NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal 

revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter 

of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 

109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may 

be made before this opinion goes to press.

2016 VT 89

No. 2015-352

Stephanie (Allen) Casavant Supreme Court

On Appeal from

 v. Superior Court, Chittenden Unit,

Family Division

Maurice Allen May Term, 2016

Martin A. Maley, J.

Cynthia L. Broadfoot of Broadfoot, Attorneys at Law, Burlington, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Sara Moran of Affolter Gannon, Essex Junction, for Defendant-Appellant.

PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.

¶ 1. EATON, J. Husband appeals from a final divorce order, arguing that the Family 

Division of the Chittenden Superior Court: (1) inequitably divided the marital assets; 

(2) committed reversible errors of fact; and (3) issued a decision based on impermissible bias. 

We affirm. 

¶ 2. Husband and wife were married in Florida in 2000, less than a month after the 

birth of their twin boys. They resided in husband’s home state of Florida for the first several

years of the marriage. They then moved to Vermont, living with wife’s family in Enosburg, and 

later in St. Albans, before purchasing a home in Essex in 2010. 

¶ 3. Both parties were employed for most of the marriage, although husband was laid 

off from his job and remained unemployed for roughly one year. During that time, he filed a 
2

discrimination lawsuit against his employer, which resulted in a settlement. In February 2014, 

the parties separated, and wife filed for divorce. At the time of the final hearing, wife was 

employed as a property manager, earning $59,000 annually, while husband was employed as a 

production supervisor earning $52,000 annually. Since the parties separated, wife and the 

children have lived at the home in Essex. A partial final order concerning parental rights and 

responsibilities and parent-child contact, which is not part of this appeal, was issued in December 

2014. 

¶ 4. On July 1, 2015, the court held a final hearing to conclude all remaining issues 

relative to the division of property. The parties’ marital property was modest. Their primary 

asset was the marital residence in Essex. They agreed that the home had a value of $253,500, 

and the court concluded that the equity of the home was approximately $38,000.1 They also 

agreed that they had $8000 in a savings account, that wife’s vehicle had a value of $5000-$6000, 

and that they had a $28,000 tax lien stemming from taxes owed by husband as part of his 

discrimination settlement. Husband estimated he expected to receive $9000 in proceeds pending 

from a personal injury claim. The parties disputed the value of husband’s vehicle, a 1972 

Chevelle; wife asserted that it was worth up to $30,000, whereas husband felt that it was worth 

$9865.2 

¶ 5. At the hearing, wife testified that the relationship was “a bad situation . . . , it was 

never good.” She described husband’s behaviors as creating strain on the relationship, especially 

his infidelity, alcohol abuse, and going out with friends leaving her home alone with the children. 

 

1

 The parties dispute the precise equity they have in the marital home. Husband argues 

that they have $41,396.01. Even if the family court miscalculated the home equity, this minor 

error is “an erroneous nonessential finding [that] does not require reversal of the court’s property 

disposition.” Plante v. Plante, 148 Vt. 234, 237, 531 A.2d 926, 928 (1987). We therefore make 

no effort to calculate the exact value of the equity in the marital home. 

2

 The court was persuaded by husband’s estimate, given the need for repairs to the 

vehicle. 
3

Although she had hoped that moving the family to Vermont would put an end to husband’s 

affairs and drinking, it did not. Wife also testified that over time, husband became increasingly 

hostile and verbally abusive towards her, and that on a number of occasions husband 

unexpectedly left the family and went back to Florida. In her view, this behavior only worsened 

when husband was laid off from his job and the stress of his discrimination lawsuit caused him to 

become depressed. She also described the effect of husband’s drinking and verbal abuse on the 

children, as many of his outbursts occurred in their presence, and their current struggles with 

mental health issues: one child is depressed and the other has made suicidal gestures requiring 

residential treatment. 

