# Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit

**– Capsicum annuum**  **L.,**

**Capsicum baccatum L.,**  **Capsicum chinense Jacq.,**  **Capsicum frutescens**  **L., and Capsicum pubescens**  **Ruiz & Pav.**

**– from**  **Peru into the C**  **ontinental United States**  **and T**  **erritories**

**A Pathway**

**- Initiated Risk Assessment** 

**June 26, 2012**
**Version 3** 

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 2760Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 ii 

## Executive Summary The Republic of Peru requested authorization to export fresh pepper fruit ( Capsicum spp. ) into the continental United States and its territories

. We assessed the pest risk for C

. annuum , C

. baccatum , C

. chinense, C

. frutescens , and C. pubescens , due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status. We prepared a pest risk assessment based on documentation submitted by

the Peruvian national plant protection organization , USDA data on intercepted pests at ports

- of

- entry, sc ientific literature, and other information

. We identified and anal yz ed seven quarantine pests that are likel y to follow the pathway on fresh peppers from Peru as follows : **Type Pest**  **Taxonomy Pest risk**  **potential** Arthropods Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Crambi dae Medium Fungi Puccinia pampeana Speg. Urediniomycetes: Uredinales High
We rated three pests with High pest risk potentials, and rated N. elegantalis Medium

. Specific phy tosanitary measures beyond port

- of

- entry inspection are strongl y recommended for pests with High pest risk potential , and may be necessary

for pests with Medium pest risk potentials. In previous versions we also analyzed Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2). Recentl y, however, a pest specific risk analysis concluded that this pathogen is highl y unlikely to establish in the United States via the pathway of fruits or vegetables for consumption. Therefore, the pathog en is not a candidate for further mitigation, and we did not analyz e it further in this version of the assessment. Peru proposes to treat the commodity under standard minimal post

- harvest processing measures that may reduce the risk of presence of Neoleuc inodes elegantalis on the product, but we believe the measures would have no effect on other pests. D etailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 iii 

## Table of Contents
**Executive Summary**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **ii 1. Introduction** 
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **1** 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1 1.2. Commodity

information

................................ ................................ ................................ . 2 1.3. Production in Peru

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 2 1.4. Standard Post

- harvest Processing

................................ ................................ .................. 3 **2. Risk Assessment**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ........................**  **3** 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ .................. 3 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Capsicum annuum

................................ .................... 4 2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History , and Pest Interceptions 5 2.4 . Pest Categorization

- Id entification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Peru

......................... 6 2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests

................................ ................................ ....................... 28 2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ ............. 36 **3. Authors and Reviewers**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...........**  **36 4. Literature Cited** 
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **36 5. Appendices** 
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **49** Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 1 984 to 2011.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 49 Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru 83Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 1 

## 1 **. Introduction**
**1.1. Background**  This document was prepared b y the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced pepper fruit , Capsicum spp. , without leaves or stems , from Peru into the continental United States and territories.
We considered the risk associated with C

. annuum , C

. frutescens , C

. baccatum , and C

. chinense due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status (Walsh and Hoot, 2001 ) and because wild populations of C

. annuum may interbreed with C

. frutescens and C

. chinense (Eshbaugh, 1993 ) . Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of common name usage among all domesticated Ca

psicum species ( Bosland, 1996 ) , we also included the cultivated species ( C

. pubescens ). This pest risk assessment is called pathway

- initiated because pepper fruit imported from Peru into the United States may serve as a pathway

for the introduction of new plant pests

. This risk assessment is qualitative and risk is expressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria used to anal yz e these pests are detailed in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, V ersion 5

. 02 (PPQ, 2000 ). The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Anal ys is of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms ( IPPC, 2009 : ISPM #11 ). The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms ( IP PC, 2009 : I SPM #5 ). Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation ; Stage 2, Risk Assessment ; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2. This is a qualitative risk anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing peppers from Peru. For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: More likely not to occur than to occur The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 2 **1.2. Commodity information**
1.2.1. Taxonomy The genus Capsicum is in the Solanaceae family, which consists of approximately 22 wild species and five domesticated species: C

. annuum , C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , and C

. pubescens . Chi li pepper fruits are botanically considered berries ( Bosland, 1996 ) . Despite their many trait differences (Fig. 1) , most commercially cultivated chil i pepper cultivars in the world belong to the se species (Bosland, 1996 ).
1.2.2. Origin and Distribution The genus Capsicum is endemic to the western hemisphere , and the pre - Columbian distribution extended from the southernmost border of the United States to the temperate zone of southern South America ( Bosland, 1996 ). Mexico is believed to be the center of origin of C

. annuum ( CABI, 2010 ). Capsicum annuum is a perennial small shrub in suitable climatic conditions, living for a decade or more in tropical South and Central America. In the genus Capsicum , C.
annuum is the best

- known domesticated species and the most economically important ( Bosland, 1996 ; Eshbaugh, 1993 ). C apsicum annuum is now cultivated all over the world . The non

pungent or sweet form s , bell pepper and “pimiento , ” are widel y used and grown throughout much of the globe. The hot , spicy forms of this species have come to dominate spicy foods in Latin America and the rest of the world (Eshbaugh, 1993 ). 1.2.3. Cultivar ty

pes Pepper is a warm

- season crop and is sensitive to cold weather (University of California, 2007 ). There are two types of peppers: the large

- fruited, mild

- flavored bell types, preferred b y most gardeners; and the hot varieties, which may be used green (University of California, 2007 ). The mild peppers include b ell, b anana, p imiento , and s weet cherry, while the hot peppers include c ayenne, c elestial, l arge cherry, s errano, tabasco, and j alapeno (University of California, 2007 ). The sweet bell pepper is the most popular ty pe; if allowed to ripen, the fruit turns red, orange , cream, yellow, or purple depending on cultivar, and remains sweet. Bell peppers, measuring 7. 6 cm (3 in) wide b y 10

. 1 cm (4 in) long , usuall y have 3 to 4 lobes and a blocky appearance. Mild peppers are harvested when they are green or red

- ripe. When allowed to mature on the plant, most varieties turn red and sweeter and increase in vitamin A and C content (University of California, 2007 ). Fruits are large, thick

- walled , and nonpungent. Skin is smooth, but fruits are lobed and depressed at both stem and styler ends. Shape varies from conic al to near rectangular (Magness et al., 1971 ).
**1.3. Production in**  **Peru** The main growing areas of pepper in Peru are located in Lambayeque, Piura, Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua , and Tacna regions ( SENASA, 2009 ). The production area has a wide range of climatic conditions from 0 to 3 , 750 meters (0

- 12,300 feet) above sea level, with temperatures ranging from 5°C (41°F) to 33°C (91

. 4°F) ( SENASA, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 3 **1.4. Standard Post** 

**- harvest Processing**  We assumed that the commodity would undergo the following minimal standard post

- harvest processing described b y the government of Peru: culling, cle aning, waxing , and cooling ( SENASA, 2009 ).

**Figure 1.** Capsicum spp. production areas in Peru ( SENASA, 2009 )

.



## 2 **. Risk Assessment** 
**2.1**
**. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  We completed this commodity

-base d, pathway

- initiated assessment in response to a request made b y the Peruvi an Plant Health Division (SENASA) (Barrenechea, 2009 ) to the USDA toPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 4 authorize the importation of fresh pepper fruit ( Capsicum spp.) grown in Peru into the United States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR § 319, 2011

. Currently, the entry of pepper from Peru into the United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §319.56, and the government of Peru seeks a chan ge in this Federal regulation to allow importation.
**2.2**
**. Assessment of Weed Potential of**  **Capsicum annuum** If the species considered for importation poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest

- initiated” risk assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for peppers (Table 1) did not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessment.

**Table 1** 
**.** Assessm ent of the weed p otential of Capsicum or p epper species (Solanaceae)

. Scientific names, sy

nonyms, and c ommon names (NGRP, 2008 ; NRCS, 2008 ) : Capsicum annuum L. (Syn.: C. cordiforme Mill) : b ell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines C. baccatum L.: aji; yellow aji ; aji limon ; aji mono ; aji norteno ; locoto C. chinense Jacq. : b onnet pepper; datil pepper; h abanero pepper; p iripiri pepper; squash pepper; yellow squash pepper; rocotillo C. frutescens L. (Sy

n.: C. fastigiatum Blume; C. annuum L. var. frutescens (L .) Kuntze; C. minimum ) : b ird pepper; c ayenne pepper; chili pepper; tabasco pepper; a ji; chile C. pubescens Ruiz. & Pav. (Sy n.: Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; C. guatemalense Bitter; C. lanceaefolium (Miers) Kuntze; C. violaceum Kunth.) : a pple chile; rocoto; l acoto; chile caballo **Phase 1:** Distribution in the United States C apsicum annuum is widely cultivated throughout the world and the United States ( CABI, 2010 ; NRCS, 2008 ). C. baccatum is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993 ), but is not grown commerciall y in the United States. It is likel y planted in private gardens. C. chinense is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia , and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and Votava, 2000 ; NGRP, 2008 ). It is grown in private gardens in the United States. C. frutescens i s distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008 ). C. pubescens is native to South America ( Bosland and Votava, 2000 ). It is probably grown in private gardens in the United States. **Phase 2:** Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as a weed C. annuum C. baccatum ,

C. frutescens C. chinense ,

C. pubescens References

No No No Gunn and Ritchie, 1988 ; Holm et al., 1977 ; Holm et al., 1997 ; IS SG, 2008 ; Reed, 1977 ; Skinner et al., 2008 ; USDA

- APHIS, 2006 ; Weber, 2003 ; WSSA, 2007 Yes Yes No Holm et al., 1979 ; Randall, 2002 Yes No No Swearingen, 2008Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 5 **Phase 3:** Summary

and Conclusions: Although C. annuum , C. baccatum , and C. frutescens , have been listed as weed s and a s naturalized species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979 ; Randall, 2002 ; Swearingen, 2008 ), they

do not appear to be particularly inv asive in either natural or agricultural systems (Koop, 2004a, 2004c, 2005 ). W e found no evidence in the literature of invasive behavior by C. chinense and C. pubescens , and they are not likel y to become problematic species in the United States (Koop, 2004b, 2004d). Thus, we recommend that fruit of C.
annuum , C. frutescens , C. baccatum , C. pubescens , and C. chinense be considered for importation following an appropriate pest risk assessment. **Conclusion:** Proceed with the pest risk assessment.

**2.3**
**. Previous Risk Assessments,**  **Current Status, Decision History ,**  **and Pest Interceptions**
2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments APHI S has previously completed the following pest risk assessments for peppers in Latin America : 2009 Importation of Fresh Pepper

– Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq, Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.

– Fruit with Stems from Central America into the United States 2004 Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems ( Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. baccatum L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., and C. chinense Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States 1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum , from Chile into the continental United States.
2.3.2. Current Status Currently peppers are authorized to enter the United States from the following countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia (from Tasmania), Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Canada, Cay man Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana (under T105

- a- 2 Irradiation treatment), Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyan a, Haiti, Honduras, Is rael, Jamaica (under T104

- a- 2 treatment), Japan, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Poland, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevi s, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, South Korea, Spain, and Trinidad and Tobago (APHI S, 2010 ).
2.3.3. Decision History The decision history

for the importation of peppers ( Capsicum annuum and Capsicum spp. ) ( CPHST, 2009 ) is listed in Table 2.
2.3.4. Pest Interceptions During 1984

- 2011, 1166 different pests were intercepted on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 155 different countries [ See Appendix A, Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 1984 to 2011 (PestID, 2011 )]. Intercepted pests identified at the famil y level or higher (PestID, 2011 ), were not included in the pest list (Table 3), because the genera of the intercepted organisms could not be determined. ThePest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 6 pest list includes interceptions at the genus level (e.g., Pagiocerus sp.) onl y if they were from Peru.

**Table 2.** Decision history for importation of peppers into the United States

. **Year Country**  **Comment** 1969 Peru Deny entry due to Ceratitis capitata

. 1971 Venezuela Deny entry due to entomology findings (Med f

ly) and absence of approved treatment facilities. 1971 Nicaragua Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1971 Costa Rica Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1973 Surinam Entry approved to N orth Atlantic ports 1982 Ecuador Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1983 Chile Deny entry du e to lack of acceptable treatment for Rhagoletis ochraspis

. 1984 Panama Deny entry due to lack of C. capitata

. 1984 Honduras Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1988 Guatemala Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata

. 1988 Colombia Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata. Complete assessment not done. 1992 Belize Entry approved. Fruit only, from Medfl y- free district. 1992 Cook I sland Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for Bactrocera spp. 1993 Uruguay Permit entry with acceptable treatment for C. capitata , Anastrepha obliqu a, and R h agoletis ferruginea

. 1995 Senegal Deny entry due to lack of pest data and quarantine treatment.

**2.4**
**. Pest Categorization** 

**- Identification of Pests of**  **Capsicum spp.**  **in Peru** 
Below we list the pests associated with pepper ( C

. annuum ) and related species ( C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , C

. pubescens , and C apsicum sp.) in any country that also occur in Peru on any host (Table 3)

. In th at list we specif y the scientific name, reference(s) that report the pest on C

. annuum , C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens , C

. pubescens , or C apsicum sp. , the reported distribution of the pest with respect to Peru and the United States, the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, and if the pest is likely to follow the pathway of commerciall y exported pepper fruit without leaves or stems from Peru to the Unite d States

. Each pest listed includes the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. Shaded rows indicate quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway with the commodity

that are subject to further analysis.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 7 We do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phy

tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the United States. Therefore, for non

- quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).

