[Cite as Kennedy v. Jacobs, 2012-Ohio-4604.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

No. 98285

STELLA MOGA KENNEDY 

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE 

vs. 

THOMAS JACOBS, A.K.A., 

TOM JACOBS, ET AL.

 DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS

JUDGMENT:

REVERSED AND REMANDED 

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-755995 

BEFORE: Stewart, P.J., S. Gallagher, J., and E. Gallagher, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 4, 2012 
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Shadrach G. Neiss 

Chernett Wasserman, LLC 

Tower at Erieview, Suite 3300 

1301 East 9th Street 

Cleveland, OH 44114 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Daniel J. Kolick 

Michael T. Schroth 

Kolick & Kondzer 

Westlake Centre, Suite 110 

24650 Center Ridge Road 

Westlake, OH 44145 
MELODY J. STEWART, P.J.: 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Thomas Jacobs appeals from a judgment ordering him to 

pay punitive damages, entered nunc pro tunc to an earlier order that granted summary 

judgment to plaintiff-appellee Stella Moga Kennedy. The court issued the nunc pro tunc 

order to include an award of compensatory and punitive damages that it had not made in 

the original order granting summary judgment. Jacobs’s sole assignment of error is that 

the award of punitive damages exceeded the bounds of what is permissible in rendering 

judgment nunc pro tunc. 

{¶2} The procedural aspect of the assigned error makes it unnecessary to dwell on 

the underlying facts. It will suffice to state that Kennedy hired Jacobs and his limited 

liability company, BZ Media LLC, to make a documentary film. She gave BZ Media 

$40,000 to cover production costs, but claimed that Jacobs did not deliver the 

documentary film as promised and refunded her only $2,000. Kennedy filed this action 

setting forth claims of fraud, conversion, unjust enrichment, and breach of contract. 

Jacobs answered the complaint, but BZ Media did not. The court granted a default 

judgment against BZ Media. Kennedy and Jacobs filed cross-motions for summary 

judgment. The court granted summary judgment in part to Kennedy on all but the unjust 

enrichment claim (it held that claims for an express contract and an implied contract were 

mutually exclusive), finding that Jacobs “is personally liable for the acts and debts of the 

corporation BZ Media, LLC of which he is the only shareholder. The court denied 
Jacobs’s motion for summary judgment. The court’s opinion did not award any 

damages. Two weeks later, the court issued a nunc pro tunc entry granting Kennedy 

compensatory damages of $38,000 and punitive damages of $50,000. 

{¶3} A “nunc pro tunc” entry is used retrospectively to correct clerical errors in a 

judgment so that the judgment reflects that which the court intended. State v. Brown, 

136 Ohio App.3d 816, 819-820, 2000-Ohio-1660, 737 N.E.2d 1057 (3d Dist.2000). The 

use of the term “clerical” to describe the errors that may be corrected nunc pro tunc refers 

to a mistake or omission, mechanical in nature and apparent on the record, which does not 

involve a legal decision or judgment. Dentsply Internatl., Inc. v. Kostas, 26 Ohio App.3d 

116, 118, 498 N.E.2d 1079 (8th Dist.1985). 

{¶4} In some circumstances, the court can properly amend a judgment nunc pro 

tunc to include an award of damages that had been omitted from the original judgment. 

Judgments most amenable to entry of damages nunc pro tunc are those where the 

damages are liquidated. For example, in Adrine v. Miles Landing Homeowner Assn., 8th 

Dist. No. 90302, 2008-Ohio-3041, we found no error in a nunc pro tunc entry stating an 

amount of damages as prayed for in a default judgment. And in Berardi’s Fresh Roast, 

Inc. v. PMD Ents., Inc., 8th Dist. No. 90822, 2008-Ohio-5470, we found no error in a 

nunc pro tunc entry stating damages based on ascertainable, contractual installments. 

{¶5} The punitive damages sought by Kennedy were not the kind that were 

liquidated or so easily ascertainable on undisputed evidence they could be entered nunc 

pro tunc. Even though the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, they 
disputed whether a breach of contract occurred or whether Jacobs engaged in fraud. 

Jacobs’s cross-motion for summary judgment contained evidence showing that some of 

Kennedy’s money was used to make nonrefundable, international travel arrangements and 

those arrangements were unilaterally cancelled by Kennedy. Kennedy conceded that 

production had been “temporarily delayed while I dealt with a family illness.” On this 

basis alone, even if the court could find as a matter of law that Jacobs acted with the kind 

of malice necessary to impose punitive damages, there was a factual issue regarding the 

amount of punitive damages. It follows that any punitive damages award was 

nonliquidated or not easily ascertainable and should not have been entered nunc pro tunc. 

{¶6} We find no persuasive authority for the court’s decision to award punitive 

damages in a summary judgment. Kennedy cites Jack Wolfe, Inc. v. Jack Maxton 

Chevrolet, Inc., 4th Dist. No. 1449, 1980 Ohio App. LEXIS 12985 (Nov. 12, 1980), for 

the proposition that a court may award punitive damages on summary judgment. Wolfe

did not specifically address the issue of whether a court may award punitive damages on 

summary judgment; indeed, it contains no legal analysis of any kind. The court merely 

concluded that “[i]n light of the discretionary nature of punitive damages and the factual 

situation here we are inclined to support the conclusions of the Trial Court.” Id. at *3-4. 

Wolfe has not been cited by another court and its perfunctory conclusion is not binding 

on us. 

{¶7} Punitive damages are based on the conduct of the tortfeasor, so the amount 

of punitive damages to be awarded are necessarily subject to fact-finding. Such 
fact-finding would be beyond the scope of a motion for summary judgment. In this case, 

the $50,000 amount that the court ordered as punitive damages was less than the 

$125,000 that Kennedy sought in her complaint. This meant that the court must have 

engaged in some form of fact-finding to reach this result — an act that showed that 

punitive damages were not liquidated or readily ascertainable. The award of punitive 

damages went beyond the scope of what is permitted by a nunc pro tunc entry. 

{¶8} It follows that the portion of the March 27, 2012 nunc pro tunc entry 

granting punitive damages in the amount of $50,000 is void. The assigned error is 

sustained and the $50,000 punitive damage award is vacated. 

{¶9} This cause is reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. 

It is ordered that appellant recover of appellee his costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the Cuyahoga County Court of 

Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

 

MELODY J. STEWART, PRESIDING JUDGE 

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., and 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR