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t re ga rdin g envi r o nmental i ssues associ ated w i th speci f i c

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n

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ra c

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i ce. A l i s ti ng of avai l a bl e Se ctor N ote b ook s a nd d o cume nt numb e r

s i s i ncl ud e d on the f

o

l l o w i ng pa g e . A ll te le phone or de r s

s h ould be dir e c te d to: Super i ntend e nt of D o cuments U
. S. Gove r

n

me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce Washi ngt o

n , D C 20402 ( 202) 512- 1800 FAX ( 202) 512- 2250 8: 00 a. m. t o

4: 30 p. m. , E S T , M

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me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

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E P A/ 310- R

- 95- 008



## EPA O ffic e

of Complianc e Sec t

or N o tebook Pr ojec t Profile of the Metal Mining Industry

S e p tem b e r 1995

O ffic e

o

f C o m p lia nc e O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

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nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

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m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n

A g e nc y 401 M St
. , SW ( M C 2221- A) Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460

S IC Cod e 1 0 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Se c tor Notebook C o nta c

ts Th e Sec t or Noteb ooks were develop e d b y

th e EP A � s O f f i c

e

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t i o

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g to the Sec t or Noteb ook Projec t c a

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di rec t ed to: Seth Hemi n w ay , Coor d i n a

tor , Sec t or

Noteb ook P r ojec t U S E P A Offic e

of Comp lian c

e 401 M St
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t on , D C 20460 (202) 564-7017 Qu es ti ons and c o

m m e nts reg a rdi n g

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a

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di rec t ed to the a

p p r op ria t e

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ia

lis t s

lis t e

d be low. Doc u m e nt Num b er I ndustr y E P A / 310-R-95-001. D r y

Clean i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-002. E l ec t r on ic

s an d Comp u t er

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-003. Wood F u rn i t

u r e an d F i x t u r es In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-004. In or

g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-005. Ir on an d St eel In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-006. L u mber an d Wood P r od u c t s

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-007. F a bric at

ed M e t a

l P r od u c t s

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-008. M e t a

l M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-009. M o t o

r V e h

i c

l e A ssembly In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-010. Non ferr o u s M e t a

ls In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-011. Non -F u e l, Non -M et al M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-012. Or g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-013. P e t r oleu m Refin i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-014. P rin t i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-015. Pu lp an d P a p e r In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-016. Ru bber an d P l ast i c

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-017. St on e, Clay , Glass, an d Con c

r e

t e

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-018. T r an sp or t a

t i on E q u i p men t Clean i n

g

In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-001. A i r T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-002. Gr ou n d T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-003. Wat er

T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-004. M e t a

l Cast in

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-005. P h armac e

u t

ic

als In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-006. P l ast i c

Resin an d M a n

- mad e F iber In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-007. F o ssil F u e l E l ec t ric P o wer Gen e

r a

t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-008. Sh ip bu ild in g

an d Rep a ir

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-009. T e x

t ile In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-010. Sec t or

Not ebook D a t a

Refr esh -1997 E P A / 310-R-98-001. A e r o

sp ac e In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-002. A g ri c u lt u r al Ch emic al, P e st

ic

id e, an d Fer t ilizer In d u s t r y E P A / 310-R-98-003. A g ri c u lt u r al Cr op P r od u c t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-004. A g ri c u lt u r al L i v e st

oc

k

P r od u c t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-98-005. Oil an d Gas E x p lor a t i on an d P r od u c t i on In

d u s t r y E P A / 310-R-98-008. L o c a

l Gov e rn

men t Op er at ion s C ontac t Phone (202) Joy c e Ch an d l er 564-7073 S t

e

v e Hoov er 564-7007 B o b M a r

s h a

ll 564-7021 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 S c

o

t t T h r o

we 564-7013 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 Rob L i sc h

i n

s k

y 564-2628 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 T om Rip p 564-7003 Gin g er Got liffe 564-7072 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Sc

ot

t T h r o

we 564-7013 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 E m ily Ch ow 564-7071 Sally Sasn et

t 564-7074 Rafael San c

h

e

z 564-7028 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 B e lin d a B r eid e n

b

ac

h 564-7022 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 A my P or t er 564-4149 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 D a n

Ch ad wic k 564-7054 Joh n

D ombr o wsk i 564-7036 S e p tem b e r 1995 iii S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t *Span i s h t

r an sl at ion s

av ailable.

S I C C o d e 10 iv S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g M ET AL M IN IN G ( S I C 10) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS Pag e L IST OF E XHIB IT S .......................................................................................................... v i L IST OF A CRONYM S ................................................................................................... v iii I. I NTROD U CTI O N TO THE S ECTO R N OT E B OOK P ROJE CT .................................... 1 I
. A. Summar y

of the Sector N oteb ook Pr oj ect ........................................ 1 I
. B. A ddit io na l I n fo rm a

t io n ..................................................................... 2 II. I NTROD U CTI O N TO THE M ETAL M IN IN G I ND U S TRY ....................................... 4 I I
. A
. I n t

ro d u c t i o n , Ba c

kg r o u nd , a nd S c o

p e o

f t

h

e

No t

e

bo o

k
................. 4 I I
. B. C h a

ra c

t

e

riz a t io n

o

f t

h

e

M e t

a

l M i n i n g

I ndu s t

ry .............................. 5 I I
. B.1
. I ndu s t

ry S i z e a

nd Dis t

ribu t i o n ........................................ 6 I I
. B.2
. Ec o

no m ic

Tre nds
............................................................. 1 0 III. I N D US TR I AL P ROC E SS D ES CR I P TI O N ............................................................... 1 5 III.A. Indu s t

ria l P r o c

es se s

in t

h

e M e t

a

l M i n i n g

Indu s t

ry ....................... 1 5 III.B. M i n i n g

P r o c

es s

P o llu t i o n

O u t p u t s .................................................. 2 8 IV. W AS TE R ELEAS E P ROF I L E ............................................................................... 3 7 I V .A
. W a

s

t

e

R e le

a

se Da t

a

fo r t h

e

M e t

a

l M i n i n g

I ndu s t

ry ...................... 3 7 I V .B O t h

e

r

Da t

a

S o u r c e

s ........................................................................... 4 6 V. P O LLUTI O N P RE V E NTI O N O PPORT U N IT IE S ................................................... 5 2 V
. A
. C o n

t

ro llin g a nd M i t i ga t i n g

M i n i n g

W a

s

t

e

s ................................... 5 4 V
. B. I n no v a t i v e W a

s

t

e

M a n

a

g e m e

n

t P ra c

t i c

e

s ...................................... 5 8

S e p tem b e r 1995 v S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t M ET AL M IN IN G

( S I C 10) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS (C ONT ' D ) Pag e VI. S UMMAR Y O F F EDER AL STATUTES AND R EG ULATI O N S ............................... 6 9 V I .A
. G e ne ra l De sc r

ip t i o n

o

f M a jo r S t a

t u t e

s ........................................... 6 9 V I .B. I nd u s t

r

y - S p e c

ific R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ...................................................... 8 0 V I .C
. P e ndin g

a

nd P r o p o se d R e gu la t

o

r

y

R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ........................ 9 0 VII. C O M P L I A N C E AN D E NF ORCE ME NT P ROF I L E ................................................. 9 3 V I I
. A
. M e t

a

l M i n i n g

C o m p lia nc e

His t

o

r

y ............................... 9 7 VI I
. B
. Compa r

i son of E n f

o

r c e

m e

n

t A c ti vi ty B e tw e e

n S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .......................................................... 9 9 V I I
. C
. R e v i e w o f M a jo r Le g a l A c t i o n

s .................................... 1 0 4 V I I
. C
. 1
. S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s ........................ 1 0 4 V I I
. D. EP A Ha rdro c

k

M i n i n g

F ra m e

w o r

k
.............................................. 1 0 5 VIII. C OM P L IA NCE A SSU RA NC E A C T IVIT IE S A N D I N I TI ATI V ES ........................... 1 0 9 V III.A. S e c

t

o

r -rela t

ed En v i ro n

m en t

a

l P r o g ra m s

a

nd Ac t i v i t i es ............. 1 0 9 V III.B. EP A V o lu n t

a

r

y P ro g ra m s .............................................................. 1 1 4 V III.C
. Tra d e As so c

i a

t io n

Ac t i v i t y ............................................................ 1 1 5 IX
. C ONT A CT S /A CK N O W LEDG M EN TS /R ES O U R C E M ATER I ALS / B I BLI O G R A P H Y ............................................................................................... 1 1 9

S I C C o d e 10 v i S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g M ET AL M IN IN G ( S I C 10) L I S T OF E XHI BI TS Pag e Exh i bit 1 T o t

a

l M i ne P r o d u c t i o n

- U S A , in Billio n

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f Do lla rs .................................. 6 Ex h

i bit 2 G e o

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ribu t i o n

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f I ndu s t

ry ............................................................ 7 Ex h

i bit 3 M e t

a

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A r e a

s ................................................................................ 8 Ex h

i bit 4 M e t

a

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A r e a

s ................................................................................ 8 Exh i bit 5 N u m b e r

o

f Fa c

ilit ie

s

p e r S t a

t

e ....................................................................... 9 Ex h

i bit 6 M a j o r

U se s

fo r S e le

c

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d M e t

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l M i ne ra ls
....................................................... 9 Exh i bit 7 F a c

ilit y S i z e Dis t

ribu t i o n ............................................................................. 1 0 Exh i bit 8 M e t

a

l M i ne P ro d u c t i o n

- U S A , in Billio n

s

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f Do lla rs ............................... 1 1 Ex h

i bit 9 S e c

t

o

r -S p e c

i fic P ro c

e

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se s

a

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s

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e

s / M a t

e

ria l s ....................................... 1 9 Ex h

i bit 1 0 C o p p e r Du m p

Le a

c

h

O p e ra t io n ................................................................. 2 2 Ex h

i bit 1 1 R e p re se n

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a

t i v e Hy dro m e

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llu rg ic a

l R e c

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v e ry o

f C o p p e r ........................ 2 3 Ex h

i bit 1 2 G o ld He a

p

Le a

c

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i n g

O p e ra t io n .................................................................. 2 6 Ex h

i bit 1 3 C h e

m ic

a

l s

U se d in Hig h V o lu m e ......................................................... 2 7

, 2 8 Ex h

i bit 1 4 V o lu m e

o

f W a

s

t

e

G e ne ra t

e

d fo r S e le

c

t

e

d M e t

a

ls
...................................... 2 9 E x hi b i t 1 5 Ste p s i n the Mi ni ng Pr oce ss a nd T h e

i r

Pote nti a l E n vi r o nme n

ta

l I m p a c

t s .................................................................................................... 2 9

, 3 0 Ex h

i bit 1 6 P o t

e

n

t ia

l M i ne W a

s

t

e

M i t i g a t i o n

M e a

s

u r e s ......................................... 3 4

, 3 5 Ex h

i bit 1 7 Ec o

s

y s t

e

m M i t i g a t i o n

M e a

s

u r e s ................................................................. 3 6 Ex h

i bit 1 8 C o p p e r-R e la

t

e

d W a

s

t

e

R e le

a

se s .................................................................. 3 8 Ex h

i bit 1 9 Le a

d a nd Z i nc -R e l a

t

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d W a

s

t

e

R e le

a

se s ...................................................... 3 9 Ex h

i bit 2

0 G o ld a nd S ilv e r -R e l a

t

e

d W a

s

t

e

R e le

a

se s ...................... 4 0

, 4 1 , 4 2

, 4 3

, 4 4

, 4 5 Ex h

i bit 2 1 P o llu t a

n

t R e le

a

se s

(S h o

rt

To n

s / Y e a

r)
........................................................ 4 7 Ex h

i bit 2

2 A I R SR e le

a

se s ................................................................................... 4 8

, 4 9

, 5 0 Ex h

i bit 2

3 S e le

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S i t e

s .......................................................................... 5 1 Ex h

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a

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s ................................. 5 9 Ex h

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i q u e s ....................................................... 6 6 Ex h

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6 M i ne Disc h

a

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g e s

S u bje c

t t

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t i n g ..................................................... 8 3 Ex h

i bit 2

7 M i ne Disc h

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r

g e Lim it

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t io n

s ........................................................................ 8 4 Exh i bit 2

8 M ill Disc h

a

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ge Lim it

a

t io n

s .......................................................................... 8 4 E x hi b i t 29 F i ve- Y ear E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

the Metal Mi ni ng I ndu s t

ry ......................................................................................................... 9 8

S e p tem b e r 1995 v i i S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t M ET AL M IN IN G ( S I C 10) L IS T O F E XHI BI TS (C ONT ' D ) Pag e E x hi b i t 30 F i ve- Y ear E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

Sel e cted I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................................... 1 0 0 E x hi b i t 31 One- Year E n f

o

r c ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

Sel e cted I nd u str i es

..................................................................................................................... 1 0 1 E x hi b i t 32 F i ve- Y ear E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

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y

Statute f o

r

Sel e cted I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................................... 1 0 2 E x hi b i t 33 One- Year I n specti on and E n f

o

r c ement Summar y

f

o

r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s ..................................................................................... 1 0 3 Ex h

i bit 3

4 S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s ..................................................... 1 0 5

S I C C o d e 10 v iii S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g M ET AL M IN IN G ( S I C 10) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS
A F S - A I R S Fa c

ilit y S u bs ys t

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m (C A A da t

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ba se ) A I R S - A e ro m e

t

r

ic

I n fo rm a

t io n

R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

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m (C A A da t

a

ba se ) BI Fs - Bo ile rs

a

nd I ndu s t

ria l Fu rna c

e

s

(R C R A ) BO D - Bio c

h

em ic

al O xygen Dem a

nd C AA - C l ean Ai r Ac t C AAA - C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s

o f 1990 C E R C LA - C o m p r e h

e

n

s

i v e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l R e s

p o n

se , C o m p e n

sa t i o n

a

nd Lia bilit y Ac t C E R C LI S - C ER C L A I n fo rm a

t io n

S

y s t

e

m CF Cs - Ch l o r o f

l u o ro ca r

b on s CO - C a r

b o n Monox i d e C O D - C h em ic

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nd C S I - C ommon Sense Ini t i a

ti ve CW A - Cl e a

n

W a

t

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A c t D& B - Du n a

nd Bra d s t

re e

t M a rke t in g I nde x ELP - E n v iro n

m e

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a

l Le a

d e r

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ip P r o g ra m EP A - U n it

e

d S t a

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En v i ro n

m e

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a

l P r o t

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c

t io n

A g e nc y E P C R A E mer g ency Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act FI FR A - Fe de ra l I n se c

t ic

ide , Fu n g ic ide , a nd R o de n

t ic

ide A c t FI NDS - Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S

y s t

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m H A Ps - H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( C AA) H S D B - H azard o us Sub s

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a

nces D a t

a

B a nk IDEA - In t

e

gra t

e

d Da t

a

fo r En fo rc e

m e

n

t Ana l ys is L D R - L a nd D i sposal Restr i cti o ns ( R CRA ) L E P C s - L ocal E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng C o mmi ttees MAC T - Max i mum Achi evabl e C o ntr o l T e chnol o g

y

( C AA) MC L G s - M ax i mum C o ntami nant L e vel Goal s MC L s - M ax i mum C o ntami nant L e vel s ME K - M e t

hy l E t hy l Ke tone MSD S s - M a t

e

r

i a

l Sa f

e

ty D a ta

She e

t s N AAQ S - N a t i o nal Ambi ent Ai r Q u al i t y S t and a rd s (C AA) N A FT A - N o r

t

h

Ameri c an Free T rad e Agreement NC DB - Na t i o na l C o m p lia nc e

Da t

a

ba se (fo r TS C A , FIFR A, EP C R A) N C P - N at i o nal O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an NEI C - N a t io na l En fo rc e

m e

n

t I n v e s

t iga t io n

C e n

t

e

r N E S H A P - N a t i o nal E m i ssi o n

St and a rd s f o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s

S e p tem b e r 1995 ix S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t M ET AL M IN IN G ( S I C 10) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS (C ONT ' D ) NO X - Nit ro ge n

O x ide N O V - N oti ce of Vi ol a t i o n NP DES - Na t i o na l P o llu t i o n

Disc h

a

r

ge Elim ina t io n

S

y s t

e

m (C W A ) NP L - N a t io na l P r io rit i e

s

Lis t NR C - N a t io na l R e s

p o n

se C e n

t

e

r N S PS - N e w Sour ce Per f

or mance Stand a r d s ( C A A ) OA R - Of f

i ce of A i r a

nd Ra d i a ti on O E C A - O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a

nd C o m p lia nc e

As s

u ra nc e OPA - Oi l Pol l u ti on A c t OPPT S - Of f

i ce of Pr eventi on, Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances OSH A - O ccupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a

nd H e a

l th A d mi ni stra ti on O S W - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e O S W E R - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e

a

nd Em e

r

ge nc y R e s

p o n

se O W - O ffic e

o

f W a

t

e

r P2 - Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on PCS - Per m i t

Compl i a nce Sy stem ( C WA D a tab a se) P O TW - P u blic ly O w ne d Tre a

t

m e

n

t s

W o

rks RCRA - Re sour ce Con se r

va ti on a

nd Re cove r

y

A c t RCRI S - RCRA I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n

Sy ste m SAR A - S uperf u nd Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act SD WA - Saf e

D r i n ki ng Wat er Act S E Ps - S uppl ement a

ry E n v i ro nment a

l Pro j ect s SE RCs - S tate E m er g e ncy Response Commi ssi ons SI C - S tand ar d I nd u str i al Cl assi f i cati on SO 2 - S u lfu r Dio x

ide SX/E W - S ol ve nt E x tra c

ti on/E l e ctr o w i nni ng TR I - To xic R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y T R I S - T ox i c

Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

Sy ste m TR IS - To xic C h e

m ic

a

l R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y S y s t

e

m TS C A - To xic S u bs t

a

nc e

s

C o n

t

ro l Ac t TS S - T o t

a

l S u s p e nde d S o lids U I C - U nde rgro u nd I n je c

t io n

C o n

t

ro l (S DW A ) US T - Unde rgro u nd S t o

ra g e Ta n

k

s

(R C R A) VOCs - V ol a t i l e Or g a ni c Compound s

S I C C o d e 10 x S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g 

### M ET A L 

### M IN IN G 

### (S I C 10)
I. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE S E C TOR N OTE BOOK P RO JE CT I
. A. Sum m a

r

y

of the Sec tor Notebook Pr ojec t En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s

ba se d u p o n

c

o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e a na l ys is o f a i r, wa t

e

r, a

nd la nd p o llu t i o n a r e a

n

ine v it a

ble a

nd lo gic a

l s u p p l e m e

n

t t

o

t

ra dit io na l si ng l e - m e

d i a a ppr oa che s

to e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l prote cti o n. E n vi r o nme n

ta

l regul a t

o

r

y agenci es are b e gi nni ng t o

emb race co mprehensi v e, mul t i

s

t

a

t u t e

so lu t i o n

s

t o

fa c

ilit y p e rm it

t i n g , e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd c o

m p lia nc e a

s

s

u ra nc e , e d u c a

t io n / o u t r e a

c

h , re se a

r c h , a nd re gu la t

o

r

y de v e lo p m e

n

t is

s

u e s . Th e

c e

n

t

ra l c o

nc e

p t s

driv in g t h

e ne w p o lic y dire c

t i o n a r e t h

a

t p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t

o

e a

c

h

e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l m e

diu m (a ir, wa t

e

r, a nd la nd ) a

f

f

e

ct e a

ch othe r , a nd tha t e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l stra te

g i e s

must a c

ti ve l y

i d e nti f y a

nd a ddre s

s

t

h

e

se in t

e

r-re la

t i o n

s

h

ip s by de s

i gn in g p o lic ie

s

fo r t h

e

"wh o

le " fa c

ilit y. O ne wa y t o

a c

h

i e

v e a wh o

l e

fa c

ilit y fo c

u s is t o

de s

i gn e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s

fo r s i m ila r indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s . By do in g so , e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l conce r

ns tha t a r e common to the ma nuf a

ctur i n g

of si mi l a r p r o d u c t s c a

n be a ddre s

se d in a c o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e m a

n

ne r. R e c

o

gn it

io n

o f the ne e

d to d e ve l o p the i nd u str i a

l " se c

tor

- b a se d ” a ppr oa ch w i thi n the E P A Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce l e d to the cr e a

ti on of thi s d o cume nt. T h e Se ctor N ote b ook Pr oj e c

t w a s i n i t

i a

te

d b y

the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce wit h

in t

h

e

O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e

(O EC A ) t o pr ovi d e i t s staf f and manag e r

s

w i th summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f o

r

ei g h teen speci f i c i nd u str i al sector s. A s other E P A of f

i ces, States, the r e gu l a ted communi t y , envi r o nmental g r oups, and the publ i c b e came i n ter e sted i n t

h

is

p r o j e c

t

, t h

e

sc o

p e o f t

h

e

o r

igin a

l p r o j e c

t wa s

e

x

p a nd e d
. Th e a bilit y t o d e si g n compr e hensi v e, common sense envi r o nmental protecti o n measur es fo r s p e c

ific indu s t

rie s

is de p e nd e n

t o n

kno w le dge o f se v e ra l in t

e

r-re la

t

e

d topi cs. F o r the pur p ose s

of thi s proj e c

t, the k e y

e l e

m e

n

ts chose n

f o

r inc l u s io n a r e : ge ne ra l indu s t

ry in fo rm a

t io n

(e c

o

no m i c

a

nd ge o

g ra p h ic

); a d e scr i p ti on of i nd u str i a

l pr oce sse s; pol l u ti on outputs; pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on oppor t uni t i e

s; F e d e ra l sta t utor y

a nd re gu l a tor y f ra m e

w or k ; compl i a nce hi stor y ; a nd a d e scr i p ti on of pa r

t

ne r

s

hi ps tha t ha ve b e e

n f

o

r

m ed b e tw een r e gu l a tor y

ag enci es, the r e gu l a ted communi t y , and the p u blic
. Fo r a n

y giv e n

indu s t

ry, e a

c

h

t

o

p ic lis t

e

d a b o v e c

o

u ld a l o ne be t h

e s u bje c

t of a l e ng thy vol ume . H o w e ve r , i n ord e r

to pr od uce a ma na g e a

bl e do c

u m e

n

t

, t h

is

p r o j e c

t fo c

u se s

o n

p r o v idin g s ummar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f o

r
S e p tem b e r 1995 1 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

e

a

ch topi c . T h i s

f

o

r

m a

t pr ovi d e s the r e a

d e r

w i th a sy nopsi s of e a

ch i ssue , a

nd re fe

re nc e

s

wh e

re m o

re in -de p t h

in fo rm a

t io n

is a

v a ila ble
. Te xt

wit h

in each pr of i l e w a s r e sear ched f r om a var i ety of sour ces, and w a s usual l y c

o

nd e n

se d fro m m o

re de t

a

ile d so u r c e

s

p e rt

a

i n i n g

t

o

s

p e c

ific t o

p ic s . Th is a

ppr oa ch a l l o w s f o

r

a w i d e cove ra g e of a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n b e f u r t

he r e

x

pl ore d b a se d upon the ci ta ti ons a nd r e f

e

r e nce s

l i s te

d a t the e nd of thi s pr of i l e . A s a che c

k

on the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d , e a

ch note b ook w e nt thr o ug h a n

e x

te

r

na l re vi e w pr oce ss. T h e

Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce a

ppr e c

i a

te

s the e f

f

o

r

t s of a l l those tha t pa r

t i c

i p a t

e

d i n thi s proce ss a nd e

na ble d u s t o

de v e lo p m o

re c o

m p le t

e , a c

c

u ra t

e , a nd u p -t o - da t

e summar i es. Many of those w h o r e vi ew ed thi s noteb ook are l i s ted as c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

in S e c

t io n

I X a

nd m a

y be so u r c e

s o f a ddit io na l in fo rm a

t io n . Th e indiv idu a l s

a nd gro u p s o n

t

h

is

lis t do no t ne c

e

s

s

a

rily c o

nc u r wit h a l l sta t

e

m e

n

ts w i thi n thi s note b ook
. I
. B
. Additiona l I n f o r m a

tion P r o v idin g C o m m e

n

t s O E C A ' s O ffic e o f C o m p lia nc e

p l a n

s

t

o

p e rio dic a

lly re v i e w a nd u p da t

e

t

h

e no t

e

bo o

k

s

a nd will m a

ke t

h

e

se u p da t

e

s

a v a ila ble bo t

h

in h a

rd c o

p

y

a nd e

l e

c

troni c a

l l y . I f y o u ha ve a n

y

comme nts on the e x

i s

ti ng note b ook , or i f yo u

wo u ld like t o

p r o v ide a ddit io na l in fo rm a

t io n , p l e a

se se nd a h a

rd copy a nd compute r d i s k to the E P A Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce , Se ctor N o t

e

b o o

k Pro j ect , 401 M St
. , SW ( 2223- A) , Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460. C o m m e

n

t s

c

a

n

a

l so be u p lo a

d e d t o

t

h

e

En v i ro $ e

n $ e

Bu lle t i n Bo a

r d o r t h

e En v i ro $ e

n $ e W o

rld W ide W e

b fo r ge ne ra l a c

c

e

s

s

t o

a ll u se r

s

o f t h

e sy stem. F o l l o w i n str u cti o ns i n A ppend i x A f o

r

accessi ng these d a ta s

y s t

e

m s . O nc e

yo u

h a

v e lo gge d in , p r o c

e

d u r e s

fo r u p lo a

din g t e

xt a re a

v a ila ble fro m t

h

e

o

n -line En v i ro $ e

n $ e

He lp S y s t

e

m . A d a p ti ng N ote b ook s to Pa r

t i c

ul a r

N e e

d s T h e

scope of the e x

i s

ti ng note b ook s r e f

l e

c

t a n a ppr ox i m a

t i o n of the re la

t i v e na t i o na l o c

c

u rre nc e

o f fa c

ilit y t y p e s

t

h

a

t o c

c

u r wit h

in e

a

c

h

se c

t

o

r . I n m a

n

y in s

t

a

nc e

s , indu s t

rie s

wit h

in s

p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic

re gio n

s

o r

S t a

t

e

s may have uni q ue character i sti cs that ar e not f u l l y captur ed i n these pr of i l e s. F o r

thi s r e a

son, the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce e ncoura g e s

Sta t

e

a nd l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es and o t

h

er gro u ps t o

suppl ement o r repa ck a g e the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d i n thi s note b ook to i ncl ud e mor e s

p e c

ific indu s t

ria l a nd re gu la t

o

r

y in fo rm a

t io n

t h

a

t m a

y be a v a ila ble
. A ddit io na lly, in t

e

re s

t

e

d S t a

t

e

s

m a

y wa n

t t

o s u p p l e m e

n

t t h

e "S ummar y

of A p p lic a

ble Fe de ra l S t a

t u t e

s

a nd R e gu la t i o n

s " se c

t io n

wit h S t a

t

e a nd lo c

a

l

S I C C o d e 10 2 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

r e qui r ements. Compl i a nce or techni cal assi stance provi d e r

s may al so wa n

t t o de v e lo p t h

e "P o llu t i o n

P r e v e n

t i o n " se c

t io n

in m o

re de t

a

il. P l e a

se conta c

t the a ppr opr i a

t

e spe c

i a

l i s t l i s te

d on the ope n

i n g

pa g e of thi s no t

e

bo o

k

if yo u r o ffic e

is in t

e

re s

t

e

d in a s

s

i s

t in g u s in t h

e

fu rt h

e

r de v e lo p m e

n

t o

f t

h

e

in fo rm a

t io n

o

r

p o lic ie

s

a

ddre s

se d wit h

in t

h

is

v o lu m e . I f

y o u a r e i n te

re ste d i n a

ssi sti n g

i n the d e ve l o pme n

t of ne w note b ook s f o

r se ctor s not cove r e d i n the or i g i n a

l e i g h te

e

n , pl e a

se conta c

t the Of f

i ce of C o mpl i a nce at 202- 564- 2395. B e ca use thi s pr of i l e w a s not i n te

nd e d to b e a sta nd

- a l one d o cume nt concer ni ng the metal mi ni ng i nd u str y , append ed i s a f u l l r e f

e

r e nce of a

ddit io na l EP A do c

u m e

n

t s a nd re p o rt

s

o n

t

h

is

s u bje c

t

, a s

lis t

e

d in t

h

e M a rc h

e

dit io n

o

f t

h

e

Fe de ra l R e gis t

e

r .

S e p tem b e r 1995 3 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t II. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE M ET AL M IN IN G I N D UST R Y Th is

se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

o n

t h

e

s i z e , ge o

g ra p h ic dis t

r

ibu t io n , e m p l o y m e

n

t

, p r o d u c t i o n , s a

le

s , a nd e c

o

no m ic

c o

ndit io n

o f the me ta l mi ni ng indu s t

ry. Th e

t

y p e o f fa c

ilit ie

s

de sc r

ibe d wit h

in t

h

e do c

u m e

n

t a r e a l so de sc r

ibe d in t e

rm s

o f t h

e

i r S t a

nda rd I ndu s t

ria l Cl assi f i cati on ( S I C ) cod e s.
I I
. A
. I n tr oduc tion, B a c

k gr ound, a nd Sc ope of the Notebook Th e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry inc l u d e s

fa c

ilit ie

s e n

ga ge d p r im a

r

ily in e

x

p l o r

in g fo r m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra ls , de v e lo p i n g

m i ne s , a nd o r e m i n i n g . Th e

se o

r es are v a l u ed chi e f

l y f o

r t h

e met a

l s

t

h

ey co nt ai n, whi c h are reco v e red f

o

r use a s

consti tue n

ts of a l l o y s , che m i c

a

l s, pi g m e

n

ts, or othe r

pr od ucts. T h e i nd u str y

sector al so i ncl ud es or e d r essi ng and b e nef i ci ati n g ope ra t i o ns. T h e

ca te

g o r

i z a t i o n cor r e spond s to the Sta nd a r d I nd u str i a

l Cl a ssi f i ca ti on ( S I C ) cod e 1 0 , publ i s he d b y

the D e pa r

t

me nt of Comme rc e to tra c

k

the f

l ow of g ood s a nd se r

v i c e

s

w i thi n the e

c

onomy . T h e SI C 1 0 g r oup consi s ts of the f o

l l o w i ng thr e e

- d i g i t b r e a

k o ut of indu s t

rie s : SIC 101

- I ro n O r es SIC 102

- C o pper O r es SIC 103

- L ead and Z i nc O r es S I C 1 0 4

- G o ld a nd S ilv e r

O r e s S I C 1 0 6

- F e rro a

llo y O r e s , Exc e

p t V a na diu m SIC 108

- M et al M i ni ng Servi c es SI C 1 0 9

- M i sce l l a ne ous Me ta

l Or e s . A l thoug h the g r oup i ncl ud e s a l l me ta

l or e mi ni ng , the scope of mi ni ng indu s t

rie s wit h

a s i gn ific a

n

t do m e

s

t ic

p r e se nc e

is c o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

d in iro n , co pper, l e ad , zi nc, go l d , and si l v er. T h ese represent t

h

e mo st

co mmo n h

a

rdro c

k

m i ne ra ls

m i ne d do m e

s

t ic

a

lly, a nd c o

m p rise a n e s

se n

t ia

l se c

t

o

r o

f t h

e

na t i o n ' s e c

o

no m y by p r o v idin g ba s

i c

ra w m a

t

e

ria l s

fo r m a jo r se c

t

o

r

s o f t h

e U
. S
. e c

o

no m y. I n a ddit io n , t h

e

e

x

t

ra c

t i o n

a nd be ne fic i a

t io n of the se mi ne ra l s

g e ne ra te

l a r

g e a m ounts of w a ste s . F o r

the se r e a

sons, thi s pr of i l e 's f o

cus i s l i m i t

e

d to the a b ove - sta t

e

d se ctor s of the SI C 1 0 m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. Whi l e such metal s as mol y b d enum, pl ati n um, and urani um ar e al so i ncl ud e d i n SI C cod e 1 0 , mi ni ng f

o

r

the se me ta

l s

d o e

s

not consti tute a s

i gn ific a

n

t p o rt

io n o f t h

e o v e ra ll m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry, no r o f t

h

e

wa s

t

e
S I C C o d e 10 4 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g generat i o n

i n mi ni ng pro c

esses; t h

ese met a

l s

are t h

eref o

r e excl ud ed f r o m t

h

is

p r o f

ile
. I n the g l ob a l ma r

k e t

, the U
. S. i s a ma j o r pr od uce r of i r on, coppe r , l e a

d , zi nc, go l d , and si l v er. In 1993, d o mest i c

mi nes w e re respo n

si bl e f o

r si x pe r c e

n

t of i ron or e pr od ucti on, 1 3 pe r c e

n

t of coppe r or e pr od ucti on, 1 3 pe r c e

n

t of l e a

d pr od ucti on, e i g h t pe r c e

n

t of z i nc pr od ucti on, 1 4 pe r c e

n

t of g o l d pr od ucti on, a nd 1 1 pe r c e

n

t of si l v e r

pr od ucti on. D e spi t e

a n e

x

tra o

r d i na r

y

w e a

l th of d o me sti c me ta

l sour ce s, w i th the e x ce pti o n of go ld, t h

e

U
. S
. is a

ne t im p o rt

e

r

o

f a

ll t h

e

a

b o v e - m e

n

t io ne d m e

t

a

ls
. Re gu l a ti ons pe r

t

a

i ni ng to the i nd u str y

a r e nume r o us, b u t a n e m pha s

i s i s pl a c

e

d on poi n t sour ce d i scha r

g e s to w a te

r

s , r e gu l a te

d b y

the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r A c t

. Th e

se indu s t

rie s a l so fa c

e

e x

is

t i n g

a nd fu t u re re gu la t i o n

u nde r t h

e C l ean Water Act, C o mpr e hensi v e E n vi r o nmental R e sponse, C o m p e n

sa t i o n a nd Lia bilit y A c t

, a nd t h

e

C l e a

n

A i r A c t

. U n like m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s , fa c

ilit ie

s

in v o lv e d in m i n i n g

m e

t

a

ls a r e no t c

u rren t ly requ ired t o

rep o rt

c h

em ic

al releases and t ran s

f

ers t o t h

e To xic R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y (TR I ) P u blic R e le

a

se Da t

a

ba se u nde r t h

e

Em e

r

ge nc y Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

R i g h t- T o- K now Act of 1986. As a r e sul t , T R I da t

a

is no t a

v a ila ble a

s

a

so u r c e

o f in fo rm a

t io n

o n

c

h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s

in t h

e m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry; a l t

e

rna t iv e so u r c e

s

o f da t

a h a

v e be e

n ide n

t ifie d f

o

r

pur p ose s

of thi s pr of i l e . I I
. B
. C h a r

a

c

te r i z a tion of the M e t

a

l M i ning I ndustr y Th e m e

t

a

l m i n i n g indu s t

ry is p r e d o m ina n

t l y lo c

a

t

e

d in t h

e

W e

s

t

e

r

n S t at

es, where mo st

co pper, si l v er, and go l d mi ni ng o ccurs. Iro n

o r e pr od ucti on i s ce nte r e d i n the Gr e a

t L a k e s r e g i on, w h i l e z i nc mi ni ng o

c

c

u rs in Te n

ne s

se e

a nd le a

d m i n i n g

in M i s so u r i. La rge c o

m p a n

ie

s t e

nd t

o

do m i na t

e

m i n i n g

o

f s

u c h

m e

t

a

ls

a

s

c

o

p p e r, s ilv e r , a nd go ld, wh ile m o

re div e r

se m i ne o p e ra t

o

r

s m a

y be in v o lv e d in m i n i n g

le a

d , z i nc , a nd iro n me ta

l s . Me ta

l s

g e ne ra te

d f r om U
. S. mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns a r e use d do m e

s

t ic

a

lly in a wide ra n

g e o f p r o d u c t s , inc l u din g a u t o

m o

b ile s , e

l e

c

tr

i c

a

l a nd i nd u str i a

l e q

ui pme n

t, j e w e l r

y , a nd photog ra phi c ma te

r

i a

l s. Me ta

l mi ne pr od ucti on ha s r e ma i ne d some w h a

t sta g na nt ove r r e ce nt y e a

r

s, a nd me ta

l s

e

x

pl ora t i o n ha s d e cl i ne d , a l thoug h f

u tur e pr od ucti on i s e

x

p e c

t

e

d t o

c

lim b a s

a

re s

u lt o f c

o

n

t in u e d indu s t

ria l m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g a nd a g r ow i n g

e

c

onomy . T h e

f

o

l l o w i ng e x

hi b i t d e pi cts the pr opor ti on of me ta

l mi ni ng pr od ucti on w i thi n the e

n

ti re mi ni ng i nd u str y .

