This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A15-1365

Ever Cat Fuels, LLC, 

Relator, 

vs. 

Ken Peterson, Commissioner, 

Department of Labor and Industry, State of Minnesota, 

Respondent, 

Occupational Safety and Health Review Board, State of Minnesota, 

Respondent.

Filed May 23, 2016

Affirmed

Halbrooks, Judge

Occupational Safety and Health Review Board

File No. 8-1901-31230

Lindsay G. Arthur, Jr., Sarah E. Bushnell, Jeffrey M. Markowitz, Arthur, Chapman, 

Kettering, Smetak & Pikala, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for relator)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Scott A. Grosskreutz, Rachel E. Bell, Assistant 

Attorneys General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent department)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Erik M. Johnson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, 

Minnesota (for respondent board)
2

Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and 

Toussaint, Judge.



 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

HALBROOKS, Judge

Relator challenges the decision of the Minnesota Occupational Safety and Health 

(MN OSHA) Review Board that because the methanol in its T-407 tank is neither stored 

nor transferred, it is subject to the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119 (2015). We 

affirm. 

FACTS

In 2008, relator Ever Cat Fuels, LLC, built a 9,000-square-foot biodiesel-fuel 

production plant near Isanti. The plant became operational in September 2009. Ever 

Cat’s plant produces approximately three million gallons of biodiesel fuel every year. 

The plant is in continuous operation every hour of every day with interruptions only for 

maintenance or unplanned events.

To produce biodiesel fuel, Ever Cat uses the McGyan process, which involves the 

blending of liquid methanol and lipid feedstock.1 Liquid methanol is delivered to and 

stored in tank T-101, a 75,000-gallon atmospheric tank. The methanol from T-101 is 

transferred through a permanent pipe to tank T-407, an atmospheric tank with a capacity 

 



 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to 

Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.

 

1 Lipid feedstock, according to one of Ever Cat’s founders and chief science officer, is 

some type of fat or oil, typically a vegetable oil or an animal fat like tallow or lard.
3

of 2,000 gallons. T-407 usually contains 800 to 1,000 gallons of methanol at any given 

time.

The methanol in T-407 is continuously pumped at a rate of eight gallons per 

minute into a T junction located inside one of Ever Cat’s production buildings. At the 

T junction, the methanol is mixed with lipid feedstock, which comes from a separate 

source. The mixture passes through filters and a heat exchanger that brings the two 

elements up to the desired reaction temperatures. The mixture is then pumped through a 

reactor where a chemical reaction occurs that produces biodiesel fuel and waste products.

Only 10% of the liquid methanol sent from T-407 is consumed in the reaction. 

The other 90% is a waste product in gaseous form. The gaseous methanol is distilled to 

liquid form and returned to T-407 for reuse in the production process. The liquid 

methanol returns to T-407 at a very hot temperature. That heat is used, in part, to keep

newly delivered, unheated methanol from T-101 and the methanol returned to T-407 at a 

temperature above 80 degrees Fahrenheit so that the lipid feedstock does not congeal 

when the components combine at the T junction.

On October 9, 2012, the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry sent 

inspectors to Ever Cat’s plant based on a report of an injury to an employee. The 

department performed a follow-up inspection on October 18, 2012, to gather more 

information concerning whether the plant was governed by the process safety 

management (PSM) requirements under federal and Minnesota law based on the amount 

of flammable liquids used in Ever Cat’s process to create biodiesel fuel. See 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1910.119; Minn. R. 5205.0010, subps. 1-2 (2015). The PSM standard establishes 
4

safety requirements for managing the dangers associated with processes involving highly 

hazardous chemicals. 

The department subsequently issued Ever Cat a citation identifying 11 items of 

noncompliance with the PSM requirements. Ever Cat filed a Notice of Contest and 

Service to Affected Employees. The department then filed a summons that Ever Cat 

answered.

Prior to a contested hearing before an administrative law judge (ALJ), the parties 

filed a pretrial stipulation to narrow the issues. The stipulation states in relevant part:

The sole issue regarding liability for Citation 1, Items 

2-7 is whether [Ever Cat’s] tank, referred to as T-407, meets 

the exemption contained in 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). 

