June 12, 2007

MAQUAT 615-HD

10324-72

Quat.

ammonium

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

MAQUAT 615-LR

10324-109

Quat.

ammonium

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

MAQUAT 64 MN

10324-113

Quat.

ammonium

Florist shops, wholesale florist,
shippers, greenhouse packing
areas, flower buckets,
floors/walls of coolers,
benches, and counter tops)

Physan 20

55364-5

Quat.

ammonium

Greenhouses, hard surfaces,
lawn and turf grass, seedlings,
cut flowers, decorative
fountains, pools, birdbaths, and
plants

Consan Triple Action 20

58044-3

Quat.

ammonium

Greenhouse hard surfaces,
work area, benches, flower
pots, buckets, flats, cutting
tools, walkways, garden bird
baths, and evaporative coolers

Formulation AE-90

47371-89

Quat.

ammonium

Non-porous, inanimate
surfaces such as floors, walls,
metal surfaces, stainless steel
surfaces, plastic surfaces,
knobs, handles, and railings

Green Shield

499-368

Quat.

ammonium

Work area, benches, pots, flats,
flower buckets, cutting tools,
greenhouse glass, walkways,
evaporative coolers, decorative
pools, fountains, and water
displays

Triathlon

58044-3-59807

Quat.

ammonium

Greenhouse hard surfaces,
work area, benches, cutting
tools, walkways, garden bird
baths, and evaporative coolers

20


June 12, 2007

properly sealed and where the water is used directly or stored in tanks with
no opportunity for contamination of the water supply by native soil or
plant material/debris. Municipal water may also be used as a primary
irrigation source without initial treatment.

If the water source is from un-sealed wells, rain-water collection systems,
ponds, lakes, streams or any other type of open body of water, or if water
is recycled or re-circulated, then treatment of water is required.

The water source is to be tested at least annually by APHIS-approved
methods to ensure freedom from R. solanacearum.

A minimum of two independent water purification systems are to be
instituted for each geranium production facility to safeguard the crop from
infection by R. solanacearum. An independent back up water purification
system is required to ensure that the crop does not become infested with R.
solanacearum due to failure of the primary water purification system.

Any water purification system must consist of:

Filtration of water through reed-bed systems and slow
sand filters in combination with one of the following
purification methods:

Ozonation (0.4 ppm residual ozone for a minimum of 4
minutes).

OR

Ultraviolet irradiation: 300J/m? of UV light at 254 nm
with at least 50% light transmission.

OR

Peroxygen products: a minimum residual level of 4 mg
per liter of peracetic acid for 2 minutes. This may be
achieved by injection of irrigation water during pumping
at 15-35 m° per hour) with a commercial formulation of
50-100 ml/m’ of peracetic acid.

OR
Chlorine dioxide: Dosage of 0.1mg per liter of residual
chlorine dioxide sustained for a two minute minimum

reaction time will effectively kill Ralstonia
solanacearum. This may be achieved by injecting

14


June 12, 2007

of plant materials were distributed to the test vials to conduct the test. The control plant
material was healthy and Ralstonia solanacearum — infected geranium.

All three tests detected the bacterium in infected plants and did not react to healthy plants.
There was a slight difference in sensitivity of the tests based on intensity of the band on the
flow device. It is important that the manufacturer's instructions be followed exactly. For
example, an excess of plant material in a sample can cause a false positive reaction on some
kits.

We found the consistently darkest and easiest test bands to read was the CSL Potato Brown
Rot Pocket Diagnostic test kit. The CSL test was consistently the fastest reacting (instant
reaction to 3 minutes) and produced the darkest test bands that were the easiest to score

The Agdia Rs ImmunoStrip test kit, in early testing, produced a lighter test band, however
modifications to the ACL strip have resulted in the production of darker bands on the flow
device that make them easier to read. The Agdia test produced consistently medium dark to
dark test bands and were generally easy to score.

The NEOGEN Ralstonia solanacearum SPOT vCHECK LFTM also detected infected
positives, but in one test the band was so faint that it may have been missed. The test bands
and control bands in the SPOTCHECK system were generally lighter than the

other two tests, yet they were generally consistent with the CSL and Agdia systems in
detecting a positive. The NEOGEN test produced medium dark to faint test bands instantly
to 3 minutes, and in a few cases were hard to score.

In summary, all three tests will detect the pathogen, however, in our hands using samples
with a varying range of quality, we recommend the CSL and Agdia tests for a wide range of
samples. The NEOGEN test is useful for samples that are of good to fair quality and not of
fair to poor quality.

Race 3 biovar 2 determination.

Weekly testing by the plant protection organization of the country of origin or their designee
for R. solanacearum will be required before facilities can be certified to ship host material to
the United States. Weekly testing will continue throughout the shipping season.

All plants that are to be discarded for any reason (except when all plants in a greenhouse are

destroyed at the end of the production season) must be tested for R. solanacearum prior to
destruction.

If a sample tests positive for R. solanacearum at the species level,

© NPPO notified
e NPPO notifies APHIS and immediate orders stop shipment for greenhouse.

24


June 12, 2007

Records must be maintained of any breaches that occur in any part of the irrigation
system, including the date, exact location, remedial measures taken, and tests performed
to ensure that the irrigation system remains free of R. solanacearum.

Survey and Detection of Ralstonia in Greenhouse Facilities: All plant material used
to propagate stock production geranium plants and the subsequent stock plants
themselves must be free of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 prior to introduction
into the production stock greenhouse. Diagnostics and sampling protocols identified in
the Testing and Sampling Plan are to be used for this disease indexing process. Records
of disease testing are to be maintained and made available to APHIS upon request. In
addition, plants are scouted regularly for signs of wilt, and tested for R. solanacearum as
necessary. All plants that are to be discarded for any reason (except when all plants in a
greenhouse are destroyed at the end of the production season) must be tested for R.
solanacearum prior to destruction.

