# Patent

## Title
Bypass device and method for a power line communications system

## Abstract

A passive bypass device for providing a data path around a power meter is provided. The device may be communicatively connected to two low voltage power line energized conductors on a first and a second side of a power meter. The energized power line conductors conduct both the data signals and the power. The bypass device includes a filter that causes the power to pass through the power meter while allowing the data signal to pass around the power meter thereby providing a substantially non-attenuated data signal path. The bypass device may include a first and second data path for the first and second energized conductors and with each path having a high pass filter and a fuse communicatively connected to its respective energized conductor on each side of the power meter.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/217,393 filed Sep. 2, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,307,510, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to data communications over a power distribution system and more particularly, to a passive bypass device for a power meter in a power line communications system and method of using the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Well-established power distribution systems exist throughout most of the United States, and other countries, which provide power to customers via power lines. With some modification, the infrastructure of the existing power distribution systems can be used to provide data communication in addition to power delivery, thereby forming a power line communication system (PLCS). In other words, existing power lines that already have been run to many homes and offices, can be used to carry data signals to and from the homes and offices. These data signals are communicated on and off the power lines at various points in the power line communication system, such as, for example, near homes, offices, Internet service providers, and the like.
Power line communication systems often communicate with user devices in the customer premises, which typically are coupled directly or indirectly to an internal low voltage (LV) power line network. This communication involves transmitting signals along the external LV power lines, through a power meter, and along the internal LV power lines into the user device. However, the power meter, which measures the power consumed by the customer premises and is connected to the LV power lines, sometimes attenuate the data signals.
Thus, while power meters conduct the low frequency (e.g., the 50 or 60 Hz) power signals some attenuate the high frequency signals (e.g., frequencies typically used for data communication) and therefore degrade performance of the PLCS and may even prevent PLCS communications. As such, power line communication systems face the challenge of overcoming the attenuation of the data signals caused by the power meters.
Thus, there is a need for a power line communications system having an economical bypass device to enable the communication of data signals without substantial attenuation, thereby providing economical communications over the power distribution system and reliable communications. These and other advantages may be provided by various embodiments of the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a passive bypass device communicatively connected to two low voltage power line energized conductors on a first and a second side of a power meter. The energized power line conductors conduct both the data signals and the power. The bypass device, however, includes a filter that causes the power to pass through the power meter while allowing the data signal to pass around the power meter thereby providing a substantially non-attenuated data signal path. The bypass device may include a first and second data path for the first and second energized conductors and with each path having a high pass filter and a fuse communicatively connected to its respective energized conductor on each side of the power meter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is further described in the detailed description that follows, by reference to the noted drawings by way of non-limiting illustrative embodiments of the invention, in which like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the drawings. As should be understood, however, the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary power distribution system with which the present invention may be employed;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a portion of a conventional power line communications system;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example embodiment of a power meter bypass device according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a power meter bypass device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram an example embodiment of a power meter bypass device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular networks, communication systems, computers, terminals, devices, components, techniques, data and network protocols, software products and systems, operating systems, development interfaces, hardware, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.
However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. Detailed descriptions of well-known networks, communication systems, computers, PLCS, terminals, devices, components, techniques, data and network protocols, software products and systems, operating systems, development interfaces, and hardware are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, power distribution systems typically include components for power generation, power transmission, and power delivery. A transmission substation typically is used to increase the voltage from the power generation source to high voltage (HV) levels for long distance transmission on HV transmission lines to a substation. Typical voltages found on HV transmission lines range from 69 kilovolts (kV) to in excess of 800 kV.
In addition to HV transmission lines, power distribution systems include MV power lines and LV power lines. As discussed, MV typically ranges from about 1000 V to about 100 kV and LV typically ranges from about 100 V to about 800 V. Transformers are used to convert between the respective voltage portions, e.g., between the HV section and the MV section and between the MV section and the LV section. Transformers have a primary side for connection to a first voltage (e.g., the MV section) and a secondary side for outputting another (usually lower) voltage (e.g., the LV section). Such transformers are often referred to as distribution transformers or a step down transformers, because they “step down” the voltage to some lower voltage. Transformers, therefore, provide voltage conversion for the power distribution system. Thus, power is carried from substation transformer to a distribution transformer over one or more MV power lines. Power is carried from the distribution transformer to the customer premises via one or more LV power lines.