¶ 6. Wife further testified as to the stress created by husband’s excessive spending 

habits, which reached an apex when his discrimination suit was resolved and he received

between $86,000 and $89,504 in settlement proceeds.3 Even before the settlement, husband had 

over $27,000 in credit card debt.4 Following the settlement, he paid off that debt, and he spent

some of the funds on improvements to the marital home, although the parties dispute the amount 

of those improvements,

5

and $23,547.99 on guns, jewelry, and a Mercedes automobile, which he 

later wrecked. He also made large cash withdrawals and took cash advances on credit cards; 

when he reached the spending limits on his credit cards, he used PayPal to make further 

purchases. 

 

3

 According to the family court record, husband received a settlement check of $69,504, 

which he deposited into the parties’ bank account on April 30, 2013. Wife contends that he 

received two additional payments of $10,000 each, one of which was deposited into their account 

on May 9 and the other of which was deposited into their account on May 13. This would mean 

the settlement was for $89,504. The court found that he received $69,504, which was deposited 

on April 30, and an additional $16,548 in May 2013. A bankruptcy petition disclosure indicates 

that the settlement proceeds totaled $88,000 ($20,296 for lost wages and $69,704 for emotional 

distress). 

4

 Husband disputes this figure, arguing that he paid off $21,950 in credit card debt. 

5

 Husband alleges that $37,468.23 of the settlement proceeds were spent on home 

improvements; wife estimates that figure as being closer to $39,000. 
4

¶ 7. Husband’s struggles with finances came to a head in October of 2014 when he 

filed for bankruptcy. At the time he filed, the parties had been separated for nine months, but 

had yet to file for divorce. The bankruptcy petition included unsecured debt of $66,000, 

including approximately $50,000 in credit card debt. 

¶ 8. Wife testified that except for the home improvements, husband’s purchases were 

made without her knowledge or were made over her objection. Wife also testified that as a result 

of this spending, she was forced to obtain a personal loan to pay her car loan and two credit 

union bills. Although the parties acknowledge that they understood they would be liable for state 

and federal income taxes on the settlement proceeds, and in fact set aside approximately $26,000 

for those taxes, that money was spent on other things. While the family court found that some of 

that money was spent consensually by the parties on home improvements, the court did not have 

enough evidence to clearly identify how the rest of the money was spent. Wife testified that 

when it became clear that they did not have sufficient funds remaining to pay the settlement tax 

obligation, she set aside $8000 from a severance payment made to husband for that purpose. 

¶ 9. At the hearing, husband contested wife’s account of the marriage. He claimed 

that wife inaccurately blamed him for the failure of the marriage, denied ever engaging in 

extramarital affairs, and denied the verbal abuse. He also claimed that his excessive drinking 

was under control by 2013 and that his drinking was primarily in response to stress brought on 

from his discrimination lawsuit. Regarding his spending habits, husband claimed that wife was 

aware of the purchases, did not protest them at the time, and that some of the purchases were for 

her benefit. In addition, he argued that the timing of the bankruptcy, which was after the parties 

separated, shows that a contributing factor was the pending divorce to a greater extent than his 

spending habits. 

¶ 10. Weighing all the evidence, the family court considered all twelve factors listed in 

15 V.S.A. § 751(b) in order to determine an equitable distribution of the marital property. The 
5

court particularly honed in on the fact that the children’s stability was increased by allowing wife 

to maintain the family home; that although money from the settlement was used for 

improvements and repairs to the marital home, such money was a marital asset received during 

the marriage and that husband’s spending contributed significantly to the depreciation of the 

marital estate; and that the merits of the parties was a significant factor in the court’s 

determination. As to the respective merits of the parties, the court found that husband’s behavior 

throughout the marriage, including infidelity, alcoholism, emotional abuse, and uncontrolled 

spending, played a significant role in the breakdown of the marriage. 