S e p tem b e r 1995 5 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 1 T o ta l M i ne Pr oduc tion - USA, in B illions of Dolla r

s

Industrial Minerals & Aggregates
Coal

Metals $20 $21.60 $10.40

Sour c e : R a ndol Mi ni ng D i r e c to

r y

1994/ 95

. I I
. B
. 1
. I ndus tr

y Siz e a

nd Dis tr

ibution V a ria t io n

in fa c

ilit y c o

u n t s

o c

c

u r a c

ro s

s

da t

a

so u r c e

s

du e t

o

m a

n

y fa c

t

o

r

s , inc l u din g re p o rt

in g a nd de fin i t

i o n

diffe re nc e

s . Th is

do c

u m e

n

t do e

s no t a

tte mpt to r e conci l e the se d i f f

e

r e nce s , b u t ra the r

r e por t s the d a ta

a s

the y are mai n t

a

i ned b y

each so urce. Ge ogr aphic Dis t r

i but i on T h oug h mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns a r e pe r

f

or me d thr o ug hout the U
. S. , the conce n

tra t i o n of me ta

l mi ni ng i s l o ca te

d i n the W e

ste r

n r e g i on of the c

o

u n t

r

y. C o p p e r, go ld, a nd s ilv e r

de p o s

i t

s

a r e p r im a

r

ily fo u nd in U t a

h , M o n

t

a

na , Ne v a da , C a lifo r

n

i a

, a nd A r iz o n

a

. Z i nc is m i ne d p r im a

r

ily in A l a s

ka , M i s so u r i, Ne w Y o rk, a nd Te n

ne s

se e . Le a

d de p o s

i t

s a r e m i ne d p r im a

r

ily in M i s so u r i, A l a s

ka , C o lo ra do , I d a h

o , a nd M o n

t

a

n

a

, wh ile Mi nne sota a nd Mi chi g a n

a r e the pr i m a

r

y

sour ce s of d o me sti c i r on or e pro d uct i o n . T h e U. S. B u reau o f M i nes l i s t s

482 act i ve mi nes i n i t s 1994 Mi nera l C o mmod i t y Summar i es. ( S ee E x hi b i ts 2, 3, and 4)
. E x hi bi t 5

S I C C o d e 10 6 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g illu s t

ra t

e

s

t

h

e

n u m b e r

o

f fa c

ilit ie

s p e rfo r

m i n g m e

t

a

l-s p e c

ific o p e ra t io n

s by State
. Ex hibit 2 Ge ogr a

phic Distr ibution of I ndustr y

10 17 4

33 63

46 7 29

16

16 10

2 7

13

12 7 6 3

33

Sour c e : B a s e d

on U
. S. B u r e a u of Mi ne s 1992 and 1994 D a ta

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 7 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibits 3

& 4 Met al

- P r o d u c i n g Ar eas

S I C C o d e 10 8 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 5 Num b e r of Fa c

ilities pe r Sta te Ty p e o f F a c

ility / To tal Nu m b er S tates an d Nu m b er o

f Min es Iron Ore (22) M I -2; M N -7; M T -1; SD -1; T X

-2; U T -2 S ilv er (150) A K -15; A Z-15; CA -14; CO-4; ID -12; M I -1; M T -9; NV -1; NY-1; OR-1; SC-3; SD -4; U T -4; WA -4 Go ld (212) A K -13; A Z-14; CA -19; CO-7; ID -11; M T -9; NM -5; NV -61; OR-2; SC-4; SD -5; WA -4; U T -2 L ead (23) A K -2; A Z-1; CO-2; ID -1; IL -1; M O-7; M T -2; NM -2; NY-2; T N -2; WA -1 Zin c (25) A K -3; CO-1; ID -2; M O-4; M T -1; NY-2; T N -10; WA -1 C o p p e r (50) A Z-16; CO-2; ID -3; M I -3; M O-2; M T -3; NM -9; NV -1; OR-1; U T -1 Sour c e : U
. S. B u r e a u of Mi ne s 1992 and 1994 D a ta

. Me ta

l s

mi ne d und e r

SI C 1 0 a r e use d f o

r

a w i d e va r

i e

t y of prod ucts, a nd a

r e t

h

e

p r im a

r

y ra w m a

t

e

ria l s

u se d in m a

n

y indu s t

ria l a p p lic a

t io n

s . A s noted i n a ser i es of T e chni cal Resource D o cuments pr epar ed b y

E P A ' s O ffic e o f S o lid W a

s

t

e , c o

p p e r is e s

se n

t ia

l t o

t h

e

e l e

c

t

r o n

ic

s

a nd constr ucti on i nd u str y ; i r on or e pr ovi d e s the b a se ma te

r

i a

l f o

r

the ste e

l , a

u t o

m o

t i v e , a nd t ra n

s

p o r

t

a

t i o n

indu s t

rie s ; go ld is u se d p r im a

r

ily in je we lry a nd t h

e de c

o

ra t i v e a r

t s , bu t is a

l so u se d in t

h

e

e

l e

c

t

r o n

ic

s

indu s t

ry a

nd in de n

t is

t

r

y. G o ld a l so se rv e s

a

s a n im p o rt

a

n

t in v e s

t

m e

n

t v e h

i c

l e a nd r e se r

v e a sse t. A l l of the se me ta

l s

a r e e sse nti a l to the ope ra t i o n of a m o

de rn e c

o

no m y. Exh i bit 6 p r o v ide s

a m o

re de t

a

ile d lis t o f t

h

e

u se s

fo r t

h

ese met a

l s . Ex hibit 6 Maj or Uses f o r S e l e cted Met al Mi n e r a

l s Commod i t y N u mb e r o

f Min es Major U s es To tal U
. S
. Pr o duct i on (metr ic

ton s ) C o ppe r 5 0 Bu i l d i n g

con s

tru c ti on , e l e

c

tri c a

l a n

d e l e

c

tron i c

p r odu c ts, i n

du stri a l m a

ch i n

e

r y

a

n

d e q

u i p m e

n

t, tra n

sp orta ti on eq uipment , a n

d c ons um er

a

n

d gener a l pr o d uc t s 1, 765, 000
Go ld 212+ Jewelr y

an d ar t s , in d u st ri al (main ly

elec t r on ic

), d e n

t al 329 Iron O r e 22 St eel 55, 593, 000 L ead 23 T r an sp or t a

t i on (bat t e

ri es, fu el t a

n

k

s, sold er , seals, an d bearin g

s

); elec t ric al, elec t r on ic

, an d c o

mmu n i c

a

t i on s us es 398, 000
S ilv er 150 P h ot

ogr a ph ic

pr od uc t s , elec t ric al an d elec t r on ic

, elec t r o

p lat e

d war e , s t er

lin g war e , an d j e welr y 1, 800 Zin c 25 Galv an izin g , d i ec ast alloy s , br ass, an d br on ze 524, 000 Sourc e : U
. S. B u reau of Mi nes, Mi neral C o m

m

o

di t

y

Sum m

a

ri es 1994 , and Mi neral s Y e arb ook, V o l u

m

e I : Meta l s

and Mi ne r a l s

, 1992.

S e p tem b e r 1995 9 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t I I
. B
. 2
. Ec onom ic

T r e nds T h e est i mat e

d U. S. met a

l mi ne pro d uct i o n

val u e f o

r 1993 w a s $12. 15 billio n , a c

c

o

u n t i n g

fo r le s

s

t

h

a

n

o ne p e rc e

n

t o f gro s

s n a

t i o na l p r o d u c t

. I n 1993, the total empl oy ment i n the metal mi ni ng i nd u str y

stood at near l y 50, 000 acco rd i n g t o

t

h

e N a t i o n

al M i ni ng Asso ci at i o n ( S ee E x hi bi t 7 f o

r t h

e dis t

r

ibu t io n

o f e m p l o y m e

n

t by fa c

ilit y s i z e ). Motor ve hi cl e manuf a

ctur i n g

hel p ed suppor t d e mand f o

r

mater i al s such as steel ( a n i r on a

llo y), c o

p p e r, le a

d , a nd z i nc . Ho we v e r, m i n i n g

p r o d u c t i o n

v o lu m e

s r e mai ned r e l a

ti vel y stag nant. I n some cases, ore pr od ucti on w a s d o w n ( l ead - f o

ur percent ; i r o n

o r e - o ne percent ; zi nc - f o

ur percent ; si l v er - si x p e rc e

n

t )
. Th e

o t

h

e

r

p r inc i p a l m e

t

a

l o r e indu s t

rie s , c o

p p e r a nd go ld, remai ned even w i t h

1992 pro d uct i o n

l e vel s . M e t

a

l s

pro d uct i o n

i n general i s e x

pe cte d to i ncr e a

se , d u e to a n

ti ci pa te

d conti n ue d g r ow th i n the motor v e h

i c

l e

indu s t

ry.
Ex hibit 7 Fa c

ility Siz e Distr ibution Ty p e o

f F a c

ility * F ac ilities w/ 1 - 9 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities w/ 10 - 99 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities w/ 100 + em p l o y ees To tal
S I C 1021 - C o p p e r 102 30 24 156 S I C 1031 - L ead an d Zin c 40 8 1 6 6 4 S I C 1041 - Go ld 586 122 53 761 S IC 1011 - Iron 81 14 11 106 S I C 1044 - S ilv er 73 9 2 84 S o

u

r c e : D u n

an d B r adst reet , 1993. *Note: S o u

r c es d e fin e th e term " f ac

ility " d ifferen tly , w h

ic

h

c

a u

ses th e ap p

a

ren t d i sp arity betw een th ose totals c i ted abov e an d th

ose ac c o u

n

ted for by th e U.S
. B u reau of Min es. R e p

resen ted in th ese fac ility n

u

mbers are rec reation al min e o

p

era to

rs p red o

min a

n

tly lo

c a ted in A l a s k

a

, C a lifo rn

ia

, a

n

d

M o n

ta

n

a

. A prel i m i nary eval uat i o n

o f 1992 survey respo n

ses f r o m 36 C a nad i a n and 25 U. S. mi neral co mpani e s o p erat i n g i n t

h

e U. S. suggest s t h

at

t

h

e average c

o

rp o ra t

e e x

p l o ra t io n

bu dge t wa s

re du c e

d by m o

re t

h

a

n

o ne - h a

lf fro m 1991 l e vel s . M e t

a

l expl o rat i o n i n t

h

e U. S. d u ri ng 1992 appears t o

have d e cl i ned o n

an average co mpany b a si s b y

mo re t h

an 60 percent . A l t h

o

u gh s p e c

ific go ld a nd c o

p p e r de p o s

i t

s

c o

n

t in u e t o c o

m m a

nd a

t t

e

n

t io n , m o

s

t U
. S
. p r o g ra m s

h a

v e be e

n c u rt a

ile d. Th e BLM e s

t i m a

t

e

d t

h

at 75 percent o f co mpany cl ai ms w e re d r o pped d u ri ng 1993 ( F ed eral mi ni ng l a w g ra n

ts sol e mi ne ra l r i g h ts to a pr ospe ctor i f the r e i s a disc o

v e ry o f e c

o

no m ic

v a lu e ; p r io r t o s u c h a disc o

v e ry, a "c la

im " is honor e d i f the pr ospe ctor ma i n ta i n s a n

a c

tua l pr e se nce on si te a nd compl e te

s a pr og r e ssi ve a

m ount of d e ve l o pme n

ta

l w o r

k

pe r

y e a

r

)
. S I C C o d e 10 10 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

T h e numb e r of compa n

i e

s tha t ha ve shi f te

d por t i o ns of the i r

e x

pl ora t i o n b

u d g et s t o

L a t i n Ameri c a i s gro w i n g. M o r e t h

an 250 co mpani e s, ab o u t 10 p e rc e

n

t o f t h

e

No rt

h

A m e

r

ic

a

n

m i n i n g

e x

p l o ra t io n

indu s t

ry, a r e no w a

c

t i v e in La t i n A m e

r

ic

a

, e s

p e c

i a

lly M e xic o

a nd C h ile
. A m o

n

g t h

e

fo rc e

s driv in g U
. S
. c o

m p a n

ie

s

a b ro a

d is t

h

e

re c

e

n

t p r iv a t iz a t io n o f wo rld-c l a

s

s mi ne ra l d e posi ts, the pr e se nce of r

i ch ove r

se a

s

ore d e posi ts, d e pl e t i o n of pr i m e d o mesti c ore sour ces, l a b o r

costs, and the l a ck of si g n i f

i c

ant re gu la t

o

r

y p re s

s

u re in t

h

e

de v e lo p i n g

wo rld. T h e

U
. S. e c

onomy ' s sl ow b u t ste a

d y g r ow th ra te

of the l a st se ve ra l y e a

r

s i s ex pected to spur d e mand i n maj o r

d o mesti c mater i al s- consumi ng indu s t

rie s , s u c h

a s

t

h

e

a u t o

indu s t

ry. I n a ddit io n , de v e lo p i n g e c

o

no m ie

s i n South Amer i c

a and Asi a have had hi g h er

consumpti on of mi nera l m a

t

e

ria l s a s p o lit ic

a

l re gim e

s h a

v e libe ra liz e d t h

e

i r e c

o

no m ie

s

t o

m e

e

t de m a

nd s fo r h i gh e

r

s

t

a

nda rds o

f liv in g. Th e fo llo win g

exh i bit illu s t

rat e

s

p r o d u c t i o n

v a lu es in 1993 fo r v a rio u s metal mi ni ng i nd u str y

sector s.

S e p tem b e r 1995 11 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 8 M e t

a

l M i ne Pr oduc tion - USA, in B illions of Dolla r

s

Copper Gold Iron Ore Zinc Magnesium Lead Molybedenum 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1993 1992 $4.18 $3.65
$1.73 $0.67 $0.36
$0.31
$0.19 $3.60 $3.79
$1.70 $0.51 $0.41
$0.27 $0.16 1993 Total Value (estimated) $10.439 billion

Sour c e : R a ndol Mi ni ng D i r e c to

r y

1994/ 95

. F o l l o w i ng i s a b r i e

f summar y

of cur r e nt tr end s i n d o mesti c mi ni ng indu s t

rie s . M u c h

o f t h

e

in fo rm a

t io n

p r e se n

t

e

d is ba se d o n

a re p o rt pr epar ed b y

E P A ' s Of f

i ce of Resear ch and D e vel o pment. Ir

o

n In 1993, d o mest i c

pro d uct i o n

o f i r o n

o r e remai ned at appro x

i m at

el y t h

e same l e vel as t h

at

o f 1992. T h e val u e o f usabl e o r e shi pped f r o m mi nes i n M i nneso t

a

, M i chi g an, and si x o t

h

er St at

es i n 1993 w a s est i mat e

d at $1. 7 billio n . I r o n o re wa s

p r o d u c e

d do m e

s

t ic

a

lly by 1 6 c o

m p a n

ie

s

o p e ra t in g 22 mi nes, 16 co ncent rat i o n pl ant s , and 10 pel l e t i zi ng pl ant s . T h e mi nes inc l u d e d 1 9 o p e n

p i t s

a nd o ne u nde rgro u nd o p e ra t io n . Nine o f t

h

e

se mi nes, operated b y

si x compani e s, accounted f o

r

the vast maj o r

i ty of the output. T h e U
. S. steel i nd u str y

w a s the pr i m ar y

consumer of i r on ore, accounti ng f

o

r 98 percent o f d o mest i c

i r o n

o r e co nsumpt i o n

i n 1992. D o mest i c de m a

nd fo r iro n

o r e h a

s

fa lle n

be h

i nd t h

a

t fo r iro n a nd s t

e

e

l du e t o chang e s i n i nd u str i al pr ocesses, i ncl ud i n g the i ncr eased use of scrap
S I C C o d e 10 12 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g (e

s

p e c

ia

lly by m i n i -m ills ) a nd t h

e

u se o f im p o rt

e

d se m i -fin i s

h

e

d s t

e

e

l
. T

w el ve percent o f d o mest i c

i r o n

co nsumpt i o n

i n 1993 w a s i m po rt

ed
. W h

ile wo rld c o

n

s

u m p t i o n

o f iro n

o r e inc r e a

se d s ligh t ly, p r ic

e

s de c

line d fo r t h

e

t

h

ird c o

n

se c

u t iv e ye a

r . C o ppe r W o

rld c o

p p e r p r o d u c t i o n

re m a

ine d a t a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y t h

e

sa m e

le v e l in 1993 as i n 1992, w h i l e w o rl d co nsumpt i o n

o f ref i ned co pper d e cl i ned
. Ho we v e r, re fine d c o

p p e r de m a

nd in t

h

e

U
. S
. a nd C a na da ra n c o

u n t

e

r t o t

h

e

wo rld t r e nd. Do m e

s

t ic

de m a

nd fo r c o

p p e r ro se by a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y ei ght percent i n 1993; t h

e U. S. i m po rt

ed si x percent o f i t s co pper need s i n 1993. C o nsumpt i o n

w a s expect ed t o

i ncrease i n 1994 t o

mo re t h

an 2. 4 m illio n

t

o

n

s , u p fro m t

h

e

p r e v io u s ye a

r ' s 2

. 3

m illio n t o

n

s . Do m e

s

t ic bra s

s m ills (a m i xt u re o

f c

o

p p e r a nd z i nc ) ra n

a

t c

a

p a c

i t

y . C o pper w a s reco vered at 50 mi nes i n 1993, and t h

e t o

p

15 mi nes a

ccounte d f o

r

mor e tha n

9 5

pe r c e

n

t of pr od ucti on. T h e

pr i m a

r

y

e

nd use s fo r c o

p p e r a r e bu ildin g c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

(4 2

p e rc e

n

t ) , e l e

c

t

r

ic

a

l a nd e l e

c

t

r o n

ic pro d uct s ( 24 percent ) , i nd u st ri al machi nery and equi pment ( 13 percent ) , tra n

spor ta

ti on e q

ui pme n

t ( 1 1 pe r c e

n

t) , a nd consume r

a nd g e ne ra l pr od ucts ( 1 0 pe rc e

n

t)
. A c c

o

rdin g t o

S t a

nda rd &P o o

r ' s , t h

e

c

o

p p e r m i n i n g indu s t

ry is do m i n a

t

e

d b

y

thr e e

pr od uce r

s ( A SA RCO I ncor p ora t

e

d , Cy pr us A m a

x

Mi ni ng C o m p a n

y, a nd P h e

l p s Do dge ) , wh ic

h

a r e fina nc ia

lly v i a ble o p e ra t io n

s . H o w e ver , not al l copper mi ni ng f

i r

m s are as heal thy f i nanci a l l y . F r om 1989 t o 1992, t h

e i nd u st ry w a s charact e

ri zed b y

d e creasi ng o p erat i n g re v e n

u e s

a nd ne t inc o

m e , wh ile s

h

o

r

t a nd lo n

g -t e

r

m lia bilit ie

s inc r e a

se d f

o

r

some compani e s. Wi th the r e cent economi c r e cover y , how e ver , the o

v e ra ll o u t l o o

k

fo r t h

e

c

o

p p e r indu s t

ry is fina nc ia

lly se c

u re . Le a

d T h e U. S. i m po rt

ed 15 percent o f i t s l e ad need s i n 1993. T ranspo r

t

a

t i o n i s t

h

e majo r end use f o

r l e ad , wi t h

appro x

i m at

el y 83 percent b e i n g used t o pr od uce b a tter i es, f u el tank s, sol d e r , seal s, and b e ar i n gs . E l e ctr i cal , el ectr oni c , and communi c ati o ns uses, ammuni t i o n, T V g l ass, constr ucti on, a

nd pr ote cti v e coa t i n gs a ccounte d f o

r mor e tha n

ni ne pe r c e

n

t of l e a

d consumpti on. A ccor d i n g

to the U
. S. B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s, U
. S. l e a

d pr od ucti on ha s remai ned rel a t i vel y co nst a

nt t h

ro ugh 1994, w h i l e pri c es f o

r l e ad co nt i n ued an upw a rd t r end t h

at

b e gan i n 1993. C o nsumpt i o n

o f l e ad i n
S e p tem b e r 1995 13 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
t

h

e U. S. i ncreased i n 1994, d u e t o

great e

r d e mand f o

r o r

i g i nal equi pment b a tte r

i e

s

i n the a

u tomoti ve i nd u str y . T h i s

tr e nd i s e

x

pe cte d to conti n ue . Zi n c In 1993, t h

e U. S. i m po rt

ed 26 percent o f i t s zi nc need s. D o mest i c

al l y , 25 z i nc mi ne s pr od uce d 9 9

pe r c e

n

t of the output; A l a s

k a 's Re d D o g

Mi ne a

ccounte d f o

r

ne a

r

l y

one - ha l f

of the tota l
. Zi nc's ma i n use ha s t

ra dit io na lly be e

n

t

o

p r o v ide c o

rro s

i o n

p r o t

e

c

t io n t h

ro u g h ga lv a n

iz a t io n f

o

r i r o n

and st eel
. In 1991, t h

e l a rgest co nsumers o f zi nc w e re t h

e constr ucti on ( 4 3

pe r c e

n

t) , tra n

spor ta

ti on ( 2 0

pe r c e

n

t) , ma chi ne r

y ( 1 2 pe r c e

n

t) , a nd e l e

c

tr

i c

a

l ( 1 2 pe r c e

n

t) se ctor s. D o mest i c mi ne pro d uct i o n

i ncreased sub s

t

a

nt i a

l l y i n 1994 i n respo n

se t o do m e

s

t ic

de m a

nd , a c

c

o

rdin g t o

t

h

e

U
. S
. Bu re a

u

o f M i ne s . Th e la rge s

t gro w t h o c

c

u rre d in t

h

e

ga lv a n

iz in g a nd bra s

s

a nd bro n

z e indu s t

rie s , du e to i ncr e a

se d a u tomob i l e pr od ucti on. E x por t s of z i nc conce n

tra t

e

s w e r e up sl i g ht l y

i n 1994. Gold Do m e

s

t ic go ld m i ne s c o

n

t in u e t o

p r o d u c e

a t re c

o

rd le v e ls , m a

in t

a

in in g the U
. S. posi ti on a s

the w o r

l d ' s se cond l a r

g e s

t g o l d

- pr od uci n g

na ti on ( 1 2 pe r c e

n

t of w o r

l d r e sour ce s) , a f te

r

the Re publ i c of South A f r

i ca . T h e

U
. S w a s a net expo rt

er o f go l d i n 1993. Go l d w a s pro d uced at 200 l o d e mi nes a

nd n u m e

ro u s p l a c

e

r

m i ne s

(se e

disc u s s

i o n

be lo

w fo r de fin i t

i o n o f lo de and pl acer mi nes)
. T w ent y - f i v e mi nes yi el d e d 75 percent o f t h

e go l d pro d uced
. E s t i mat e

d end

- uses f o

r 1993 w e re as f o

l l o w s : j e w e l r

y and art s ( 70 percent ) ; i nd u st ri al ( m ai nl y el ect r o n

i c; 23 percent ) ; and d e nt al ( seven per c ent)
. Th e go ld m i n i n g indu s t

ry is do m i n a

t

e

d by a fe w firm s

t

h

a

t a

r e ga in in g a n inc r e a

s

i n g

p o rt

io n

o f t

h

e

m a

rke t s

h

a

r e a

nd t h

a

t re m a

in fin a

nc ia

lly s t

ro n

g . S m a

lle r firm s h a

v e se e

n de c

r e a

s

i n g

o p e ra t in g re v e n

u e s

a nd ne t inc o

m e

s , a

nd ma y

ha ve g r e a

te

r

d i f f

i cul t y

i n the f

u tur e me e

t i n g shor t- te r

m d e b

t

. T h e tr e nd i n g o l d e x

pl ora t i o n a c

ti vi ti e s

conti n ue s to b e tow a r d L a ti n Ameri c an nat i o n

s, where f a

v o rabl e geo l o gy and l i b eral i z ed mi ni ng re gu la t i o n

s h o

ld t h

e

p r o m ise fo r gre a

t

e

r lo n

g -t e

r

m s u c c

e

s

s

a nd re du c e

d r

i sk to i n vestment capi tal
. Silve r C o nt i n ui ng t h

e t rend b e gun i n 1991, several l a rge d o mest i c

si l v er pro d ucers hal t ed mi ni ng o p erat i o ns i n 1993 d u e t o

t

h

e co nt i n ui ng l o w
S I C C o d e 10 14 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g p r ic

e o f s ilv e r . A s a

re s

u lt , U
. S
. m i ne p r o d u c t i o n

o f s

ilv e r

de c

line d fo r t h

e f

o

urt h co nsecut i v e year, and t h

ree majo r si l v er pro d ucers had negat i v e net i ncome. Si l v er pr i c

es have re centl y b e gu n to r i se, how e ver ; w i th the pr ospect of conti n ued hi g h er

pr i c

es, some compani e s are consi d e r

i ng r e sumi ng operati o ns at cur r e ntl y i n acti ve mi nes. Th e

U
. S
. is a ne t im p o rt

e

r

o f s

ilv e r . O ne h u nd re d a nd fift y m i ne s in 1 4 St at

es mi ned si l v er i n 1993. H o w e ver, N e vad a , Id aho , Ari z o na, and Monta na a ccounte d f o

r 7 4 pe r c e

n

t of a l l d o me sti c pr od ucti on. E s ti ma te

d end

- uses f o

r 1993 w e r e as f o

l l o w s : photog ra phi c pr od ucts ( 50 perc ent) ; a

nd e l e

c

tr

i c

a

l a nd e l e

c

tr oni c pr od ucts ( 2 0

pe r c e

n

t)
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 15 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t III. I ndus tr

ia l Pr oc es s Des c r

iption T h i s secti o n d e scr i b es the maj o r

i nd u str i al pr ocesses w i thi n the metal mi ni ng indu s t

ry, inc l u din g t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l s

a nd e q

u i p m e

n

t u se d , a nd t h

e pr ocesses empl oy ed
. T h e secti o n i s d e si g ned f o

r

those i n ter e sted i n ga in in g a ge ne ra l u nde rs

t

a

ndin g o f t

h

e

indu s t

ry, a nd fo r t h

o

se in t

e

re s

t

e

d i n the i n te

r - r e l a

ti onshi p b e tw e e

n

the i nd u str i a

l pr oce ss a nd the topi c s de sc r

ibe d in s u bse q

u e n

t se c

t io n

s

o f t h

is

p r o f

ile -- p o llu t a

n

t o u t p u t s , p o llu t i o n p re v e n

t i o n o p p o rt

u n it

ie

s , a nd Fe de ra l re gu la t i o n

s . Th is

se c

t io n do e

s no t a t t

e

m p t t

o

re p lic a

t

e

p u blis h

e

d e n

gine e

r

in g in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t is a

v a ila ble fo r t h

is indu s t

ry. R e fe

r t o

S e c

t io n

I X fo r a lis t o f a v a ila ble referenc e do c

u m e

n

t s . T h i s

secti o n d e scr i b es commonl y used pr od ucti on processes, associ ated ra w ma te

r

i a

l s, the b y pr od ucts pr od uce d or r e l e

a

se d , a nd the ma te

r

i a

l s e

i t

h

e

r

re c

y c l e

d o r

t ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e . Th is

disc u s s

i o n , c o

u p le d wit h sc h

e

m a

t ic

dra w in gs o f t h

e

ide n

t ifie d p r o c

e

s

se s , p r o v ide a c o

nc ise d e scr i p ti on of w h e

re w a ste s ma y b e prod uce d i n the pr oce ss. T h i s

se cti o n a

l so d e scr i b e s

the pote nti a l f a

te

( a i r , w a te

r , l a nd ) of the se w a ste pr od ucts.
III. A
. I ndustr ia l Pr oc es s es in the M e t

a

l M i ning I ndustr y M u c h o f t h

e fo llo win g

in fo rm a

t io n

h a

s

be e

n

p r e se n

t

e

d p r e v io u s ly in r e por t s and i ssue paper s

d raf ted i n suppor t of var i ous E P A of f

i ces, inc l u din g t h

e

O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e , t h

e O ffic e o f P o llu t i o n P r e v e n

t i o n a nd T o xi cs, and t h

e O f f

i ce o f E n f

o

rcement and C o mpl i a nce Assurance. Fo r a compl e te l i s ti ng of r e f

e

r e nce d o cuments, pl ease see Secti o n I X
. Me ta

l s

a

re mi ne d f rom tw o ty pe s of d e posi ts. T h e f i r

s

t, l o d e d e posi ts, a r e c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

d de p o s

i t

s

t

h

a

t a

r e fa irly we ll-de fine d fro m s u rro u ndin g ro c

k
. I r o n , c o

p p e r, le a

d , go ld, s ilv e r , a nd z i nc a r e m i ne d m a

in ly fro m lo de d e posi ts. T h e second ty pe of d e posi ts, pl acer d e posi ts, occur w i th sand , gra v e l , a nd ro c

k ; t h

e

y

a r e u s u a lly de p o s

i t

e

d by flo w in g wa t

e

r o r

ic e , a nd conta i n me ta

l s

tha t w e r e once pa r

t of a l o d e d e posi t. Onl y a sma l l p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o

f do m e

s

t ic

go ld a nd s ilv e r

is de riv e d fro m p l a c

e

r

de p o s

i t

s . T h ere are t h

ree general appro a

ches t o

mi ni ng met a

l s : S u rfa ce or ope n -pit m i ning requi r es ext e

nsi v e bl ast i ng, as w e l l as ro ck, so il, a nd v e ge t

a

t i o n

re m o

v a l, t o

re a

c

h

lo de de p o s

i t

s . Be nc h

e

s a r e c u t in t

o the w a l l s of the mi ne to provi d e a cce ss to pr og r e ssi ve l y

d e e

p e r or e , a s u p p e r-le v e l o re is de p l e t

e

d
. O r e is re m o

v e d fro m t h

e m i ne a nd t

ra n

s

p o r

t

e

d t o m illin g a nd be ne fic i a

t in g p l a n

t s

fo r c o

nc e

n

t

ra t in g t h

e

o r e ,
S I C C o d e 10 16 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

a

nd sme l ti ng , a nd /or r e f

i ni ng . Ope n

pi t mi ni ng i s the pr i m a

r

y d o me sti c so u r c e

o

f iro n , c o

p p e r, go ld, a nd s ilv e r . U nde r g r o und m i ning e n

ta i l s si nk i n g

a sha f t to r e a

c

h the ma i n b o d y of or e . " D r i f

t s, " or pa ssa g e s, a r e the n

cut f r om the sha f t a t va r

i ous d e pths to access the or e, w h i c

h i s r e moved to the sur f

ace, cr ushed , concentrated , a

nd re fine d. W h

ile u nde rgro u nd m i ne s

do no t c r e a

t

e

t h

e

v o lu m e

o f over b

u r d en w a ste associ ated w i th sur f

ace mi ni ng , some w a ste r o ck must s

t ill be bro u gh t t o t h

e s u rfa c

e

fo r dis p o sa l. W a

s

t

e

ro c

k

m a

y e i t

h

e

r

be re t u rne d t o

t

h

e

m i ne a s

fill o r

p u t in a dis p o s

a

l a r e a

. I n t

h

e U
. S ., o n

ly le

a

d , a n

t i m o

n

y , a nd z i nc a

r e so le

ly u nde rgro u nd o p e ra t io n

s . Solution or f l uid m i ning e n

t

a

ils drillin g in t

o

in t

a

c

t ro c

k a nd u s in g c

h

e

m ic

a

l so lu t i o n

s

t

o

dis so lv e lo de de p o s

i t

s . Du rin g

so lu t i o n

m i n i n g , t h

e le

a

c

h

i n g so lu t i o n

(u s u a lly a dilu t e

a c

id) p e ne t

ra t

e

s

t h

e

o r e , dis so lv in g so lu ble m e

t

a

ls
. Th is

p r e g n a

n

t le a

c

h

so lu t i o n

is t h

e

n re t

r

ie

v e d fo r re c

o

v e ry a

t a sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on a nd e l e

c

tr ow i nni ng ( S X/E W ) pl a n

t. T h i s

me thod o

f m i n i n g

is u se d in so m e

p a rt

s

o f A r iz o na , Ne v a da , a nd Ne w M e xic o t o rec o

v e r c o

p p e r. His t

o

r

ic

a

lly, t h

e p r im a

r

y m i n i n g

m e

t

h

o

d h a

s

be e

n

u nde rgro u nd m i n i n g . Ho we v e r, wit h t h

e

a d v e n

t in re c

e

n

t de c

a

de s

o f la rge e a

rt

h

m o

v i n g equi pment , l e ss expensi v e energy so urces, and i m pro v ed ext ract i o n and b e nef i ci ati o n technol o g i es, sur f

ace mi ni ng now pr evai l s i n most i nd u str y se c

t

o

r

s . O p e n -p it m i n i n g is ge ne ra lly m o

re e c

o

no m ic

a

l a nd sa fe

r t h

a

n u nde rgro u nd m i n i n g , e s

p e c

i a

lly wh e

n

t h

e

o r e bo dy is la rge a nd t h

e o

v e r

bu rde n

(s u r fa c

e

v e ge t

a

t i o n , so il, a nd ro c

k

) re la

t i v e ly s h

a

llo w. I n fa c

t

, t

h

e lo we r c o

s

t o f s

u rfa c

e

m i n i n g

h a

s

a

llo we d m u c h

lo we r-gra d e o r e s

t

o

be e

x

p l o i t

e

d e c

o

no m ic

a

lly in so m e

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r

s . Metal mi ni ng pr ocesses i ncl ud e ex tracti on and b e nef i ci ati o n steps d u r i ng pr od ucti on. E x tra c

ti on r e move s the or e f r om the g r ound , w h i l e be ne fic i a

t io n c o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

s

t h

e

v a lu a ble m e

t

a

l in t h

e

o r e by re m o

v i n g unw a nte d consti tue n

ts. Of te

n, mor e tha n one me ta

l i s ta r

g e t

e

d i n b e nef i ci ati o n pr ocesses. F o r

exampl e, si l v er i s of ten b e nef i ci ated and r e cover e d w i th copper
. T h e b e nef i ci ati o n method sel e cted var i es w i th mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns a nd d e pe nd s on or e cha ra c

te

r

i sti cs a nd e c

onomi c consi d e ra ti ons. T h e

f o

l l o w i ng se cti o ns pr ovi d e mor e d e ta i l on e x

tra c

ti on me thod s a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n pr oce sse s, a s

the y

r e l a

te

to the mi ni ng of e

a

ch me ta

l
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 17 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t E x t

r

act i on P r ocesses

A s de sc r

ibe d in a

re p o rt

dra f t

e

d fo r EP A ' s O ffic e

o f P o llu t i o n

P r e v e n

t i o n a

nd To xic s , e x

t

ra c

t i o n

in v o lv e s

re m o

v i n g

a n

y o v e r

bu rde n , t h

e

n drillin g, bl a s

ti ng , a nd muck i ng the b r ok e n

or e a

nd w a ste ro ck
. M o b ile rigs drill h o

le

s

in ro c

k , wh ic

h

c a

n

t

h

e

n

be fille d wit h e x

p l o s

iv e s fo r bla s

t i n g

wa s

t

e

ro c

k

a

nd o r e . P o t

e

n

t ia

l p o llu t a

n

t s

in v o lv e d in t

h

is s t

e

p in t h

e m i n i n g p ro c

e

s

s inc l u d e t h

e

fu e l , lu bric a

n

t s , a nd h y dra u lic o ils consumed b y the r i gs ; f u el s and oi l s ty pi cal l y contai n such consti tuents as b e nzene, et hyl b enzene, and t o

l uene. Exp l o s

iv e s (u s u a lly a m i xt u r e o f a

m m o

n

i u m n i t

ra t

e

a

nd fu e l o il) a r e u se d to b r e a

k up the ro ck
. Othe r

e x

pl osi v e s , i ncl ud i n g

tr i n i t

r otol ue ne (

T N T ) and ni t ro g l y ceri ne, may al so b e used
. Muck i n g

i s the pr oce ss of r e movi ng b r ok e n

or e f r om the mi ne , usi n g a v a rie t y o f lo a

din g a nd h a

u lin g e q

u i p m e

n

t t

o

t

ra n

s

p o r

t o r e t o a m ill fo r be ne fic i a

t io n . De p e ndin g o n

o r e v o lu m e , t r

u c ks , ra il c a

rs , c o

n

v e y e r

s , a nd e

l e

v a t

o

r

s m a

y a ll be re q

u ire d t o

h a

u l o r e . Eq u i p m e

n

t in v o lv e d in t

h

is s

t

e

p o f t

h

e

m i n i n g

p r o c

e

s

s

u se s

h y dra u lic flu id (c o

n

t

a

in in g glyc o

l e t

h

e

rs

); ba t t

e

rie s

(c o

n

t

a

in in g s u lfu r ic

a c

id, le a

d , a n

t i m o

n

y , a nd a r

se n

i c

) ; a nd lu bric a

n

t s

a

nd fu e l (c o

n

t

a

in in g p e t

r o l e

u m h

y dro c

a

r

bo n

s

). B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on Met h

ods Or e b e ne f

i ci a t i o n i s the pr oce ssi ng of or e s

to r e gu l a te

the si z e of the pr od uct, to r e move unw a nte d consti tue n

ts, or to i m pr ove the q u a l i t y , pur i ty , or g ra d e of a d e si r e d pr od uct. U nd e r r e gu l a ti ons d ra f te

d pursuant t

o

t

h

e R e so urce C o nservat i o n

and R e co very Act ( 40 C F R §261. 4) , be ne fic i a

t io n is re s

t

ric t

e

d t o

t

h

e

fo llo win g

a c

t i v i t i e

s : c r

u s h

i n g ; grindin g; wa s

h

in g; dis so lu t i o n ; c r

ys t

a

lliz a t io n ; filt ra t i o n ; so rt

in g; s i z i n g ; dryin g ; s

i n t

e

r

in g; p e lle t i z i n g , briq u e t t i n g ; c a

lc

in in g t o

re m o

v e wa t

e

r a nd/ o r c

a

rbo n

dio xide ; ro a

s

t i n g , a u t o

c

la

v i n g , a nd/ o r

c

h

lo rina t i o n in p r e p a ra t io n f

o

r l e a

c

hi ng ; g ra v i t y conce n

tra t i o n; ma g ne t i c

se pa ra ti on; e l e

c

tr osta ti c se pa ra ti on; f l ota ti on; i o n e x cha n

g e ; sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on; e l e

c

tr ow i nni ng ; preci p i t at

i o n; amal gamat i o n ; and heap, d ump, vat , t a

nk, and in s i tu l e

achi ng . T h e most common b e nef i ci ati o n pr ocesses i ncl ud e g r avi t y concentrati o n (u se d o n

ly wit h p l a c

e

r go ld de p o s

i t

s

); m illin g a nd flo a

t i n g

(u se d fo r ba se metal or es) ; l e achi ng ( u sed f o

r

tank and heap l e achi ng ) ; d ump l e achi ng (u se d fo r lo w-gra d e c o

p p e r); a nd m a

gne t ic

se p a ra t i o n . Typ i c a

l be ne fic i a

t io n s t

e

p s inc l u d e o ne o r

m o

re o f t h

e

fo llo win g : m illin g;
S I C C o d e 10 18 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

w a shi n g ; f i l t ra ti on; sor t i n g ; si zi ng ; mag neti c separa ti on; pressur e ox i d a ti on; f l ota ti on; l e a

c

hi ng ; g ra v i t y

conce n

tra t i o n; a nd a g g l ome ra t i o n (p e lle t i z i n g , s i n t

e

r

in g, briq u e t t i n g , o r

no du liz in g). M illing e x

t

ra c

t

e

d o r e p r o d u c e

s

u n ifo r

m- s i z e d p a rt

ic

le

s , u s in g c r

u s h

i n g and g r i nd i n g pr ocesses. A s many as thr ee cr ushi ng steps may b e re q

u ire d t o re du c e

t

h

e

o r e t

o

t

h

e

de s

i re d p a rt

ic

le

s

i z e . M ille d o r e in t

h

e f

o

r

m of a

sl ur r

y

i s the n

pumpe d to the ne x

t b e ne f

i ci a t i o n sta g e . M a g ne tic s e pa r

a

tion i s use d to se pa ra te

i r on or e s

f r om l e ss ma g ne t i c ma te

r

i a

l , a nd ca n b e cl a ssi f i e

d a s

e i the r

hi g h

- or l o w - i n te

nsi t y

( r e q

ui r i ng as lit t l e as 1, 000 gau s s

o r

as m u c h

as 20, 000). P a rt

ic

le s i ze and t h

e so lids conte n

t of the or e sl ur r

y

d e te

r

m i ne w h i c

h ty pe of ma g ne t i c se pa ra tor sy stem i s used
. Flotation use s a che m i c