If a sample tests positive for R. solanacearum, the producer must notify the NPPO.
The NPPO issues a “stop ship order” on the greenhouse and notifies APHIS.

The NPPO and the producer will collect and submit samples to USDA APHIS for R.
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 determination.

The producer is to supply APHIS with shipment data for shipping season from the
affected greenhouse.

The greenhouse remains on hold until the race and biovar is determined by APHIS or
its designee.

If the greenhouse tests positive for R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 the producer may
not ship any product produced from the infested greenhouses.

The NPPO, APHIS, and the producer investigate the situation to determine the cause
of the infestation.

If an infestation occurs then plants in the United States that are traced back to the
infestation will be destroyed.

Training of Personnel: Personnel instruction is an important component of good
management practices. Training shall be provided to cover all production practices
required to prevent R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 from entering and becoming
established. Training shall include not only practices performed in the greenhouse, but
should provide a fundamental understanding of how R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2
can spread from plants commonly encountered in workers' yards and environs and
required sanitary practice to prevent infection. Management must ensure that staff
members understand and follow the practices identified herein before entering the
greenhouse. Access to geranium stock production facilities is limited to individuals
certified to work in facilities, and a list of these personnel should be maintained.


June 12, 2007

Table 2. a) Skin disinfectant active ingredients (CDC recommendations) in various
formulations b) Specific products labeled for use on skin or clothing in the United States.
Any product used for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use

by the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and must be
efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia solanacearum.

Active Ingredients

ALCOHOLS (>60% ETHANOL)

CHLORHEXIDINE (0.5%-4% DEPENDING ON PREPARATION)

CHLOROXYLENOL (0.3%-3.75%)

IODINE AND IODOPHORS (7.5%-10% POVIDONE-IODINE)
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (EFFICACY DATA LACKING)

TRICLOSAN (0.2%-2%)

Specific products useful for disinfection of skin and clothing (marked with an *) used

Product Company Phone number
*GX-1027 Antimicrobial Soap Galloway Chemical (800) 445-1143
Hibiclens; Hibistat AstraZeneca (800) 842-9920
*Canker Guard Flo Tech. Inc. (800) 335-6832
*Csan 154 QT Soap Bell Chem Corporation (407) 339-2355
EcoCare 250, EcoCare 260, EcoCare 350, *EcoCare 360 Ecolab (651) 293-2848
*Triple Crown Super Healer; *Medi-Kwik AntiMicrobial & Envirosafe, Inc. .
Fungicidal Skin Cleanser (800) 227-9744,
AgriCure; Pure & Clean Antibacterial Handwash with International Laboratory Technology
Germsafe Corp. (954) 893-1118

*QHS Quaternary Hand Sanitizer
FS Antimicrobial Hand Cleaner; FS E-2 Sanitizing Hand Soap;
Acclaim Antibacterial Liquid Hand Soap

*C-Soap

Chemstar Products, Inc.
ZEP Manufacturing Co.

Genesis Technologies

(813) 978-8648

(800) 313-8439
(800) 825-5810

21


June 12, 2007

if only leaf or partial stem samples are taken. All material that is wilted or showing other
symptoms should be tested. All plants that are to be discarded for any reason (except
when all plants in a greenhouse are destroyed at the end of the production season) must
be tested for R. solanacearum prior to destruction. \

When a positive result is obtained, the test should be repeated to ensure accuracy. Be
careful to follow the manufacturer's instructions exactly, since in some cases using too
much or too little tissue can cause a false positive or false negative result.

Serological Testing

Testing of samples may be done by a variety of approved lateral flow and strip serological
test kits. Instructions for the operation of the tests should be followed as specified in the
manufacturers instructions provided with each kit. Please read all materials associated with
the kits and the kit components to verify proper storage of the reagents and flow devices.
Check the manufacturers instructions for each new shipment since instructions may be
modified to improve the performance at any given time.

i) Rs ImmunoStrip Test ii) Potato Brown Rot PocketTM Diagnostic
Agdia, Inc Central Science Laboratory (CSL)
30380 County Road 6 Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ
Elkhart, IN 46514 www.csl.gov.uk

www.agdia.com Ph 44 1904 462600

Ph. 800-622-4342 FX 44 1904 46211

FX 219-264-2153

iii) Ralstonia solanacearum SPOT vCHECK LFTM
NEOGEN EUROPE, LTD.

Nellie’s Gate, AYR
Scotland, KA6 SAW
www.neogeneurope.com

Ph 44 1292 525275
Fx 44 1292 5255477

Method of kit selection and observations

APHIS has tested the kits listed above as follows:

The tests were run as directed by the manufacturer’s instructions provided in the kits. We
recommend that these kit instructions are followed while performing the tests. All kits
require use on symptomatic plants, and for use on stem sections and segments, we followed
those instructions. To conduct these tests plant material was selected, chopped and mixed to
distribute potentially infected material within the sample, and then the appropriate amounts

23


June 12, 2007

and counter tops)

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,

ALLSTAR IODO-4 4959-34-63131 Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops), shoe
wash/boot wash

aE HOSPITAL Greenhouses, hard non porous

DISINFECTANT 4959-16-51003 | Iodine surfaces (flower buckets,

CLEANER/ floors, walls, coolers, benches

DISINFECTAN and counter tops)
Greenhouses, hard non porous

BIOSENTRY IODINE . surfaces (flower buckets,

DISINFECTANT 65020-4 Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

pas CT, DRDYNE 4959-49 Todine Boot wash/shoe wash
Greenhouses, hard non porous

7 surfaces (flower buckets,

CS-138 DISINFECTANT | 4959-16-44637 Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)
Greenhouses, hard non porous