**Table 3.** Pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru

. **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway ARTHROPODS**  **ACARI Tarsonemidae**  Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks C

. annuum , C. frutescens ,

(CABI, 2010); C

. annuum ( Ochoa et al., 1994 ); C

. frutescens (Vázquez et al., 2005 ) PE (CABI, 2010; 

### SENASA, 2009 ); US (CABI, 2010 ) No N/A N/A

**Tetranychida e**  Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE ; US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre C. annuum ( Bolland et al. ,

1998 ) PE , US ( Bolland et al. , 1998 ) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch C

. annuum ( Bolland et al.,

1998 ; CABI, 2010; Ochoa et al., 1994 ; Prado, 1991 ) PE ( Bolland et al. , 1998 ); US ( Bolland et al. , 1998 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**INSECTA Coleoptera: Anobiidae**  Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius C. annuum ( CABI, 2010;

PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Bostrichidae** Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) C. frutescens (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

1 Geographic Distribution: PE = Peru, US = United States , AZ: Arizona, CA: California, CO: Colorado, FL: Florida, HI: Hawaii, IL: Illinois, LA: Louisiana, NY: Ne w York, TX: Texas. 2 P lant parts: B = Branch , F = Fruit, I = Flower/Inflorescence, L = Leaf, P = Peduncle , R = Root , S = Stem, S d = Seed , Sdlg = Seedling , Sh = ShootPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 8 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway Coleo**  **ptera: Chrysomelidae** Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) Yes L ( MAG, 1986b ) No **Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Anthonomus sp. C. annuum ( CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 201 1 ) Yes F ( CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

**Coleoptera: Silvanidae** Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) C

. annuum ; C

. frutescens

( PestID , 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae** Anomala sp. C. annuum ( PestID , 2011 ) PE ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes F ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes **Coleoptera: Tenebr ionidae**  Tribolium castaneum Herbst C

. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tribolium sp. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010) ; Capsicum sp. ( PestID , 2011 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F ( CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

**Diptera: Agromyzidae** Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, ND

-b ; Prado, 1991 ; Steck, 1999 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, ND

-b ; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; (CA, HI) CABI, 2010 ) [ Yes ] 3 L ( Kharizanova and Pavlov, 2007 ) No

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007 ) [PE] 4 (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Liriomyza trifolii Burges s in Comstock C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Chaney et al. , 2003 ; EPPO, 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al. , 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Cecidomyiidae** Prodiplosis longifila Gagné Capsicum sp. ( 

### SENASA,

2009 ; Valarezo et al., 2003 ) PE ( 

### SENASA, 2009 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (FL) ( Peña et al., 1989 ) [ Yes ] 3 F, L (Valarezo et al., 2003 ) No 5

3 Quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States. 4 This insect has limited distribution in Peru. 5 This insect is an external feeder that attacks young fruits , and necroses and deforms the fruit surface, making it unmarketable . Ripe fruits showing damage by this pest will likely be culled and not selected for export (Valarezo et al. , 2003 ). Consequently, this pest is highly unlikely to fo llow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 9 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway Diptera: Lonchaeidae**  Neosilba batesi (Curran) Capsicum sp
. ( SENASA,

2009 ) PE ( SENASA, 2009 ) Yes F ( SENASA, 2009 

### ) No 6
Neosilba pendula Bezzi Syn. Silba pendula (Bez.) C. annuum ( Prado, 1991 ) PE ( Maes and Norrbom, 2011 ; SENASA, 2004 ) Yes F ( SENASA, 2004 ) No 6

**Diptera: Muscidae** Atherigona orientalis Schiner C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

**Diptera: Tephritidae** Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann C. annuum ( Castañeda et

al., 2010 ; MAG, 1986a ; RFDS, 1994 ); C. frutescens ( MAG, 1986a ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, ND

- a) Yes F ( Castañeda et al., 2010 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) Yes

Anastrepha sp. Capsicum sp. (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

PestID, 2011 ; Prado, 1991 ; Thomas et al., 2001 ); C. baccatum ( Thomas et al., 2001 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010; Thomas et al., 2001 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2009 ) Yes F (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ; Thomas et al., 2001 ) Yes

**Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurodicus dispersus Russell C. annuum , Capsicum sp.

( PestID, 2011 ); C. frutescens ( EcoPort, 2008 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EcoPort, 2008 ; EPPO, 2007 ); US [(FL, HI) CABI, 2010 ; EcoPort, 2008 ; EPPO, 2007 ; 

### (NI S, 2008 ] [ Yes ] 3 L (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) No

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Prado, 1991 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

6 Neosilba species are highly unlikely to follow the pathway because they are secondary pests that attack hosts previously damaged by other pests, particularly fruit flies and lepidopterans ( Kory tkowki and Ojeda, 1971 ; McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Damaged fruits are likely to be culled under standard post

-harvest procedures.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 10 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway Hemiptera:**  **Aphididae** Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris Capsicum sp. ( Sánchez et

al., 2000 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover C

. annuum , C. frutescens (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010 ; Jensen et al., 1999 ) [ Yes ] 3 L (CABI, 2010) No

Aphis spiraecola Patch C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas C

. annuum ( Delfino, 2005 ;

PestID, 2011 ; Prado, 1991 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer C

. annuum (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; Delfino, 2005 ; Prado, 1991 ); C

. frutescens ( Delfino, 2005 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010, Chaney et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Capsicum sp. ( Cerkauskas,

2004 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Capsicum sp. ( Cerkauskas,

2004 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, ND

- e ; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2 000 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae** Russellaspis pustulans pustulans (Cockerell) C. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2 011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus C. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 11 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI , 2010) No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) C

. frutescens (Araya, 2000 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Aspidiotus destructor Signoret C

. annuum , C. frutescens

( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) C

. frutescens ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) C

. annuum , C. frutescens

( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; Watson, 2005 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; Watson, 2005 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 12 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) MacGillivray C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); U S (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri (Comstock) Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Ortheziidae** Insignorthezia insignis (Browne) Syn. Orthezia insignis Browne Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al. , 2011 ; CABI, 2010) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2 011 ; CABI, 2010) US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Insignorthezia pseudinsignis (Morrison) Syn. Orthezia pseudinsignis Morrison Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ; Rung et al., 2007 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (LA, TX) ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Praelongorthezia praelonga Gouglas Syn. Orthezia praelonga Douglas Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) Yes L ( Culik et al., 2007 ; PestID , 2011 ) No

**Hemiptera: Pse udococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Ferrisia virgata Cockerell C

. annuum ( PestID , 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Geococcus coffeae Green C. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (CA, FL) ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; 

### NI S, 2008 ) [ Yes ] 3 R ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 13 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Phenacoccus madeirensis Green C. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solani Ferris C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov,

2005 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov, 2005 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) Capsicum sp. ( Suresh and

Mohanasundaram, 1996 ); C

. annuum , C. frutescens ( PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti C

. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni Signoret C

. annuum ( PestID , 2011 ) PE; US ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) No N/A N/A **Lepidoptera: Crambidae** Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) C

. annuum ( PestID, 2011 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2011 ) PE (Anteparra et al., 2010 ) Yes F ( Marcano, 1991a ; PestID, 2011 ); L ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Neoleucinodes sp. Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2011 ) PE ( PestID , 2011 ) Yes F ( PestID , 2011 ) Yes **Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) C

. annuum ( 

### CABI , 2010 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; PestID, 2011 ; SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Symmetrischema capsicivorum Po volny C. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ) PE ( Robinson et al., 2007 ; Vargas and Meza, 2002 ) Yes L, R (Vargas and Meza, 2002 ) No

Symmetrischema capsicum (Bradley & Povolny) C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE ( PestID, 2011 ; SENASA, 2009 ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 14 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Symmetrischema tangolias Gyen C. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ; Prado, 1991 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Palacios and Cisneros, ND ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Syn. : Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010; SENASA, 2009 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2009 ) Yes F, L, S ( EPPO, 2006 ) 7 No

**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Prado, 1991 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) C

. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A Helicoverpa sp. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( EPPO, 2007 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F, I, L, Sd (CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Syn. Heliothis zea Boddie C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Chaney et al., 2003 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) P E (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; PestID, 2011 ; SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Robinson et al., 2007 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Robinson et al., 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; Schooley, 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Pseudoleucania bilitura Guenée Syn. Agrotis bilitura Guenée C. annuum ( Diaz and

Ternero, 2002 ) PE ( Diaz and Ternero, 2002 ) Yes Sdlg ( Diaz
and Ternero, 2002 ) No

7 Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is the preferred host for T. absoluta . Larvae attack leaves, stems and fruit of tomato (Korycinska and Moran, 2009). Tuta absoluta feeds on the leaves of several species of plants in the Solanaceae, including pepper; we found no records of fruit being attacked in species other than tomato.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 15 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Spodoptera eridania Stoll C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

PestID, 2011 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) [PE] 4 (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

PestID, 2011 ; Prado, 1991 ); C

. frutescens ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera ochrea Hampson Capsicum sp. ( SENASA,

2004 ) PE ( SENASA, 2004 ; Universidad La Molina, 2000 ) Yes F, L ( Diaz Silva, ND ) No 8

**Lepidoptera: Pyralidae** Cadra cautella Walker C

. annuum ( PestID, 2011 ; Solis, 1986 ) PE (CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) Capsicum sp. ( SENASA,

2009 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 200 0 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) C

. annuum ( PestID, 2011 ;

Robinson et al., 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Lineodes integra (Zeller) C. annuum (Alnicolsa,

2011 ; Prado, 19 91 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (Alnicolsa, 2011 ; PestID, 2011 ); US ( Robinson et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) C. annuum ( PestID , 2011 ;

Solis, 1986 ) PE ( PestID, 2011 ; Solis, 1986 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 201 0) No N/A N/A

Pococera atramentalis (Lederer) C. annuum ( SENASA,

2009 ) PE ( SENASA, 2009 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Sphingidae** Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Prado, 1991 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; Robinson et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

8 Spodoptera ochrea is a lepidopterous insect that destroys leaves and fruits. Larvae make big holes in the fruits ( Diaz Silva, ND , Universidad La Molina, 2000 ) so infested fruit is highly likely be discarded prior to shipping

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 16 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway Lepidoptera: Tineidae**  Opogona sacchari Boj er Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (FL, HI) (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) [ Yes ] 3 L, S (CABI, 2010) No

**Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) C

. annuum (Avila et al.,

2006 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; EPPO, 2007 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; EPPO, 2007 ; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/A

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) C

. annuum ( Frantz and

Fasulo, ND ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CO, FL, HI) (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Frankliniella sp. C. annuum ( Frantz and Fasulo, ND ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F, L (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman C

. annuum ( PestID, 2011 ; Prado, 1991 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**MOLLUSKS** Cantareus aspersus (Müller) Syn. Cornu aspersum Müller Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Diplosolenodes occidentale (Guilding) C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Gonzalez, 2005 ) PE ( Gonzalez, 2005 ) Yes F, L ( Gonzalez, 2005 ) No 9

**NEMATODES** Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filip'ev C. annuum ( F erris and

Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher C

. annuum (CABI, 2010);

Capsicum sp. ( Pernezny et al., 2011 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden C. frutescens ( Handoo et

al. , 2008 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

9 Diplosolenodes occidentale is large enough (60 mm or 2

. 35 in; Branson , 1980 ) to be easily detected, even if hiding in fruit or vegetable shipments. Thus, it is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 17 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood C

. annuum ( Ferris and

Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ; Fery and Thies, 2007 ) ; C

. chinense ( Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010 ; Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE, US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) Yes R, S (CABI, 2010) No Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood C. annuum (CABI, 2010 ;

Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ); C

. baccatum ; C

. chinense ; C

. frutescens (Ferris and Caswe ll

- Chen, 2011 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Chaney et al., 2003 ; Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ; Fery and Thies, 2007 ; Thies et al., 2004 ); C

. chinense ; C

. frutescens (Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; Thies et al., 2004 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Chaney et al., 2003 ; Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ; Fery and Thies, 2007 ); C

. baccatum , C

. chinense , C

. frutescens (Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007 ) [PE] 4 (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010) Yes 10 

### L, R ( CABI, 2010 ) No

Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne C

. annuum , C. frutescens

(Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (FL, HI, LA, TX) (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) 

### Yes 11 

### R ( CABI, 2010 ) No

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira C

. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2010; Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

10 This is a reportable pest due to a potato pathotype that occurs in Peru and Bolivia ( CABI, 2010 )

. 11 Quarantine pest with limited distribution in the United States ( Cavey, 2008 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 18 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway FUNGI and CHROMISTANS**  **12** Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. Syn. Alternaria tenuis Nees C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wall and Bil es, 1993 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US ( CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. C

. annuum ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C. pubescens ( PestID , 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; PestID , 201 1 ) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2010; PestID , 2011 ) Yes

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Botrytis cinerea Pers. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) ; C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE (Zegarra and Estela, 2009 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Ceratocysti

s fimbriata Ellis & Halst. Capsicum sp. ( SENASA,

2004 ) PE (CABI, 2010, EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Cercospora sp. Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010 ; PestID , 2011 ) Yes L (NSF, 1999 ) No

12 Fungi are listed by the se xual stage first (if it is known). Bold font is used to indicate the fungal stage or synonym reported in Peru. Fungal taxonomy is written according to Farr and Rossman, 2011 and NCBI, 2010

.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 19 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Cho anephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Roberts et al., 2003 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M. A. Curtis C. annuum , C. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE ( Kew, 2011 ; PestID , 2011 ); US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. C. annuum ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Kew, 2011 ; PestID , 2011 ) Yes F ( PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Cochliobolus geniculatus Nelson C. frutescens ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE, US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A
C ochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis Syn. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus spicifer Nelson C. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp. (CABI, 2010) PE , US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes Syn. C

. atramentarium (Berk. & Broome) Taubenhaus; C

. nigrum Ell. & Halst.; **Gloeosporium piperatum**  Ell. & Ev. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 201 1 ) PE (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) N o N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 20 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Höhnel Syn. Pellicularia koleroga Cooke C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. Syn. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.; Pellicularia rolfsii (Curzi) E. West C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Curvularia pallescens Boedijn Syn. Pseudocochliobolus pallescens Tsuda & Ueyama C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE , US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman , 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE ( Rubio et al., 2008 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) [PE] 4 (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes F (CABI, 2010 ; PestID, 2011 ) Yes