[The department] stipulates that T-407 meets the 29 C.F.R. 

1910.119(b) definition of atmospheric tank. The parties 

summarize the issue as follows, if the materials in T-407 are 

included in the calculation to determine whether the 

flammable liquid threshold amount has been reached under 

29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), then MN OSHA has proven that 

Citation 1, Items 2-7 apply and were violated, but if the 

materials in T-407 are not counted toward the threshold, then 

MN OSHA cannot prove that Citation 1, Items 2-7 apply, and 

Citation 1, Items 2-7 should be vacated.

Following a two-day hearing, the ALJ determined that the exemption under 29 

C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B) (referred to as the storage-or-transfer exemption) does not 

apply to T-407 and, therefore, because the contents of T-407 exceed the flammable-liquid 

threshold in 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), the PSM requirements apply. Ever Cat 

appealed the ALJ’s decision to the MN OSHA Review Board, which affirmed the ALJ’s 

decision, adopting the ALJ’s findings and concluding that the ALJ did not err in his legal 

analysis. This certiorari appeal follows.
5

D E C I S I O N

I.

On certiorari appeal of the board’s final order, we may affirm, remand, reverse, or 

modify “the decision if the substantial rights of the petitioners may have been prejudiced 

because the administrative finding, inferences, conclusion, or decisions” are affected by 

an error of law, unsupported by substantial evidence, or arbitrary or capricious. Minn. 

Stat. § 14.69 (2014). 

“Review of a state agency’s interpretation of a federal regulation that the agency is 

charged with enforcing and administering is a question of law that we review de novo.” 

In re Reichmann Land & Cattle, LLP, 867 N.W.2d 502, 506 (Minn. 2015) (quotations 

omitted). In reviewing the interpretation, we first determine if the regulation is clear or 

ambiguous when applied in the circumstance. Id. To decide if a regulation is clear or 

ambiguous “we construe rules as a whole and interpret words and sentences in the light 

of [the context of the regulation at issue].” Id. (quotations omitted); see also In re Cities 

of Annandale & Maple Lake NPDES/SDS Permit Issuance for the Discharge of Treated 

Wastewater, 731 N.W.2d 502, 517 (Minn. 2007) (“We have said that the meaning of a 

word depends on how it is being used.”). If a regulation is unclear or reasonably 

susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous. Reichmann Land 

& Cattle, 867 N.W.2d at 506. “If the regulation is ambiguous, we generally defer to the 

agency’s interpretation of the regulation, if its interpretation is reasonable.” Id. But if the 

regulation is unambiguous, we do not defer to the agency’s interpretation and can 

substitute our own judgment based on the plain meaning of the regulation. Id.
6

Ever Cat argues that the board erred by determining that T-407 does not meet the 

storage-or-transfer exemption contained in 29 C.F.R. 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). According 

to 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119(a)(1)(ii), the PSM requirements apply to:

(ii) A process which involves a Category 1 flammable 

gas . . . or a flammable liquid with a flashpoint below 100 oF 

(37.8 oC) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 

pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for:

. . . . 

(B) Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 oF 

(37.8 oC) stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are 

kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of 

chilling or refrigeration.

The parties agree that T-407 is part of Ever Cat’s process that involves a 

flammable liquid (liquid methanol) with a flashpoint below 100 oF. Further, the parties 

stipulated prior to the hearing before the ALJ that T-407 is an atmospheric tank under the 

exemption. They also agree that the liquid methanol from T-407 is kept below its normal 

boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration. The point of disagreement is 

whether the methanol in T-407 is stored or transferred. 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B). If the methanol in T-407 qualifies for the exemption and is not 

counted toward the 10,000-pound threshold in the regulation, MN OSHA concedes that 

Ever Cat has not violated the PSM requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119.

Both parties assert that the regulation is unambiguous and that the plain meaning 

of the storage-or-transfer exemption supports their interpretation of the phrase. The 

regulation itself does not define the phrase “stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred.” 

But Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb “store” as “[t]o keep (goods, etc.) in 

safekeeping for future delivery in an unchanged condition.” Black’s Law Dictionary 
7

1646 (10th ed. 2014). The American Heritage Dictionary defines the verb “store” as 

“[t]o reserve or put away for future use.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the 

English Language 1720 (5th ed. 2011). 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb “transfer” as “[t]o convey or remove 

from one place or one person to another; to pass or hand over from one to another, esp. to 

change over the possession or control of.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1727 (10th ed. 2014). 

The American Heritage Dictionary defines the verb “transfer” as “[t]o convey or cause to 

pass from one place, person, or thing to another.” The American Heritage Dictionary of 

the English Language 1844 (5th ed. 2011). 

Ever Cat contends that the liquid methanol is stored in T-407 because it does not 

go through any chemical reaction—it is kept in T-407 in an unchanged condition and 

reserved for future use. Ever Cat also asserts that the continuous nature of its process 

should not exclude T-407 from being defined as a storage tank. The department responds 

that the methanol is not kept in an unchanged condition and reserved for future use in 

T-407 because methanol continuously returns to T-407 as a waste product from the 

process and mixes with new methanol from T-101 to heat the new methanol in 

preparation for use in Ever Cat’s biodiesel-fuel production process. The mixed methanol 

exits T-407 at a constant rate into the rest of the production process. The department also 

contrasts the function of T-407 with that of T-101 (a tank that both parties agree stores 

methanol).

The ALJ determined that the fact that methanol does not go through a chemical 

reaction in T-407 does not result in the conclusion that it is stored there. The ALJ stated, 
8

“The methanol is moving through the tank at all times, and it is actively being heated and 

cooled (depending on whether it is coming from the distillation tower or from T-101) for 

the purpose of moving on to the next step in the process.” The continuous mixing and 

temperature manipulation of the methanol, the ALJ continued, changes the condition of 

the methanol that is already in use (as opposed to being reserved for future use). 

Ultimately, the ALJ determined that the methanol in T-407 is not stored as is 

contemplated by the storage-or-transfer exemption. The board adopted the ALJ’s 

reasoning. We agree.

Contrary to Ever Cat’s argument, there is no language in the storage-or-transfer 

exemption that dictates that flammable liquid that does not go through a chemical 

reaction in an atmospheric tank must be defined as stored in the tank. And a chemical 

reaction is not the only way for a flammable liquid to be changed. Methanol from T-101 

flows continuously into T-407 and combines with recycled liquid methanol that is 

constantly returning from the distillation tower. The recycled methanol changes the 

liquid methanol coming from T-101 by heating it in the course of the production process 

while the liquid methanol from T-101 cools the recycled liquid methanol. Further, the 

methanol is in use, as opposed to being reserved for future use, when it is mixed. 

Ever Cat contends in the alternative that, if T-407 does not store methanol, its 

function is to transfer methanol from T-101 to the rest of the production process, and, 

therefore, the exemption is applicable. It argues that the methanol is either stationary and 

stored in T-407 or moving and transferred through T-407. 
9

The ALJ found that “the natural and obvious meaning of ‘transfer’ in the PSM 

context is the movement of flammable liquid from one place to another that is distinct 

from any movement involved in the ‘use, storage, manufacturing [or] handling’ of the 

flammable liquid.” As noted, the ALJ found that because the methanol is constantly 

being mixed and heated or cooled in T-407, it is in use in the process and not just 

transferred to or from storage. The ALJ contrasted the methanol in T-407 with the 

methanol moving through the pipe between T-101 and T-407, finding that the methanol 

in that pipe is being transferred because it is only passing, unchanged, from one location 

to another. The ALJ concluded that Ever Cat’s interpretation of the exemption “to 

exclude all stationary and moving flammable liquids would completely vitiate the rule.”

We are persuaded that what happens to the methanol in T-407 goes beyond being 

transferred to or from storage. Two sources of methanol are combined and the 

temperature is altered. The methanol stored in T-101 is transferred to T-407. We 

conclude that the board did not err by determining that the methanol in T-407 does not 

qualify for the storage-or-transfer exemption.

II.

