#### Maureen OTTOSON, Plaintiff, v. SMBC LEASING AND FINANCE, INC., David Ward and Lisa Savinon, Defendants.

13 Civ. 1521

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

Signed 07/13/2017

*572COREY STARK PLLC, 110 East 59th Street, 22nd, Floor, By: Corey Stark, Esq., New York, NY 10022; Attorneys for Plaintiff. ■ ’

PROSKAUER ROSE.,LLP, 11 Times Square, By: Lloyd B. Chinn, Esq,, Andrew E. Rice, Esq., New York, NY 10036, Attorneys for Defendants.

OPINION

ROBERT W. SWEET, U.S.D.J.

Defendants SMBC Leasing and Finance, Inc. (“SMBCLF”), David Ward (“Ward”), and Lisa Savinon (“Savinon”) (collectively, the “Defendants”) have moved pursuant to Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for sanctions' to be imposed upon plaintiff Maureen Otto-son (“Ottoson” or the “Plaintiff’) for spoliation of evidence, specifically seeking an adverse inference instruction, and fees and costs.

For the reasons set forth below, the motion of the Defendants for an adverse inference is granted, and their application for fees and costs is adjourned to the settlement of final judgment.

I. Prior Proceedings

Plaintiff filed this action accusing Defendants of discrimination based on a perception of disability arising from a report allegedly in SMBCLF’s possession on March 2, 20Í3. Plaintiff was employed by SMBCLF as an Assistant Vice President performing contract administration from April 30, 2012 through August 1, 2012. Plaintiffs Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶¶25, 26.

On July 9, 2012, Plaintiffs then-counsel Jesse Rose (“Rose”) sent a demand letter to Defendants’ Human Resources Department threatening litigation and requesting Plaintiffs personnel file. Declaration of Andrew E. Rice [hereinafter, “Rice Decl,”], Ex. X (Rose Letter to Smith). Plaintiff alleges that on or around August 31, 2012, she filed a Charge of Discrimination with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), and that she received a Notice of Right to Sue dated January 31, 2013. Compl. ¶¶4-5.

The Complaint alleges that subsequent to her hire, SMBCLF performed a background check on Plaintiff, the results of *573which included a “government/insurance report” (the “Report”) that contained “inaccurate and defamatory information about Ottoson, her home, and her state of mind.” Compl. ¶¶ 20;. 29. -Plaintiff testified during her deposition that she first learned of the existence of this Report in the 1980s. Rice Decl., Ex. C (Relevant Excerpts of Plaintiffs May 2014 and September 2015 Depositions) [hereinafter, “Tr.”], at 538:7-9, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants “formed the inaccurate belief that Ottoson suffers from a mental impairment and disability” based on the contents of the alleged Report. Compl.. ¶1¶ 30, 48. Plaintiff further alleges that she was terminated based on SMBCLF’s misperception that she was disabled, and in retaliation for complaining about discrimination based on perceived disability. *Id.*¶¶ 47,49.

Plaintiff stated at her deposition that, as of November 2013, eight months after she filed this lawsuit, she had no proof that the Report existed. Tr. at 596:17-19. Despite issuing more than a dozen subpoenas to past employers and others, Plaintiff failed to receive the Report. Rice Decl. ¶ 23; see Tr. 596:8-11 (“Q ... So as of November 2013, you had not obtained the report from any source, correct? A. No, I didn’t.”). Defendants have repeatedly denied having ever seen or received the Report, and have stated under penalty of perjury that they did mot, and do not, possess the Report. *See, e.g.,*ECF No. 33; Rice Decl., Ex. V (Excerpts of -Deposition of Defendant David Ward) at 82, 88-91; Rice Decl./ Ex. W (Excerpts of Deposition of Defendant Lisa Savinon) at 86-87,107-09.

In light of Plaintiffs allegations, on November 21, 2013, Defendants propounded requests in their First Request for the Production of Documents that either specifically or generally called for the produc- ■ tion of documents concerning the Report and/or Plaintiffs communications concerning the Report, including:

> “documents memorializing communications with any individual, including but not limited to. any current or former employees of SMB.CLF, concerning the Complaint or any of [Plaintiffs] allegations in this.action” (Request No. 14); “documents, including, but not limited to, emails, instant messages, text messages or other-messages , on any social media or networking website in [Plaintiffs] possession, custody or control concerning SMBCLF or the allegations in this Complaint” (Request No. 15);

> “documents that contain [Plaintiffs] records, notes, descriptions, conversations, discussion or. thoughts concerning the allegations in the Complaint” (Request No. 16);

> “documents concerning, the ‘Report’ identified -in Paragraph 18 of the Complaint” (Request No. 19); “documents concerning the allegation in Paragraph 18 of ,the Complaint that ’[a]fter Ms. Ottoson’s employment ended, JOHN DOE2. disclosed to Ms. Ottoson the existence of a government/insurance report ... given the JP Morgan’s Human Resource department containing a back: ground check of Ms. Ottoson along with a comprehensive employment summary & many, negative personal references” (Request No. 20); “documents written or prepared by, to, from, .concerning, or concerning any communications with any potential witnesses -in this action and/or any persons mentioned in the Complaint” (Request No. 63);

> “written or recorded statements, opinions, and reports, the information for which has been obtained from any individual or entity, contacted or interviewed in connection with this action (including drafts of such statements, opinions, and/or reports) ...” (Request No. 64);

> *574“statements, in whatever form, from third parties concerning [Plaintiffs] allegations in this action” (Request No. 71); and

> “documents concerning, referring or relating to the subject matter of this action, the allegations in the Complaint, and/or the damages or other relief sought in the Complaint, that have not been produced in response to the above requests” (Request No. 73).

