PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-1707

LUIS ALONSO AYALA-OSEGUEDA; SANDRA LISETH MARTINEZ-DE 

AYALA; D.E.A.M.,

Petitioners,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals. 

Argued: October 26, 2023 Decided: February 1, 2024

Before NIEMEYER, QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

Petition for review denied by published opinion. Judge Quattlebaum wrote the opinion, in 

which Judge Niemeyer and Judge Rushing joined.

ARGUED: James Doyle Brousseau, BROUSSEAU & LEE, PLLC, Falls Church, 

Virginia, for Petitioners. Remi da Rocha-Afodu, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Brian M. Boynton, Principal 

Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Dawn S. Conrad, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of 

Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 

Washington, D.C., for Respondent.

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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge: 

Luis Alonso Ayala-Osegueda and Sandra Liseth Martinez-De Ayala, along with 

their minor son, D.E.A.M., all natives and citizens of El Salvador, claim they were 

threatened and harmed by local MS-13 gang members because their relative, Guadalupe 

Osegueda, broke up with the gang’s leader, Franscisco Javier Sarabia. They also insist they

will be harmed for that same reason if returned to El Salvador. As a result, they petition for 

review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals upholding the Immigration Judge’s 

(“IJ’s”) oral decision denying their applications for asylum and withholding of removal.

The petition involves two central issues. First, it challenges the IJ’s mixed 

credibility finding. Petitioners argue the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not sufficiently 

explicit under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) and 1229a(c)(4)(C). Along the way, they also 

argue that an IJ cannot make a mixed credibility finding. Petitioners suggest that an IJ must 

give either a thumbs up or thumbs down on the whole of an applicant’s credibility. Second, 

it challenges the Board’s decision to affirm the IJ’s determination that petitioners did not 

establish a nexus between any past or feared future harm and any familial relationship.

Having considered the arguments presented and reviewed the record, we conclude 

that the Board did not err and that substantial evidence supports the denial of relief. See

INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992). Accordingly, we deny the petition for 

review.

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I. 

Before delving into the particulars of this petition, we begin with the legal 

background behind petitioners’ claims. To qualify for asylum under the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (“INA”), petitioners had the burden of showing they are “refugee[s].” 8 

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A); INS v. Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 13 (2002) (per curiam). A 

“refugee” is someone “who is unable or unwilling to return to” his native country “because 

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . membership in a 

particular social group,” or other protected categories. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). An asylum 

applicant “may qualify as a refugee either because he or she has suffered past persecution 

or because he or she has a well-founded fear of future persecution.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b). 

Petitioners faced an even higher burden of proof “to qualify for withholding of 

removal to a particular country under the INA.” Dankam v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 113, 115

(4th Cir. 2007). Applicants have the burden of showing “a ‘clear probability of persecution’ 

on account of a protected ground.” Id. (quoting INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984)). 

If they meet this heightened burden, withholding of removal is mandatory. Djadjou v. 

Holder, 662 F.3d 265, 272 (4th Cir. 2011). “But because the standard for withholding of 

removal is higher than the standard for asylum, if applicants cannot demonstrate asylum 

eligibility, their applications for withholding of removal will necessarily fail as well.” Id.

Because the burden to prove both asylum and withholding of removal lies with 

petitioners, “the credibility of [their] testimony is often paramount.” Herrera-Alcala v. 

Garland, 39 F.4th 233, 245 (4th Cir. 2022). “The testimony of the applicant may be 

sufficient to sustain the applicant’s burden without corroboration, but only if the applicant 

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satisfies the trier of fact that the applicant’s testimony is credible, is persuasive, and refers 

to specific facts sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant is a refugee.” 8 

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii).

“There is no presumption of credibility” in proceedings before the IJ, 8 U.S.C. § 

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii), or before this court in considering the petition for review, see Garland 

v. Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1677 (2021). However, if the IJ declines to give an 

“‘explici[t]’ ‘adverse credibility determination,’ ‘the applicant or witness shall have a 

rebuttable presumption of credibility’” before the Board on appeal. Id. (quoting §§ 

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii), 1231(b)(3)(C), 1229a(c)(4)(C)). Accordingly, “[a]n adverse credibility 

determination supported by substantial evidence generally dooms an asylum claim unless 

the application can prove actual past prosecution through independent objective evidence.” 