a

l r e a

g e n

t to ma k e one or a g r oup of mi ne ra l s a

d h e

re t o a i r bu bble s

fo r c o

lle c

t io n . C h e

m ic

a

l re a

g e n

t s

inc l u d e c

o

lle c

t

o

r

s , f

r othe r

s, a n

ti f o

a

m s, a c

ti va tor s, a nd d e pr e ssa nts; the ty pe of re a

g e n

t use d d e pe nd s on the cha ra c

te

r

i sti cs of a

g i ve n or e . T h e

se f

l ota ti on a g e n

ts ma y c

o

n

t

a

i n s u lfu r dio xide , s u lfu r ic

a c

id, c y a n

ide c o

m p o u nd s , c r e so l s , pe tr ol e um hy d r oca r

b o ns, hy d r ochl or i c

a c

i d s , coppe r compound s, a nd zi nc f ume or d u st. Gr a

v ity c o nc e n tr a

tionse p a ra t

e

s

m i ne ra ls

ba se d o n

diffe re nc e

s

in t h

e

i r gra v it y. Th e

s

i z e o f t

h

e

p a rt

ic

le

s

be in g se p a ra t

e

d is im p o rt

a

n

t

, t h

u s s i z e s ar e k e pt uni f or m w i th cl assi f i er s ( s uch as screens and hy d r ocy c l o nes)
. T h ic ke ning/f ilte r i ng r e move s most of the l i q ui d f r om b oth sl ur r

i e

d c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

s

a nd m ill t a

ilin gs . Th ic

ke ne d t a

ilin gs a r e disc h

a

r

ge d t o a t

a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t ; t h

e liq u id is u s u a lly re c

y c l e

d t o

a h o

ldin g p o nd fo r re u se a t t

h

e

m ill. C h e

m ic

a

l flo c

c

u la n

t s , s u c h

a s

a l u m i n u m s u lfa t

e , lim e , iro n , c a

lc

iu m sa lt

s , a nd s t

a

r c h

e

s , m a

y be a dde d t o

inc r e a

se t h

e e

f

f

i ci e ncy of the thi c k e ni ng pr oce ss. Le a c

hing is t h

e p ro c

e

s

s o f e x

t

ra c

t i n g

a so lu ble m e

t

a

llic c o

m p o u nd fro m a

n o r e by se le

c

t iv e l y dis so lv in g it in a so lv e n

t s

u c h

a s

wa t

e

r, s u lfu r ic

o r h

y dro c

h

l o r

ic a c

id, o r c y a n

ide so lu t i o n . Th e

de s

i re d m e

t

a

l is t h

e

n re m o

v e d fro m t h

e "p re gna n

t " le a

c

h

so lu t i o n

by c h

e

m ic

a

l p r e c

ip it a

t io n

o r a

nothe r

che m i c

a

l or e l e

c

tr oche mi ca l pr oce ss. L e a

c

hi ng me thod s i ncl ud e "du m p ," h e

a

p ," a nd "t a

n

k" o p e ra t io n

s . He a

p

le a

c

h

i n g

is wide ly u se d in t

h

e

go ld indu s t

ry, a nd du m p

le a

c

h

i n g

in t

h

e

c

o

p p e r indu s t

ry. T h e f o

l l o w i ng ex hi b i t summar i zes the var i ous pr ocesses used w i thi n each mi ni ng sector , and the pr i m ar y

w a stes associ ated w i th those pr ocesses.
S e p tem b e r 1995 19 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 9 S e cto r - S p e ci fi c P r o c esses an d Wastes/ Materi a l s S e c t or Min in g Ty p e Ben ef ic

iation / P r o c es s i n g P r im ar

y

Was tes / Mater ials Go ld -S ilv er • Su rfac e • Un de rg

ro

u n d • In S i tu (ex p erimen t a

l) • Cy an id at ion • E l ut i on • E l e c

t r o

w i nni ng/z i n c

pr e c

i p i t a

t i on • M illin g
• B a se met a

l flot at

ion • S me l t

i ng
• A m alg a mat i on (h ist ori c ) • M i ne w a t e

r * • O v e r

b

u r d e n/w a s

t e

r o c k
• S p e n

t p r oce ss sol u ti on s • T a ilin gs
• Sp en t Or e
Go ld P lac er • Su rfac e • Gr av it y

sep a r a

t i on •R o ughi n g, c l e

a

ni ng, f i ne s e pa r a

t i on • Some mag n

et

ic

s e par a t i on • M i ne w a t e

r * • O v e r

b

u r d e n/w a s

t e

r o c k
• T a ilin gs L ead -Zin c • Un de rg

ro

u n d ( e

x c l usiv ely) • M illin g
• F l ot at

ion • S i nt e

ri n g • S me l t

i ng • M i ne w a t e

r * • O v e r

b

u r d e n/w a s

t e

r o c k
• T a ilin gs • S l a g C o ppe r • Su rfac e • Un de rg

ro

u n d • In S i tu • M illin g
• F l ot at

ion • S me l t

i ng • A c i d l e a

c

hi ng • S X /E W r e c

o

v e r y • Ir on pr ec ipit at

io

n

/ smelt in

g • M i ne w a t e

r * • O v e r

b

u r d e n/w a s

t e

r o c k
• T a ilin gs • S l a g • S p e n

t o

r e • S p e n

t l e a

c

h s o l u t i on s Iron • Su rfac e (almost ex c l usiv ely)
• Un de rg

ro

u n d • M illin g • M a gne t i c

s e pa r a

t i on • G r a v i t y s e pa r a

t i on • F l ot at

ion • A gglom er a t ion • B l ast fu rn ac

e • M i ne w a t e

r * • O v e r

b

u r d e n/w a s

t e

r o c k
• T a ilin gs • S l a g
* N o t e: M i ne wa t er i s a

wa st

e i f i t

i s

d

i sc h

a

rg

ed

t

o

t

h

e env i r

o

n

m

ent v

i a

a

p

o

i n

t so urc e S o u

r c

e

: U.S
. EPA , Offic e of S olid Was t e , Te c

h

n

i c

al Doc u

m

e n

t , Bac kg

r o

u

n

d

for NEPA R e v

i ewers: N o n

- C oal Min in

g

Op e r a

t ion s

. Be lo

w is a

m o

re de t

a

ile d disc u s s

i o n o f t h

e v a rio u s be ne fic i a

t io n m e

t

h

o

d s a

nd proce sse s use d f o

r

e

a

ch of the se ctor s pr e se n

te

d i n the ta bl e a

b ove . Ir

o

n

Or e Typ i c a

l be ne fic i a

t io n

s

t

e

p s a p p lie d t o

iro n

o r e inc l u d e : m illin g, wa s

h

in g, sor t i n g , si z i ng , ma g ne t i c

se pa ra ti on, f l ota ti on, a nd a g g l ome ra t i o n. M illin g fo llo we d by m a

gne t ic

se p a ra t i o n

is t h

e

m o

s

t c o

m m o

n b e nef i ci ati o n sequence used , accor d i n g

to the A m er i c

an I r on Or e A ssoci a t i o n. F l ota ti on i s pr i m a

r

i l y use d to upg ra d e the conce n

tra t

e

s g e ne ra te

d f r om ma g ne t i c se pa ra ti on, usi n g

f r othe r

s, col l e ctor s, a nd ant i f

o

ams.
S I C C o d e 10 20 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g
S t e

e

l m ills ge ne ra lly a gglo m e

ra t

e

o r

p e lle t i z e t

h

e

iro n

o r e c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

s

t

o im p r o v e bla s

t fu rna c

e

o p e ra t io n

s

t h

a

t u t iliz e iro n o r e . P e lle t i z i n g o

p e ra t io n

s

p r o d u c e

a

m o

is

t p e lle t (o ft

e

n

u s in g c l a

y

a s a bind e r

), wh ic

h is the n

ha rd e ne d thro ug h he a

t tr e a

tme n

t. A g g l ome ra t i o n g e ne ra te

s b y pr od ucts i n the f o

r

m of par t i c

ul ates and g a ses, i ncl ud i n g compound s such a

s

c a

rbo n

dio xide , s u lfu r c o

m p o u nd s , c h

lo ride s , a nd flu o ride s . Th e

se e

m i ssi ons a r e usua l l y tr e a

te

d usi n g

cy cl one s , e l e

c

tr osta ti c pr e c

i p i t a

tor s, and scrub b i ng equi pment . T h ese t r eat m ent t

e

chno l o gi es generat e

i r o n contai ni ng ef f

l uent, w h i c

h i s r e cy cl ed i n to the operati o n. Ag g l omerati o n p r o d u c e

s

la rge v o lu m e

s

o

f s

u lfu r dio xide a

nd n i t

r o g e n

dio xide
. C o ppe r C o p p e r is c o

m m o

n

l y e x

t

ra c

t

e

d fro m s u rfa c

e , u nde rgro u nd, a nd, i ncr easi ng l y , f r om in s i tu ope ra t i o ns. A ccor d i n g

to the U
. S. B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s, sur f

a

c

e

mi ni ng a ccounte d f o

r

8 3

pe r c e

n

t of coppe r

pr od ucti on i n 1992, w i t h

und e rgro und mi ni ng acco unt i ng f o

r t h

e remai nd e r. In s i tu m i n i n g is t h

e

p ra c

t i c

e

o f p e rc o

l a

t in g dilu t e

s u lfu r ic

a c

id t h

ro u g h o r e t

o e

x

tra c

t coppe r , b y

pumpi n g

coppe r - l a d e n a c

i d sol u ti ons to the sur f

a

c

e

f

o

r sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on/e l e

ctro w i nni ng ( S X/E W )
. T h i s

l e a

c

hi ng ope ra t i o n use s bo t

h

a

m m o

n

i u m n i t

ra t

e

a

nd s u lfu r ic

a

c

id. Be ne fic i a

t io n

o f c o

p p e r c o

n

s

is

t s

o f c r

u s h

i n g a nd grindin g; wa s

h

in g; f

i l t ra ti on; sor t i n g a nd si z i ng ; g ra v i t y

conce n

tra t i o n; f l ota ti on; r o a

s

ti ng ; a

u tocl a vi ng ; chl o r

i na ti on; d ump a nd in s i tu l e achi ng ; i o n ex chang e ; sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on; e l e

c

tr ow i nni ng ; a nd pr e c

i p i t a

t i o n. T h e

me thod s sel e cted var y accor d i n g

to or e character i sti cs and economi c f a

ctor s; appr ox i m atel y hal f of copper b e nef i ci ati o n occur s

thr o ug h d ump l e

a

c

hi ng , w h i l e a comb i na t i o n of sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on/f r oth f

l ota ti on/e l e

ctr o w i nni ng i s g e ne ra l l y use d f o

r

the othe r

ha l f

. Of te

n, more tha n

one me ta

l i s the ta r

g e t of b e ne f

i ci a t i o n a c

ti vi ti e s ( s i l v e r , f o

r e xa m pl e , i s

of te

n r e cove r e d w i th coppe r

)
. A c c

o

rdin g t o

EP A ' s O ffic e

o f S o lid W a

s

t

e T e ch n

i calResou r

ce D o cu m

e

n

t , c

o

p p e r is inc re a

s

i n g ly re c

o

v e re d by so lu t i o n

m e

t

h

o

d s , inc l u din g du m p and in s i tu le a

c

h

i n g . Be c

a

u se m o

s

t c o

p p e r o r e s

a r e in so lu ble in wa t

e

r, che m i c

a

l r e a

c

ti ons a r e r e q

u i r e d to conve r

t coppe r

i n to a w a te

r - sol u bl e fo rm ; c o

p p e r is re c

o

v e re d fro m a le a

c

h

i n g so lu t i o n t h

ro u g h p r e c

ip it a

t io n or b y SX/E W
. Sol u ti on b e ne f

i ci a t i o n me thod s a ccount f o

r

a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y 3

0

pe rc e

n

t of d o me sti c coppe r

pr od ucti on; tw o- thi r d s of a l l d o me sti c copper mi nes use some f o

r

m of sol u ti on operati o ns. T y pi cal l e achi ng a

g e n

t s

u se d in so lu t i o n

be ne fic i a

t io n

a r e h y dro c

h

l o r

ic

a nd s u lfu r ic a c

ids
. M i c r o b ia l (o r ba c

t

e

r

ia

l) le a

c

h

i n g

is u se d fo r lo w-gra d e s u lfide o r e s ,
S e p tem b e r 1995 21 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t h

o

we v e r t h

is

t

y p e o f le a

c

h

i n g

is m u c h s l o

w e r t h

a

n s t

a

nda rd a c

id le a

c

h

i n g a

nd it s

u se is s

t ill be in g p ilo t

e

d. D ump l e a

c

hi ng i s a me thod of tr e a

ti ng coppe r

or e tha t ha s b e e

n

e

x

tra c

te

d fro m a

de p o s

i t

, a nd re fe

rs

t

o

t

h

e

le a

c

h

i n g

o f o x

ide a nd lo w-gra d e s u lfide o

r e o n (t yp ic a

lly) u n line d s u rfa c

e

s . Th e

se o p e ra t io n

s

in v o lv e t h

e a

p p lic a

t io n

o f le a

c

h

i n g

so lu t i o n , c o

lle c

t io n

o f p r e g na n

t le a

c

h so lu t i o n ( P L S ) , a nd the e x

tra c

ti on of coppe r

b y

SX/E W or ce me nta t i o n. N a tura l p r e c

ip it a

t io n o r m i ne wa t

e

r is ge ne ra lly u se d t o

le a

c

h

lo w gra d e s

u lfide o

r e , wh ile dilu t e s u lfu r ic

a c

id is c o

m m o

n

l y u se d t o

le a

c

h

o x

ide o r e s . C o pper d ump l e aches ar e massi ve, ra ng i n g

i n hei g ht f r om 20 to hund r e d s o

f fe e

t

, c o

v e rin g

h u nd re ds o f a

c

re s , a nd c o

n

t

a

i n i n g

m illio n

s

o f t

o

n

s

o f o r e . D ump l e achi ng o p erat i o ns may t a

ke pl ace o v er several years. T h e

sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on pr oce ss i s a tw o- sta g e me thod ; i n the f

i r

s

t sta g e , lo

w-gra d e , im p u re le a

c

h

so lu t i o n

s

c o

n

t

a

i n i n g

c o

p p e r, iro n , a nd o t

h

e

r b a se - m e

t

a

l i o ns a r e f

e

d to the e

x

tra c

ti on sta g e mi x e r - se ttl e r . I n the mi x e r , the a q

u e o

us sol u ti on conta c

ts a n

a c

ti ve or g a ni c e x

tra c

ta nt i n a n or g a ni c dilu e n

t (u s u a lly ke ro se ne ), fo rm in g a c

o

p p e r-o r

ga n

i c

c

o

m p le x; im p u rit i e

s are l e f t b e hi nd i n t

h

e aqueo us phase. T h e b a rren aqueo us so l u t i o n , cal l e d ra ffina t

e , is t y p i c a

lly re c

i rc u l a t

e

d ba c

k

t o

t h

e

le a

c

h

i n g

u n it

s

wh ile t h

e l o a

d e d or g a ni c sol u ti on i s tra n

sf

e

r

r e d f r om the e x

tra c

ti on se cti o n to the str i ppi ng secti o n. I n the second stag e, the l o ad ed or g a ni c sol u ti on i s str i ppe d w i th conce n

tra t

e

d sul f ur i c

a

c

i d sol u ti on to pr od uce a cl e a

n, hi g h

g ra d e sol u ti on of coppe r

f o

r

e l e

c

tr ow i nni ng . E l e ctr o w i nni ng i s the me thod use d to r e cove r

coppe r

f

r om the e

l e

c

tr ol y t e sol u ti on pr od uce d b y sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on. Exh i bit s 1 0 a nd 1 1 illu s t

ra t

e

a t y p i c a

l du m p

le a

c

h

o p e ra t io n

a nd a r e pr e se n

ta

ti ve sol u ti on- b a se d proce ss f o

r

r e cove r

i ng coppe r

f r om or e . Va r

i a

t i o ns e x

i s

t i n e

xa c

t me thod s a nd pr oce sse s use d a t e

a

ch ope ra t i o n.

S I C C o d e 10 22 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 1 0 C o ppe r Dum p Le a c

h Ope r a

tion Copper Recovery

Plant

Pregnant Leachate Oxygen Depleted Air

Impermeable Liner or Bedrock Temp. Inactive Area

Leach Solution Percolating Downward

Collection Pond and Dam Fresh Air Dump Fresh Air Leach Solution

S e p tem b e r 1995 23 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 1 1 R e pr es e n ta tive Hydr om e

t

a

llur g ic a

l R e c ove r y

of C o ppe r

Solvent Extraction Aqueous/Organic Separation Loaded Solvent Barren Solvent Solvent Stripping Pregnant Electrolyte Spent Electrolyte

Copper Cathodes Electrowinning Precipitation Conventional

Processing High Grade Ore Surface Mine Low Grade

Ore Solution Mining Operations Pregnant Liquor
Barren Solution Barren Solution

Water Cement Copper Slurry Decanting

Drying

Cement Copper Acid or Makeup Water Addition

Recycle To Leach Operation So urc e: T e c

h

ni c a

l R eso urc e D o c um ent : E x t r a

c t i o

n

a

n

d

B enef i c

i a

t i o

n

o

f O res a n

d

M i nera l s

, Vo l u

m

e 4

, C o p

p

er, A u g

u

s t 1994 U
. S
. E P A
. L e ad an d Zi n c Be ne fic i a

t io n

o f le a

d a nd z i nc o r e s

inc l u d e s

c r

u s h

i n g

a nd grindin g; f

i l t ra ti on; si z i ng ; f l ota ti on; a nd si nte r

i n g

of conce n

tra t

e

s . F l ota ti on i s the most common method f o

r

concentrati n g

l e ad

- z i nc mi nera l s . Or e may b e t

r e a

t

e

d wit h

c

o

ndit io ne rs

du rin g

o r

a f t

e

r m illin g t o p r e p a r e t h

e o r e p u lp fo r flo t

a

t i o n . C o m m o

n

c o

ndit io ne rs

m a

y inc l u d e lim e , so da a s

h , c a

u s t i c so da , o r

s

u lfu r ic

a

c

id. Th e

c

o

ndit io ne d o r e is t

h

e

n

s

l u rrie d in fre s

h o r s a

lt w a te

r w i th che m i c

a

l r e a

g e n

ts to b e ne f

i ci a t

e

the or e . Se ve ra l se pa ra te f

l ota ti on ste p s ma y

b e ne e

d e d to conce n

tra t

e

i nd i v i d u a l me ta

l va l u e s f r om the or e . Re a

g e n

ts use d i n the f

l ota ti on proce sse s ty pi ca l l y i ncl ud e such chemi c al s as sul f ur d i o xi d e , zi nc sul f at

e, co al t a

r, co pper sul f at

e, and so diu m o

r

c

a

lc

iu m c

y a n

ide
. S I C C o d e 10 24 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Le a

d a nd z i nc m i ne ra l c o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

s

t

h

a

t will be s

m e

l t

e

d a nd re fine d m a

y re q

u ire s i n t

e

r

in g, t y p i c a

lly p e rfo r

m e

d a t t h

e s m e

l t

e

r s i t

e . S i n t

e

r

in g pa r

t i a

l l y f u se s the or e conce n

tra t

e

s

i n to a n a g g l ome ra t

e

d ma te

r

i a

l f o

r pro c

essi ng, and i n v o l v es sev e ral st eps. Fi rst , o r e co ncent rat es are bl end e d wit h m o

is

t u re a nd t h

e

n

fire d (s in t

e

re d) a nd c o

o

l e

d
. Du rin g

c o

o

lin g, t h

e s

i n t

e

r

is c

r

u s h

e

d, gra d e d , a nd fu rt h

e

r c r

u s h

e

d t o

p r o d u c e a s m a

lle r s i n t

e

r pr od uct. B y - p ro d u cts of the r o asti ng and si nter i n g pr ocesses i ncl ud e s

u lfu r dio xide , n i t

r o g e n

dio xide , a nd c a

rbo n

m o

no xide
. R e s

idu e s ge ne ra t

e

d a l so inc l u d e du s t a

nd p r im a

r

y le a

d p r o c

e

s

s

wa t

e

r. Go ld a n

d Silve r T h ree pri nci pal t e

chni ques are used t o

pro c

ess go l d and si l v er o r e: cy a n

i d e l e a

c

hi ng , f l ota ti on of b a se me ta

l or e s

f

o

l l o w e d b y

sme l ti ng , a nd gra v it y c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n . A c c

o

rdin g t o

t

h

e

U
. S
. Bu re a

u o f M i ne s , c y a n

ide l e

achi ng generat e

d 88 percent o f al l d o mest i c

l o d e go l d i n 1991, and 38 pe r c e

n

t of si l v e r . Pr oce ssi ng of b a se me ta

l or e s

prod uce d 1 1 pe r c e

n

t of t

h

e go l d ; o v er hal f o f t h

e si l v er pro d uced i n 1991 w a s f r o m smel t i ng conce n

tra t

e

s

prod uce d b y

f

l ota ti on of si l v e r

a nd b a se me ta

l or e s . Gra v i t y c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

is u se d p r im a

r

ily by go ld a nd s ilv e r

p l a c

e

r

o

p e ra t io n

s . C y a n

ide le a

c

h

i n g

is a

re la

t i v e ly ine x

p e n

s

iv e m e

t

h

o

d o f t

r e a

t i n g

go ld o r e s a

nd i s the chi e f me thod i n use . I n thi s te chni q u e , sod i um or pota ssi um cy a n

i d e sol u ti on i s e i the r

a ppl i e d d i r e c

tl y to or e on ope n

he a

p s or i s mi x e d w i th a f i ne or e sl ur r

y

i n tank s; heap l e achi ng i s g e nera l l y used to re c

o

v e r go ld fro m lo w-gra d e o r e , wh ile t

a

n

k

le a

c

h

i n g is u se d fo r h i gh e

r grad e o r e. C o mpar ed to tank l e achi ng , h eap l each i n g has several ad vant ages, inc l u din g s i m p lic it

y o f de s

i gn , lo we r c a

p i t a

l a nd o p e ra t in g c o

s

t s , a nd shor te

r

sta r

t- up ti me s. D e pe nd i n g

on the l o ca l topog ra phy , a he a

p

or a v a lle y fill m e

t

h

o

d is t

y p i c a

lly e m p l o y e d
. Th e

s

i z e o

f h e

a

p s a

nd v a lle y fills can ra ng e f r om a f e

w acre s to severa l hund r e d
. H e ap l e achi ng may in v o lv e a

n

y o r

a

ll o f t

h

e

fo llo win g

s

t

e

p s :

• P re p a ra t i o n

o

f a

p a d wit h

a

n

im p e rv io u s line r . S o m e

line r

s

m a

y s

i m p ly be c

o

m p a c

t

e

d so ils a

nd c l a

y s , wh ile o

t

h

e

r

s

m a

y be o

f m o

re so p h is

t i c

a

t

e

d de s

i gn , inc o

rp o ra t in g c l a

y

line r

s , fre nc h

dra i n s , a nd mul ti pl e sy ntheti c l i ner s.

• P la c

e

m e

n

t o

f h i s

t

o

r

ic

t

a

ilin gs , c r

u s h

e

d o r e , o r

o

t

h

e

r

re la

t i v e ly uni f or m a nd pe r

v i o us ma te

r

i a

l on the uppe r

m ost l i ne r

to pr ote ct i t f

r om d a ma g e b

y

he a

v

y

e

q

ui pme n

t or othe r

ci r c umsta nce s .
S e p tem b e r 1995 25 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

• C r u shi n g

a

nd /or a

g g l ome ra t i n g

the or e . • P l a ci ng the or e on the pa d ( s)
.

• A p p l yin g

c

y a n

ide so lu t i o n

u s in g drip , s p ra y, o r

p o nd irriga t i o n syst ems, w i t h

appl i c at

i o n rat e

s general l y b e t w een 0. 5 and 1. 0 p o u nds o

f so diu m c

y a n

ide p e r t o

n

o

f so lu t i o n . Th is

is kno w n a

s the b a r

re n sol u ti on b e ca use i t conta i ns l i ttl e or no g o l d
.

• C o lle c

t in g t h

e

so lu t i o n

v i a p i p i n g

la id o n

t

h

e

line r , dit c

h

e

s

o

n

t

h

e pe r

i me te

r

of the he a

p , or pi pe s/w e l l s l a i d thr o ug h the he a

p

i n to sumps at t

h

e l i ner surf ace. T h e reco v e red pregnant so l u t i o n , no w la

de n

wit h

go ld (a nd s ilv e r

), m a

y be s

t

o

r e d in p o nd s o

r

ro u t e

d d i r e c

tl y to ta nk s f o

r

g o l d r e cove r

y , or i t ma y

b e r e a

ppl i e d to the h

e

a

p

fo r a ddit io n

a

l le a

c

h

i n g .

• R e c

ove r

i n g

the g o l d f r om the pr e g na nt sol u ti on ( t y p i c a

l l y co nt ai ni ng b e t w een 1 and 3 ppm o f go l d )
. T h e l e achi ng cy cl e can ra ng e f r om w eek s to severa l months, d e pend i n g

on p e rm e

a

bilit y, s i z e o f t

h

e

p ile , a nd o r e c h

a

ra c

t

e

ris t ic

s . Th e a v e ra g e le a

c

h cycl e i s appro x

i m at

el y t h

ree mo nt hs. R e c

o

v e ry o f go ld fro m t h

e

p r e g na n

t so lu t i o n

is a c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d u s in g ca r

b on a d sor p ti on or , l e ss commonl y , b y

d i r e c

t pr e c

i p i t a

t i o n w i th z i nc d u st . T h ese t e

chni ques may b e used separat e

l y

o r

i n a seri es wi t h

carb o n a

d sor p ti on f o

l l o w e d b y

z i nc pr e c

i p i t a

t i o n. B oth me thod s se pa ra te the go ld-c y a n

ide c o

m p le x fro m o t

h

e

r

re m a

in in g wa s

t

e

s . C a rbo n

a d so rp t i o n i n vol v e s

pumpi n g

the pr e g na nt sol u ti on i n to a se r

i e

s of a c

ti va te

d ca r

b on c

o

lu m n

s , wh ic

h

c o

lle c

t go ld fro m t h

e

c y a n

ide le a

c

h

a

t

e . Th e p r e c

io

u s me ta

l s a r e the n str i ppe d f r om the ca r

b on b y

e l uti o n w i th the use of a bo ilin g c a

u s t i c c y a n

ide s

t

rip p i n g

so lu t i o n , o r

s

i m ila r so lu t i o n . G o ld in t

h

e pr e g na nt e l ua te

sol u ti on ma y

b e e

l e

c

tr ow on or z i nc pr e c

i p i t a

t

e

d
. A l thoug h ca r

b on a d sor p ti on/e l e

ctro w i nni ng i s the most common me thod o

f go ld re c

o

v e ry do m e

s

t ic

a

lly, z i nc p r e c

ip it a

t io n

is t

h

e

m o

s

t wide ly u se d me thod f o

r

g o l d or e conta i ni ng l a r

g e a m ounts of si l v e r . I n z i nc pr eci p i t ati o n, pr eg nant sol u ti on ( o r

the pr eg nant el uate str i pped f r om c

a

rbo n

) is filt e

r e d a nd c o

m b ine d wit h

m e

t

a

llic z i nc du s t re s

u lt in g in a c

h

e

m ic

a

l re a

c

t i o n

wh ic

h

ge ne ra t

e

s

a

go ld p r e c

ip it a

t

e . Th e

so lu t i o n

is t

h

e

n fo rc ed t h

ro u g h a filt er t h

at

rem o

v e s

t

h

e go ld.

S I C C o d e 10 26 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Th e

fo llo win g

e

x

h

i bit illu s t

ra t

e

s

a

t

y p i c a

l go ld h e

a

p le a

c

h o p e ra t io n u s in g z i nc p r e c

ip it a

t io n ; v a ria t io n

s

e

x

is

t in e

xa c

t p r o c

e

s

se s

a

nd m e

t

h

o

d s u se d a t each o p erat i o n.
Ex hibit 1 2 Gold He a p Le a c

hing Ope r a

tion

Vacuum Tower Clarifier

Zinc Feeder Sodium Cyanide Lime Zinc Filter Press Pregnant Pond Ore Heap

Leaching Pad

Barren Pond

Refinery Solution Sprinklers

S o

u

r c e : U.S
. E P A , Offic e o f E n fo

rc

emen t a

n

d

C o mp lia

n

c e A ssu ra

n

c e.
T o prepare f o

r ta nk le a c

hing , or e i s g r ound to e x

pose the me ta

l va l u e s to the cy a n

i d e . F i ne l y

g r ound or e i s sl ur r

i e

d w i th the l e a

c

hi ng sol u ti on i n t

a

n

k

s . Th e re s

u lt in g go ld-c y a n

ide c

o

m p le x is t

h

e

n

a d so rbe d o n

a c

t i v a t

e

d carb o n . T h e pregnant carb o n

t

h

en und e rgo e

s el ut i o n, f o

l l o wed ei t h

er b y e

l e

c

t

ro w in n

i n g

o r

z i nc p r e c

ip it a

t io n , a s

de sc r

ibe d p r e v io u s ly. Th e reco v e ry ef f

i ci enci es at t

a

i ned b y

t a

nk l e achi ng are si gni f i c

ant l y hi gher

S e p tem b e r 1995 27 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t than f o

r heap l e achi ng . T h e tank l e achi ng pr ocess may occur over a ser i es of d a y s , ra the r

tha n

the w e e

k

s or months r e q

u i r e d i n he a

p

l e a

c

hi ng . A f t

e

r h e

a

p le a

c

h

i n g a nd rin s

in g, t h

e

s

p e n

t o r e be c

o

m e

s

wa s

t

e

a nd is le ft a

s

is o r

is de p o s

i t

e

d in dis p o s

a

l a r e a

s

s

i m ila r t o

t

h

o

se u se d fo r wa s

t

e ro c

k
. S p ent o re may co nt ai n wast ewat er f r o m ri nsi n g t h

e o r e, resi d u al cyani d e , m e

t

a

l-c y a n

ide c o

m p le xe s , a nd s m a

ll q u a n

t i t

i e

s

o f h e

a

v

y m e

t

a

ls
. Ta ilin gs pr od uced f r om tank l e achi ng may contai n ar seni c, b a r

i um, chl o r

i d e , n

i t

ra t

e , so diu m , a nd s u lfa t

e . C y a n

ide re s

idu e s m a

y re q

u ire de s

t

ru c t io n u s in g a l ka line c

h

lo rina t i o n , o z o ne , o r

h

y dro g e n

p e ro xide a

ddit io n . Gr a

v ity c o nc e n tr a

tion , a b e nef i ci ati o n method used mostl y i n pl acer mi ne s, i n vol v e s

pa ssi ng a

sl ur r

y

of or e a

nd w a te

r

ove r

a

se r

i e

s

of r

i f

f

l e

s to c

a

t

c

h h e

a

v ie r go ld p a rt

ic

le

s . A m a

l ga m a

t i o n , o r

we t t i n g

m e

t

a

llic go ld w i th me rc

ur y

to f o

r

m a n

a m a

l g a m, i s a nothe r r e cove r

y te chni q u e use d i n pl acer operati o ns. I t s hi g h cost, i nef f

i ci ency f o

r

l a r

g e- scal e mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns, a nd e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l a nd sa f

e

ty consi d e ra ti ons ha ve g r e a

tl y re str i cted amal g a mati on's pr evi o us w i d e spr e ad use. C h e

mic a

lUs a

g

e Th e

fo llo win g

e

x

h

i bit lis t s

t

h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

u se d in gre a

t

e

s

t v o lu m e

in t

h

e m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

p r o c

e

s

se s

fo r se v e ra l o f t

h

e

m a

in c

o

m m o

dit ie

s . W h

ile v o lu m e

do e

s

no t ne c

e

s

sa rily c o

rre la

t

e

wit h

p o t

e

nc y, t h

is

da t

a

indic a

t

e

s w h i c

h chemi c al s are present i n great e

st

quant i t

y , and t o

w h i c

h chemi c al s mi ne w o r

k er s may b e most f r equentl y ex posed
. Al thoug h i t d o es not a

p p e a

r

in t

h

e

c

h

a

r

t be lo

w, c y a n

ide is a

l so c

o

n

s

u m e

d in m a

s

s

i v e q u a n

t i t

i e

s b

y

t

h

e go l d i nd u st ry. In 1990 al o ne, D o w C h emi c al suppl i e d o v er 160 m illio n

p o u nds o

f re a

g e n

t

- gra d e c

y a n

ide fo r u se in go ld m i n i n g , a

ccor d i n g

to the Chi c ago T r i b

u

n

e

( F eb ruary 2, 1992, p. 27)
. Ex hibit 1 3 C h e m ic

a

l s

Us e d in High Volum e Ty p e o

f Min e C h e m i c

al Name V o l u me/ Mas s at Min e S ite Iron O r e A c e

t y len e 5, 577, 726 g a llon s A r g o n 15, 892, 577 g a llon s D i esel F u e l 3 , 417, 487 g a llon s Nit r og en 9, 398, 026 g a llon s L ead / Zin c A c e

t y len e 1, 021, 795 g a llon s Calc iu m Ox id e 932, 129 lbs. D i esel F u e l No. 2 1 , 640, 271 g a llon s P r op an e 171, 733 lbs. ; 1, 015, 962 g a llon s Su lfu r D i ox id e* 1, 843, 080 lbs.

S I C C o d e 10 28 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 1 3 (c ont' d) C h e m ic

a

l s

Us e d in High Volum e Ty p e o

f Min e C h e m i c

al Name V o l u me/ Mas s at Min e S ite C o ppe r A c e

t y len e 10, 909, 868 g a llon s Calc iu m Ox id e 512, 620, 243 lbs. Ch lori n e * * 17, 242, 059 lbs. ; 138, 015 g a llon s Coal 2, 375, 684, 593 lbs. C o pper o

r e c

o

n

c

en t r at e** 24, 000, 000 lbs. Cop p e r Slag 10, 833, 500 lbs. D i esel F u e l No. 2 47, 301, 433 g a llon s L i mest on e 154, 280, 000 lbs. Nat u r a l Gas 8
. 6

x

10^ 12 g a llon s Nit r og en 189, 315, 331 g a llon s P

y ri t e

s 38, 400, 000 lbs. Su lfu ric A c i d * * 82, 907, 916 lbs. ; 5, 772 g a llon s Go ld A c e

t y len e 829, 460 lbs. ; 2, 033, 041 g a llon s Calc iu m Ox id e 58, 394, 968 lbs. Ch lori n e * * 66, 090, 022 lbs. ; 165 g a llon s D i esel F u e l No. 2 13, 425, 408 g a llon s P r op an e 1 , 218 lbs. ; 2, 743, 927 g a llon s Su lfu ric A c i d * * 1 , 800, 501 lbs. Sour c e : N I O S H 1990/ 91 * P r op osed TRI c h

emi c al ** C u rr e nt

T R I c h

em ic

a

l
III. B. M i n i n g P r o c ess P o l l u t i o n O u t p u t s T h e e x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n of me ta

l s

pr od uce si g n i f

i c

a

n

t a m ounts of w a ste a nd b y pr od ucts. T ota l w a ste pr od uce d ca n ra ng e f

r om 1 0 pe r c e

n

t of the tota l ma te

r

i a

l mi ne d to w e l l ove r

9

9

. 9

9

pe r c e

n

t. T h e vol ume of tota l w a st

e can b e eno r

mo us: i n 1992, go l d mi ni ng al o ne pro d uced o v er 540 m illio n

m e

t

r

ic

t o

n

s

o f wa s

t

e . Th e

fo llo win g

e x

h

i bit p r o v ide s fu rt h

e

r d e ta i l on the vol ume of prod uct a nd w a ste ma te

r

i a

l g e ne ra te

d f r om me ta

l mi nera l mi ni ng .