CSAN 2339 IDOPHOR 2 surfaces (flower buckets,

SANITIZER 4959-16-67829 | Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)
Greenhouses, hard non porous

NNE surfaces (flower buckets,
peas Cnt I 4959-15-52437 Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops), shoe/boot
wash
Greenhouses, hard non porous

IDODISINFECTANT —_ | 4959-16-46983 _| Iodine surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)
Greenhouses, hard non porous

TODO 175 surfaces (flower buckets,

CONCENTRATED 4959-34-4313 Jodine floors, wails, coolers, benches

IODINE and counter tops), shoe/boot
wash
Greenhouses, hard non porous

IODOPHOR . surfaces (flower buckets,

SANITIZER 1677-22-541 Todine floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)
Greenhouses, hard non porous

KLENZADE 1677-58 Todi surfaces (flower buckets,

MIKROKLENE DF ‘oeme floors, walls, coolers, benches

and counter tops)

18


June 12, 2007

Treatments: APHIS approved products containing active ingredients recognized as
being effective against Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are
identified at the end of this document. All treatments should be applied in
strict accordance with the product label. Should a compound not be listed,
please obtain approval from APHIS prior to application. Any product used
for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by
the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and
must be efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia
solanacearum.

Tools Used to Propagate and Harvest:

Purpose: To prevent the infection/spread of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2
through production/harvesting of geraniums.

Composition: Tools include any piece of equipment used in the process of production
and harvest of geraniums and their cuttings which may come in contact with
geraniums or their cuttings.

Process: Greenhouse equipment used to harvest cuttings or for other functions
involving contact with geraniums is to be surface disinfested prior to and
between use on each stock production plant or stock production container.
Alternatively, a set of knives can be permanently assigned to a specific bench
and appropriately rotated and disinfected between plants on that specific
bench. Carts and collection baskets are to be sprayed with a surface
disinfectant on all surfaces that are likely to come into contact with geranium
cuttings or equipment used in processing geranium cuttings. Equipment
(knives, etc) used to harvest cuttings is to be soaked in surface disinfectant
when not in use. The volume of disinfectant used to surface disinfest tools
should be adequate to submerge entire blade or portions of tools that make
contact with geranium plants. .

Treatments: APHIS approved products containing active ingredients recognized as
being effective against Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are
identified at the end of this document. All treatments should be applied in
strict accordance with the product label. Should a compound not be listed,
please obtain approval from APHIS prior to application. Any product used
for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by
the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and
must be efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia
solanacearum.

Handling of cuttings:

Purpose: To prevent cuttings and crop from becoming infested with Ralstonia
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 and to identify the source production
greenhouse for geranium cuttings.

10


June 12, 2007

Treatments and Procedures

Wash stations:

Purpose: To prevent Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 from being introduced
into greenhouses via contaminated skin (hands/forearms).

Composition: The wash station shall be located just inside the entry area of each
greenhouse. It shall consist of a sink area that is supplied from a water
supply that is from either a sealed well system or that has been treated for the
purpose of Ralstonia solanacearum disinfestation. The water draining from
the sink must not collect in the greenhouse; it is to drain immediately from
the greenhouse facility.

Process: All exposed body parts (hands, arms, legs, etc) that come in contact with plant
material are to be washed with antibacterial soap prior to each entry into the
production area of the greenhouse. Proper handwashing protocols are as
follows:

A wN

Treatments:

2).

Foot baths:

. Wet: Wet hands first.
. Soap: Apply antibacterial soap to palms.

. Soap/Lather: Lather soap on hands, wrists and forearms

Wash: Work all surfaces thoroughly including wrists, forearms, palms,
back of hands, fingers, and under fingernails — Rub hands together for a
least 30 seconds.

Rinse: Thoroughly rinse with clean water. Be sure not to touch sides of
sink.

Dry: Dry hands completely and use towel to turn off water (if foot pedal
faucet is not available) to prevent hands from becoming reinfested.

Antimicrobial soap and other appropriately labeled products (See Table

Purpose: To prevent Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 from being introduced
into greenhouses via contaminated foot coverings.


June 12, 2007

Personnel will be provided training annually or more frequently as required. Facilities
should maintain records of training and certifications.

Food is not to be allowed in or near the greenhouses.

Grading/packing facilities: Grading/packing facilities are subject to the same
conditions as greenhouses with respect to the following elements of this plan as
described above:

Wash Stations

Hand Washing
Footbaths

Protective Clothing
Personal Hygiene
Tools

Handling of Cuttings
Greenhouse Floors
Production Surfaces
Treatment of Water
Training of Personnel

Table or counter surfaces upon which cuttings are handled must be periodically surface
disinfested. Treatment of surfaces should be completed between bags or baskets of
cuttings processed.

APHIS will amend these management practices as new knowledge and methods are developed /
validated to detect and mitigate Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.


June 12, 2007

Le
SO

MIKROKLENE

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

OAKITE TRISANITE

4959-16-1020

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

OASIS MIKROKLENE
FOOD CONTACT
SURFACE SANITIZER

1677-22

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

PEX O DINE 1.75

6836-81-1190

Todine

Boot wash/shoe wash

SANI DINE

4959-15-64328

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)shoe/boot
wash.