Herrera-Alcala, 39 F.4th at 245. Indeed, “[a] single testimonial discrepancy, particularly 

when supported by other facts in the record, may be sufficient to find an applicant 

incredible in some circumstances.” Ilunga v. Holder, 777 F.3d 199, 207 (4th Cir. 2015). 

“An adverse credibility determination is supported by substantial evidence so long as the 

record as a whole supports it by ‘more than a mere scintilla’ of evidence.” Herrera-Alcala, 

39 F.4th at 245 (quoting Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 148, 1154 (2019)).

II.

With that background in mind, we turn to the details of petitioners’ claims. 

Petitioners entered the United States without inspection near Hidalgo, Texas, around 

November 30, 2016. Ten months later, they filed separate applications seeking asylum, 

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withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

1

The applications were later consolidated. 

Petitioners appeared at a removal hearing in June 2019. The adult petitioners both 

testified that, in 2009, their relative Guadalupe2 dated Francisco, a leader of the local MS13 gang. But according to petitioners, after Mr. Ayala-Osegueda’s mother, Blanca, 

expressed her disapproval of the relationship, Guadalupe decided to end the relationship 

and fled to the United States to escape Francisco. Petitioners claimed that gang members 

tried to punish Guadalupe’s relatives in retaliation for the breakup.

Ms. Martinez-De Ayala testified first. She stated that she had been threatened in El 

Salvador by MS-13. In particular, she said Francisco had extorted her family through three 

anonymous letters left under the door of a fast-food business the family started in April 

2016. According to Ms. Martinez-De Ayala, the letters contained demands for money and 

threats to kill the family if they did not comply. She testified that she threw the letters away 

and did not retain copies. Ms. Martinez-De Ayala also claimed that Francisco continues to 

extort Blanca. In fact, Ms. Martinez-De Ayala said that the whole family would be killed 

by Francisco immediately upon return to El Salvador. 

On cross-examination, however, Ms. Martinez-De Ayala conceded that neither 

Francisco nor his associates have ever stated that they sent the letters. And none of the 

1 Ms. Martinez-De Ayala included D.E.A.M. as a derivative applicant in her asylum 

application. 

2 Guadalupe is inconsistently described in the record as Mr. Ayala-Osegueda’s 

sister, sister-in-law and niece.

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letters identified that they were from Francisco or his associates. Instead, she assumed the 

letters came from Francisco and the gang because “they [were] the only ones in town.” J.A. 

145. She also conceded that the letters were delivered only after they opened the fast-food 

restaurant in April 2016, seven years after Guadalupe’s purported breakup with Francisco. 

Ms. Martinez-De Ayala was also questioned about affidavits that she and her 

husband submitted twelve days before their hearing. In those affidavits, both adult 

petitioners told a different story about what happened to Guadalupe. They stated that “[t]he 

family is not sure where [Guadalupe] currently is,” J.A. 179, “[t]he family always 

believe[d] that she has been taken by MS-13 gang members,” J.A. 179, and that “no one 

knows where she went. She just disappeared. She may have been taken by the gang 

members,” J.A 181. But at their hearing, petitioners admitted that Guadalupe lived in 

Virginia—indeed, in the same town as petitioners. When cross-examined on this point, Ms. 

Martinez-De Ayala said, “Maybe [the statements in the affidavits were] a mistake.” J.A. 

146.

Finally, Ms. Martinez-De Ayala testified that her husband had been attacked by four 

unknown assailants shortly before the family left El Salvador in November 2016. When 

cross-examined on her statement in her affidavit that the attack instead occurred in October 

2016, the IJ “advise[d] [her] not to look at the other witness in this case for assurance.”

J.A. 147. The IJ then turned to Mr. Ayala-Osegueda, and stated, “And you too, sir. I see 

you nodding back and forth to the respondent. That is disfavored by this court. You cannot 

communicate with the witness on the witness stand. It does affect the court’s assessment 

of the credibility in this case.” J.A. 147. 

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After that, Mr. Ayala-Osegueda testified. He first stated that he was attacked by four 

people on his way to work in October 2016. The attackers told him that if he “did not pay 

what they were asking [him] to pay, they would kill [his] wife, [his] son, and [him].” J.A. 

156. He had never seen the four attackers before and could not identify them. On crossexamination, he conceded that none of the assailants mentioned Guadalupe when they 

attacked him and that he wrote in his asylum application that he believed they beat him up 

because he owned a restaurant.