S e p tem b e r 1995 29 S I C C o d e 10--

- -

-- Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 1 4 Vol u m e

of Waste G e n e r a

te d f o r S e l e cted Met al s Commod i t y N u mb e r o

f Min es Total Commod ity Pr o duce d (1, 000 m t ) Tailin g s Gen er ated (1, 000 m t ) Oth er Was te Han d led (1, 000 m t ) C o ppe r 50 1, 765 337, 733 393, 332 Go ld + 212 0. 329 247, 533 293, 128 Iron O r e 22 55, 593 80, 204 106, 233 L ead 23 398 6, 361 S ilv er 1 5 0 1
. 8 2 ,8

2

2 Zin c 25 524 4, 227 Sourc e : U
. S. B u reau of Mi nes, Mi neral C o m

m

o

di t

y

Sum m

a

ri es 1994 and Mi neral s Y e arb ook, V o l u

m

e I : Meta l s

and Mi ne r a l s

, 1992.
Th e

indu s t

ry (inc lu din g no n - m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra ls

) is e s

t i m a

t

e

d t o

h a

v e gene rat e

d 50 billio n

m e

t

r

ic

t o

n

s

o f was t

e t h

ro u g h 1985, and c u rren t ly ge ne ra t

e

s a p p ro x

im a

t

e

l y o ne billio n m e

t

r

ic

t

o

n

s

a n

n

u a lly. I t is im p o rt

a

n

t to note , how e ve r , tha t vi r t ua l l y none of thi s a nnua l pr od ucti on r e l a

te

d to ext ract i o n

and b e nef i ci at i o n i s cl assi f i ed as R C R A hazard o us w a st

e. E x hi b i t 15 summar i zes some of the potenti a l ef f

e

cts of i nd u str i al mi ni ng o

n

t

h

e env i ro nment . Ex hibit 1 5 Ste p s in the M i ning Pr oc es s a

nd T h e i r Pote ntia l Envir onm e nta l I m p a c

ts Min in g P roc es s P roc es s Was tes A i r E m is s i on s Oth er Was te L a n d , Hab itat, Wild lif e S ite P r ep ar ation Ero si o n

du e to re

mo va l o f ve g e ta

ti on E xh au st fr om con s

tru c ti on ve h

i cl e s ; f ugit i v e d u s t Ru n - off se

di m e

n

t D e for e st

at

ion an d h a

bit at loss fr om r o ad an d sit e con s

tru c ti on Blas tin g / E x c

a

v atio n Aci d R o ck Dra i n

a

g e (A RD ); er osion of se di me n

t s; pet r o

l eum was t es

fr om t r

uc ks Du s t b

l o

w n to su rro u n di n g ar ea; ex h

a

us t fr om h e

av y mac h

in

er

y Non -r eu sed ov er bur d en ; was t e r o c k L o s

s o

f h

a

bit at ; in c

r eas e in er o sion ; lo s

s o

f plan t p o p u lat i on fr om d u st an d wat e

r po llut i on ; r e d u c t ion in

lo c a

lized gr o u n d wat e

r re

ch a

r

g e

re su l t i n

g

f

r om i n

cre a

se

d ru n o

ff; l o ss of fish p o p u lat i on fr om wat e

r po llut i on ; n e

ar

by s t r

u c t ur al d a mages fr om v ibr at ion an d s e t t lin g; c ompet it

ion for lan d u s e C r ushi ng / C on c e n t r ation Aci d R o ck Dra i n

a

g e (A RD ) fr om t a

ilin gs Du s t cre a

te

d du ri n g tra n

sp orta ti on Addi ti on a

l was t e r o c k ; t a

ilin gs

S I C C o d e 10 30 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 1 5 ( c o nt' d ) Ste p s in the M i ning Pr oc es s a

nd T h e i r Pote ntia l Envir onm e nta l I m p a c

ts Min in g P roc es s P roc es s Was tes A i r E m is s i on s Oth er Was te L a n d , Hab itat, Wild lif e Le a chi ng AR D; w a te

r p o l l u ti on fr om ru p t u r e s

i n pipes o

r po nd s h

o

ld in g leac h sol u ti on S l ud ges f

r om n

e

ut

r a

lizat ion o

f c

on t amin at

ed wat e

r L o ss of p l an t , fish, an d wat e

r fowl popu lat i on f r om w a te

r p o l l u ti on

Sour c e : Mi ni ng Suppor t P a c kage , . D r af

t , U
. S. E P A , A p r i l 1994. Waste s S e v e ral wast es are creat e

d when met a

l o r es are ext ract e

d f r o m t h

e eart h. Th e

firs t is o

v e r

bu rde n

a

nd wa s

t

e

ro c

k , wh ic

h

is so il a nd ro c

k

re m o

v e d in or d e r

to a cce ss a n

or e or mi ne ra l b o d y . Ove r

b

u r d e n ty pi ca l l y i ncl ud e s sur f

ace soi l s and veg e tati on, w h i l e w a ste r o ck al so i ncl ud es r o ck r e moved w h i l e si nk i n g

sha f ts, a cce ssi ng or e x

pl oi ti ng the ore b o d y , a nd r o ck e

m be dde d wit h

in t

h

e

o

r e o

r

m i ne ra l bo dy. M o s

t o v e r

bu rde n

a nd wa s

t

e

ro c

k

a r e dis p o se d o f in p ile s

ne a

r

t

h

e

m i ne s

i t

e , a l t

h

o

u gh a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y n i ne p e rc e

n

t is ba c

kfille d in p r e v io u s ly e

x c a

v a t

e

d a r e a

s , a nd ne a

r

ly fo u r p e rc e

n

t is u se d o ff-s it

e

fo r c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n . W a

s

te r o ck d umps a r e g e ne ra l l y constr ucte d on unl i ne d te r

ra i n , w i th u nde rlyin g

so ils s t

rip p e d, gra d e d , o r

c o

m p a c

t

e

d de p e ndin g o n eng i neer i n g

consi d e ra ti ons. D rai nag e sy stems may b e i ncor p orated i n to du m p

fo u nda t i o n

s

t

o

p r e v e n

t in s

t

a

b ilit y du e t

o

fo u nda t i o n

fa ilu re s

fro m gro u nd wa t

e

r sa t u ra t i o n , a nd m a

y be c

o

n

s

t

r

u c t

e

d o f gra v e l -fille d t r e nc h

e

s o

r

gravel bl anket s . Ta ilin gs a r e a se c

o

nd t y p e o f c

o

m m o

n

m i n i n g

wa s

t

e . M o s

t be ne fic i a

t io n p r o c

e

s

se s ge ne ra t

e

t

a

ilin gs , wh ic

h

c o

n

t

a

i n a m i xt u r e o f im p u rit i e

s , t ra c

e m e

t

a

ls , a nd re s

idu e o f c h

e

m ic

a

l s

u se d in t h

e

be ne fic i a

t io n p r o c

e

s

s . Ta ilin gs u s u a lly le a

v e t

h

e

m ill a s

a s

l u rry c o

n

s

is

t i n g o f 4 0 t o 7 0 p e rc e

n

t liq u id m ill e fflu e n

t a nd 3 0

t

o

6 0 p e rc e

n

t so lids ; liq u ids a r e c o

m m o

n

l y reu se d in m illin g p ro c

e

s

se s . M o s

t m i ne t a

ilin gs a r e dis p o se d in o n -s it

e i m pound m e

n

ts. D e si g n of the i m pound m e

n

t d e pe nd s on na tura l t

o

p o g ra p h y, s i t

e c o

ndit io n

s , a nd e c

o

no m ic

fa c

t

o

r

s ; ge ne ra lly it is e

c

o

no m ic

a

lly a d v a n

t

a

g e o

u s t

o

u se na t u ra l de p r e s

s

i o n

s t o c o

n

t

a

i n t a

ilin gs . I m pound m e

n

ts a re d e si g ne d to contr o l the move me nt of f l ui d s b oth v e rt

ic

a

lly a nd h o

riz o n

t

a

lly. I n so m e

c

a

se s , t a

ilin gs a r e de wa t

e

re d o r

drie d a nd dis p o se d in p ile s ; t h

is mi ni mi zes seepage vo l umes and t h

e amo u nt o f l a nd requi r ed f o

r an

S e p tem b e r 1995 31 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t im p o u ndm e

n

t

. Ho we v e r, dry dis p o sa l m e

t

h

o

d s c a

n

be p r o h

ibit iv e l y e

x

p e n

s

iv e du e t

o

a

ddit io n

a

l e q

u i p m e

n

t a

nd e ne r

gy c o

s

t s . S l u rrie d t a

ilin gs a r e so m e

t i m e

s

dis p o se d o f in u nde rgro u nd m i ne s

a s ba c

k fill t o

p r o v ide gro u nd o r

wa ll s u p p o rt

. Th is de c

r e a

se s t h

e a b o v egro u nd s u rfa c

e

dis t u rba nc e

a nd c a

n

s t

a

b iliz e m i ne d-o u t a r e a

s . S u ba q

u e o

u s t a

ilin gs dis p o sa l, p ra c

t i c

e

d p r im a

r

ily in C a n

a

da , is t h

e p l a c

e

m e

n

t o f t a

ilin gs be lo

w a p e rm a

ne n

t wa t

e

r s u rfa c

e

s

u c h

a s

a la ke o r o

c

e

a

n ; it is u se d p r im a

r

ily t o

m i n i m i z e t

h

e a c

id-ge ne ra t i n g p o t

e

n

t ia

l o f t

a

ilin gs by p r e v e n

t i n g

s

u lfide o

r e fro m o

x

idiz in g. Th is

dis p o sa l m e

t

h

o

d is no t c

u rre n

t ly p ra c

t i c

e

d c o

m m e

rc ia

lly in t

h

e

U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

d
. Water W a

t

e

r

re m o

v e d fro m a m i ne t

o

ga in o r

fa c

ilit a

t

e

a c

c

e

s

s

t

o a n o r e bo dy is k now n a s

mi ne w a te

r . Mi ne w a te

r

ca n or i g i n a

t

e

f

r om pr e c

i p i t a

t i o n, f r om f

l ow s i n to pi ts or und e r

g r o und w o r

k i n gs , a nd /or f r om g r ound w a te

r a

q

u i f e

r

s tha t a r e i n te

r c e

p te d b y

the mi ne . Mi ne w a te

r

i s onl y a

w a ste i f i t i s d i scha r

g e d to the e

n

vi r o nme n

t vi a a

poi n t source . Mi ne w a te

r

ca n b e a si g n i f

i c

ant pr obl e m at many mi nes, and enor mous quanti ti es may have to b e pumped conti n uousl y d u r i ng operati o ns. When a mi ne cl oses, rem o

v a l o f m i ne wat e

r gene rally ends
. Ho wev e r, u ndergro u nd m i ne s

c

a

n t

h

e

n

fill a nd m i ne wa t

e

r m a

y be re le

a

se d t h

ro u g h a dit s

o r fra c

t u re s t h

a

t re a

c

h

t

h

e

s

u rfa c

e . S u rfa c

e

m i ne s

t

h

a

t e

x

t

e

nd be lo

w t h

e

wa t

e

r t a

ble fill t o t

h

a

t le v e l wh e

n p u m p in g c e

a

se s , e i t

h

e

r

fo rm in g a la ke in t h

e

p i t o r in u nda t i n g a nd sa t u ra t i n g fill m a

t

e

ria l
. P u m p e d m i ne wa t

e

r is t

y p i c a

lly m a

na ge d in o n -s it

e

im p o u ndm e

n

t s . C o lle c

t

e

d wa t

e

r m a

y be a llo we d t o i n f

i l t ra te/e va pora te , use d a s

pr oce ss w a te

r

or f o

r

othe r

on- s i t

e a

p p lic a

t io n

s s u c h

a s

du s t c o

n

t

ro l, a nd/ o r

disc h

a

r

ge d t o

s u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r, sub j e c

t to pe r

m i t

r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts. Aci d d rai nage i s a po t

e

nt i a

l l y severe po l l u t i o n

hazard asso ci at ed w i t h m i n i n g , a nd c a

n

be diffic u lt t

o

p r e dic t

. I t o c

c

u rs wh e

n p y rit e a nd o t

h

e

r s

u lfide m i ne ra ls , u p o n exp o s

u re t o

o xygen a nd wa t

e

r, o x

idiz e t o

c r ea t

e fe

rro u s io n

s a nd s u lfu r ic

a c

id. C a t

a

lyz e d by ba c

t

e

r

ia

, t h

e

fe rro u s io n

s reac t fu rt h

e

r wit h

o xygen , pro d u c in g h y drat ed iro n o x

ide, kno w n as "ye llo wbo y ." Th is

c o

m bina t io n

o f ye llo wbo y

a nd s u lfu r ic

a c

id m a

y c

o

n

t

a

m ina t

e

s u rro u ndin g so il, gro u nd wa t

e

r, a nd s u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r, pr od uci n g

w a te

r

w i th a l o w pH
. W h

e

n thi s r e a

c

ti on occur s w i thi n a m i ne it is c a

lle d A c id M i ne Dra i n a

ge (A M D ). W h

e

n

it o c

c

u rs in wa s

t

e ro c

k a nd t a

ilin gs p ile s

it is o f t

e

n

kno w n a s

A c id R o c

k

Dra i na ge (A R D ), a

l thoug h A M D i s the most w i d e l y

use d te r

m f

o

r

b oth. AM D i s a si gni f i c

ant pro bl e m at many ab and o ned mi ne si t e

s: a 1993 s

u rv ey by t h

e U.S
. Fo res t S e rv ic e ( Aci d Mi n e D r ai n a

ge f r

om Mi n es on
S I C C o d e 10 32 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g N a t

i on al

F o rest s, A Man ag em en t Ch al l e n

g

e

) est i mat e

s t h

at

5, 000 t o

10, 000 m ile s

o

f do m e

s

t ic

s

t

re a

m s

a

nd riv e rs

a

r e im p a c

t

e

d by a c

id dra i n a

ge . A c id draina ge c a

n

lo wer t h

e p H o f s

u rro u ndin g wat e

r, m a

kin g

it c

o

rro s

i v e and una bl e to suppor t ma ny f

o

r

m s of a q

u a t i c

l i f e ; ve g e ta

ti on g r ow i n g a l ong str e ams can al so b e af f

e

cted
. Mi ne w a ter can al so car r

y tox i c

, metal

be a

r

in g se dim e

n

t in t

o

s t

re a

m s , wh ic

h

c a

n kill wa t

e

rbo r

ne p l a n

t a nd a

n

im a

l s p e c

ie

s . I n e x

t

r e m e

c a

se s , a c

id dra i na ge c a

n

kill a ll liv in g or g a ni sms i n near b

y str e ams. H umans may al so i ncrease d i sease r i sk s b y consumi ng d r i n k i ng w a ter and f i sh ti ssue w i th a heavy metal content. Acco rd i n g t o

t

h

e 1994 T e ch n

i cal D o cu m

e

n

t /

B a ckg r

ou n

d

f

o

r N E P A Rev i ew ers: N o n

- CoalMi n i n g

O p erat i on s

, p r e p a r e d by EP A ' s O ffic e

o f S o lid W a

s

t

e ( O SW) , aci d d rai nage can po se si gni f i c

ant t h

reat s t o

surf ace and gro u nd wa t

e

r q u a lit y a nd re so u r c e

s

du rin g

a c

t i v e m i n i n g

a

nd fo r de c

a

de s af

t

e

r o p erat i o ns cease. Al t h

o

u gh mi nes t h

at

b e gan o p erat i n g af t

e

r 1978 a

re re q

u i r e d to tr e a

t the i r

e f

f

l ue nt w a te

r , the ne e

d f o

r w a te

r tr e a

tme n

t m a

y p e rs

is

t fo r de c

a

de s

a

f t

e

r m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

h a

v e c

e

a

se d
. A b a ndo ne d m i ne s a nd re fu se p ile s

c a

n

p r o d u c e

a c

id da m a

ge fo r o v e r

5 0

ye a

r

s . A ccor d i n g

to E P A ' s har d r o ck mi ni ng stra teg y

f

ramew or k , f o

r exampl e, " neg ati v e chang e s i n g e ochemi str y

over ti me can occur w h en the mater i al s' envi r o nment chang e s ( e . g . , g o i n g

f

r om a r e d u ci ng envi r o nment t

o

a n

o x

idiz in g o ne ) o r

bu ffe rin g

c

a

p a c

i t

y

is e

x c e

e

d e d (s u c h a s wh e

n t h

e tota l ne utra l i z i n g ca pa ci ty of a

r o ck ma ss i s e

x ce e

d e d b y

a c

i d g e ne ra ti on)
. W h

e

n

t h

e

se c o

ndit io n

s

a r e p r e se n

t

, a fa c

ilit y c a

n

c l o se in fu ll e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l compl i a nce , onl y to ha ve a se ve r e pr obl e m show up de c

a

de s la t

e

r." Be c

a

u se re m e

dia t i n g

a c

id dra i na ge is so da m a

gin g

a nd costl y , pr e d i c ti ve tool s, d e si g n pe r

f

or ma nce , f i na nci a l a ssura nce , a nd m o

n

i t

o

r

in g h a

v e be c

o

m e

inc r e a

s

i n g ly im p o rt

a

n

t

. A c id le a

c

h

i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a

r e a

n

a

ddit io na l so u r c e

o f wa t

e

r p o llu t i o n . Th e le

a

c

h

i n g

p r o c

e

s

s

it se lf re se m ble s

a c

id dra i n a

ge , bu t it is c

o

nd u c t

e

d u s in g hi g h conce n

tra t i o ns of a c

i d s to e x

tra c

t me ta

l s

f r om or e . Si nce a c

i d le

a

c

h

i n g

p ro d u c e

s

la rge v o lu m e

s

o

f m e

t

a

l-be a

r

in g a c

id so lu t i o n

s , it is v i t a

l t

h

at l e ach d umps and asso ci at ed ext ract i o n

areas b e d e si gned t o

prevent re le

a

se s . M o s

t e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l da m a

ge a s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h

a c

id le a

c

h

i n g

is c

a

u se d by le a

k a g e , s p illa ge , o r

se e

p a g e o f t

h

e

le a

c

h

i n g

so lu t i o n

a

t v a rio u s sta g e s of the pr oce ss. Pote nti a l pr obl e ms i ncl ud e : se e

p a g e of a c

i d so lu t i o n

s t h

ro u g h so ils a nd line r

s

be ne a

t

h

le a

c

h

p ile s ; le a

k a g e fro m so lu t i o n -h o

ldin g p o nd s a nd t ra n

s

f

e

r

c

h

a

n

ne ls ; s p ills fro m ru p t u r e d p i p e s and reco v e ry equi pment ; po nd o v erf l o

w caused b y

excessi v e runo f

f

; and ru p t u r e s

o f da m s

o r

line r

s

in so lu t i o n -h o

ldin g p o nd s . C y a n

ide le a

c

h

i n g sol u ti on pr ocesses car r

y

a si mi l a r

potenti a l f o

r

d a mag e as a re sul t of le

a

k a g e s , s p ills , o v e r

flo w s , a nd ru p t u r e s .

S e p tem b e r 1995 33 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Sol u ti on pond s a ssoci a t

e

d w i th l e a

c

hi ng ope ra t i o ns a r e pote nti a l sour ce s o

f aci d and met a

l rel e ases t o

gro u nd and surf ace w a t

e

r. Po nd s asso ci at ed wit h

p r e c

io

u s m e

t

a

l le a

c

h

i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a nd ne we r c o

p p e r fa c

ilit ie

s a r e ge ne ra lly line d wit h

s y n t

h

e

t i c

m a

t

e

ria l s

(a lt

h

o

u g h line r

s a r e o f t

e

n suscepti bl e to f a

i l u r e )
. A t ol d e r

copper si tes, sol u ti on pond s may b e unl i ne d or l i ne d onl y w i th na tura l ma te

r

i a

l s. L e a

k a g e , r u n- of f f r om p r e c

ip it a

t io n , a nd t h

e

like , m a

y c a

u se c o

n

t

a

m in a

t io n

o f gro u nd a nd s

u rfac e wat e

rs . Air Sub s

ta nti a l a i r

pol l u ti on ca n occur a t mi ni ng si te s d u r i ng e x ca va ti on a nd tra n

spor ta

ti on. F u g i ti ve d u st ma y

b e a

si g n i f

i c

a

n

t pr obl e m a t some si te s, de p e ndin g o n

s

i t

e

c

o

ndit io n

s

a

nd m a

na ge m e

n

t p ra c

t i c

e

s , a nd is c

r e a

t

e

d a t ma ny sta g e s

of the mi ni ng pr oce ss. T h e

i nhe r e nt tox i c

i t

y of the d u st d e pe nd s on the pr ox i m i t

y

of e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l re ce ptor s a nd ty pe of or e be in g m i ne d; h i gh le v e ls

o f a r

se n

i c

, le a

d , a nd ra dio n

u c lide s

in w i nd bl o w n d u st t e

nd t o po se t h

e great e

st

ri sk, acco rd i n g t o

E P A' s 1995 har d r o ck mi ni ng f

ramew or k

stra teg y . Sour ces of d u st may b e f r om r o ad t

ra ffic in t

h

e

m i ne p i t a

nd s u rro u ndin g a r e a

s , ro c

k

c

r

u s h

e

rs

lo c

a

t

e

d in p i t s a

nd in m ills , a nd t a

ilin gs p o nd s . D u st contr o l method s ai m to r e d u ce amounts and concentrati o ns of d u st pr od uced and to mi ni mi ze human ex posur e to r e mai n i n g

d u st. T h e most im p o rt

a

n

t e l e

m e

n

t o f du s t c o

n

t

ro l a t u nde rgro u nd m i ne s

is a p r o p e r

ly d e si g ned venti l a ti on sy stem. Water spra y s ar e al so used d u r i ng or e tra n

spor ta

ti on a nd cr ushi ng , a nd ca n g r e a

tl y re d u ce d u st l e ve l s

a

t the si te . D u st suppr essants, such as l i g ni n sul f onates and mag nesi um chl o r

i d e , can s

t

a

b iliz e so lid p ile s

o r

t

a

ilin g a r e a

s

t

h

a

t m i gh t o t

h

e

r

wise be c

o

m e a i rbo r

ne in wind y c o

ndit io n

s . A f t

e

r m i ne c l o s

u r e , re v e ge t

a

t i o n o r o t

h

e

r s t

a

biliz in g method s may b e used f o

r

d u st contro l
. Exh a

u s t fu m e

s fro m die se l e n

gine s

a nd bla s

t i n g

a g e n

t s

m a

y a l so be seri o u s hazard s at und e rgro und mi nes. T h ese exhaust s pro d uce carb o n m o

no xide a nd n i t

ro g e n o x

ide ga s , wh ic

h

c o

lle c

t in u nde rgro u nd a r e a

s . Ve nti l a ti on a nd moni tor i n g

a r e i m por t

a

n

t ste p s ta k e n to r e d u ce the po t

e

nt i a

l harm t h

ese f umes may cause wo rkers. T h e f o

l l o w i ng exhi b i t , d e ri ved f r o m E P A' s O S W 1994 T e ch n

i cal D o cu m

e

n

t /

B ackg rou n

d

f o

r N E P A Rev i ew ers: N o n

- Coal Mi n i n g O p erat i on s

, d e scr i b e s the va r

i ous me a

s

ure s

mi ni ng ope ra tor s ma y

ta k e to mi ti g a te pote nti a l e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l i m pa cts of w a ste pr od ucts g e ne ra te

d thr o ug h d i f f

e

re nt pha se s

of the e

x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n pr oce sse s.

S I C C o d e 10 34 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Ex hibit 1 6 P o ten tial Min e Was te Mitigation Meas u r es Mining Waste Pr o duct Mitig ation Measur es E xtr ac

tion - Min e W ork i n gs • E v ap or at ion an d r e -u se of min e

wat e

r in p r oc essin g

op er at ion s • Ru n - on an d r u n o

ff c on t r o

l measu r es, su c h

as berm s an d d i t c

h

e

s • Ne u t

ra

l i z a t i on / p re ci p i ta ti on or oth e

r tre a

tme n

t p r a c

ti ce s p ri or to di sch a

rg e s • Cl e a

n

- u p of b l a

sti n g

re si du al s • Pr o v i d e f

or

po s

t

- c

l o

s

u r e m i ne w a t e

r m a

na ge me nt
• Mon i tor di sch a

rg e s

a

n

d su rf a

c

e

w a te

r qu a l i t

y • S i t e

m i ne w a t e

r c

ont a

i nme n

t uni t s t

o

m i ni m i z e po t e

nt

i a

l f

or su rf a

c

e

w a te

r re ch a

r

g e E xtr ac

tion - Was te R o c k / O v e r bur de n • B a c

k

fill in t o

d r y min e

work in

gs

wit h

was t e r o c k
• M a x

i mize u s e of ov er bu r d en in r e c

l amat ion
• Collec t an d mon i t

or

seep ag e, d r ain a

g e , an d r u n o

ff
• S e g

r e

g a t e

a

n

d co ve r re a

c

ti ve w a ste ro ck w i th n

on - re a

c

ti ve mat e

ri als wh er e A R D is obs e r v ed • U s e non- r e a

c

t i v e w a s

t e

r o c k

f

o

r on - si t e

c

ons t r

uc t i on • P r ov id e for ad eq u a t e

d u mp d r ain a

g e

t

o

min i mize p o t e

n

t ial for sl op e failur e • C o nd uc t b

a

s e

l i n e

s

u rf a

c

e

w a t e

r m oni t o

ri ng; c ont i n

ue moni t ori ng t h

r o

u g h

ou t op er at ion an d p o st

-c

losu r e • U s e r u n - on c

on t r o

ls

t

o

min i mize po t e

n

t ial for in filt r a

t i on Ben ef ic

iatio n

- Tailin g s I m p o undme n t s • D e si g n

u n it

t

o

c

on t ain max i mu m r e as on able s t orm ev en t
• C o n

sid er n

a

t u r a l an d / or s

y n t h

e

t i c

lin er

s

for un it

s

lo c a

t e

d in d r ain a

g e s; c on sid er lin er

s for an y

seep ag e/ r u n o

ff c o

llec t ion su m p s/ di tch e

s • M a x

i mize t h

e r e c

l aim/ r e us e o f t

a

ilin gs

wat e

r • L i mit mill r e agen t s t

o

leas t ex t e

n

t n

e

c

e

s

s a

r y • P r ov id e ad eq u a t e

d r ain a

g e

of berm s • In c

l ud e s e c

on d ar y c on t ain men t o

f t

a

ilin gs

pipelin es • C o nt

inue A R D t e

s

t ing t h

r o

ugho u t

o

p er a t ions a

n

d c l o

s

ur e • Collec t an d t r eat r

u n o

ff/ seep ag e fr om ou t e

r slop es of impo un d men t

S e p tem b e r 1995 35 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 1 6 (c ont' d) P o ten tial Min e Waste Mitigation Meas u r es Mining Waste Pr o duct Mitig ation Measur es Ben ef ic

iatio n

- C o p p e r Du m p L eac h

Op er atio n s an d S X / E W P lan ts , Go ld Heap L eac h i n g • D e si gn d u mp leac h

un it

s t

o

fully d r ain t

o

c

o

llec t ion ar eas • E n su r e t

h

at

c

o

llec t ion , p r eg n

a

n

t solu t i on , an d r affin a

t e

p on d s ar e d e si g n

ed t o

c

on t ain u p t

o

t

h

e max i mu m r e as on able s t orm ev en t ; lin e p r oc ess p on d s, h e

ap leac h

p a d s , an d c on v ey an c

e

s • In s

t all leac h

a

t e

d e t e

c

t io

n

an d c o

llec t ion s

y

s

t ems un d e r pon d s an d he a

p s ; c ons t r

uc t s e e

p a g e

po nd s d o w n gr a d i e nt

o

f po nd s , he a

p s , a

n

d du m p s • R e cy cl e p r o c e

ss w a te

r • L i me n e

u t

r a

lizat ion or wet l an d s t

r eat m

en t of ac id d r ain a

g e • Pr o v i d e s e c

ond a r y c ont a

i nme n

t f

or

s o l u t i o

n

pi pe s t

o

m i ni m i z e impac t s

fr om pipe failur e s / sp ills
• Co l l e ct a n

d tre a

t dra i n

a

g e

th a

t o ccu rs a f t e

r cl o s

u r e , a s

n

e

ce

ssa ry • Pe rf

orm b

a

s e

l i n e

gr o u nd w a t e

r mo ni t o

ri ng a n

d c ond uc t gr o u nd w a t e

r q

u a l i t

y moni t ori ng d u ri ng o p e r a

t i ons a

n

d po s

t

cl o s

u r e ; mon i tor p o st- c l o

su re di sch a

rg e s

a

n

d do w n stre a

m su rfac e wat e

r q

u alit y • D e toxi fi cati on of h e

ap s, du m p s, an d an y

sp e n

t sol u ti on s to r e

d u c e

c

y an id e, ac id it y, an d met a

l lo ad in gs
• B i olog ic

al t r eat men t for c

y an id es, n i t

r at es, an d h e

avy met a

ls Ben ef ic

iatio n

- C y a n i d e L eac h i n g Op er ation s • Wh er e po s

sible, d o n

o

t lo c a

t e

leac h

i n

g

o

p er at ion s

in or n

e

ar d r ain a

g e s • E n s

u r e t

h

a

t pr e g

na nt

a

n

d b a

rr e n pond s a

n

d d i t c

he s a

r e

d e si gne d t o

c

on t ain all solu t i on flows an d an y

r

u n o

ff u p t

o

t

h

e max i mu m r e

ason ab l e

storm even t
• U s e d o uble lin er

s

an d leak d e t e

c

t ion s

y

s

t ems for all h e

aps , p on d s, a n

d dra i n

a

g e

di tch e

s • Te st de to

xi f i e

d m a

te

ri a l s p ri or to di sp o s a

l or cl o s

u r e to e

n

su re c

y an id e lev e ls

ar e r e d u c e

d
• Collec t an d t e

st

seep ag e an d r u n o

ff fr om sp en t or e p iles; t r eat r

u n o

ff/ seep ag e as n e

c

e

ssar y ; p e rf

orm d o wn st

r e

am wat e

r q

u alit y mo ni t ori ng Ben ef ic

iatio n

- In Si tu Min in g • E n su r e p r op er p r od u c ti on wel l i n stal l a ti on / c omp l eti on to avoi d un c

on t r o

lled s o lut i on r e leas es ; pr o v id e fo r ad eq uat e

well aban d on m

en t
• P e rf

orm a

de ta

i l e d ch a

r a

c

te

ri z a t i on of th e

si te h

y drog e o

l o

g

y

to g

u i de de si g n

o

f re co

ve ry

sy ste m

s a n

d de te

rm i n

e

p o te

n

t i a

l f

or re

l e

a

s e

s • Care fu l ly mon i tor p u m p i n g

p r e ssu re s of sol u ti on s e n

te

ri n g

an d l e

a

v i n g

de p o si ts to a ssu re th a

t sol u ti on s a r e

n

o

t m i g

r a

t i n

g

i n to gr o u nd w a t e

r • Li n e

su rf a

c

e

co l l e cti on sy ste m

s a n

d p r o v i d e f

or l e a

k

de te

cti on ; de si g n

co l l e cti on sy ste m

s to con t a

i n

m a

xi m u m vo l u me s o f leac h

i n

g

s o lut i on s

an d r u n o

ff/ pr ec ipit at

ion / s n o

w melt

S I C C o d e 10 36 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g B e cause proposed mi ni ng acti vi ti es may al so i m pact aquati c r e sour ces, v e ge t

a

t i o n , a nd wildlife , EP A s u gge s

t s

t

h

e

fo llo win g

p o t

e

n

t ia

l m i t

i ga t i o n measur es f o

r

use at mi ne si tes:
Ex hibit 1 7 E c os ystem Mitigation Meas u r es

• E m p l o y s e d i me nt

r e t e

nt

i on s t r

u c t ur e s t o

m i ni m i z e a mo u nt o f s e d i me nt mig r at in

g

off-sit e • E mplo y sp ill pr ev en t i on an d c on t r o

l plan s t o

min i mize d i s c h

a

r

g e o f t o

x

i c

/ h azar d o u s mat e

ri als in t o

wat e

r bod i es • S it e r o ad s , fac ilit ies , an d s t r

u c t ur es t

o

min i mize ex t e

n

t o

f ph ysic al d i s t ur ban c

e • A v o id c o

n

s

t r

uc t i on o

r n

e

w d i s t ur ban c

e d u ri n g

c

rit ic

al life s t ages
• R ed uc e t h

e c h

an c

e

o f c

y an id e po is on in

g o f wat e

rf

o

w l an d o t h

e

r wild life by n

e

ut

r a

lizin g c y an id e in t

a

ilin gs

pon d s or by in s

t allin g fen c

es

an d n e

t t i n

g

t

o

keep wild life o u t

o

f po n

d s • M in imize us e o f fen c

es

or o

t h

e

r s

u c h

o

b

s

t ac

les in big game migr at ion c

orri d or s ; i f fe n

c

e

s are n e

ce

ssary , u s e tu n n

e

l s , g a te

s, or ram p s to al l o w p a ssag e of th e

s e an imals • U se " r a p t

or

p r oof" d e si g n

s on p o wer p o l e

s to p r even t el ec tr oc u t

i on of r a p t

or

s • U se b

u se s to tra n

sp ort e m

p l oy e e

s

to a n

d f r om m i n

e

f

r om ou te r p a rk

i n

g

a

r e

a

s to min i mize an imals killed on min e

-r elat ed r o ad ways • L imit imp a c

t s fr om h a

bit at

fr ag men t at

ion , min i mize n u mber of ac c

e

ss r o ad s, an d c l ose an d r e st

or e r o ad s n o

lon g er in u s e • P r oh ibit us e o f fir e arms on si t e

t

o

min i mize po ac h

i n

g

S e p tem b e r 1995 37 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t IV
. W AST E R ELEASE P RO FIL E T h i s se cti o n pr ovi d e s a g e ne ra l ove r

vi e w of the w a ste r e l e

a

se a c

ti vi ti e s a

nd is s

u e s c o

m m o

n t o t h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. U n like fa c

ilit ie

s c

o

v e re d by S I C c o

de s

2 0

t h

ro u g h 3 9

(m a

n

u f a

c

t u rin g

fa c

ilit ie

s

) , m e

t

a

l m i n i n g (e xt ra c

t io n a nd be ne fic i a

t io n

) fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e no t re q

u ire d by t h

e E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act to r e por t to the To xic R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y (TR I )
. EP A is c o

n

s

ide rin g

e x

p a ndin g TR I re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s

in t h

e fu t u re , inc l u din g p a rt

ic

ip a t io n o f p r e v io u s ly e x e m p t indu s t

rie s

s u c h

a s

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g . Be c

a

u se TR I re p o rt

in g is no t re q

u ire d in t

h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry, o t

h

e

r

so u r c e

s

o f wa s

t

e

re le

a

se da t

a

h a

v e be e

n

ide n

t ifie d fo r t h

is

p r o f

ile
. I V .A
. W a

s

te

R e le a s e Da ta

f

o r the M e t

a

l M i ning I ndustr y In 1994 E P A' s O S W st ud i e d t h

e unpermi t t

e

d mi ni ng w a st

e rel e ases and e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l e ffe c

t s

fo r n i ne S t a

t

e

s : A r iz o na , C a lifo r

n

i a

, C o lo ra do , I d a h

o , M o n

t

a

na , Ne v a da , Ne w M e xic o , S o u t h

C a ro lin a

, a nd S o u t h D a k ota. Resear cher s exami ned State r e cor d s to d o cument w a ste r e l e

ase ev ent s f o

r v a ri o u s t y pes o f mi nes t h

ro ugho ut each S t at

e. T h ese rel e ases g e ne ra l l y w e r e not a u thor i z e d und e r

e

x

i s

ti ng pe r

m i t

s or r e gu l a ti ons, a nd t

h

e

r e f

o

r e s h

o

u ld no t be c o

n

s

ide re d "a c

c

e

p t e

d ," "s t

a

nd a r d," o r

"t yp ic a

l " wa s

t

e

o

u t p u t s

o

f m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . R a t

h

e

r , t h

e

da t

a p r e se n

t

e

d be lo

w o

f

f

e

r a pi ct ure o f represent a

t i v e unpermi t t

e

d mi ni ng rel e ase ev ent s , and o

f t

h

e magni t ud e o f t

h

ese ev ent s

i n many West ern S t at

es, where mo st m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e lo c

a

t

e

d. I t s

h

o

u ld be no t

e

d t h

a

t m o

s

t o f t h

e

se r e l e

ases w e r e pr oper l y

mi ti g a ted b y

the associ ated mi ni ng compani e s. Th e

re le

a

se in fo rm a

t io n

p r e se n

t

e

d be lo

w is c a

t

e

go riz e d by m i ne ra l t y p e , a

nd is de riv e d fro m t

h

e Mi n i n g

Waste Rel e ases an d

E n v

i ron m

en t

a

l E f f e

ct

s S u m

m

a

ri es repo rt

s prepared f o

r O S W ( see " R ef erences" f o

r f u rt her in fo rm a

t io n

)
. R e le

a

se da t

a a r e p r e se n

t

e

d in t

h

e

u n it

s

o f m e

a

s

u r e m e

n

t repo rt

ed b y each S t at

e and are t h

eref o

r e no t st and a rd i z ed
. Iro n

o r e i s no t r e pr e se n

te

d i n the d a ta

b e ca use a l l U
. S. i r on or e mi ni ng occur s outsi d e of the Sta t

e

s se l e

cte d f o

r

the sur v e y . N ote tha t the common ty pe s of w a ste re l e

ased pose the g r eatest potenti a l f o

r

pol l u ti ng w a ter sources, as stated e

l se wh e

re in t h

is

p r o f

ile
. Bre a

c

h

e

s

o f t a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t s , a nd s

u bse q

u e n

t s

p ills o

f t

a

ilin gs , a r e no t inc l u d e d in t

h

e

da t

a

. C o ppe r As ev i d e nced i n t

h

e f o

l l o wi ng exhi bi t , t h

e mo st

prev al ent wast e rel e ase e

v e n

ts r e l a

te

d to coppe r

mi ni ng i n vol v e l e a

c

ha te

or pr oce ss w a ste w a t

e

r ,

S I C C o d e 10 38 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

r e f

l e

c

ti ng the pr e d omi n a

n

t e x

tra c

ti on me thod f o

r

thi s or e . A c i d Mi ne D rai nage i s a si gni f i c

ant rel e ase asso ci at ed w i t h

ab and o ned co pper mi nes. Ex hibit 1 8 Cop p e r - Rel a te d Waste Rel eases S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year C y p r u s

Mi am i Mi n e , C l aypool , A Z Co p p e r leac hat e ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Wast e w a t e

r ( a m o unt unkno w n ) N o n- po t able w a t e

r ( 37, 000 gallo ns) ( m in 185, 000 gallo ns) 1990 1980, 85, 86 1990 1989 M a gma C o p p e r, M i a m i T a ilin g s Re pr oc

es s i ng Pi t a

nd Coppe r C ities P it, M i a m i, AZ Pregnant leach ( 5000- 10000 gallo ns) Slurry ( 15, 600 gallo ns, 35, 000 gallo ns, 1000- 2000 gallo ns, 216, 600 gallo ns) R e cycle ( 1 , 320 gallo ns) Ef

f l uent ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1984 1989 1991 1991 1989 1991 O r acl e R i d g e Mi n e , Pi m a Count y, A Z Co pper co ncent rat e ( 100 po und s ) Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 5000 gallo ns) 1991 1991 A S A RCO , Ra y

M i nes , Gila C o u n t y , AZ D i esel f u el ( a m o unt unkno w n ) P C B, dielec tr

ic

f

l u i d ( 1 0 ga llo ns) Sulf uric acid ( 20 t o ns) Gasoline ( a m o unt unkno w n ) A c idic w a t e

r (

am o u nt unkno w n ) Co oling t o

w e r blo w d o w n ( 4340m ^3/d ay) Sulf ur dio xide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 1989 1989 1989 1985 1985 1988 S i e rrita M i n e a

n d M ill, C y p r u s M i n e ra ls C o rp . , Pi m a Count y, A Z Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 1 gallo n/m i n) Pregnant leac hat e ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1987 ex

tended C h in o M i n es , NM H e av

y m e t a

ls and sulf uric acid A c id ic w a t e

r ( 16, 200 gallo ns) ( 2

m illio n gallo ns) ex tended 1986 1988 T y ear on e Mi n e , N M T D S and sulf uric acid f r o m t

a

ilings ( 4 , 270 acre f eet per year) 1978- 89 Mo n tan a R eso u r

ces, In c. B u tte , M T Leach ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 B u lly Hill M i n e , R e d d i n g , C A A c id

m i ne d rainage ( 30 gallo ns/m i n) since 1927 Pe nn M i ne , N e w Pe nne M i nes , I n c ., C a m p o S e c o , C A A c id m i ne drainage Leac hing o f heav y m e t a

ls ( no kno w n f

l o

w rat e) since 1955 Wal k e r Mi n e , C a l i c op i a C o r p . , Pl um a s Count y, CA A c id m i ne drainage H e av

y m e t a

ls ( n o

kno w n f

l o

w rat e) since 1941 M a mmo th , Ke y s to n e & S to w e l l M i nes , Sha s ta Count y, CA A c id

m i ne d rainage ( 100- 275 gallo ns/m i n) ex t e

nd ed t

i m e pe

ri od Re d Le dge M i ne , N V See Gold and Silv er Arime tc

o

F a c

ility , Arime tcoIn c. / C o p p e r T e k C o rp . , Lyon C o unt y, N V A c id leac h ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Pregnant solut i o n ( 2000 gallo ns) 1989- 91 1990 N e va

da

M ol y Pr oj e c t , Cypr us Tononpa h M i ni ng, Tononpa h, N V Pro c ess solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Mercury ( 5
. 783 kg) 1989 1990 R i o T i nto Mi ne, U S For es t Se r v i c e , El ko Count y, N V A c id ( a m o unt unkno w n ) e x

t ended

S e p tem b e r 1995 39 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t L e ad an d Zi n c B e cause l e ad and zi nc are o f t

e

n mi ned as a b y pro d uct o f o

t

h

er pri m ary o

r e s

(c o

p p e r o r

s

ilv e r , fo r e xa m p l e ) , le s

s

da t

a

is a

v a ila ble c

o

nc e

r

n

i n g re le

a

se s

s

p e c

ific t

o

le a

d a nd z i nc m i n i n g

p r o c

e

s

se s . U n le

s

s

a

m i ne o

p erat es excl usi v el y as a l e ad / z i nc o p erat i o n, wast e rel e ases asso ci at ed wit h

t

h

e

se m i ne ra ls

a

r e ge ne ra lly s u bs u m e

d in t

h

e

p r im a

r

y o r e c

a

t

e

go ry a

nd is inc l u d e d in t

h

e

"G o ld a nd S ilv e r " da t

a

. Ex hibit 1 9 L ead an d Zin c - R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year Bl a c

k Cl oud M i ne , Res A S A RCO J o i n t V e nt ur

e , La ke Co unt y , CO Co p p e r sulf at

e ( 2 gallo ns, 10 gallo ns, 50 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) Wat er and sedim e nt

s ( a m o unt unkno w n ) A c id leak ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1987 1987 1983 ex

tended T a yl or /War d Pr oj ec t , W hi te Pi ne Count y, N V Lead o n ly, see gold and silv er C e n t ra

l Va lle y

o f C A Z i nc o n ly, see gold and silv er Re d Le dge M i ne , I D Z i nc o n ly, see gold and silv er M o nta n a

Tunne l s M i ne , M T See gold and silv er Luc ky Fr i d a y

M i ne , M u l l a n, ID See gold and silv er T a yl or /War d Pr oj ec t , A l ta Gold C o ., W h ite P i n e Count y, N V Lead o n ly, see gold and silv er

Go ld a n

d Silve r A s mi g h t b e e

x

pe cte d f r om the pr e d omi n a

n

t b e ne f

i ci a t i o n me thod s a

s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h

go ld a nd s ilv e r

m i n i n g , re le

a

se o

f le a

c

h

a

t

e

so lu t i o n

s (p re gna n

t

, p r o c

e

s

s , ba rre n , e t

c

. ) is by fa r t h

e

m o

s

t c

o

m m o

n

t

y p e o

f re le

a

se f

o

r t h

ese o r es, f o

l l o wed b y

rel e ase o f cyani d e , a co mmo n t r eat m ent so lu t i o n . R e le

a

se o

f c

y a n

ide is re p o rt

e

d a s

p r e se n

t

e

d in S t a

t

e

file s

a

nd is p r e s

u m e

d t o

be re le

a

se d in so lu t i o n

fo rm . A c id M i ne Dra i na ge is a

l so p ro ble m a

t i c

fo r go ld a nd s ilv e r

o

r e m i n i n g .