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) S. Ito Capsicum sp. ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch Syn. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe C

. frutescens ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 21 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk Syn. **Colletotrichum gloeosporioides**  (Penz.) Sacc. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; SENASA, 2009 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Manaaki, 2007 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; SENASA, 2004 ; SENASA, 2009 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Harp, 2006 ; Schooley, 2003 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta Syn. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman Syn. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Capsicum sp. ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Pernezny et al., 2011 ); C. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl. Syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C. chinense ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2004 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 22 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Mycena citricolor (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. C. annuum , C. frutescens ,

C. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (FL) (CABI, 2010 ) Yes 13 L (Wellmann 1977) No

Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Wellman, 1977 ); US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici Leonian C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; SENASA, 2009 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010; Holliday, 1980 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; Farr and Rossman , 2011 ; Zitter, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.H. Sm. & E. Sm.) Leonian C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Triviño et al., 2001 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ; C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. pubescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2004 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Syn. Phytophthora parasitica Dastur C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); Capsicum sp (CABI, 2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (AZ, CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

13 Mycena citricolor is reportedly present in Florida (CABI, 2010) but it has not been detected there since 1926 ( Schubert, 2002 ). It is not known to occur in the United States (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 23 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Puccinia pampeana (Speg.) Syn. P. capsici Mayor; P

. paulensis Rangel Alternate state: Endophyllum pampeanum (Speg.) J.C. Lindq C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) Yes F, L, S, (Figueiredo et al., 1987); L, S, Sh ( Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) Yes

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Pythium deliense Meurs C. annuum ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow C

. annuum , C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2 011 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) No N/A N/A

Ramularia rosea (Fuckel) Sacc. C. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE; US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A
Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. C. annuum , C. frutescens ,

C. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); US (NY) (CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, 2007 ) [ Yes ] 3 R, S (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Septoria lycopersici Speg. C

. annuum ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 201 0); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 24 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Syn. Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Wellman, 1977 ); C

. frutescens ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ; Wellman, 1977 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis basicola (B erk. & Broome) Ferraris C. frutescens ( Farr and

Rossman, 2011 ) PE ( EPPO, 2007 ); US ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthier C

. annuum , C

. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010; EP PO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; USDA, 1970 ) No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Chaney et al., 2003 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ); C

. frutescens (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Holliday, 1980 ; Welcing, 2000 ); C

. pubescens ( Holliday, 1980 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Schooley, 2003 ) No N/A N/A

**BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS** Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al

. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE ( Bradbury, 19 86 ; CABI, 2010; SENASA, 200 4 ); US (CABI, 2010; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Medina

-Mora et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall) Dye Syn. Pectobacterium atrosepticum (van Hall) Gardan Capsicum sp. ( Pernezny et

al., 2011 ) PE , US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2010) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 25 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway** Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey Syn. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones) Hauben C. annuum (CABI, 2010);

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 2010; Pernezny et al., 2011 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Samson et al. Syn. **Erwinia chrysanthemi**  (Burkh.) Young et al

. C

. annuum (CABI, 2010);

Capsicum sp. ( Pernezny et al., 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Ps eudomonas marginalis (Brown) Stevens Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US ( Bull et al. , 2009 ) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. Syn. Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Wellman, 1977 ); C

. baccatum , C

. frutescens (Wellman, 1977 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. (Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae) C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi race 3 biovar 2 C

. annuum ( EPPO, ND

- d);

Capsicum sp. (Williams

Woodward, 2003 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, ND

- d) Yes F, L, R, S ( CSREES, 2008 

### ; Williams

Woodward, 20 03 ) Yes 14

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. Syn. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn C

. annuum ( Bradbury,

198 6 ; CABI, 2010) PE , US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

14 Although Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 may follow the pathway, it is highly unlikely to become established in the United States via the pathway of fruits and vegetable f or consumption ( PERAL, 2011 ). Therefore, we did not further analyze it . See below

for further details.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 26 **Pest Scientific Name Reported on**  **Capsicum spp.**  **US and Peru distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine p est**  **Pla nt p**  **art(s)**

**a ssociation**  **2 Follow** 

**Pathway VIRUSES and VIROIDS**  Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al.,

1990 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; Hamm, 1995 ; NSF, 2001 ); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 2003 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Hamm, 1995 ) No N/A N/A

Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) C. annuum (CABI, 2010);

C. frutescens ( Green and Kim , 1991 ) PE ( Spetz et al., 2003 ); US ( Green and Kim, 1991 ) No N/A N/A

Peru tomato potyvirus PTV C. annuum ( CABI, 2010 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ) Yes L (Fernandez and Fulton, 1980 ) No 15

Potato leafroll virus PLRV C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Potato virus Y (PVY) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al., 1990 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2010); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco etch virus (TEV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al.,

1990 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2010); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) PE , US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al.,

1996 ; CABI, 2010); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) PE ( SENASA, 2004 ); US (CABI, 2010; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco ringspot virus TRSV C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2004 ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) C

. annuum ( Brunt et al.,

1990 ; Brunt et al., 1996 ; CABI, 2010); C

. frutescens ( Brunt et al., 1996 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A Tomato ringspot virus ToRSV Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010) No N/A N/A

15 This virus is not transmitted by seed; it could be transmitted by a vector ( Myzus persicae) in a non

-persistent manner ( Fernandez and Fulton, 1980 ). T herefore it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 27 2.4.1. Quarantine Pests Not Considered for Risk Mitigation Some quarantine plant pests listed above may be detrimental to U.S. agricultural production systems but were not chosen for further anal ys is for reasons explained below. For example, they may be mainly

associated with plant parts other than the commodity ; they may be associated with the commodity, but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

- harvest processing; they may have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in commercial shipments; or they were identified only to the genus level, and the genus in questi on occurs in the continental United States. **Organisms Not Identified to Species** . We generally do not further analyze organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the pest risk assessment area of the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequentl y, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States

. Here, we did not further anal yz e the following genera for that reason: Alternaria sp., Anomala sp., Anthonomus sp., Cercospora sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Helicoverpa sp., Pagiocerus sp., and Tribolium sp. At least one species of each of these genera is already present in the continental United States. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, then we may re - evaluate their risk. **Doubtful presence in exporting country**

. Other species were not listed above because their presence in any of the exporting countries is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few interceptions at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on a commodity

to be insufficient evidence o f a pest occurring in a country, especially if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the origin of the goods may be unclear. Accordingl y, we did not list Planococcus minor (Maskell) because the onl y evidence of its presence in Peru are six interceptions in baggage on commodities other than peppers (PestID, 2011 ). Itis not reported to be in Peru ( Ben

- Dov, 1994 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2011 ). We did not list the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phi llips

- Mora , because we found no evidence for the presence of the S

-bioty pe, which infests solanaceous species (Marelli et al., 2009 ) . The C

-bioty pe is reported in Peru , but it only infests Theobroma cacao L. ( cocoa) ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 )

. **Doubtful host association.** Multiple species were not listed above because their association with the commodity

is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few interceptions at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on a commodity

to be insufficient evidence of a host association, especially

if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the pest may have been associated with other produce. This was the case for the following species: Acanthoscelides obtectus (intercepted four times in baggage and once in stores ); Agriolimax reticulatus ( one time); Aleurocanthus woglumi (two times ); Aspidiotus nerii (two times); Coccus viridis (three times ); Callosobruchus maculates (three times); Diaphania nitidalis ( five times); Dysmicoccus grassii ( one time); D

. neobrevipes (

### three times, twice in baggage ); Ephestia elutella ( f ive times, once in permit cargo ); Frankliniella panamensis (teo times); Gnorimoschema sp. ; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (two times); Ischnodemus sp. ( onc e on generalPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 28 cargo ); Lepidosaphes beckii (one time); Lineodes sp. (three times); Maruca vitrata ( one time; primary hosts are Fabaceae : Adati et al

. , 2004 ; CABI, 2010 ); Metamasius hemipterus ( four times in permit cargo ); Nasonovia ribisnigri (two times in stores ); Opogona sp. (two times); Oryzaephilus mercator (two times); O. surinamensis ( four times in baggage and stores ); Pagiocerus sp. (one time); Paracoccus solani (two times); Pectinophora gossypiella (one time); Phoma sp. ( one time); Plutella xylostella ( seven times); Premnotrypes sp. (one time); Saccharicoccus sacchari (two times); Sitophilus zeamais (three times ; predominately a post

harvest pest of maize ) ; Solenopsis geminata (two times, once in stores); Spola dea recurvalis ( one time in cargo); and Xyleborus volvulus (one time in cargo)

. For Anastrepha serpentina , no evidence exists that the pest that attacks solanaceous fruits in the field (Norrbom, 2010 ). Some sources have documented the association of this pest with Capsicum spp. (Maes and Norrbom, 2004 ; Norrbom, 2004 ), but those are based onl y on laboratory

studies (Norrbom, 2010 ). Therefore, Capsicum sp. are a doubtful host of this pest.
Should any

of these pests be intercepted in shipments of peppers, quarantine action may be taken and additional risk anal yses may be conducted.
**R. solanacearum R3B2** 

. We did not further anal yze R. solanacearum R3B2 , however, because a recent pest specific risk analysis concluded that pathogen was highly unlikely to establish in the United States via the pathway of fruits and vegetables for consumption (PERAL , 2011 ). Anal ys ts examined potential pathways for establishment of R3B2 via disposal of infected produce in landfill waste, treat ed wastewater, and compost. They did not find any

likely pathways for R3B2

- infected commodities imported for consumption to transfer to the environment, mostly because of the low likelihood of several required intermediate steps all happening within the proper timeframe (e.g., viable bacteria present in run

- off flowing into a stream, uptake into an irrigation system, and contact with a susceptible host).
2.4.2

. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation W e identified s even quarantine pests for further analysis (Table 4). All of these pests are reasonabl y expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of pepper fruit from Peru.

**Table 4.** Quarantine p ests l ikely to f ollow the p athway

. **Type Organism**  **Taxonomy** Arthropod Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae Neoleucinodes elegantalis Lepidoptera: Crambidae Pathogen Puccinia pampeana Urediniomycetes: Uredinales

**2.5**
**. Analysis of Quarantine**  **Pests** For the quarantine pests selected for further analysis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from theirPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 29 introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000 ). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or Pest Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk element values. Below we summarize the values for each pest (Table 5 )

. 2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction For the quarantine pests listed in Table 4, we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction using five Risk Elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology, host ranges, and climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each Risk Element, we assigned pests a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000 ).

**Anastrepha fraterculus Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 

**- Host Interaction**  Anastrepha fraterculus represents a species complex that occurs in southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (restricted distribution), Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina (restricted distribution), Bolivia, B razil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela ( CABI, 2010 ). The lowest temperature reported for a successful high rate of oviposition and larval eclosion of A

. fraterculus was observed at 6oC (42.8 oF) ( Cardoso et al

. , 2002 ). Considering the interaction between the host availability for A

. fraterculus and its suitable climate, we estimated that this pest could become established in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (Magarey et al., 2008 ). Multiple plant hosts occur in the se zones (Kartesz, 2010 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Anastrepha fraterculus is a poly phagous plant pest with hosts reported in 37 plant families ( CABI, 2010 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 ). Ithas 46 plant hosts in the continental United States ( CABI, 2010 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; NRCS, 2008 ). The preferred hosts are M yrt aceae, particularly guava (Psidium guajava ). Mangos and apples are important hosts in Brazil; Capsicum annuum is noted as an occasional host ( Castañeda et al., 2010 ). Eugenia , Citrus , Psidium guajava , and Syzygium are found in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and California (NRCS, 2008 ). It has also been reported to attack Capsicum spp. in Ecuador (MAG, 198 6) and C

. annuum in Colombia ( Castañeda et al., 2010 )

. Citrus , Prunus , and Capsicum are important crops in the United States. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**  Anastrepha fraterculus has a relatively high biotic potential , and can also disperse long distances on its own. Ins ome studies it had an average of 11.2 generations per year (Mello et al

. , 2003 ). Regarding dispersal, it moved 8 00 m from patches of native forest to reach an outside apple orchard (Kovaleski et al., 1999 )

. This is significant because its poly phagous nature permits the finding of resources in new areas when these are lacking in the place of eclosion. A major means of dispersal to previously

uninfested areas is likel y the transport of fruit containing live larvae ( CABI , 2010 ). High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 30 **Anastrepha fraterculus Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Anastrepha fraterculus is an economically important fruit fly

species, and could be a major threat to the fruit

- growing industry worldwide (Aluja and Norrbom, 2000 ; Norrbom, 2004 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Anastrepha fraterculus causes large fruit losses and lowers yi eld ( Ovruski et al., 1999 ). L arvae feeding on internal fruit tissue causes damage , which lowers the value of the commodity and makes it completely

unmarketabl e ( Ovruski et al., 1999 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 )

. Anastrepha fraterculus increases crop production costs because chemical and biological control programs need to be initiated to eradicate adult flies (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). The quarantine measures imposed by countries free of this pest cause economic loss through lost exporting opportunities ( CABI, 2010 ; Ovruski et al., 1999 ; Sequeira et al

. , 2001 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Anastrepha fraterculus could directly attack fruits from 53 plant species in the families Anacardiaceae (1) , Annonaceae (2) , Boraginaceae (5) , Euphorbiaceae (3) , Fabaceae (25) , Lauraceae (1) , Rhamnaceae (4) , Rosaceae (7) , Rubiaceae (3) , and Sterculiaceae (3). These families contain Federal Endangered or Threatened plant species (USFWS, 2010 ). Other species listed as threatened plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act include Prunus geniculata (USFWS, 2011 ). Additionally, the introduction of A