After the hearing, the IJ denied all of petitioners’ claims. First, the IJ found 

petitioners’ testimony that Guadalupe’s relationship led to retaliation not credible. Because 

of its importance to our analysis, we quote the IJ’s entire discussion of this issue:

After careful examination of the record of evidence and considering the 

totality of the circumstances and all relevant factors, the court makes a mixed 

finding on credibility here today.

The court is mindful and concerned about the issues raised by the

government in this case—specifically the very many material inconsistencies 

between testimony under oath here today and statements made in the 

respondents’ affidavits. There are very distinct discrepancies between about 

what happened to their niece or sister-in-law, Guadalupe, and, significantly, 

the whereabouts of Guadalupe. The written affidavits, which were tendered

a couple of weeks ago, said that nobody knew where she was, and people 

suspected that she was taken away by gang members. That is untrue. 

Guadalupe apparently left for the United States some time ago and has been 

known to be in Virginia for some time. The respondent has been in touch 

with Guadalupe on more than one occasion since she’s been in the United 

States. And both the respondents and their niece, Guadalupe, live in the same 

city, in Sterling, Virginia. The court is gravely concerned about the 

discrepancy on that particular fact as, if it was true that Guadalupe was 

missing at the hands of the gang, it creates a very different scenario. And the 

court finds in this case that there was an attempt to deceive the court in terms 

of what actually happened to the niece, and that she is alive and well. As will 

be noted momentarily, it’s also significant to the court that Guadalupe did 

not offer anything material to the court to corroborate the accounts of either 

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of the respondents when she is present in the United States, in Sterling, 

Virginia, and in contact with the respondents. Both of the respondents 

perpetuated this falsity in their written affidavits, and it gravely affects the 

level of weight that the court will afford to the respondents’ testimony in this 

case. The court noted during the course testimony that the respondents were 

communicating during testimony, one signaling the other that a date was 

correct or that it should be changed. Having made all those findings and

recognizing that the weight of the respondents’ testimony is minimal in this 

case, the court will decline to make a completely adverse credibility finding 

in this case.

J.A. 61–62.

The IJ then noted the lack of corroborative evidence. Particularly striking to the IJ 

was petitioners’ lack of evidence from Guadalupe, “whose relationship with the gang 

member was presented as central to their claim,” the absence of “medical evidence or 

photographs” concerning Mr. Ayala-Osegueda’s injuries from the attack and the failure of 

petitioners to produce “copies of the notes” documenting any threats received. J.A. 62. 

The IJ found that petitioners had not met their burden to seek protection based on 

membership in a particular social group (“PSG”). Mr. Ayala-Osegueda argued two PSGs: 

the “son of Blanca” and “an El Salvadorian who owns a fast food restaurant.” J.A. 62. 

Similarly, Ms. Martinez-De Ayala argued two PSGs: the “spouse of Luis” and “small 

business owner in El Salvador.” J.A. 63. The IJ found petitioners’ business-oriented PSGs

not cognizable because they were “not immutable,” “not defined with sufficient 

particularity” and not “socially distinct.” J.A. 62–63. And after finding that the familybased PSGs3 were cognizable, the IJ found that petitioners failed to establish “a nexus 

3 We note, however, the lack of clarity as to the framing of both family-based PSGs. 

Based on the offered PSGs, persecution on account of a familial relationship appears to 

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between the alleged harm and a protected ground.” J.A. 63. Instead, the IJ found, based on 

all the credible evidence, that petitioners were targeted because of monetary motivations. 

Therefore, the IJ found that petitioners were not entitled to a rebuttable presumption of a 

well-founded fear of future persecution. 

The IJ also found that petitioners had not shown a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. Beyond showing a “subjectively genuine fear,” the court noted that Blanca—

Luis’s mother—still lived in El Salvador, unharmed. J.A. 64. Because there was no 

evidence to show they met the burden for asylum, the IJ also found that petitioners failed 

to demonstrate their eligibility for withholding of removal—an even higher evidentiary 

burden.4

Following petitioners’ timely appeal, the Board adopted and affirmed the IJ’s denial

of the requested relief. First, the Board affirmed the IJ’s “determination that the 

hinge on Blanca, not Guadalupe, which is surprising given how much time is spent 

debating testimony about Guadalupe. Indeed, one might have expected Mr. AyalaOsegueda to assert “uncle of” or “brother to Guadalupe,” instead of “son of Blanca.” Still, 

we assume this PSG seeks to capture the familial relationship through Blanca to 

Guadalupe. That is, stating “son of Blanca” and “spouse of Luis” indirectly references the 

familial relationship to Guadalupe and the alleged retaliation against the family because of 

the breakup. See J.A. 60 (“The respondents believed that the threats were from members 

of MS-13, and they base that on the fact that one of their relatives had purportedly, seven 

years prior, been involved with a specific MS-13 member who was then and is currently 

incarcerated in El Salvador.”). Alternatively, it is possible—but we assume less likely—

that “son of Blanca” captures the fact that the retaliation against the family could stem from

