*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 3/12/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 95-1208

v. (D. C. No. 95-N-851)

TYROUS CLINTON MILLS, (D. Colo.)

Defendant - Appellant.

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, McKAY and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this

appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered

submitted without oral argument.

Defendant Tyrous Clinton Mills pled guilty to several drug distribution counts,
2

and he received a prison sentence of 120 months. He did not directly appeal his

sentence. Proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this action, he is seeking to set

aside his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 under two theories. First, he argues his

sentence is unfair because co-defendants with greater culpability were given lesser

sentences. Second, he argues the district court improperly calculated the amount of

relevant drugs at five kilograms rather than two kilograms.

The district court rejected Defendant's arguments for several reasons. First, the

court found that his co-defendants received substantial downward departures because of

their substantial assistance to the Government in the investigation and prosecution of

other offenders. Second, the district court found that the Presentencing Report’s

calculation of the amount of cocaine was sound. Also, the court attributed only five

kilograms to Mr. Mills, rather than the fifteen to fifty kilograms the Government

attributed to him.

While addressing Defendant’s arguments substantively, the district court noted

that Defendant is attempting to litigate issues which he failed to raise on direct appeal. 

Generally, we do not permit issues to be raised through habeas proceedings which were

not raised on direct appeal. United States v. Warner, 23 F.3d 287, 291 (10th Cir. 1994). 
1That is, a defendant must “show cause excusing his procedural default and actual

prejudice resulting from the errors of which he complains . . . .” United States v. Cook,

997 F.2d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir. 1993).

2Defendant belatedly made an ineffective assistance of counsel argument (for the

first time in this appeal) in his “Final Brief.” We will not consider issues on appeal 

unless they are raised with the trial court in the first instance or presented in the

appellant’s opening brief. See United States v. Edwards, 69 F.3d 419, 427 n.5 (10th Cir.

1995). No exceptional circumstances are present in this case to merit departure from our

general rule.

3We, of course, liberally construe the pleadings of pro se litigants. Haines v.

Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972).

3

One exception to this rule, however, is when a defendant can show cause and prejudice1-

-something which Defendant has failed to demonstrate here. Another exception exists

where a defendant can show that a fundamental miscarriage of justice will occur if his

claim is not addressed. United States v. Cook, 997 F.2d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir. 1993). 

Defendant neither alleged or showed a fundamental miscarriage of justice here. A third

exception is when a defendant asserts ineffective assistance of counsel. United States v.

Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1241-42 (10th Cir. 1995). In his petition, Defendant failed to

make a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.2 Thus, we affirm the district court

because Defendant is attempting to litigate claims which he waived. Additionally, he

raised these claims in his petition3 without showing cause and prejudice, without

alleging a fundamental miscarriage of justice, and without alleging ineffective assistance

of counsel.
4

Even if Defendant properly asserted his claims, however, we would affirm on the

merits for the reasons given by the district court.

AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

Entered for the Court

Monroe G. McKay

Circuit Judge