffered in such cases, in so far as the official did
not either intentionally or through grave negligence cause the damage and has been unable to obtain compensation from the
person who did cause it.’

3        Article 87 of the Staff Regulations, in force at the time of the institution of the disciplinary proceedings against the applicant,
provided:

‘The appointing authority shall have the right to issue a written warning or a reprimand without consulting the Disciplinary
Board, on a proposal from the official’s immediate superior or on its own initiative. The official concerned shall be heard
before such action is taken.

Other measures shall be ordered by the appointing authority after the disciplinary procedure provided for in Annex IX has
been completed. This procedure shall be initiated by the appointing authority after hearing the official concerned.’

4        Article 1 of Annex IX to the Staff Regulations, the annex concerning disciplinary proceedings, provided, in the version applicable
to the facts in these proceedings:

‘A report shall be submitted to the Disciplinary Board by the appointing authority, stating clearly the facts complained of
and, where appropriate, the circumstances in which they arose.

The report shall be communicated to the chairman of the Disciplinary Board, who shall bring it to the attention of the members
of the Board and of the official charged.’

5        Under the first paragraph of Article 4 of Annex IX to the Staff Regulations, in the version applicable to the facts in these
proceedings:

‘The official charged shall have not less than 15 days from the date of receipt of the report initiating disciplinary proceedings
to prepare his defence.’

6        On 19 February 2002, the Commission adopted a decision on the conduct of administrative inquiries and disciplinary proceedings
(*Administrative Notices*No 33-2002 of 25 April 2002, ‘the decision of 19 February 2002’).

7        The recitals in the preamble to the decision of 19 February 2002 state:

‘(1) The efficiency and speed of administrative inquiries and disciplinary proceedings shall be improved, taking account of
the complexity and the evidential requirements of each case.

(2)       An Investigation and Disciplinary Office shall be set up at the Commission to conduct impartial, coherent and professional
administrative inquiries, and to prepare disciplinary proceedings for the appointing authority.

(3)       Procedural rules shall be laid down on the opening and conduct of administrative inquiries.

...

(5)       It is necessary to ensure a balance between administrative efficiency and the right of investigated officials to a fair hearing.

(6)       The avoidance of the need for disciplinary measures shall be improved, as well as their transparency when they do take place.’

8        Article 1 of the decision of 19 February 2002 establishes an Investigation and Disciplinary Office (IDOC).

9        Article 2 of the same decision provides inter alia that IDOC is to carry out administrative inquiries at the request of the
Director-General of Personnel and Administration, in agreement with the Secretary-General, and to prepare disciplinary proceedings
for the appointing authority.

10      Article 5 of the Decision of 19 February 2002 relates to the opening and conduct of inquiries. It provides, in paragraph 1,
that directors-general and heads of service may request the Director-General of Personnel and Administration, in agreement
with the Secretary-General, to open an administrative inquiry. Under paragraph 5 of that Article, any official who may be
implicated in an administrative inquiry is to be informed of its opening as soon as possible and has the right, at the end
of the inquiry and before a report is finalised, to comment on the conclusions in so far as they mention facts that concern
him.

11      Under Article 6 of the decision of 19 February 2002, in cases requiring absolute secrecy to be maintained for the purposes
of the inquiry, compliance with the obligation to invite the official to give his or her views may be deferred by the Secretary-General
with the agreement of the Director-General of Personnel and Administration.

12      Article 7 of that decision, headed ‘Rights of investigated officials’, provides:

‘1. The appointing authority shall inform investigated officials of its preliminary allegations against them under Article
87 of the Staff Regulations by means of a report and shall hear the official concerned in relation to that report.

2. The purpose of the hearing provided for in Article 87 of the Staff Regulations shall be to enable the appointing authority
to assess the seriousness of the matters of which the official concerned is accused in the light of the explanations provided
by the official at the hearing and to decide whether disciplinary measures should be imposed on him or her and whether or
not it is necessary to refer the case to the Disciplinary Board before adopting such a measure.

...’

13      On 18 December 2000, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 on the
protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the
free movement of such data (OJ 2001 L 8, p. 1). According to recital 7 of the preamble to that regulation, the persons to
be protected are those whose personal data are processed by Community institutions or bodies in any context whatsoever, for
example because they are employed by those institutions or bodies.

14      Article 2 of Regulation No 45/2001, headed ‘Definitions’, provides:

‘For the purposes of this Regulation:

(a)      “personal data” shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person hereinafter referred to
as “data subject”; an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference
to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his or her physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural
or social identity;

(b)      “processing of personal data” hereinafter referred to as “processing” shall mean any operation or set of operations which
is performed upon personal data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organisation, storage,
adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available,
alignment or combination, blocking, erasure or destruction;

...’

15      Under Article 4, headed ‘Data quality’, of Regulation No 45/2001:

‘1. Personal data must be:

(a)      processed fairly and lawfully;

...

2. It shall be for the controller to ensure that paragraph 1 is complied with.’

16      Article 5 of Regulation No 45/2001, headed ‘Lawfulness of processing’, states:

‘Personal data may be processed only if:

(a)      processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest on the basis of the Treaties establishing
the European Communities or other legal instruments adopted on the basis thereof or in the legitimate exercise of official
authority vested in the Community institution or body or in a third party to whom the data are disclosed, or

...

(d)      the data subject has unambiguously given his or her consent, or

(e)      processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject.’

**Facts**

17      The applicant was appointed an official of the Commission on 1 January 1983. From November 1983 to January 2003 he was a director
within Eurostat. From January 2003, he served as a principal adviser in the Personnel and Administration Directorate-General
(DG) until his retirement on 1 March 2006.

18      On 25 October 2002, Mr Tillack, a journalist at the German magazine *Stern*, sent Mr B., a Eurostat official, an email written in German with the question ‘Greek connection?’ in the subject field.
In that letter, Mr Tillack stated that Eurostat officials wishing to remain anonymous were accusing the applicant of favouring
the interests of Greek undertakings in the performance of his duties as a director, in particular during procedures for the
award of contracts. That letter invited Eurostat to comment in reply to 18 questions concerning those accusations. In particular,
Mr Tillack asked Eurostat to tell him specifically how it responded to those accusations and the reasons why there was an
over-representation of Greek companies when the Supcom programme contracts were awarded for 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998.

19      On the same day, Mr B. forwarded that email to the Director-General of Eurostat, to the applicant and to another director
of Eurostat, together with an English translation of the 18 questions.

20      By a confidential memorandum of 30 October 2002 addressed to the Director-General of Eurostat, the applicant declared that
he refuted all the allegations contained in that questionnaire, drawing attention to their libellous and defamatory character,
and asked the Commission to fully investigate and explain the matters raised and reveal the names of the ‘anonymous accusers’.
The applicant’s replies to the 18 questions raised were attached to that memorandum.

21      On 28 and 29 October, a number of internal meetings were held at Eurostat in order to prepare the Commission’s reply to Mr
Tillack’s questions. According to the Commission, at one of those meetings, the Director-General of Eurostat asked for an
internal audit to be carried out on the award of contracts within Directorate A, headed by the applicant, under the Supcom
programme from 1995 to 1998. It is apparent from a document dated 31 October 2002, annexed to the defence, that the Eurostat
internal audit team was, on that date, instructed to draw up a ‘mini-report’.

22      On Thursday 7 November 2002, Mr Tillack sent another email to Mr B. In that email, he stated that, unless he received a reply
from Eurostat to his questions by Monday 11 November, he would have no option but to cite in his article, which he had to
finish on that date, only a letter of denial which had been sent to him by the applicant, and to write that Eurostat had not
rejected any of the allegations referred to in his previous email. In that email of 7 November 2002, Mr Tillack submitted
to Eurostat four additional questions, which emphasised suspicions of favouritism on the part of the applicant towards an
undertaking founded by his godson, Mr Av.

23      On the same day, 7 November 2002, the Commission informed the applicant that, under its mobility policy, it proposed to reassign
him to a post of principal adviser to the Director-General of Eurostat.

24      By a confidential memorandum of 11 November 2002, the applicant informed the Director-General of Eurostat that Mr Av. was
indeed his godson but that the latter’s undertaking, with which the applicant had no financial connection, had not had any
contracts either with the applicant’s directorate or with Eurostat in general. That memorandum explained that Mr Av. worked
as an academic expert on a research project known as ‘STAT-Object’, but that the applicant had not exerted any influence in
favour of Mr Av. in the procedures connected with that research project. At the end of the memorandum, the applicant asked
the Commission to grant him its assistance under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations without delay.

25      By another confidential memorandum of 11 November 2002, to which Mr Tillack’s ‘questionnaires’ of 25 October and 7 November
2002 were annexed, the applicant approached the Director-General of Personnel and Administration to request the Commission’s
assistance under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations. In that memorandum, he drew attention to the risks of damage to his
professional and social life that publication of an article reproducing the allegations directed against him would entail.

26      On 11 November 2002, the Commission sent to Mr Tillack the replies to the questions which he had raised.

27      According to the Commission, the internal audit referred to in paragraph 21 of this judgment was carried out during the period
from 31 October to 11 December 2002 under the responsibility of Ms D., head of Eurostat’s internal audit unit. It is apparent
from the documents in the file that the internal audit was continued after the date on which the Commission replied to Mr
Tillack’s questions.

28      On 13 November 2002, the *Stern*magazine website published an article in German by Mr Tillack, headed ‘Greek looking for Greeks’. That article states, inter
alia:

‘The European statistics office, Eurostat, can find no peace. After a series of scandals — starting with defective statistics,
then accusations of fraud and, finally, suspicions of corruption of an official — Eurostat is again having to fend off awkward
questions. They concern possible multiple contracts for Greek firms — and this under the responsibility of [Fotios] Nanopoulos,
a Greek director at Eurostat..

There is no let-up in the pressure on the Eurostat hierarchy under its Director-General, Yves Franchet. As Franz-Hermann Brüner,
head of the European Anti-Fraud Office, OLAF, put it, OLAF is already investigating “a whole series of cases” at Eurostat.
The European trade union “Action & Defence” is already asking, through a leaflet, an alarming question: is Eurostat governed
by a “network of corruption”?

...

“Defamation”

Indeed, some countries do clearly fare particularly well in the award of contracts — Greek firms often do better than, for
example, German bidders. ...’

29      On 14 November 2002, the Luxembourg daily *Le Quotidien*published an article headed ‘New upheaval at Eurostat’. That article mentioned that the applicant had been ‘relieved of his
duties’ and appointed a principal adviser to the Director-General of Eurostat. It added:

‘According to our sources, officials at OLAF, the European body responsible for the fight against fraud, has discovered that
Directorate A, which deals, among other things, with the information industries sector, was entering into many contracts with
Greek companies and negotiating much less with companies of other nationalities.

Questioned by the German magazine *Stern*, [Fotios] Nanopoulos vigorously denied that Greeks were “consciously favoured”.’

30      By letter of 15 November 2002, the Commission asked the Luxembourg newspaper *Le Quotidien* for a right of reply on account of the erroneous and defamatory information contained in the abovementioned press article.
In that letter, the Commission pointed out, first, that the assertion that Mr Nanopoulos had been relieved of his duties was
completely false and defamatory. According to the Commission, he had simply been the subject of a mobility decision applying
to 14 directors who had been in the same post for more than five years, in accordance with the decisions which had been taken
on these matters by the Commission in December 2000 and which had already had their first implementation in the context of
the movement of directors-general. Mr Nanopoulos was thus assigned as a principal adviser to the Personnel and Administration
DG under objective and transparent conditions. Secondly, the Commission contended that the newspaper’s assertions that OLAF
had made discoveries concerning the existence of favouritism to the advantage of Greek companies in the awarding of contracts
were not supported by any evidence and undermined Mr Nanopoulos’ integrity without justification. Finally, the Commission
pointed out that, as regards the allegations of national favouritism, it had given Mr Tillack, the *Stern* journalist, a number of answers. However, those answers did not lead to the conclusion that Greek firms were favoured in
the award of contracts within Directorate A of Eurostat in connection with the Supcom projects.

31      On 20 November 2002, *L’Investigateur*published a press article headed ‘The skulduggery and dishonesty continue worse than ever within the EU[,]. Nanopoulos’ goose
that lays golden eggs’.

32      That article stated:

‘For three years, *L’Investigateur* has been drawing attention to the embezzlements, skulduggery and acts of nepotism evident at the European statistics directorate,
[Eurostat], based in Kirchberg. Following [OLAF]’s investigation, one of the sensitive nepotism files has just, finally, been
forwarded to the courts, in this instance those with territorial jurisdiction, the Luxembourg courts, which — a bad sign for
transparency and truth — are still far from having resolved the huge misappropriations which were brought before them in 1999
in the Perry and PerryLux affair, which eventually led to the fall of the Santer Commission.

The new court case concerns the misconduct of a Greek director thrown out of Eurostat for outrageously favouring companies
owned by his compatriots. He had already been excluded from recruitment competition committees for communicating the examination
questions to the wife of a Greek official. All this openly and publicly and with the knowledge of [two former heads of Eurostat],
both great friends of Robert Goebbels, a current MEP and former socialist Minister in the Government ... Santer. [Fotios] Nanopoulos
obviously denies all those allegations concerning him, and the cheats at Eurostat, faithful to the Cresson tactics in this
respect, protest about journalistic scheming and anti-European dirty tricks. When one is faced with this kind of director
there is a real risk of becoming anti-European, the more so since the Prodi Commission, true to its predecessor’s principles,
is dishing up this affair with such an indigestible European sauce.

Nanopoulos was hurriedly appointed “principal adviser” in another directorate ... That is the usual procedure for removing a
senior official from his department and enabling an inquiry to take place whilst preserving the rights of the defence. ...