¶ 11. Based on these findings, the court awarded the marital home to wife, including all 

equity and expenses related thereto, as well as her car, bank accounts in her name, and personal 

property items in her possession. Husband was awarded $8000 in savings, any proceeds from 

his pending personal injury claim, which he had valued at $9000, his Chevelle, bank accounts in 

his name, and all personal property in his possession; the court also found him responsible for 

the $28,000 tax debt. Husband filed a Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment alleging that 

certain findings of fact were faulty and that in light of the correct facts, the family court’s 

property allocations were inequitable. On August 7, 2015, the family court denied husband’s 

motion to alter or amend the judgement. Husband appealed. 

¶ 12. We turn now to husband’s three challenges: that (1) the court’s property award 

was inequitable; (2) the court relied on inaccurate facts in dividing the parties’ property; and 

(3) the court’s property division was based on impermissible judicial bias against him. We 

review a family court’s property distribution in a divorce proceeding for abuse of discretion. 

MacCormack v. MacCormack, 2015 VT 64, ¶ 3, ___ Vt. ___, 123 A.3d 383, 385 (citation 

omitted).
6

¶ 13. Husband puts forth two arguments why the family court’s property distribution 

was inequitable: (1) the award is disproportionate; and (2) it leaves him in a precarious financial 

situation. We address these arguments in turn. 

¶ 14. Husband asserts that the property award is disproportionate because he received 

only 27% of the marital assets if the pending personal injury suit is included in his share and 

15% if it is not, and was assigned all the tax debt, which leaves him with more debts than assets. 

He contends that the family court’s consideration of the statutory factors in 15 V.S.A. § 751(b) 

amounted to an abuse of discretion. 

¶ 15. The Legislature has provided family courts with twelve factors it may consider 

when making property awards. 15 V.S.A. § 751(b). There is no specific formula for assessing 

these factors, which are not exclusive, and family courts have broad discretion in assigning 

weight to each one. Molleur v. Molleur, 2012 VT 16, ¶ 15, 191 Vt. 202, 210, 44 A.3d 763, 768. 

The division of marital property “is not an exact science and, therefore, all that is required is that 

the distribution be equitable.” Kasser v. Kasser, 2006 VT 2, ¶ 30, 179 Vt. 259, 895 A.2d 134, 

142 (citation omitted). An equitable award does not, however, mean an equal one. Goodrich v. 

Goodrich, 158 Vt. 587, 593, 613 A.2d 203, 206 (1992). “A disparate property division is not 

‘facially inequitable,’ and will not be reversed as long as the family court makes adequate 

findings that are supported by the evidence.” MacCormack, 2015 VT 64, ¶ 17 (quoting Wade v. 

Wade, 2005 VT 72, ¶ 20, 178 Vt. 189, 878 A.2d 303). Furthermore, we note that where the 

court finds that one party is primarily responsible for the debt, it acts within its discretion when it 

assigns all the debt to that party. See Wade, 2005 VT 72, ¶ 17 (holding that it was within family 

court’s discretion to assign all debt to one party when court found that party to be at fault for 

debt). We will thus uphold the family court’s division of marital property “unless its discretion 

was withheld or abused.” Id. 
7

¶ 16. The factors the court gave the most weight to were “[t]he desirability of awarding 

the family home . . . to the spouse having custody of the children,” “[t]he contribution of each 

spouse in the acquisition, preservation, and depreciation or appreciation in value of the 

respective estates,” and “[t]he respective merits of the parties.” 15 V.S.A. §§ 751(b)(9), 

751(b)(11), 751(b)(12). The court concluded that all three of these factors decidedly favored 

wife. The court concluded that wife’s custody of the children was a “crucial factor in the 

determination of how to distribute the parties’ property.” The court also concluded that although 

husband did contribute to the marital estate with the proceeds from his discrimination settlement, 

his “spending contributed significantly to the depreciation of the marital estate.” The court also 

found that husband was primarily responsible for the failure of the marriage; specifically, that his 

infidelity, alcoholism, emotional abuse, and spending habits significantly harmed the stability of 

the family, thus giving weight to the respective merits of the parties. The evidence on some of 

these issues was competing, and it was within the court’s province to determine the credibility of 

the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Beyel v. Degan, 142 Vt. 617, 620, 

458 A.2d 1137, 1138 (1983). While the court could have more fully explained the reasoning 

behind the property distribution, it did make sufficient findings and gave an adequate basis in its 

conclusions of law to provide for appellate review. Heath v. Palmer, 2006 VT 125, ¶ 10, 181 Vt. 