. fraterculus into the continental United States would stimulate chemical or biological control programs that could affect 45 U.S. states according to its host plant distribution (NRCS, 2008 ). High (3)

**Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Ceratitis capitata is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America, and Hawaii (USDA

- PPQ, 1993 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Successive eradication programs in Cali fornia, Florida, and Texas have prevented it from becoming established in those s tates (USDA

- APHIS, 2002 ; CDFA, 2008 ). The interaction of hosts and climatic conditions necessary for the establishment of C

. capitata in the United States exists in southern s tates (Vo and Miller, 1993 ). We e stimated that C

. capitata could become established in the United States in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11 (Magarey et al., 2008 ). High (3 )

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**  Ceratitis capitata is a highly pol yphagous species (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Hosts of C

. capitata include plants in numerous plant families, including the species: Anacardium occidentale , Acca sellowiana (Sy n.: Feijoa sellowiana ), A nnona spp., Averrhoa carambola , Banksia prionote , Calophyllum spp., Capsicum spp., Carica papaya , Carissa edulis , Casimiroa spp., Chrysophyllum cainito , C

. oliviforme , Citrus spp., Coffea spp., Cyphomandra betacea , Diospyros spp., Dovyalis caffra , Eriobotrya japonica , Eugenia spp., Ficus carica , Fortunella japonica , Garcinia livingstonei , Juglans spp., Litchi chinensis , High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 31 **Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings**  Lycium spp., Malpighia glabra , Malus domestica , Mangifera indica , Manilkara zapota , Mespilus germanica , Morus spp., Muntingia calab ura , Opuntia spp., Persea americana , Phoenix dactylifera , Physalis peruviana , Pouteria spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum , Pyrus communis , Rubus spp., Santalum album , Solanum lycopersicum , Spondias spp., Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa , Thevetia peruviana , and Vitis spp. ( Li quido et al. , 1990 ; Thomas et al. , 2001 ; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Females may

deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many

as 800 eggs in their lifetime (Weems, 1981 ). Sexual compatibility between populations from different areas worldwide was demonstrated ( CABI, 2010 ). There is evidence that adults of C

. capitata can fl y as far as 20 miles (~32,187 km) ( Christenson and Foote, 1960 ; Steiner et al. , 1962 ), indicating that natural movement is an important means of spread for this fruit fly . In addition to adult flight, the transportation of infested fruit is a major means of movement and dispersal of this pest into uninfested areas ( CABI and EPPO, 1997 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Ceratitis capitata is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests (Weems, 1981 ). Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, it is ran ked as the most important among economically important fruit flies ( CABI, 2010 ; Weem s, 1981 ) . It may also transmit fruit

-rotting fungi ( CABI , 2010 ). The species is of quarantine significance for many

countries ( CERI S, 2006 ). Costs would be incurred to minimize the impact of C

. capitata on crop production, because the presence of larvae in the fruit may

make the fruit unmarketable, resulting in the loss of international and interstate markets (Andrew et al. , 1977 ). Introduction of C

. capitata is likely

to stimulate chemical or biological control programs in order to prevent widespread damage (Vo and Miller, 1993 )

. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Potential hosts of C

. capitata may include Threatened or Endangered plant species in the United States, such as Opuntia treleasei and Prunus geniculata , which are listed by

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered spe c ies in California and Florida respectively, and Solanum drymophilium in Puerto Rico, S

. incompletum and S

. sandwicense in Hawaii (U SFWS, 2011 ). Ingeneral, however, because fruit flies rarely cause plant mortality, we expect only moderate environmental impacts at best. Medium (2 )

**Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk**  **r ating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 

**- Host Interaction**  This pest is distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina, Cuba, Granada, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad Islands (Marcano, 1991b ) , and from the Antilles, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela (Anteparra et al., 2010 ; CABI, 2010 ; Revelo, 2003 ). The climatic conditions in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (Magarey et al., 2008 ) are likely

to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 32 **Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk**  **r ating**  **s** in the continental United States. Host crops are present in those zones (NRCS, 2008 ). **Risk Element #2: Host Range** This fruit borer attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family ( CABI, 2010 ; Marcano, 2005 ). Hosts include Solanum betaceum , S

. hirtum , S. lycopersicum , S

. melongena , S

. quitoense , and Capsicum annuum ( CABI, 2010 ; Castaño, 1996 ; Marcano, 2005 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** In Venezuela, the pest was detected in 1934 with populations which increased every year (Marcano, 1991a). The reproductive potential of N

. elegantalis was studied under laboratory

conditions. The total time for development of the insect was 27

- 110 days , then multiple generations per ye ar are possible; the number of eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato (Marcano, 1991a). There are no studies on the dispersal capacity of this pest to previous uninfested areas. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) is the most important pest in several tomato

growing regions in South America and the Caribbean. Neoleucinodes elegantalis is the major economic pest that impact s tomato

- growing regions in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackm er, 2003 ; Franco et al ., 2002; Marcano, 1991b ). In 1961 it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and i s many years ago the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). There is an increase in production costs due to the controls regimes in affected areas by this pest (Franco et al

. , 2002 ). The larva penetrates the fruit, making the fruit unmarketable and causing fruit fall ( Castaño, 1996 ). During rainy seasons the population produces damage even up to 40 percent of the fruits, reducing field yi eld (Marcano, 2005 ). As a quarantine pest for the Caribbean Plant Protection Commission (EPPO, 2007 ) , N

. elegantalis could cause the loss of international markets. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked b y N

. elegantalis ( CABI, 2010 ; Castaño, 1996 ), only Solanum has congeners listed as either Threatened, Endangered, or candidates for listing (USFWS, 2011 ). However, those species, Solanum drymophilium , S

. incompletum, and S

. sandwicense are present only in Puerto Rico and Hawaii. The introduction of this pest in the United States would stimulate the use of chemical and biological measures to detect and control the pest, including the possible release of Trichogramma species (Marcano, 2005 ). Medium (2)

**Puccinia pampean a**  **Risk ratings Risk Element #1:**  **Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Puccinia pampeana occurs in South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru , and Uruguay (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). In Central America, it is reported in Costa Rica (Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 ), Guatemala, and Mexico (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Puccinia Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 33 **Puccinia pampean a**  **Risk ratings** pampeana is likely

to develop at temperatures between 15

- 28 °C (59

- 82°F) ( Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ). Based on its distribution, Puccinia pampeana could become establi sh ed in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (Magarey et al., 2008 ). **Risk Element #2: Host Range** Rust fungi are generall y host

- specific, often causing disease on certain genera or even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004 ). Puccinia pamp eana infects genera in the family Solanaceae, including the species Acnistus arborescens , A. breviflorus , A. parviflorus , Capsicum annuum , C. baccatum , C. ciliatum , C. frutescens , C. microcarpum , C. pendulum , Cestrum sp., Dunalia breviflora , D. lycioides , Salpichroa diffusa , S. origanifolia , S. rhomboidea , Solanum cyrtopodium , S. lycioides , S

olanum sp , and S. valdiviense ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Medium (2)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Under appropriate conditions , spores produced b y Puccinia pampeana germinate and produce basidiospores and infect repeat edly for several generations (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Ono, 2002 ) . Thus, the pathogen can rapidl y disseminate under field conditions. T eliospores have dormancy and tolerate high summer temperatures in subtropical areas. They over- summer and germinate after rain, producing basidiospores that infect the host plants in the autumn when mild temperatures predominate; hence , multiple generations can occur in a year (Figueiredo et al., 1987 ; Figueiredo, 2000 ). Rust fungi spread from plant to plant mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rai n, and animals may play a role (Agrios, 2004 ; Staples, 2000 ). High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Puccinia pampeana occurs on many members of the Solanaceae and causes complete losses in crops of several species of Capsicum in Central and South America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). The disease causes curling and distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ). Related Puccin ia species significantl y reduce yi eld and product quality, and require control through host resistance, and/or chemical means (Agrios, 2004 ; Staples, 2000 ). The establishment of P. pampeana in the United States may result in loss of foreign and domestic markets. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Puccinia pampeana could attack plants in the genus Solanum which are listed as Threatened or End angered (USFWS, 2011 ), such as S. drymophilum (Puerto Rico) , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). Because it affects an economicall y important crop ( Capsicum sp.) (Hernández and Hennen, 2003 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) , c ontrol programs would be initiated if it were introduced into the United States

. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 34 **Table 5.** Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction

. **Pest Climate** 

**- Host** 

**Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environment** 

****

**al Impact Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating a**  Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)
Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (14) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11) Puccinia pampeana Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (13)
a 

### Lo w is 5

- 8 points; Medium is 9

- 12 points; High is 13

- 15 points

2.5.2. Likelihood of Introduction Likelihood of Introduction was based on 1) an estimate made regarding the amount of the commodity

likely to be imported (sub

- element #1), and 2) pest opportunity estimated using five biological features (sub

- elements #2

- 6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000 ) . These sub

element ratings , along with the value s for the Likelihood of Introduction , are summarized below ( Table 6 )

. **Quantity of commodity imported annually** 
**.** The pepper production area for export in Peru is about 4,000 hectares ( 9,880 acres). Yield estimated for export is 400,000 kilos per year (880,000 pounds)

. Sea shipping containers that are 40 feet in length, hold approximately 40,000 pounds (20 U.S. tons). If the product is imported from Peru , we estimated less than 22 containers a ye ar would be imported into the United States . The risk rating for this element is Medium

. **Survive post**

**- harvest t**  **reatment**

. Puccinia pampeana produces sub

- epidermal fungal structures (Figueiredo et al., 1987 ; Figueiredo, 2000 ) that are likely to survive post

-harvest treatments.
Mature larvae of Neoleucinodes elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit which are rejected during the process (Marcano, 2005 ). Even minimal culling is likely to reduce their prevalence in the pathway, so we rated N. elegantalis Medium. According to SENASA ( 2009 ) , no spec ialized , post

- harvest phy tosanitary treatment s will be used to mitig ate the risk of survival for Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata on this commodity . Therefore, we assume the risk rating for all pests is High for this element. **Survive shipment**
**.** The preferred storage temperature range for peppers is from 7 to 1 0°C (45 to 50°F) and high relative humidity (90 to 95 percent) (Bo yette et al., 1990 ; SENASA, 2009 ). These conditions are unlikely to a ffect survival of Anastrepha fraterculus , Ceratitis capitata , and Neoleucinodes elegantalis

. . Puccinia

**-**ty

pe teliospores of P. pampeana may survive shipping conditions in a dormant state (Figueiredo, 2000 ).
We rated all pests High for this risk element.Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 35 **Not be detected at the port**

**- of** 

**- entry** 
**.** In the case of internal pests larvae of A. fraterculus and, C

. capitata feed in the fruit and are difficult to detect. We rated them both High risk.
Neoleucinodes elegantalis larvae create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit and are easil y detected

. Fruits can be invaded by secondary

pathogens , leading to fruit rot (EPPO, 2006 ) . The risk rating for N. elegantalis was Medium.
For Puccinia pampeana , infection sites with signs of sporulation or fruit, leaf , and stem lesions would be easily

identified at the port

- of

- entry, but latent infections and spores on fruit or packing materials are likely

to go undetected (Agrios, 2004 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) . We rated this fungus Medium. **Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival**
**.** Peppers are marketed and consume d throughout the United States, and infested or infected fruits are likel y to arrive in areas suitable for pest survival where one or more of the pest’s potential hosts occur (Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11) (NRCS, 2008 )

. Li sted pests could be establish ed in areas with almost 27 percent of the U.S. population (Magarey et al., 2008 ) , but most of these pests cannot survive in cooler parts of the country. The likelihood of movement to locations suitable for survival of P

. pampeana is High , and we rated A. fraterculus, C. capitata, and N. elegantalis Medium. **Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction**
**.** The likelihood that Anastrepha fraterculus , and Ceratitis capitata will come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction is High because hosts occur across the United States

. Neoleucinodes elegantalis attack s only

plants in the Solanaceae famil y, but we rated them both High because of the availability

of hosts such as tom atoes in suitable environmental conditions. Puccinia pampeana occurs on species within the Solanaceae family ( Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ) , and related Puccinia species mostly spread from plant to plant by windblown spores (Agrios, 2004 ). We rated this fungus Medium risk

.

**Table 6.** Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction

. **Pest Quantity**  **i mported**  **a nnually**  **Survive**

**p ost** 
**** **h arvest**  **t reatment**  **Survive**

**s hipment**  **Not**

**d etected**  **at p**  **ort s**  **** **of**

**- e**  **ntry Moved**  **to s**  **uitable h**  **abitat Contact** 

**with host**  **material Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating**  **a** Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (16) Ceratitis capitata Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (16) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Medium (14) Puccinia pampeana Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (15)

a Low is 6

- 9 points; Medium is 10

- 14 points; High is 15

- 18 pointsPest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 36 **2.6 . Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion** 
We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 7 ). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of mitigation measures. Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential, six pests associate d with the importation of peppers from Peru into the United States present a High and one a Medium risk potential. Port

of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security for pests with High pest risk potential; thus, specif ic phytosanitary

measures are strongl y recommended. A detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of the pest risk management phase and is not discussed in this document.

**Table 7.** Pest Risk Potential

. **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk Potential**  a 

### Anastrepha fraterculus High (14) High (16) High (30) Ceratitis capitata High ( 14 ) High (16) High (3 0 ) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Medium (11) Medium (14) Medium (25) Puccinia pampeana High (13) High (15) High (28)

a 

### Low = 11

- 18 points, Medium = 19

- 26 pts, and High = 27

- 33 pts.