The Commission is masking the scandal by claiming that this rotation of directors had been planned for a long time, which
is true in theory and in general, but not in this specific case. ...

It is therefore possible that Nanopoulos will be compulsorily retired early and thus escape prosecution ...’

33      At a meeting held on 11 December 2002, the draft audit report was presented to the Director-General of Eurostat, who took
the view that he needed to consider further the possible measures (continuation of the audit with conduct of an *inter partes*procedure, possible referral to OLAF), without at that stage adopting a position on what action should be taken on the draft.

34      By letter of 20 December 2002, the Commission informed the applicant of the action to be taken in response to his request
for assistance of 11 November 2002. It stated, firstly, that it had sent to the journalist Mr Tillack a detailed reply to
the abovementioned questionnaires, which exonerated the applicant and, secondly, that it had, on its own initiative, requested
and obtained, on 18 November 2002, a right of reply from the Luxembourg newspaper *Le Quotidien* following the publication of the article which called into question the applicant’s reputation by reproducing allegations
similar to those of Mr Tillack.

35      Also on 20 December 2002, the Commission reassigned the applicant to the Personnel and Administration DG as a principal adviser,
that decision taking effect from 16 January 2003. The applicant was entrusted with specific tasks in the field of administrative
reform, in particular as regards benchmarking and statistical analysis in relation to the reform monitoring process, taking
account of the consequences of enlargement.

36      On 21 May 2003, the new Director-General of Eurostat took office. On the same day, Ms D. sent to the applicant a copy of the
draft internal audit report.

37      By letter of 12 June 2003, Ms D. formally asked the applicant to submit any observations he might have on that draft report.

38      The applicant informed the administration of his observations by an email of 24 June 2003.

39      On the morning of 27 June 2003, Ms D. and the internal audit team which had worked on the draft report discussed, at a working
meeting, the relevance of the applicant’s observations and, on that occasion, a draft reply to those observations was envisaged.
However, without waiting for the draft reply prepared by her team, Ms D. informed the Director-General by email, at 12.01
hrs, of the inappropriateness of the applicant’s observations on the draft internal audit report. At 14.23 hrs, the internal
audit team sent by email to Ms D. a draft reply to the applicant’s observations. However, that draft was not finalised or
forwarded to the Director-General of Eurostat. Neither was the applicant an addressee of that draft reply, of which he became
aware only through the communication to him of the Commission’s statement in defence in the present case.

40      By letter of 8 July 2003 from Ms D., the audit report, together with the applicant’s observations, was sent to the new Director-General
of Eurostat. In that letter, Ms D. explained that the draft audit report, which had been forwarded to the applicant on 21
May 2003, had been re-entitled ‘Analysis of certain aspects relating to the Supcom programme (1995-1998) as a consequence
of the questions put to Eurostat by a journalist in November 2002’; that that analysis was being sent in the state of the
information which she had at her disposal at the time of the analysis of the facts; and that she was not in a position to
go into it in more detail in view of her past and present workload. That report stated, as a general conclusion:

‘The analysis carried out is to be placed very specifically into the context of the points highlighted by the journalist [Mr
Tillack] and was based exclusively on the budget data and the files provided by the directorate concerned.

In general, it is clear that the conclusions which emerge from our work would not make it possible to support the defence
of Mr Nanopoulos and Eurostat vis-à-vis those external attacks.’

41      By letter of 8 July 2003, received at the Personnel and Administration DG on 9 July 2003, as evidenced by the registration
stamp on that document, the Director-General of Eurostat forwarded the audit report to Mr Reichenbach, the Director-General
of Personnel and Administration, in order for him to be able to take whatever measures he saw fit with regard to the applicant.

42      On that same 9 July 2003, the Vice-President of the Commission decided to institute disciplinary proceedings against the applicant
on the grounds, firstly, that, at the time of the award of contracts, he had tacitly allowed or agreed to evaluation processes
which were not transparent, since the evaluation methods set out in the reports of the Advisory Committee on Procurements
and Contracts did not correspond to those actually applied in practice; and, secondly, with regard to a contract concluded
with Planistat, that he had tacitly allowed or agreed to the participation of an expert close to himself, and not originally
proposed by the tenderer, in the project for the preparation of a study unconnected with the contract, which gave rise to
a ‘passed for payment’ stamp even before the interim report of the study was finalised. In adopting that decision, the Commission
took as its basis, firstly, an interim report by the Commission Internal Audit Service of 7 July 2003 and, secondly, the report
by the Eurostat Internal Audit Service of 8 July 2003.

43      On 10 July 2003, *The Financial Times* published an article in English, headed ‘Prodi moves to tackle financial scandal at Eurostat’, which reported the discovery
of a very significant financial scandal at Eurostat and detailed the various measures adopted by the Commission in order to
fully investigate and explain that scandal. The article mentioned the applicant’s name and pointed out that, like the Director-General
and Deputy Director-General of Eurostat, he was the subject of disciplinary proceedings.

44      On 11 July 2003, the *Le Monde*newspaper in turn published an article whose content of which was similar to that of the *Financial Times* mentioned above.

45      During the month of July 2003, the Greek press also echoed the applicant’s involvement.

46      By letter of 15 July 2003, the applicant asked the Director-General of Personnel and Administration to grant him the Commission’s
assistance under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations, maintaining that the *Financial Times* article unjustly prejudiced his reputation. In particular, the applicant pointed out that the article wrongly established
a link between the ‘financial scandal at Eurostat’ involving two other senior officials of that office and the proceedings
concerning him. According to the applicant, the content of the article also demonstrated the existence of leaks in the Commission’s
departments, whereas the latter was required to ensure the confidentiality of pending disciplinary proceedings. He asked,
in particular, that the Commission publish a press release stating that he was not at all implicated in the ‘financial scandal
at Eurostat’.

47      By letter of 21 July 2003, the applicant again submitted a request for assistance having, in essence, the same purport as
that of 15 July 2003, this time referring not to the *Financial Times*article but also to the *Le Monde* article.

48      On 22 July 2003, the Commission forwarded the internal audit report to OLAF which decided, on 23 July 2003, to open an internal
investigation against the applicant on suspicion of favouritism in the procedures for the award of contracts for which the
directorate headed by him was responsible.

49      On 9 September 2003, the applicant sent to the President of the Commission a letter in which he complained, in particular,
about the terms of reference for the internal audit report which served as the basis for the decision to initiate disciplinary
proceedings taken against him.

50      In reply to a question put to him by the Court at the hearing, the applicant maintained, without being contradicted by the
Commission, that the abovementioned letter of 9 September 2003 had remained unanswered.

51      On 22 September 2003, the Commission suspended the disciplinary proceedings pending the findings of OLAF’s internal investigation.

52      By letter of 1 October addressed to the applicant, the Commission decided, firstly, not to grant the new requests for assistance
submitted by the applicant on 15 and 21 July 2003 and, secondly, to await the outcome of the inquiries in progress at Eurostat
before possibly intervening and taking a definitive position on the requests for assistance.

53      By letter of 5 October 2004, OLAF informed the applicant of the decision to close the internal investigation against him and
of the forwarding of the final investigation report to the Secretary-General of the Commission. That final report explained
that OLAF had decided to close the file without taking any action because it had not been possible to bring to light any irregularity
attributable to the applicant.

54      By letter of 26 October 2004 addressed to the applicant, the Vice-President of the Commission, having acquainted himself with
the results of OLAF’s internal investigation, decided that the disciplinary proceedings should be closed and informed the
applicant that that decision could, at his request, be put on his personal file.

55      On 27 October 2004, the Commission published a press release in English on the *Midday Express*Internet site of its Communication DG, which stated:

‘The European Commission has decided to close the disciplinary proceedings opened against [the applicant], a former Director
[of] Eurostat. A thorough investigation by OLAF, the EU’s anti-fraud office, has revealed no information to justify continuing
disciplinary procedures, which were originally opened on 9 July 2003. The Commission wants to stress that the closure of the
case clears [the applicant], an experienced Commission official with a long-standing record of excellence, of the suspicions
of alleged wrongdoing analysed in the [investigation].’

56      By letter of 12 October 2005, the President of the Commission informed the applicant that he proposed to take a decision to
retire him in the interests of the service, as provided for in Article 50 of the Staff Regulations.

57      Due to the absence of any available suitable post for the applicant in the Commission’s departments, the appointing authority,
by decision of 17 January 2006, retired the applicant in the interests of the service with effect from 1 March 2006, with
payment of the allowance provided for by Article 50 of the Staff Regulations.

58      On 1 February 2007, the applicant submitted a request under Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations, by which he claimed compensation
of EUR 1 million.

59      By letter of 7 June 2007, the Commission rejected that request.

60      In addition, the applicant requested a copy of OLAF’s final investigation report. The Commission granted that request on 13
June 2007 and delivered a copy of that report to the applicant personally.

61      On 28 August 2007, the applicant submitted a complaint under Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations.

62      By decision of 19 December 2007, the Commission rejected that complaint.

**Procedure and forms of order sought**

63      The applicant claims that the Tribunal should:

—      order the Commission to pay him the sum of EUR 850 000 in respect of the non-material damage suffered, including the detriment
to his health;

—      order the Commission to pay the costs;

—      hear Mr Koopman, Mr Portal and Ms D. as witnesses;

—      ask the Commission to produce, on the one hand, the complete OLAF report and, on the other, any document to show that the
Eurostat Internal Audit Service carried out checks between November 2002 and May 2003.

64      The Commission contends that the Tribunal should:

—      dismiss the application;

—      order the applicant to pay the costs.

65      In his reply, the applicant stated that he was withdrawing the claim for compensation for the detriment to his health.

66      By way of a measure of organisation of procedure, the Tribunal asked the Commission to produce the press release which it
published on 9 July 2003 (‘the press release of 9 July 2003’). That release states, inter alia, that the Commission takes
the view, in the light of the reports already in its possession, that serious infringements of the financial regulations have
been committed, that disciplinary proceedings have been initiated against three Eurostat officials and that the contracts
concluded with Planistat have been suspended for the duration of the ongoing investigations.

67      At the hearing, in reply to a question put to it by the Tribunal, the Commission confirmed that the applicant was one of the
three officials referred to in the press release of 9 July 2003 as being the subject of the initiation of disciplinary proceedings.

**Nature of the dispute and jurisdiction of the Tribunal**

1.     *Arguments of the parties*

68      The applicant states that he is seeking an order against the Commission under the provisions of the second paragraph of Article
288 EC (now, after amendment, the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU) on the ground that the Commission infringed a series
of rules conferring rights on him as a citizen and as a Commission official at Eurostat.

69      The Commission contends that the action is based on an action for non-contractual liability which, since the dispute is between
a member of staff and the institution which employs him, cannot be brought under the provisions of Article 288 EC (now, after
amendment, the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU), but only under the provisions of Article 236 EC (now, after amendment,
Article 270 TFEU) and of Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations.

2.     *Findings of the Tribunal*

70      It follows from the provisions of Article 225 EC (now, after amendment, Article 256 TFEU), Article 235 EC (now, after amendment,
Article 268 TFEU) and the second paragraph of Article 288 EC (now, after amendment, the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU)
that the General Court of the European Union is the ordinary court, at first instance, for hearing and determining actions
seeking to put in issue the Union’s non-contractual liability for damage caused by its institutions or its servants in the
performance of their duties.

71      By contrast, under Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article 270 TFEU) and Article 1 of Annex I to the Statute of the
Court of Justice, it is the Tribunal which has jurisdiction at first instance in disputes between the Union and its servants.
On that basis, the Tribunal hears disputes between an official and the institution by which he or she is or was employed concerning
compensation for damage where such damage originates in the employment relationship between the person concerned and the institution
(see, inter alia, by analogy, Case 9/75 *Meyer-Burckhardt* v *Commission* [1975] ECR 1171, paragraph 7; Case T-187/01 *Mellone* v *Commission* [2002] ECR-SC I-A-81 and II-389, paragraphs 74 and 75; order in Case T-371/02 *Barbé* v *Parliament* [2003] ECR-SC I-A-183 and II-919, paragraphs 36 and 38; and judgment of 5 October 2004 in Case T-45/01 *Sanders and Others*v *Commission* [2004] ECR II-3315, paragraphs 54 and 57).

72      In the present case, the applicant relies both on his capacity as a private individual and his capacity as an official and
seeks a finding that the Commission is liable under the provisions of Article 288 EC (now, after amendment, Article 340 TFEU)
for the wrongful conduct which it is alleged to have committed against him during the period from October 2002 to January
2006.

73      However, it is evident from the documents in the case-file and from the convergent opinions of the parties expressed at the
hearing that the present dispute falls under Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article 270 TFEU) and Articles 90 and 91
of the Staff Regulations, since the damage alleged originates exclusively in the employment relationship between the applicant
and the Commission. Indeed, the applicant explained at the hearing that the reference in his application to Article 288 EC
(now, after amendment, Article 340 TFEU) was intended only to draw attention to the essential conditions to which, according
to him, the administration’s non-contractual liability was subject.

74      The action must accordingly be considered by the Tribunal, acting of its own motion, to have been brought, in actual fact,
under Article 236 EC (now, after amendment Article 270 TFEU) and Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations (*Mellone* v *Commission*, paragraphs 74 and 75, and *Sanders* v *Commission*, paragraph 42).

**Admissibility**

1.     *Arguments of the parties*

75      The Commission contends, in the first place, that the action is inadmissible since the applicant did not contest within the
periods prescribed by the provisions of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations the decisions rejecting his requests for assistance
submitted under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations.

76      The Commission submits, in the second place, that the action for damages is also inadmissible in so far as it was not brought
within a reasonable time. It points out that the Community courts have held that, even though the Staff Regulations do not
lay down any limitation period in regard to the non-contractual liability of the institutions vis-à-vis their servants, an
action for damages should nevertheless be brought within a reasonable time. For the determination of that reasonable time,
Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, laying down a period of limitation of five years, is applicable by analogy.
In this case, since the events relied on by the applicant in order to establish his damages claim took place more than five
years ago, the action is inadmissible.