Rice Decl., Ex. A. These requests unquestionably encompassed written communications Plaintiff may have had with witnesses concerning the alleged Report.

Plaintiff produced documents concerning the Report in response to Defendants’ First Request for the Production of Documents. In particular, on December 23, 2013, Plaintiff produced signed statements from three former co-workers, not from SMBCLF, who purported in such statements to have viewed the Report years before her employment at SMBCLF: Ralph Berger (“Mr. Berger”), Philip Wein-stock (“Mr. Weinstock”), and Francesca Aversa (“Ms. Aversa”). Rice Deck, Ex. D (Berger Statement executed January 9, 2013); Ex. E (Aversa Statement dated November 24, 2012); Ex. F (Weinstock Statement dated January 31, 2013). On March 31, 2014, Plaintiff produced, via email from Rose, “addenda” from Mr. Berger and Ms. Aversa. Rice Deck, Ex. H (Rose Email to Rice); Ex. I (Addendum to Berger Statement dated March 18, 2014); Ex. J (Addendum to Aversa Statement dated March 11, 2014).

One of the three individuals, Mr. Berger, later directly provided Defendants with numerous email communications that he had with Plaintiff concerning the written statements that he provided to her. Rice Deck ¶ 8; Exs. K-S. In one email, Plaintiff directs Mr. Berger to “JUST COPY & PASTE & PLEASE TYPE THE WORK “ADDENDUM” ON TOP AS FOLLOWS.” Rice Deck, Ex. Q (Ottoson-Ber-ger email dated March 14, 2014). In another email to Mr. Berger, Plaintiff tells him to “[pjlease write the following statement below in the following format.” Rice Deck, Ex. P (Ottoson-Berger email dated March 10, 2014); *see also*Rice Deck, Ex. O (Otto-son-Berger email dated February 1, 2014) (“In case Jesse [Rose] speaks to him again, please tell him Bonding Insurance because that is what your notarized letter to him stated.”).

Even after she was on notice that Defendants had received documents from Mr. Berger, Plaintiff did not produce any communications with the three witnesses or drafts of their statements. Rice Deck ¶¶ 6, 21; Exs. T-U. Further, to the extent that Plaintiff was no longer in possession or control of such documents, Plaintiff failed to provide any explanation or information about such documents or the circumstances of their loss, as required by Defendants’ instructions to their Request for Production. Rice Deck 1Í 6; Ex. A.

Defendants informed the Court by letter dated April 24, 2015, EOF Nos. 34-35, about the serious questions concerning Plaintiffs conduct in this matter, as was then relevant to Plaintiffs motion to compel a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. Defendants also wrote to Plaintiffs counsel, on April 27, 2015, to demand supplemental responses to Defendants’ First Request for the Production of Documents concerning Plaintiffs communications about the Report. Rice Deck, Ex. T. Plaintiff did not formally respond to the April 27 letter for several weeks, and the parties met and conferred by telephone concerning a potential motion to compel by Defendants on May 18, 2015. Rice Deck ¶¶ 19-20. During that call, Plaintiffs counsel agreed to produce Plaintiff for further deposition. *Id.*¶20. Later that day, Plaintiffs counsel *575served a letter stating that Plaintiff had “not identified any responsive documents within her possession or control,” and that Plaintiffs counsel was “not aware of evidence that suggests that Plaintiff destroyed any documents whatsoever on or after the date that she commenced this action.” Rice Decl., Ex. U.

On September 10, 2015, the parties submitted a Stipulation and Proposed Order that was so-ordered by the Court. ECF No. 38. This Stipulation, *inter alia,*extended the end date of discovery, extended other relevant deadlines, and provided that Defendants reserve their rights to take further discovery or engage in motion practice arising out of Plaintiffs continued deposition. *Id.*.

Plaintiff appeared for a continued deposition on September 29, 2015. During her deposition, defense counsel asked Plaintiff about her email practices and she admitted to having a “habit” to “automatically” delete her email. Tr. 632:18-22. The following exchange established Plaintiffs ongoing deletion of her email:

> Q.,.. And so, with respect to e-mail, emails that you sent to and from other people, perhaps Mr. Berger, Ms. Aversa, Mr. Weinstock, and others, about your claims, did you make any attempt to preserve, to keep those e-mails, prior to commencing your lawsuit against SMBC?

> A. I don’t recall so.

> Q. You don’t recall doing so?

> A. No.

> Q. And so, then it’s possible that you had e-mail exchanges prior to December of 2013 relating to your claims that you deleted because you didn’t think that there was any necessity that you keep them for this lawsuit?

> A. I don’t recall that. •

> Q. Well, let me ask you this: Was it your practice to delete e-mail?

> A. Ifs a habit to do that if it’s — you know, I do that automatically. I’m pretty particular about that.

> Q. So prior to December of 2013, did you take any steps to change your habits in that regard and keep emails that related to your claims against SMBC?

> A. Prior to December, I don’t recall specifically.