S I C C o d e 10 40 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 0 Go ld - an d S ilv er -R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year A m er i c

an

G i r l Mi n e , A m er i c

an Girl M i n i n g C o ., Imp e r ia

l Co unt y , CA Pregnant solut i o n ( 1700 gallo ns) Pro c ess solut i o n ( 4320- 8640 gallo ns) B arren solut i o n ( 5000 gallo ns) 1987 1988 1989 C a rs o n Hill Gold M i n e , Weste r n

Mi n i n g C o . , C a l a

ver a

s Co unt y , CA Pregnant leach solut i o n ( 91, 450 gallo ns) 1989
Gold fie l d s Op e r a

tin g C o ., Mesq u i te , C A Leac hing solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) ( 770, 50, 2520, 33, 26 gallo ns) Pregnant solut i o n ( 4000 gallo ns) ( 52 gallo ns) 1986 1990 1989 1990 G ol d s t r i pe Pr oj e c t , Pl um a s Co unt y , CA Leac hing solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) R e sidue solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 1986- 87 G r a

y

Ea gl e M i ne , N o r a

nda , Si s k i you Count y, CA Slurry ( 15 and30 gallo ns/m i n) ( 1000- 1500 gallo ns) ( 19, 100 gallo ns) U n t r eat e

d w a t e

r ( 2

- 3

gallo ns/m i n f o r ho urs) 1983 1983 1986 1989 J a

m es tow n M i ne , Sonor a M i ni ng Cor p . , Tuol um ne Co unt y , CA Flo t at

io n solut i o n ( 500 gallo ns) R e agent s ( 2 , 700 gallo ns) Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 1000 and1500 gallo ns) So d a ash solut i o n ( 3000 gallo ns) Supernat ant ( 20 gallo ns/m i n) Co nc ent rat e ( a m o unt unkno w n , 10 t o ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) 1987 1987 1989, 90 1990 1987 1988, 90, 91 K a na ka

Cr e e k J o i n t V e nt ur

e , A l l e ghany, C A E f f l uent w i t h

arsenic ( 28 gpm ) 1989 M c La ughl i n M i ne , H o m es ta k e M i ni ng Co. , N a pa

& Yol o Co unt i es , CA Ore slurry ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989
M o r n i n g Sta r M i ne , V a nde r b i l t Gold C o rp ., Sa n Be r n a r di no, CA Pregnant solut i o n ( 2500 gallo ns) 1988
Mt. Gain es Min e , T exas Hill Mi n i n g C o . , Mar i p osa, C A L e aching solut i o n ( 308, 000 gallo ns) 1991 C e n t ra

l Va lle y

o f C A , num e r ous c

l os e d m i nes A c id m i ne drainage Co p p e r, zinc , c

a

dm ium ( 2 t

o ns/year) Iro n ( 22 t o ns/year) ex tended

Pi c a

c

h o M i ne , Che mgol d I n c . , Imp e r ia

l C o u n t y , C A Cyanid e solut i o n ( m in 1200 gallo ns) since 1987 Snow Ca ps

M i ne , Suns hi ne M i ni ng Co. , I nde pe nde nc e , CA Leaching solut i o n ( 6000 gallo ns and am o u nt unkn. ) 1989 1988 Y e llo w As te r M i n e , R a n d M i ni ng Co. , Ra nds bur g, CA Leaching solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 A t l a

n t

i c

an dP a ci f i c Mi n e , 2900 De v e lo p m e n t C o rp ., M a d is o n Count y, M T Ef f l uent ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1988

S e p tem b e r 1995 41 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 2 0

(c ont' d) Go ld - an d S ilv er -R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year Ba s i n Cr e e k M i ne , Le w i s & C l a r k , Je ffe rso n C o u n ties, M T A c id m i ne drainage ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) ex tended 1988 1989 C a b l e C r eek P r oj ect , D eer Lodge Count y, M T Ef f l uent f

r o m m a in sedim e nt

p o nd ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 G ol d e n Sunl i ght M i ne , Pl a c

e r A m ex, I n c. , Wh i te h a l l , MT Pregnant solut i o n ( 2000 gallo ns) A c idic w a t e

r ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Wast e ro c k

( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 1980 1987 M i n e ra l Hill M i n e / J a

r d i n e Jo in t Ve n t u r

e , Ja rd in e , M T Seepage ret u rn solut i o n ( 20- 50 gallo ns) Cyanid e ( 200 gallo ns) 1990 1990 La ndus ky M i ne , Zor t m a n, M T Cyanide ( f e w gallo ns/ho ur) Pregnant solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1987 1988 M o nta n a

Tunne l s M i ne , Je ffe rso n C o u n t y , M T Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1987, 88 P o n y

C u s to m Gold M ill, Chi c a

go M i ni ng Cor p . , Pony, M T Slurry ( 20 gallo ns/day, m a x

15 gallo ns/day, am o u nt unkno w n ) 1990 1990 1990 Coppe r s to ne Pr oj e c t , Pa r k e r , A Z L e aching solut i o n ( 2000 gallo ns, 5 gallo ns) Pro c ess solut i o n ( 150- 200 gallo ns) Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 500 gallo ns) Slurry ( 300- 400 gallo ns, 200 gallo ns) 1987, 88 1989 1990 1988 1990, 92 Por t l a

nd M i ne , B u llh e a d C ity , AZ H e apslide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 B u l l g er B a si n Mi n e , Pe nns yl va ni a M i ni ng I n c . , P a rk C ity , C O Sedim e nt

( a m o unt unkno w n ) O il ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 1986 C r o

s s

Gold M i n e , He n d r ic

k s M i ni ng Co. , Ca r i bou, CO Mine w a t e

r w i t h

cad m ium , zinc, co pper, lead ( a

m o unt unkno w n ) 1985, 1990 Je rry Jo h n s o n Gro u p C y a n id e Le a c

h, El Pa s o

Count y, CO Fresh o r e ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 R u b i e H eapL each , A m er i c

an R a re

M i n e ra ls In c. , T e lle r Co unt y , CO Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1985- 92
Gilt E d g e P r o j e c t, B r o h m M i n i n g C o ., De a d wo o d , S D Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) Pro c ess solut i o n ( 300 gallo ns) N e ut

ralizat io n solut i o n ( 1 , 329 gallo ns) Pregnant solut i o n ( 47. 05 gp d) Leac hing solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1991 1991 1990 1990 1989 1988- 90

S I C C o d e 10 42 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 0

(c ont' d) Go ld an d S ilv er - R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year A n n i e C r eek Mi n e , Wh ar f R eso u r

ces, La

w r e n c e

Count y, SD Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 1 gallo ns/hr, am o u nt unkno w n ) L e

achat e ( 100 gallo ns, 10, 000 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) Cyanide ( 500 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n , 200 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n , 1000 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n , 50- 60 gallo ns, 1317 gpd , 1288 gpd ) Pregnant solut i o n ( 5 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) N e ut

ralizat io n solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Sedim e nt

at

io n p o nd ( a m o unt unkno w n ) D i esel f u el ( 4000 gallo ns) Carbo n slim es ( a m o unt unkno w n ) D i esel f r ee p r o d uc t ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 1989 1988, 90 1987 1988, 84, 84, 85, 90, 90, 84, 91, 91 1984, 89 1990 1989 1990- 91 1987 1990 1991 G ol d en R e w a r dMi n e , L ead , SD B arren solut i o n ( 500 gallo ns) L e

ach heap ( 300 gallo ns/cell) Surge po ndsolut i o n ( 500 gpd ) Cyanid e ( 120 gallo ns, 125 gallo ns, 1000- 2000 gallo ns, 400 gallo ns, 50 gallo ns, 29 gallo ns, 25- 50 gallo ns, 25- 50 gallo ns, 200 gallo ns) H y d raulic o il ( 150 gallo ns) 1990 1990 1990 1989 90, 90, 91 1991 1990 H o m estak e G ol dMi n e , L ead , S D Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Wast e benc h run- o f f ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1988 1988 R i c h mo n dHill M i n e , B o n d Gold C o ., L a wre n c e

C o u n t y , SD Cyanid e ( 200 gallo ns, 1350 gallo ns, 150 gallo ns) Ore ( 40 t o ns) 1989, 90 1990 1990 B r

ew er G ol dMi n e , West m on t M i n i n g In c. , Je ffe rso n , Ches te r f i e l d Count i es , SC Pro c ess w a t e

r ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Cyanid e ( 1 , 800 gallo ns, 1683 gallo ns, 10- 12 m illio n gallo ns) Part ially leached o r e ( 500 t o ns) B arren solut i o n ( 750 gallo ns, 1000 gallo ns, 1000 gallo ns, 150 gallo ns) Pregnant solut i o n ( 500- 600 gallo ns, 8741 gallo ns) E m ergency po ndsolut i o n ( 300- 2250 gallo ns/day f o r 14 days) Ore ( 100 t o ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) R i nse solut i o n ( 2250 gallo ns) Spent o r e ( 125 f t ^3 ) 1987 1988, 89 1990 1987 1990, 87 1988 1988 1990 1989 1989, 90 1989 1989

S e p tem b e r 1995 43 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
Luc k Fr i d a y

M i ne , H e c l a M i ni ng Co. , M u l l a n, I D Co pper sulf at

e ( 100 gallo ns) 1988 M a r i gol d I I M i ne , Pow e l l & Mi c r o G ol d I I , Fl or enc e , I D Mercury ( 12 po und s . ) 1983 Pr

i n c es s Bl ue Ri bbon M i ne , Pr

ec

i o

us

Metal s T e c hnol ogy, Ca m a s Co unt y , I D Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Sedim e nt

( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1988- 90 1990

S I C C o d e 10 44 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 0

(c ont' d) Go ld an d S ilv er - R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year Re d Le dge M i ne , A l ta G ol d Co
. , A d a ms Co unt y , I D A c idm i ne d rainage (
. 2 cf s) since 1973 S tib n ite M i n e P r o j e c t, Va lle y Count y, I D D i esel o il ( 900 gallo ns) Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989- 90 1989 Y e llo w Ja c

k e

t M i n e , Gle n M a r tin , C o b a lt, ID Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1983 AC H-Da y

to n P r o j e c t, A m er i c

an

E a gl e R esou r ces, Lyon C o unt y, N V Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Barren p o nd ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1986 1989 Allig a to r R i d g e M i n e , US M X I n c ., E l y , NV Cyanid e ( 100, 000- 200, 000 gallo ns, 32, 000- 34, 000 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) Pregnant solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Pro c ess w a t e

r ( a m o unt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) 1983 1986 1986 1985- 89 1990 1990 Au ro ra Gold P r o j e c t, Au ro ra Pa r t ne r s hi p, M i ne r a

l Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( 4500 gallo ns) 1988
B a l dMou n tai n Mi n e , P l acer Do m e U.S
. I n c ., W h ite P l a i n Count y, N V B arren solut i o n ( 9 , 000 gallo ns, 5, 000 gallo ns) 1989 1991 B i g Spr i n gs Pr oj ec t , I nde pe nde nc e

M i ni ng Co. , El ko Count y, N V Ta ils liq uo r ( 23, 000 gallo ns) Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 1990 B o re a lis Gold P r o j e c t, Te nne c o

M i ni ng, M i ne r a

l Count y, N V Cyanid e ( 2 , 000 gallo ns, 1, 000 gallo ns) 1988
Buc khor n

M i ne , Com i nc o A m er i c

an

I n c. , E u r ek a Count y, N V Pro c ess solut i o n ( 3 , 000- 5, 000 gallo ns) 1990
Ca nde l a r i a

M i ne , N e c r o Metal s I n c. , H a w t h or n e , Es m e r a

l d a , a

nd M i ne r a

l C o u n ties , NV Pregnant solut i o n ( 20, 000- 25, 000 gallo ns) 1986

C h imn e y

C r e e k P r o j e c t, Gold Fi e l ds M i ni ng Cor p . , H u m b ol dt Count y, N V A m m o nium nit rat e ( 4940 po und s . ) Cyanid e ( 1 gallo ns, 400 gallo ns, 360 gallo ns, 80 L , 80 gallo ns) D e sc

alant solut i o n ( 10 gallo ns) D i esel f u el ( 125 gallo ns) H y draulic o il ( 78 gallo ns) 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 C o eu r R o ch este r , L ove L o ck , Pe r s hi ng Count y, N V B arren solut i o n ( 90, 000- 130, 000 gallo ns) Pregnant solut i o n ( 5 , 000- 10, 000 gallo ns) 1987 1987 C o r tez G ol dMi n es, C o r tez Jo in t Ve n t u r

e , C o rte z , NV Pro c ess solut i o n ( 600 gallo ns) 1991

S e p tem b e r 1995 45 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
C r of

oot & Lew i s Pr oj ec t s , H y cro f t R eso u r

ces & De v e lo p m e n t, Hu mb ol d t Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( 5000 gallo ns, 17, 000 gallo ns, 228, 000 gallo ns, 72, 000 gallo ns) 1990, 91 1990 1990 De e Gold M i n e , De e Gold M i ni ng Co. , El ko, N V Ta ilings reclaim w a t e

r ( 142, 968 gallo ns) Cyanide ( 58 p o unds, am o u nt unkno w n ) 1986 1990, 91

S I C C o d e 10 46 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 0

(c ont' d) Go ld an d S ilv er -R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year D e nton- R a w hi de Pr oj e c t , Ke n n e c o

tt R a wh id e M i n i n g Co. , M i ne r a

l Count y, N V Saf e

t y

po ndsolut i o n ( 167 gpd ) 1990
Ea s y

J

uni or M i ne , A l ta G ol d Co. , W h i t e Pi ne Count y, N V U se do il ( 13 barre ls, 3000 gallo ns) ???? E l d e r C r e e k M i n e , Alta Gold Co. , La nde r Count y, N V B arren solut i o n ( 4000 gallo ns, sm all am o u nt , am o u nt unkno w n ) Pregnant solut i o n ( 10, 000 gallo ns) 1989, 90 1990 1990 Fl or i d a C a nyon Mi ne, Pe ga s u s G ol dCor p . , Pe r s hi ng Count y, N V B arren solut i o n ( 1200 gallo ns, 500 gallo ns) Pregnant solut i o n ( 30 gallo ns) L e

aching solut i o n ( 112 gallo ns) 1991 1990 1991 Fl ow er y Pr oj ec t , A m er i c

an E a g

l e R eso u r

ces, Virgin ia C ity , NV Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) L e

aching solut i o n ( 160- 290 m l /m in, am o u nt unkno w n ) 1988 1991 1991 Gre tc

h e ll M i n e , F i rs t M i s s Gold I n c ., W i n n e mu c c

a

, NV L abo rat o r

y sam p les ( 8

- 16 gpd ) Sulf uric acid ( 20 gallo ns) 1989- 90 1991 Gold B a r P r o j e c t, Atla s Gold M i ni ng I n c . , Eur e k a Count y, NV Pro c ess f l uid ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 1988 Gold e n B u tte P r o j e c t, Alta Gold C o ., W h ite P i n e C o u n t y , NV Cyanid e ( 75 gallo ns, 50- 55 gallo ns, am o u nt unkno w n ) Pregnant solut i o n ( 2
. 4

gpm , 6, 500- 17, 500 gallo ns, 1000 gallo ns) 1990 1990 1989, 89 1990 Go o s eb e rry T a ilin g s P o n d , A s am er a Mi n e r a

l s

I n c. , S tor ey Count y, N V B arren solut i o n ( 300 gallo ns) 1990
Ha y

w o o d L e a c

h

F a c

ility , Oliv e r Hills M i n i n g , C o ., Lyon C o unt y, N V Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989
H og Ra nc

h M i ne , W es te r n M i n i n g C o ., Va lm y , NV Cyanid e ( 250, 000 gallo ns) B arren solut i o n ( 3 , 500 gallo ns) 1989 1990 Je rritt C a n

y o n P r o j e c t, E l k o Count y, N V Cyanid e ( 20, 000 gallo ns) 1989 Mar i gol dMi n e , Mar i gol d M i n i n g C o ., Va lm y , NV Leaching solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1991 M o t h e r Lode Pr oj e c t , U S Ne v a

d a

Gold S e a r c

h

Jo in t Ve n t u r

e , B e a tty , NV Pregnant solut i o n ( 228 gpd , 640 gpd ) Cyanid e (
. 4 po und s ) 1989 1990 1990 N e va

da

M i ne r a

l Pr oc

es s i ng M ill, Ne v a

d a

M i n e ra l Pr

oc

es s i ng, M i ne r a

l Count y, NV Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1991

N o r t h

A r ea L each P r oj ect , Ne wmo n t Gold C o ., E u r e k a Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( 2500 gallo ns) 1988

S e p tem b e r 1995 47 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
N o r t humbe r l a

nd M i ne , W

es te rn M i n e ra ls C o rp . , Ny e C o u n t y , NV Pregnant solut i o n ( 555, 000 gallo ns) L e

aching solut i o n ( 8

- 100 gallo ns, 400 gallo ns) 1983 1989 1985

S I C C o d e 10 48 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 0

(c ont' d) Go ld an d S ilv er -R elated Was te R eleas es S ite Was te R eleas ed R eleas e E v en t Year Pa r a

di s e Pe a k Pr oj e c t , FM C Gold C o ., Ny e C o u n t y , NV Cyanid e ( 275 po und s , 48 po und s ) 1989, 91 R a in

F a c

ility , Ne wmo n t M i n i n g C o ., C a r lin , NV A c idd rainage ( 3 gpm ) 1990 Sa nta Fe Pr oj e c t , Cor o na G ol d In c ., Ha wth o r n e , NV Leac hing solut i o n ( 5 gp m ) Barren solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Wast e o il ( a m o unt unkno w n ) 1989 1990 1989 S i l v er P eak P r oj ect , Ho meste a d M i n e ra ls C o rp . , Es m e r a

l d a Count y, N V Cyanid e ( 20- 25 gallo ns, 8, 000- 10, 000 gallo ns) L e

ach t h

ickener ( 15, 750 gallo ns) 1988 1986 1991 6

- M ile C a n

y o n P r o j e c t, Gold C a nyon Pl ac er

I n c . , D a yton, NV Cyanide ( a m o unt unkno w n , 10 t o ns) 1986, 90
S l eep er Mi n e , A m ax G ol d In c. R e claim e dseepage po ndsolut i o n ( 610 gallo ns) B arren solut i o n ( 3 , 000 gallo ns, 2, 000 gallo ns 300 gallo ns, 3600 gallo ns, 2000 gallo ns, 4000 gallo ns) Cyanid e ( 149 po und s , 7. 66 po und s , 265 po und s ) Pregnant solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n ) Pro c ess w a t e

r ( 4100 gallo ns, 6240 gallo ns, 45, 000 gallo ns) O r e p r o c

essing ev ap o rat io n p o nd ( 1 gp m ) Mill m a ke- u p w a t e

r ( 3000 gallo ns) 1989 1989, 89 1989, 89 1990 1989, 90 1990 1990 1991 1991, 90 1990 1990 Sout h Le a c

h Pr oj e c t , Ne wmo n t Gold In c ., E u r e k a Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) 1991 1991 Tonki n Spr i n gs G ol d M i ni ng Co. , Eur e k a Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( 500, 000 gallo ns) Leac h seep age solut i o n ( a m o unt unkno w n , am o u nt unkno w n ) 1988 1988 1990 US X P r o j e c t, Iv a n h o e Gold Co. , El ko Count y, N V L e aching solut i o n ( 150 gpd , am o u nt unkno w n ) 1990 1991 W

illa rd P r o j e c t, W es te rn S tates Mi n e r a

l C o r p . , Pe r s hi ng Count y, N V Pregnant solut i o n ( 450 gallo ns) B arren solut i o n ( 100 gallo ns, 600 gallo ns) St

rip solut i o n ( 450 gallo ns, 6000 gallo ns) 1989 1989, 90 1989, 90 W

i nd M o unta i n Pr oj e c t , Wash o e, N V Cyanid e ( 385, 000 gallo ns, 1. 7 po und s , 300 gallo ns, 30 gallo ns) 1989, 90 1991

S e p tem b e r 1995 49 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

I V .B Othe r Da ta

Sour c

es AI RS Dat a Th e A e ro m e

t

r

ic I n fo rm a

t io n

R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m (A I R S ) is a n

a i r p o llu t i o n da t

a de liv e r

y s y s t

e

m m a

n

a

ge d by t h

e

Te c

h

n

i c

a

l S u p p o rt

Div i s i o n

in EP A ' s O ffic e o f A i r Q u a lit y P l a n

n

i n g

a nd S t a

nda rds , lo c

a

t

e

d in R e se a

r c h Tria n

g le P a rk, No rt

h

C a ro lina . A I R S is a na t i o n

a

l re p o s

i t

o

r

y o f da t

a re la

t

e

d t o

a i r p o llu t i o n

m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd c o

n

t

ro l. I t c

o

n

t

a

i n s

a

wide ra n

g e o

f in fo rm a

t io n

re la

t

e

d t o

s

t

a

t io na ry so u r c e

s

o f a

i r p o llu t i o n , inc l u din g t h

e e

m i ssi ons of a

numb e r

of a

i r

pol l u ta nts w h i c

h ma y b e of conce r

n w i thi n a p a rt

ic

u l a r indu s t

ry. S t a

t

e

s

a r e t

h

e

p r im a

r

y s u p p lie rs

o f da t

a

t o

A I R S
. D a ta

a

re use d to suppor t moni tor i n g , pl a nni ng , tra c

ki ng , a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t r e l a

te

d to i m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on of the Cl e a

n A i r A c t. A I RS use r

s i ncl ud e Sta t

e envi r o nmental ag ency staf f

, E P A staf f

, the sci enti f i c communi t y , other c

o

u n t

r

ie

s , a nd t h

e

ge ne ra l p u blic
. E x hi b i t 21 summar i zes AI RS annual r e l e

ases of car b on monox i d e ( C O) , n

i t

r o g e n

dio xide (NO 2 ) , pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

ma tte r

of 1 0 mi cr ons or l e ss ( P M1 0 ) , tota l pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

s

( P T

) , sul f ur d i o x

i d e ( S O 2 ), a nd v o la

t ile o r

ga n

i c compound s ( V OCs)
. T h i s

i n f

o

r

m ati o n i s compar ed acr o ss i nd u str y sector s. E x hi b i t 2 2

l i s ts the a i r

e m i ssi ons of pa r

t i c

ul a r che m i c

a

l s r e por t

e

d f o

r the m e

t

a

l m i n i n g indu s t

ry in t h

e

A i r Fa c

ilit y S u bs ys t

e

m (A FS ) o f A I R S , p r e se n

t

e

d in a "S I C C o de P r o f

ile , M e t

a

l M i n i n g ," p r e p a r e d by EP A ' s O f f

i ce o f Po l l u t i o n Prevent i o n and T o xi cs i n Apri l , 1992. T h e rel e ase d a t

a a

r e e x

p r e s

se d in p o u nds re le

a

se d p e r ye a

r , p e r fa c

ilit y. M o s

t o f t h

e chemi c al s rel e ased i n t h

e hi ghest quant i t

i es and t h

o

se rel e ased b y t h

e la

rge s

t n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e m e

t

a

ls
. I n total , 17, 654, 112 pound s of the c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

lis t

e

d in Exh i bit 2

2

we re re le

a

se d by t h

e

m i ne s

c

o

v e re d.

S I C C o d e 10 50 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Ex hibit 2 1 Polluta nt R e le a s es (Shor t T o ns /Y e a r

s

) Indust r y CO NO 2 PM 10 PT S O 2 VO C U
. S
. T o t a l 97, 208, 000 23, 402, 000 45, 489, 000 7, 836, 000 21, 888, 000 23, 312, 000 M e tal M i n i n g 5 , 391 28, 583 39, 359 140, 052 84, 222 1, 283 N onmetal M i ning 4, 525 28, 804 59, 305 167, 948 24, 129 1, 736 Lu mb er an d Wo o d P roduc t s 123, 756 42, 658 14, 135 63, 761 9, 149 41, 423 W ood F urni t ure a n d F i xt ure s 2, 069 2, 981 2, 165 3, 178 1, 606 59, 426 P u l p a nd P a pe r 624, 291 394, 448 35, 579 113, 571 341, 002 96, 875 P r i n t i n g 8 , 463 4, 915 399 1, 031 1, 728 101, 537 Inorganic Chemicals 166, 147 108, 575 4, 107 39, 082 182, 189 52, 091 O rganic Chemicals 146, 947 236, 826 26, 493 44, 860 132, 459 201, 888 P e t rol e u m Re fi ni ng 419, 311 380, 641 18, 787 36, 877 648, 153 309, 058 Rubbe r a nd M i s c . P l a s t i c P roduc t s 2, 090 11, 914 2, 407 5, 355 29, 364 140, 741 S t o n e , C lay , G las s , an d Conc re t e 58, 043 338, 482 74, 623 171, 853 339, 216 30, 262 Iron and S teel 1, 518, 642 138, 985 42, 368 83, 017 238, 268 82, 292 N onferrous M etals 448, 758 55, 658 20, 074 22, 490 373, 007 27, 375 F a bricated M etals 3, 851 16, 424 1, 185 3, 136 4, 019 102, 186 Electronics 367 1, 129 207 293 453 4, 854 M o tor V e hicles , Bodies , Pa r t s, a n d Ac c e sso r i e s 35, 303 23, 725 2, 406 12, 853 25, 462 101, 275 D r y C lean in g 1 0 1 1 7 9 3 2 8 1 5 2 7 , 3 1 0 Sour c e U
. S. EPA O f f

i ce of A i r and R adi at i on, A I R S D a t abas e, M ay 1995.

S e p tem b e r 1995 51 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 2 2 AI RS Rel eases C h e m ica l F a cilit ies Med . R elea s e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) Total R eleas e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) A cetaldehyde 3 200 546 A c e t one 8 147 19, 366 A c r o lein 3 1 3 6 3 8 1 A c r y lic acid 2 7 2 1 4 3 A c ryl oni t r i l e 2 9 2 185 A n ilin e 2 1 2 6 2 5 1 A n t i m ony 38 1, 568 1, 499, 719 A r s e ni c 6 0 636 2, 189, 992 Ba ri um 62 77 54, 284 Be nz e n e 1 5 226 9, 929 Be nz yl c h l ori de 2 6 7 134 B e r y lliu m 2 1 3 Bi phe nyl 2 2 3 1, 3-But a d i e n e 4 108 380 B u t y l acr y late 2 6 8 1 3 7 s ec-Butyl alcohol 2 5 4 108 tert-Butyl alcohol 2 6 7 134 But yra l d e hyde 3 7 2 212 Ca dm i u m 6 0 166 613, 554 Ca rbon di s u l f i d e 2 14 29 Chl ori ne 64 3, 450 3, 197, 210 Chl orobe nz e n e 2 113 226 Chl oroe t h a n e 2 46 92 Chl oroform 2 8 1 162 Chl oropre ne 2 5 4 108 Chrom i u m 6 4 292 227, 682 Coba l t 56 119 93, 723 Coppe r 6 3 1 , 625 1, 887, 139 Cre os ot e 2 59 118 C r e s o l ( mix ed is o mer s ) 2 6 0 1 2 1 Cum e n e 2 60 121 Cyc l ohe xa ne 13 34 1, 032 1, 2-D i brom oe t h a n e 2 67 134 D i b u t y l p h t h alate 2 6 1 3 1, 2-D i c h l orobe nz e n e 2 64 127 1, 4-D i c h l orobe nz e n e 2 115 229 D ichlorodifluoromethane CF C1 2 5 6 111 1, 2-D i c horoe t h a n e 2 92 185 D ich lo r o meth an e 2 1 1 9 2 3 9

S I C C o d e 10 52 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 2

(c ont’d) AI RS Rel eases C h e m ica l F a cilit ies Med . R elea s e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) Total R eleas e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) D ichlorotetrafluoroethane 2 2 3 D imeth y l p h t h alate 2 1 0 1 9 E p i c h l orohydri n 2 67 134 2-E t hoxye t h a nol 2 5 7 115 Eth y l acr y late 2 8 0 1 5 9 E t hyl be nz e n e 5 52 333 E t hyl e n e 9 192 7, 160 E t hyl e n e gl yc ol 2 5 9 118 E t hyl e n e oxi de 2 6 0 121 F ormaldehyde 154 256 36, 290 F o r mic acid 2 6 7 1 3 4 F r e o n 2 64 127 G l yc ol E t h e r s 2 70 140 H C F C-22 2 2 5 5 1 H ydroge n s u l f i d e 1 3 3 Is obut yra l d e hyde 2 6 7 134 Lead 64 2, 218 4, 065, 664 M aleic anhydride 2 1 1 2 2 M a nga ne s e 64 451 572, 225 M e rc ury 36 14 8, 365 M e t h a nol 2 223 446 2-M e t hoxye t h a nol 2 6 2 124 M eth y l acr y late 2 6 0 1 2 1 M e t hyl e t hyl ke t one 2 194 388 M e t hyl i s obut yl ke t one 2 8 9 178 M eth y l meth acr y late 2 7 3 1 4 6 M eth y len e b r o mid e 2 5 1 0 M onoc hl orope nt a fl uoroe t h a n e 2 6 N a p h t h alen e 7 4 8 1 , 7 1 6 n-Butyl alcohol 2 110 220 N i c k e l 62 164 132, 525 N i t robe nz e n e 2 53 105 P h e nol 3 3 5 154 P hos phorus (yellow or w h ite) 62 190 142, 058 P h thalic anhydride 2 3 2 6 4 P ropi ona l d e hyde 3 5 7 191 P ropyl e n e oxi de 2 8 0 159 3

S e p tem b e r 1995 53 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 2 2

(c ont' d) AI RS Rel eases C h e m ica l F a cilit ies Med . R elea s e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) Total R eleas e s ( l bs/ Ye a r / Fa cilit y ) P ropyl e n e (P rope ne ) 9 201 3, 067 S elen iu m 5 6 7 8 5 4 , 6 7 3 S i l v e r 35 59 41, 069 S t yre ne 3 9 6 405 Tetrachloroethylene 2 111 223 T o l u e n e 1 5 125 3, 323 1, 1, 1-T ri c h l oroe t h a n e 2 68 137 1, 1, 2-T ri c h l oroe t h a n e 2 56 111 Tr ich lo r o eth y len e 2 6 8 1 3 7 Trichlorofluoromethane CF C11 2 9 7 194 1 , 2 , 4

- T r imeth y l b e n zen e 2 2 3 V i n y l acetate 2 8 8 1 7 5 V i nyl c h l ori de 2 6 7 134 m- X y len e 2 9 1 1 8 1 o-X yl e n e 5 47 252 p-X yl e n e 2 64 127 X y len e ( mix ed is o mer s ) 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 Z i n c (fum e or dus t ) 64 1, 694 2, 781, 488
N a t

i on al

P r i o

ri t i es Li st Pr e se n

te

d i n E x hi b i t 2 3

i s a ta bl e of mi ni ng si te s l i s te

d on the N a ti ona l Pr i o r

i ti e s L i s t ( N PL ) f o

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l r e me d i a ti on. T h e

se si te s ha ve b e e

n i n vol v e d pr i m a

r

i l y i n the e

x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n of those me ta

l or e s cove re d i n thi s pr of i l e a nd r e pr e se n

t onl y a

sma l l f ra c

ti on of the tota l numb er of si tes on the N P L , cur r e ntl y numb er i n g over 1, 200. T h e total numb er o f mi ni ng- r el at ed si t e

s o n

t

h

e N P L i s f

a

r great e

r, and i ncl ud es s

m e

l t

i n g a nd o t

h

e

r m e

t

a

l p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s , a nd a wide r ra n

g e o f m e

t

a

l a

nd no n - m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s .