Blanca’s own actions: the disapproval of Guadalupe’s relationship with Francisco. In any 

event, because the parties do not dispute this lack of clarity, we do not resolve it. 

4 The IJ also found that petitioners’ CAT claim failed because they “failed to show 

that its more likely than not that they would be subject to torture” if they returned. J.A. 64.

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respondents have not established a nexus between any past or feared future harm and a 

protected ground.” J.A. 3. The Board held that petitioners identified no clear error of fact 

with the IJ’s decision, and made no argument on appeal that would disturb the IJ’s denial

of relief. 

Next, the Board rejected petitioners’ argument that the IJ was unclear in its 

credibility finding as the IJ “provided specific reasons for [its] mixed finding on 

credibility.” J.A. 4. The Board noted that the IJ was concerned about “material 

inconsistencies” in testimony and affidavits. J.A. 4. In particular, the Board recognized that 

the IJ was concerned with several discrepancies as it relates to Guadalupe. The Board also 

noted the IJ’s concerns over conflicting testimony about Guadalupe’s whereabouts and that 

there had been an attempt to deceive the court. On top of a “lack of corroborating 

evidence,” the Board also recognized the IJ’s note that “the adult respondents were 

attempting to communicate by signaling with each other.” J.A. 4. Finally, the Board 

confirmed that the IJ “declined to make a complete adverse credibility finding.” J.A. 4.

As a result, the Board dismissed the appeal.

III.

In seeking our review of the Board’s decision, petitioners make two main 

arguments. First, they challenge the IJ’s “mixed credibility finding.” According to 

petitioners, the IJ’s credibility finding was not “explicit” as required by 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) and 1229a(c)(4)(C). They also argue that those statutes do not permit 

an IJ to make a mixed credibility finding. Instead, petitioners suggest an IJ must assess an 

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applicant’s credibility wholesale, as an all or nothing proposition. For these reasons, they 

claim that they did not receive the presumption of credibility to which they were entitled 

before the Board. Second, petitioners challenge the Board’s decision to affirm the IJ’s 

determination that they did not establish a nexus between any past or feared future harm 

and their relationship to Guadalupe.5 We address these issues in turn.

A.

1.

The issue of whether the IJ “explicitly made” an “adverse credibility determination”

under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) and 1229a(c)(4)(C) is a legal question that we review 

de novo. Takwi v. Garland, 22 F.4th 1180, 1186 (10th Cir. 2022); see Salem v. Holder, 647 

F.3d 111, 115 (4th Cir. 2011) (“We review legal questions de novo.”). 

We have no binding authority on what an IJ must say to explicitly make an adverse 

credibility finding.

6 And recently, the Supreme Court left “for another day the question [of] 

what the factfinder must say or do to furnish an explici[t] adverse credibility 

determination.” Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. at 1679 (internal quotation marks omitted).

5 Petitioners do not challenge the Board’s affirmance of the denial of CAT relief or 

its affirmance of the IJ’s determination that “an El Salvadorian who owns a fast food 

restaurant” and “small business owner in El Salvador” are not legally cognizable particular 

social groups.

6 Our unpublished decision in Yan Dan Li v. Gonzales held that “[f]or an IJ’s 

credibility finding to be explicit, the IJ must state in no uncertain terms that he finds that 

the applicant’s testimony is or is not credible; a passing reference implying doubt about an 

applicant’s credibility simply will not do.” 222 F. App’x 318, 323 (4th Cir. 2007) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

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To consider petitioners’ argument that the IJ here failed to make the required explicit 

finding, therefore, we begin with the text of the relevant statutory provisions. “There is no 

presumption of credibility, however, if no adverse credibility determination is explicitly 

made, the applicant or witness shall have a rebuttable presumption of credibility on 

appeal.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii) (asylum proceedings); id. § 1229a(c)(4)(C) (removal 

proceedings). So what does it mean to be “explicitly made”? To determine a statute’s 

meaning, dictionaries from around the time of the statute’s enactment can provide 

guidance. United States v. Helton, 944 F.3d 198, 207 (4th Cir. 2019). And here, relevant

dictionaries define “explicit” as “[f]ully and clearly expressed; leaving nothing implied,”