> Q. You don’t recall making any effort to keep emails prior to December of 2013?

> MR. STARK: Objection to form. You can answer.

> A. I don’t recall anything.

> Q. Okay. I’m not sure what that means. Did you take any steps prior to December ’13 to change your normal habit of deleting e-mails so that you would keep any documents relating to your claims against SMBC?

> A. I don’t recall anything to what you had just stated.

> Q. You don’t recall doing anything to change your normal habits?

> MR. STARK: Objection to form.

> A. I don’t recall.

> Q. You don’t recall doing anything to change your normal habits?

> A. I don’t recall.

> Q. Okay. So, then, you may well have continued, to the best of your recollection, until December of ’13, you continued deleting your e-mail whether it had anything to do with this case or not?

> MR. STARK: Objection to form.

> *576A. If you don’t recall, you don’t recall. So I cannot answer that question if I truly do not recall.

> Q. So you don’t remember one way or another whether you changed this habit, of yours by which you would routinely delete e-mails, you don’t know whether you did’ or didn’t change that approach until 'December of 2013?

> A. I don’t recall.

> Q. Now, after December of 2013, did you make any changes in your email deletion habits?

> A. That I don’t remember.

> Q. Let me ask you this: Have you ever, during any time while your EEOC charge was pending against SMBC, or after your'lawsuit was filed, have you ever changed your practice with respect to deleting all of your e-mails?

> MR. STARK: Objection to the form.

> A. I don’t remember.

> Q. Have you ever done anything at any time to be careful about preserving electronic communications, e-mails, relating to your claims against SMBC?

> A. I understand your question, but I don’t recall. "

> Q. So how about since April' of this year? Have you taken any steps since April of 2015 to ensure that you’re not deleting electronic documentation that relates to your claims against SMBC?

> A. I don’t remember;

> Q. How about yesterday?

> A. ■ I don’t remember.

> Q. How about last month? Did you do anything last month, in August, to make sure you ■ weren’t deleting communications relating to this lawsuit against SMBC?

> A. T don’t recall.

> Q. Is there any time ever that you remember doing anything at all to , make sure you weren’t deleting documents related to this lawsuit?

> A. No, I don’t recall.,

Tr. 631:23-636:7.

When asked whether she had specific emails with Mr. Berger, the Plaintiff stated that she did not have any of them, but acknowledged that the emails concerned Mr. Berger preparing a statement to support - her • in • this litigation; ■■ Plaintiff was asked about Exhibit K; the email chain dated November 6 and 8, 2013:

> Q. Did you at that time retrieve this email (indicating) from Mr. Berger and provide it to counsel?

> A. No, I didn’t.

> Q. - And then, more recently, you’re aware that we have, that is SMBC, has requested all of these e-mails that it has obtained from Mr. Berger, it’s requested that you produce them, right? You’re aware of that?

> A. Yes, I am.

> Q. You haven’t turned over any further e-mails, have you?

> A. There was nothing in my in-box or “sent” folder.,:. '

> Q. ... While you had an EEOC charge pending against SMBC and counsel, what happened to this e-mail?

> A. I don’t recall. It definitely was not in my in-box as of December 2013 or “sent” folder.”

Tr. 580:7-17; 580:24-581:5.'

Plaintiff was asked if she had the emails in Exhibit L, the email chain dated November 5 and 6,2013:

> *577Q. ... did you look for these documents to see if you had them? -

> A. I did look.

> Q. And you did not have them?

> A. ' I did not have them.

> Q. And you did not turn them over?

> A, I did not have them.

Tr. 590:17-23.

■ When Plaintiff was asked whether she had Exhibit M, the email chain dated November 8-10, '2013, she stated “I recall looking for them [the emails constituting Exhibit M] when [Mr. Stark] did ask me. But nothing was there.”, Tr. 614:14-15. Plaintiff testified that she has Mr. Berger’s email address, Tr. 552:19-20, that her email address is on the emails with Mr. Berger, Tr. 581:6-11, that she sends emails to Mr, Berger, Tr. 577:4-7, that she was “communicating with Mr. Berger about the preparation of a statement for [her],” Tr. 588:7-11, and that she -believed it was “possible” that she sent these emails to Mr. Berger, see, *e.g.,*Tr. 581:16, 588:6, 589:4. Plaintiffs explanation for not producing these emails, was that she “does not recall” sending or receiving the enriails to Mr. Berger. *See, e.g.,*Tr, 581:19, 588:2, 588:18.

Defense counsel asked whether Plaintiff had exchanged emails with Mr. Berger since April 2015. Plaintiff replied, “I don’t recall.” Defense counsel continued, “If you had, would they be in your possession?” Plaintiff asked, “You mean today?” Defense counsel: “Correct.” Plaintiffs counsel interjected, “At your home, not with you.” Plaintiff replied, “That would be correct.” Defense counsel: “They would be.in your possession?” Plaintiff: “I would, imagine they would be. But I believe — no, because, I don’t have it. I don’t remember.” Tr. 680:15-681:5.