Ever Cat argues that the board’s decision must be reversed because it is not 

supported by substantial evidence. To determine if the board’s decision is supported by 

substantial evidence, we analyze “whether the agency has adequately explained how it 

derived its conclusion and whether that conclusion is reasonable on the basis of the 

record.” In re Application of Minn. Power for Auth. to Increase Rates for Elec. Serv. in 

Minn., 838 N.W.2d 747, 757 (Minn. 2013). The “relator must show that the evidence, 
10

considered in its entirety, and drawing inferences in favor of the decision, is not 

substantial, and, therefore, does not adequately support” the department’s decisions. Cup 

Foods, Inc. v. City of Minneapolis, 633 N.W.2d 557, 563 (Minn. App. 2001), review 

denied (Minn. Nov. 13, 2001). We uphold findings even if there is conflicting evidence 

or more than one inference to be drawn as long as there is evidence to support the 

decision. Id. at 562.

Ever Cat relies on selected testimony and isolated terminology from the crossexamination of two department employees to argue that the evidence does not support the 

board’s affirmance of the ALJ’s decision. The first employee, Douglas Poeschl, a senior 

engineer in the department, testified that no chemical reaction, mixing of chemicals, or 

blending of chemicals occurs in T-407. He also testified that liquid methanol is “held” in 

T-407. The second employee, Alden Hoffman, the industrial hygiene manager and 

member of MN OSHA’s management team, testified that no chemical change occurs in 

T-407 and that liquid methanol “resides” in the tank.

But the fact that a chemical reaction does not occur in T-407 does not mean that 

the liquid methanol is stored there. Ever Cat overemphasizes the witnesses’ use of the 

words “held” and “resides.” Reading the cross-examinations in totality, Poeschl refused

to agree that T-407 is used to “store” the liquid methanol. He consistently insisted on the 

opposite. Hoffman refused to concede that liquid methanol is “stored” in T-407 and 

reiterated that it is not stored based on the continuous flow of liquid methanol from T-101 

to T-407 and the process, among other things. Further, as the department points out, the 

board (through its adoption of the ALJ’s findings and reasoning) relied on the testimony 
11

of Ever Cat’s chief science officer that T-407 is used to continuously combine the 

warmer recycled liquid methanol with the cooler liquid methanol from T-101 to heat the 

new methanol and prepare it for the process used to create biodiesel fuel. We conclude 

that the board’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.

III.

Ever Cat contends that the board’s decision is arbitrary and capricious. “An 

agency decision is arbitrary and capricious if it is an exercise of the agency’s will, rather 

than its judgment, or if the decision is based on whim or is devoid of articulated reasons.” 

Cup Foods, 633 N.W.2d at 565. If there is room for multiple opinions, an agency’s 

choice between the opinions is not arbitrary and capricious. Id. Ever Cat argues that the 

decision is arbitrary or capricious because it is contrary to prior interpretations of the 

storage-and-transfer exemption by federal and Minnesota ALJs. See Sec’y of Labor v. 

Meer Corp., 1995-1997 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,310, 1997 WL 235621 (No. 95-0341, 1997)

(ALJ); Ken B. Peterson, Comm’r, State of Minn., Dep’t of Labor & Indus. v. Interplastic 

Corp., MDLI Docket No. 11-1901-21914-2, 2012 WL 6568328 (Mar. 2, 2012) (ALJ). 

In Meer, the federal Secretary of Labor issued a citation to Meer Corporation for 

failure to comply with the PSM requirements. Meer, 1997 WL 235621, at *1. Meer 

Corporation agreed that its process involved more than 10,000 pounds of flammable 

liquids, implicating the application of the PSM requirements under 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1910.119(a)(1)(ii). Id. But it argued that the storage-or-transfer exemption applied to 

enough flammable liquid in its process that it did not exceed the 10,000-pound threshold. 
12

Id. The secretary argued that the exemption did not apply because the storage tanks were 

connected to the process. Id.

The ALJ determined that the secretary failed to prove that the tanks were 

connected to the process. Id. at *6, *9. Although that finding disposed of the secretary’s 

argument, the ALJ also considered whether the storage-or-transfer exemption would have 

been unconstitutionally vague as applied to Meer (assuming that the secretary proved that 

the tanks were interconnected). Id. at *9-10. The ALJ stated that “the Secretary altered 

the exemption by adding such qualifying phrases as: ‘and not connected to a process or a 

process vessel,’ or ‘unless the atmospheric tank is connected to a process.’” Id. at *10. 