SHIELD

4959-16-7116

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

TEXO FOOD THRASH

4959-16-1706

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

WESCODYNE

4959-16-1043

Jodine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

WEST AGRO ZZZ,
DISINFECTANT

4959-16

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

ZEP-I-DINE

4959-16-1270

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

Farm, Poultry, Swine, and
Mushroom Premise Sanitation

Lonza Formulation S-18 | 6836-77 Quat. ammonium Veterinary Practice/Animal
Care/Animal Laboratory
Disinfection
Outer clothing, field harvesting
MAQUAT 128-MT 10324-112 Quat. ammonium cquipment, walls/floors of

coolers, flower buckets, and
greenhouse packing areas

19


June 12, 2007

Process: Protective clothing (clean lab coats or aprons) is to be worn by all personnel
upon entry of the greenhouse production area. Protective clothing designated
to come into contact with the geranium crop (washable lab coats and/or
washable or disposable aprons worn over washable lab coats) is to be
dedicated to each greenhouse and is to be put on after leaving the hand wash
and foot bath station but prior to entering the plant production area.
Protective clothing is to be removed prior to leaving each greenhouse but
prior to entry into the hand wash/footbath area. If lab coats are worn
between greenhouses within a production area, then they should be covered
with or exchanged for an apron when workers enter the production area of
each greenhouse. Protective clothing is to be stored so that clothing cannot
contact the floor. Clothing is to be maintained free of debris, potting media,
soil, or plant material.

Treatments: Protective clothing should be washed in detergent weekly or replaced in
the case of disposable aprons.

Personal Hygiene:

Purpose: To prevent infection of geraniums by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2
and when introduced to limit spread in production greenhouses.

Composition: Plastic spray bottles or containers filled with adequate amount of surface
disinfectants are to be used by each worker in the greenhouse.

Process: Sanitation of hands or forearms that come in contact with geraniums must be
maintained throughout the period when workers are in the greenhouse facility
during production. This may be accomplished by either dipping hands or
forearms in disinfectant or by spraying hands and forearms with disinfectant.
Surfaces are to remain wet for time required for disinfectant to kill Ralstonia
solanacearum as defined by product label.

Workers may select to wear latex or equivalent gloves and these are also to
be sprayed or dipped in surface disinfectant as described for hands and
forearms. Workers are to dip or spray hands with disinfectant between
groups of 10 plants or between definable production units of geraniums that
are delimited by production practices.

There is to be no eating in the greenhouses.


June 12, 2007

¢ NPPO and producer should collect and submit samples to APHIS or other
agreed upon authority for race and biovar determination.

¢ Producer will supply shipment data for the entire shipping season to APHIS
from effected Greenhouse

e Greenhouse on hold until determination of race/ biovar is made.

© If positive the greenhouse cannot ship to the US

e An investigation should be conducted by the NPPO, APHIS and producer to
determine the cause of the inspection.

If a positive find of R. solanacearum, race 3, biovar 2, is detected inside the U.S., the producer
will provide, at APHIS request, records of customers who received potentially contaminated
plants from the particular greenhouse implicated. If the traceability is adequate, APHIS will
place a "stop-ship” order on the implicated greenhouse. However, if APHIS is not satisfied that
the source of the problem is clearly traceable to one greenhouse, then an entire facility may, at
APHIS discretion, be quarantined until such time that APHIS exporting authorities (NPPO) are
satisfied that the infestation has been eliminated.

APHIS reserves the right to examine facilities that have tested positive for Ralstonia
solanacearum prior to reestablishment of exports of host material to USA.

Diagnostics are subject to change as is the entire sampling protocol depending on new

information as it becomes available. APHIS reserves the right to change and amend this
document but will communicate changes prior to establishing new requirements.

25


June 12, 2007

MINIMUM SANITATION PROTOCOLS FOR
OFFSHORE GERANIUM CUTTING PRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to establish minimum sanitation protocols to prevent the
introduction of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 into production greenhouses at off-
shore facilities that produce geraniums intended for import into the United States.

The management pertains to geraniums propagated in “Increase”, and “Production Block”
greenhouse facilities where the plant material originates from an “Elite Nucleus Block” (tissue
culture). In order to prevent cross contamination of the “Increase” and “Production Block”
facilities: :

e There is to be a complete physical separation of Increase and Production Blocks which
involves the use of dedicated structures.

¢ Personnel are not to enter the Increase Block if they have entered the Production Block
on the same day.

« Equipment and protective clothing is dedicated for sole-use in Production and Increase
Blocks when crop is present.

Minimum Standards for Greenhouse Structure and Material Requirements:

Facility Infrastructure: A Facility is a contiguous property that is used to produce a crop
or crops by one owner. It is considered the regulated physical entity for purposes of these
instructions. Individual structures that are located within a facility may be able to isolate
problems. Resolution of these problems may involve actions against only certain
greenhouses within a facility. This will be at the discretion of the APHIS and NPPO
representatives.

All geranium plant material grown for the purpose of production of geranium cuttings
destined for the US must be propagated and maintained in greenhouses. Greenhouses are
covered (glass, polycarbonate, or polyethylene) to prevent splashing due to rain. Sides of
greenhouse facilities are enclosed with screen. The outer perimeter of the greenhouse is to
be surrounded by a buffer that may be composed of gravel or crushed rock, grass free of
dicotyledonous plants/weeds, concrete or similar hard surfaces or weed-cloth and should be
a minimum of 1m in width. The buffer should be sloped so that water drains away from the
greenhouse and greenhouses are designed so that seasonal rain or flood waters do not enter
greenhouses.

Greenhouse flooring varies among facilities. Hard surface floors such as concrete or
crushed rock are essential. Regardless of flooring type, direct contact of production stock
plants with the floor is prohibited. No native soil should be visible when crushed rock is
used. Equipment surfaces in contact with stock production plants may not come in contact
with the floor unless they have been surface disinfested prior to use. This includes the ends
of hoses or watering wands which may be used to water production stock plants. Additional
conditions pertaining to flooring are identified below.


June 12, 2007

harvesting of cuttings is completed. Floors are to be sanitized at least once
annually when greenhouses are cleared of stock production plants or before
they are set up for the next growing season.

Treatment: APHIS approved products containing active ingredients recognized as
being effective against Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are
identified at the end of this document. All treatments should be applied in
strict accordance with the product label. Should a compound not be listed,
please obtain approval from APHIS prior to application. Any product used
for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by
the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and
must be efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia
solanacearum.