When asked whether she “actually searched for' and produced some documents in response to. [Defendants’ December 2013 document requests],’’.Plaintiff replied, “Whatever I had I gave [Mr. Rose] as of December 2013.” Defense counsel continued, “And I believe you included in that production some e-mails. Do you recall that?” Plaintiff: “I don’t recall.” Tr. 614:25-615:9. Plaintiff testified that she does not recall making any attempt to preserve emails that she-sent to or received from Mr. Berger, Ms. Aversa, .or Mr. Weinstock prior to commencing this lawsuit. Tr. 631-32. ...

Plaintiff was questioned about a particular November 6, 2013 email (Exhibit L) in which she wrote to Mr. Berger that her then-lawyer, Rose, “might now think he will be unable to go forward with my case,” Tr. 595:22-23, because “we have NO Report and NO Proof that it exist [sic],” Tr. 596:6-7. When asked whether she threw documents like this email away, Ot-tOson responded, “I don’t recall 2013.” Tr. 583:12. When pressed, Plaintiff responded, “I don’t have it currently.” Tr. 583:17. When asked if she had moved or changed address, she simply said “No,” Tr. 583:21, if she had suffered a fire or-flood, she answered “I don’t recall when,” Tr.- 583:25, or whether she had turned over relevant documents to her attorneys, she answered “I don’t recall.” Tr. 584:4.

Plaintiff has admitted that she emailed or otherwise communicated with Mr. Berger about his written statements that she produced in discovery, including, specifically, within the context of the parties’ dispute over “bonding insurance” discovery, Tr. 577, 588, 650-51, 662-63, but testified that she could not locate and thus did not produce such communications, even those created after she commenced this action. Tr. 579-80, 589-90, 614, 668-69, ,680-81, 684, Plaintiff claimed that she .was unaware of .her obligation to maintain relevant communications. *See, e.g.,*Tr. 629-31; *578Tr. 630:22-23 (“I don’t recall any obligation, to be honest with you.”). Plaintiff conceded that she does not recall whether she searched for responsive communications or whether she made any efforts, even after commencing this action, to maintain relevant communications. Tr. 615, 631-36, 683-84.

In light of Plaintiffs deposition testimony, Defendants served additional discovery requests on October 16, 2015. *See*Rice DecL, Ex. Y (Second Set of Interrogatories); Ex. *Z*(Second Document Requests); Ex. AA (Notice of Inspection). As explained in Defendants’ motion to compel, the second discovery requests sought: (1) documents and information concerning Plaintiffs communications with third parties regarding the Report, as well as documents and information that could reasonably lead to the discovery of such communications; (2) to undertake a forensic examination of Plaintiffs computers and personal electronic devices to establish the extent of Plaintiffs spoliation and to determine whether any deleted emails or files could be retrieved; (3) the identity of Plaintiffs telephone service providers and the identity of any personal computing or telecommunications devices that Plaintiff has used since April 30, 2012; and (4) Plaintiffs use of telephone services since April 30, 2012. ECF No. 42, at 10-11.

Plaintiff continued to engage in discovery during this time as well. On October 22, 2015, Defendants’ Rule 30(b)(6) witness was deposed by Plaintiff. Rice Decl. ¶ 30. Later, on December 4, 2015, Plaintiff issued a subpoena to New York University. ECF No. 43-4.

On December 7, 2015, Defendants’ counsel conferred with Plaintiffs counsel via telephone to attempt to resolve Plaintiffs objections to Defendants’ discovery requests. Rice Deck ¶ 31. Plaintiffs counsel indicated that Plaintiff does not possess a computer or other personal electronic device, but did not otherwise agree to provide documents or information in response to Defendants’ second discovery requests. Id. As of the date of that call, Plaintiff had not served any written responses, other than objections, to Defendants’ second discovery requests. *Id.*

On December 10, 2015, Defendants submitted a letter to the Court with consent of Plaintiff seeking an extension of time for the parties to submit the joint proposed pretrial order in light of the existence of discovery disputes that would be the subject of Defendants’ forthcoming motion to compel and motion for sanctions. ECF No. 39. The letter requested the “deadline be extended to April 3, 2016, or, if later, within 14 days after the disposition of Defendants’ motions” (i.e., the motions to compel and for sanctions). *Id.*The Court so-ordered Defendants’ request on December 11, 2015. ECF No. 40.

Defendants filed their motion to compel on December 23, 2015. ECF Nos. 41, 42. On February 4, 2016, the Could; held oral argument on the motion and granted it in part, ordering that “Plaintiff shall comply with the instant discovery requests.” ECF Minute Entry, Feb. 4, 2016.

On March 2, 2016, Defendants received via mail Plaintiffs Supplemental Response to Defendants’ Notice of Inspection, Rice Deck, Ex. AB, and Supplemental Response to Defendants’ Second Set of Interrogatories, Rice Deck, Ex. AC. *See*Rice Deck ¶¶ 32-33. Plaintiff responded to Defendants’ Notice of Inspection by stating: “Plaintiff does not possess any personal computers or electronic communications devices.” Rice Deck, Ex. AB at 3. Plaintiff responded to Defendants’ supplemental interrogatories by stating: “Plaintiff has not subscribed to telephone service during the assigned time period [April 30, 2012 to the *579present]. Plaintiff did, however, have a prepaid TracFone, which she lost in May 2012.” Rice Decl., Ex. AC at 2-3. Plaintiff also stated that she “recalls using computers that belong to [her brother]- William Ottoson”' and other computers. *Id.*at 3.