In addition, a distribution transformer may function to distribute one, two, three, or more phase voltages to the customer premises, depending upon the demands of the user. In the United States, for example, these local distribution transformers typically feed anywhere from one to ten homes, depending upon the concentration of the customer premises in a particular area. Distribution transformers may be pole-top transformers located on a utility pole, pad-mounted transformers located on the ground, or transformers located under ground level.
One example of a portion of a conventional PLCS is shown in FIG. 2. In this example, two bypass devices (BD) 100a and 100b are used to communicate data signals around the distribution transformers that would otherwise filter such data signals, preventing them from passing through the transformer or significantly degrading them. Thus, the BD 100 is the gateway between the LV power line subnet (i.e., the LV power line connected to the distribution transformer and the devices that are communicatively coupled to the LV power lines) and the MV power line and communicates signals to and from user devices at the customer premises (CP) via the low voltage subnet 61.
In this embodiment, the BD 100 provides communication services for the user, which may include security management, routing of Internet Protocol (IP) packets, filtering data, access control, service level monitoring, signal processing and modulation/demodulation of signals transmitted over the power lines.
This example portion of a PLCS also includes a backhaul point 10. The backhaul point 10 is an interface and gateway between a portion of a PLCS (e.g., an MV run) and a traditional non-power line telecommunications network. One or more backhaul points (BP) 10 may be communicatively coupled to an aggregation point (AP) 20 that in many embodiments may be at (e.g., co-located with), or connected to, the point of presence to the Internet. The BP 10 may be connected to the AP 20 using any available mechanism, including fiber optic conductors, T-carrier, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), or wireless techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, the BP 10 may include a transceiver suited for communicating through the communication medium that comprises the backhaul link.
The PLCS also may include a power line server (PLS) that is a computer system with memory for storing a database of information about the PLCS and includes a network element manager (NEM) that monitors and controls the PLCS. The PLS allows network operations personnel to provision users and network equipment, manage customer data, and monitor system status, performance and usage. The PLS may reside at a remote network operations center (NOC), and/or at a PLCS Point of Presence (POP), to oversee a group of communication devices via the Internet. The PLS may provide an Internet identity to the network devices by assigning the devices (e.g., user devices, BDs 100, (e.g., the LV modems and MV modems of BDs), BPs 10, and AP 20) IP addresses and storing the IP addresses and other device identifying information (e.g., the device's location, address, serial number, etc.) in its memory. In addition, the PLS may approve or deny user devices authorization requests, command status reports, statistics and measurements from the BDs, and BPs, and provide application software upgrades to the communication devices (e.g., BDs, BPs, and other devices). The PLS, by collecting electric power distribution information and interfacing with utilities' back-end computer systems may provide enhanced power distribution services such as automated meter reading, outage detection, restoration detection, load balancing, distribution automation, Volt/Volt-Amp Reactance (Volt/VAr) management, and other similar functions. The PLS also may be connected to one or more APs and/or core routers directly or through the Internet and therefore can communicate with any of the BDs, user devices, and BPs through the respective AP and/or core router.
The PLCS may further include indoor low voltage repeaters and outdoor low voltage repeaters. Indoor low voltage repeaters may be plugged into a wall socket inside the customer premises. Outdoor low voltage repeaters may be coupled to the external low voltage power line conductors extending from the transformer and therefore, be located between the customer premises and the BD 100. Both the indoor low voltage repeaters and outdoor low voltage repeaters repeat data on the low voltage power line to extend the communication range of the BD 100 and power line modem.
At the user end of the PLCS of this example system, data flow originates from a user device, which provides the data to a power line modem (PLM) 50, which is well-known in the art.
The user device connected to the PLM 50 may be any device capable of supplying data for transmission (or for receiving such data) including, but not limited to a computer, a telephone, a telephone answering machine, a fax, a digital cable box (e.g., for processing digital audio and video, which may then be supplied to a conventional television and for transmitting requests for video programming), a video game, a stereo, a videophone, a television (which may be a digital television), a video recording device (which may be a digital video recorder), a home network device, a utility meter, or other device. The PLM 50 transmits the data received from the user device through the LV power lines to a BD 100 and provides data received from the LV power line to the user device. The PLM 50 may also be integrated with the user device, which may be a computer. In addition, the functions of the PLM may be integrated into a smart utility meter such as a gas meter, electric meter, water meter, or other utility meter to thereby provide automated meter reading (AMR).
The BD 100 typically receives data from the user devices coupled to its LV power line subnet and then transmits the data to (and receives the data from) the backhaul point 10, which, in turn, transmits the data to (and receives the data from) the AP 20. The AP 20 then transmits the data to (and receives the data from) the appropriate destination (perhaps via a core router), which may be a network destination (such as an Internet address) in which case the packets are transmitted to, and pass through, numerous routers (herein routers are meant to include both network routers and switches) in order to arrive at the desired destination. A detailed description of an example PLCS, its components and features is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/091,677 filed Mar. 28, 1405, entitled “Power Line Repeater System and Method,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A detailed description of another example PLCS, its components and features is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/973,493 filed Oct. 26, 1184, entitled “Power Line Communications System and Method of Operating the Same,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention may be used with networks as described in the above patent applications or others. Thus, the invention is not limited to a particular PLCS, PLCS architecture, or topology.