## 3 **. Author s**  **and Reviewers**
**Author s**  G.A. Zambrano, Agronomist, Risk Analyst, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST Colombia L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST

- PERAL(Co

- Developer)
**Reviewers** L. Newton, Entomologist, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST

- PERAL L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist, USDA

- APHIS

- CPHST

- PERAL



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- 423. Valverde, R. A., and J. P. Fulton. 1996. Comoviruses: Identification and diseases caused. in B. D. Harrison and A. F. Murant, (eds.). The Plant Viruses, Volume 5: Poly hedral Virions and Bipartite RNA Genomes. Plenum Press, New York. Vargas, W., and G. Meza. 2002. Evaluación del Control Etológico de la Polilla de la papa Symmestrischema tangolias y Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) con feromonas en condiciones de campo en Challabamba

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Department). http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/ . (Archived at PERAL).Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 49 

## 5 **. Appendi ces**  **Appendix A** 
**.** Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 1984 to 20 1 1

. Data from PestID (201 1 )

. **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Abgrallaspis aguacatae Mexico 2 Abgrallaspis flabellata Ghana 1 Acalymma sp. Mexico 1 Acalymma vittatum Canada 1 Acanthocephala confraterna Mexico 1 Acanthocephala declivis Mexico 1 Acanthococcus sp. St. Kitts and Nevis 1 Acanthoderes sp. Mexico 1 Acanthoscelides obtectus Haiti, India, Mexico 4 Acari spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Acaridae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 8 Aceratagallia sp. Mexico 1 Acheta domesticus Mexico 2 Achryson sp. Mexico 1 Acleris sp. Netherlands 1 Acremonium sp. Spain 1 Acrididae spp. Mexico 1 Acroleucus sp. Trinidad and Tobago 5 Acrolophus sp. Dominican Republic 2 Acyrthosiphon solani Netherlands 1 Acyrthosiphon sp. Netherlands 1 Adoretus sinicus Hawaii 1 Aecidium sp. Mexico 1 Aeolothripidae spp. India 1 Aeolothrips fasciatus Canada 1 Aeolus nigromaculatus Dominican Republic 1 Aeolus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 20
Aetalion sp. Mexico 1 Agriolimax reticulatus Peru 1 Agroiconota propinqua Dominican Republic 1 Agromyzidae spp. Albania, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, France, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela 4857

Agrotis malefida Jamaica 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 50 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Agrotis sp. South Korea 3 Ahasverus advena Guinea, Liberia, Mexico 3 Ahasverus sp. Netherlands 1 Aleurocanthus woglumi Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Aleurodicus dispersus Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico 98 Aleuroplatus sp. Mexico 1 Aleurotrachelus atratus Puerto Rico 1 Aleurotrachelus trachoides Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 18 Aleyrodidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin Islands 40

Aleyrodinae spp. Canada, Mexico, Spain 3 Algarobius johnsoni Mexico 1 Alitocoris parvus Mexico 1 Alitocoris sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 2 Alleculinae spp. Mexico 1 Allonemobius sp. Mexico 3 Allopeas gracile Viet Nam 1 Alphitobius diaperinus Mexico 10 Alphitobius laevigatus Mexico 1 Alphitobius sp. Dominican Republic 1 Alternaria alternata Belgium, Netherlands 2 Alternaria sp. Albania, Chile, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Tunisia 29

Alternaria tenuissima Dominican Republic 1 Altica sp. Guatemala, Mexico 6 Amblyomma cajennense Jamaica 2 Amblyomma sp. Mexico 1 Amblyseius sp. Netherlands 4 Amnestus sp. Mexico 2 Amorbia sp. Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 31 Amphelasma sp. Mexico 1 Amphicerus cornutus Mexico 5 Am phipyrinae spp. Israel 1 Anaedus sp. Mexico 2 Anarsia sp. Mexico, Nigeria 5 Anasa sp. Mexico 1 Anastrepha ludens Mexico 4 Anastrepha serpentina Mexico 1 Anastrepha sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Unknown, Venezuela 59Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 51 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Anastrepha suspensa Ghana 1 Anaxipha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Anchonidium sp. Netherlands 1 Ancylostomia stercorea Jamaica 1 Anelaphus sp. Mexico 1 Anobiidae spp. Bolivia, Cameroon, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, India, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Panama, Unknown, Uruguay 23

Anoecia sp. Mexico 1 Anomala foraminosa Mexico 1 Anomala sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru 30 Anthicidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 7 Anthocoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Unknown 233

Anthomyiidae spp. Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, Unknown 19 Anthonomus eugenii Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown 461

Anthonomus sp. Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela 2094

Anthrenus verbasci Mexico 1 Anthribidae spp. Australia 1 Antianthe expansa Mexico 1 Antillocoris sp. Netherlands 1 Apamea monoglypha Netherlands 1 Aphelinidae spp. Netherlands 1 Aphididae spp. Angola, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, St. Luc ia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, West Indies Country Unknown 388

Aphidiidae spp. Mexico 2 Aphidiinae spp. Netherlands 1 Aphidius sp. Canada, Israel, Jamaica 3 Aphidoletes aphidimyza Netherlands 2 Aphis craccivora Mexico 1 Aphis fabae Netherlands 1 Aphis gossypii Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 12Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 52 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Aphis sp. Netherlands 1 Aphodiinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 5 Aphodius sp. Mexico 1 Apinocis deplanatus Mexico 1 Apion sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Apis mellifera Mexico 14 Apocrita spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2 Aptopus sp. Mexico 1 Araecerus fasciculatus Mexico 1 Araneae spp. Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 19 Araneidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Archimerus sp. Mexico 1 Archipini spp. Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain 47 Arctiidae spp. Ghana, Mexico, Puerto Rico 8 Argas sanchezi Mexico 1 Argyrotaenia sp. Mexico 1 Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2 Armalia sp. Mexico 2 Armalia variabilis Mexico 1 Arphnus melanostylus Africa Country Unknown 1 Artipus sp. Jamaica 4 Arvelius albopunctatus Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 3 Arvelius sp. Jamaica 3 Ascalapha odorata Mexico 1 Ascia monuste St. Lucia 1 Ascidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Ascochyta sp. Mexico 1 Asphodelus fistulosus India 3 Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala 5 Aspidiotus nerii Mexico 2 Asterolecanium sp. US Virgin Islands 1 Astigmata spp. Canada, Israel 2 Ataenius sp. Mexico 2 Atherigona orientalis Dominican Republic, India, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Atherigona sp. Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 18 Athysanini spp. Mexico 1 Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 6
Aulacorthum solani Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia 28 Aulacorthum sp. Netherlands 1 Autographa californica Canada 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 53 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Autographa gamma Netherlands 8 Autographa sp. Hungary, Netherlands 6 Automeris io Mexico 1 Bactericera cockerelli El Salvador, Mexico 86 Bactericera sp. Mexico 3 Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii 4 Bactrocera dorsalis Hawaii, Thailand 8 Bactrocera latifrons Hawaii 28 Bactrocera oleae Indonesia 1 Bactrocera sp. Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thail and, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam 233

Balanogastris sp. Nigeria 1 Balclutha sp. Dominican Republic 1 Baridinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 6 Batocera sp. Philippines 1 Bdellidae spp. Netherlands 6 Bemisia tabaci Mexico, Netherlands 6 Berecynthus hastator Mexico 1 Betula sp. Canada, Netherlands 6 Bidens sp. Mexico 2 Bignoniaceae spp. Belgium 1 Blapstinus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 103 Blastobasidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Blattidae spp. Mexico, Spain 2 Blattodea spp. Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Blissus sp. Mexico 2 Boerhavia erecta Jamaica 1 Boisea trivittata Canada 1 Bostrichidae spp. Mexico 4 Bothrotes sp. Mexico 4 Bothynus sp. Mexico 2 Botrytis cinerea Belgium, Spain 2 Brachymyrmex sp. Dominican Republic 1 Brachypnoea sp. Mexico 3 Bracon sp. Guatemala 1 Braconidae spp. Canada, Guatemala, India, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru 19 Bradybaena similaris Dominican Republic 2 Bradybaenidae spp. Mexico 1 Brevipalpus sp. Philippines, Unknown 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 54 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Brochymena quadripustulata Mexico 1 Brochymena sp. Mexico 1 Brochymena sulcata Mexico 1 Bruchidae spp. India, Jamaica 2 Bryocorinae spp. Netherlands 1 Bulimulus sp. Belize 2 Buprestidae spp. Mexico 2 Cacoecimorpha pronubana Belgium, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain 102 Cadra calidella Israel 1 Cadra cautella Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Unknown, Zi mbabwe 19

Cadra figulilella Ghana, Mexico 2 Cadra sp. Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico 4 Calcisuccinea aff. luteola Mexico 17 Calcisuccinea dominicensis Dominican Republic 5 Calcisuccinea luteola Mexico 2 Calcisuccinea sp. Mexico 2 Caliothrips fasciatus Mexico 1 Caliothrips phaseoli Mexico 1 Caliothrips sp. Mexico 1 Calligrapha sp. Mexico 1 Calliphoridae spp. El Salvador, Ghana, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Syrian Arab Republic, Unknown 14
Callosobruchus maculatus Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria 3 Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Brazil 1 Calyptocephala sp. Nigeria 1 Camponotus sp. Mexico 1 Camponotus vagus Netherlands 1 Campylomma sp. India, Israel 2 Cantharidae spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Carabidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 39 Carcinophoridae spp. Netherlands 1 Carpomya sp. Mexico 1 Carpophilus sp. Dominica, Mexico 4 Cartodere constricta Canada 1 Cassidinae spp. Mexico 2 Catocalinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Catorhintha sp. Mexico 1 Caulophilus oryzae Dominican Republic 1 Cecidomyiidae spp. Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 81Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 55 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Cepaea sp. Spain 1 Cerambycidae spp. Mexico 2 Ceratitini spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia 769

Ceratitis capitata Afghanistan, Africa Country Unknown, Azores, Belgium, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe Country Unkown, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Togo, Tunisia, Unknown 139

Ceratitis sp
. Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda 77

Ceratocapsus sp. Mexico 2 Ceratopogonidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 2 Ceratothripoides brunneus Nigeria 1 Cercopidae spp. Netherlands 3 Cercospora apii Dominican Republic 1 Cercospora capsici Dominican Republic, Italy 7 Cercospora physalidis Mexico 1 Cercospora sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico 7 Ceroplastes sp. Mexico 1 Cerotoma sp. Haiti, Mexico 2 Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands 41

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Chaetanaphothrips sp. Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 53
Chaetocnema sp. Mexico 8 Chaetopsis sp. Canada 1 Chaitophorus sp. Netherlands 1 Chalcididae spp. China, Malaysia 2 Chalcidoidea spp. Canada, Netherlands, Nicaragua 6 Chalcodermus angulicollis Dominican Republic 1 Chalcodermus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 4 Charidotella emarginata Mexico 1 Charidotella sp. Mexico 3 Charidotis sp. Unknown 1 Cheyletidae spp. Ghana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2 Chironomidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Syrian Arab 15Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 56 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Republic Chloris sp. China 1 Chlorochroa ligata Mexico 4 Chlorochroa sp. Mexico 1 Chloropidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 16 Chlorops sp. Netherlands 1 Choristoneura sp. Netherlands 2 Chrysauginae spp. Mexico 1 Chrysobothris debilis Mexico 1 Chrysobothris sp. Mexico 1 Chrysodeixis chalcites Netherlands 18 Chrysodeixis sp. Netherlands 8 Chrysomela sp. Mexico 1 Chrysomelidae spp. Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, US Virgin Islands 17 Chrysopidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 10 Cicadellidae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 73

Cixiidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Cladosporium cladosporioides Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Cladosporium herbarum Canada, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico 5 Cladosporium oxysporum China, Peru 2 Cladosporium sp. Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 92

Cladosporium sphaerospermum Netherlands 2 Clastoptera sp. Mexico 1 Clematis sp. Mexico 1 Cleogonus armatus Honduras 1 Clepsis sp. Netherlands 36 Clepsis spectrana Netherlands 21 Cleridae spp. Mexico, Nigeria, Viet Nam 3 Cletus bipunctatus Bangladesh 1 Clinodiplosis sp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 11 Cnephasia sp. Netherlands 1 Coccidae spp. Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 28

Coccinellidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominica, Dominican 75Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 57 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago Coccinellinae spp. Bulgaria, Mexico 2 Coccinellini spp. Dominican Republic 3 Coccoidea spp. Dominican Republic 1 Coccus hesperidum St. Lucia 1 Coccus sp. Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 4 Coccus viridis Grenada, Puerto Rico 3 Cochlicella acuta Spain 1 Cochylini spp. Mexico 1 Cochylis sp. India 1 Coelomycetes spp. Curacao 1 Colaspis sp. Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico 7 Coleomegilla maculata Canada 1 Coleomegilla sp. Canada 1 Coleoptera spp. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 33 Collembola spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, South Africa, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 70

Colletotrichum capsici Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 14
Colletotrichum coccodes Panama, Thailand 2 Colletotrichum crassipes Dominican Republic 4 Colletotrichum dematium Dominican Republic, Peru, St. Lucia 5 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anguila, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 47

Colletotrichum sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Unknown 20

Colletotrichum truncatum Mexico 1 Colletrotrichum sp. Mexico 2 Collops sp. Mexico 2 Condylostylus sp. Netherlands 1 Conocephalus sp. Guyana, Honduras, Puerto Rico 3 Conoderus rodriguezi Honduras 1 Conoderus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 16 Conotrachelus seniculus Mexico 2 Conotrachelus sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 10 Contarinia lycopersici Jamaica 19 Contarinia sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, 499Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 58 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Venezuela Conyza sp. Netherlands 3 Copitarsia decolora Mexico 1 Copitarsia sp. Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Venezuela 63
Coreidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, South Korea, Trinidad and Tobago 7 Cornu aspersum Mexico 1 Corticariidae spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico, Netherlands 17 Corylophidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Guyana, Netherlands, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 125 Corynespora cassiicola Dominican Republic 1 Corythaica carinata Brazil 1 Corythaica cyathicollis St. Lucia 1 Corythucha gossypii Mexico 1 Cosmopterigidae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic 2 Cossoninae spp. Colombia 1 Crambidae spp. Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Viet Nam 41