The alteration and addition of language by the secretary without actually modifying the 

regulation to properly inform companies compelled the ALJ to conclude that the 

exemption was unconstitutionally vague as applied to Meer. Id. at *11.

A week after the Meer decision was released, the director of OSHA’s compliance 

program issued a memorandum regarding “Coverage of Stored Flammables under the 

Process Safety Management Standard.” Interplastic, 2012 WL 6568328, at *7. The 

director stated in the memorandum:

Until the [exemption] is revised . . . OSHA will abide 

by the Meer decision, and will not cite 1910.119 under 

circumstances when coverage of the process would be based 

partly or solely on the quantity of flammable liquid in 

connected atmospheric storage tanks, that would otherwise 

qualify for the 1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B) exemption. 

Id. OSHA has not amended the storage-or-transfer exemption since 1997. Id. at *8.
13

In July 2000, MN OSHA amended its compliance instructions to specifically 

address the coverage of flammable liquids implicating the PSM requirements. Id. It 

made two more amendments to the instructions in 2005 and 2009. Id. Included in its

2000, 2005, and 2009 amendments are conditions for a flammable liquid to be considered 

“stored” in an atmospheric tank under the exemption. Id. at *8-9. The conditions require

that the tank not be connected to the process—language that is contrary to the 

memorandum from the director and the ALJ’s decision in Meer. Id. at *9. 

Following its compliance instructions, the department cited Interplastic

Corporation in 2010 based on the aggregate volume of flammable liquid stored in eight 

separate atmospheric storage tanks connected to the company’s process. Id. at *3. 

Interplastic challenged the citation. Id. at *5. It argued that the storage-or-transfer 

exemption is unconstitutionally vague and indefinite as applied to its facility and that MN 

OSHA engaged in unauthorized rulemaking when it amended the instructions pertaining 

to the storage-or-transfer exemption. Id. 

The ALJ agreed, finding the void-for-vagueness analysis from Meer compelling. 

Id. at *12. The ALJ reasoned that MN OSHA added qualifying language that specified 

“flammable liquids cannot be considered to be ‘stored’ in atmospheric tanks if the tank is 

‘connected to a process.’” Id. The qualifying language made the storage-or-transfer 

exemption unconstitutionally vague as applied to Interplastic. Id. at *12. And the ALJ 

concluded that MN OSHA engaged in unauthorized rulemaking by issuing the 

compliance instructions clarifying its position on “stored” flammable liquids. Id. at *14.
14

In contrast to Meer and Interplastic, the department here did not define the liquid 

methanol in T-407 as “stored” because it is connected to the process. It determined that 

the exemption does not apply to T-407 because of the constant mixing of hot recycled 

liquid methanol with unheated liquid methanol from T-101, which prepares the methanol 

for use in Ever Cat’s biodiesel-fuel production process. The department followed the 

Meer and Interplastic decisions by defining the liquid methanol in T-101 as “stored” for 

purposes of the exemption. It did not argue that the liquid methanol in T-101 is not 

stored because it is piped to T-407 and therefore part of the process. We conclude that 

the board’s decision is not arbitrary or capricious.

IV.

Ever Cat argues that the storage-or-transfer exemption is unconstitutionally vague 

as applied to T-407. The ALJ determined that Ever Cat waived any argument pertaining 

to whether the regulation is unconstitutional, and the board affirmed. On appeal, the 

department again contends that Ever Cat waived its void-for-vagueness challenge.

A party is bound by a stipulation of the issues before a decision-maker unless it is 

released from that stipulation. Atl. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Judd Co., 380 N.W.2d 122, 124 

(Minn. 1986) (citing Pampusch v. Nat’l Council of Knights & Ladies of Sec., 145 Minn. 

71, 72, 176 N.W. 158, 158 (1920) (“A stipulation made by a party in the trial of a cause, 

unless he is relieved from it, is binding upon him.”)). Ever Cat stipulated that whether 

T-407 meets the storage-or-transfer exemption was the “sole issue regarding liability.” 
15

We therefore conclude that Ever Cat has waived its void-for-vagueness challenge and do 

not address it.

Affirmed.