On March 21, 2016, Defendants received via mail Plaintiffs' Supplemental Response to Defendants’ Second Request for Documents. Rice Decl., Ex. AD; Ricé Decl. ¶34. Plaintiffs production consisted" of a single three-page Verizon bill dated February 1, 2016, which reflected services delivered to Plaintiffs residence address but in the name of Plaintiffs mother, Mary Ottoson. Rice Decl, Ex. AD at 6-8. The bill shows that Verizon provided telephone services to Plaintiffs address for - a telephone number associated with her, that at least one international call was made in January 2016 (it appears domestic calls are not listed), and that Verizon provided internet services to her address. *Id.*

On July 6, 2016, Defendants’ counsel wrote to Plaintiffs counsel regarding deficiencies in Plaintiffs responses to Defendants’ second discovery requests. Rice Decl., Ex. AE at 1-2. In the letter, Defendants highlighted Plaintiffs deficient production of Verizon bills and sought such documents for the entire relevant time period. Defendants also requested information concerning William Ottoson’s computer and noted that Plaintiff has internet. *Id.*

Plaintiffs counsel responded via letter on July 29, 2016, refusing to produce the requested discovery. *Id.*at 3. Defendants’ counsel reiterated his requests on August 6, 2016. *Id.*at 4. Plaintiffs counsel responded via letter dated August 18, 2016 producing certain documents and stating that Plaintiff is unable to provide information “concerning the identification of the make, manufacturer name, model name, or serial number of the computer that Plaintiff used that belonged to William Ottoson ... because that computer is missing,” without providing any further information as to how or when that allegedly came to pass. *Id.*at 5. Plaintiff also produced Verizon bills for the time period March 2016 to August 2016, though the relevant time period was April 30, 2012 to the present. *Id.)*Rice Decl. ¶ 35.

On September 22, 2016, Defendants’ counsel reiterated deficiencies in Plaintiffs production and reserved all rights with respect to the outstanding discovery. *Id.*at 6.

Defendants filed the instant motion on October 5, 2016, which was heard and marked fully submitted on March 30, 2017.

II. The Applicable Standards

The obligation to preserve evidence applies to all relevant documents in existence and arises when a party “reasonably anticipates litigation.” As explained by the Second Circuit:

> This obligation to preserve evidence arises when the party has notice that the evidence is relevant to litigation — most commonly when suit has already been filed, providing the party responsible for the destruction with express notice, but also on occasion in other circumstances, as for example when a party should have known that the evidence may be relevant to future litigation.

*Kronisch v. United States,*150 F.3d 112, 126 (2d Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds, *Rotella v. Wood,*528 U.S. 549, 120 S.Ct. 1075, 145 L.Ed.2d 1047 (2000).

Spoliation is-“the destruction or significant alteration of evidence,' or the failure to preserve property for another’s use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation.” *West v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,*167 F.3d 776, 779 (2d Cir. 1999). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(e), a court may sanction *580a party , for failing to preserve relevant electronically stored information (“ESI”) if the court finds that the party was “act[ing] with the intent to deprive another party of the information’s use in the litigation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e)(2). In addition, the court may impose discovery sanctions pursuant to “its inherent power to manage its own affairs.” *Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp.,*306 F.3d 99, 106-07 (2d Cir. 2002), *superseded by rule on other grounds as recognized by CAT3, LLC v. Black Lineage, Inc.,*164 F.Supp.3d 488, 495 (S.D.N.Y. 2016); *see Reilly v. NatWest Mkts. Grp. Inc.,*181 F.3d 253, 267 (2d Cir. 1999) ("Whether exercising its inherent power, or acting pursuant to Rule 37, a district court has wide discretion in sanctioning a party for discovery abuses.”), *superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized by Hernandez v. Jrpac Inc.,*No. 14 CIV. 4176 (PAE), 2016 WL 3248493, at *35 (S.D.N.Y. June 9, 2016).

Where a party seeks a jury instruction for the spoliation of ESI, it must establish that (1) the spoliating party had control over the evidence and an obligation to preserve it at the time of destruction or loss; (2) the spoliating party acted with a culpablé state of mind upon destroying or losing the evidence; and (3) the missing evidence is relevant to the moving party’s claim. *See Residential Funding,*306 F.3d at 107. In addition, there is the “obvious” requirement that “the evidence must have existed.” *Stephen v. Hanley,*No. 03-cv-6226, 2009 WL 1437613, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. May 20, 2009). A party seeking spoliation sanctions has the burden, of establishing the elements of a spoliation claim by a preponderance of the evidence. *Sekisui Am. Corp. v. Hart,*945 F.Supp.2d 494, 509-10 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (awarding sanctions for the destruction of ESI in the form of an adverse inference jury instruction).

The choice of an appropriate remedy for spoliation “is confined to the sound discretion of the trial judge and is assessed on a case-by-case basis.” *Fujitsu Ltd. v. Fed. Express Corp.,*247 F.3d 423, 436 (2d Cir. 2001) (citation omitted), Sanctions should be designed to deter parties from engaging in spoliation, place the risk of an erroneous judgment on a party who wrongfully created the risk, and restore the prejudiced party to the same position he would have been in absent the wrongful destruction of evidence by the opposing party. *Stinson v. City of N.Y.,*No. 10-cv-4228, 2016 WL 54684 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing *West,*167 F.3d at 779); *see also CATS,*164 F.Supp,3d at 502. Sanctions should be tailored according to the prejudice suffered by the party seeking sanctions and the destroyer’s.degree of culpability. *Richard Green (Fine Paintings) v. McClendon,*262 F.R.D. 284, 292 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (citations omitted). The prejudiced party must not be held “to too strict a standard of proof regarding tfte likely, contents of the destroyed or unavailable evidence,” because doing so “would allow parties who have destroyed evidence to profit from that destruction.” *Pension Comm.,*685 F.Supp.2d at 468 (quoting *Residential Funding,*306 F.3d at 109) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted).