Crambinae spp. Grenada 1 Crambus sp. Ghana 1 Crematogaster sp. Mexico, Puerto Rico 2 Creontiades rubrinervis Mexico 1 Creontiades sp. Mexico 1 Cryptoblabes gnidiella Israel 1 Cryptoblabes sp. Nigeria 1 Cryptocephalinae spp. Guinea 1 Cryptocephalus sp. Mexico 1 Cryptolestes sp. India 1 Cryptophagidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9 Cryptophlebia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tonga, Unknown 97

Cryptophlebia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia, Zi mbabwe 812

Cryptorhynchini spp. Mexico 1 Cryptostigmata spp. Canada, Netherlands, Philippines 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 59 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Cryptotermes brevis Puerto Rico 1 Cryptothelea sp. Nigeria 1 Ctenarytaina spatulata Netherlands 1 Cucujidae spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, India, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines 9 Cucujoidea spp. Netherlands 1 Culicidae spp. Netherlands 1 Cunaxidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 3 Curculio sp. Greece, Netherlands 2 Curculionidae spp. Algeria, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 192

Curculioninae spp. Jamaica 1 Curvularia intermedia Mexico 1 Curvularia lunata Dominican Republic 1 Cyclanthera pedata Peru 1 Cyclocephala sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico 21 Cyclorrhapha spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, South Korea, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago 44

Cydia sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Cydnidae spp. Mexico 7 Dacinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Unknown 28

Dacus dorsalis Thailand, Viet Nam 3 Dacus sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand 85

Dalbulus elimatus Mexico 1 Dallasiellus bacchinus Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Dallasiellus lugubris Mexico 2 Dasineura sp. Guatemala, Malaysia, Netherlands 3 Daucus carota Dominica 1 Delia sp. Venezuela 1 Deloyala guttata Mexico, US Virgin Islands 3 Deloyala sp. Jamaica, Mexico 6 Delphacidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 7 Delphacodes sp. Netherlands 1 Dendrocoris sp. Mexico 1 Dermaptera spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nigeria 6 Dermestes sp. Ghana, Mexico 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 60 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Deroceras laeve Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Diabrotica balteata Mexico 1 Diabrotica sp. Mexico, Netherlands 5 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Canada, Mexico 10 Diabrotica variegata Mexico 1 Diaphania nitidalis Dominican Republic, Suriname 5 Diaphania sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Diaprepes sp. Dominica 1 Diaspididae spp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Micronesia, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Unknown 15 Diaspidiotus perniciosus Mexico 1 Diaspidiotus sp. Mexico 1 Diatraea sp. Brazil, Mexico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4 Dicyphinae spp. Spain 1 Didymella lycopersici Jamaica 1 Dieuches armatipes Jamaica 1 Dieuches sp. Netherlands 1 Digeria sp. Mexico 1 Diplotaxis sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17 Dipropus sp. Mexico 2 Diptera spp. Angola, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Northern Mariana Islands, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Zambia 139

Disonycha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 11 Dolichoderinae spp. India, St. Kitts and Nevis 2 Dolichopodidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Jamaica 3 Drosophila sp. Canada, Costa Rica, Dominica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 21 Drosophilidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Suriname, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela 97

Drymaeus sulphureus Belize 1 Duponchelia fovealis Belgium, France, Macedonia, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Spain 261 Dynastinae spp. Mexico 1 Dyscinetus picipes Mexico 1 Dyscinetus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Dysdercus andreae Dominican Republic 1 Dysdercus mimulus Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 61 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Dysdercus mimus Mexico 1 Dysdercus obliquus Mexico 1 Dysdercus obscuratus Belize 1 Dysmicoccus brevipes China, Mexico 2 Dysmicoccus grassii Grenada 1 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 3 Dysmicoccus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 6 Dytiscidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Ecdytolopha sp. Bolivia, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Unknown 8 Echinochloa crusgalli Canada 1 Echinochloa sp. Unknown 1 Echinothrips americanus Netherlands 16 Ectomyelois ceratoniae Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico 6 Edessa sp. Mexico 1 Elachiptera sp. Mexico 1 Elaphria nucicolora Dominican Republic, Guatemala 2 Elaphria sp. Dominican Republic 1 Elateridae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Eleodes sp. Mexico 3 Eleusine indica Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Eleusine sp. Unknown 1 Empididae spp. Canada 2 Empoasca sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 13 Entiminae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Entomobryidae spp. Belgium, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 11 Ephestia elutella Dominican Republic, Italy, Peru 5 Ephydridae spp. Canada, Netherlands, Thailand 3 Epicaerus sp. Mexico 1 Epicauta sp. Mexico 2 Epicoccum nigrum Canada 1 Epilachna sp. Mexico 1 Epilachninae spp. St. Lucia 1 Epilobium sp. Canada, Netherlands 6 Epitrix sp. Mexico 15 Eragrostis sp. Mexico 2 Eremobelba sp. Jamaica 1 Eriococcus dubius Guyana 1 Erotylidae spp. Dominican Republic, Italy, Mexico 3 Erysiphe cichoracearum Dominican Republic 1 Erythraeidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Erythroneura sp. Mexico 1 Estigmene acrea Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 62 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Etiella sp. Indonesia, Malawi, Viet Nam 6 Etiella zinckenella Honduras, Mexico, Nigeria 5 Euclea sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Eudiagogus sp. Mexico 1 Euetheola sp. Mexico 1 Eumolpinae spp. Honduras 1 Euphorbia sp. Dominican Republic 1 Eupodidae spp. Canada 1 Euryscelis suturalis Dominican Republic 1 Eurytoma sp. Guatemala, Nigeria 2 Euschistus bifibulus Jamaica 1 Euschistus crenator Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Euschistus servus Mexico 1 Euschistus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Suriname 30 Euschistus strenuus Dominican Republic, Mexico 5 Euschistus variolarius Canada 1 Eustromula validum Mexico 1 Exitianus exitosus Netherlands 1 Faustinus cubae Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica 3 Faustinus rhombifer Mexico 1 Faustinus sp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 76

Ferrisia sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 8 Ferrisia virgata Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 26 Fiebrigella sp. Dominican Republic 1 Formicidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Formicinae spp. Canada, Peru 10 Frankliniella cephalica Dominican Republic 1 Frankliniella fallaciosa Dominican Republic 1 Frankliniella fusca Netherlands 1 Frankliniella gossypiana Mexico 1 Frankliniella insularis Dominican Republic 5 Frankliniella intonsa Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Japan, Netherlands 5 Frankliniella occidentalis Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown 218

Frankliniella panamensis Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Frankliniella parvula Ecuador 1 Frankliniella schultzei Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Spain 21 Frankliniella sp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. 215Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 63 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown Franklinothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1 Franklinothrips vespiformis Mexico 1 Free

-Living nematode Mexico 4 Fromundus pygmaeus Viet Nam 1 Fulgoridae spp. Puerto Rico 1 Fulgoroidea spp. Dominican Republic 1 Fusarium sp. Belgium, Belize, Dominican Republic, France, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Taiwan, Unknown, US Virgin Islands 44

Galerucinae spp. Netherlands, Puerto Rico 2 Galleria mellonella Dominican Republic 1 Gelechiidae spp. Argentina, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela 147

Gelechioidea spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Geocoris sp. Dominican Republic, Israel 2 Geometridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Italy, Macedonia, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 15 Gloeosporium piperatum Mexico 2 Glomerella cingulata Dominican Republic 1 Glyptoscelis chontalensis Mexico 1 Gnathotrichus perniciosus Honduras 1 Gnathotrichus sp. Honduras, Mexico 2 Gnorimoschema sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru 10 Gnorimoschemini spp. Venezuela 1 Golofa pusilla Mexico 1 Gracillariidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Peru 9 Granodomus lima Puerto Rico 1 Gryllidae spp. Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 62

Gryllodes sigillatus Trinidad and Tobago 5 Gryllodes sp. Dominican Republic 1 Gryllus assimilis Dominican Republic 1 Gryllus sp. Colombia, Dominica, Honduras, Mexico 136 Guignardia citricarpa China 1 Guppya gundlachi Dominican Republic 1 Gynaikothrips uzeli Dominican Republic 1 Hadeninae spp. Mexico, South Korea 3Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 64 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Halticus sp. Mexico 1 Haplothrips gowdeyi Dominican Republic 1 Haplothrips kurdjumovi Hawaii 1 Haplothrips leucanthemi Mexico 1 Helicella sp. Italy 1 Helicidae spp. Australia, France, Mexico, Netherlands 4 Helicoverpa armigera Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Yugoslavia 19

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Romania 1 Helicoverpa sp. Asia Country Unknown, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Unknown, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yugoslavia 163

Helicoverpa zea Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 233

Heliothinae spp. India, South Korea 2 Heliothis sp. China, Germany, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, Turkey 42 Heliothis subflexa Mexico 2 Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 13 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Trinidad and Tobago 1 Helminthoglyptidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Hemerobiidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic 2 Hemiptera spp. Netherlands 4 Hepialidae spp. Mexico 2 Heraeus plebejus Netherlands 1 Heraeus sp. Mexico 6 Herculia sp. Ecuador 1 Herpetogramma sp. Honduras 1 Hesperiidae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Heterobostrychus aequalis Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Heterogaster urticae Netherlands 3 Heteroptera spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 33 Heterosporium sp. Italy 1 Histeridae spp. Canada 1 Holoparamecus sp. Netherlands 1 Homoptera spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, 14Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 65 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago Hoplandrothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 2 Hoplosphyrum sp. Jamaica 1 Hortensia similis Dominican Republic 1 Hydrophilidae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Hygromiidae spp. Spain 1 Hymenoptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 7 Hypera postica Mexico 1 Hyphomycetes spp. Mexico 1 Hypoaspis sp. Netherlands 1 Hypoponera sp. Netherlands 1 Hypothenemus sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Ichneumonidae spp. Guatemala, Mexico 3 Ichneumonoidea spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3 Injury sp. Algeria, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru 16 Insecta spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 68

Insignorthezia insignis Jamaica 1 Iphiseius degenerans Belgium, Netherlands 23 Ips bonanseai Mexico 2 Ips calligraphus Honduras 1 Ips integer Mexico 3 Ips lecontei Mexico 1 Ips sp. Honduras, Mexico 2 Ischnodemus sp. Peru 1 Jadera coturnix Mexico 1 Kalotermitidae spp. Nicaragua 1 Karnyothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Keiferia lycopersicella Ecuador 1 Kleemannia sp. India 2 Kleidocerys resedae Netherlands 1 Knulliana cincta Mexico 1 Lachnopus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Lactuca sativa Netherlands 1 Lactuca serriola Canada, Netherlands 2 Laelapidae spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3 Lagriinae spp. Mexico 1 Lamiaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Lampyridae spp. Dominican Republic 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 66 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Languriidae spp. Netherlands 1 Largus cinctus Mexico 2 Lasioderma serricorne China, Cote D`Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Mexico, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Unknown, Yemen 19

Lasiodiplodia sp. El Salvador 1 Lasioseius sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Lathridiidae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands 8 Lehmannia valentiana Ecuador, Netherlands, Nigeria 3 Lema sp. Mexico 1 Lepidoptera spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tob ago, Unknown, Venezuela 74

Lepidosaphes beckii Peru 1 Lepidosaphes rubrovittata Jamaica 1 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Mexico 1 Leptochloa sp. Mexico 2 Leptoglossus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Lestodiplosis sp. Jamaica 1 Leucania sp. Spain 1 Leucinodes orbonalis Africa Country Unknown, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, Ghana, Guatemala, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Afric a, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia 100

Leucinodes sp. Guinea, Yugoslavia 2 Leveillula taurica Mexico, Portugal 5 Levicepolis monodonta Dominican Republic 2 Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico, Spain 2 Ligyrocoris sylvestris Netherlands 1 Ligyrus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Limosininae spp. Netherlands 1 Limothrips cerealium Netherlands 1 Lineodes integra Canada, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia 12 Lineodes sp. Mexico, Peru 3 Linepithema humile Mexico 1 Liothrips sp. Mexico 1 Liriomyza bryoniae Netherlands 14 Liriomyza sativae Mexico 1 Liriomyza sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 62 Liriomyza trifolii Mexico 5Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 67 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Dominican Republic 4 Listroderes costirostris Mexico 1 Listronotus sp. Honduras, Mexico 3 Lobiopa sp. Mexico 2 Lobometopon metallicum Mexico 25 Lobometopon sp. Mexico 8 Lobopoda sp. Mexico 1 Lonchaea sp. Ghana 1 Lonchaeidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Congo Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 522

Lorita sp. Mexico 1 Lucilia sp. Ghana, Mexico 5 Lycaenidae spp. Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Unknown 19