S I C C o d e 10 54 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Ex hibit 2 3 Se le c te d NPL M i ning Sites S ite Na me / L o c a

tio n T y p e o f M i n e C o n ta m in a n t o f C o n c e r

n E n v iro n me n ta l Da ma g e S i l v er B o w C r eek , B u tte , M T Co pper A rsenic, heav y m e t a

ls Co nt am inat edsurf ace so ils and sedim e nt

s; c o nt am inat io n of

p r im ary drinking w a t e

r so

urc e

s C l ear C r eek / C en t r al C i t y S i te , C l ear C r eek , C O Gold, silv er, co pper, lead , zinc, mol y b d e n

u m A M D , alum inum , arsenic, cad m ium , chro m i um , lead , m a nganese, nic k el, silv er, co pper, f l uo rid e, zinc Surf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n f r o m A M D ; co nt am inat ed sedim e nt

s and gro u ndw a t e

r; po t e

nt

ial air- bo rne co nt am inat io n f r o m t

a

ilings S i l v er Mou n tai n Mi n e , Loom i s , WA Silv er, gold, coppe r A r senic , ant i m o ny, c y anide S o il, gro u ndw a t e

r, and surf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n S u mmitv ille M i n e , S o u t

h For k, C O Gold , co pper, silv er A M D , heav y m e t a

ls, cyanid e Surf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n; f i shkills Wh i te w oodC r eek , L a

w r en ce/ Mead e/ B u t te C o 's ., S D Gold A r se

n

i c, cad m ium , coppe r, m a nganese, o t her m e t a

ls Co nt am inat edalluv i al gro u nd w a t e

r, surf ace w a t e

r, surf ace so ils, and v e get a

t i o n C h er ok ee C o u n t y- G a l e n a Subs i te , Che r oke e Co. , K S L e adandZ i nc Cad m ium , lead , zinc, A M D Gro undandsurf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n; co nt am inat ed so ils Oro n og o -Du e n we g M i n i n g B e lt, J a

s p e r C o ., MO L e adandZ i nc Cad m ium , lead , zinc Co nt am inat edgro u ndand surf ace w a t e

r, andsed i m e nt

s; co nt am inat io n o f prim ary drinking w a t e

r sup p lies T a r C r e e k , Otta wa C o ., O K /Che r o ke e Co. , K S L e adand Z i nc A M D , heav y m e t a

ls Co nt am inat edaq uif e

r serv ing appro x . 21, 000 resid e nt

s; acut e surf ace w a t e

r c

o nt am inat io n; high m o rt alit y rat e o f m o st

surf ace w a t e

r bio t a C a lifo r n i a Gu lc h , L e a d v ille , C O Gold, silv er, lead , zinc, coppe r A M D , cad m ium , coppe r, lead , zinc Co nt am inat edsurf ace w a t e

r, gro u ndw a t e

r, and sedim e nt

s E a g

l e

M i n e , Gilma n , C O Z i n c

, coppe r, silv er A M D , ant i m o ny, arsenic, cad m ium , ch rom i um , c

o p p e r, lead, m a nganese, nickel, silv er, t h

allium , uranium , zinc Co nt am inat edsurf ace w a t e

r and gro u ndw a t e

r; co nt am inat ed

so ils and sedim e nt

s I r

o n M o unta i n M i ne , Re ddi ng, CA Gold, silv er, co pper, zinc, py ri t e A M D , cad m ium , coppe r, zinc Co nt am inat io n o f surf ace w a t e

r; elim inat io n o f aquat i c lif

e; f i shkills R i c h a r d s o n F l a t T a ilin g s Mult ip le A r senic, cadm ium , co p p e r, lead, selenium , zinc Surf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n; p o ssible c o nt am inat io n o f we t l a

n

d s Smuggl e r M o unta i n, P itk in C o u n t y , C O Silv er, lead, zinc L e ad , cad m ium , zinc, arsenic, barium , co pper, m a nganese, silv er, m e rc

ury So il co nt am inat io n; p o t e

nt

ial air, gro u ndandsurf ace w a t e

r co nt am inat io n

S e p tem b e r 1995 55 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t V. P O LLUT I O N P R E V E NTI ON O P P O RT U N IT IE S As a nat i o nal po l i c y, t h

e Po l l u t i o n

Prevent i o n

Act o f 1990 ( PPA) and t h

e Resour ce Conser vati on and Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) encourag e the re du c t io n

in v o lu m e , q u a n

t i t

y , a nd t o

x

ic

it

y o f wa s

t

e . W h

ile R C R A fo c

u se s

p r im a

r

ily o n

t h

e

re du c t io n

in v o lu m e a nd/ o r t o

x

ic

it

y o f hazar d o us w a ste, the PPA encourag es max i mum possi bl e el i m i nati o n of al l w a ste thr o ug h sour ce r e d u cti o n. I n the PPA , Cong r e ss d e f

i ned sour ce r e d u cti o n as any practi ce that red u ces t h

e amo u nt o f any hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce, po l l u t a

nt , o r conta m i na n

t e n

te

r

i ng a n

y

w a ste str e a

m or othe r

w i se re l e

a

se s

i n to the e

n

vi r o nme n

t ( i ncl u d i n g

f

u g i ti ve e m i ssi ons) pr i o r to r e cy cl i n g , tr e a

tme n

t, o

r

d i s po sal ; and red u ces t h

e hazard s t

o

publ i c heal t h

and t h

e envi ro nment associ ated w i th the re l e

ase of such sub s

tances, pol l u tants, or c

o

n

t

a

m ina n

t s . S o u r c e

re du c t io n

inc l u d e s

e q

u i p m e

n

t o r

t e

c

h

no lo gy m o

dific a

t io n

s , p r o c

e

s

s o r

p r o c

e

d u r e m o

dific a

t io n

s , re fo rm u l a t io n

o r r e d e si g n of pr od ucts, sub s

ti tuti on of ra w ma te

r

i a

l s, a nd i m pr ove m e

n

ts i n housek eepi n g , mai n tenance, trai ni ng , or i n ventor y

contr o l
. T h e b e st w a y to re d u ce pol l u ti on i s to pr e v e n

t i t i n the f

i r

s

t pl a c

e . Some compa n

i e

s ha ve cr e a

ti ve l y

i m pl e m e

n

te

d pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on te chni q u e s that i m pr ove ef f

i ci ency and i ncr ease pr of i t

s w h i l e at the same ti me mi ni mi zi ng envi ro nmental i m pacts. T h i s

can b e d o ne i n many w a y s , such a

s

r e d u ci ng ma te

r

i a

l i n puts, r e - e

ng i ne e

r

i n g

pr oce sse s to r e use b y pr od ucts, i m pr ovi n g

ma na g e me nt pra c

ti ce s, e m pl oy e e a w a r e ne ss a nd e

d uca t i o n, a nd e m pl oy i n g

sub s

ti tuti ons f o

r

tox i c

che m i c

a

l s. I n or d e r

to e ncoura g e the se a

ppr oa che s , thi s se cti o n pr ovi d e s b oth g e ne ra l a

nd compa n

y - spe c

i f

i c d e scr i p ti ons of some pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on a d va nce s t

h

a

t h a

v e be e

n

im p l e m e

n

t

e

d wit h

in t

h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. W h

ile t

h

e lis t is no t e x

h

a

u s t i v e , it do e

s

p r o v ide c

o

re in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t c

a

n

be u se d a s a

s

t

a

r

t i n g

p o in t fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

e

re s

t

e

d in be gin n

i n g t h

e

i r o w n p o llu t i o n pr e v e n

ti on pr oj e c

ts. W h

e

n

possi bl e , thi s se cti o n pr ovi d e s i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f

r om r e a

l a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n or a

r e b e i n g

i m pl e m e

n

te

d b y thi s se ctor . T h i s secti o n pr ovi d e s summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f r om acti vi ti es that may b e , or ar e be in g im p l e m e

n

t

e

d by t h

is

se c

t

o

r . W h

e

n

p o s

s

i ble , in fo rm a

t io n

is pr ovi d e d tha t g i ve s the conte x

t i n w h i c

h the te chni q u e s

ca n b e e f

f

e

cti v e l y use d
. Pl e a

se note tha t the a c

ti vi ti e s

d e scr i b e d i n thi s se cti o n d o not ne c

e

s

sa rily a p p l y t o

a ll fa c

ilit ie

s

t h

a

t fa ll wit h

in t h

is

se c

t

o

r . Fa c

ilitys

p e c

ific c o

ndit io n

s

m u s t be c a

re fu lly c o

n

s

ide re d wh e

n

p o llu t i o n pr e v e n

ti on opti ons a r e e

v a l ua te

d , a nd the f

u l l i m pa cts of the cha n

g e must e

xa m ine h o

w e a

c

h

o p t i o n

a ffe c

t s , a i r, la nd , a nd wa t

e

r p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s .

S I C C o d e 10 56 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Much of the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n pr e se n

te

d i s d ra w n f r om E P A ' s OSW re por t on I n n

o

v

a

t

i v

e Met h

od s of Man ag i n g

E n v

i ron m

en t

a

lRel e ases at Mi n e

si tes, A p ri l 1994.
V.A. C o ntr o lling a nd M itiga ting M i ning W a

stes M i ning W a

te

r

C o ntr o

l A s disc u s se d p r e v io u s ly, a c

id dra i n a

ge is a n

e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l c o

nc e

r

n

a t m a

n

y m i n i n g s i t

e

s . Th e

r e a

r e no wide ly-a p p lic a

ble t

e

c

h

no lo gie s

t

o

s

t

o

p a fu lly-de v e l o p e d a c

id dra i n a

ge s i t

u a t io n . Th is m a

ke s it p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly i m por t

a

n

t to pr e v e n

t a c

i d d ra i na g e b e f

o

r e i t sta r

ts. Pr e v e n

ti on of a c

i d draina ge requ ires c o

n

t

ro l o f o

xygen , wat e

r, bac t

eria, and s u lfide m i ne rals
. Wit h

in a m i ne , o xygen lev e ls

c a

n

no t be c o

n

t

ro lled, so AM D prev en t i o n me a

s

ur e s

f

o

cus on contr o l of the othe r

thre e

pa ra me te

r

s , pa r

t i c

ul a r

l y on w a te

r

f

l ow s. T h e pri m ary st rat e

gy f o

r mi ni mi zi ng aci d d rai nage f o

cuses o n

w a t

e

r c

o

n

t

ro l. A c o

m p reh e

n

s

iv e wat e

r c o

n

t

ro l s t

rat e

gy wo rks bo t

h

t o

lim it conta c

t b e tw e e

n

w a te

r

a nd e x

pose d mi ne r o ck a nd to contr o l the f

l ow of w a t

e

r t h

at

has b een co nt ami n at

ed b y mi neral

- b e ari n g ro ck. D e vel o pment of sy stems f o

r

w a ter contr o l at mi ne si tes r e qui r es consi d e ra ti on of ra i n f

a

l l r

u nof f a s w e l l a s pr oce ss w a te

r

use d or prod uce d w h e

n

mi ne d e w a te

r

i ng i s r e q

u i r e d i n e

x ca va ti on, conce n

tra t i o n, a nd l e a

c

hi ng . A l thoug h the ty pe of

w a te

r

contr o l s

use d va r

i e

s

w i d e l y a ccor d i n g to topog ra phy , r o ck ty pe , a

nd c lim a

c

t i c c o

ndit io n

s , e ffo rt

s a r e t

y p i c a

lly a i m e

d a t dire c

t i n g

wa t

e

r f

l ow s to conta i nme n

t pond s f o

r

tr e a

tme n

t or e v a p ora t i o n. T h e

f i ve pr i nci pa l te chnol o g i e s use d to contr o l w a te

r

f l ow a t mi ne si te s a r e : d i v er si on sy stems, contai nment pond s, g r ound w a ter pumpi n g sy stems, sub s

ur f

a

ce d rai nag e sy stems, and sub s

ur f

a

ce b a r

r

i er s. S u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r is c o

n

t

ro lle d by div e r

s

i o n

s

y s t

e

m s , m a

de u p p r im a

r

ily o f dra i na ge dit c

h

e

s . S o m e

dra i n a

ge dit c

h

e

s

c h

a

n

ne l wa t

e

r a w a y

fro m mi ni ng si tes b e f

o

re r

u nof f re aches ex posed mi nera l s , w h i l e other s d i r ect c

o

n

t

a

m ina t

e

d wa t

e

r in t

o

h o

ldin g p o nd s fo r e v a p o ra t io n

o

r t r e a

t

m e

n

t

. Th e pond s use d to hol d l e a

c

hi ng sol u ti ons a r e mor e sophi s ti ca te

d tha n h

o

ldin g p o nd s fo r m i ne ru no ff be c

a

u se o

f e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l c o

nc e

r

n

s

a

nd t h

e v a lu a ble na t u re o

f t

h

e

m e

t

a

l-ric h

so lu t i o n

s

in le a

c

h

i n g

h o

ldin g p o nd s . Gr ound w a ter sour ces can al so b e pr otected w i th w a ter contro l sy stems. Gr ound w a ter pumpi n g

sy stems are used to contro l or r e d u ce u nde rgro u nd se e

p a g e o f c o

n

t

a

m ina t

e

d wa t

e

r fro m c o

lle c

t io n

p o nd s a nd wa s

t

e

p ile s . W e

lls a r e drille d wh e

r e u nde rgro u nd wa t

e

r m o

v e m e

n

t is

S e p tem b e r 1995 57 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t d e te

cte d , a nd pumps a r e the n

use d to move the w a te

r

out of the g r ound t

o

h o

ldin g p o nd s a nd/ o r

t o

a t r e a

t

m e

n

t p l a n

t

. S u bs u r fa c

e dra i na ge syst ems are al so used t o

co nt ro l seepage i n mi ni ng areas. T h ese syst ems u se a dra i n c h

a

n

ne l a nd we lls t o

c o

lle c

t c o

n

t

a

m in a

t

e

d wa t

e

r t h

a

t h a

s se e

p e d und e r

g r o und a nd move i t to a tr e a

tme n

t pl a n

t. Sub s

ur f

a

ce b a r

r

i e

r

s a re use d to d i v e r

t g r ound w a te

r

a w a y

f

r om mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns. T h e most common f o

r

m s are sl ur r

y w a l l s and g r outi ng . Sl ur r

y

w a l l s ar e m a

de o f lo w-p e rm e

a

bilit y m a

t

e

ria l s t h

a

t a

r e s

u n k

in t

o

t

h

e

gro u nd a r o u nd mi ni ng operati o ns. G r o u t i n g in v o lv e s t h

e in je c

t io n

o f a

liq u id so lu t i o n , wh ic

h

t

h

e

n

so lidifie s , in t

o ro c

k c r e v ic e

s a nd jo in t s t o

re du c e

wa t

e

r flo w . Th e

EP A a nd DO Esponsor e d Mi ni ng W a

s

te

T e chnol o g

y

Pr og ra m ( M W T P) i n B u tte , Monta na i s cond ucti ng a

cl a y - b a se d g r outi ng d e monstra t i o n pr oj e c

t a t the Mi k e H o r

se Mi ne i n L i ncol n . Resear cher s have f o

und that cl ay - b a sed g r outs r e ta i n the i r

pl a s

ti ci ty thr o ug hout sta bi l i z a t i o n, unl i k e ce mentb a se d g r outs; cl a y

g r outs a r e not e a

si l y e r od e d ; a nd cl a y g r outs g e ne ra l l y pe ne tra t

e

mi ne f

ra c

tur e s b e tte r

tha n

ce me nt- b a se d g r outs. T h r o ug h thi s p r o j e c

t

, re se a

rc h

e

r

s

h o

p e t

o

u se a

c

l a

y

gro u t , de v e lo p e d s p e c

ific a

lly fo r t h

e si te's g e ol og i c al character i sti cs, to i sol ate speci f i c

mi nera l i z ed str u ctur es wit h

in t

h

e

m i ne . Th is

gro u t i n g

ba rrie r will lo we r t h

e gro u nd wa t

e

r flo w enter i ng the mi ne, r e d u ci ng contact w i th the mi ne' s sul f i d e mi nera l s . C o n

se q

u e n

t ly, a c

id ge ne ra t i o n

will de c

r e a

se a nd lo we r q u a n

t i t

i e

s

o f a c

id a

nd dis so lv e d m e

t

a

ls

will be de liv e r e d t o

a

r e a

s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r so u r c e

s . M W TP is a l so de m o

n

s

t

ra t in g a s u lfa t

e

- re du c i n g

ba c

t

e

r

ia

p r o j e c

t a t t h

e ne a

r

by a b a ndo ne d Lilly/ O r p h a

n

Bo y m i ne , wh e

r e a c

id p r o d u c t i o n

is a c

o

n

t in u i n g

p ro ble m . Th is

t e

c

h

no lo gy u se s ba c

t

e

r

ia t o re du c e c

o

n

t

a

m ina t io n in m i ne wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

by re du c i n g

s u lfa t

e

s

t o

h y dro g e n s

u lfide
. Th is h y dro g e n s u lfide re a

c

t s

wit h

dis so lv e d m e

t

a

ls , re s

u lt in g in t

h

e

fo rm a

t io n

o f in so lu ble m e

t

a

l s u lfide s . Fina lly, t h

e s u lfa t

e re du c t io n pr od uce s b i ca r

b ona t

e , w h i c

h i ncr e a

se s the pH of the w a te

r . T h i s b i otechnol o g

y

al so acts as a source contr o l b y

sl ow i n g or r e ver s

i n g the p r o c

e

s

s

o f a c

id ge ne ra t i o n . Be c

a

u se bio l o g ic a

l s u lfa t

e

re du c t io n is a n anaero bic pro c

es s , it redu c e

s

t

h

e qu an t i t

y

o f dis so lv ed o xygen in t

h

e m i ne w a te

r a nd i ncre a

se s the pH , the r e b

y

sl ow i n g

or stoppi ng the pr od ucti on of a c

i d
. F i na l r e por t i n g on thi s d e monstra t i o n pr oj e c

t i s e

x

pe cte d a f te

r

the t

h

ree- year t r

i a

l end s i n l a t

e

1997. W a

s

te

R o c

k

Dis po s

a

l Ar e

a

a

n

d T a iling Impo undme nt De s

i gn I n a ddit io n

t

o

c o

n

t

ro llin g wa t

e

r flo w , a c

id dra i na ge m i n i m i z a t io n a l so re q

u ire s

t

h

a

t wa s

t

e

ro c

k

dis p o sa l a r e a

s

a nd t a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t s

be p r o p e r

ly de s

i gne d a nd s i t

e

d. W h

e

n

se le

c

t in g a s i t

e

fo r wa s

t

e dis p o s

a

l

S I C C o d e 10 58 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

a

r e a

s, mi ne ope ra tor s shoul d consi d e r

the topog ra phy of the si te a nd the pr ox i m i t

y to g round w a te

r , str e a

m s, a nd r i ve r

s . W a

s

te

r o ck ca n b e sl ope d to mi ni mi z e uncontr o l l e d r u nof f a nd to contro l the ve l o ci ty of w a te

r

tha t f

l ow s i n to conta i nme n

t pond s. Wet l an ds One pr omi s i n g te chni q u e f o

r

tr e a

ti ng A M D i s the use of constr ucte d w e t l and s . T h ere are current l y

appro x

i m at

el y 400 such syst ems i n o

p erat i o n, mo st

l y

as a resul t o f U. S. B u reau o f M i nes research pro g rams. C o n

s

t

r

u c t

e

d we t l a

nds s y s t

e

m s

h a

v e be e

n

p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly e ffe c

t iv e a t re m o

v i n g iro n fro m a c

id m i ne wa t

e

r. Th e

se we t l a

nds re ly o n

ba c

t

e

r

ia

l s

u lfa t

e

re du c t io n

(t h

e

o p p o s

i t

e

o f ba c

t

e

r

ia

l o x

ida t i o n , t h

e fo rm a

t io n o f a

c

id) t o

re m o

v e iro n

a nd o t

h

e

r

m i ne ra ls

a nd t o

re du c e

t h

e

a c

idit y o f c

o

n

t

a

m ina t

e

d wa t

e

r. Th e

iro n

is p r e c

ip it a

t

e

d o u t , de p o s

i t

e

d in t h

e sub s

trate, and eventual l y accumul ated b y

pl ants. Al thoug h a f e

w w e tl a nd sy ste m s ha ve b e e

n

b u i l t to tre a

t l a r

g e f l ow s of a c

i d mi ne dra i na ge , t h

e

t

e

c

h

n

i q u e se e

m s

be s

t s u it e

d t o h a

ndlin g se e

p s a nd s m a

l l f

l o

w s. T h ei r ef f

e

ct

i v eness i s al so l i m i t

ed when t h

ere are l a rge seaso nal cha n

g e s i n f l ow ra te

s, or hi g h conce n

tra t i o ns of nonf e

r

r o us me ta

l s , a s occur s

i n some metal mi ni ng ar eas. T h e D u nk a mi ne si te, an i r on or e mi ne operated b y L T V Steel Mi ni ng Compa n

y ( L T V SMCo) i s cur r e ntl y usi n g

w e tl a nd s tr e a

tme n

t me thod s to m i t

i ga t

e

a n

e x

is

t i n g

se e

p a g e p r o ble m . Th e

fa c

ilit y h a

s e x

p e rie nc e

d se e

p a g e f

r om a spe c

i f

i c

ty pe of a c

i d g e ne ra ti ng w a ste r o ck f o

und a t the si t e . S eepage f r o m t h

e wast e ro ck pi l e s has f l o

w ed t o

a creek, whi c h e

n

t

e

rs

Birc h

La ke ; a p r e v io u s s

t u d y e s

t i m a

t

e

d 5 0

m illio n

ga llo n

s

a

ye a

r

o f disc h

a

r

ge . S t u die s

c o

nd u c t

e

d a t t

h

e

m i ne ' s a c

t i v e we t l a

nds s

i t

e

indic a

t

e 30 percent remo val o f ni ckel and 100 percent remo val o f co pper b y peat sequest rat i o n. O v eral l mass anal yses i nd i c at

e mo re t h

an 80 percent o f coppe r e n

te

r

i ng the w e tl a nd s w e r e r e ta i ne d
. Othe r

te chnol o g i e s

cur r e ntl y be in g u se d a t t

h

e

s

i t

e

inc l u d e p ile c

a

p p i n g

t

o

re du c e

in filt ra t i o n ; div e r

t i n g t

h

e

c

r e e

k

a w a y

fro m t

h

e

wa s

t

e

ro c

k

s

t

o

c

kp ile s ; a nd a lim e ne u t ra liz a t io n t

r eat m ent syst em f o

r remo v i ng met a

l s

f

r o m co l l e ct

ed wast e ro ck seepage. Pum p

a

n

d

Tr e

a

t T h e conve n

ti ona l a ppr oa ch to tre a

ti ng conta m i na t

e

d g r ound or sur f

a

c

e wa t

e

r p ro d u c e

d t h

ro u g h a c

id dra i na ge in v o lv e s

a n

e

x

p e n

s

iv e , m u l t i -s t

e

p p r o c

e

s

s t h

a

t p u m p s p o llu t e

d wa t

e

r t o

a t

r e a

t

m e

n

t fa c

ilit y, ne u t ra liz e s

t

h

e conta m i na n

ts i n the w a te

r , a nd tur n

s the se ne utra l i z e d w a ste s i n to sl ud g e fo r dis p o sa l. Th e

firs t s

t

e

p

in t

h

e

p r o c

e

s

s , e q

u a liz a t io n , in v o lv e s

p u m p in g p o llu t e

d wa t

e

r in t

o

a h o

ldin g ba s

i n . Th e

h o

ldin g ba s

i n m a

y be t h

e
S e p tem b e r 1995 59 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

c

o

n

t

a

i n m e

n

t p o nd a t t

h

e

ba se o f t

h

e

wa s

t

e ro c

k dis p o s

a

l a r e a o r t a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t

, o r

m a

y be a n

a ddit io na l ba s

i n c o

n

s

t

r

u c t

e

d fo r t h

is pur p ose . A ste a

d y " e q

u a l i z e d " f l ow of w a te

r

i s the n

pumpe d out of the h

o

ldin g ba s

i n t

o

a t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p l a n

t fo r ne u t ra liz a t io n . Lim e

is c

o

m m o

n

l y a

d d e d to the w a te

r

i n the tr e a

tme n

t pl a n

t to ne utra l i z e the a c

i d
. T h e

ne x

t ste p , a e

ra ti on, i n vol v e s

movi ng the tr e a

te

d w a te

r

to a nothe r b a si n w h e

r e it

is e x

p o se d t o

a i r. Th e m e

t

a

ls p r e c

ip it a

t

e t y p i c a

lly a s h y dro x

ide s , f

o

r

m i n g a g e l a

ti nous sl ud g e . T h e

f

l oc the n

se ttl e s

to the b ottom of the pond a s

se d i m e

n

t. T h i s

se d i m e

n

t conta i ns most of the conta m i na n

ts tha t h

a

d p r e v io u s ly be e

n

m i xe d wit h

t h

e

wa t

e

r, a s

we ll a s u n re a

c

t

e

d ne utra l i z i n g r e ag e n

ts. T h e

accumul ate d sl ud g e at the b ottom of the b a si n c

a

n

t

h

e

n

be re m o

v e d fo r dis p o s

a

l. MW T P i s e x

pl or i n g

a va r

i e

t y

of opti ons f o

r i m pr ovi n g mi ne w a ste w a t

e

r tr e a

tme n

t te chnol o g i e s . A m ong i t s proj e c

ts i s a n

e f

f

o

r

t to use photoa ssi ste d e l e

c

tr on tra n

sf

e

r

to r e move tox i c

sub s

ta nce s , spe c

i f

i c

a

l l y ni t rat e and cyani d e , f r o m w a st

ew at er. R e searchers are al so d e vel o pi ng ne w t r e a

t

m e

n

t t e

c

h

no lo gie s

in v o lv in g c h

e

m ic

a

l p r e c

ip it a

t io n , wit h

o r w i thout a e

ra ti on, to ne utra l i z e a c

i d w a te

r

s

a nd pre c

i p i t a

t

e conta m i na n

ts fro m a ne a

r

by a b a ndo ne d o p e n -p it m i ne t h

a

t c o

n

t

a

i n s

o v e r

2 0 billio n ga llo n

s o f wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r . Fin a

l s t u d y re s

u lt s

fo r t h

is

p r o j e c

t will be publ i s hed i n earl y 1996. Sludge Dis pos a

l S l u d ge dis p o sa l is t

h

e

m o

s

t e

x

p e n

s

iv e a nd diffic u lt p a rt

o f a c

id dra i na ge tre a

tme n

t. T h e

e a

si e s

t me thod f o

r

f

i na l d i s posa l i s to pump the sl ud g e in t

o

a b a ndo ne d m i ne s . Th e

lo n

g -t e

r

m e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t o f t h

is m e

t

h

o

d is u nde t

e

rm ine d
. W h

ile t

h

e

m i ne is s

t ill a c

t i v e , t h

e

s

l u d ge m a

y be p l a c

e

d in a ba s

i n ne xt t o t h

e

se dim e

n

t p o nd
. Th e

s l u d ge is le ft

in t

h

is se c

o

nd p o nd u n t il e v a p o ra t io n

t a

ke s

p l a c

e

a nd t h

e

s l u d ge drie s . Th e sl ud g e ca n the n

b e tra n

sf

e

r

r e d to a n

a ppr opr i a

t

e

l o ca ti on f o

r

l o ng
- t e

r

m stora g e or d i s posa l
. MWT P i s cur r e ntl y compl e ti ng a r e sear ch pr oj ect on sl ud g e stab i l i zati o n. T h e

r e se a

rch te a

m , l e d b y

f a

cul t y

a t U n i v e r

si ty of Monta na 's Monta na Te c

h , is s t u d yin g t h

e p r o p e r

t i e

s

a nd s t

a

b ilit y o f s l u d ge s

ge ne ra t

e

d thr o ug h w a te

r tr e a

tme n

t te chni q u e s

f

o

r

a c

i d

- pol l u te d w a te

r

f

r om sul f i d e mi nes. Resear cher s ar e anal y z i n g

the chemi c al proper ti es of sl ud g e s, and will p r o p o se v a rio u s s

t

o

ra g e e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t s

t

o

o p t i m i z e lo n

g -t e

r

m s

l u d ge s

t

a

b ilit y. M i ne Pla nning

S I C C o d e 10 60 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g One w a y

to mi ti g a te

the pr obl e ms ca use d b y

a c

i d w a te

r

d ra i ni ng f

r om u nde rgro u nd a nd s u rfa c

e

m i ne s

is t o

c a

re fu lly c o

n

s

ide r a s i t

e ' s topog ra phy , g e ol og y , hy d r og e o

l o g

y , g e oche mi str y , a nd the l i k e i n d e te

r

m i n i n g

a ppr oa che s

to ore pr od ucti on a nd the si ti ng of such pr oce s

s wa s

t

e

s a s

wa s

t

e

ro c

k

p ile s , t a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t s , a nd so lu t i o n

p o nd s . Pr oper pl anni ng of operati o ns can g r eatl y r e d u ce such envi r o nmental hazard s as po t

e

nt i a

l rel e ases t o

gro u nd and surf ace w a t

e

rs and AM D pr od ucti on. Aci d Zon e I s ol at i o

n A n a l t

e

rna t iv e t

o

re m o

v i n g

a c

id p r o d u c in g z o ne s , wh ic

h

m a

y be ne it

h

e

r fe

a

s

ible no r e c

o

no m ic

a

l , is t

o

iso l a

t

e

t

h

e

m by u s in g a m i n i n g

se q

u e nc e t

h

a

t a v o ids e x

t

ra c

t i n g

m a

t

e

ria l t h

a

t will c r e a

t

e

A M D-p r o d u c in g wa s

t

e

s a

nd e x

p o s

i n g

"h o

t " z o ne s . Th is

is a c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d by le a

v in g ro c

k ba rrie r

s be t w e e

n

m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a

nd t h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l a c

id-p r o d u c in g z o ne , a nd, if ne ce ssa r

y , g routi ng or othe r

w i se se a

l i n g

of f the f l ow of w a te

r

i n to the
" h ot" z o ne . V. B
. I n n ovat i v e Waste Man agem en t P r act i c

es N e w techni ques f o

r

r e cover i ng metal r e sour ces that may have l e ss of an e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t inc l u d e in-s itu l e achi ng , use of r o b oti c sy stems, and u nde rgro u nd le a

c

h

i n g . Th e

se t e

c

h

n

i q u e s

c o

u ld re du c e

s u rfa c

e dis t u rba nc e

s

a

nd e lim ina t

e

wa s

t

e

p ile s

a

nd im p o u ndm e

n

t s , bu t m a

y h a

v e se r

i ous i m pa cts on g r ound w a te

r . A l te r

n

a

t i v e l y , e x

i s

ti ng w a ste pi l e s ma y be re m i ne d t o m e

e

t e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s t

a

nda rds , if e c

o

no m ic

a

lly fe a

s

ible
. A no t

h

e

r

p o s

s

i bilit y is t

h

e

de v e lo p m e

n

t o f t e

c

h

n

i q u e s t o e x

t

ra c

t m e

t

a

ls mor e e

c

onomi c a

l l y f

r om common r o ck s. W a

s

te

f

r om the se common r o ck s may no t co nt ai n t h

e hazard o us co mpo nent s

co mmo n i n t

h

e sul f i d e o r e tha t a r e the source of ma ny me ta

l s . I nd u str y

g r oups sug g e st, how e ve r , tha t me ta

l s

i n common ro ck ma y

not b e pre se n

t i n re cove ra bl e f o

r

m a nd amo u nt s. T h e

B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s ha s d e ve l o pe d a f

r oth f l ota ti on pr oce ss to r e move h

e

a

v

y-m e

t

a

l-be a

r

in g m i ne ra ls

fro m t a

ilin gs . Th is

p r o c

e

s

s

re c

o

v e rs

no t o

n

ly t h

e

de s

i re d m i ne ra l c o

m p o ne n

t s

o f t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs , bu t a l so t h

e a c

idf

o

r

m i n g

mi nera l s , and r e nd er s the w a stes l e ss suscepti bl e to A M D
. A comb i na t i o n of conve n

ti ona l a nd non- conve n

ti ona l f l ota ti on r e a

g e n

ts lo

we rs t h

e m e

t

a

l c o

n

t

e

n

t o f t

a

ilin gs by a s

m u c h

a s

9 5

p e rc e

n

t

. Two o t

h

e

r p o s

s

i bilit ie

s

fo r de a

lin g wit h

wa s

t

e

s

c r e a

t

e

d du rin g p r o c

e

s

s

i n g is t o c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e p o t

e

n

t ia

l c o

n

t

a

m in a

n

t s , wh ic

h

wo u ld t h

e

n

re q

u ire a s m a

lle r

S e p tem b e r 1995 61 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t d i s posa l a re a

, or to tr e a

t conta m i n a

n

ts w i th a che m i c

a

l or phy s i c

a

l c

o

a

t in g, wh ic

h

re du c e

s

t

h

e

ra t

e

o

f re le

a

se . Fo llo win g

is a n

e x

h

i bit t h

a

t de sc r

ibe s

so m e

o f t h

e wa s

t

e mi ni mi zati o n/pr eventi on oppor t uni t i e

s f o

r d i f f

e

r e nt steps of the mi ni ng pr ocess.

S I C C o d e 10 62 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Ex hibit 2 4 W a

ste M i nim i z a tion a nd Pr e

v e n tion Oppor t

unities A c tiv ity Was te Was te Min im ization Op tion s F l o tation S o di u m cy a n

i d e

Zin c

su lfat e, so di u m cy a n

i d e

A mmon i a • Non -t

ox ic

r e ag en t s

may be su bst i t

u t

e

d for c

y an id e c

ompo u n d s in c

o

pper ben e

fic i at io

n ; s o d i um s u lfid e/ bisu l fid e may be u s ed as alt e

rn

at

iv es t o

sod i u m c

y an id e • Fl o t a

t i on pr o c e

s

s c

ont r o

l e

q

ui pme n

t w / s e ns or s , c om p ut i n

g elemen t s , an d c on t r o

l un it

s

may be in s

t alled t o

r e d u c e amou n t of flot at

ion r e ag en t s

n

e

c

e

ssar y

an d t o

imp r ov e sep a r a

ti on of waste fr om p r od u c t

• A l kalin it

y in t

h

e ben e

fic i at io

n

c

i r c uit s

may be main t a

in

ed by r e

ag en t s

less t o

x

i c

t

h

an ammon i a, su c h

as lime Tailin g s Man ag emen t S u lf uric a c

id

Wat er

(an d associ ate d po llut a

n

t s

) • Pyri t e

s c o

uld be s e gr ega t ed f r om o t her ga ngue m a

t e

ri a l befor e d i s c h

a

r

g e t o

t

a

ilin gs

impo un d men t s t

o

r e d u c e

t

h

e po t e

n

t ial for s

u lfuric ac id form at

ion aft er

c

l o

s

ur e

• Th i n

La y e r ( T L) p r o c e

ss f or co p p e r re du ce s w a te

r u s e b y a s mu c h

as 75 p e r c

en t as t h

e amou n t n eed ed for ag it

at

ion l e

a

c

h

i n

g ; a l so re du ce s f u g i ti ve du st g e n

e

ra

ti on
• Up to 9 0

p e rce n

t o f me ta

l s

a n

d cy a n

i d e ca n

b e

re mo ve d t h

r o

ugh us e o f ion ex c h

a

n

ge, hea vy me t a

l r e m

o

v a l s y

s

t em s an d c y an id e d e s

t r

u c t ion s y

s

t ems , pr ec ipit at

ion o f h e

avy met a

ls

usin g lime, o x

id izat io

n

o f c y an id e usin g s o d i um h

y p o ch l ori te , th e

n

e

l e

c

troly si s , a n

d f i l t

ra

ti on th rou g h a h i g

h f l o

wra te

s a n

d f i l t

e

r
• Wat er may be r e mo v e d fr om t

h

e t a

ilin gs

s

l urr y

for r e us e in t h

e millin g c i r c uit Le a chi ng Tra c

e me ta

l s • A P a ch u c a

re a

c

tor re du ce s th e

e

l u t i on ti me f o

r re co

ve ri n g c

o

balt fr om sp en t c

o

pper leac h

s o lut i on s
• Subs t i t

u t

e t h

io

ur ea, t h

io

s

u lfat e, malon on i t

riles , br om in

e, a

n

d ch l ori n e

com p o u n d s f o

r cy a n

i d e u n de r ce rta i n c

on d it io

n

s Metal P a r t s C lean in g M i s c ellan e

o

u s ch l o

ri n a

te

d sol v e n

ts • Sw i t c

hi ng t o

s e m

i

- a q

ue o

u s

c l e

a

ne r

s s u c h

a s t

e

rp e n

e

a n

d hyd r o c a

r

b

on c l e

a

ne r

s or a

q

ue o

u s

c

l e

a

ne r

s w h i c

h a r e

w a t e

r bas e d c l ean i n

g s o lut i on s wo uld r e d u c e

or elimin at

e s o lv en t e

m

i ssi on an d l i q u i d w a ste g e n

e

rati on Blas tin g A mmon i u m n

i t

r at e • M a i n

t a

i n

s

t or a g e

c

ont a

i ne r

s

pr o p e r

ly
• U s e us ed o il in s

t ead o f n

e

w o il in t

h

e pr epar at io

n

o

f A N FO (if allowed by M S HA ) C r ushi ng Zin c lin er

s • Zin c

man t le lin er

piec es

in t h

e s e c

on d ar y c r

ush e

r

s may be re

cy cl e d S o

u

r c e : Dra f t R e p

o

rt to U.S
. E P A Offic e o f P o llu tio

n

P rev en

tio

n

a

n

d

To x

i c

s , S e p

tember 1994.