77      The Commission maintains, in the third place, that the applicant is not entitled to contest the legality of the decision of
9 July 2003 by which it decided to institute disciplinary proceedings, since it is a preparatory act which is not actionable.
In addition, the applicant does not have a legal interest in contesting the legality of that act since the proceedings were
closed without any action being taken, by decision of 26 October 2004.

78      The Commission submits, in the fourth place, that the applicant is not entitled to rely, in support of claims for damages,
on the wrongful character of the reassignment decision of 20 December 2002 and of the retirement decision of 17 January 2006,
since he failed to bring an action for annulment against those decisions within the time-limits for appeals.

79      The applicant, for his part, claims that his action is perfectly admissible. It is not directed against decisions refusing
assistance but is a claim seeking compensation for the damage suffered as a result of conduct on the part of the Commission.

80      The applicant stated at the hearing that, even assuming that his application puts in issue decision-making acts of the Commission,
those acts and the non-decision-making conduct which he alleges against the administration constitute an indivisible whole
and a continuum. In such a case, the admissibility of an action for damages cannot be conditional on the submission of a complaint
and the filing of an appeal against each of the acts considered in isolation.

81      The applicant further submits that the limitation period applicable to an action for damages brought by an official against
his institution should be that of five years laid down by Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice. In this case,
that period has not expired since it started to run only as from 27 October 2004, the date of publication of the Commission’s
press release on *Midday Express*. In any event, the period has not expired, even if account is taken of the first illegalities committed by the Commission
in October 2002, since the damages claim was submitted on 1 February 2007.

82      The applicant takes the view that the concept of a reasonable time and the fixing of a limitation period by the courts and
not by the legislature are contrary to the principle of legal certainty. In any event, in this case, the applicant observed
the reasonable time laid down by the case-law, since the damages claim was submitted within a period of 27 months from the
last event giving rise to the damage suffered by him.

2.     *Findings of the Tribunal*

*The plea of inadmissibility alleging failure to observe the pre-contentious procedure laid down by the provisions of Articles
90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations*

83      According to settled case-law, under the system of remedies established by Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations, an
action for damages, which constitutes an autonomous remedy, separate from the action for annulment, is admissible only if
it has been preceded by a pre-contentious procedure in accordance with the provisions of the Staff Regulations. That procedure
differs according to whether the damage for which reparation is sought results from an act having adverse effects within the
meaning of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations or from conduct on the part of the administration which contains nothing
in the nature of a decision. In the first case, it is for the person concerned to submit to the appointing authority, within
the prescribed time-limits, a complaint directed against the act in question. In the second case, on the other hand, the administrative
procedure must commence with the submission of a request, within the meaning of Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations, for
compensation. It is only the express or implied rejection of such a request that constitutes a decision adversely affecting
the person concerned and against which he may submit a complaint, and it is only after the express or implied rejection of
that complaint that an action seeking compensation may be brought before the Tribunal (Case T-5/90 *Marcato* v *Commission* [1991] ECR II-731, paragraphs 49 and 50, and Case T-500/93 *Y* v *Court of Justice* [1996] ECR-SC I-A-335 and II-977, paragraph 64).

84      The applicant has called on the Tribunal, in determining the admissibility of the action, to reverse the distinction drawn
by the case-law between a decision-making act and non-decision-making conduct, due to the irrelevance of that distinction
in the present proceedings. According to him, the various acts and lines of conduct for which he seeks compensation constitute
an indivisible whole and he is entitled to contest all the acts and lines of conduct forming that indivisible whole in support
of his damages claims within a reasonable time from the date of occurrence of the last of those acts or lines of conduct,
without the period of three months from the date of notification of the decision-making acts relied on by him, laid down by
Article 90 of the Staff Regulations, being enforceable against him.

85      However, such an argument cannot be upheld.

86      Admittedly, the case-law has acknowledged, in a number of cases, that an applicant is not required, in a complex procedure
consisting of a number of interdependent acts, to submit as many complaints as there are acts in the procedure which may have
affected him adversely. On the contrary, in the light of the cohesion of the various acts making up that complex procedure,
it has been accepted that the applicant may contest the legality of earlier acts in support of an action directed against
the last of them (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 12/64 and 29/64 *Ley* v *Commission* [1965] ECR 107; Case C-448/93 P *Commission* v *Noonan* [1995] ECR I-2321, paragraph 17; and Case T-182/94 [1996] *Marx Esser and Del Almo Martinez* v *Parliament* [1996] ECR-SC I-A-411 and II-1197, paragraph 37).

87      However, that case-law is concerned only with acts adversely affecting an official which are closely interlinked. Furthermore,
it is an exception to the principle that an act may be contested only within the time-limit for appeal, and that exception
must, like any other, be strictly interpreted.

88      In the present case, the conduct and acts relied on by the applicant cannot, in the light of their great diversity and of
their scope (acts relating to the obligation to provide assistance, to the initiation of disciplinary proceedings, leaks of
personal data, failure to assign tasks corresponding to the grade, etc.), be regarded as forming part of a complex procedure.
It would also be contrary to the requirement of legal certainty to accept that those acts may be contested beyond the standard
time-limit for appeal. Moreover, since each act relied on must be the subject of a separate appeal, it follows that the principles
recalled in paragraph 83 of this judgment must be applied to each of them for the purpose of determining the admissibility
of the action for damages brought by the applicant.

89      In the present case, before bringing his action before the Tribunal, the applicant submitted, on 1 February 2007, a request
for compensation under Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations then, on 28 August 2007, a complaint under the first subparagraph
of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations against the decision of 7 June 2007 rejecting his request for compensation. The
applicant therefore preceded his action before the Tribunal by the pre-contentious procedure applicable to a claim for compensation
for damage resulting from non-decision-making conduct on the part of the administration.

90      In order to determine whether the pre-contentious procedure followed by the applicant was in order, it is therefore necessary
to examine whether or not the damage for which compensation is sought results from conduct on the part of the administration
containing nothing in the nature of a decision. To that end, the applicant relies on four categories of irregularities: various
breaches by the Commission of its duty to provide assistance, the illegality with which the reassignment decision is tainted,
the illegality which vitiates the decision instituting disciplinary proceedings and various other lines of conduct on the
part of the Commission.

91      On the other hand, the applicant has not submitted any damages claims based on the illegality of the retirement decision of
17 January 2006. The plea of inadmissibility raised by the Commission against such claims and alleging failure to observe
the pre-contentious procedure laid down by the provisions of Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations is therefore devoid
of pertinence.

The damages claim based on the Commission’s breaches of its duty to provide assistance

92      The applicant seeks compensation for the damage resulting from the Commission’s breaches of its obligation to provide assistance,
as it results from Article 24 of the Staff Regulations. In support of his claims, the applicant pleads, first of all, the
illegality of the express decisions taken by the Commission in response to his requests for assistance, secondly, the Commission’s
wrongful delays before adopting a position on the matter, and, finally, the illegality of the Commission’s failures to provide
assistance spontaneously following the publication of the press articles implicating him.

93      With regard to decisions relating to the obligation to provide assistance, the courts of the European Union have consistently
held that such decisions constitute acts adversely affecting officials (see inter alia, as regards express decisions refusing
assistance, Case T-249/04 *Combescot* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-2-181 and II-A-2-1219, paragraph 32; as regards implied decisions refusing assistance, Case T-223/95 *Ronchi* v *Commission* [1997] ECR-SC I-A-321 and II-879, paragraphs 25 to 31; and, as regards decisions to provide assistance considered insufficient,
Case T-59/92 *Caronna* v *Commission* [1993] ECR II-1129, paragraph 100).

94      In the present case, the Commission adopted, during the period in issue, various express decisions relating to its duty to
assist the applicant.

95      By letter of 20 December 2002, the Commission informed the applicant of the action taken in response to the request for assistance
which he had submitted on 11 November 2002 after Mr Tillack, a journalist for a German weekly, had sent the Commission two
questionnaires which called in question his integrity and professional reputation. The Commission stated, on the one hand,
that it had sent that journalist a detailed reply to the abovementioned questionnaires, clearing the applicant and, on the
other hand, that it had, on its own initiative, requested and obtained, on 18 November 2002, a right of reply from the Luxembourg
newspaper *Le Quotidien* following the publication of an article which called in question the applicant’s reputation by reproducing allegations similar
to those of Mr Tillack.

96      By letter of 1 October 2003, the Commission decided, on the one hand, not to grant the further requests for assistance submitted
by the applicant on 15 and 21 July 2003, following the publication, in various European newspapers, of press articles mentioning
his name and implicating him in a financial scandal at Eurostat and, on the other hand, to await the outcome of the ongoing
investigations at Eurostat before taking any action.

97      By press release issued on 27 October 2004 on *Midday Express*, the Commission decided, as part of its duty to provide assistance, to make public its decision to close the disciplinary
proceedings initiated against the applicant, this after having obtained the results of the OLAF investigation into the irregularities
alleged against him (see, by analogy, Case 108/86 *d.M.* v *Council and ESC* [1987] ECR 3933, paragraph 6, and *Caronna* v *Commission*, paragraphs 93 to 96).

98      It is common ground that the applicant did not bring, within the time-limits laid down in Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff
Regulations, an action for annulment against those various decisions, whether they be implied or express decisions refusing
assistance or decisions to provide assistance which he considered insufficient. Since they were acts adversely affecting an
official, as was recalled above, the applicant is therefore not entitled to put forward claims for compensation for the damage
caused by such acts (Case 346/87 *Bossi* v *Commission* [1989] ECR 303, paragraph 32, and Case T-20/92 *Moat* v *Commission* [1993] ECR II-799, paragraph 46).

99      With regard, on the other hand, to the Commission’s alleged delays in ruling on its obligation to provide assistance and to
notify its decision, it must be recalled that the Community courts have held that a delay does not, in principle, constitute
an act adversely affecting an official (see inter alia, concerning delay in the drawing up of a staff report, Case T-79/92
*Ditterich*v *Commission* [1994] ECR-SC I-A-289 and II-907, paragraph 66, and Case T-285/04 *Andrieu* v *Commission* [2006] ECR-SC I-A-2-161 and II-A-2-775, paragraph 135). It follows that the applicant is entitled to rely on those delays
in support of his claims for damages, since, as in the present case, the two-stage pre-contentious procedure laid down by
Article 90(1) and (2) of the Staff Regulations was observed in regard to them.

100    Moreover, since the claims for damages based on an alleged breach of an obligation of the Commission to act within a very
short time have no direct connection with the content of the express decisions adopted by the Commission under Article 24
of the Staff Regulations, the fact that the applicant did not contest those decisions within the time-limits is not such as
to render those claims for damages inadmissible (Case 79/71 *Heinemann* v *Commission*[1972] ECR 579, paragraphs 6 and 7; Case T-27/90 *Latham* v *Commission* [1991] ECR II-35, paragraphs 36 to 38; and Joined Cases T-246/04 and T-71/05 *Wunenburger* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-2-21 and II-A-2-131, paragraphs 46 to 50).

101    Finally, with regard to the Commission’s failures to provide assistance spontaneously, it must be recalled that the Community
courts have held that, in principle, it is for the official concerned, who considers himself entitled to rely on Article 24
of the Staff Regulations, to request assistance from the relevant institution. Only exceptional circumstances may oblige the
institution to provide specific assistance not in response to a request from the individual concerned but on its own initiative.
In the absence of such circumstances, the failure of the institution to assist its officials and other staff spontaneously
does not constitute an act adversely affecting them (Case 229/84 *Sommerlatte* v *Commission* [1986] ECR 1805, paragraph 20; Joined Cases T-90/07 P and T-99/07 P *Belgium and Commission* v *Genette* [2008] ECR II-3859, paragraphs 100 to 102; and order in Case F-91/05 *Frankin and Others*v *Commission* [2006] ECR-SC I-A-1-25 and II-A-1-83, paragraph 24).

102    In the present case, no exceptional circumstances are relied on by the applicant or the defendant which would have given the
Commission grounds for intervening spontaneously following the implication of the applicant in various press articles. Consequently,
the Commission’s failure to provide assistance spontaneously following the publication of press articles constitutes non-decision-making
conduct, which the applicant is entitled to contest in the present action for damages.

The claim for damages based on the illegality of the reassignment decision

103    The applicant puts forward claims for damages seeking compensation for the loss of occupational status of which he was a victim
following the reassignment decision of which he was the subject.

104    It is settled case-law that, even if a reassignment decision does not affect the material interests or the rank of an official,
it may, having regard to the nature of the duty in question and the circumstances, adversely affect the non-material interests
and future prospects of the applicant since some functions, whilst being equally classified with others, lead more readily
to promotion by reason of the nature of the responsibilities exercised. Such a decision necessarily affects the administrative
status of the official concerned, since it alters the place and the conditions for the performance of his duties and also
their nature. In those circumstances, it is not possible to assume in advance that such a measure is not capable of adversely
affecting the person to whom it is addressed (see, to that effect, inter alia, Case 35/72 *Kley* v *Commission* [1973] ECR 679, paragraph 4; Joined Cases 33/79 and 75/79 *Kuhner* v *Commission* [1980] ECR 1677, paragraph 13; Case 60/80 *Kindermann* v *Commission* [1981] ECR 1329, paragraph 8; Case C-294/95 P *Ojha* v *Commission* [1996] ECR I-5863, paragraph 58; Case T-36/93 *Ojha* v *Commission* [1995] ECR-SC I-A-161 and II-497, paragraph 42; and Case T-73/96 *Forcat Icardo* v *Commission* [1997] ECR-SC I-A-159 and II-485, paragraph 16).