Production Surfaces:

Purpose: To safeguard the geranium crop from infection by Ralstonia solanacearum
race 3 biovar 2 via plant-to-plant spread or via the greenhouse floor.

Composition: Production surfaces may be comprised of a variety of materials and
designs but must ensure that they do not facilitate pot-to-pot spread and are
of adequate distance from the floor to prevent infestation of geraniums.

Procedure: Stock production plants are to be elevated above the greenhouse floor to
prevent contamination from splashing water and to ensure that there is no
continuum between plant material and water, debris, or potting media on the
floor. Surfaces upon which plants are grown should be disinfested prior to
use and constructed so water draining from pots does not make contact with
other pots.

Treatment: APHIS approved products containing active ingredients recognized as
being effective against Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are
identified at the end of this document. All treatments should be applied in
strict accordance with the product label. Should a compound not be listed,
please obtain approval from APHIS prior to application. Any product used
for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by
the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and
must be efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia
solanacearum.

Potting Media:

Purpose: To safeguard geraniums from infection by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3
biovar 2 through the use of contaminated potting media.

Composition: Potting media does not contain native soil. All potting media must be
steam pasteurized or fumigated with methyl bromide or Vapam and may be

12


June 12, 2007

Composition: Cuttings are sections of geranium stems harvested for the purpose of
export to the United States for future propagation. Plastic bags may not be
recycled and must be stored to prevent contact with the floor or native soil.
Surface disinfested plastic containers may be used for collection of harvested
cuttings prior to the transfer of cuttings to plastic bags. Labels are plastic and
information is marked in non-water soluble ink.

Process: Upon harvest, cuttings are placed directly into new plastic bags or into plastic
containers that can be surface disinfested before they are used again. Labels
will accompany each bag of cuttings. The label system shall allow cuttings
to be traced forward thorough the rooting stations (if cutting is sold as rooted
cutting), or directly from the farm (if cutting is sold as un-rooted or callused)
to the first wholesale grower customer. If an infestation occurs then plants in
the United States that are traced back to the infestation will be destroyed.

Transfer of cuttings to grading facilities shall be done in a manner to ensure
that bags of cuttings or cuttings in plastic containers do not come in contact
with any material that may harbor Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.

Treatments: Surface disinfectants should be used in strict accordance with the product
label for cleaning plastic baskets used to collect cuttings. APHIS approved
products containing active ingredients recognized as being effective against
Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are identified at the end of this
document. All treatments should be applied in strict accordance with the
product label. Should a compound not be listed, please obtain approval from
APHIS prior to application. Any product used for disinfection should be
approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by the appropriate authority in
the country where the facility is located, and must be efficacious against
Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia solanacearum.

Greenhouse Floors:

Purpose: Greenhouse floors must be constructed and maintained in condition whereby
they safeguard greenhouse-grown geraniums from infection by Ralstonia
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.

Composition: Flooring throughout all greenhouses must be composed of concrete (or
similar material) or crushed rock/gravel (which may be covered with weed-
cloth) sufficient to cover any exposed soil. Floors in greenhouses are not
permitted to be comprised of exposed soil/dirt; no exposed soil/dirt is
allowed in greenhouses.

Process: Greenhouse floors should be maintained free of debris and weeds. Floors must
drain properly to prevent puddling. Water in contact with flooring is never in
contact with surfaces upon which plants are grown (splashing, watering, etc).
Plant material (cuttings, trimmings, etc) that falls to the floor should not be
retrieved by greenhouse workers who are in the process of handling
production stock plants; it should be removed on a periodic basis (minimum
weekly) and disposed of by other workers or by same workers after

1


June 12, 2007

Composition: A reservoir containing surface disinfectant effective against Ralstonia
solanacearum is located between the entry of each greenhouse and the
production area of each greenhouse. The bottom surface of the reservoir shall
be rough in texture to facilitate dislodging of any debris on the bottom of
shoes/boots (this may be accomplished by placement of a mat inside the
reservoir). The depth of the footbaths is to be adequate to ensure that soles
and lower portions of footwear that may have come in contact with R.
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 are wetted with disinfectant.

Process: The foot wear of all persons entering the greenhouse are to be brushed or
rinsed free of soil and debris prior to entry of the facility; this will improve
treatment efficacy and prolong the activity of the surface disinfectant. Each
person entering the greenhouse facility is subsequently required to rinse
shoes, boots or other foot wear in a reservoir of surface disinfectant. Foot
coverings are to remain wet for a period adequate to allow for disinfectant to
disinfest all contaminated footwear surfaces.

The disinfectant in these reservoirs is to be changed a minimum of twice
daily, with debris in reservoirs being removed prior to replacement of the
disinfectant into the footbath.

Personnel responsible for footbath maintenance shall read, understand, and
execute formulation of footbath disinfectants; their accuracy should be
verified by management. Daily records are initialed by responsible personnel
to demonstrate that foot baths etc. were properly maintained.

Treatments: APHIS approved products containing active ingredients recognized as
being effective against Ralstonia solanacearum or Pseudomonas spp. are
identified at the end of this document. All treatments should be applied in
strict accordance with the product label. Should a compound not be listed,
please obtain approval from APHIS prior to application. Any product used
for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by
the appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and
must be efficacious against Pseudomonad bacteria or Ralstonia
solanacearum.

Protective Clothing:

Purpose: Protective clothing is used to prevent contact of geraniums with employee
clothing worn outside the increase and production areas.

Composition: Protective clothing designated to come into contact with the geranium
crop consists of washable lab coats and/or washable or disposable aprons.
Protective clothing is to be dedicated to each greenhouse.