III. An Adverse Inference Based on Spoliation is Appropriate

In the context of a motion for spoliation sanctions, “relevance” means that “the destroyed evidence would have been favorable to the movant." *In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether Prods. Liability Litig.,*643 F.Supp.2d 482, 495 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (citation omitted); *see also Pension Comm. of Univ. of Montreal Pension Plan v. Banc of Am. Sec.,*685 F.Supp.2d 456 (S.D.N.Y 2010), *abrogated on other grounds by Chin v. Port Auth. of N.Y. &**581*New Jersey,*685 F.3d 135 (2d Cir. 2012) (referring to requirement that “the evidence would have been helpful- in proving [the moving party’s] claims” as requiring “prejudice”). “Relevance and prejudice may be presumed when the spoliating party acted in bad faith or in a grossly negligent manner.” *Pension Comm.,*685 F.Supp.2d at 467; see *also Sekisui,*945 F.Supp.2d at 508 (“When evidence is destroyed intentionally, such destruction is sufficient evidence from which to conclude that the missing evidence was unfavorable to that party.”) (citation omitted); *Arista Records LLC v. Usenet.com,*608 F.Supp.2d 409, 439 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“When evidence is destroyed in bad faith, that alone is sufficient to support an inference that the missing evidence would have been favorable to the party seeking sanctions, and thus relevant.”) (citations omitted).

Here, the evidence establishes relevance and prejudice because the Plaintiff “acted in bad faith or in a grossly negligent manner.” *Pension Comm.,*686 F.Supp.2d at 467. The Plaintiff had control over the evidence and an obligation to preserve it from July 9, 2012, the date that her counsel sent a demand letter to Defendants threatening litigation and requesting Plaintiffs personnel file, *see*Rice Decl., Ex. X, or, at the latest, from August 31, 2012, when Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination with the EEOG. *See*Compl. ¶ 4; *Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC,*220 F.R.D. 212, 216 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“[T]he duty to preserve evidence arose, at the latest, on August 16, 2001, when *Zubulake*filed her EEOC charge”).

Following Plaintiffs charge filing, she obtained statements from Ms. Aversa, *see*Rice Dec!., Ex, E (dated November 24, 2012), Mr. Berger, *see*Ex. D (signed on January 9, 2013), and Mr. Weinstock, *see*Ex. F (dated January 31, 2013), which were produced in discovery. On March 31, 2014, Plaintiff produced, via email from her then-counsel Mr. Rose, “addenda” from Mr. Berger and Ms. Aversa. Rice Deck, Exhibit H-r-J. She had a duty to preserve communications with these affi-ants; however. Plaintiff has produced no documents or emails concerning her communications with them. Rice Deck ¶ 6 (“Plaintiff did not produce any communications with Mr. Berger, Mr. Weinstock, or Ms. Aversa, or any drafts of their statements, nor did Plaintiff provide any explanation or information about documents that were no longer in her possession or control.”). With respect to emails between Mr. Berger and Plaintiff, the earliest email voluntarily provided to Defendants’ counsel by Mr. Berger is dated January 6, 2013, about six months after Plaintiffs preservation duty first arose. *See*Rice Deck, Ex. X.

The Plaintiff continued to send highly relevant and undeniably responsive emails to Mr; Berger throughout this litigation and during discovery disputes, yet failed to disclose them to Defendants. The emails indicate efforts by Plaintiff-to direct the exact contents of Mr. Berger’s witness statement. *See*Rice Deck, Ex. P (Email chain between Ottoson and Berger dated March 9-10,2014); Ex. Q (Ottoson-Berger email dated . March 14, 2014),- (directing Berger to “JUST COPY *&*PASTE *&*PLEASE TYPE THE WORK ‘ADDENDUM’ ON- TOP AS FOLLOWS” and explaining that she is “sorry that .1 have to ask you but this is needed immediately otherwise during .the Discovery Dispute next week, the Judge may can [sic] you into the court & I am trying to avoid that for you. I will send you anything you have to pay .for to get this notarized.”); Ex. R (Email from Ottoson to Berger dated March 18, 2014). By March 2014, when these emails were exchanged, Plaintiff had *582already produced documents, including the three affidavits, and' the parties’ counsel were discussing whether “April 10 is an available date for Ottoson’s deposition.” Rice Decl, Ex. H at 5 (Rice Email to Rose dated March 14, 2014).