105    By decision of 20 December 2002, the President of the Commission reassigned the applicant. Having until then been a director
in Directorate A of Eurostat, he was assigned to the Personnel and Administration DG as a principal adviser, with responsibility
for specific tasks in the field of administrative reform, in particular concerning statistical analysis in relation to the
monitoring of the reform process, taking account of the consequences of enlargement.

106    Having regard to the alteration in the conditions for the performance and in the nature of the duties which it involves, that
reassignment decision affected the applicant’s legal situation and therefore constitutes an act adversely affecting him.

107    Since the applicant did not contest that decision within the time-limits for bringing proceedings laid down by Articles 90
and 91 of the Staff Regulations, he is not subsequently entitled to bring an action seeking compensation for the damage caused
by that act, as has consistently been held by the Community courts (see inter alia *Moat* v *Commission*, paragraph 46, and Joined Cases T-78/96 and T-170/96 *W* v *Commission* [1998] ECR-SC I-A-239 and II-745, paragraph 158).

The compensation claim based on the unlawfulness of the decision initiating disciplinary proceedings

108    It is settled case-law that the appointing authority’s decision to institute disciplinary proceedings is merely a preparatory
procedural step. It does not prejudge the final position to be adopted by the administration and thus cannot be regarded as
an act adversely affecting an official within the meaning of Article 91 of the Staff Regulations. It may therefore be challenged
only incidentally in an action brought against a final disciplinary decision adversely affecting an official (Case T-166/02
*Pessoa e Costa* v *Commission* [2003] ECR-SC I-A-89 and II-471, paragraph 37, and Case T-48/05 *Franchet and Byk*v *Commission* [2008] ECR II-1585, paragraph 340).

109    An official who has failed to bring, within the time-limits laid down in Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations, an action
for annulment against an act adversely affecting him cannot, by means of a claim for compensation for the damage caused by
that act, repair that omission and thus procure himself further time for bringing proceedings. The same applies where the
omission concerns, not the act adversely affecting him as such, but an act preparatory to it, which could properly have been
challenged incidentally in an action against the act in question (Case T-547/93 *Lopes* v *Court of Justice* [1996] ECR I-A-63 and II-185, paragraphs 174 and 175).

110    It has moreover been held that a decision by which the appointing authority closes without further action disciplinary proceedings
does not constitute an act adversely affecting the official against whom the proceedings were instituted within the meaning
of Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations, since the operative part of such a decision is not capable of altering the
legal situation of that official (order in Case T-8/92 *Di Rocco* v *ESC* [1992] ECR II-2653, paragraph 27).

111    It follows from the case-law cited in the previous three paragraphs that the applicable pre-litigation procedure for obtaining
compensation for damage resulting from a decision instituting disciplinary proceedings depends on the nature of the final
decision taken by the administration.

112    Where the disciplinary proceedings instituted are closed by a decision adversely affecting the official, he may plead the
illegality of the decision instituting those proceedings only in support of a challenge brought directly, within the time-limits
for complaints and appeals laid down in Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations, against the decision adversely affecting
him which was adopted at the end of the proceedings.

113    On the other hand, where the administration takes a decision closing without further action the disciplinary proceedings,
since that decision does not adversely affect him, the applicant, in order to obtain compensation for the damage resulting
from a decision instituting disciplinary proceedings, must first observe the two-stage pre-litigation procedure laid down
by the provisions of Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations.

114    In this case, it is apparent from the documents in the case-file that the Commission, by decision of 26 October 2004, closed
without further action the disciplinary proceedings brought against the applicant. However, it is common ground that that
decision does not constitute an act adversely affecting him which may be challenged directly. In addition, the applicant complied
with the two-stage pre-contentious procedure, as was noted in paragraph 89. Consequently, the applicant is entitled, in the
present action, to seek compensation for the damage which he claims to have suffered as a result of the illegality of the
decision instituting disciplinary proceedings.

The other irregularities alleged in support of the damages claim

115    The applicant seeks compensation for the damage suffered, resulting, first of all, from the irregularities committed by the
Commission at the time of the internal audit carried out within Eurostat following the sending of the abovementioned questionnaires
by Mr Tillack, secondly, from the occurrence of leaks of confidential information concerning him by the Commission’s services
and, finally, from the failure to assign specific tasks in keeping with his abilities following his reassignment. Since those
lines of conduct contain nothing in the nature of a decision, the applicant is entitled to rely on them in an action for damages,
since the pre-contentious procedure followed in regard to them was in order.

*The plea of admissibility alleging failure to submit the damages claim within a reasonable time*

116    It should be recalled that, according to settled case-law, officials or other staff seeking to obtain compensation from the
Union for damage alleged to be attributable to the Union must submit a claim to that effect within a reasonable time after
the point in time when they became aware of the situation they complain of, even though Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations
of Officials does not lay down any time-limit for the submission of a claim (judgment of 5 October 2004 in Case T-144/02 *Eagle and Others*v *Commission* [2004] ECR II-3381, paragraphs 65 and 66; order in Case F-87/07 *Marcuccio* v *Commission* [2008] ECR-SC I-A-1-351 and II-A-1-1915, paragraph 27, the subject of an appeal before the General Court of the European
Union, Case T-16/09 P).

117    There is an obligation to act within a reasonable time in all cases where, in the absence of any statutory rule, the principles
of legal certainty or protection of legitimate expectation preclude institutions of the Union and natural persons from acting
without any time-limits, thereby threatening, inter alia, to undermine the stability of legal positions already acquired.
In actions for damages liable to result in a financial burden on the Union, the obligation to submit a claim for compensation
within a reasonable time derives also from a need to safeguard the public coffers which is specifically given expression,
as regards actions for non-contractual liability, in the five-year limitation period laid down by Article 46 of the Statute
of the Court (*Sanders and Others*v *Commission*, paragraph 59). The reasonableness of a period is to be appraised in the light of the circumstances specific to each case
and, in particular, the importance of the case for the person concerned, its complexity and the conduct of the parties (*Eagle and Others*v *Commission*, paragraph 66).

118    For the calculation of that period, the Community courts have held that it is for the official to submit a financial claim
to the institution within a reasonable time after the point in time when he became aware of the situation he complains of
(*Eagle and Others*v *Commission*, paragraphs 65 and 66, and Case F-125/05 *Tsarnavas* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-1-43 and II-A-1-231, paragraph 69).

119    As was stated in paragraph 89, the applicant submitted a request under the provisions of Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations
on 1 February 2007 and a complaint under the provisions of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations on 28 August 2007. The Commission’s
earliest non-decision-making conduct relied on by the applicant in his action took place in November 2002 and was communicated
to the official concerned in December 2002. The other non-decision-making conduct complained of by the applicant was, for
its part, communicated during 2003 and 2004. Consequently, in the circumstances of this case, in view of the importance and
complexity of the case, which has been proceeding for several years, the damages claim made within a period of less than five
years must, as a whole, be regarded has having been submitted within a reasonable time.

120    It follows that the plea of inadmissibility raised by the Commission cannot be upheld.

*The other pleas of inadmissibility raised with regard to the decision initiating disciplinary proceedings*

121    The Commission contends that the applicant is not entitled to contest the legality of the decision of 9 July 2003 instituting
disciplinary proceedings, since it is a preparatory act which is not actionable. In addition, he does not have a legal interest
in contesting the legality of that act since those proceedings were closed without any further action, by decision of 26 October
2004.

122    The first plea of inadmissibility raised is irrelevant since the applicant has brought, not an action for annulment against
the decision of 9 July 2003, but an action seeking inter alia compensation for the damage resulting from that act. Nevertheless,
in this case, as was stated in paragraphs 107 to 113, the applicant is entitled to rely on the illegality of such a preparatory
act in an action for damages.

123    The second plea of inadmissibility raised against the decision instituting disciplinary proceedings cannot succeed either.
The closure of the disciplinary proceedings in October 2004 did not have the effect of eliminating retroactively the damage
to reputation which the applicant may have suffered inter alia throughout the period during which those proceedings remained
open. Accordingly, the applicant has a legal interest in relying in the present action on the illegality of the decision of
9 July 2003 instituting disciplinary proceedings.

**The incurring of the non-contractual liability of the Commission**

1.     *The conditions on which the Commission incurs non-contractual liability*

*Arguments of the parties*

124    The applicant submits that, in order for the Commission to be rendered non-contractually liable, the illegality of the institution’s
conduct, the genuineness of the damage suffered and the existence of a causal link between the conduct complained of and the
damage alleged must be demonstrated.

125    As regards the first condition, the applicant recalls that the case-law requires there to have been a sufficiently serious
breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals. As regards the requirement that the breach be sufficiently
serious, the decisive test is whether the institution concerned manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits on its discretion.
Where that institution has only considerably reduced, or even no, discretion, the mere infringement of the law in force may
be sufficient to establish the existence of a sufficiently serious breach.

126    The Commission itself also submits that, in order for it to be rendered non-contractually liable, the applicant must prove
the illegality of the conduct alleged against the institution, the genuineness of the damage and the existence of a causal
link between that conduct and the damage alleged.

127    It points out, as regards the first of the three conditions serving to determine whether an action for damages is well founded,
that the case-law requires there to have been a sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on
individuals. As to the requirement that the breach be sufficiently serious, the decisive test, in particular where the institution
concerned has wide discretion, is whether that institution manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits on its discretion.
It is only where that institution has only considerably reduced, or even no, discretion, that the mere infringement of Community
law may be sufficient to establish the existence of a sufficiently serious breach (Case C-352/98 P *Bergaderm and Goupil*v *Commission* [2000] ECR I-5291, paragraphs 43 and 44; Case C-312/00 P *Commission* v *Camar and Tico* [2002] ECR I-11355, paragraph 54; and Joined Cases T-198/95, T-171/96, T-230/97, T-174/98 and T-225/99 *Comafrica and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe* v *Commission* [2001] ECR II-1975, paragraphs 134 to 136).

*Findings of the Tribunal*

128    According to settled case-law, an action for damages brought under Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article 270 TFEU)
may be declared well founded only if a number of conditions are satisfied: the illegality of the allegedly wrongful act committed
by the institutions, actual harm suffered, and the existence of a causal link between the act alleged and the damage alleged
to have been suffered (Case C-136/92 P *Commission* v *Brazzelli Lualdi and Others* [1994] ECR I-1981, paragraph 42, and Case C-348/06 P *Commission* v *Girardot* [2008] ECR I-833, paragraph 52). Those three conditions are cumulative. The absence of any one of them is sufficient for
an action for damages to be dismissed.

129    The Commission points out that, as regards the first of those three conditions, the case-law requires there to have been a
sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals.

130    It should however be noted that the Court has followed that line of reasoning only in cases in which a finding that the institutions
were non-contractually liable was sought under the provisions of Article 288 EC (now, after amendment, Article 340 TFEU),
and not under those of Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article 270 TFEU).

131    It is settled case-law that, where it is put in issue under the provisions of Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article
270 TFEU), the non-contractual liability of the institutions may be incurred on the ground solely of the illegality of an
act adversely affecting an official (or of non-decision-making conduct), without there being any need to consider whether
it is a sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals (see, inter alia, *Commission* v *Girardot*, paragraphs 52 and 53).

132    That case-law does not preclude the Tribunal from determining the extent of the administration’s discretion in the field concerned;
on the contrary, that criterion is an essential parameter in the examination of the legality of the decision or conduct at
issue, since the judicial review carried out and its intensity depend on the degree of latitude available to the administration
on the basis of the relevant law and of the requirements of proper functioning to which that administration is subject.

133    Consequently, the case-law recalled in paragraph 127, to which the Commission refers in its written pleadings, does not apply
to cases brought under the provisions of Article 236 EC (now, after amendment, Article 270 TFEU). It follows that, in this
case, it is for the Tribunal, in examining whether the first condition for the administration to be held non-contractually
liable is satisfied, to determine only whether, on the basis of the degree of latitude available to the administration in
the case brought before the Tribunal, the conduct alleged against the Commission constitutes wrongful maladministration (see
inter alia, to that effect, Case T-339/03 *Clotuche* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-2-29 and II-A-2-179, paragraphs 219 and 220, and Case T-250/04 *Combescot* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-2-191 and II-A-2-1251, paragraph 86).

134    In any event, even if the Commission’s reasoning set out in paragraph 127 were to be upheld, it must be pointed out that each
of the illegalities alleged by the applicant, if well founded, would constitute a sufficiently serious breach of one of the
following rules of law intended to confer rights on an official:

—      Article 24 of the Staff Regulations;

—      the decision of 19 February 2002;

—      Regulation No 45/2001;

—      the principle of the presumption of innocence;

—      the principle of sound administration, in particular the right to be treated impartially.

2.     *The illegality of the Commission’s conduct*

*The Commission’s failures to intervene spontaneously and wrongful delays as regards its obligation to provide assistance*

Arguments of the parties

135    The applicant submits that, under the provisions of Article 24 of the Staff Regulations, the Commission is obliged to assist
officials who are the subject of attacks by the press. That obligation requires the administration to intervene within a short
time in order to prevent the damage suffered by the official from becoming irreparable. However, in this case, the Commission
acted belatedly and thereby committed a fault such as to render it liable. In the first place, the Commission should have
acted on its own initiative, from the publication of press articles questioning the integrity and professional reputation
of its official, without waiting for the matter to be officially brought before it by him. In the second place, the Commission
should have intervened with particular rapidity, since the requests for assistance submitted to it were prompted by the publication
of defamatory press articles. However, the Commission intervened insufficiently and belatedly when the first request for assistance
was made. Moreover, the reply to that request for assistance was not received by the applicant until several years after it
had been made. As regards the other two requests for assistance submitted, the Commission rejected them more than three months
after it had received them. In the third place, the press release published on 27 October 2004, stating laconically that the
disciplinary proceedings initiated against the applicant had been closed, was issued belatedly and was not sufficient to repair
the damage to the integrity and professional reputation of the official concerned.