S e p tem b e r 1995 63 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Met a

l s

Recov ery

I n coope ra t i o n w i th d o me sti c ste e

l ma k e r

s , the B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s ha s de v e lo p e d a n

in no v a t i v e , e ffic i e

n

t

, a nd c o

s

t

-e

ffe c

t iv e re c

y c lin g p r o c

e

s

s

t

o t

r e a

t t h

e e s

t i m a

t

e

d 1
. 8 m illio n

a n

n

u a l t o

n

s

o f iro n -ric h

du s t s

a nd s l u d ge s t

h

at

are co nt ami nat ed w i t h

heavy met a

l s , b y mi xi ng vari o u s d u st s and w a ste s to pr od uce r e cy cl a bl e me ta

l pe l l e ts. T h e

pr oce ss ha s b e e

n

pr ove n o

n

a 1, 000 l b / h o

u r pi l o t scal e , and f u l l scal e i nd u st ri al t e

st

s are b e i n g sc h

e

d u l e d
. I n a ddit io n , t h

e

Bu re a

u

o f M i ne s h a

s wo rke d wit h DO E a nd i nd u st ry represent a

t i ves t o

d e vel o p a 1, 000 l b / h o

u r el ect r

i c arc f u rnace s

u it a

ble fo r de m o

n

s

t

ra t in g t h

e

v i t r

ific a

t io n

o f m i ne ra l wa s

t

e

s

a nd/ o r

t

h

e rec o

v e ry o f h e

av y-m e

t

a

l-ric h

fu m e

p r o d u c t s

fo r rec y c lin g. If t h

e co nt ami nat ed mi neral wast es canno t b e easi l y t

r eat e

d , f u rnace t r eat m ent i s po ssi bl e. T h i s t r eat m ent has b een sho w n t o

b e ef f

e

ct

i v e i n rend eri n g u n le

a

c

h

a

ble a nd sa fe fo r disc a

rdin g a n

y u n re c

o

v e ra ble t

ra c

e

m e

t

a

ls

le ft

in t

h

e

re s

u lt in g s l a

g . Cy an i d

e Rem o

v

a

l B u r e au of Mi nes sci enti sts ar e al so i n vesti g ati n g

new method s of r

i nsi n g heaps to re move cy ani d e . Researcher s have d e ter m i ned that i n ter r

u pted o

r p u lse d wa t

e

r rin s

in g, a s

o p p o se d t o

c o

n

t in u o u s wa s

h

in g, m o

re e

ffic i e

n

t l y rin se s

c

y a n

ide fro m h e

a

p s a

nd p r o d u c e

s le s

s liq u id wa s

t

e t o be c

h

e

m ic

a

lly ne u t ra liz e d o r

de s

t

ro ye d. C h e

m ic

a

l ne u t ra liz a t io n m e

t

h

o

d s a

r e a

l so be in g s t u die d fo r a s

u it e

o f c

y a n

ide c

o

m p le xe s t y p i c a

lly fo u nd in m i n i n g wa s

t

e . I n a ddit io n , a n

a l t

e

rna t iv e t o

de s

t

ro yin g

c y a n

ide o r pr e v e n

ti ng i t s e sca pe i s the d e ve l o pme n

t of l e a

c

hi ng a g e n

ts othe r tha n cy ani d e . Severa l r e ag ents such as thi o ur ea ar e ef f

e

cti v e f o

r r e cover i ng go ld u nde r c e

rt

a

i n c i rc u m s

t

a

nc e

s . Th io

s

u lfa t

e , m a

lo no n

i t

r

ile s , bro m ine , a

nd c h

lo rine c o

m p o u nd s a l so h a

v e be e

n

s h

o

w n t o le a

c

h go ld u nde r s

p e c

ific c

o

ndit io n

s . Recl am at

i o

n B u r e au of Mi nes r e sear cher s ar e cur r e ntl y d e vel o pi ng method s f o

r r e cl a m a

t i o n a nd cl osur e of mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns. T h e

f

o

cus of thi s w o r

k

i s o

n c o

n

t

ro llin g h y dro l o gy a t s i t

e

s , de c

o

n

t

a

m ina t in g wa s

t

e

s

wh e

n ne c

e

s

sa ry, a nd s t

a

b iliz in g wa s

t

e

s

fo r c l o s

u r e . Fo r e xa m p l e , t h

e c u rre n

t p ra c

t i c

e fo r se a

lin g m i ne s h

a

f t s

is t

o

in s

t

a

ll a c

o

nc re t

e

p l u g . Th is

p ra c

t i c

e is diffic u lt a nd e x

p e n

s

iv e be c

a

u se it re q

u ire s

drillin g in t

o

ro c

k

wa lls t

o pr ovi d e suppor t f o

r the pl ug ; access to r e mote shaf ts and por t

al s i s al so a p ro ble m . O ne p o s

s

i ble so lu t i o n

be in g in v e s

t iga t

e

d is t h

e

u se o f lowd e nsi t y f o

ami n g

pl asti cs and /or cements. T h e cost of the f o

ami n g

pl asti c cl osur e i s a b out one

- ha l f

tha t of concr e te pl ugs, a nd the e x

pa nsi o n
S I C C o d e 10 64 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

c

h

a

ra c

t

e

ris t ic

o f t

h

e

fo a

m in g m a

t

e

ria l s

m a

y e lim ina t

e

t

h

e

ne e

d fo r drillin g i n to i n ta ct r o ck
. A nothe r

i m por t

a

n

t a d va nta g e of usi n g

f

o

a

m e

d pl a s

ti c or c

e

m e

n

t p l u gs is t

h

a

t t

h

e

se m a

t

e

ria l s

m a

y p r o v ide a re s

i s

t

a

n

t se a

l t o a c

idic mi ne w a ter s . Flo t

a

t

io

n Te c

h

no lo

gy Flo t

a

t i o n m ills se p a ra t

e

m e

t

a

llife rro u s m i ne ra ls

fro m wa s

t

e

ro c

k , u s in g sur f

a

c

ta nts to ca use a i r

b u b bl e s

to a tta ch the m se l v e s to mi ne ra l pa r

t i c

l e

s a

nd to f l oa t to the top of a f r othi n g

b a th of or e sl ur r

y . T h e g o a

l of flo t

a

t i o n m ill o p e ra t

o

r

s

is t

o

m a

xim i z e t

h

e

a m o

u n t o f v a lu a ble m a

t

e

ria l f

l oa te

d , w h i l e mi ni mi z i ng the or e conce n

tra t

e ' s g a ngue conte n

t. I n or d e r to a l so i m pr ove e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l q u a l i t y , ope ra tor s must mi ni mi z e the a

m ount of sur f

a

c

ta nts a nd he a

v

y

me ta

l s

i n the w a ste stre a

m f

e

d to the t

a

ilin gs p o nd
. R e lia ble o n -line m e

a

s

u r e m e

n

t s

o f m e

t

a

ls

c

o

n

t

e

n

t a

t v a rio u s p o in t s

t h

ro u g h o

u t t h

e

m ill is t h

u s ne c

e

s

s

a

ry t o e ffe c

t c o

n

t

ro l o f t h

e ope ra t i o n. X

- R a y Flu o re sc e

nc e (X R F) is a n

a na l yt ic

a

l t e

c

h

n

i q u e de s

i gne d t o

ra p idly m e

a

s

u re t h

e m e

t

a

ls c o

n

t

e

n

t o f a

flo t

a

t i o n

s

l u rry s a

m p le
. I n m ills wit h

o n l i ne X- ra y

anal y z er s, operator s can b a se thei r re sponses to process cha n

g e s on a b

sol u te d e te

r

m i na t i o ns of the me ta

l s

conte n

t of e a

ch str e a

m sa mpl e d
. I n i t s si mpl e st f o

r

m the ope ra tor use s output i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f r om t

h

e a na l yz e r

t o

a d

ju s t s u rfa c

t

a

n

t a ddit io n

ra t

e

s

t o

m e

e

t q u a lit y go a

l s . S o m e

m ills a re m o

v i n g

t

o

w a r d a m o

re a d v a nc e

d s y s t

e

m o f inc o

rp o ra t in g XRF te chnol o g

y , usi n g

ce ntra l compute r

s to store hi stor i c

a

l d a ta

a nd /or a d e ta i l e d mod e l of the tota l pr oce ss to e s

ta

bl i s h a u toma t i c

contr o l se tpoi nts. Th is t e

c

h

no lo gy is no w in u se a t t h

e

Do e

R u n Fle t

c

h

e

r

m ill, wh ic

h b e ne f

i ci a t

e

s

a

mi x e d sul f i d e or e . D u r i ng the f

l ota ti on pr oce ss, a ssa y

d a ta f

r om the XRF uni t i s se nt to a pr oce ss contr o l compute r . F l ow me te

r re a

din gs fro m a ll o f t h

e

re a

g e n

t a ddit io n

line s

a r e a l so se n

t t o t h

e compute r , a s

a r e the outputs f r om a va r

i e

t y

of pr oce ss moni tor s. T h e compute r

d i s pl a y s most of thi s d a ta

on a n

ope ra tor consol e i n the mi l l contr o l r oom. B a se d on the d a ta

pr e se n

te

d , the ope ra tor ca n va r

y

the re a

g e n

t a ddit io n

ra t

e

s

t

o

o b

t

a

in be t t

e

r m i ne ra l se p a ra t i o n . Th e c o

m p u t e

r m a

in t

a

in s

a n

a r c h

iv e o f t

h

e

h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

l be h

a

v i o r o f t h

e m ill, e na blin g m ill ma na g e r

s

to spe c

i f

y

e m pi r i ca l f o

r

mul a e

re l a

ti ng r e a

g e n

t ne e

d s to a ssa y r e sul t s. Use o f an o n - l i ne X

- ray anal yzer, co upl e d w i t h

a pro c

ess co nt ro l c

o

m p u t e

r , gre a

t l y s i m p lifie s t h

e o p e ra t io n o f a

m ill. O ne m ill re q

u ire d 2 4 ope ra tor s, thr e e e n

g i ne e

r

s, a nd thr e e

supe r

v i sor s b e f

o

r e thi s te chnol o g

y
S e p tem b e r 1995 65 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

w a s i n tr od uce d ; i t now r e q

u i r e s

a b out e i g h t sta f

f to ope ra t

e . B e ne f

i ts associ ated w i th thi s pr ocess contro l technol o g

y

may i ncl ud e a d e cr ease i n re a

g e n

t c o

n

s

u m p t i o n , a s i gn ific a

n

t e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l be ne fit ; a s t

a

biliz e d pr ocess, i ncr easi ng metal re cover y

ra tes; and mor e ef f

e

cti v e g r i nd i n g c

o

n

t

ro l, a llo win g

a n

inc r e a

se in m ill t o

n

na ge t h

ro u g h p u t . Do e

R u n est i mat e

s i t s co st savi ngs t o

appro a

ch $785, 000 per year, i ncl ud i n g a 14 p e rc e

n

t re du c t io n

in re a

g e n

t c o

s

t s

p e r ye a

r

a nd im p r o v e d m e

t

a

llu rgy re s

u lt in g fro m h i gh e

r

p u rit y

c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

s . I n a ddit io n , t h

e t e

c

h

no lo gy h a

s resul t ed i n a red u ct i o n o f 4, 500 t o

5, 000 po und s o f met a

l ent e

ri ng t h

e t

a

ilin gs p o nd p e r da y. P

y

ri t e F l ot at

i o

n A t the Supe r

i or Mi ne i n A r i z ona , Ma g m a

Coppe r

Compa n

y

i s cur r e ntl y p r o d u c in g a h i gh gra d e p y rit e p r o d u c t by s u bje c

t i n g

c

o

p p e r t a

ilin gs t

o

a

n a

ddit io na l flo t

a

t i o n

c i rc u i t . I n s

t

e

a

d o f ge ne ra t i n g

a t a

ilin gs h i gh in s

u lfide , t h

e

fa c

ilit y p r o d u c e

s

le s

s

re a

c

t i v e t a

ilin gs a nd t w o m a

rke t

a

ble py r i te prod ucts. P

y rit e

e a

s

ily o x

idiz e s

t

o

fo rm s u lfu r ic

a c

id a nd, a t m a

n

y m i ne s i t

e

s , is a

s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h

a c

id ge ne ra t i o n

fro m t a

ilin gs p ile s

a nd o t

h

e

r m i n i n g a

c

t i v i t i e

s . R e m o

v i n g

p y rit e

p r io r t o

disc h

a

r

gin g

t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs will de c

r e a

se t

h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l fo r a c

id ge ne ra t i o n

fro m t a

ilin gs , wh ic

h

m a

y in t u rn mi ni mi ze possi bl e w a ste tr eatment and r e med i a ti on costs. Ma g m a ' s py r i te f

l ota ti on ci r c ui t i s si mi l a r

to i t s coppe r f l ota ti on ci r c ui t a

nd use s e x

i s

ti ng f l ota ti on e q

ui pme n

t. Ope ra tor s use r e a

g e n

ts to f l oa t p

y rit e

fro m c o

p p e r t a

ilin gs , p r o d u c in g a 9 9

p e rc e

n

t p u re p y rit e co ncent rat e. T h i s

co ncent rat e i s pumped t o a set t l i n g po nd f o

r d e w a te

r

i ng a f te

r

e x

i t

i n g

the f l ota ti on ci r c ui t. A s the py r i te d r i e

s, i t i s e

x ca va te

d f r om the pond a nd se nt to the pl a n

t to pa ck a g e f

o

r

sa l e . Cur r e ntl y , the ope ra t i o n of py r i te f

l ota ti on ci r c ui t i s d e ma nd

- d r i ve n, w i th t

h

e ci rcui t used o n

l y

as need ed t o

meet t h

e d e mand f o

r t h

e pyri t e p r o d u c t

. A t o t

h

e

r

t

i m e

s , t h

e

p y rit e

is disc h

a

r

ge d wit h t h

e t a

ilin gs t o t h

e t

a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t

. A c c

o

rdin g t o

M a gm a ' s fa c

ilit y p e rso n

ne l,
" b r e a

k i n g

e v e n " f i na nci a l l y w i th the py r i te f l ota ti on pr oj e c

t i s a sa ti sf a

c

tor y r e sul t b e ca use of the r e sul t a

n

t sa vi ngs or a v oi d a nce of w a ste tre a

tme n

t costs a ssoci a t

e

d w i th a c

i d g e ne ra ti on ca use d b y

py r i te i n the t

a

ilin gs . P o s

s

i ble lim it

a

t io n

s t o wide s

p re a

d a p p lic a

t io n

o f t h

is

t e

c

h

no lo gy a r e r e l a

te

d to the Supe r

i or Mi ne 's uni q ue or e , i n w h i c

h py r i te conce n

tra t i o n r e a

c

he s 2 5

pe r c e

n

t ( c once ntra ti on a t most coppe r mi ne s i s cl ose r to f i ve
S I C C o d e 10 66 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g pe r c e

n

t)
. L o w e r

py r i te conce n

tra t i o ns i n othe r ore ma y ma k e py r i te flo t

a

t i o n

m o

re diffic u lt a nd/ o r

e x

p e n

s

iv e . I n a ddit io n , be c

a

u se t h

e o

p erat i o n i s d e mand

- d ri v e n and o p erat es o n

l y

when need ed , pyri t e

i s re m o

v e d fro m o

n

ly a p o rt

io n

o

f t

h

e

c

o

p p e r t a

ilin gs . T a ilings R e pr o

c

essi n g M a gm a C o p p e r is a l so re c

o

v e rin g

a

ddit io n

a

l c o

p p e r fro m a

t

a

ilin gs p ile a

t it

s

P i n t

o

V a lley o p erat io n . Th e t a

ilin gs p ile c o

v e rs

210 ac res and c o

n

t

ain s 38 m illio n

t

o

n

s

o f t

a

ilin gs ; it was dep o s

i t

e

d bet w een 1911 and 1932. P i n t

o V a lle y h y dra u lic a

lly m i ne s

t h

e

t a

ilin gs p ile , le a

c

h

e

s t h

e t a

ilin gs , a nd p r o d u c e

s c o

p p e r by u s in g a S X / E W fa c

ilit y. A f t

e

r le a

c

h

i n g

a nd wa s

h

in g o

f t h

e

s l u rrie d t a

ilin gs , t h

e

re m a

in in g s l u rry is p i p e d o v e r

la

nd appro x

i m at

el y f i ve mi l e s t o

an ab and o ned o p en co pper pi t mi ne f o

r f i nal dis p o sa l. Th e

p ile ' s o

lde s

t t

a

ilin gs c

o

n

t

a

i n .7 2 p e rc e

n

t c o

p p e r, wh ile t h

o

se de p o s

i t

e

d most r e ce ntl y conta i n . 1 1 pe r c e

n

t coppe r ; Ma g m a

thus pr e - str i ps the top l a

y e r

i n or d e r

to g e t to a n

e c

onomi c a

l l y r e cove ra bl e z o ne . Ma g m a sti l l rep r o c

es se s

t h

is

p r e-s t

rip p e d layer, alt h

o

u gh t h

e c o

p p e r rec o

v e red is ext remel y l o w. T h e hy d raul i c mi ni ng sy stem's w a ter j e ts and vacuum pumps b r eak d o w n c

l a

y

a ggre g a t

e

s , a llo win g

m o

re e ffic i e

n

t t

a

ilin gs se p a ra t i o n , a nd re nd e r

s t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs in t

o

a

s

l u rry fo r be ne fic i a

t io n

p r o c

e

s

se s . Th e

s

l u rry firs t e n

t

e

rs a

l e a

c

h ta nk , the n

g o e

s

to the f

i r

s

t of tw o thi c k e ne r

s . Ove r

f

l ow f r om thi s thi c k e ne r

b e come s the pr e g na nt l e a

c

h sol u ti on ( P L S ) , w h i c

h i s se nt to the sol v e n

t e x

tra c

ti on ci r c ui t. T h e

und e r

f

l o

w f r om the f i r

s

t thi c k e ne r

i s pumpe d to a se cond thi c k e ne r . Ove r

f

l ow f r om thi s thi c k e ne r i s r e tur ne d to the mi ni ng ci r c ui t a s

f

e

e

d f o

r

the hy d ra u l i c ope ra t i o ns; the und e r

f

l o

w i s p u m p e d in t

o

a t a

ilin gs dis p o sa l a r e a

. M a gm a

u se s

t h

e

sa m e

S X / E W o

p e ra t io n

fo r re p r o c

e

s

se d t a

ilin gs a nd it s

in s i t

u le a

c

h o p e ra t io n ; t h

e

r e is no diffe re nc e

be t w e e

n

t

h

e

S X / E W o p e ra t io n

fo r t h

e

re p r o c

e

s

se d t a

ilin gs a

nd othe r

SX/E W pl a n

ts i n use a

t othe r

coppe r

si te s. A c c

o

rdin g t o fa c

ilit y p e rso n

ne l, t h

e

o p e ra t io n

h a

s

re c

e

n

t ly be e

n fina nc ia

lly p r o f

it

a

ble du e t

o

t

h

e

inc r e a

se o f c

o

p p e r p r ic

e

s

a nd is e

x

p e c

t

e

d to conti n ue to b e pr of i t

a

bl e i n the f

u tur e . E n vi r o nme n

ta

l l y , the b e ne f

i t de riv e d fro m t

h

e

o p e ra t io n

re s

u lt s

fro m t

h

e

re m o

v a l o f t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs p ile lo c

a

t

e

d in a dra i na ge a d

ja c

e

n

t t

o

a t

o

w n a nd re de p o s

i t

i n g

t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs in a

n a b a nd o ne d ope n

pi t i n a

re l a

ti ve l y

r e mote l o ca ti on. Ma g m a

cr e d i t s the succe ss of thi s ope ra t i o n to the hi g h conce n

tra t i o n of coppe r

pre se n

t i n the t

a

ilin gs ; o t

h

e

r s i t

e

s m a

y h a

v e a lo we r p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f c

o

p p e r in t

h

e

t

a

ilin gs , w h i c

h may mak e r e pr ocessi ng l e ss economi c al
.
S e p tem b e r 1995 67 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

P i p e

Recy cl i n g

/ Reu s

e I M C o p e ra t

e

s

p h o

s

p h a

t

e

ro c

k

m i ne s

in W e

s

t C e n

t

ra l Flo r

ida , a nd h a

s im p l e m e

n

t

e

d a wa s

t

e m i n i m i z a t io n

p r o g ra m in v o lv in g t h

e

re u se a nd re c

y c lin g o f s

t

e

e

l p i p e u se d t o

t

ra n

s

p o r

t s

l u rry, wa t

e

r, t a

ilin gs , a nd o t

h

e

r mater i al s. I M C ob tai n s max i mum use f r om i t s pi pe i n severa l w a y s :

• P ip e u se d fo r m a

t

r

ix a nd c l a

y

t

ra n

s

p o r

t is p e rio dic a

lly ro t

a

t

e

d t o ensure t h

at

wear i s ev enl y spaced o v er t h

e f u l l d i a met e

r o f t

h

e pi pe

• T o t

h

e ext e

nt po ssi bl e, pi pe no l o nger sui t abl e f

o

r t h

e mo st de m a

ndin g u se is u se d in o

t

h

e

r , le s

s

de m a

ndin g p i p e line s

• P i p e no l o nger sui t abl e f

o

r use i n pi pel i nes i s ei t h

er used f o

r o t

h

er p u rp o se s

(s u c h

a

s

c

u lv e r

t s

) o r

is so ld fo r o ff-s it

e

re u se o

r

sc ra p . I M C h a

s

de v e lo p e d a c

o

m p u t e

r

iz e d m o

de l t o

p r e dic t h o

w lo n

g a se c

t io n of pi pe ca n r e ma i n i n e a

ch posi ti on a nd w h e

n

i t ne e

d s to b e tur ne d
. When pi pe can no l o nger b e used f o

r mat e

ri al s t ranspo r

t

, any und a maged por t i o ns of pi pe a re r e move d f o

r

onsi te r e use a s

cul v e r

t or sol d to a l o ca l sc ra p de a

l e

r a s u s a

ble p i p e . Da m a

ge d p i p e is so ld t o

a sc ra p

de a

l e

r . By r e usi n g pi pe onsi te , I M C e s

ti ma te

s tha t i t sa ve s a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

$ 1
. 5 m illio n eac h year. In 1991, $316, 000 was rec e

iv ed fo r p i p e t

h

at

c o

u ld be reused o f

f

s

i t

e, and 4, 200 t o

n

s o f scrap pi pi ng w a s so l d f o

r an est i mat e

d total of $42, 000

- $84, 000. I M C ' s prog ra m r e d u ces capi tal ex pend i t ur es b y r e d u ci ng the a mount of ne w pi pe tha t must b e pur c ha se d , a s w e l l a s sa v i n g

o

p e ra t in g c o

s

t s

by a v o idin g c o

s

t ly s h

u t do wn s

wh e

n

p i p e s

fa il. Mi n e T i re Recy cl i n g Mi ne r e pr e se n

ta

ti ve s ha ve e s

ti ma te

d the pr i c

e

of one l a r

g e ti r e to ra ng e f

r o m $10, 000 t o

$16, 000, o r

o v er $100, 000 t o

f i t

o ne l a rge pi ece o f e

q

ui pme n

t. Se ve ra l opti ons e x

i s

t f o

r

r e cy cl i n g

or r e usi n g

w h ol e l a r

g e t i res . O ne alt e

rnat iv e is ret r eadin g t h

e t i res fo r reu se; ret r eadin g redu c e

s the d e mand f o

r

new ti r e s and conser ves r e sour ces ( r etr e ad i n g

a used ti r e r e q

u i r e s

l e ss tha n

4 0

pe r c e

n

t of the f

o

ssi l f u e l to ma k e a ne w ti r e )
. T h e p u rc h

a

se p r ic

e fo r re t

r e a

de d t i re s

is le s

s

t

h

a

n

fo r ne w t i re s , p r o v idin g a n a

ddit io na l sa v i n gs inc e

n

t iv e . I n a ddit io n t o re t

r e a

din g, wh o

l e sc ra p t i re s a

r e u se d in c

i v il e n

gine e

r

in g a p p lic a

t io n

s , inc l u din g c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n , e r o s

io n c

o

n

t

ro l, a nd a g ric u lt u r e (fe e

din g t r o u gh s , fo r e xa m p l e )
. P r o c

e

s

s

i n g sc ra p t i re s

in v o lv e s

s h

e

a

rin g , c u t t i n g

a nd/ o r

s h

re ddin g t i re s in t

o

s m aller p i ec es . Th e m a jo r m a

rket s

fo r p r o c

es se d t i res are as t i re
S I C C o d e 10 68 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g de riv e d fu e l a nd in c i v il e n

gine e

r

in g a p p lic a

t io n

s . S c ra p t i re s a r e a n excel l e nt f u el so urce, generat i ng ab o u t 80 percent as much energy as cr

ud e oi l per pound
. I n r e cent y e ar s, ther e have b een maj o r i ncr eases i n t

h

e use o f scrap t i res as f u el b y

a numb er o f i nd u st ri es, i ncl ud i n g po wer p l a n

t s , c e

m e

n

t kiln s , p u lp a nd p a p e r m ills , a nd t i re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s . Mi ni ng compa n

i e

s ma y

b e a bl e to a cce ss the ti r e r e tr e a

d i n g

ma r

k e t thr o ug h the i r

cur re nt ti r e ve nd or s. D e pe nd i n g

on the i r cond i t i o n a nd s

u it a

b ilit y, so m e

v e nd o r

s

m a

y o ffe r re im bu rse m e

n

t fo r u se d t i re s . C o bre , a ti re ve nd or f o

r the D e e

Gol d Mi ne , pe r

f

or ms on- s i t

e

e

v a l ua ti ons of use d ti r e s to d e te

r

m i ne e a

ch ti r e 's pote nti a l f o

r

re tr e a

d i n g . I f a ti r e i s ret read a bl e, D ee Go l d M i ne i s rei m b

u rsed $500 per t i re; i f i t i s n' t , C o b r e will re m o

v e t

h

e

t

i re fre e

o

f c

h

a

r

ge . T

w o ma j o r

i m pe d i m e

n

ts to r e cy cl i n g

mi ne ve hi cl e ti r e s a r e the d i s ta nce to ex i s

ti ng r e sour ce r e cover y

mar k ets and the si ze of these l a r

g e scrap ti r e s. La rge m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a r e no t u s u a lly lo c

a

t

e

d ne a

r t h

e

i r p o t

e

n

t ia

l m a

rke t s in la rge r c i t

i e

s . Fo r re m o

t

e

m i ne lo c

a

t i o n

s , so m e

a dde d e ffo rt may b e necessar y to f i nd or d e vel o p mar k ets. I n or d e r

to re d u ce si ze and h

a

ndlin g diffic u lt ie

s

a s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h

u se d m i ne t

i re s , s h

re dde rs o r s h

e

a

rs m a

y be u se d t o

c

u t la rge t

i re s

in t

o

p i e c

e

s

m o

re s

u it e

d t o

h a

ndlin g. Mi n e

Water Man agem en t One of the ma j o r conce r

ns r e g a r d i n g

r

u nof f f

r om mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s

i s the p o t

e

n

t ia

l fo r a c

id ge ne ra t i o n

a nd m e

t

a

l m o

biliz a t io n

in wa s

t

e

a s

so c

i a

t

e

d w i th mi ni ng . Sources of potenti a l l y contami n ated non- pr ocess w a ter s

at a mi ne si te i ncl ud e: seepag e f rom und e r

g ro und mi ne w o r

ki n gs ; r u nof f fro m a b a ndo ne d/ ina c

t i v e m i ne s ; ru no ff fro m wa s

t

e

ro c

k , o v e r

bu rde n , a

nd t a

ilin gs p ile s ; o v e r

flo w fro m p o nd s o r

p i t s , e s

p e c

i a

lly du rin g h i gh preci p i t at

i o n o r sno w mel t ev ent s ; runo f

f f r o m chemi c al st o

rage areas; f

o

rmer mi ni ng and pro c

essi ng areas w i t h

co nt ami nat ed resi d u e; l e aks f

r om l i q ui d / sl ur r

y

tra n

spor t l i ne s ; a nd r u nof f f

r om othe r

a r e a

s d i s tur b e d b

y

mi ni ng operati o ns. Effe c

t iv e p ra c

t i c

e

s

fo r m a

na gin g

a nd c o

n

t

ro llin g ru no n / ru no ff a r e a l so k now n as b e st manag e ment practi ces, or B M Ps. B M Ps can b e measur es or pra c

ti ce s use d to re d u ce the a m ount of pol l u ti on e n

te

r

i ng sur f

a

c

e

or g r ound w a te

r , a i r , or l a nd , a nd ma y

ta k e the f o

r

m of a pr oce ss, a c

ti vi ty , or physi c al st ruct ure. B M Ps i ncl ud e t r eat m ent requi r ement s , o p erat i n g p r o c

e

d u re s , a nd p ra c

t i c

e

s

t

o

c o

n

t

ro l p l a n

t s i t

e

ru no ff, s p illa ge o r

le a

k

s , w a ste d i s posa l , d ra i na g e f r om ra w ma te

r

i a

l stora g e or othe r d i s tur b e d a

r e a

s . BM P s a p p lic a

ble t

o

m i ne s

i t

e

disc h

a

r

ge s

c

a

n

be div ide d in t

o t h

re e
S e p tem b e r 1995 69 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t g e ne ra l a r e a

s: 1 ) constr ucti on/r e c

l a

ma ti on; 2 ) ma na g e me nt a nd ho usekeepi n g; and 3) t r eat m ent . T h e f o

l l o wi ng t a

bl e pro v i d e s exampl es o

f speci f i c

t

e

chni ques used wi t h

i n each o f t

h

ese areas. Ex hibit 2 5 Mi n e Water Man agem en t T e ch n i q u es C on s t r u c tion / R e c lam atio n T e chni ques Man ag em en t & Ho u s e k eep in g T e chni ques Tr eatment Techniques Di ve rsi on di tch e

s a n

d dra i n

a

g e sy

ste m

s C ompr e h

e

n

siv e po llut i on pr ev en t i on plan S e d i me nt

a

t i on b a

si ns O i l / w a te

r se p a ra

tors Rip-r a p I mmed i at e sp ill c l ean - up N e ut

r a

lizat ion D i kes an d berm s I n spec t ion A r t ific ial wet l an d s Gr ad in g

or t

e

rr a c

i n

g T r ain i n

g

an d ed u c at

ion C o llec t ion basi n s Ro ut

in

e main t e

n

a

n

c

e C a ppi ng or s e a

l i n g P r o pe r ha nd l i n g pr oc ed ur es V e g e tati on an d m u l c h

i n

g P e ri odi c sy ste m

s re vi e w s Silt fen c

es
Th e

fo llo win g

c a

se s

illu s t

ra t

e

h o

w so m e fa c

ilit ie

s a r e a p p r o a

c

h

in g wa t

e

r m a

na ge m e

n

t a t t h

e

i r o p e ra t io n

s . Firs t

, t h

e Ha yde n Hill P r o j e c

t is o

p e ra t

e

d in La s

se n

C o u n t y , C a lifo r

n

i a

by La s

se n G o ld M i n i n g , I nc ., a s

u bs idia ry o f A m a

x

G o ld I nc .. A m a

x

G o ld wo n a C a lifo r

n

i a M i n i n g As so c

i at io n

award fo r it s

fac ilit y rec l am at

io n

p l an , and t h

e 1992 D u Pont/Conoco E n vi r o nme n

ta

l L e a

d e r

shi p A w a r d f o

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l e

x c e

lle nc e in t h

e

p re c

io u s m e

t

a

ls

indu s t

ry. M i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

inc l u d e a n o

p e n

p i t m i ne , wa s

t

e

ro c

k

dis p o sa l a r e a

, a h e

a

p le a

c

h p a d, a nd m ill p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . S t o

r

m wa t

e

r c o

n

t

ro l m e

a

s

u r e s

u nde rt

a

k e n

a

t Ha yde n

Hill inc l u d e :
• B a se line a

nd c o

n

t in u a l m o

n

i t

o

r

in g o f gro u nd a nd s u rfa c

e

wa t

e

r

• D o u ble line r

a

nd le a

k

de t

e

c

t io n

fo r h e

a

p

le a

c

h

p a d a nd p r o c

e

s

s

i n g pond s

• Line d t a

ilin gs im p o u ndm e

n

t

, wit h

a

s

u rro u ndin g fre e

b o a

rd be rm to prote ct a g a i nst r u non a nd ove r

f

l ow

• E r o si on contr o l measur es, such as re tenti o n pond s to i n ter c ept r

u nof f and str e am cr ossi ng constr ucted d u r i ng l o w f l ow per i od s • P r ote cti o n of str e a

m b a nk to pr e v e n

t g ra z i ng i m pa cts
• G ro u ndwa t

e

r

s

p rin gs ne a

r

t

h

e

o

p e n

p i t will be re ro u t e

d

S I C C o d e 10 70 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

• D i v e r

si on of na tura l d ra i na g e a

r ound the he a

p

l e a

c

h pa d
• S o l u t io n

p i p e s

lo c

a

t

e

d in line d dit c

h

e

s . I n a ddit io n , a ll ru no ff fro m t

h

e

s

h

o

p s a

nd wa re h

o

u se a r e a

s is c o

lle c

t

e

d in a

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r c o

lle c

t io n

dit c

h ; a b o v e t h

e m ill a r e a a r e s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r div e r

s

i o n

dit c

h

e

s

t

o

ro u t e

s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r a r o u nd t h

e m ill t o a v o id p o t

e

n

t ia

l c

o

n

t

a

c

t wit h

m a

t

e

ria l a t t

h

e

m ill. Th e

wa s

t

e

ro c

k

du m p

ba s

i n is de s

i gne d w i th i n te

r

i or b e nche s tha t sl ope tow a r d s the i n si d e of the b a si n to a l l o w stor m w a te

r to b e ca ptur e d a s

i t f

l ow s a c

r o ss the b e nch. T h e

se " V " d i t che s will dra i n t

h

e

ru no ff t o

a

h e

a

p t o

e

dra i n . R e v e ge t

a

t i o n

will be a n

im p o rt

a

n

t s

t

e

p

in t

h

e

m i ne ' s re c

l a

m a

t io n . To a i d t

h

is e ffo rt

, v a rio u s e r o s

io n c o

n

t

ro ls

will be u se d , inc l u din g rip

- ra p

in s

h

a

llo w in t

e

rc e

p t i o n

dit c

h

e

s , se dim e

n

t c o

lle c

t io n ba s

i n s , ro c

k dike s , a nd stra w b a l e

s a s

che c

k

d a ms a r ound cul v e r

ts. E x pe cta t i o ns a r e to r e tur n

the s

i t

e t o

liv e s

t

o

c

k gra z i n g , wa t

e

rs

h

e

d p r o t

e

c

t io n , wildlife h a

bit a

t

, a nd r e cr e a

ti ona l use a

f te

r

mi ni ng i s compl e te . T h e C y prus B a gd ad M i ne, o p erat ed b y

t h

e C y prus B a gd ad C o pper C o rp o ra t io n

in Ba gh da d, A r iz o n

a

, is a no t

h

e

r

fa c

ilit y u s in g a n in t

e

gra t

e

d a

ppr oa ch to w a te

r

ma na g e me nt a s

pa r

t of i t s pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on pl a n . Cy pr us' pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on pl a n w a s pr e p a r e d i n r e sponse to A r i z ona De p a rt

m e

n

t o f En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Q u a lit y re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a nd a ddre s

se s m a

n

y a

r e a

s o f t h

e

fa c

ilit y, inc l u din g no n - m i n i n g

a c

t i v i t i e

s

s u c h

a s

v e h

i c

l e fu e lin g. E xa m pl e s

of Cy pr us' pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on contr o l s

i ncl ud e :

• D i v e r

si on d i t che s

to ca r

r

y

r

u nof f a

w a y

f

r om the sol v e n

t e x cha n

g e le

a

c

h

a

nd t a

ilin gs dis p o s

a

l a r e a

s ; re gu la r dit c

h

in s

p e c

t i o n

s

a

nd rep a irs

• R u no ff a nd s p ills c

h

a

n

ne le

d t o

c

o

lle c

t io n

ba s

i n s

a

nd s u rge p o nd s ; p l a n

ne d u p gra d e s

fo r m a

n

y

e

x

is

t i n g

p o nd s wit h

do u ble line r

s

a

nd le

a

k

de t

e

c

t io n

s

y s t

e

m s

• E a r

the n

b e r

m s a r ound pe tr ol e um ta nk s to pr e v e n

t r u non f r om co nt act i ng t h

e t a

nk and surro und i n g areas

• V is u a l le a

k / s p ill in s

p e c

t i o n

s

o

f t

a

ilin g dis p o sa l, re c

l a

i m wa t

e

r, seepage ret u rn, and l e achi ng syst ems • R e d i r e c

ti on a nd contr o l of w a te

r

f

r om mi ne shop pa r

k i n g

l o t

S e p tem b e r 1995 71 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

• C o lle c

t io n

a

nd re c

y c lin g o f s

p ille d fu e l a nd o il; m o

n

i t

o

r

e

q

u i p m e

n

t a

r e a

s

fo r s p ille d fu e l a nd o i l

• C ove r

coppe r - conce n

tra t

e

tr uck s

w i th he a

v

y

ta r

p s to pr e v e n

t i n tra n

si t l o sse s; stor e conce n

tra t

e

on concr e te

a

nd a s

pha l t pa d s

• C o n

s

t

ru c t io n

o

f a

line d im p o u ndm e

n

t a

nd o il/ wa t

e

r se p a ra t

o

r

a

t t

r

uck wash area; chl o ri nat e

d so l v ent s

no l o nger used at t

h

e t r

uck wa s

h , e lim ina t in g a c

o

n

t

a

m ina n

t so u r c e . A nota bl e f

e

a

t ur e of Cy pr us' pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on a nd contr o l pl a n

i s i t s c

o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e ne s

s . A ll fa c

e

t s

o f fa c

ilit y o p e ra t io n a r e a ddre s

se d, inc l u din g fre q

u e nc y o f ro u t ine m a

in t

e

na nc e a nd in s

p e c

t i o n

s ; e m p l o y e e trai ni ng ; super v i sor mai n tenance of moni tor i n g

l o gs ; emer g e ncy b a ck up sy stems testi n g , i n specti on of pi pi ng , sumps, and l i ner s; and moni tor i n g p u m p

ra t

e

s

a

nd p o nd a nd da m e

l e

v a t io n

s . La s

t ly, t h

e

V a lde z C r e e

k

M i ne in C a n

t we ll, A l a s

ka is u s in g s t

re a

m d i v e r

si on to b oth i m prove a

cce ss to ore a

nd pr e v e n

t str e a

m d i scha r

g e s. I n or d e r to access or e sour ces b e neath an acti ve stre am channel , the Val d e z Cr e e

k

w a s d i v e r

te

d b y

constr ucti ng a d i v e r

si on d a m upstr e a

m of the a

c

ti ve pi t; the d a m i m pound s w a te

r , w h i c

h the n f l ow s thr o ug h the div e r

s

i o n

c h

a

n

ne l a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y o ne m ile be fo re re jo in in g t h

e s t

re a

m . Th e div e r

s

i o n

c h

a

n

ne l is line d wit h

a s y n t

h

e

t i c

line r

a nd rip

- ra p t o p r e v e n

t e

r o s

io n

a

nd inc i s

i o n

o f t

h

e

c

h

a

n

ne l. To a

id wa t

e

r m a

n

a

ge m e

n

t in t

h

e a c

t i v e p i t , t h

e

fa c

ilit y u se s

t

w o div e r

s

i o n

dit c

h

e

s

o n

e i t

h

e

r

s

ide o f t

h

e va l l e y

a

b ove the mi ne d a r e a

to i n te

r c e

p t r u nof f b e f

o

r e i t re a

c

he s the pi t. Th e line d div e r

s

i o n c h

a

n

ne l fo r V a lde z C r e e

k

a nd t h

e

div e r

s

i o n

dit c

h

e

s m i n i m i z e im p a c

t t o t h

e

do wn s

t

re a

m e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t by re du c i n g

t

u rbidit y a

nd se dim e

n

t

a

t i o n c a

u se d by m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s . S t re a

m div e r

s

i o n

no t onl y pr events stre am d i schar g e s, b u t al so i m pr oves access to the ore and h

a

s

lo we re d o p e ra t in g c o

s

t s

by re du c i n g

p i t de wa t

e

rin g

re q

u ire m e

n

t s .