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3d ed. 1996), or “fully revealed 

or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity: leaving no question as to 

meaning or intent,” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2003). These 

definitions leave language with many avenues to explicitly reject credibility. Thus, we join 

other circuits in holding that an IJ is not bound to using particular “magic words” when 

making an explicit adverse credibility finding. Molina-Diaz v. Wilkinson, 989 F.3d 60, 65 

(1st Cir. 2021); Takwi, 22 F.4th at 1187; Islam v. Holder, 368 F. App’x 241, 243 (2d Cir. 

2010) (summary order).

Not searching the decision for any magic words, we look instead to the substance 

of what the IJ said. Up front, the IJ said, “the court makes a mixed finding on credibility 

today.” J.A. 61. There is nothing equivocal about that language. Through that statement, 

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the IJ fully and clearly expressed its finding, without vagueness, implication or ambiguity.7

That alone satisfies the statutory requirement of an explicit credibility determination. 

And as to exactly what was found incredible, the IJ’s description of the scope of and 

reasons for the determination was likewise sufficiently clear. When reviewing the

testimony concerning Guadalupe, the IJ found “very distinct discrepancies” between 

testimony and “untrue” written affidavits, had “grave[] concern[s] about the discrepancy”

and determined there had been “an attempt to deceive the court” and to “perpetuate[] falsity 

in their written affidavits.” J.A. 61–62. It is hard to imagine an IJ using more determinative

language than classifying testimony as “untrue,” a “falsity” or “an attempt to deceive the 

court.” J.A. 61–62. 

The IJ “explicitly made” an adverse credibility finding about petitioners’ testimony 

on retaliation stemming from Guadalupe’s breakup with Franscisco. So, we reject 

petitioners’ claim that the IJ’s mixed adverse credibility finding was not explicit. 

7 The explicit nature of the IJ’s language is confirmed when compared to language 

in other cases that courts of appeals have deemed sufficient to constitute an adverse 

credibility determination. See Some v. Gonzales, 183 Fed. App’x 4, 8 (1st Cir. 2006) 

(characterizing testimony as a “phenomenal gross exaggeration” and stating that 

petitioner’s claims “lacked credibility” constitutes an explicit adverse credibility 

determination); Islam v. Holder, 368 Fed. App’x 241, 243 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order) 

(referencing the “implausib[ility]” of testimony constitutes an explicit adverse credibility 

determination); Chugh v. Gonzales, 130 Fed. App’x 201, 201 (9th Cir. 2005) 

(memorandum opinion) (expressing a lack of “faith” that a petitioner “has actually done 

what he has stated,” and finding that he “made up and memorized” events constitutes an 

explicit adverse credibility determination).

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 2.

Petitioners lodge a second complaint about the IJ’s mixed credibility finding. They 

insist a mixed finding is inherently improper. According to petitioners, credibility is an all 

or nothing concept, to be applied wholesale to the applicant’s entire testimony. See Op. Br. 

23 (“[A]n applicant’s testimony is either credible or is not credible.”); see also Op. Br. 21 

(“[A]n IJ has only three options when it comes to a credibility determination: (1) make an 

explicit adverse credibility determination[;] (2) make an explicit determination that the 

applicant is credible; or (3) make no explicit credibility determination at all, in which case 

the applicant is afforded a rebuttable presumption of credibility on appeal[.]” (internal 

quotation marks omitted)). 

The statutes do not support this view. Nothing in the statutes prohibits a mixed 

credibility finding—deeming an applicant’s testimony credible as to one subject but not 

another. Indeed, although we have not directly expressed approval, we have acknowledged 

IJ decisions that have done just that, without correction. See Cordova v. Holder, 759 F.3d 

332, 336 (4th Cir. 2014) (“The IJ found Aquino’s testimony ‘credible in part and not 

credible in part.’”); Wambura v. Barr, 980 F.3d 365, 375 (4th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he IJ gave 

Wambura a mixed credibility finding.”). And the statute’s award of “a rebuttable 

presumption of credibility on appeal” does not imply such a prohibition. 8 U.S.C. §§ 

1158(b)(1)(B)(iii), 1229a(c)(4)(C). In the case of a mixed credibility finding, a 

presumption of credibility should be applied by the Board on appeal concerning the portion 

of testimony not explicitly determined incredible.