545, 548, 915 A.2d 1290, 1294-95 (2006).

¶ 17. The family court was clearly aware of the factors that favored husband, such as 

his having less education and making slightly less money annually than wife, and that husband 

contributed financially to the marital estate. Nonetheless, the court acted within its discretion to 

assign more weight to some factors than others and ultimately to conclude that wife was entitled 

to more of the marital property than husband. See Molleur, 2012 VT 16, ¶ 14 (stating that “[t]he 

court need not specify the weight given to each factor, but is required only to provide a clear 

statement as to what was decided and why.” (quotation omitted)). Central to the court’s property 
8

division was its determination that husband had engaged in affairs, had been drinking to excess, 

had been abusive, and had been an undisciplined spender. There was evidence, primarily from 

wife’s testimony, to support all of these conclusions which implicate a wide range of husband’s 

conduct. The court also acted within its discretion when it assigned all the tax debt to husband 

based on the finding that he was primarily responsible for the lack of funds to cover the tax debt. 

Because the family court has broad discretion in determining a property award and we find no 

abuse of discretion here, we must affirm. 

¶ 18. Husband also argues that regardless of the reasons behind the family court’s 

property distribution, its distribution was inequitable. Specifically, husband contends that the 

family court abused its discretion because it left him in an “unreasonable financial 

circumstance,” and in doing so failed to consider the statutory requirement that the court 

consider not only the respective merits of the parties, but also the condition in which each would 

be left by the divorce. 

¶ 19. Husband claims that the family court must consider the condition in which the 

parties are left in making a property division. We note that under the current law, the condition 

the parties are left in as a result of the divorce is not a specifically enumerated factor in 15 V.S.A 

§ 751(b). Husband relies on cases that refer to an older version of the statute,6 which required 

courts to consider “the condition in which [the parties] shall be left by such divorce.” 15 V.S.A. 

§ 751 (amended 1981). The statute has since been amended and no longer includes that factor in 

the current, non-exclusive, list of factors the court may consider. We need not resolve the 

impact, if any, that the amendment of the statute had on consideration of the parties’ post-divorce 

condition. The court’s property division did not leave husband in an unreasonable financial 

 

6

 Kinley v. Kinley, 140 Vt. 77, 435 A.2d 698 (1981); Lalumiere v. Lalumiere, 149 Vt. 

469, 544 A.2d 1170 (1988) (quoting Kinley for statutory language instead of citing 15 V.S.A. 

§ 751 directly.).
9

circumstance. Husband remains employed with annual wages of $52,000. The court awarded 

the Chevelle, the remaining savings of $8000 and the pending personal injury claim to husband. 

While husband was assigned the tax debt, the court freed him from any further obligation on the 

home mortgage loan or other expenses related to the marital home. Given his income and the 

assets he was awarded, husband has not been left in an unreasonable financial circumstance by 

the property division. As a result, specific consideration of the financial situation in which the 

property award would leave husband, even if necessary, would not require a different property 

division. 

¶ 20. Husband’s second issue on appeal is that the family court made several incorrect 

findings of fact which constitute reversible error. Specifically, he argues that the family court 

incorrectly found that his spending of the settlement proceeds dissipated the marital estate. In 

addition, he argues that the family court did not possess enough evidence to support the finding 

that he engaged in extramarital affairs, was an alcoholic, subjected wife to emotional abuse, 

alienated his children and had a spending disorder; all of which led to the conclusion that he was 

primarily responsible for the failure of the marriage.7

¶ 21. As stated above, the family court enjoys broad discretion in dividing marital 

property, and we will uphold its decision unless that discretion is abused. MacCormack, 2015 

VT 64, ¶ 17. “Individual findings of fact will stand unless clearly erroneous.” In re A.F., 160 

Vt. 175, 178, 624 A.2d 867, 869 (1993) (citation omitted). “When findings are attacked on 

appeal, our role is limited to determining whether they are supported by credible evidence.” Id. 

 

7

 In his brief, husband also argued that the settlement proceeds were his, and his alone, 

and that his spending cannot be used as evidence that he dissipated the marital assets. Because 

husband conceded at oral argument that the settlement proceeds were a marital asset, we decline 

to address this argument here. Regardless, we note that 15 V.S.A. § 751(a) provides that “[a]ll 

property owned by either or both of the parties, however and whenever acquired, shall be subject 

to the jurisdiction of the Court.” This is consistent with our holding in Bero v. Bero, 134 Vt. 

533, 367 A.2d 165 (1976), although the provenance and purpose of the settlement proceeds may 

be an important factor in some cases in the property distribution.
10

When evidence in the record supports different conclusions “[w]e leave it to the sound discretion 

of the family court to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to weigh the evidence.” Id. 

The burden is on the appellant to prove that the family court committed a reversible error. Field 

v. Field, 139 Vt. 242, 244, 427 A.2d 350, 352 (1981). 

¶ 22. There is adequate evidence in the record to support the findings of fact that 

husband challenges. Wife testified that husband engaged in extramarital affairs, drank heavily, 

was emotionally abusive to her—often in the presence of the children—and made extravagant 

expenditures without her consent. To be sure, husband spent some money on the improvement 

of the marital home, which benefitted the marital estate. But while the trial court may not have 

been able to account for every dollar spent from the testimony provided, there was ample 

evidence that husband had spent significant sums beyond the parties means on jewelry and other 

non-essentials, and that wife had been forced to set aside what little funds remained from 

husband’s discrimination law suit in an attempt to cover at least some of the resulting tax 

liability. It is not contested that at least $80,000 was spent between the time the law suit 

settlement proceeds were received and the time of separation, a period of less than a year. But 

the property division was not made solely on the basis that husband had dissipated marital assets 

by imprudent spending. The testimony was more than adequate to support the family court’s 

findings of fact on the many aspects of husband’s conduct which played a part in the court’s 

property division. These included not only financial considerations, but abusive behavior, excess 

drinking and extra-marital affairs. Thus, husband has failed to show that the family court made 

any reversible errors of fact. 

¶ 23. Finally, husband contends that the trial judge verbally expressed bias against him, 

demonstrating a lack of impartiality. Husband alleges that the judge made negative comments 

about husband’s credibility during an off the record conference in chambers prior to the final 

hearing. Wife argues that regardless of what the parties discussed in chambers, the conversation 
11

was not on the record and neither party objected on the record during the hearing, and therefore 

the issue was not preserved for appeal. 

¶ 24. “Our review is confined to the record and evidence adduced at trial. On appeal, 

we cannot consider facts not in the record.” Hoover v. Hoover, 171 Vt. 256, 258, 764 A.2d 

1192, 1193 (2000). Thus, we cannot credit and assess the alleged statements made in the judge’s 

chambers for which no record exists. More importantly, however, husband failed to preserve his 

right to appeal this issue. To preserve the issue of judicial bias, a litigant must seek to disqualify 

the presiding judge in the trial court. DeLeonardis v. Page, 2010 VT 52, ¶ 31, 188 Vt. 94, 998 

A.2d 1072. Husband did not do so, and has thus waived his right to appeal this issue. We 

therefore cannot and do not address this issue. 

Affirmed.

FOR THE COURT:

Associate Justice