Lyctus africanus Dominican Republic 1 Lyctus planicollis Mexico 1 Lygaeidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 14 Lygaeoidea spp. Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 14 Lygus lineolaris Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9 Lygus sp. Mexico 2 Lymantriidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Lytta sp. Mexico 1 Maconellicoccus hirsutus Grenada, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6 Macrolophus melanotoma Netherlands 3 Macrolophus pygmaeus Spain 1 Macrolophus sp. Belgium, Netherlands 48 Macrophoma sp. Thailand 1 Macroplax fasciata Turkey 1 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Spain 11 Macrosteles sp. Netherlands 1 Magnoliophyta sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Myanmar, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 12
Mallodon sp. Mexico 1 Mamestra brassicae Bosnia and Herzegovina, Netherlands, Spain 10 Mamestra sp. Netherlands 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 68 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Manduca sp. Mexico 2 Margarodidae spp. Curacao, Grenada, Viet Nam 3 Marmara sp. Mexico 11 Maruca vitrata Bolivia 1 Mecidea major Mexico 1 Megalopygidae spp. Mexico 1 Megaselia sp. Colombia 1 Melacoryphus circumlitus Honduras, Mexico 2 Melacoryphus lateralis Mexico 3 Melacoryphus rubicollis Mexico 1 Melalgus sp. Honduras 1 Melanaethus sp. Mexico 1 Melanaethus spinolai Dominican Republic 1 Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico 1 Melanoides tuberculata Dominican Republic 1 Melanophila sp. Mexico 1 Melanoplus differentialis Canada 1 Meliola sp. Puerto Rico 1 Melipotis sp. Dominican Republic 1 Meloidae spp. Mexico, Venezuela 2 Melolonthinae spp. Nicaragua 1 Melyridae spp. Mexico 3 Membracidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Yugoslavia 4 Mesostigmata spp. Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, India, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Unknown 107

Metamasius hemipterus Dominican Republic 4 Metamasius sp. Mexico 1 Metoponium sp. Mexico 4 Metriona trisignata Mexico 1 Microconidia sp. Jamaica, Netherlands 2 Microlepidoptera spp. Dominican Republic 1 Microplax sp. Ghana 1 Microsphaeropsis sp. Mexico 1 Micrutalis sp. Mexico 1 Mikania micrantha Dominican Republic 3 Mikania sp. Mexico 1 Miridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 126

Mollusca spp. Mexico, Unknown 2 Monacha cartusiana Italy 1 Monomorium floricola Puerto Rico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 69 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Monomorium pharaonis Guinea, Mexico 2 Monoxia sp. Mexico 3 Moodna bisinuella Mexico 1 Mordellistena sp. Mexico 1 Musca domestica Ghana, Panama 2 Musca sp. Canada 1 Muscidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 49

Muscina sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Mussidia nigrivenella Ghana 2 Mycetophagidae spp. Canada, Ecuador, Germany, Laos, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru 19 Mycetophilidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 3 Mycosphaerella sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Mymaridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3 Myochrous cyphus Mexico 1 Myochrous sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17 Myodocha intermedia Mexico 1 Myrothecium roridum Dominican Republic 1 Myzus persicae Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Unknown 53 Myzus sp. Netherlands 6 Nabidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico 6 Nabis sp. Mexico 1 Nasonovia ribisnigri France, Greece 2 Nasutitermes sp. Dominica, St. Lucia 2 Necrobia ruficollis Mexico 1 Necrobia rufipes China 1 Nematocera spp. Peru 1 Nemobiinae spp. Mexico 2 Nemobius carolinus Mexico 1 Neoconocephalus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Neoleucinodes elegantalis Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela 65
Neoleucinodes sp. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela 36 Neopamera albocincta Dominican Republic 1 Neopamera bilobata Mexico 1 Neopamera sp. Mexico 1 Neortholomus jamaicensis Jamaica 1 Neoseiulus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Neotephritis finalis Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 70 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Neotrichophorus sp. Mexico 1 Nesidiocoris tenuis Israel 1 Nesothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1 Neuroptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 30
Nezara viridula Dominican Republic, Italy 2 Nitidulidae spp. Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Unknown 32 Nitidulinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Noctua pronuba Netherlands 1 Noctuidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia 620

Nolidae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Nymphalidae spp. Mexico 1 Nysius sp. Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands 18 Ochrimnus sp. Mexico 1 Ocrasa nostralis Dominican Republic 1 Odontomachus sp. Mexico 1 Odontota sp. Mexico 1 Odontothrips sp. Spain 1 Oebalus ornatus Dominican Republic 2 Oecanthus sp. Canada 1 Oecophoridae spp. Armenia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru 10 Ogdoecosta sp. Mexico 1 Olethreutinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bulgaria, Congo Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown 129

Omalonyx sp. Dominica 1 Onthophagus sp. Mexico 2 Opatrinus sp. Mexico 2 Ophiderma sp. Netherlands 1 Opogona sp. Hawaii, Peru 2 Oribatida spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Mexico, 13Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 71 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago Orius insidiosus Canada 3 Orius sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 21 Orphulella punctata Guatemala 1 Orthalicus jamaicensis Jamaica 1 Orthezia praelonga US Virgin Islands 2 Orthezia pseudinsignis Mexico 1 Orthezia sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Ortheziidae spp. Grenada 1 Orthoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela 3 Oryzaephilus mercator Ethiopia, Ghana 2 Oryzaephilus surinamensis Africa Country Unknown, Germany, Morocco, South Africa 4 Ostrinia nubilalis Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, South Korea, Yugoslavia 67

Ostrin ia sp. Mexico, Netherlands 3 Otiorhynchus cribricollis Mexico 1 Otiorhynchus sp. Netherlands 3 Otiorhynchus sulcatus Canada 1 Otitidae spp. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Viet Nam 106

Ovatus crataegarius Israel 1 Oxalis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 3 Oxalis stricta Netherlands 1 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Gambia, Israel 4 Oxycarenus sp. Togo 1 Oxygrylius ruginasus Mexico 1 Ozophora burmeisteri Jamaica 2 Ozophora sp. Dominica 1 Pachybrachis sp. Mexico 2 Pagiocerus sp. Peru 1 Pallifera sp. Venezuela 1 Pangaeus bilineatus Mexico 2 Pangaeus sp. Mexico 1 Pantomorus sp. Mexico 1 Paracoccus marginatus Puerto Rico 2 Paracoccus solani Jamaica 1 Paracoccus sp. Grenada, Jamaica 2 Paragonatas divergens Mexico 1 Paralipsa gularis China, Ghana, Israel, Nigeria, Philippines 6 Paranapiacaba sp. Mexico 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 72 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Parapiesma cinereum Mexico 2 Parasitidae spp. Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, South Africa 9 Paratrechina longicornis Netherlands 1 Paratrechina sp. Canada, Mexico 3 Parkia sp. Indonesia 1 Pectinophora gossypiella Puerto Rico 1 Pelidnota sp. Mexico 1 Penicillium sp. Bahamas, Netherlands, Spain 3 Pennisetum ciliare Mexico 1 Pennisetum pedicellatum Viet Nam 1 Pennisetum sp. Mexico 1 Pentatomidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, US Virgin Islands 213

Pentatominae spp. Dominican Republic 2 Pentatomoidea spp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago 29

Periconia sp. Mexico 1 Peridroma saucia Mexico 2 Perigenes sp. Mexico 1 Perillus bioculatus Mexico 1 Peritrechus fratenus Mexico 1 Phalacridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Pheidole sp. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Mexico 4 Phenacoccus gossypii Canada, Mexico 2 Phenacoccus helianthi Mexico 1 Phenacoccus madeirensis Canada, Mexico 11 Phenacoccus parvus Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 20
Phenacoccus solani Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 9 Phenacoccus solenopsis Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico 19 Phenacoccus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 12
Phileurus sp. Mexico 1 Phlaeothripidae spp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain 23 Phlugis sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Phoma destructiva Dominican Republic, Mexico 3 Phoma sp. Germany, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, South Korea, St. Lucia, Venezuela 14 Phomopsis capsici Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 6 Phomopsis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet Nam 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 73 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Phoradendron sp. Mexico 1 Phoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Syrian Arab Repu blic, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 37

Phragmites sp. Netherlands 1 Phthorimaea operculella Peru, Venezuela 2 Phycitinae spp. Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Ghana, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia 16

Phylinae spp. Israel 1 Phyllophaga sp. Cuba, Mexico 27 Phyllosticta sp. Dominican Republic, India, St. Lucia, Viet Nam 4 Phyllostictina capsici Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2 Phyllotreta sp. Mexico 1 Phylloxera sp. Netherlands 1 Phytocoris sp. Honduras, Mexico 4 Phytomyzinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Unknown 3 Phytophthora capsici Puerto Rico 1 Phytoseiidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Unknown 94

Picris sp. Mexico 1 Piesmatidae spp. Mexico 1 Pinnaspis sp. St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 2 Pinnaspis strachani Jamaica 3 Piophilidae spp. Jamaica 1 Piper nigrum Viet Nam 1 Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 26 Plagiometriona sp. Mexico 2 Planicephalus flavicosta Trinidad and Tobago 1 Planococcus citri Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico 29 Planococcus citricus Dominican Republic 1 Planococcus halli Nigeria 1 Planococcus minor Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago 49

Planococcus sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 25 Plantago sp. India 1 Platynota rostrana St. Lucia 1 Platynota sp. China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 54

Platynota stultana Mexico 3Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 74 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Platypodidae spp. Mexico 1 Pleurodonte guadeloupensis Dominica 1 Plodia interpunctella Bolivia, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Taiwan, Turkey 28
Plusia sp. Netherlands 1 Plusiinae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands 15 Plutella sp. Venezuela 1 Plutella xylostella Bahrain, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5 Plutellidae spp. Netherlands 1 Poaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Podisus sp. Mexico 1 Pogonomyrmex rugosus Mexico 1 Polygyridae spp. Mexico 2 Polymerus testaceipes Dominica 1 Polyphagotarsonemus latus Dominican Republic 1 Polyphylla sp. Mexico 2 Praticolella griseola Dominican Republic, Mexico 42 Praticolella sp. Mexico 3 Praticolella strebeliana Colombia, Dominican Republic 24 Premnotrypes sp. Peru 1 Prenolepis imparis Canada 1 Prietocella barbara Jamaica 1 Proba sp. Mexico 1 Prodiplosis sp. Haiti, Jamaica 5 Prosapia sp. Mexico 1 Prosopis sp. Mexico 1 Prosterninae spp. Mexico 1 Prostigmata spp. Canada 1 Protopulvinaria longivalvata Puerto Rico 1 Prytanes confusus Mexico 3 Prytanes oblonga Dominican Republic, Mexico 2 Prytanes sp. Mexico 3 Psephenidae spp. Mexico 1 Pseudaletia unipuncta Netherlands 1 Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Netherlands 2 Pseudobaris cylindricollis Mexico 1 Pseudocaeciliidae spp. Netherlands 1 Pseudococcidae spp. Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, South Korea, Spain, St. Kitt s and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and 576Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 75 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Viet Nam Pseudococcus elisae Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 4 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands 16
Pseudococcus odermatti Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2 Pseudococcus sp. Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam 20

Pseudococcus viburni Belgium, Netherlands 67 Pseudomyrmex mexicanus Mexico 1 Pseudopachybrachius basalis Mexico 1 Pseudopachybrachius vinctus Jamaica 1 Pseudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1 Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 4 Psilidae spp. Mexico 6 Psocidae spp. Netherlands 2 Psocoptera spp. Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago 174

Psychidae spp. Mexico 1 Psychodidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 7 Psylla sp. Mexico 1 Psyllidae spp. El Salvador, Hungary, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Unknown, Viet Nam 442 Psylliodes sp. Mexico 1 Psylloidea spp. Mexico 5 Pteromalidae spp. Guatemala, Netherlands 2 Pteronemobius sp. Mexico 2 Pterophoridae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Nicaragua, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland 8

Pthorimaea opercullela Unknown 1 Ptiliidae spp. Greece, Jamaica 2 Ptochiomera nodosa Netherlands 1 Puccinia sp. Mexico 1 Pulvinaria psidii Mexico 1 Pulvinaria sp. Guyana, Honduras, Mexico 4 Pulvinaria urbicola Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 9
Puto barberi Puerto Rico 1 Pycnoderes sp. Mexico 1 Pyralidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, 59Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 76 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, Thailand, Unknown, Venezuela Pyralinae spp. Guatemala 1 Pyrausta sp. Netherlands, Unknown 6 Pyraustinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia 108

Rasahus biguttatus Mexico 1 Reduviidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 5 Reuteroscopus sp. Mexico 1 Rhabdopterus sp. Mexico 1 Rhagium sp. Mexico 1 Rhamphothrips pandens St. Lucia 1 Rhaphigaster nebulosa Moldova, Netherlands 2 Rhizopus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Rhopalapion longirostre Greece 1 Rhopalidae spp. Mexico 1 Rhyparochromidae spp. Mexico 1 Rhytidoporus indentatus Trinidad and Tobago 1 Riodinidae spp. Nigeria 2 Rottboellia cochinchinensis Thailand 1 Saccharicoccus sacchari Jamaica 2 Saccharum spontaneum Unknown 1 Saissetia coffeae Jamaica 1 Saissetia neglecta Jamaica 1 Saissetia sp. Jamaica 2 Sancassania sp. Romania 1 Saprophyte sp. Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan, Unknown, Viet Nam 12 Sarasinula plebeia Dominica 1 Sarcophagidae spp. Mexico 2 Sarcophaginae spp. Spain 1 Saturniidae spp. Mexico 1 Scarinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Scatella sp. Netherlands 1 Scatopsidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2 Scelionidae spp. Netherlands 2 Schinus terebinthifolius France 1 Schizocerella pilicornis Mexico 1 Schizomyia sp. El Salvador 1Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 77 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Sciaridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 35
Sciocoris maculatus India 1 Scirtidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 3 Scirtothrips dorsalis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago 6 Scirtothrips sp. St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands 8 Sclerotium rolfsii Unknown 1 Scolytidae spp. Mexico 44 Scolytus sp. Mexico 1 Scorpiones spp. Mexico 1 Scrophulariaceae spp. Netherlands 1 Scymninae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Scyphomphorus sp. Mexico 1 Scythridinae spp. Canada 1 Secondary fungi Angola, Belgium, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown 26