136    The Commission contends that it replied in good time and appropriately to the requests for assistance submitted by the applicant
under Article 24 of the Staff Regulations. In the first place, it replied spontaneously and promptly to Mr Tillack’s questionnaires
accusing the applicant of favouritism in the awarding of contracts at Eurostat. In the second place, it reacted immediately,
following the publication on the Internet site of *Stern*magazine and in the *Le Quotidien* newspaper of press articles reproducing the allegations of favouritism on the part of the applicant and of his ‘disciplinary
transfer’. Moreover, it obtained a right of reply in the latter newspaper and was thus able to deny publicly the allegations
in question. It further points out that it is not obliged, under the case-law, to act in response to the publication of any
press article containing defamatory allegations against one of its officials or other staff, but merely to provide him with
appropriate assistance. In this case, the authorisation given to the applicant, in the event of similar attacks, to use the
position which the Commission had set out in the right of reply published in the *Le Quotidien* newspaper, constitutes sufficient assistance. In the third place, the Commission submits that it replied appropriately to
the requests for assistance submitted by the applicant in July 2003 by rejecting them. A press release distinguishing the
outcome in the applicant’s case from that in the cases of the other two Eurostat directors who were the subject of investigations
by OLAF would have risked stigmatising even more the two officials in question and harming the image of the Commission. In
the fourth place, the Commission published on its own initiative a press release on *Midday Express* on 27 October 2004, in which it made public the closure of the disciplinary proceedings instituted against the applicant.

137    At the hearing, the Commission further pointed out that it could not be regarded as having intervened belatedly since it replied
to the requests for assistance within the period of four months laid down by the provisions of Article 90(1) of the Staff
Regulations.

Findings of the Tribunal

138    As was stated above in paragraph 98 of this judgment, the applicant is not entitled to criticise the content of the decisions
taken by the Commission in response to his requests for assistance. Consequently, only the applicant’s allegations relating
to the administration’s non-decision-making conduct, in particular the delay with which it is alleged to have ruled on those
requests, is examined here.

139    It is settled case-law that the administration enjoys a wide discretion regarding the choice of the ways and means of implementing
Article 24 of the Staff Regulations. However, when faced with serious and unfounded accusations concerning the professional
integrity of an official in carrying out his duties, it must refute those accusations and do everything possible to restore
the good name of the official concerned (see inter alia *Caronna* v *Commission*, paragraphs 64, 65 and 92 and the case-law cited). In particular, the administration must intervene with all the necessary
vigour and respond with the rapidity and solicitude required by the circumstances of the case (Case T-5/92 *Tallarico* v *Parliament* [1993] ECR II-477, paragraph 31; Case T-294/94 *Dimitriadis* v *Court of Auditors* [1996] ECR-SC I-A-51 and II-151, paragraphs 39 and 45; and Case T-183/95 *Carraro* v *Commission* [1998] ECR-SC I-A-123 and II-329, paragraph 33).

140    The requests for assistance made by an official on account of a defamatory statement or an attack on his integrity and professional
reputation, made through the press, necessitate, in principle, a particularly rapid response on the part of the administration,
in order to produce a practical effect and to enable the official concerned to avoid, where appropriate, the risks of being
time-barred associated with the existence of short time-limits for bringing proceedings in relation to violations of the press
laws before some national courts.

141    In addition, the Community courts have held that a delay in acting on the part of the administration, in the absence of special
circumstances, constitutes wrongful maladministration such as to render it liable (with regard to delay in drawing up a staff
report, see inter alia Joined Cases 173/82, 157/83 and 186/84 *Castille* v *Commission* [1986] ECR 497 and *Latham* v *Commission*, paragraphs 49 and 50; with regard to delay in rectifying wrong information, see *Heinemann* v *Commission*, paragraph 12).

142    It is in the light of those considerations that the Commission’s conduct must be assessed.

143    In general, the Commission maintained at the hearing that it had not acted belatedly, since it had ruled on the applicant’s
various requests for assistance and notified its decisions within the period of four months laid down by Article 90(1) of
the Staff Regulations.

144    In that regard, the Tribunal holds that the provisions of Article 90(1) of the Staff Regulations are exclusively intended,
in the absence of a reply from the administration to a request, to create, on the expiry of a period of four months, an implied
decision rejecting it, which is capable of being contested before the courts after observing the pre-contentious procedure
prescribed by the provisions of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations (see inter alia *Ronchi* v *Commission*, paragraph 31). On the other hand, with regard to the putting in issue of the administration’s non-contractual liability
for delay, those provisions cannot be interpreted as meaning that the administration has, in general, a period of four months
in which to act, regardless of the circumstances of the case. Such an interpretation would be contrary to the case-law that
the administration must, in the absence of a mandatory time-limit prescribed by legislation, rule within a reasonable time
which must be assessed on a case-by-case basis in the light of the particular circumstances of the case (see inter alia, by
analogy, Case T-307/01 *François* v *Commission* [2004] ECR II-1669, paragraphs 48 and 49, and Case F-1/06 *Fernández Ortiz* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-1-53 and II-A-1-293, paragraphs 41, 42 and 44).

145    Consequently, the fact that the Commission replied to the requests for assistance within four months does not in itself prove
that it acted with the required promptness and diligence. It is therefore necessary to ascertain, in each specific instance
alleged, whether the administration intervened within a reasonable time.

–       The Commission’s failure to intervene spontaneously

146    As was recalled in paragraph 101 of this judgment, the administration is not, in principle, required to provide specific assistance
to one of its officials on its own initiative, save in the case of exceptional circumstances (*Sommerlatte* v *Commission*, paragraphs 21 and 22; *Belgium and Commission*v *Genette*, paragraphs 101 and 102; order in *Frankin and Others*v *Commission*, paragraph 24). In this case, in the absence of any such circumstances, be they established or even alleged, the Commission
did not commit a fault by not acting spontaneously following the implication of the applicant by various European newspapers.

147    Nevertheless, it should be noted that, contrary to what is maintained by the applicant, the Commission did, in response to
the sending of Mr Tillack’s questions calling in question his professional reputation, intervene spontaneously and rapidly,
even before the applicant’s first request for assistance, submitted on 11 November 2002, to deny the allegations of favouritism
made. On 28 and 29 October 2002, Eurostat organised meetings for the purpose of preparing the Commission’s replies to Mr Tillack’s
questions, replies which were communicated on 11 November 2002.

–       The Commission’s reaction following the request for assistance of 11 November 2002

148    The applicant submitted a request for assistance after Mr Tillack sent to the Commission, on 25 October and 7 November 2002,
some questionnaires suggesting inter alia that the applicant had favoured Greek companies in the awarding of contracts by
Eurostat. On 13 November 2002, Mr Tillack published a press article on the internet site of *Stern*magazine, in which he reproduced the majority of the abovementioned allegations of favouritism and directly called in question
the applicant’s integrity and professional reputation. On 14 and 20 November 2002, press articles containing allegations of
the same nature and adding that the applicant had been ‘relieved of his duties’ were published in *Le Quotidien*and *L’Investigateur*respectively.

149    The Commission replied to Mr Tillack’s questions on 11 November 2002. In addition, by letter of 15 November 2002, it requested
a right of reply from the *Le Quotidien*newspaper, which granted that request on 18 November 2002. In the light of the period of a few days within which the Commission
intervened, the Tribunal finds that the Commission acted with due promptness in this case.

150    Although it appears regrettable that the Commission did not take all the steps required by the situation, in particular by
not reacting to the articles published on the Internet site of *Stern*magazine and in the *L’Investigateur* newspaper, that failure to react, which must be regarded as an implied decision refusing assistance (see, to that effect,
*Ronchi* v *Commission*, paragraphs 25 to 31), can no longer, as was recalled in paragraph [83], be contested in the present action for damages,
since it has not been the subject of an action for annulment within the time-limits laid down by Articles 90 and 91 of the
Staff Regulations.

151    On the other hand, by informing the applicant only by letter of 20 December 2002 of the action which it had seen fit to take
in response to his request for assistance, the administration did not act with the necessary diligence. In the circumstances
of this case, by taking more than a month to reply to the request for assistance made, the Commission informed the applicant
belatedly that it did not intend to go beyond the measures which it had already adopted, whereas that position was an important
element in enabling the applicant to take action with full knowledge of the facts, where appropriate, against the abovementioned
press organs.

152    That wrongful delay is such as to render the administration liable.

–       The Commission’s reaction following the requests for assistance of 15 and 21 July 2003

153    The applicant submitted requests for assistance on 15 and 21 July 2003 following, on the one hand, the publication in the
*Financial Times*and *Le Monde*on 10 and 11 July 2003 of press articles revealing the existence of a serious financial scandal at Eurostat and, on the other,
the initiation, in that context, of disciplinary proceedings against himself as well as against another director and the Director-General
of Eurostat.

154    The Commission did not adopt a position on those requests for assistance until 1 October 2003. Having regard to the nature
of the requests for assistance submitted, relating to a risk of defamation and damage to the honour and professional reputation
of an official, the Tribunal holds that, by taking more than two months to rule on those requests, the administration did
not act with the promptness required in the matter (see paragraph 140 of this judgment) and committed a fault such as to render
it liable.

–       The press release of 27 October 2004

155    It is common ground that the Commission published a press release announcing the closure of the disciplinary proceedings initiated
against the applicant, on the day following the adoption of that decision. Thus, in the circumstances of this case, that publicity
measure aimed at restoring the applicant’s honour was taken without delay. While it is regrettable that the Commission decided
not to take more substantial publicity measures, that insufficient decision providing assistance cannot be contested in the
present action, as was explained in paragraphs 93 and 98 of this judgment.

156    It follows from the foregoing that, by belatedly informing the applicant of the action which it had taken on his first request
for assistance and by not replying in good time to his requests for assistance made in July 2003, the Commission committed
faults such as to render it liable (see, by analogy, *Caronna* v *Commission*, paragraph 99, and *Ronchi* v *Commission*, paragraph 52).

*The leaks of confidential information*

Arguments of the parties

157    The applicant claims that leaks of confidential information concerning him occurred on two occasions. A first leak, concerning
the draft decision reassigning him to the Director-General of Eurostat which was envisaged against him, took place in November
2002. Press articles thus referred to his assignment as a principal adviser to the Director-General of Eurostat, whereas he
was in actual fact appointed a principal adviser in the Personnel and Administration DG. A second leak concerning the decision
to initiate disciplinary proceedings took place in July 2003. International press articles wrongly suggested that the applicant
was involved in the financial scandal surrounding Planistat. Those leaks of information could come only from Commission departments.
Moreover, in the light of the nature of the personal data disclosed, those leaks infringe Article 2(b) of Regulation No 45/2001.

158    The Commission contends, in the first place, that the applicant has not shown that the information contained in the press
articles which he produced originated in leaks from Commission departments. Those articles do not at any time mention their
sources. In the second place, it submits that, in any event, the alleged leaks do not constitute a serious breach of Community
law such as to render the administration liable. In the third place, with regard to the alleged first leak of information,
the Commission submits that the information disclosed did not damage the applicant’s reputation.

Findings of the Tribunal

159    The applicant confines himself to relying, in his written pleadings and at the hearing, on the unlawful leaks of personal
data by Commission departments which are alleged to have taken place on two occasions, in November 2002 and July 2003. On
the other hand, the applicant does not rely, in support of his damages claims, on the disclosure of personal information concerning
him which may have taken place at the time of the publication of press releases issued by the Commission.

160    As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that it has been held that the unlawful leaking of personal information constitutes
processing of personal data contrary to the provisions of Regulation No 45/2001 (see, to that effect, judgment of 12 September
2007 in Case T-259/03 *Nikolaou* v *Commission*, not published in the ECR, paragraph 208).

161    In addition, the Tribunal recalls that it is for the applicant, in an action for damages, to establish that the conditions
on which the defendant institution may incur non-contractual liability are satisfied. Thus, in the present case, the applicant
must, in principle, establish that the information concerning him published in the press resulted from leaks of information
attributable to the administration (see, to that effect, *Nikolaou* v *Commission*, paragraph 141, and *Franchet and Byk* v *Commission*, paragraph 182). The strict application of that rule may be mitigated, however, where a harmful event may have been the result
of a number of different causes and where the Community institution has adduced no evidence enabling it to be established
to which of those causes the event was imputable, although it was best placed to provide evidence in that respect, so that
the uncertainty which remains must be construed against it (*Franchet and Byk* v *Commission*, paragraph 183).

162    It is in the light of those principles that the existence of the leaks alleged by the applicant must be examined.

163    In the first place, the applicant maintains that a leak of personal data, namely, the unauthorised disclosure of the draft
decision, in the meantime abandoned, to reassign him as special adviser to the Director-General of Eurostat, occurred, since
a press article in the Luxembourg newspaper *Le Quotidien*published that information on 14 November 2002.

164    However, it should be noted that, on 13 November 2002, the Commission published a press release which mentioned the reassignment
of a number of directors of Eurostat. That press release officially stated, albeit incorrectly, that the applicant had been
reassigned within Eurostat. In those circumstances, having regard to the content of that official press release, it does not
appear that the information published on 14 November 2002 in the Luxembourg newspaper *Le Quotidien*originated in a leak of confidential data within the Commission departments.

165    In any event, even if such a leak occurred, the applicant has not established the causal link between that leak and the damage
he claims to have suffered. The alleged damage to reputation is claimed to result, not from the leak in itself, but from the
concomitance of the reassignment decision which was taken, the official publicity given to it and the publication of a press
article by Mr Tillack implicating the applicant specifically by name.