June 12, 2007

Ralstonia solanacearum in Geranium

(Pelargonium spp.): Testing and Sampling Plan
Background:

In February 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed the presence of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar
2 in geraniums in four greenhouses in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. This is the
first time this pathogen has been detected in the United States since 1999. R. solanacearum
race 3 biovar 2 is a bacterial pathogen that causes common wilt in geraniums and infects
numerous Solanaceous plants (e.g. potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, and peppers). It is also a
major concern to the potato industry because the disease survives well in cold temperatures
and renders potatoes unmarketable.

In 1999, R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 was confirmed in commercially grown geraniums
in greenhouses, confined to the states of WI, NY, NJ, PA, and SD. The pathogen was traced
back to infected geraniums that were shipped to US from greenhouses in Guatemala.
Pathway analysis revealed the mode of entry of R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 into the US
is through four states (FL, CA, NY, and TX), with the major ports of entry located at Miami,
San Diego and LA, JFK, and El Paso and Houston.

Tn February 2003, R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 was identified in greenhouses in the US.
Trace back investigations conducted by PPQ have determined that the origin of R.
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 was imported geraniums from Kenya. In December 2003, R.
solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 was identified in greenhouses in the US. Trace back
investigations conducted by PPQ have determined that the origin of R. solanacearum race 3
biovar 2 was imported geraniums from Guatemala. In the United States. R. solanacearum
race 3 biovar 2 is a serious concern for the potato industry because of the cold tolerant nature
of this plant pathogen, and the potential for its establishment and spread into major potato
producing areas.

In an attempt to prevent the entry of this plant pathogen into US, APHIS PPQ will institute
the following procedures for sampling and testing of host material in the country of origin
before it can be eligible for entry into USA.

Sampling of geranium host material

Samples of geranium mother plants must be taken under authority of the National Plant
Protection Organization (NPPO) or their designee. Samples should consist of crown tissue of
all suspect wilted plants and should be taken throughout each greenhouse in the production
facility. A sample of one plant for every 50,000 plants must be taken with a minimum sample
of ten plants. Samples should be taken weekly and officials must sample crown tissue of the
whole plant and including roots without the soil, if possible. Bare root plants are ideal. Since
the pathogen is concentrated in the lower stem, the disease may not be detected from samples

22


June 12, 2007

Production surfaces: The distance between the surface upon which the stock
production plants are placed to the greenhouse floor and the types of surfaces upon
which stock production plants are grown varies among greenhouse facilities. Stock
production plants are to be elevated above the greenhouse floor to prevent contamination
from splashing water and to ensure that there is no continuum between plant material
and water, debris, or potting media on the floor. Surfaces upon which plants are grown
should be disinfested (Table 1) prior to use and constructed such that water draining
from pots does not make contact with other pots.

Potting Media: Geranium stock plants shall be grown in sterilized or fumigated APHIS
approved media. New plastic bags or pots or recycled plastic pots that have been
surface disinfested may be used as stock plant containers. Potting media and pots
intended for use in the greenhouse shall not be stored on soil/dirt or turf surfaces.

Irrigation: The requirement for treatment of irrigation water is dependent upon its
source and the water storage and delivery system in use. Water treatment is not required
for irrigation water collected from properly sealed deep wells and where water is used
directly or stored in tanks where there is no opportunity for contamination of the water
supply by native soil or plant material/debris. Municipal water may also be used as a
primary irrigation source without initial treatment. If water sources are derived from un-
sealed wells, rain-water collection systems, ponds, lakes, streams or any other type of
open body of water or if water is recycled or recirculated, then treatment of water is
required.

The water source is to be tested at least annually by APHIS-approved methods
to ensure freedom from R. solanacearum.

Two independent water purification systems are to be available in each geranium
production facility to safeguard the crop from infection by R. solanacearum. A back
up system is required to ensure that the crop does not become infested with R.
solanacearum due to failure of the primary water purification system. Water
treatment systems effective against Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 are listed
below.

Plants may not be irrigated using ebb and flow or flood irrigation systems as these
methods may contribute to spread of R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. Irrigation
systems should be constructed so that emitters are not in contact with potting media
and/or are equipped with backflow devices to prevent contamination of the watering
system. The last 1.2 meters of hose closest to the bench and hose-end implements used.
for hand watering geraniums should never come in contact with the floor of geranium
production facilities, plant material or potting media. When such contact is made, the
hose and watering implement must be treated with a surface disinfectant (Table 1).
Hose ends used for watering shall be hung on a hook to prevent contact with the floor
and with plant material on greenhouse-benches. Never lay the hose ends on the floor or
on greenhouse benches.


June 12, 2007

irrigation water with 5 mg per liter using a chlorine
dioxide generator.

Disinfesting hose ends that have been in contact with greenhouse floors or
other potentially hazardous surfaces may be treated with quaternary
ammonium-based products which are recognized as being effective
against Ralstonia solanacearum. Surface disinfectants should be used in
strict accordance with the product label for sanitizing surfaces: in this case
the watering hose.

Records must be maintained of any breaches that occur in any part of the
irrigation system, including the date, exact location, and remedial measures
taken, and tests performed to ensure that the irrigation system remains free of
R. solanacearm.

Survey and Detection of Ralstonia in Greenhouse Facilities:

All plant material used to propagate stock production geranium plants and
the subsequent stock plants themselves must be free of Ralstonia
solanacearum prior to introduction into the production stock greenhouse.
Diagnostics and sampling protocols are identified in the Testing and
Sampling Plan. Records of disease testing are to be maintained and made
available to APHIS upon request. In addition, plants are scouted regularly for
signs of wilt, and tested for R. solanacearum as necessary. All plants that are
to be discarded must be tested prior to destruction. Where positive results are
attained, all plants in the greenhouse are to be destroyed, and the greenhouse
decontaminated. The infested facility is to be quarantined, until such time
that APHIS exporting authorities (NPPO) are satisfied that the infestation has
been eliminated.