Sennius sp. Mexico 1 Sepsidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Septoria sp. Venezuela 2 Serica sp. Mexico 1 Sericoderus sp. Canada, Netherlands 8 Sesamia nonagrioides Italy 2 Setaria italica China 1 Setaria sp. Chile, Myanmar 2 Setaria verticillata Mexico 1 Silvanidae spp. Dominican Republic, Germany, India, South Korea, Thailand 5 Sitona humeralis Netherlands 1 Sitona lineatus Netherlands, United Arab Emirates 2 Sitona sp. Belgium, Israel, Netherlands, Pakistan 4 Sitophilus oryzae Mexico 1 Sitophilus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4 Sitophilus zeamais Ghana, Mexico 3 Sminthuridae spp. Canada 1 Solenopsis geminata Brazil, Ghana 2 Solenopsis sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 3 Sonchus arvensis Canada 1 Sonchus asper Netherlands 1 Sonchus oleraceus Mexico 1 Sonchus sp. Netherlands 1 Sorghum halepense Chile 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 78 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Sparganothis sp. Jamaica 1 Sphaceloma psidii Mexico 1 Sphaeroceridae spp. Mexico 1 Sphenophorus sp. Mexico 2 Sphingidae spp. Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 6 Sphragisticus nebulosus Canada 1 Spilomelinae spp. Netherlands 3 Spilosoma sp. Canada 1 Spodoptera albula Dominican Republic 2 Spodoptera androgea Dominican Republic 1 Spodoptera dolichos Dominican Republic, St. Lucia 6 Spodoptera eridania Dominican Republic, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago 5 Spodoptera exigua Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown 157 Spodoptera frugiperda Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 120 Spodoptera latifascia Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 32 Spodoptera littoralis Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Spain 5 Spodoptera litura Japan, South Korea, Thailand 3 Spodoptera ornithogalli Dominican Republic 2 Spodoptera sp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela 47

Spodoptera sunia Dominican Republic 3 Spoladea recurvalis Dominican Republic 1 Staphylinidae spp. Asia Country Unknown, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 13 Stegobium paniceum Egypt 1 Stemphylium botryosum Italy, Mexico 2 Stemphylium sp. Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan 7 Stenozygum sp. Dominican Republic 1 Stephanopachys sp. Mexico 2 Sternorrhyncha spp. Mexico 1 Stratiolaelaps sp. Brazil, Netherlands 2 Succinea costaricana Belize 2 Succinea cuvieri Trinidad and Tobago 1 Succinea luteola Mexico 1 Succinea margarita Dominican Republic 1 Succinea putris Trinidad and Tobago 1 Succinea sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Italy, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 31 Symmetrischema capsicum Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru 27 Symmetrischema sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 79 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Syrphidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago 87

Syrphinae spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 7 Syrphini spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 3 Systena sp. Mexico 2 Tachinidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Tachyporinae spp. Dominican Republic 1 Tapinoma melanocephalum Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 3 Taraxacum officinale Canada 4 Tarsonemus confusus Dominican Republic 1 Tarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama 6 Tarsonemus waitei El Salvador 1 Telenomus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Tenebrionidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua 7 Tepa sp. Mexico 1 Tephritidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam, Zambia 940

Tetramorium bicarinatum Australia, Colombia 2 Tetramorium caespitum Puerto Rico 1 Tetranychidae spp. Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 5 Tetranychus ludeni Dominican Republic 1 Tetranychus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland 24 Tetranychus urticae Jamaica, Mexico 2 Tetrapriocera longicornis Dominican Republic 1 Tettigometridae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1 Tettigoniidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 24 Texananus spatulatus Mexico 1 Thaumatotibia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown 180

Thaumatotibia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Czech Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, 15Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 80 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Theba pisana Algeria, Italy, Portugal 5 Thelidomus aspera Jamaica 1 Thripidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru , Philippines, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago 198

Thripinae spp. Netherlands, Spain 2 Thrips angusticeps Germany 1 Thrips fuscipennis Netherlands 1 Thrips major Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 2 Thrips nigropilosus Israel 1 Thrips palmi Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies Country Unknown 181

Thrips sp. Dominican Republic, Iran, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Turkey 57 Thrips tabaci Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Serbia, Spain 30 Thyanta perditor Dominican Republic 1 Thyanta sp. Mexico 1 Thylodrias contractus Mexico 1 Thysanoptera spp. Guam, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand 17

Thysanura spp. Mexico 1 Tineidae spp. India, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Yugoslavia 7 Tingidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica 2 Tipulidae spp. Canada 1 Tomarus sp. Mexico 8 Tomolips sp. Netherlands 1 Tortricidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Argentina, Armenia, Azores, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America Country Unkown, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam 330

Tortricinae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, Unknown, Venezuela 329Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 81 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** Tospovirus tomato spotted wilt virus Dominican Republic 1 Trachyderes mandibularis Mexico 1 Trialeurodes vaporariorum Cuba, Unknown 2 Tribolium castaneum Africa Country Unknown, China, Germany, Guinea, Mexico 5 Tribolium sp. Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, Saudi Arabia 8 Trichobaris compacta Mexico 1 Trichobaris mucorea Mexico 1 Trichoplusia ni Mexico, Netherlands 2 Trichoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2 Tricorynus sp. Mexico 1 Trifolium sp. India 1 Trigonella foenum

-graecum India 1 Trimerotropis pallidipennis Mexico 1 Trioza sp. Mexico 13 Triozidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico 2856 Trogoderma granarium Iran 1 Trogoderma sp. China, Mexico, Morocco, Unknown 4 Trogoderma sp. Saudi Arabia 1 Trombidiinae spp. Jamaica 1 Trombidium sp. Mexico 1 Tychius cuprifer Mexico 1 Typhaea stercorea Israel, Netherlands 2 Typhlocybinae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 5 Typhlodromus sp. Israel 1 Typophorus sp. Mexico 1 Tyrophagus putrescentiae Belgium, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4 Udea sp. Algeria, Netherlands 2 Udea testacea Netherlands 1 Uleiota debilis Canada 1 Ulidiidae spp. Cameroon, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica, Peru 7 Ulus sp. Mexico 1 Utetheisa ornatrix Mexico 1 Veliidae spp. Netherlands 1 Veronicella cubensis Dominica 2 Veronicella sloanii Jamaica 1 Veronicella sp. Dominica, Puerto Rico 6 Veronicellidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2 Verticillium sp. Netherlands 1 Vespidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2 Winnertzia sp. Netherlands 1 Xanthochilus saturnius Greece 1 Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mexico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tortola 4Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 82 **Pest Intercepted Country**  **Total** vesicatoria Xanthomonas vesicatoria Mexico 1 Xenotarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic 1 Xerophloea sp. Mexico 1 Xerotricha conspurcata Greece, Italy 2 Xestia sp. Spain 1 Xestocephalus sp. Mexico 1 Xyleborus ferrugineus Dominican Republic 1 Xyleborus intrusus Honduras 1 Xyleborus volvulus Honduras 1 Xylodiplosis sp. Ghana 1 Xylomeira torquata Mexico 1 Xyonysius sp. Mexico 1 Zabrotes sp. Mexico 1 Zachrysia auricoma Puerto Rico 2 Zachrysia sp. Dominican Republic 1 Zercoseius sp. Netherlands 1 Zonitoides arboreus Dominican Republic, Netherlands 4 Zygogramma sp. Mexico 2 **Grand Total**  **27,807**Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 83 **Appendix B.** Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Peru**  **Distribution Plant part(s)**  **assoc. ARTHROPODS**  Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae C. annuum , Capsicum

sp. ( PestID, 2011 ); C. frutescens ( EcoPort, 2008 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EcoPort, 2008 ; EPPO, 2007 ); US [(FL, HI) CABI, 2010, EcoPort, 2008 ; EPPO, 2007 ] L (CABI, 2010; PestID, 2011 )

Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae C. annuum ( Castañeda et

al., 2010 ; MAG, 1986a ; RFDS, 1994 ); C. frutescens ((MAG, 1986a ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ; EPPO, ND

- a) F ( Castañeda et al., 2010 ; RFDS, 1994 ; Rogg, 2000 )

Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe Hemiptera:

Aphididae C. annuum (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010); US (CA, HI, IL) (CABI, 2010) L (CABI, 2010) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Diptera:

Tephritidae C

. annuum (CABI,

2010; PestID, 2011 ; Prado, 1991 ; Thomas et al., 2001 ); C. baccatum ( Thomas et al., 2001 ); C

. frutescens (CABI, 2010; Thomas et al., 2001 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2009 ) F (CABI, 2010; SENASA, 2009 ; Thomas et al., 2001 )

Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) L ( MAG, 1986b ) Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Diptera:

Agromyzidae C

. annuum (CABI,

2010; EPPO, ND

-b ; Prado, 1991 ; Steck, 1999 ) PE (CABI, 20 10; EPPO, ND

-b ; EPPO, 2007 ); US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; (CA, HI) CABI, 2010 ) L ( Kharizanova and Pavlov, 2007 ) Geococcus coffeae Green Hemiptera:

Pseudococcidae C. annuum ( Ben

-Dov et

al., 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ); US (CA, FL) ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 ) R ( Ben

-Dov et al., 2011 )
Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera:

Crambidae C

. annuum ( PestID,

2011 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ); C

. frutescens ( Rogg, 2000 ); Capsicum sp. ( PestID, 2011 ) PE (Anteparra et al., 2010 ) F ( Marcano, 1991a ; PestID, 2011 ); L ( PestID, 2011 )
Neosilba batesi (Curran) Diptera: Lonchaeidae Capsicum sp.

( SENASA, 2009 ) PE ( SENASA, 2009 ) F ( SENASA, 2009 ) Neosilba pendula Bezzi Syn. Silba pendula (Bez.) Diptera:

Lonchaeidae C. annuum ( Prado,

1991 ) PE ( Maes and Norrbom, 2011 ; SENASA, 2004 ) F ( SENASA, 2004 ) Opogona sacchari Bojer Lepidoptera: Tineidae Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (FL, HI) (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; CABI, 2010) L, S (CABI, 2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 84 **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Peru**  **Distribution Plant part(s)**  **assoc.** Prodiplosis longifila Gagné Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae Capsicum sp.

( SENASA, 2009 ; Valarezo et al., 2003 ) PE ( SENASA, 2009 ; SENASA, 2004 ); US (FL) ( Peña et al., 1989 ) F, L (Valarezo et al., 2003 ) Praelongorthezia praelonga Gouglas Syn. Orthezia praelonga Douglas Hemiptera:

Ortheziidae Capsicum sp. ( Ben

-Dov

et al., 2011 ; PestID, 2011 ) PE ( Ben

-D ov et al., 2011 ) L ( Culik et al., 2007 ; PestID, 2011 )
Pseudoleucania bilitura Guenée Syn. Agrotis bilitura Guenée Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae C. annuum ( Diaz and

Ternero, 2002 ) PE ( Diaz and Ternero, 2002 ) Sd ( Diaz and Ternero, 2002 )

Spodoptera ochrea Hampson Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae Capsicum sp.

( SENASA, 2004 ) PE ( SENASA, 2004 ; Universidad La Molina, 2000 ) F, L ( Diaz Silva, ND ) Symmetrischema
c apsicivorum Povolny Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae C. annuum ( Robinson et

al., 2007 ) PE ( Robinson et al., 2007 ; Vargas and Meza, 2002 ) L, R (Vargas and Meza, 2002 ) Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Syn. Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick) Povolny Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae Capsicum sp. (CABI,

2010; SENASA, 2009 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; SENASA, 2009 ) F (not associated with pepper fruit) , L, S ( EPPO, 2006 ) **MOLLUSKS** Diplosolenodes occidentale (Guilding) Mollusca:

Veronicellidae C. annuum (CABI,

2010; Gonzalez, 2005 ) PE ( Gonzalez, 2005 ) F, L ( Gonzalez, 2005 ) **NEMATODES** Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi Nematoda:

Meloidogynidae C. annuum (CABI,

2010) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) R, S (CABI, 2010) Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen Nematoda:

Pratylenchidae C

. annuum (CABI,

2010; EPPO, 2007 ) [PE] 4 (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (CABI, 2010) L, R ( CABI, 2010 ) Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne Nematoda:

Pratylenchidae C

. annuum , C.

frutescens ( Ferris and Caswell

- Chen, 2011 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ); US (FL, HI, LA, TX) (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ) R ( CABI, 2010 )

**FUNGI** Mycena citricolor (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. Agaricomycetes

Agaricales C. annuum , C.

frutescens , C. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Ro ssman, 2011 ); US (FL) (CABI, 2010) L (Wellmann 1977)Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru



### Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 85 **Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy**  **Reported on Capsicum**  **spp. US and Peru**  **Distribution Plant part(s)**  **assoc.** Puccinia pampeana (Speg.) Syn. P. capsici Mayor; P. paulensis Rangel Alternate state: Endophyllum pampeanum (Speg.) J.C. Lindq Pucciniomycetes

: Pucciniales C

. annuum , C

.

frutescens ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 ); C

. baccatum ( Buriticá, 1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) PE (Figueiredo, 2000 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ) F, L, S, (Figueiredo et al., 1987); L, S, Sh ( Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006 )

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. Sordariomycetes

: Xylariales C. annuum , C.

frutescens , C. baccatum (Wellman, 1977 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 ; Farr and Rossman, 2011 ); [US (NY) (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 2007 )] R, S (Farr and Rossman, 2011 )

**BACT ERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS**  Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi race 3 biovar 2 Bacteria:

Ralstoniaceae C

. annuum ( EPPO, ND

d); Capsicum sp. (Williams

-Woodward, 2003 ) PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, ND

- d) F, L, R, S ( CSREES, 2008 Williams

Woodward, 2003 ) **VIRUSES and VIROIDS** Peru tomato potyvirus PTV Potyviridae :

Potyvirus C. annuum ( CABI,

2010 ) PE ( CABI, 2010 ) L (Fernandez and Fulton, 1980 )