166    In the second place, the applicant claims that the Commission departments were at the origin of further unlawful leaks of
personal data in July 2003, since various press articles, in particular an article published on 10 July 2003 in *The Financial Times*, stated that the Commission had instituted disciplinary proceedings against the applicant and that he was involved in the
financial scandal in connection with Planistat.

167    The Commission published a press release on 9 July 2003 in which it stated inter alia that it had instituted disciplinary
proceedings against three officials, that it had suspended for the duration of the ongoing investigations the contracts concluded
between Eurostat and Planistat, an economics and statistics consultancy firm, and that two reports produced by its services
had already found serious breaches of the financial regulations within Eurostat.

168    It is nevertheless apparent, on a reading of that press release, that it mentions neither the applicant’s name nor any other
information enabling him to be identified as being one of the officials who were the subject of disciplinary proceedings.
In those circumstances, the fact that the applicant’s name is mentioned in the *Financial Times*article can have resulted only from an unauthorised leak of information. Furthermore, that leak can have come only from the
Commission departments, since no other administration had dealt with that case and the applicant had no interest in disclosing
that kind of information to the press.

169    Admittedly, the Commission contends that the applicant has not formally established that its departments were behind the unlawful
disclosure of the applicant’s name. However, in accordance with the principles recalled in the case-law cited in paragraph
161 of this judgment, in that type of situation where there is uncertainty, the burden of proof is not on the applicant, but
on the defendant institution.

170    Finally, although the Commission maintains that, after reading the release of 9 July 2003, journalists could, unaided, have
deduced the applicant’s name by doing simple internet searches, those imprecise contentions do not make it possible to regard
the Commission as not having been at the origin of the unlawful disclosure of the applicant’s name. It should be noted that
the *Financial Times* article was published immediately after the press release of 9 July 2003 and is very affirmative regarding the institution
of disciplinary proceedings against the applicant. Moreover, it is not apparent from the documents in the case-file that the
*Financial Times* was one of the press organs which, almost a year earlier, had relayed the suspicions of favouritism towards Greek undertakings
hanging over the applicant.

171    Thus, by unlawfully disclosing the applicant’s name as being one of the officials who were the subject of disciplinary proceedings,
the Commission infringed the provisions of Regulation No 45/2001. That fault is such as to render it liable.

*The Eurostat Internal Audit Service report*

Arguments of the parties

172    The applicant claims that the Eurostat Internal Audit Service committed a number of faults when producing its report. In the
first place, that audit was carried out in disregard of the auditing rules. The Director-General of Eurostat did not, in particular,
instruct the Internal Audit Service to produce a report in response to the questions raised by Mr Tillack.

173    In the second place, the report is vitiated by partiality and failed to have regard to the principle of the presumption of
innocence. Thus, Ms D., the author of that report, was prejudiced against the applicant and intended, from the start of the
internal audit, to draw up a report unfavourable to him. That lack of impartiality is also typified by Ms D.’s reaction to
the applicant’s observations on the draft audit report.

174    In the third place, the Commission disregarded the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations and sound administration
by not granting the applicant an interview before drawing up the final version of the report and by not taking account of
the written observations which he had made in an email of 24 June 2003.

175    The Commission notes, as a preliminary point, that the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report in issue is an audit report
and not a report following upon an administrative inquiry. Consequently, the administration was not bound to observe the rules
governing administrative inquiries, such as the Commission decision of 19 February 2002 on the conduct of administrative inquiries
and disciplinary proceedings.

176    Next, the Commission contends that the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report was produced in accordance with the rules in
force.

177    In the first place, the internal audit was expressly commissioned by the Director-General of Eurostat, as is moreover demonstrated
by the document ‘Chronologie des actions/événements de l’audit sur l’attribution des marches dans le cadre du programme Supcom
1995-1998’ (Chronology of actions/events concerning the audit on the awarding of contracts under the Supcom programme 1995-1998),
which states that ‘Mr Franchet asked the internal audit to look into certain matters’.

178    In the second place, the rights of the defence were observed, since the applicant obtained a copy of the draft internal audit
report in accordance with the provisions of the Audit Charter for Eurostat’s Internal Audit Unit of 17 June 2002 (‘the Audit
Charter’) and was given the opportunity to make observations against it. Finally, the Internal Audit Service analysed the
comments submitted by the applicant. The fact that the applicant was not heard before the internal audit report was finalised
does not prove that the Commission disregarded the rights of the defence, since no provision of any law or regulation and
no fundamental principle of Community law imposes such an obligation.

179    In the third place, the internal audit report is not partial and does not disregard the principle of the presumption of innocence.
A reading of that report shows that it was drawn up completely impartially and that its purpose was not to establish whether
the applicant had committed unlawful acts but simply to assess in general terms the risks represented by the accusations levelled
against Eurostat and one of its officials.

Findings of the Tribunal

180    First, the Tribunal takes the view that, having regard, on the one hand, to the express wording used in the draft report and
in the report of Eurostat’s Internal Audit Service and, on the other, to the procedure followed, the administration did, as
it maintains, undertake an internal audit and not an administrative inquiry. IDOC did not in fact participate at all in the
carrying out of that audit. It follows that the applicant cannot properly rely on infringement of the provisions of the decision
of 19 February 2002 in order to render the Commission liable.

181    Secondly, the applicant claims that the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report is unlawful since the Director-General of Eurostat
did not instruct the Internal Audit Service in writing to carry out such an audit.

182    However, no provision of European Union law, not even the Audit Charter, requires the Director-General of Eurostat to request
in writing the carrying out of an audit by the Internal Audit Service. Moreover, it is apparent from the documents in the
case-file, in particular the document ‘Chronologie des actions/événements de l’audit sur l’attribution des marches dans le
cadre du programme Supcom 1995-1998’, that the Director-General of Eurostat was indeed at the origin of the launch of the
audit at issue. In his written evidence annexed to the reply, Mr Franchet, the former Director-General of Eurostat, moreover
asserts remembering ‘having asked Ms D. to look at whether the questions raised by Mr Tillack had a serious basis’. Admittedly,
the Commission was unable to explain at the hearing under which decision the audit, put aside for several months, had been
re-launched on 21 May 2003 by the communication to the applicant of the draft audit report. Nevertheless, the priority task
of the new Director-General, appointed precisely on 21 May 2003, was to fully investigate and explain the dysfunctions existing
within Eurostat. Thus, in the circumstances of this case, it does not appear that the re-launch of the audit took place unlawfully
on the exclusive initiative of Ms D. The complaint must accordingly be rejected.

183    Thirdly, the applicant claims that the principle of the presumption of innocence was disregarded during the process of drawing
up the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report.

184    It should be recalled that the presumption of innocence resulting in particular from Article 6(2) of the European Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘the ECHR’) is one of the fundamental
rights which, according to the case-law of the Court of Justice and Article 6(2) EU, are recognised in the legal order of
the Union (see, inter alia, Case C-199/92 P *Hüls* v *Commission* [1999] ECR I-4287, paragraphs 149 and 150; Case T-193/04 *Tillack* v *Commission* [2006] ECR II-3995, paragraph 121; and *Franchet and Byk*v *Commission*, paragraph 209).

185    According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, Article 6(2) of the ECHR governs criminal proceedings in
their entirety, irrespective of the outcome of the prosecution, and not solely the examination of the merits of the charge.
That provision guarantees that no one will be described or treated as guilty of an offence before his guilt has been established
by a court. Accordingly, it requires, inter alia, that when carrying out their duties, the members of a court should not start
with the preconceived idea that the accused has committed the offence charged. The presumption of innocence is breached by
statements or decisions which reflect the sentiment that the person is guilty, which encourage the public to believe in his
guilt or which prejudge the assessment of the facts by the competent court (see, inter alia, Eur Court HR, *Allenet de Ribemont* v *France* judgment of 10 February 1995, Series A no. 308, §§ 38 to 41; *Daktaras* v *Lithuania* judgment of 10 October 2000, *Reports of Judgments and Decisions*2000-X, § 44; and *Pandy* v *Belgium*, no. 13583/02, judgment of 21 September 2006, §§ 41 and 42).

186    In the present case, however, it is established that no criminal proceedings were brought against the applicant.

187    Moreover, the courts of the European Union have consistently held that disregard of Article 6 of the ECHR cannot properly
be relied on in administrative or disciplinary proceedings, since the institution conducting such proceedings cannot be considered
a ‘tribunal’ or ‘court’ within the meaning of Article 6 of the ECHR (see, inter alia, order in Case C-252/97 P *N* v *Commission* [1998] ECR I-4871, paragraph 52; Case T-26/89 *de Compte* v *Parliament* [1991] ECR II-781, paragraph 94; Case T-273/94 *N*v *Commission* [1997] ECR-SC I-A-97 and II-289, paragraph 95; Case F-40/05 *Andreasen* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-1-337 and II-A-1-1859, paragraphs 125 to 127, the subject of an appeal before the General Court of the
European Union , Case T-17/08 P).

188    In those circumstances, the plea alleging disregard, during the internal audit procedure, of the principle of the presumption
of innocence, as it results inter alia from the provisions of Article 6(2) of the ECHR, is inoperative, since the Internal
Audit Service of Eurostat is not a ‘tribunal’ or ‘court’ within the meaning of Article 6 of the ECHR.

189    None the less, the principle of impartiality requires an administrative authority, when carrying out an audit, not to be prejudiced
in relation to the matter being audited. The authority concerned may depart from that attitude only after the dysfunctions
observed have been established (see, by analogy, with regard to the institution of disciplinary proceedings, *Pessoa e Costa* v *Commission*, paragraph 56).

190    In the present case, the applicant claims that Ms D. was, from the start of the audit, prejudiced regarding the content of
the findings of the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report.

191    In the first place, the Tribunal considers that the fact that only the questions of the German journalist Mr Tillack were
used to define the scope of the internal audit or that the internal audit report partially called in question the replies
given by the Commission to Mr Tillack’s questions is not sufficient to prove a lack of impartiality on the part of Eurostat’s
Internal Audit Service vis-à-vis the applicant. On the one hand, as was pointed out in paragraph 182 of this judgment, it
was at the request of the Director-General, and not on the initiative of Ms D., that the audit was limited to the questions
raised by Mr Tillack. On the other hand, since the replies given by the Commission to Mr Tillack’s questions were drawn up
on a given date, the information contained in those replies could be subject to subsequent variation or qualification following
further investigations carried out by the Internal Audit Service.

192    In the second place, it is true that Ms D. did, on the one hand, inform the new Director-General that she was of the opinion
that the applicant’s comments on the draft audit report were inappropriate and, on the other, block the draft reply to the
applicant’s comments, prepared by the audit team. However, those lines of conduct, while they reveal a subjective value judgement,
are not proof of partiality on the part of Ms D., who remained within the limits of her discretion as head of the Internal
Audit Service. Consequently, this complaint also must be rejected.

193    As regards the complaint alleging breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations, it must be recalled
that that principle is one of the fundamental principles of the Union (Case 112/80 *Dürbeck*[1981] ECR 1095, paragraph 48). Three conditions must be satisfied in order to claim entitlement to the protection of legitimate
expectations. Firstly, precise, unconditional and consistent assurances originating from authorised and reliable sources must
have been given to the person concerned by the Union authorities (Joined Cases T-66/96 and T-221/97 *Mellett* v *Court of Justice* [1998] ECR I-A-449 and II-1305, paragraphs 106 and 107). Secondly, those assurances must be such as to give rise to a legitimate
expectation on the part of the person to whom they are addressed (Case T-3/92 *Latham* v *Commission* [1994] ECR-SC I-A-23 and II-83, paragraph 58; Case T-235/94 *Galtieri* v *Parliament* [1996] ECR-SC I-A-43 and II-129, paragraphs 63 and 64; and Case T-56/96 *Maccaferri* v *Commission* [1998] ECR-SC I-A-57 and II-133, paragraph 54). Thirdly, the assurances given must comply with the applicable rules (Case
162/84 *Vlachou* v *Court of Auditors* [1986] ECR 481, paragraph 6, and Case T-123/89 *Chomel* v *Commission* [1990] ECR II-131, paragraph 28).

194    The principle of sound administration, for its part, requires the appointing authority, when taking a decision concerning
the situation of an official, to take into consideration all the factors which may affect its decision, and when so doing
it should take account not only of the interests of the service but also of those of the official concerned (see, to that
effect, Case T-11/03 *Afari* v *ECB* [2004] ECR-SC I-A-65 and II-267, paragraph 42, and Case F-28/06 *Sequeira Wandschneider* v *Commission*[2007] ECR-SC I-A-1-431 and II-A-1-2443, paragraph 150).

195    In this case, no provision or principle of European Union law requires the administration to hear an official before finalising
an internal audit report concerning him. Point 4.2.4 of the audit charter merely obliges the Internal Audit Service to allow
the person whose activity is the subject of the audit to put forward his comments on the draft report. It is clear from Ms
D.’s letter of 12 June 2003 and from the applicant’s observations of 24 June 2003 that that obligation was satisfied. Moreover,
the applicant does not show that the administration gave him precise, unconditional and consistent assurances concerning the
hearing of his views prior to the finalisation of the internal audit report. Thus, since one of the conditions laid down for
a person to be able to rely on the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations is not satisfied, the plea alleging
disregard of that principle cannot, in any event, be upheld.

196    Finally, the fact that the applicant did not receive a formal interview before the Internal Audit Service report was finalised
is not such as to show disregard of the principle of sound administration. The administration was in a position to take account
of the interests of the applicant, since it is common ground that the applicant was given the opportunity to put forward his
comments on the draft report.