Referring to FIG. 2, this conventional PLCS includes a BD 100 at each distribution transformers 60a and 60b to service the user devices coupled to the respective LV power line subnet. Thus, BD 100a is coupled to backhaul point 10 via the MV power line and also coupled to LV power line subnet 61a to provide communications to the user devices coupled thereto. In this example, LV power line subnet 61a includes the LV power lines coupled to distribution transformer 60a, which may be connected to between one and ten (and sometimes more) customer premises CP. One or more of the customer premises may include one or more power line modems 50 and associated user devices that are connected to the internal power lines such as, for example, at CP 119a and 119b. 
Similarly, BD 100b is coupled to backhaul point 10 via the MV power line and also coupled to LV power line subnet 61b to provide communications to the user devices coupled thereto. In this example, LV power line subnet 61b includes the LV power lines coupled to distribution transformer 60b. One or more of the customer premises receiving power via LV power line subnet 61b may include one or more PLMs 50 and the associated user devices connected thereto such as, for example, at CP 119c, 119d, and 119e. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, the bypass device 100, or LV repeater (not shown) typically communicates via the external low voltage power lines 62, the power meter 300, and internal power lines to the user device. In some instances, the power meter may attenuate the data signals.
An example implementation of an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. In this example embodiment, a meter bypass device 200 is provided and is communicatively coupled to the LV power line on each side of the power meter 300.
In this example embodiment, meter bypass device 200 is coupled to the LV power line on each side of the power meter 300 to allow the data signals to pass around the meter, which would otherwise attenuate them. The device 200 may include a fuse and high pass filter to conduct the data signal around the power meter 300 and pass it substantially un-attenuated along the LV power line while filtering the power so that the power is conducted through the power meter 300 to ensure accurate measurement of the power usage of the customer premises 40.
Often LV power lines include more than one energized power line conductor. FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a LV power line with a meter bypass device 200 for conducting data signals around a power meter 300 along the LV power line, the LV power line including a first energized conductor L1, a second energized conductor L2, and a neutral conductor, N. As shown in FIG. 4, the bypass device 200 line includes two data paths—a first data path from the first energized conductor L1, along a conductor to, through fuse 205a, through high pass filter 210a, along another conductor to the first energized conductor L1 on the other side of the meter. A second data path is formed from the second energized conductor L2, along a conductor, through fuse 205b, through high pass filter 210b, along another conductor to the second energized conductor L2 on the other side of the power meter 300. The high pass filter 210(a,b) may comprise a band pass filter or any other filter that permits passage of the carrier frequencies used to communicate the data signals while also preventing (attenuating) the power signals from being conducted along the data path. In one embodiment as shown in FIG. 5, the high pass filter 210(a,b) may comprise a capacitor 215 (a,b) selected to permit the flow of data signals, but that also prevents the power signals from be conducted around the power meter 300. The fuses 205a and 205b are included to disconnect the data paths in the event that the current through the respective data path is greater than expected for the data signals, which could happen should the high pass filters 210a or 210b fault closed (creating a short). An alternative embodiment can include an inductor coupled to each data path (e.g., in series with the high pass filter 210(a,b) and fuse 205(a,b)). Finally, in an alternate embodiment, a third data path may be provided coupled to the neutral conductor on each side of the power meter 30 and including the same or similar components as the data paths described above. In this embodiment, the data paths are configured for bi-directional communications to allow signals to bypass the power meter 300 when transmitted to or from the user device. It is worth noting that some of the energy may still traverse through the power meter even though the meter bypass device provides an alternate path. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the total energy conducted past the meter (via the meter bypass device and through the meter) will be greater than if no meter bypass device was provided. Finally, the example embodiments described herein are passive meter bypass devices (i.e., do not require a power source) thereby permitting them to be economical and to function even when there is no power being provided via the power distribution system, which allows the device to conduct 911 and other high priority data traffic.
Finally, the type of data signals communicated via the MV and LV power lines be any suitable type of data signal. The type of signal modulation used can be any suitable signal modulation used in communications (Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM), and the like). OFDM may be used for one or both of the LV and MV power lines, including HomePlug 1.0 or AV data signals. A modulation scheme producing a wideband signal such as CDMA or OFDM that is relatively flat in the spectral domain may be used to reduce radiated interference to other systems while still delivering high data communication rates. Thus, the example meter bypass devices described above may be used with frequency division multiplexed communication systems or time division multiplexed communication systems. In an alternate example embodiment most suitable for a frequency division multiplexed communications system, the filter of each data path may include a first high band pass for communications to the user device from the transformer bypass device and a second high band pass filter for filtering communications transmitted from the user device (which may use a different frequency band). The two filters of each data path may be in parallel with each other.
In addition, instead of using OFDM signals on the MV power line or LV power line, an alternate embodiment of a PLCS system may use ultra wideband signals to provide communications over the MV and/or LV power lines.
It is to be understood that the foregoing illustrative embodiments have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the invention. Words used herein are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. In addition, the advantages and objectives described herein may not be realized by each and every embodiment practicing the present invention. Further, although the invention has been described herein with reference to particular structure, materials and/or embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein. Rather, the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, may affect numerous modifications thereto and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