Training of Personnel: Instruction of personnel is an important component of good
management practices. Training shall be provided to cover all production
practices required to prevent R. solanacearum from entering and becoming
established. Training shall include not only practices performed in the
greenhouse, but should provide a fundamental understanding of how R.
solanacearum can spread from plants commonly encountered in workers'
yards and environs and required sanitary practice to prevent infection.
Management must ensure that staff members understand and follow the
practices identified herein before entering the greenhouse. Access to
geranium stock production facilities is limited to individuals certified to work
in facilities. A list of these personnel should be maintained. Personnel will
be provided training annually; or more frequently as required. Facilities
should maintain records of training and certifications.

Grading facilities:

Grading Facilities are subject to the same conditions as greenhouse with
respect to the following elements of this plan as described above:

15


June 12, 2007

Table 1. The following table provides a list of APHIS-approved surface disinfectants. Any
product used for disinfection should be approved for use by the NPPO, labeled for use by the
appropriate authority in the country where the facility is located, and must be efficacious

os

ANTHIUM DIOXCIDE
5% AQUEOUS
STABILIZED
CHLORINE DIOXIDE

9150-2

Chlorine

Boot wash/shoe wash

BIO CLEAR HOME AIR
& DUCT TREATMENT

9804-3-69883

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

BIO-FRESH CD

9804-3-65516

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

COIL & DUCT SPRAY

9804-3-46463

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

ECOTREAT

9804-3-7909

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

ENVIROCON

9804-3

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

TOTALINE COIL &
DUCT SPRAY

9804-3-40536

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

VAPORENE 7420

9150-3-10778

Chiorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

SANIVEX

9150-3-74495

Chlorine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches
and counter tops)

Zero Tol

70299-1

Hydrogen dioxide

Greenhouse structures,
benches, pots, watering
systems, evaporative coolers,
storage rooms, ventilation
equipment, floors and other
equipment

AFCO 4330

4959-16-833

Todine

Greenhouses, hard non porous
surfaces (flower buckets,
floors, walls, coolers, benches

17


June 12, 2007

Personal Hygiene: Sanitation of hands or forearms that come in contact with geraniums
must be maintained throughout the period when workers are in the greenhouse facility
during production. This may be accomplished by either dipping hands or forearms in
disinfectant or by spraying hands and forearms with disinfectant. Workers may select to
wear latex or equivalent gloves and these are also to be sprayed or dipped in surface
disinfectant as described for hands and forearms. Workers must regularly surface
disinfest their hands and forearms by dipping or spraying with disinfectant between
groups of 10 plants or between definable production units of geraniums that are
delimited by production practices (Table 2).

Tools: Greenhouse equipment used to harvest cuttings or for other functions involving
contact with geraniums is to be surface disinfested prior to and between use on each
stock production plant or stock production container. Alternatively, a set of knives can
be permanently assigned to a specific bench and appropriately rotated and disinfected
between plants on that specific bench. Carts and collection baskets are to be sprayed
with a surface disinfectant on all surfaces that are likely to come into contact with
geranium cuttings or equipment used in processing geranium cuttings. Equipment
(knives, etc) used to harvest cuttings is to be soaked in surface disinfectant when not in
use. The volume of disinfectant used to surface disinfest tools should be adequate to
submerge entire blade or portions of tools that make contact with geranium plants.
(Table 1).

Handling of cuttings and traceability: Upon harvest, cuttings are placed directly into
new plastic bags or into plastic containers that can be surface disinfested before they are
used again. Labels will accompany each bag of cuttings. The label system shall allow
cuttings to be traced forward through the rooting stations (if cutting is sold as rooted
cutting), or directly from the farm (if cutting is sold as un-rooted or callused) to the first
wholesale grower customer. If an infestation is encountered all material that has been
shipped to the United States and been traced back to the infested greenhouse will be
subject to seizure and destruction in the United States.

Transfer of cuttings to grading facilities shall be done in a manner that ensures bags of
cuttings or cuttings in plastic containers do not come in contact with any material that
may harbor R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.

Greenhouse floors: Greenhouse floors should be maintained free of debris and weeds.
Floors must drain properly to prevent long-standing puddles of water. Water in contact
with flooring is never in contact with surfaces upon which plants are grown (splashing,
watering, etc). Plant material (cuttings, trimmings, etc) that falls to the floor should not
be retrieved by greenhouse workers who are in the process of handling production stock
plants; it should be removed on a periodic basis (minimum weekly) and disposed of by
other workers or by same workers after harvesting of cuttings is completed. Floors are
to be sanitized at least once annually (Table 1).

Flooring throughout all greenhouses must be composed of concrete (or similar material)
or crushed rock/gravel (which may be covered with weed-cloth) that is deep enough to
cover all native soil. Any native soil coming through the rock will require immediate
corrective action to reestablish a barrier. Floors in greenhouses are not permitted to be
comprised of exposed soil/dirt; no exposed soil/dirt is allowed in greenhouses.


June 12, 2007

SIGNATORY PAGE:

This work plan includes: Minimum Sanitation Protocols for Offshore Geranium Cutting
Production, Testing and Sampling Plan, and a Signatory Page. The plan requires the
participation of the host country National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) inspection
personnel to work in conjunction with APHIS when appropriate, and to provide the oversight
needed to demonstrate that each production facility will carry out the procedures, sampling,
and testing, described therein. Additionally the NPPO will provide the phytosanitary
certification of inspection of all host material to accompany these articles. As required by
§319.37-4, the additional declaration must state “These articles have been produced in
accordance with the requirements in 7 CFR 319.37-5(r)(3).”

This work plan will remain in effect until further notice, or as agreed upon by both parties.