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Along with lacking support in the statutory language, prohibiting a mixed credibility 

finding would uniquely limit IJs unlike other factfinders. In courtrooms across the country, 

triers of fact can and regularly do find parts of testimony credible and other parts incredible. 

Indeed, federal courts typically instruct juries that they may do just that. See 3 Fed. Jury 

Prac. & Instr. § 101:43 (6th ed.) (“In deciding the facts, you may have to decide which 

testimony to believe and which testimony not to believe. You may believe everything a 

witness says, part of it, or none of it.”). We see no reason to treat IJs differently.

And imagine if we adopted petitioners’ argument. If an IJ found part of a petitioner’s 

testimony credible but part not, what is the IJ supposed to do? Declare all of the testimony 

incredible even though only some of it was or declare it all credible even though some was 

not? Petitioners’ proposed rule would force a blanket determination at odds with the way 

the IJ actually viewed the testimony.8

 

Indeed, the Supreme Court’s recent Ming Dai decision found no reason to treat the 

agency factfinders differently from any other reasonable factfinder. In discussing the 

Board’s authority, the Court stated that an “agency, like any reasonable factfinder, is free 

to credit part of [a] witness’ testimony without necessarily accepting all of it. It does not 

matter whether the agency accepts all, none, or some of the alien’s testimony; its reasonable 

findings may not be disturbed.” Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. at 1677 (internal quotation marks and 

citations omitted).

8 Of course, so long as supported by specific and cogent reasons, IJs can make

adverse credibility determinations concerning a witness’s entire testimony.

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Thus, an IJ may make a partial or mixed adverse credibility determination so long 

as substantial evidence supports it. See Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 154–57 (2d Cir.

2006) (reviewing a “bifurcated” or “mixed” credibility finding where the IJ believed some 

aspects of the alien’s claim but not others). An IJ is not bound to make its adverse 

credibility determination wholesale, for the alien’s entire testimony.

Here, the IJ properly made a “mixed” finding about credibility. After finding the 

testimony about retaliation due to Guadalupe’s breakup incredible, the IJ nevertheless

“decline[d] to make a completely adverse credibility finding.” J.A. 62. That suggests the 

IJ found the remaining parts of petitioners’ testimony credible. And on appeal, there is no 

indication the Board did not apply a presumption of credibility to such other testimony, as 

it must. It certainly reviewed in detail the reasons why no presumption of credibility applied 

to petitioners’ testimony concerning retaliation following Guadalupe’s breakup with 

Francisco.

 3.

Last, it is important to clarify what applying the presumption of credibility means

and what it does not mean. Just because testimony is presumed credible does not mean that 

the Board must accept it as true or that an applicant will prevail on appeal. See Ming Dai, 

141 S. Ct. at 1681 (“It’s not always the case that credibility equals factual accuracy, nor 

does it guarantee a legal victory.”). Such a presumption “applies only with respect to 

credibility.” Id. at 1680 (emphasis in original). The “INA expressly distinguishes between 

credibility, persuasiveness, and the burden of proof.” Id. And “[i]n order for an alien’s 

testimony to carry the day on its own, the statute requires the alien to satisfy the trier of 

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fact on all three counts—showing his ‘testimony is credible, is persuasive, and refers to 

specific facts sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant is a refugee.’” Id. (quoting §§ 

1158(b)(1)(B)(ii), 1231(b)(3)(C), 1229a(c)(4)(B)). The Board “may weigh the credible 

testimony along with other evidence of record.” Id. (internal quotes omitted). 

“Accordingly, even if the [Board] treats [petitioners’] evidence as credible, the agency need 

not find [their] evidence persuasive or sufficient to meet the burden of proof.” Id.9

That is what happened here. Even accepting petitioners’ belief that they suffered 

past persecution on account of their relationship to Guadalupe, the Board affirmed the IJ’s 

rejection of that position. The Board held that petitioners “have not established a nexus 

between any past or feared future harm and a protected ground.” J.A. 3. As result, 

9 Writing for a unanimous Court in Ming Dai, Justice Gorsuch offered an illustration 

of this principle:

Suppose a plaintiff is doing her best to recount a car accident 

to prove her case for damages. She testifies earnestly that she 

thought the traffic light was green when she entered an 

intersection. The plaintiff says she was then broadsided by the 

defendant who was traveling on a cross street and ran a red 

light. Later in the proceedings, however, the defendant presents 

video footage and the testimony of other witnesses, all of 

which show that it was really the plaintiff who drove through 

a red light and the defendant who had the right of way. It’s easy 

enough to imagine that a factfinder might not describe the 

plaintiff as lacking credibility—in the sense that she was lying 

or not “worthy of belief,” Black’s Law Dictionary 448 (10th 

ed. 2014) (defining “credibility”)—yet find that her testimony 

on a key fact was outweighed by other evidence and thus 

unpersuasive or insufficient to prove the defendant’s liability.

Id. at 1681.

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petitioners’ argument about the IJ’s explicit adverse credibility determination and 

credibility presumption on appeal fails.10

B.

Petitioners also challenge the factual determination that they were threatened for 

pecuniary gain alone as unsupported by substantial evidence. But because a reasonable 

adjudicator would not be compelled to conclude to the contrary, we disagree. 

After finding petitioners’ family-based PSGs cognizable, the IJ found that 

petitioners failed to establish a nexus between their PSGs and the persecution they suffered. 

Relying on “all of the facts and credible evidence,” the IJ ruled that petitioners were 

targeted by unknown individuals who sought money from their business and family. J.A. 

63. And, as already noted, the Board affirmed the IJ’s determination that petitioners did 

not establish a nexus. 

10 Petitioners additionally argue that substantial evidence does not support the 

agency’s adverse credibility determination. In particular, petitioners challenge the 

substance of the IJ’s adverse credibility determination, arguing that “questionable”

affidavits that were unscrupulously prepared by petitioners’ prior counsel and were 

“immediately disclaimed by Petitioners upon questioning during their testimony” tainted 

petitioners’ credibility. Op. Br. 26–28. Petitioners also suggest that the IJ’s conduct during

the proceeding “created an environment where Petitioners’ credibility would be called into 

question.” Op. Br. at 28. These arguments fail for at least two reasons. First, petitioners 

have not exhausted their claims, as these arguments were not presented to the Board below. 

See Tepas v. Garland, 73 F.4th 208, 213 (4th Cir. 2023); Hernandez-Portillo v. Garland, 

No. 22-1587, 2023 WL 5951013, at *1 (4th Cir. Sept. 13, 2023). Second, even if exhaustion 

were excused, these arguments fail on the merits. The IJ identified specific and cogent 

reasons for rejecting petitioners’ testimony about Guadalupe. See Djadjou, 662 F.3d at 273.

Indeed, the effect of inconsistencies along with petitioners’ nonverbal communications to 

influence testimony provide a sufficient basis for an adverse credibility determination, 

setting aside any unscrupulously prepared affidavits. See id. at 273–74. Additionally, 

petitioners’ arguments about the IJ’s “improper” conduct likewise fail. A review of the 

record does not reveal the conduct petitioners complain of. 

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According to petitioners, a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to disagree 

because there were “multiple intertwined reasons why the MS-13 began threatening 

Petitioners,” including family ties, and not just the “immediate trigger” of getting money. 

Op. Br. 37. In particular, petitioners argue that the IJ’s finding—that the central motivation 

behind the alleged harm to petitioners was pecuniary and not due to Guadalupe breaking 

up with Francisco—is not supported by substantial evidence. 

But this argument fails because petitioners have not shown that reversal is 

compelled based on the record. We review a BIA decision based on a factual determination 

for substantial evidence. Dankam v. Gonzales, 495 F.3d 113, 119 (4th Cir. 2007). Under 

this “highly deferential” standard of review, Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1683, 1692 

(2020), we must look only to the administrative record “on which the order of removal is 

based” and consider the findings of fact “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator 

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(A)–(B). So, in 

order “[t]o reverse the [Board]’s finding, we must find that the evidence not 

only supports that conclusion, but compels it.” Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 n.1

(emphasis in original). Said differently, “we must uphold the [Board]’s finding unless no 

rational factfinder could reach the same conclusion.” Temu v. Holder, 740 F.3d 887, 891 

(4th Cir. 2014). The record does not compel us to disagree with the Board’s determination

that petitioners did not establish a nexus between any past or future harm and a protected 

ground.