The emails also indicate that Plaintiff operated under the powerful motivator that, without proof of the existence of the Report, Plaintiff’s case had no basis to continue. Plaintiffs November 10, 2013 email to Mr. Berger shows that she understood the central relevance of the Report to her case: “After our mediation meeting, I feel that [Mr. Rose] has given up because of the opposition. He is young and inexperienced. He also tried desperately to get me into dropping everything for nothing because as we all know: We don’t have the report. No Report — No Case.” Rice Decl., Ex. M. The missing evidence — communications in which Plaintiff discussed the existence of the Report with the only, witnesses purported to have knowledge of it — is indisputably relevant to her case. As Plaintiffs deposition testimony and available writings make clear, she knew what would happen to her case if there was no evidence of the Report’s existence.

Defendants have provided this court with' sufficient evidence, both direct and circumstantial, that: (1) Plaintiff communicated with Mr. Berger via email (see Rice Decl., Exs. K-S); (2) Plaintiff failed to take any reasonable steps to preserve these communications (see Rice Deck, Ex. C at 631-32); and/or (3) Plaintiff failed to produce these communications in violation of her discovery obligations. The logical inferences that can be drawn from these facts are that Plaintiff: (a) intentionally deleted the emails; (b) did not intentionally take any steps to preserve those emails; or (c) still has those emails in her possession but has failed to produce them. Any of these scenarios satisfies the requisite level of intent required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(e). *See, e.g., Arrowhead Capital Fin., Ltd. v. Seven Arts Entm’t, Inc.,*No. 14-cv-6512, 2016 WL 4991623, at *20 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2016) (ordering sanctions in part because defendants failed “to make prompt arrangements to move or copy all of their documents from the ... server” onto its new cloud-based system, in an attempt to shield assets from plaintiff); CA*T3,*164 F.Supp.3d at 501 (finding that “plaintiffs’ conduct was intentional” and that “the intention was to manipulate the ... information specifically for purposes of this litigation,” which met the “prerequisite for assessing sanctions under subsection (e)(2)”); *see also First Fin. Sec., Inc. v. Freedom Equity Grp., LLC,*No. 15-cv-1893, 2016 WL 5870218, at *3-4 (N.D.Ca. Oct. 7, 2016) (concluding that the appropriate spoliation remedy was an obligation to preserve text messages in the anticipation or conduct of litigation, ... took no reasonable steps to preserve text messages, and that those messages cannot be restored or replaced through additional discovery”); *GN Netcom, Inc. v. Plantronics, Inc.,*No. 12-cv-1318, 2016 WL 3792833, at *6, *14 (D. Del. July 12, 2016) (imposing monetary sanctions, punitive sanctions, possible evidentiary sanctions, if requested, and adverse inference jury instructions after finding that defendant “failed to take reasonable steps to preserve ESI which cannot be restored or replaced”); *O’Berry v. Turner,*No. 15-cv-64, 2016 WL 1700403, at *3-4 (M.D. Ga. Apr. 27, 2016) (concluding that “severe measures, such as those discussed in subdivision (e)(2), are most appropriate to remedy the wrong that has occurred” because “[defendants failed to take reasonable steps to preserve the ESI related to this case,” “additional efforts to ensure the preservation of these materials once the spoliation letter was received” should have been' made, and “[s]uch irresponsible and *583shiftless behavior can only lead to one conclusion — that [defendants] acted with the intent to deprive Plaintiff of the use of this information at trial”); *Brown Jordan Int’l, Inc. v. Carmicle,*No. 14-cv-60629, 2016 WL 816827, at *37 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 2, 2016) (imposing adverse inference sanctions against defendant for spoliation of evidence because the court found that defendant failed to take reasonable steps to preserve electronically stored information on his personal and company-owned devices); Inte*rnmatch, Inc. v. Nxtbigthing, LLC,*No. 14-cv-5438, 2016 WL 491483, at *4-5, *12-14 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2016) (granting plaintiff a preclusion order, an adverse inference instruction, and attorneys’ fees as sanctions because defendants willfully spoliated evidence by intentionally discarding devices that contained the electronic versions of the evidence despite having a duty to preserve relevant evidence).

During her depositions, Plaintiff admitted that she emailed with Mr. Berger and communicated with him concerning the written statement that he submitted at Plaintiffs request about the Report. Tr. at 577, 588, 650-51, 662-63. Moreover, the emails that Mr. Berger provided to Defendants show extensive communication by email between Plaintiff and Mr. Berger.1 Rice Deck, Exs. K-S. Mr. Berger, a third party witness, who has no identified interest in fabricating or fraudulently producing emails, provided these communications to Defendants. The content of the communications reveal that, at worst, Plaintiff has fabricated the existence of the “Report” on which her entire case rests, and at best, she has pressured witnesses to make certain assertions on her behalf.2

Plaintiff has admitted that she deleted emails during times when she had a duty to preserve them, and that she could not recall making any attempt to preserve emails that she sent to or received from Mr. Berger or the other individuals from whom she obtained written statements for this litigation. Even crediting Plaintiffs later contradictory testimony — that at some undefined point in time she ceased her practice of routinely deleting emails — the existence of the emails that Mr. Berger provided establishes that Plaintiff destroyed them, and must have done so after her obligation to preserve the communications began.