Addendums may be added to this work plan as APHIS receives additional or updated
information.

NPPO:
Date:

APHIS:
Date:

26


June 12, 2007

Entry to the facility should be secure and should exclude any source of the pathogen from
entering the facility. Trucks entering the facility must have tires cleaned and disinfected
before entry into the production area or vehicles should be excluded from the production
area.

Entry to the greenhouse must be through a door providing direct access to an area within
each greenhouse that is equipped with wash station(s), foot bath(s), and protective clothing
(aprons, lab coats, etc) to be used by all greenhouse entrants prior to entering plant
production areas. Greenhouse design and the practices of hand and foot/shoe disinfestations
and the covering of clothing worn outside the greenhouse production area are implemented
to significantly reduce the likelihood of introducing R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 into
geranium facilities or production area. Sanitation practices are to be strictly enforced.

Wash stations: All exposed body parts (hands, arms, legs, etc) that may come in
contact with plant material are to be washed with antibacterial soap prior to entering the
production area of the greenhouse as described below.

Foot baths: The foot wear of all persons entering the greenhouse are to be brushed or
rinsed free of soil and debris prior to entry of the facility; this will improve treatment
efficacy and prolong the activity of the surface disinfectant. Each person entering the
greenhouse facility is subsequently required to rinse shoes, boots or other foot wear in a
reservoir of surface disinfectant (Table 1). The volume of disinfectant used in footbaths
is to be adequate to ensure that soles and lower portions of footwear that may have come
in contact with R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 are moistened with disinfectant and
remain wet for the minimum amount of time required for the particular disinfectant to be
effective. The disinfectant in these reservoirs is to be changed a minimum of twice
daily, with debris in reservoirs being removed prior to replacement of the disinfectant
into the footbath. The bottom surface of the reservoir shall be rough in texture to
facilitate dislodging of any debris on the bottom of shoes/boots (this may be
accomplished by placement of a mat inside the reservoir). Daily records are initialed by
responsible personnel to demonstrate that foot baths etc. were properly maintained.

Protective clothing: Protective clothing (clean lab coats or aprons) is to be worn by all
personnel upon entry of the greenhouse production area. The purpose of the protective
clothing is to prevent contact of geraniums with employee clothing worn outside the
increase and production areas. Protective clothing designated to come into contact with
the geranium crop (washable lab coats and/or washable or disposable aprons worn over
washable lab coats) is to be dedicated to each greenhouse and is to be put on after
leaving the hand wash and foot bath station but prior to entering the plant production
area. Protective clothing is to be removed prior to leaving each greenhouse but prior to
entry into the hand wash/footbath area. If lab coats are worn between greenhouses
within a production area, then they should be covered with or exchanged for an apron
when workers enter the production area of each greenhouse. Protective clothing is to be
stored so that clothing cannot contact the floor. Clothing is to be maintained free of
debris, potting media, soil, or plant material. Protective clothing should be washed in
detergent weekly or replaced in the case of disposable aprons.


June 12, 2007

reused after sterilization. Plants are potted in new plastic bags or surface
disinfected pots. Plastic bags are not recycled.

Procedure: Geranium stock plants are to be grown in steam pasteurized media (2 hours

at 80 °C starting when all 10 sensors reach 80 °C. Ten sensors must be
placed 2” below surface. Sensors must be evenly spaced on left, right, and
center. Two probes must be placed in the middle halfway from bottom and
halfway from top. Sensors should be tested and calibrated before use) or
fumigated media containing no native soil. Fumigation must be done with
Methyl Bromide at the rate of 3 grams/liter for 72 hours at 70 °F or above.
Vapam 3% must be applied at an equivalent of 50 ml per stock plant
container volume for 72 hours. New plastic bags or pots or recycled plastic
pots that have been surface disinfested may be used as stock plant containers.
Potting media and pots intended for use in the greenhouse shall not be stored
on soil/dirt or turf surfaces.

Treatment: Potting media must be treated with steam for 2 hours at 80 °C. Fumigation

Irrigation:

with Methyl Bromide for 72 hours or treatment with Vapam 3% for 72 hours
is also acceptable. Pots to be recycled may be treated with surface
disinfectants labeled for Ralstonia. Treatment must be in strict accordance
with label.

Purpose: Irrigation water is treated or source is protected from contamination by

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 which may infect geraniums in
production greenhouses.

Composition: The requirement for treatment of irrigation water is dependent upon

its source, the water storage and delivery system in use.

Procedure: Plants shall not be irrigated using ebb and flow or flood irrigation systems

as these methods may contribute to spread of R. solanacearum race 3 biovar
2. Irrigation systems should be constructed so that emitters are not in contact
with potting media and/or are equipped with backflow devices to prevent
contamination of the watering system. The last 1.2 meters of hose closest to
the bench and hose-end implements used for hand watering geraniums should
never come in contact with the floor of geranium production facilities or with
plant material or potting media. When such contact is made, the hose and
watering implement must be treated with a surface disinfectant. Hose ends
used for watering shall be hung on a hook to prevent contact with the floor
and with plant material on greenhouse benches. Never lay the hose ends on
the floor or on greenhouse benches.

Treatment: The requirement for treatment of irrigation water is dependent upon its

source and the water storage and delivery system in use. Water treatment
is not required for irrigation water collected from deep wells which are

13


June 12, 2007

Wash Stations

Hand Washing
Footbaths

Protective Clothing
Personal Hygiene
Tools

Handling of Cuttings
Greenhouse Floors
Production Surfaces
Treatment of Water

Training of Personnel

Table or counter surfaces upon which cuttings are handled must be
periodically surface disinfested. Treatment of surfaces should be completed
between bags or baskets of cuttings processed.

APHIS will amend these management practices as new knowledge and methods are
developed/validated to detect and mitigate Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2.

16