Take Ms. Martinez-De Ayala’s testimony on the extortionary letters. She testified 

that the letters were anonymous and that she merely “suspect[ed]” that they were from

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Francisco and the gang. J.A. 144. But neither Francisco nor his associates ever stated that 

they were the ones behind the letters, and the anonymous writers never identified 

themselves as gang members. One thing the letter writers did say, however, is that “they 

wanted money.” J.A. 150.

And regarding the attack by the unknown assailants, Mr. Ayala-Osegueda testified 

that he had thought that they attacked him because he owned a restaurant. And because the 

attack happened on his way to work at the fast-food business, Mr. Ayala-Osegueda agreed 

that it would be fair to say that the assailants might have thought he had cash on hand. This 

evidence accords with Mr. Ayala-Osegueda’s asylum application, see J.A. 234 (“I believe 

they targeted me because I owned a business and had money.”), and Ms. Martinez DeAyala’s application, see J.A. 328 (“I owned a small fast food stand since April 2016 so 

therefore they though [sic] I had money, which is why they targeted me.”).

Next, consider the timing with respect to the extortionary notes and attack. While 

Ms. Martinez De-Ayala testified that the alleged relationship between Francisco and 

Guadalupe ended in 2009, it was not until October 2016 that petitioners were targeted. And 

more importantly, it was not until after April 2016—when petitioners began their fast-food 

business—that anyone began demanding money from them. We have previously held that 

“[t]he timing of threats can be relevant in determining a persecutor’s motivation.” ToledoVasquez v. Garland, 27 F.4th 281, 287 (4th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Here, the timing of petitioners’ persecution indicates it was motivated by criminals seeking 

the family’s money, since the threats to petitioners never occurred before they started the 

fast-food business. 

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Finally, some of the PSGs articulated by petitioners’ counsel at the hearing imply

that petitioners were persecuted because of a pecuniary motivation. There, counsel asserted 

that Ms. Martinez De-Ayala sought protection under the INA based on membership in a 

PSG defined as “small business owner” and “fast food business owner in El Salvador,”

while Mr. Ayala-Osegueda sought protection based on membership in a PSG defined as 

“Salvadorian who own[s] a fast food restaurant.” J.A. 140–41. Persecution in the form of 

extortion due to ownership of a business appears to be a concession that petitioners were 

being targeted for pecuniary reasons. 

The record evidence does not compel a ruling contrary to the administrative factual 

finding that petitioners were targeted for pecuniary reasons. In fact, besides their subjective 

belief, petitioners point to no evidence that Guadalupe’s breakup with Francisco was a 

reason for the harms they suffered. Petitioners’ claim of “multiple intertwined reasons”

was therefore appropriately considered and rejected by the IJ for specific and cogent 

reasons. A reasonable adjudicator would not be compelled to conclude otherwise. Despite 

the difficult circumstances that impelled petitioners to flee El Salvador, substantial 

evidence supports the Board’s conclusion that they were not persecuted on account of their 

family-based PSG. Thus, we deny the petition for review on this ground.

11

11 Petitioners also argue that the IJ erred by failing to include any explanation for

the absence of corroborating evidence. It is true that a petitioner “is entitled to an 

opportunity to explain why he cannot reasonably obtain any evidence sought by the IJ, and 

the IJ is required to include that explanation in the record, along with a finding as to whether 

the explanation is sufficient.” Chen v. Garland, 72 F.4th 563, 571 (4th Cir. 2023); see also 

Wambura, 980 F.3d at 372 (“[T]he BIA held the applicant should be given an opportunity 

to explain why he could not obtain such evidence and that explanation should be included 

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IV.

For the reasons discussed above, we deny the petition for review of the Board’s 

decision.

PETITION DENIED

in the record as well as whether the explanation was sufficient.”). But any omission by the 

IJ was harmless. “[T]o prevail on a due process challenge to a deportation or asylum 

hearing, an alien must demonstrate that he was prejudiced by any such violation.” Rusu v. 

U.S. I.N.S., 296 F.3d 316, 320 (4th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, petitioners must “establish 

prejudice in order to invalidate deportation proceedings on a claim that [his] statutory or 

regulatory rights were infringed.” Id. (citation omitted). To that end, we will find prejudice 

“when the rights of [an] alien have been transgressed in such a way as is likely to impact 

the results of the proceedings.” Id. (citation omitted). Because substantial evidence 

supports the IJ’s nexus determination and application denial, petitioners cannot show that 

any error in not documenting explanations for the record impacted the proceedings.

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