*The decision instituting disciplinary proceedings*

Arguments of the applicant

197    The applicant submits, in the first place, that the procedure followed by the Commission for the purpose of instituting disciplinary
proceedings against him is unlawful. In order to institute those proceedings, the Commission took as its basis, not an administrative
inquiry carried out by IDOC in accordance with the provisions of the decision of 19 February 2002, but only a report by Eurostat’s
Internal Audit Service and an interim report by the Commission’s Internal Audit Service. In addition, the procedural safeguards
laid down by the decision of 19 February 2002, such as the right to be heard before the final report is drawn up, were not
observed. Moreover, the administration infringed the principle of respect for the rights of the defence by not hearing the
applicant before instituting disciplinary proceedings against him.

198    He claims, in the second place, that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment and disregarded the principle of sound
administration by deciding to institute disciplinary proceedings against him. Firstly, the report by Eurostat’s Internal Audit
Service and the interim report by the Commission’s Internal Audit Service, which the Commission took as its bases, could not
lawfully have enabled it to institute such proceedings, since those reports were not produced carefully, do not substantiate
what they assert, did not respect the rights of the defence and contain a large number of incorrect and imprecise points of
information. Secondly, the manifest error of assessment also results from the precipitate nature of the decision instituting
disciplinary proceedings, which was adopted within two days.

199    The Commission contends that the decision of 9 July 2003 instituting disciplinary proceedings was taken in strict compliance
with the relevant Community rules.

200    It submits, in the first place, that no provision of any law or regulation requires it to have an administrative inquiry carried
out before bringing disciplinary proceedings against one of its officials. It is free to institute disciplinary proceedings
if it has sufficient evidence to establish a disciplinary offence. It points out in this regard that it has a wide discretion
in such matters, depending on the evidence available to it. In the present case, in the light of the content of the abovementioned
reports, it was able, without making any manifest error of assessment, to decide to institute the disciplinary proceedings
at issue.

201    The Commission maintains, in the second place, that it is not required by any provision of Community law to hear an official
before a decision instituting disciplinary proceedings is taken against him. First of all, Article 87 of the Staff Regulations
simply provides that the official is to be heard, whether before the appointing authority issues a written warning or a reprimand
against him, or before the appointing authority decides to refer the case to the disciplinary board. Secondly, the fundamental
principle of the right to be heard requires the Commission to hear an official only where a decision adversely affecting him
may be taken against him. However, since the decision initiating disciplinary proceedings is not a decision adversely affecting
an official, that fundamental principle does not apply in this case. Finally, since disciplinary proceedings are non-judicial
proceedings, the stipulations of Article 6 of the ECHR cannot properly be invoked in order to maintain that the applicant
had to be heard before the disciplinary proceedings were instituted.

202    The Commission contends, in the third place, that it did not make a manifest error of assessment by instituting the disciplinary
proceedings in issue, since the Eurostat internal audit report and the interim report by the Commission’s Internal Audit Service,
neither of which disregarded the principle of the presumption of innocence, were properly entitled to suggest that the applicant
had committed disciplinary offences.

Findings of the Tribunal

203    In the first place, the applicant submits that the decision instituting disciplinary proceedings is vitiated by a procedural
defect, since the Commission did not first carry out an administrative inquiry and did not comply with the provisions of the
decision of 19 February 2002 on administrative inquiries.

204    However, neither Article 87 of the Staff Regulations nor Annex IX to the Staff Regulations require an administrative inquiry
to be carried out before the administration decides to bring disciplinary proceedings.

205    Admittedly, the decision of 19 February 2002, which establishes IDOC, lays down a number of rules to be observed where an
administrative inquiry is carried out in order to prepare disciplinary proceedings. However, no provision of that decision
expressly requires the administration to carry out an administrative inquiry before instituting disciplinary proceedings.
On the contrary, it is clear from Article 5 of that decision that the opening of an administrative inquiry is merely an option
available to the Director-General of Personnel and Administration in order that he can be better informed as to the conduct
with which an official may be charged.

206    Moreover, since a decision initiating disciplinary proceedings does not constitute an act adversely affecting an official,
the principle of respect for the rights of the defence cannot be effectively relied on by the applicant to challenge the fact
that he was not heard before the appointing authority decided to institute disciplinary proceedings against him (*Pessoa e Costa* v *Commission*, paragraph 59, and *Franchet and Byk* v *Commission*, paragraph 367).

207    Consequently, the fact that no administrative inquiry was carried out before disciplinary proceedings were commenced does
not constitute a procedural defect or disregard of the principle of respect for the rights of the defence capable of rendering
the administration liable.

208    In the second place, with regard to the plea alleging manifest error of assessment, it should be recalled that the purpose
of a decision instituting disciplinary proceedings against an official is to enable the appointing authority to examine the
truth and gravity of the facts alleged against the official concerned and to hear him in that regard, in accordance with Article
87 of the Staff Regulations, in order to form an opinion, on the one hand, as to whether it is appropriate either to close
the disciplinary proceedings without further action or to adopt a disciplinary measure against the official and, on the other
hand, where appropriate, as to whether or not it is necessary, before adopting such a measure, to send him before the disciplinary
board in accordance with the procedure laid down in Annex IX to the Staff Regulations (*Pessoa e Costa* v *Commission*, paragraph 36, and Case T-203/03 *Rasmussen* v *Commission* [2005] ECR-SC I-A-279 and II-1287, paragraph 41).

209    Such a decision necessarily entails a careful consideration on the part of the institution which must have regard to the serious
and irrevocable consequences likely to arise from it. The institution has wide discretion in that respect and the judicial
review is limited to ascertaining whether the facts taken into account by the administration in order to institute the proceedings
are materially accurate and whether there has been any manifest error in the assessment of the facts held against the official
concerned and any misuse of powers (see, by analogy in regard to disciplinary measures, inter alia Case T-203/98 *Tzikis* v *Commission* [2000] ECR-SC I-A-91 and II-393, paragraph 50, and *N* v *Commission*, paragraph 125; in regard to referral to OLAF, Case F-23/05 *Giraudy* v *Commission* [2007] ECR-SC I-A-1-121 and II-A-1-657, paragraphs 98 and 99).

210    However, in order to safeguard the rights of the official concerned, the appointing authority must have sufficiently precise
and relevant evidence before instituting disciplinary proceedings (see, to that effect, *Franchet and Byk* v *Commission*, paragraph 352, and judgment of 13 January 2010 in Joined Cases F-124/05 and F-96/06 *A and G*v *Commission*, paragraph 366).

211    In the present case, it is apparent from a reading of the decision of 9 July 2003 that the Commission decided to commence
disciplinary proceedings against the applicant on the grounds, firstly, that, at the time of the award of contracts, he had
tacitly allowed or agreed to evaluation processes which were not transparent, since the evaluation methods set out in the
reports of the Advisory Committee on Procurements and Contracts did not correspond to those actually applied in practice,
and, secondly, with regard to a contract concluded with Planistat, that he had tacitly allowed or agreed to the participation
of an expert close to himself, and not originally proposed by the tenderer, in the project for the preparation of a study
unconnected with the contract, which gave rise to a ‘passed for payment’ stamp even before the interim report of the study
had been finalised. In adopting that decision, the Commission took as its basis, firstly, an interim report by the Commission
Internal Audit Service of 7 July 2003 and, secondly, the report by the Eurostat Internal Audit Service of 8 July 2003.

212    The question which arises in the first place is whether internal audit reports can constitute, as such, sufficiently precise
and relevant evidence capable of being taken into account by the administration in order to institute disciplinary proceedings
against an official.

213    Point 1.3 of the Audit Charter states inter alia:

‘... the purpose of an Internal Audit is not to detect fraud.

Even if an audit of procedures is carried out conscientiously, it cannot ensure that fraud is detected.

An auditor may, however, identify certain risks that may point to fraud. If the controls implemented do not reduce the risks
and dangers identified, it is the auditor’s duty to pursue the investigation into whether there has been fraud and, if necessary,
to inform OLAF, which is the only body authorised to carry out such investigations.’

214    The Commission , for its part, noted in its defence:

‘The purpose of an internal audit [report] is to help directors-general and senior management to control risks in order to
ensure the security of assets and to check compliance with the rules and the accuracy of information ... Consequently, a Eurostat
internal audit does not support a finding that certain fraudulent practices exist or prove that certain allegations of fraud
are well founded. That can be the result only of administrative inquiries and disciplinary proceedings. The objective of the
internal audit is therefore clearly different from that of an administrative inquiry or disciplinary proceedings, since such
proceedings concern or may concern possible obligations of specific individuals ...’

215    In this case, it is common ground that the Commission relied exclusively on internal audit reports in order to initiate the
disciplinary proceedings against the applicant. However, in the light of their nature and of the abovementioned characteristics,
such internal audit reports cannot, in principle, constitute sufficiently precise and relevant evidence to justify the institution
of disciplinary proceedings.

216    Nevertheless, even though that is not its purpose, the possibility remains that an internal audit report may, in some circumstances,
serve as a basis for the institution of disciplinary proceedings. It must therefore be ascertained, on a case-by-case basis,
where the administration refers to such a report, whether the information contained in that type of document is sufficiently
precise and relevant to justify the initiation of disciplinary proceedings.

217    In this instance, the interim report of the Commission’s Internal Audit Service does not contain any findings concerning the
first complaint against the applicant. With regard to the second complaint, that report merely states that Eurostat’s Internal
Audit Service has highlighted a potential nepotism situation. Thus, that report does not contain any analysis or specific
research concerning the facts alleged against the applicant but merely, on the one hand, adopts as its own, in an indirect
and cautious manner, the findings which Eurostat’s Internal Audit Service was able to make in its draft report and, on the
other, reiterates the speculation aroused in the media by the existence of alleged favouritism towards Greek undertakings
in one the directorates of Eurostat.

218    Consequently, in the light of its content, that report was not capable of constituting precise and relevant information enabling
the Commission to justify a decision instituting disciplinary proceedings.

219    With regard to the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report of 8 July 2003, it must first be observed that it was drawn up in
reaction to the questions raised by a journalist concerning the conditions under which contracts were awarded by the directorate
headed by the applicant and on the basis of an analysis limited to the facts connected with that journalist’s allegations.
Thus, the introduction to that report makes it clear that the analysis carried out ‘did not entail a detailed and individualised
audit of the contracts awarded under the Supcom programme but was limited to the aspects criticised by [the journalist], that
is, the breakdown of the budget by nationality, the methods of evaluation of tenders or the transparency in the award process’.
The critical analysis of the internal audit report produced by the applicant, the content of which is not disputed by the
Commission (‘the critical analysis’), states, in that regard, that ‘the internal audit did not apply the International Standards
on Auditing or the standards of the Audit Charter’, that ‘the findings of the internal audit are not at all consistent on
numerous points developed in the report’, and that the ‘letter setting out [the applicant’s] comments in response to the draft
warranted consideration in the internal audit report of the specific factual points relating to the substance ...’.

220    In the second place, the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report concludes, inter alia, with the following findings:

—      the process for evaluating tenders submitted by undertakings for contracts connected with the Supcom programme was not always
transparent and compliant with the internal rules;

—      as regards contract No 665100003 with Planistat, irregularities were committed as regards, inter alia, the employment of an
expert, the applicant’s nephew.

221    Although the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report thus highlights a number of dysfunctions concerning the tender evaluation
process at the time of the procedure for the award of Supcom contracts by the directorate headed by the applicant, it is not
at all apparent from that report that the applicant was at the origin of the irregularities found or was associated with those
irregularities or that the dysfunctions observed existed only in the applicant’s directorate, as indeed was pointed out by
the audit team in its draft reply to the applicant’s observations.

222    Moreover, as regards the fact that the applicant’s godson was employed under a contract between Eurostat and Planistat, the
Internal Audit Service’s report contains no indication at all that the applicant played any role whatsoever in that situation.

223    It must, furthermore, be pointed out that the applicant submitted specific observations in order to deny the facts which were
alleged against him in the draft Eurostat Internal Audit Service report.

224    However, the material in the case-file shows that the Eurostat Internal Audit Service ultimately took no account of the applicant’s
observations. Although the service had initially envisaged replying in writing to the applicant’s observations, that plan
was eventually abandoned without any explanation being given by the administration for that change of position. Furthermore,
it is apparent from a letter of 8 July 2003 from Ms D. to the new Director-General of Eurostat that the Eurostat Internal
Audit Service report of 8 July 2003 is a word-for-word copy of the draft Internal Audit Service report and that, in the end,
no in-depth work of analysis of the observations made by the applicant was carried out by the Eurostat Internal Audit Service.
The abovementioned letter states:

‘... on 27 May 2003 I forwarded to you the draft audit report on the award of contracts under the Supcom Programme 1995-1999
...

I am forwarding to you the final analysis referred to above in the subject field, based on the latest information which was
available to me at the time of the analysis of the facts and which I have been unable to study in depth in view of my past
and present workload.’

225    The critical analysis also observes that the comments made by the applicant on the draft audit report should, in the light
of their content and precise nature, have been taken into account by the auditors and entailed amendment of the internal audit
report. In addition, the OLAF report discloses that those auditors themselves acknowledged during the OLAF investigation that
the audit report was ‘*ex parte*’.

226    In those circumstances, the Eurostat Internal Audit Service report, produced on partial and incomplete bases, did not constitute
a sufficiently relevant and precise source of information to allow the administration to institute disciplinary proceedings.

227    What is more, it is to be noted that the audit team itself acknowledged in its draft reply to the applicant’s observations
that, in the light of its content, its audit report did not constitute a basis for proceeding against the applicant personally.
In reply to one observation by the applicant, which stated that ‘even if certain statistics [were] true, ... they [could] not
constitute proof of any offence on my part’, the auditors proposed to reply: ‘You are right and that is why there is absolutely
no mention of the “breach of a rule”’.