Plaintiff has cited *Khaldei v. Kaspiev,*961 F.Supp.2d 564, 569 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) for the proposition that “the spoliation doctrine is predicated on evidence actually existing and being destroyed.” Opp. Br. at 5. While that proposition is correct, the case is inapposite. In *Khaldei,*the court held that the act of “moving photographs to a new location” did not constitute destruction of evidence. *Id.*at 570. Instead, the court explained that there was absolutely no evidence that any actual evidence (i.e., again, the photographs) were destroyed or significantly altered. *Id.*Plaintiff was able to, and actually did, perform a full inspection of the photographs and of their location no matter where the photographs were located. *Id.*In *Khaldei,*the *584non-spoliating party was able to inspect the photographs because they still existed, albeit in another location. Here, Defendants are unable to inspect all of Plaintiffs email communications with all of her witnesses because Plaintiff “failed to take reasonable steps to preserve” them, in violation of Rule 37(e), and this critical evidence cannot be “restored or replaced.”

Plaintiff also cites to *Farella v. City of N.Y.,*No. 05-cv-5711, 2007 WL 193867, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. 2007), where Plaintiffs (City firefighters and police officers) alleged that they suffered harm from lead exposure at' a firing range. Plaintiffs claimed that the City destroyed and failed to preserve substantial lead exposure data. *Id.*at *2. Plaintiffs’ motion for spoliation sanctions failed because they had no “evidence showing that the ‘missing1 evidence ever existed.” *Id.*Here, Defendants are in possession of Plaintiff s: emails with Mr. Berger because Mr. Berger provided the emails to Defendants, and therefore, these and other relevant communications existed. Plaintiff has never denied sending or receiving the emails with Mr. Berger. She admitted during her deposition that it was indeed “possible” that she had sent and/or received-these emails. Tr. at 681:16, 688:6, 589:4. Where, as here, Defendants have demonstrated the existence of the emails in question by producing such emails, Plaintiff cannot contradict such a demonstration by claiming she does not “recall” sending or receiving such emails. Plaintiffs contradictory testimony and lack, of recollection does not serve to rebut Defendants’ proffered evidence that the emails do indeed exist, were in fact sent to and received by Plaintiff, and were not preserved and/or produced by Plaintiff.

An adverse inference instruction is warranted here because Defendants have provided sufficient evidence that additional communications between Plaintiff and her witnesses likely existed, were not produced, and were relevant. *See DMAC LLC v. City of Peekskill,*No. 09-cv-5093, 2012 WL 4459290, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (granting defendant’s motion for sanctions based upon spoliation of evidence because it found that the moving party “proffered sufficient evidence from which.a reasonable factfinder could infer that additional relevant e-mails-favorable to plaintiffs-existed but were not produced” and awarding an adverse inference instruction stating that the destroyed “e-mails would have been favorable to [the non-spoliating party’s] case”). When, as here, a spoliating party has acted willfully or in bad faith, a jury can be instructed that" “certain facts are deemed admitted and must be accepted as true.” *Pension Comm.,*685 F.Supp.2d at 470 (citations omitted); *see also Sawabeh Info. Servs. Co. v. Brody,*No. 11-cv-4164, 2014 WL 46479, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. 2014), *aff'd & rev’d in part on other grounds,*598 Fed.Appx, 794 (2d Cir. 2015) (describing previous order granting motion for an adverse inference because plaintiffs had been “at least grossly negligent in the preservation and production of [ESI].”). Such an instruction can be “critical to assisting the innocent party in establishing the nature of the evidence that has gone missing,” *Id.*An adverse inference instruction “is imposed to ameliorate any prejudice to the innocent party by filling the evidentiary gap created by the party that destroyed evidence,” *Orbit One Commons, Inc. v. Numerex Corp.,*271 F.R.D. 429, 438 n.12 (S.D.N.Y. 2010).

IY. Defendants’ Application for Fees and Costs is Adjourned

Under Federal Rule of .Civil Procedure 37(a)(5)(A), when a discovery motion is granted pursuant to Rule 37, the Court must “require the party ... whose conduct necessitated the motion, the party or attorney advising that conduct, or both *585to pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion, including attorneys’ fees.” Fed. ’ R. ' Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(A). Even outside the -context- of a Rule 37(e) dispute, the Court- has the inherent authority to award attorneys’ fees and costs to “punish the offending party for its actions and deter the litigant’s conduct, sending the message that egregious conduct will not be tolerated.” *Best Payphones, In*c. *v. City of N.Y.,*No. 01-cv-8506, 2016 WL 792396 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (internal citations omitted). Here, Plaintiff was faced at deposition with emails sent to her own email inbox and from her own ¿mail outbox to a person that she alleges is a material witness to the central -fact in dispute in this litigation, *ie.,*whether this “Report” has-ever existed. However, the assessment of costs and fees and any other similar applications will be adjourned-to the final determination of this action.

Y. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above,. the Defendants’ motion for sanctions against Plaintiff is granted, an adverse inference instruction will be given, and the application for fees and costs is adjourned.

It is so ordered.

1

. Plaintiff’s argument is that Defendants have not "authenticated” these emails, which they received from Mr. Berger, but at no time does Plaintiff contend that Defendants have fabricated the emails.

2

. Plaintiff has acknowledged, in emails to Mr. Berger, that if there is "no Report," then she has “no case.” Rice Deck, Ex. M. Defendants have stated, including under penalty of perjury, that they have never possessed, read, or seen any evidence of the existence of this supposed "Report,” and deny all allegations relating to any discriminatory motive whatsoever for their termination of Plaintiff. *See*Defs. Br. at 2-3; Rice Deck, Exs. V & W; ECF No. 33.