## Claims

1. A device for communicating data signals around an attenuating apparatus attached to a power line that attenuates high frequency data signals, comprising:
a first conductor configured to be electrically connected to the power line on a first side of the attenuating apparatus and a second conductor configured to be connected to a conductor on a second side of the attenuating apparatus;
a first high pass filter;
wherein said first conductor, said second conductor, and said high pass filter are in series with each other and collectively form a first data path; and
wherein said first data path permits the data signals to passively bypass the attenuating apparatus while inhibiting the flow of power around the attenuating apparatus.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first data path further comprises a first fuse communicatively coupled to said first high pass filter.

3. The device according to claim 2, wherein said first data path further comprises a first inductor communicatively coupled to said first high pass filter.

4. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first high pass filter comprises a capacitor.

5. The device according to claim 4, wherein said first data path further comprises a fuse in series with said capacitor.

6. The device according to claim 1, wherein the device is configured to conduct signals transmitted from a low voltage repeater coupled to a low voltage power line.

7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the low voltage repeater comprises an outdoor low voltage repeater.

8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the attenuating apparatus comprises a power meter.

9. A method for communicating data signals around an attenuating apparatus attached to a low voltage power line that carries a power signal, comprising:
coupling a passive bypass device to each side of the attenuating apparatus;
conducting the data signals over the low voltage power line;
filtering the power signal with the passive bypass device; and
conducting the data signals around the apparatus with the passive bypass device.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said filtering employs a high pass filter.

11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising conducting the data signals through a fuse of the bypass device.

12. The method according to claim 9, wherein said filtering employs a capacitor.

13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the data signals are transmitted from a power line communications device coupled to the low voltage power line.

14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the attenuating apparatus comprises a power meter.

15. A device for communicating data signals around an attenuating apparatus attached to a low voltage power line, comprising:
a passive data path comprising a first high pass filter configured to be communicatively coupled to an energized conductor of the low voltage power line on a first side of the attenuating apparatus and to a conductor on a second side of the attenuating apparatus;
said first high pass filter configured to conduct data signals while substantially preventing the flow of power around the attenuating apparatus; and
wherein said first high pass filter comprises an in series capacitor.

16. The device according to claim 15, wherein said first data path further comprises a first fuse in series with said capacitor.

17. The device according to claim 15, wherein the passive data path is configured to conduct signals transmitted from a power line communications device coupled to a medium voltage power line to a user device in a customer premises.

18. The device according to claim 15, wherein the passive data path is configured to conduct signals transmitted from a power line communications device coupled to a low voltage power line.

19. The device according to claim 15, wherein the attenuating apparatus comprises a power meter.

20. The device according to claim 15, wherein the device is configured to conduct signals transmitted from a low voltage repeater coupled to the low voltage power line.