228    Moreover, the Commission conceded at the hearing that there was no reason warranting the urgent institution of disciplinary
proceedings against the applicant, urgency which could, if necessary, have explained the absence of in-depth analysis from
the audit report. It is thus perfectly possible that the commencement of disciplinary proceedings against the applicant as
early as 9 July 2003 was in part prompted by the parallel initiation of disciplinary proceedings on that same date against
other Eurostat officials, including its Director-General.

229    In the light of the material available to it, deriving from insufficiently precise and relevant audit reports, the administration
could at best, before bringing disciplinary proceedings, have launched an administrative inquiry entrusted to IDOC or referred
the case to OLAF, which it omitted to do, since the case was referred to OLAF only after the institution of disciplinary proceedings.

230    It follows that the Commission committed a manifest error of assessment and disregarded the principle of sound administration
by instituting, on 9 July 2003, disciplinary proceedings against the applicant solely in view of the abovementioned audit
reports. That act constitutes a fault such as to give rise to liability on its part.

*The failure to assign specific tasks in keeping with the applicant’s grade and abilities*

Arguments of the parties

231    The applicant claims that, following the decision reassigning him as a principal adviser to the Personnel and Administration
DG, the Commission did not entrust him with specific tasks in keeping with his abilities. He complained in vain about this
to the President of the Commission. In his submission, the tasks to which the Commission refers in the reply to his complaint
did not have any real content and he never in fact met the Commission Vice-President to whom he was normally assigned. He
was allocated a small office without either resources or a secretary. As to the fact that the Commission granted him authorisations
to engage in outside activities, this, so the applicant argues, does not demonstrate that he was entrusted with responsibility
for carrying out specific tasks.

232    The Commission contends, in the first place, that the reassignment decision of which the applicant was the subject listed
specific duties in keeping with his grade. In the second place, the Commission assigned to him, as soon as he took up his
post in the Personnel and Administration DG, specific tasks to carry out. In the third place, the applicant participated in
the preparations for the informal Council in Rhodes (Greece), obtained authorisations to engage in outside activities and
participated, as from November 2003, in a working group on the reform of the pension schemes for civil servants of the Member
States. The fact that the applicant did not meet the Vice-President of the Commission is not such as to demonstrate that the
applicant had no tasks, given that he was a principal adviser to the Personnel and Administration DG and not a special adviser
to a member of the Commission.

Findings of the Tribunal

233    A distinction must be made between, on the one hand, the reassignment decision in itself and, on the other, the Commission’s
non-decision-making conduct which had the effect or purpose of rendering meaningless the duties assigned to the applicant
by the reassignment decision. Indeed, only the abovementioned non-decision-making conduct of the Commission is capable of
giving rise to liability on the part of the defendant institution, having regard to what was pointed out concerning the reassignment
decision in paragraphs 106 and 107 of this judgment.

234    In the present case, the reassignment decision listed a number of tasks assigned to the applicant. However, it is not apparent
from the material in the case-file that the applicant was given the opportunity by the Commission actually to perform those
tasks or that those tasks had a substantial content corresponding to the applicant’s abilities and level of experience.

235    In particular, a letter of 9 September 2003 addressed to the President of the Commission makes clear that the applicant complained
of not having any actual duties in keeping with his grade and abilities since his reassignment in November 2002. A memorandum
of 22 September 2003 from the Director-General of Personnel and Administration asked the chef de cabinet of the Vice-President
of the Commission to assign tasks to the applicant in accordance with what had been agreed. In reply to that memorandum, the
chef de cabinet, by a memorandum of 29 September 2003, merely in turn asked the Director-General of Personnel and Administration
to make him some proposals as to the tasks that might be assigned to the applicant. Such an exchange of correspondence confirms
the applicant’s argument as regards, at the very least, the period from January to October 2003. However, the Commission,
which should be in a position to adduce evidence in rebuttal in that regard, has not produced any conclusive evidential elements
to show that tasks were actually entrusted to the applicant, in particular after that exchange of correspondence. While the
administration maintains that the applicant participated in the Rhodes informal Council, it does not specify at all in what
that task actually consisted or the nature of the work carried out. In the same way, while the Commission asserts that the
applicant was appointed to participate in a working group on the reform of public-sector pension schemes as from 24 November
2003, it has not shown that the applicant was given the opportunity actually to participate in that group, even though that
is firmly disputed by him. In addition, it should be noted that that working group was composed predominantly of officials
who were the subject of disciplinary proceedings, a fact which gives grounds for doubting the expectations which the Commission
was entitled to have concerning the work of that working group.

236    Moreover, the fact that the applicant obtained, during the period in issue, authorisations to engage in outside activities
is not such as to demonstrate that he was given the opportunity to perform in practice duties corresponding to his grade within
the Commission.

237    Thus, in the light of those various considerations, it is clear that the Commission, either deliberately or through its inertia,
did not give the applicant the opportunity to perform in practice duties corresponding to his grade, from January 2003 to
February 2006, except during the six-month period in which he performed duties within the Greek Government while on leave
on personal grounds. Such an attitude on the part of the Commission also constitutes wrongful conduct such as to engage its
liability.

238    It follows from the foregoing that the Commission committed a number of faults in relation to the applicant, namely, in the
first place, by informing him belatedly of the action taken in response to his request for assistance of 11 November 2002;
in the second place, by replying belatedly to the requests for assistance submitted on 15 and 21 July 2003; in the third place,
by deciding to institute disciplinary proceedings in the absence of sufficiently relevant and precise evidence; in the fourth
place, by allowing the disclosure in July 2003 of personal data concerning him; and, in the fifth place, by failing over a
number of years to entrust to him actual tasks corresponding to his grade.

*The damage and the causal link*

Arguments of the parties

239    The applicant claims that the Commission committed a number of illegalities which are directly connected with the damage which
he alleges.

240    He argues, in his written pleadings in their final form, that those illegalities are the cause of a particularly high degree
of non-material damage, which he assesses at EUR 850 000. In respect of that damage, the applicant points out that the Commission,
by its wrongful conduct, undermined his integrity and professional reputation. In his reply, the applicant declares that he
withdraws his claim for compensation for non-material damage linked to the deterioration of his state of health.

241    The Commission contends that it is for the applicant to demonstrate that the illegal conduct alleged is directly connected
with the non-material damage on which he relies and that it had an actual and definite impact on his professional and personal
situation. However, that has not been done in the present case. In particular, the Commission submits that the applicant has
not demonstrated that he missed a chance of being appointed to the post of Director-General of Eurostat, since he has not
established that any vacancy notice was published or that he submitted his candidature. Similarly, there is no link between
the conduct alleged against the Commission and the fact that the applicant was the subject of accusations and insinuations
in the press.

Findings of the Tribunal

242    As a preliminary point, it must be noted that, in his written pleadings in their final form, the applicant limits his claims
solely to compensation for the non-material damage suffered by him as a result, on the one hand, of the attack on his reputation
and professional integrity and, on the other, of the state of uncertainty and anxiety in which he found himself, to the exclusion
of the deterioration of his physical condition.

243    It must then be examined whether the wrongful acts in the performance of public duties committed by the Commission are directly
connected with the non-material damage which the applicant alleges.

244    In the first place, since the Commission’s delay in informing its official of the action it was taking in response to his
request for assistance of 11 November 2002 was not justified by the existence of any special circumstances, it constitutes
wrongful maladministration giving rise to specific non-material damage, having regard to the state of uncertainty and anxiety
in which the official again found himself as a result of that situation (see, by analogy, Case 18/78 *V.*v *Commission* [1979] ECR 2093, paragraphs 16 and 19, and *Caronna* v *Commission*, paragraph 106). The same applies with regard to the delay with which the Commission ruled on the requests for assistance
submitted by the applicant on 15 and 21 July 2003. The Tribunal will make an equitable assessment of that non-material damage
by fixing it *ex aequo et bono*at the sum of EUR 10 000 (see, by analogy, with regard to compensation for non-material damage resulting from a delay in the
drawing up of a staff report, Case T-274/04 *Rounis* v *Commission* [2005] ECR-SC I-A-407 and II-1849, paragraph 54).

245    In the second place, the decision to institute disciplinary proceedings even though the Commission did not have sufficiently
precise and relevant information available to it constitutes a fault which caused very serious damage to the applicant’s integrity
and professional reputation. That decision may have given the general public and the applicant’s friends, family and colleagues
the impression that he had committed reprehensible acts. However, the material in the case-file, in particular the OLAF report,
makes it clear that the complaints made against him were without any foundation.

246    In the third place, the leak of personal data, attributable to the Commission, which took place in July 2003 directly caused
a significant aggravation of the damage to the applicant’s reputation and professional integrity. It was the disclosure of
the applicant’s name by that leak which, together with the information contained in the Commission’s press release of 9 July
2003, enabled the general public and the international and Greek press to identify the applicant as being one of the officials
who was the subject of disciplinary proceedings and to create the impression that he was involved in a financial scandal.

247    The damage referred to in the two previous paragraphs was only very partially made good by the press release of 27 October
2004, the issue of which had a much lesser impact than the articles published in the international and Greek press (see, as
regards measures insufficiently making good unfounded damage to an official’s reputation, *Giraudy* v *Commission*, paragraph 206). The issue of that press release was the only measure adopted by the Commission to restore the applicant’s
integrity. The institution did not at any time offer the applicant the apology or regrets which a public condemnation without
foundation dictated.

248    Consequently, taking account of the abovementioned particular circumstances of the present case, including the press release
of 27 October 2004, the amount of the non-material damage caused by the Commission as a result of the damage to the applicant’s
integrity and professional reputation must be assessed on an equitable basis at EUR 60 000 (see, for cases of serious damage
to reputation, *Franchet and Byk*v *Commission*, paragraph 411, and *Giraudy* v *Commission*, paragraph 207).

249    In the fourth place, by not entrusting to the applicant for several years any actual tasks corresponding to his grade, the
Commission was guilty of wrongful maladministration which was the direct cause of non-material damage. In the circumstances
of this case, the Commission must be ordered on that basis to pay the sum of EUR 20 000 to the applicant.

250    It follows from the foregoing that the Commission must be ordered to pay to the applicant, in respect of the various forms
of non-material damage suffered by him, the sum of EUR 90 000.

**The requests for measures of organisation of procedure and inquiry**

1.     *Arguments of the parties*

251    In the first place, the applicant asks the Tribunal to hear as witnesses at the hearing, first, Mr Portal, a journalist at
the daily newspaper *La Voix*, then Ms D. in order for her to clarify the terms of reference for the drawing up of the Eurostat Internal Audit Service
report of 8 July 2003 and, finally, Mr Koopman, in order for him to give details regarding the adoption of the reassignment
decision.

252    In the second place, the applicant asks the Tribunal to request the Commission to produce any document to demonstrate that
the Eurostat Internal Audit Service actually carried out checks between November 2002 and May 2003 concerning the facts which
were alleged against him.

253    In the third place, the applicant asks the Tribunal to request the Commission to produce the complete OLAF report without
removing the passages claimed to be confidential and the annexes.

2.     *Findings of the Tribunal*

254    The applicant seeks, in his reply, an order by the Tribunal that the Commission produce a number of documents and that three
witnesses be heard.

255    Under the terms of Article 54(1) of the Rules of Procedure, the purpose of measures of organisation of procedure and measures
of inquiry is to ensure that cases are prepared for hearing, procedures carried out and disputes resolved under the best possible
conditions. For their part, the purpose of measures of inquiry pursuant to Articles 57 to 58 of the same Rules is to enable
a party to prove factual claims made by it in support of its pleas in law (see, by analogy, Case T-175/97 *Bareyt and Others*v *Commission* [2000] ECR-SC I-A-229 and II-1053, paragraph 89).

256    Pursuant to Article 55(2)(d) of the Rules of Procedure, the request addressed to the parties to produce documents or any papers
relating to the case constitutes a measure of organisation of procedure, whereas, in accordance with Article 57 of those Rules,
the hearing of witnesses is a measure of inquiry.

257    As regards the assessment of requests made by a party for measures of organisation of procedure or measures of inquiry, the
Tribunal is the sole judge of any need to supplement the information available to it concerning the case before it (see by
analogy, as regards the request for hearing of witnesses, Case C-260/05 P *Sniace* v *Commission* [2007] ECR I-10005, paragraphs 77 and 78; see, by analogy, as regards the request for production of documents, Case C-182/99 P
*Salzgitter* v *Commission* [2003] ECR I-10761, paragraphs 41 and 44).

258    In the instant case, the Tribunal, being satisfied that it has been sufficiently informed by the documents in the case-file
and by the oral pleadings at the hearing, finds that there is no need to undertake the measures of organisation of procedure
and of inquiry requested.

**Costs**

259    Under Article 87(1) of the Rules of Procedure, without prejudice to the other provisions of Chapter 8 of Title II of those
Rules, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings.
Under Article 87(2), if equity so requires, the Tribunal may decide that an unsuccessful party is to pay only part of the
costs or even that he is not to be ordered to pay any.

260    It follows from the grounds set out above that the Commission is, in all essential respects, the unsuccessful party. In addition,
in his pleadings, the applicant has expressly applied for the defendant to be ordered to pay the costs. Since the circumstances
of the case do not justify the application of the provisions of Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the Commission must
therefore be ordered to pay the costs.

On those grounds,

THE CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNAL (First Chamber)

hereby:

1.      **Orders the European Commission to pay to Mr Nanopoulos the sum of EUR 90 000;**

2.      **Dismisses the remainder of the action;**

3.      **Orders the European Commission to bear all the costs.**

| Gervasoni | Kreppel | Rofes i Pujol |
| --------- | ------- | ------------- |

Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 11 May 2010.

| W. Hakenberg | | S. Gervasoni |
| ------------ | | ------------ |

| Registrar | | President |
| --------- | | --------- |

---

- Language of the case: Greek.