S I C C o d e 10 72 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g VI
. S U MMA R Y OF F ED ER AL S TA TU TE S A ND R EG ULAT I O N S T h i s

secti o n d i scusses the F e d e ra l statutes and r e gu l a ti ons that may appl y to thi s se ctor . T h e

pur p ose of thi s se cti o n i s to hi g h l i g ht, a nd b r i e

f

l y de sc r

ibe t

h

e

a

p p lic a

ble Fe de ra l re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a nd t o p r o v ide c i t

a

t i o n

s fo r m o

re de t

a

ile d in fo rm a

t io n . Th e

t

h

re e

fo llo win g

se c

t io n

s

a

r e inc l u d e d
. • S e c

ti on I V
. A conta i ns a g e ne ra l ove r

vi e w of ma j o r

sta t ute s • S e c

ti on I V
. B conta i ns a l i s t of r e gu l a ti ons spe c

i f

i c

to thi s i nd u str y • S e c

ti on I V
. C conta i ns a l i s t of pe nd i n g

a

nd pr opose d r e gu l a ti ons Th e

de sc r

ip t i o n

s

wit h

in S e c

t io n

I V a r e in t

e

nd e d so le

ly fo r ge ne ra l i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n. D e pe nd i n g upon the na tur e or scope of the a c

ti vi ti e s

a t a p a rt

ic

u l a r

fa c

ilit y, t h

e

se s

ummar i es may or may not necessar i l y d e scr i b e a

ll a p p lic a

ble e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l re q

u ire m e

n

t s . M o r e o

v e r, t h

e

y

do no t consti tute f o

r

m a

l i n te

r

p r e ta

ti ons or cl a r

i f

i c

a

t i o ns of the sta t ute s

a nd regu lat i o n

s . Fo r fu rt h

e

r in fo rm at

io n , readers s

h

o

u ld c o

n

s

u l t t

h

e C o de o f Fe de ra l R e gu la t i o n

s

a nd o t

h

e

r

s t

a

t

e

o r

lo c

a

l re gu la t

o

r

y a g e nc i e

s . EP A Ho t line c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

a

r e a

l so p r o v ide d fo r e a

c

h

m a jo r s t

a

t u t e . VI
. A
. G en er al D escr i p t i o n of Maj or S t at

u tes R es o ur c

e

C o ns e r va tion A nd R e c ove r y

A c t T h e Resour ce Conser vati on A nd Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) o f 1976 w h i c

h a

m e

nde d t h

e

S o lid W a

s

t

e

Dis p o sa l A c t

, a ddre s

se s so lid (S u b t i t

l e D) a nd hazard o us ( S ub t i t

l e C ) w a st

e management act i vi t i es. T h e H azard o us and S o lid Was t

e

Am endm en t s

(HS W A) o f 1984 s t

ren g

t

h

ened R C R A’s was t

e m a

na ge m e

n

t p r o v is io n

s

a nd a dde d S u bt it

le I , wh ic

h go v e rn s und e r

g r o und stora g e ta nk s ( U STs)
. Re gu l a ti ons pr omul g a te

d pur s

ua nt to Sub t i t

l e

C of RCRA ( 4 0

CF R Pa r

t s 260- 299) est a

bl i s h a “crad l e - t

o - grave” syst em go verni n g hazard o us w a st

e f

r o m t

h

e po i n t o f generat i o n

t

o

d i s po sal
. R C R A hazard o us w a st

es i ncl ud e t

h

e s p e c

ific m a

t

e

ria l s

lis t

e

d in t h

e

re gu la t i o n

s

(c o

m m e

rc ia

l c h

e

m ic

a

l pro d uct s , d e si gnat ed w i t h t h

e co d e " P " o r

" U " ; hazard o us w a st

es f r o m speci f i c

i nd u st ri es/ so u rces, d e si gnat ed w i t h

t

h

e co d e " K " ; o r

hazard o us w a stes f r om non- speci f i c

sources, d e si g n ated w i th the cod e " F " ) or m a

t

e

rials wh ic

h

exh i bit a h azardo u s was t

e c h

arac t

e

ris t ic

(ign it

abilit y, cor r o si vi ty , r e a

c

ti vi ty , or tox i c

i t

y

a

nd d e si g n a

t

e

d w i th the cod e " D " )
. R e gul a t

e

d ent i t

i es t h

at

generat e

hazard o us w a st

e are sub j ect t o

w a st

e accumul ati o n, mani f e

sti n g , and r e cor d k eepi n g

stand a r d s. F a c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t

S e p tem b e r 1995 73 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
t

r eat , st o

re, o r d i s po se o f hazard o us w a st

e must o b

t

a

i n a permi t , ei t h

er f

r om E P A or f

r om a Sta t

e

a

g e ncy w h i c

h E P A ha s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t t

h

e

p e rm it

t i n g

p ro g ra m . S u bt it

le

C p e rm it

s

c o

n

t

a

i n ge ne ra l fa c

ilit y stand a r d s such as conti n g e ncy pl ans, emer g e ncy pr oced ur es, re c

o

rdke e

p in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s , fina nc ia

l a s

s

u ra nc e mechani s ms, and uni t

- s

peci f i c stand a r d s. RCRA al so contai ns pr ovi s i o ns ( 40 C F R Part 264 Sub p art S and §264. 10) f o

r co nd uct i ng co rrect i v e act i o n

s w h i c

h go vern t h

e cl eanup o f rel e ases o f hazard o us w a st

e o r

co nst i t

u ent s fro m so lid wa s

t

e

m a

n

a

ge m e

n

t u n it

s

a

t R C R A -re gu l a t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s . Al t h

o

u gh R C R A i s a Fed e ral st at

ut e, many S t at

es i m pl ement t h

e R C R A p r o g ra m . C u rre n

t ly, EP A h a

s

de le

ga t

e

d it s

a u t h

o

r

it

y t o

im p l e m e

n

t va r

i ous pr ovi s i o ns of RCRA to 4 6

of the 5

0

Sta t

e

s . Most RCRA r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts a r e not i nd u str y

spe c

i f

i c

b u t a ppl y to a n

y co mpany t h

at

t

ranspo r

t s , t r eat s , st o

r es, o r

d i s po ses o f hazard o us w a st

e. Here are so m e

im p o rt

an t R C R A regu lat o

r

y requ irem en t s :

• I d e n t i f

i c

at

i o n of S o l i d an d H azar d o u s Wastes ( 40 C F R Part 261) l a

y s out the pr oce d ur e e

v e r

y

g e ne ra tor shoul d f o

l l o w to d e te

r

m i ne w h et

her t h

e mat e

ri al creat e

d i s co nsi d e red a hazard o us w a st

e, so lid wa s

t

e , o r

is e

x e m p t e

d fro m re gu la t i o n .

• S t a

n d a r

d s f o r G e n e r a

to r s

of H azar d o u s Waste ( 40 C F R Part 262) es t

a

blis h

e

s

t

h

e res p o n

s

i bilit ies o

f h azardo u s was t

e gene rat o

r

s inc l u din g o b

t

a

in in g a n

I D n u m b e r , p r e p a r

in g a m a

n

i fe s

t

, e n

s

u rin g p r o p e r

p a c

k a g in g a nd la be lin g, m e

e

t in g s t

a

nda rds fo r wa s

t

e accumul ati o n uni t s, and r e cor d k eepi n g

and r e por t i n g r e qui r ements. Genera tor s can accumul ate hazar d o us w a ste f o

r

up t

o

90 d a ys ( o r 180 d a ys d e pend i n g o n

t

h

e amo u nt o f w a st

e g e ne ra te

d ) w i thout ob ta i n i n g

a

pe r

m i t

.

• L a nd Dis pos a l R est r

i c

tions (LDR s ) a r e re gu la t i o n

s

p r o h

ibit in g t h

e d i s po sal o f hazard o us w a st

e o n

l a nd w i t h

o

u t pri o r t r eat m ent . Und e r t h

e L D R s ( 40 C F R 268) , mat e

ri al s must meet l a nd d i s po sal re str i cti o n ( L D R ) tr e a

tme n

t sta nd a r d s pr i o r

to pl a c

e

m e

n

t i n a R C R A la nd dis p o s

a

l u n it

(la ndfill, la nd t r e a

t

m e

n

t u n it

, wa s

t

e

p ile , or sur f

a

c

e

i m pound m e

n

t)
. W a

s

te

s sub j e c

t to the L D Rs i ncl ud e so lv e n

t s , e l e

c

t

r o p la t i n g

wa s

t

e

s , h e

a

v

y m e

t

a

ls , a nd a c

ids
. Ge ne ra tor s of w a ste sub j e c

t to the L D Rs must provi d e noti f i ca ti on o

f s

u c h

t

o

t

h

e

de s

i gn a

t

e

d TS D fa c

ilit y t o

e

n

s

u re p r o p e r

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p r io r t o

dis p o s

a

l.

• U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t Sta nda r

d s ( 40 C F R Part 279) i m po se ma na g e me nt r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts a f

f

e

cti n g

the stora g e , tra n

spor ta

ti on,
S I C C o d e 10 74 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g bu rn in g, p r o c

e

s

s

i n g , a nd re -re f

in in g o f t

h

e

u se d o il. Fo r p a rt

ie

s tha t me r e l y

g e ne ra te

use d oi l , r e gu l a ti ons e s

ta

bl i s h stora g e s

t

a

nda rds
. Fo r a p a rt

y c o

n

s

ide re d a u se d o il m a

rke t

e

r

(o ne wh o ge ne ra t

e

s

a

nd se lls o

ff-s p e c

i fic a

t i o n

u se d o il dire c

t l y t o

a

u se d o i l bu rne r

), a ddit io na l t ra c

kin g

a

nd p a p e rwo r

k re q

u ire m e

n

t s

m u s t be sati sf i e

d
.

• T a nks a

nd C o nta i ne r s used t o

st o

r e hazard o us w a st

e w i t h

a hi gh v o la

t ile o

r

ga n

i c

c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

m u s t m e

e

t e

m is

s

i o n

s

t

a

nda rds u nde r R C R A
. R e gul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 264- 265, Subp art C C ) requi r e g e ne ra tor s to te st the w a ste to d e te

r

m i ne the conce n

tra t i o n of the w a ste, to sati sf y

tank and contai ner emi ssi ons stand a r d s, and to i n spe c

t a nd moni tor r e gu l a te

d uni t s. T h e

se r e gu l a ti ons a ppl y to a l l fa c

ilit ie

s

wh o

s

t

o

r e s

u c h

wa s

t

e , inc l u din g ge ne ra t

o

r

s

o

p e ra t in g und e r

the 90- d a y

accumul ati o n r u l e .

• U nde r g r o und Stor a

g e T a nks ( U STs) contai ni ng petr ol eum and hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces are regul a t

e

d und e r Sub t i t

l e

I o f R C R A
. Sub t i t

l e

I regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 280) co nt ai n t a

nk d e si gn and re le

a

se de t

e

c

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a s

we ll a s

fina nc ia

l re s

p o n

s

i bilit y and cor r e cti v e acti on stand a r d s f o

r

U S Ts . T h e U S T prog ra m al so establ i s hes i ncr easi ng l y str i ng ent stand a r d s, i ncl ud i n g

upg rad e requi r ement s

f

o

r exi s t i ng t a

nks, t h

at

must b e met b

y

1998.

• B oile r s

a

nd I ndustr ia l Fur n a c

es (BIFs ) t h

a

t u se o

r

bu rn fu e l co nt ai ni ng hazard o us w a st

e must co mpl y w i t h

st ri ct d e si gn and o

p erat i n g st and a rd s. B I F regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 266, Subp art H ) a

ddre s

s

u n it

de s

i gn , p r o v ide p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s

t

a

nda rds , re q

u ire e

m i ssi ons moni tor i n g , a nd re str i ct the ty pe of w a ste tha t ma y

b e bu rne d
. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, resp on d

s

to q

u

est i o

n

s an d d i st ri bu tes g u

i d

an ce reg ard i n g al lRCRA reg u

l at i o

n

s

. T h e RCRA H o t

l i n e ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l holidays
. C o m p r e he ns ive Envir onm e nta l R es p ons e , C o m p e n s a tion, And Lia b ility Ac t T h e C o mprehensi v e E n v i ro nment a

l R e spo n

se, C o mpensat i o n , and Liabilit y Ac t (C ER C L A), a 1980 law c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as S u p e rfu nd, a

u thor i z e s E P A to r e spond to re l e

a

se s , or thre a

t

e

ne d re l e

a

se s , of hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces t h

at

may end a nger publ i c heal t h , w e l f

are, o r t h

e envi r o nment. CE RCL A al so enabl e s E P A to f o

r c e par t i e

s r e sponsi bl e f o

r e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l conta m i n a

t i o n to cl e a

n i t up or to re i m b

u r se the Supe r

f

und f

o

r r e sponse costs i ncur r e d b y

E P A
. T h e Super f

und A m end m ents and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 revi sed vari o u s sect i o ns o f C E R C L A ,
S e p tem b e r 1995 75 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

e

x

te

nd e d the ta x

i ng a u thor i t

y

f o

r

the Supe r

f

und , a nd cr e a

te

d a f r e e

s

t

and i n g l a w, S A R A Ti t l e III, al so kno w n as t

h

e E m ergenc y P l anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act ( E PC RA)
. Th e

C E R C LA h azar d o u s su b st a

n c e r e l ease r e p o r t

i n g r e gu l a t

i o n s (4 0 C F R P a rt 302) direc t t h

e p e rso n

in c h

arge o f a fac ilit y t o

rep o rt

t

o

t

h

e N a ti ona l Re sponse Ce nte r

( N RC) a n

y

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l r e l e

a

se of a hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce w h i c

h exceed s a repo rt

abl e quant i t

y . R e po rt

abl e quant i t

i es are d e f

i ned and l i s t

e

d i n 40 C F R § 302. 4. A rel e ase repo rt may tr

i g g e r

a

r e sponse b y

E P A , or b y

one or mor e F e d e ra l or Sta t

e e m e

r

g e ncy r e sponse a

u thor i t

i e

s. EP A im p l e m e

n

t s h azar d o u s su b st a

n c e r esp on ses accor d i n g

to pro c

ed ures o u t l i ned i n t h

e N a t i o n

al O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an ( N C P ) ( 40 C F R Part 300)
. T h e N C P i ncl ud es pr ovi s i o ns f o

r

pe r

m a

ne n

t cl e a

nups, k now n a s

r e me d i a l a c

ti ons, a nd othe r c

l e

a

n

u p s re fe

rre d t o

a

s

"re m o

v a l s . " EP A ge ne ra lly t a

ke s re m e

dia l a c

t i o n

s onl y a t si te s on the N a ti ona l Pr i o r

i ti e s

L i s t ( N PL ) , w h i c

h cur r e ntl y i ncl ud es appro x

i m at

el y 1300 si t e

s. B o t

h

E P A and st at

es can act at o t

h

er si tes; how e ver , E P A pr ovi d e s r e sponsi bl e par t i e

s the oppor t uni t y to cond uct r e moval and r e med i a l acti ons and encourag es communi t y i n vol v e m e

n

t thro ug hout the Supe r

f

und r e sponse pr oce ss. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, a n

s

w

ers q u

est i o

n

s an d

ref eren ces g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to t

h

e S u p

erf u

n

d

p r

og ram . T h e CE RCL A Hot line ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Em e r ge nc y Pla nning A nd C o m m unity R i ght-T o-K n ow A c t T h e Superf und Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 cr eated the E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act (E P C R A , al so kno w n as S A R A Ti t l e III), a s t

at

u t e d e s

i gned t o

i m pro v e communi t y

access to i n f

o

r

m ati o n ab out chemi c al hazar d s and to f a

c

ilit a

t

e t

h

e d e v e l o pment o f chemi c al emergency respo n

se pl ans b y

S t at

e and l o cal go v e rnment s. E P C R A requi r ed t h

e est a

bl i s hment o f S t at

e emergency r e sponse commi ssi ons ( S E R Cs) , r e sponsi bl e f o

r

coord i n ati n g

cer t

ai n emergency respo n

se act i v i t i es and f o

r appo i n t i ng l o cal emergency pl anni ng commi ttees ( L E P C s )
. E P C R A and t h

e E P C R A regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part s 350- 372) est a

bl i s h f o

ur t y p e s

o f re p o rt

in g o bliga t io n

s

fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

wh ic

h

s t

o

r e o r m a

na ge s

p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s :

S I C C o d e 10 76 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

• E P CRA §302 re q

u ire s

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

o

no t i fy t h

e

S E R C a nd LEP C o f t

h

e presence o f any " e xt remel y hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce" ( t he l i s t o f such sub s

t

a

nces i s i n 40 C F R Part 355, Append i c es A and B) i f i t has such sub s

tance i n ex cess of the sub s

tance's thre shol d pl anni ng q

u a n

t i t

y , a nd dire c

t s

t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

a

p p o in t a

n

e

m e

r

ge nc y re s

p o n

se coor d i na tor .

• E P CRA §304 re q

u ire s

t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

no t i fy t h

e

S E R C a nd t h

e

LEP C i n t

h

e ev ent o f a rel e ase exceed i n g t h

e repo rt

abl e quant i t

y

o f a C E R C L A hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce o r

an E P C R A ext r emel y hazard o us sub s

tance.

• E P CRA §§311 an d 312 requ ire a fac ilit y at wh ic

h

a h azardo u s che m i c

a

l , a s

d e f

i ne d b y

the Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a

nd H e a

l th A c t, i s p r e se n

t in a

n

a

m o

u n t e

x c e

e

din g a s

p e c

ifie d t h

re s

h

o

ld t o

s

u bm it

t

o t

h

e

S E R C , LEP C , a nd lo c

a

l fire de p a rt

m e

n

t m a

t

e

ria l sa fe

t y

da t

a sheet s ( M SD Ss) o r

l i s t s

o f M S D S s and hazard o us chemi c al in v e n

t

o

r

y fo rm s

(a lso kno w n a

s

Tie r

I a nd II fo rm s

)
. Th is in fo rm a

t io n

h e

lp s t

h

e

lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t re s

p o nd in t

h

e

e

v e n

t o

f a s

p ill o r

re le

a

se o

f t

h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l
.

• E P CRA §313 re q

u ire s

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

inc l u d e d in S I C co d e s 20 t h

ro ugh 39, w h i c

h have t e

n o r

mo re empl o y ees, and wh ic

h

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e , p r o c

e

s

s , o r

u se s

p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in a

m o

u n t s g r e a

te

r

tha n

thr e shol d q u a n

ti ti e s , to sub m i t

a

n

a

nnua l tox i c c

h

em ic

al release rep o rt

. Th is

rep o rt

, c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as t

h

e Fo rm R, cove r

s

r e l e

a

se s

a

nd tra n

sf

e

r

s of tox i c

che m i c

a

l s to va r

i ous fa c

ilit ie

s

a

nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l m e

dia , a nd a llo ws EP A t o

c

o

m p ile t

h

e na ti ona l T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

(

T R I ) d a ta

b a se . A ll in fo rm a

t io n

s u bm it

t

e

d p u rs u a n

t t o

EP C R A re gu la t i o n

s is p u blic ly accessi bl e, unl e ss pr otected b y

a trad e secret cl ai m. E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s an d di st ri bu te

s g

u

id

a

n

c

e

r e

g

a

r

d

i ng th e

e m

e

r

g

e

n

c

y

p l a

nning a n

d c o

mmunity r i g

h

t-to -k

no w r

e

g

ulat ions
. T h e

E P C R A Hot line ope r

a

te

s

we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Cl ean Water Act

Th e

p r im a

r

y o b

je c

t iv e o f t h

e

Fe de ra l W a

t

e

r P o llu t i o n C o n

t

ro l A c t

, commonl y re f

e

r

r e d to a s

the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( C W A ) , i s to r e stor e a nd ma i n ta i n the che m i c

a

l , phy s i c

a

l , a nd b i ol og i c a

l i n te

g r i t

y

of the na ti on's s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

rs . P o llu t a

n

t s

re gu la t

e

d u nde r t h

e

C W A inc l u d e "p rio r

it

y"

S e p tem b e r 1995 77 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g v a rio u s t o

x

ic

p o llu t a

n

t s ; "c o

n

v e n

t io n

a

l" p o llu t a

n

t s , such as b i ochemi cal oxygen d e mand ( B OD ) , total suspend e d so lids (TS S ) , fe

c

a

l c o

lifo r

m , o il a nd gre a

se , a nd p H ; a nd "no n -c o

n

v e n

t io na l" p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g a n

y p o llu t a

n

t no t ide n

t ifie d a s

e

i t

h

e

r

c

o

n

v e n

t i o na l o r

p r io rit y . Th e C W A re gu la t

e

s

bo t

h

dire c

t a nd indire c

t disc h

a

r

ge s . Th e Na tiona l Polluta nt Dis c h a r

ge Elim ina tion Syste m (NPDES) pro g ram ( C WA §402) contr o l s

d i rect d i schar g e s i n to navi g a bl e w a ter s . D i r e ct d i schar g e s or " p oi nt source" d i schar g e s ar e f r om sour ces such as pi pes and sew e r

s . N P DE S permi t s, i ssued b y

ei t h

er E P A o r

an aut h

o

r

i z ed S t at

e ( E PA has pr e se n

tl y a u thor i z e d f o

r

t y Sta t

e

s

to a d mi ni ste r

the N P D E S pr og ra m) , contai n i nd u str y - s peci f i c, technol o g

y - b a sed and /or w a ter qual i t y - b a sed lim it

s , a nd e s

t

a

blis h

p o llu t a

n

t m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . A fa c

ilit y t h

a

t in t

e

nd s t

o

disc h

a

r

ge in t

o

t

h

e n a

t i o n ' s wa t

e

rs m u s t o b

t

a

in a p e rm it p r io r t o in it

ia

t i n g it s disc h

a

r

ge . A p e rm it

a p p lic a

n

t m u s t p r o v ide q

u a n

ti ta ti ve a na l y t i c

a

l d a ta

i d e nti f y i ng the ty pe s of pol l u ta nts pr e se n

t i n t

h

e fa c

ilit y' s e fflu e n

t

. Th e

p e rm it

will t h

e

n

se t fo rt

h

t

h

e

c o

ndit io n

s

a nd e

fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

s

u nde r wh ic

h

a

fa c

ilit y m a

y m a

ke a

disc h

a

r

ge . A NP DES p e rm it

m a

y a l so inc l u d e disc h

a

r

ge lim it

s ba se d o n Fe de ra l o r Sta t

e w a te

r q u a l i t y cr i t

e

r

i a or sta nd a r d s, tha t w e r e d e si g ne d to pr ote ct d e si gnat ed uses o f surf ace w a t

e

rs, such as suppo rt

i n g aquat i c l i f e o r re c

r e a

t i o n . Th e

se s

t

a

nda rds , u n like t

h

e

t

e

c

h

no lo gic a

l s t

a

nda rds , ge ne ra lly do no t t

a

ke in t

o

a c

c

o

u n t t

e

c

h

no lo gic a

l fe a

s

ibilit y o r

c o

s

t s . W a

t

e

r

q u a lit y c

r

it

e

r

ia a nd s t

a

nda rds v a ry fro m S t a

t

e

t

o

S t a

t

e , a nd s i t

e

t

o

s

i t

e , de p e ndin g on the use cl a ssi f i ca ti on of the re ce i v i n g

b o d y of w a te

r . Most Sta t

e

s fo llo w EP A gu ide line s

wh ic

h

p r o p o se a q

u a t ic life a nd h u m a

n h e

a

l t

h cri t eri a f

o

r many o f t

h

e 126 pri o ri t y

po l l u t a

nt s. S tor m Water D i sch ar ges In 1987 t h

e C W A w a s amend e d t o

requi r e E P A t o est a

bl i s h a pro g ram t o a

ddre s

s sto rm w a te r d i sch a r

g es . I n r e sponse , E P A pr omul g a te

d the N P D E S stor m w a te

r

pe r

m i t

a ppl i c a

t i o n r e gu l a ti ons. Stor m w a te

r d i schar g e associ ated w i th i nd u str i al acti vi ty means the d i schar g e f r om a

n

y c o

n

v e y a nc e

wh ic

h

is u se d fo r c o

lle c

t in g a nd c o

n

v e y in g s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r a

nd wh ic

h

is dire c

t l y re la

t

e

d t o

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g, p r o c

e

s

s

i n g o r ra w m a

t

e

ri al s s t

o

rage areas at an i nd u s t

ri al pl an t (40 C F R 122. 26(b)(14)). Th e

se re gu la t i o n

s

re q

u ire t

h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

t

h

e

fo llo win g

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r d i schar g e s appl y f o

r a N P D E S per m i t : ( 1 ) a d i schar g e associ ated w i th indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y ; (2 ) a disc h

a

r

ge fro m a la rge o r

m e

diu m m u n ic

ip a l stor m se w e r

sy ste m ; or ( 3 ) a d i scha r

g e w h i c

h E P A or the Sta t

e d e te

r

m i ne s to contr i b u te to a vi ol a t i o n of a w a te

r

q u a l i t y

sta nd a r d or i s a si g n i f

i c

a

n

t contr i b u tor of pol l u ta nts to w a te

r

s

of the U n i t

e

d Sta t

e

s .
S I C C o d e 10 78 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

T h e

te r

m " s tor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e a ssoci a t

e

d w i th i nd u str i a

l a c

ti vi ty " me a

n

s a stor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e f

r om one of 1 1 ca te

g o r

i e

s of i nd u str i a

l act i vi t y

d e f

i ned at 40 C F R 122. 26. Si x o f t

h

e cat e

go ri es are d e f

i ned b y SIC c

o

de s wh ile t

h

e

o t

h

e

r

fiv e a

r e ide n

t ifie d t h

ro u g h n a

rra t i v e de sc r

ip t i o n

s

o f t

h

e re gu la t

e

d indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y . I f t

h

e

p r im a

r

y S I C c o

de o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y is o

ne o f t

h

o

se ide n

t ifie d in t

h

e

re gu la t i o n

s , t h

e fa c

ilit y is s u bje c

t t o t h

e s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r p e rm it

a p p lic a

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s . I f a n

y a c

t i v i t y

a t a fa c

ilit y i s

cove r e d b y

one of the f

i ve na r

ra ti ve ca te

g o r

i e

s , stor m w a te

r d i scha r

g e s f

r om those a r e a

s w h e

r e the a c

ti vi ti e s

occur a r e sub j e c

t to stor m w a te

r disc h

a

r

ge p e rm it

a

p p lic a

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s . Th o

se fa c

ilit ie

s / a c

t i v i t i e

s

t

h

a

t a

r e s

u bje c

t t

o

s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r disc h

a

r

ge p e rm it a

p p lic a

t io n re q

u ire m e

n

t s a r e ide n

t ifie d be lo

w. To de t

e

rm ine wh e

t

h

e

r a p a rt

ic

u l a r fa c

ilit y fa lls wit h

in o ne o f t h

e

se c a

t

e

go rie s , t h

e

re gu la t i o n s

h

o

u ld be c

o

n

s

u l t e

d. C a tegor y i : Fa c

ilit ie

s s u bje c

t t o

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r e fflu e n

t gu ide line s , ne w sour ce per f

or mance stand a r d s, or tox i c

pol l u tant ef f

l uent stand a r d s. C a tegor y ii: Fa c

ilit ie

s c l a

s

s

i fie d a s S I C 2 4

- lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s (e

xc e

p t wo o

d kit c

h

e

n

c

a

bine t s

); S I C 2 6

- p a p e r a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s

(e xc e

p t p a p e rbo a

rd c o

n

t

a

i ne rs a nd p r o d u c t s

); S I C 2 8

- c

h

e

m ic

a

l s

a nd a llie d pr od ucts ( e x c e

p t d r ugs a nd pa i n ts) ; SI C 2 9

- pe tr ol e um r e f

i ni ng ; a nd SI C 311- l e at

her t a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g. C a te gor y iii: Fa c

ilit ie

s c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 1 0

- m e

t

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 2

- c

o

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 3

- o il a nd ga s

e x

t

ra c

t i o n ; a nd S I C 1 4

- no n

m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra l mi ni ng . C a tegor y iv: Hazardo u s was t

e t r eat m en t

, s t

o

rage, o r

dis p o sa l fac ilit ies
. C a tegor y v: La nd fills , la nd a p p lic a

t io n

s i t

e

s , a nd o p e n

du m p s t h

a

t re c

e

iv e o

r

h a

v e re c

e

iv e d indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e

s . C a tegor y vi: Fac ilit ies c l as s

i fied as S I C 5015-u sed m otor ve hi cl e pa r

t s; and S I C 5093-au t o

m o

t i v e sc rap and was t

e m a

t

e

rial rec y c lin g fac ilit ies
. C a tegor y vii: S t e

a

m e

l e

c

t

r

ic

p o we r ge ne ra t i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . C a te gor y viii: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 4 0

- ra ilro a

d t ra n

s

p o r

t

a

t i o n ; S I C 4 1

- l o ca l pa sse ng e r tra n

spor ta

ti on; SI C 4 2

- tr uck i ng a nd w a r e housi n g ( e

xcept publ i c w a reho usi n g and st o

rage) ; SIC 43- U. S. Po st

al Servi c e; SIC

S e p tem b e r 1995 79 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t 44- w a t

e

r t ranspo r

t

a

t i o n ; SIC 45- t ranspo r

t

a

t i o n

b y

ai r; and SIC 5171- pe tr ol e um b u l k stora g e sta t i o ns a nd te r

m i na l s. C a tegor y ix: Se w a g e tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s. C a tegor y x: Constr ucti on a c

ti vi ti e s

e x ce pt ope ra t i o ns tha t r e sul t i n the d i s tur b a nce of l e ss tha n

f

i ve a

c

r e s of tota l l a nd a r e a

. C a tegor y xi: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c

l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 2 0

-fo o

d a nd kind re d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 1

- t o

b a c

c

o p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 2

- t

e

xt ile m ill p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 3

- a

p p a re l re la

t

e

d pro d uct s ; SIC 2434- w o o

d ki t c

hen cab i net s

manuf a

ct

uri n g; SIC 25- f

u rni t ure and f i xt ures; SIC 265- paperb o a

rd co nt ai ners and b o xes; SIC 267- conver ted paper and paper b oar d pr od ucts; SIC 27- pr i n ti ng, publ i s hi ng, and allied indu s t

ries ; S I C 283-dru gs ; S I C 285-p a in t s , v a rn is

h

e

s , lac q

u e r, e

na m e

l s , a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 3 0

- ru bbe r a nd p l a s

t i c

s ; S I C 3 1

- le a

t

h

e

r and l e at

her pro d uct s

( e xcept l e at

her and t a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g) ; SIC 323- g l a ss pr od ucts; SI C 3 4

- f

a

b r i c

a

t

e

d me ta

l pr od ucts ( e x c e

p t f a

b r i c

a

t

e

d s

t

ru c t u ra l m e

t

a

l); S I C 3 5

- indu s t

ria l a nd c o

m m e

rc ia

l m a

c

h

ine r

y a nd co mput er equi pment ; S I C 36- el ect r o n

i c

and o t

h

er el ect r

i c

al equi pment a

nd compone n

ts; SI C 3 7

- tra n

spor ta

ti on e q

ui pme n

t ( e x c e

p t shi p a nd b o a

t bu ildin g a nd re p a irin g); S I C 3 8

- m e

a

s

u r in g, a na l yz in g, a nd c o

n

t

ro llin g i n str uments; SI C 39- mi scel l a neous manuf a

ctur i n g

i nd u str i es; and SI C 4221- 4225- publ i c w a reho usi n g and st o

rage. P r et r

eat m e n t P r ogr am A nothe r

ty pe of d i scha r

g e tha t i s r e gu l a te

d b y

the CW A i s one tha t g o e

s to a publ i c l y - o w ne d tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s ( P OT W s

)
. T h e na ti ona l p r et r

eat m e n t p r ogr am (C WA §307(b)) c o

n

t

ro l s

t

h

e i nd i r ec t d i sc h

arge o f p o llu t a

n

t s

t o

P O TW s

by "indu s t

ria l u se r

s . " Fa c

ilit ie

s re gu la t

e

d u nde r §307(b) m u s t m eet c e

rt

ai n pret reat m e

n

t s t

and a rd s . Th e go al o f t h

e pr e t

r e a

t

me nt pr og ra m i s to pr ote ct muni c i p a l w a ste w a t

e

r

tr e a

tme n

t pl a n

ts f

ro m d a mage t h

at

may o ccur w h en hazard o us, t o

x

i c

, o r o t

h

er w a st

es are d i scha r

g e d i n to a se w e r

sy ste m a nd to pr ote ct the q u a l i t y

of sl ud g e g e ne ra te

d b y

the se pl a n

ts. D i scha r

g e s to a POT W a

r e r e gu l a te

d pr i m a

r

i l y b

y

the POT W i t se l f

, ra the r

tha n

the Sta t

e

or E P A
. EP A h a

s de v e lo p e d t e

c

h

no lo gy-ba se d s t

a

nda rds fo r indu s t

ria l u se r

s

o f POT W s. D i f f

e

r e nt stand a r d s appl y to ex i s

ti ng and new sources w i thi n e

a

c

h

c a

t

e

go ry. "C a t

e

g o r

ic

a

l" p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rds a p p lic a

ble t o

a n indu s t

ry o n

a na t i o n

wide ba s

i s

a r e de v e lo p e d by EP A
. I n a ddit io n , a

no t

h

e

r

kind o f p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rd, "lo c

a

l lim it

s , " a r e de v e lo p e d by the POT W i n or d e r

to a ssi st the POT W i n a c

hi e v i n g

the e f

f

l ue nt lim it

a

t io n

s

in it s

NP DES p e rm it

.
S I C C o d e 10 80 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Re g a r d l e ss of w h e

t

he r

a Sta t

e

i s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t e i the r

the NP DES o r

t

h

e

p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t p r o g ra m , if it de v e lo p s it s

o w n p r o g ra m , it m a

y en fo rc e requ irem en t s

m o

re s t

rin g en t t

h

an Federal s t

andards
. E P A ’s Offic e

of Wate r

, at ( 202) 260- 5700, will dir e

c

t c a

ll ers w i t

h

q

u

est i o

n

s

ab ou t the C W A to the a ppr o

p

r

i a

te

E P A o ffic e

. E P A a l s

o ma inta ins a biblio gr a

phic da ta

ba s

e

o f Offic e

o f W a

te

r

public a

t

io

ns whic h c a

n be a c

c

essed t h

rou g

h

t h

e Grou n

d

Wat er an d D r i n ki n g

Water resou r

ce cen ter, at ( 202) 260- 7786. Sa f

e

Dr inking W a

t

e r A c t T h e S a f

e Dri n ki ng Wat er Act ( S DWA) mand at es t h

at

E P A est a

bl i s h r e gu l a ti ons to pr ote ct huma n he a

l th f r om conta m i na n

ts i n d r i n ki ng w a te

r . Th e

la w a u t h

o

r

iz e s

EP A t o

de v e lo p n a

t i o na l drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds a

nd to cr e a

te a j o i n t F e d e ra l

- Sta t

e

sy ste m to e n

sur e compl i a nce w i th the se stand a r d s. T h e SD WA al so d i r ects E P A to pr otect und e r

g r o und sour ces o

f drin kin g

wa t

e

r t h

ro u g h t

h

e

c

o

n

t

ro l o f u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n

o f liq u i d wa s

t

es . EP A h a

s de v e lo p e d p r im a

r

y a nd se c

o

nd a r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds u nde r it s

S D W A a u t h

o

r

it

y. EP A a nd a u t h

o

r

iz e d S t a

t

e

s e n

fo rc e t h

e p r im a

r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds , wh ic

h a r e c o

n

t

a

m ina n

t

- s

p e c

ific c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

lim it

s

t

h

a

t a p p l y t o

c

e

rt

a

i n p u blic drin kin g

wa t

e

r s u p p lie s . Pr i m ar y

d r i n k i ng w a ter stand a r d s consi s t of max i mum contami n ant l e vel go a

l s

(M C L G s ), wh ic

h

a r e no n - e n

fo rc e

a

ble h e

a

l t

h-ba se d go a

l s , a nd max i mum contami nant l e vel s ( M C L s) , w h i c

h ar e enf o

r c eabl e l i m i t

s set as c

l o se t

o

M C LG s a

s

p o s

s

i ble , c o

n

s

ide rin g

c

o

s

t a

nd fe a

s

ibilit y o f a

t t

a

in m e

n

t

. T h e SD WA U nde r g r o und I n je c tion C o ntr o l (U I C ) p r o g ram (40 C F R P a rt

s 144- 148) i s a permi t pro g ram w h i c

h pro t

e

ct

s und e rgro und so urces o f drin kin g wa t

e

r by re gu la t i n g

fiv e c

l a

s

se s

o f in je c

t io n

we lls
. U I C p e rm it

s inc l u d e de s

i gn , o p e ra t in g, in s

p e c

t i o n , a nd m o

n

i t

o

r

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . Wel l s used t o

i n j e ct

hazard o us w a st

es must al so co mpl y w i t h

R C R A c

o

rre c

t iv e a c

t i o n

s t

a

nda rds in o r de r t o

be gra n

t

e

d a R C R A p e rm it

, a nd m u s t m e

e

t a p p lic a

ble R C R A la nd dis p o sa l re s

t

ric t io n

s

s t

a

nda rds
. Th e U I C p e rm it

p r o g ra m is p r im a

r

ily S t a

t

e

- e

n

fo rc e

d , s i nc e

EP A h a

s a

u thor i z e d a l l b u t a f

e

w Sta t

e

s

to a d mi ni ste r

the pr og ra m. Th e

S D W A a l so p r o v ide s

fo r a Fe de ra lly-im p le m e

n

t

e

d S o le S o u r c e A q u i fe r p ro g ra m , wh ic

h

p r o h

ibit s

Fe de ra l fu nd s fro m be in g e x

p e nd e d o n pr oj e c

ts tha t ma y conta m i n a

t

e the sol e or pr i nci pa l sour ce of d r i n ki ng wa t

e

r fo r a giv e n

a re a

, a nd fo r a S t a

t

e

- im p l e m e

n

t

e

d W e

llh e

a

d P r o t

e

c

t io n

S e p tem b e r 1995 81 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t p r o g ra m , de s

i gne d t o

p r o t

e

c

t drin kin g

wa t

e

r we lls a nd drin kin g

wa t

e

r recharge areas. E P A ’ s S a f e D r i n ki n g

Water H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 426- 4791, an swers qu est i o

n

s

an d d

i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to S D WA st an d

a

rd s. T h e H o t

l i n e op erates f r

om 9: 00 a. m. t h

r

o

ugh 5: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l holidays
. T o x

i c

Substa nc es C o ntr o l A c t T h e T o x

i c Sub s

ta nce s

Contr o l A c t ( T S CA ) g ra n

te

d E P A a u thor i t

y

to cre a

te a r e gu l a tor y f ra m e

w or k to col l e ct d a ta

on che m i c

a

l s i n or d e r

to e v a l ua te , assess, mi ti g a te, and contr o l r i sk s w h i c

h may b e posed b y thei r manuf a

ctur e, pr ocessi ng , and use. T S CA pr ovi d e s a var i ety of contr o l me thod s to pr e v e n

t che m i c

a

l s f r om posi ng unr e a

sona bl e r

i sk
. T S C A st and a rd s may appl y at any po i n t d u ri ng a chemi c al ’s l i f e cycl e. U nde r TS C A § 5 , EP A h a

s

e s

t

a

blis h

e

d a n

in v e n

t

o

r

y o f c h

e

m ic

a

l sub s

ta nce s . I f a che m i c

a

l i s not a l r e a

d y on the i n ve ntor y , a nd ha s not be e

n e x c l u d e d by TS C A , a p r e m a

n

u f a

c

t u re no t i c

e

(P M N ) m u s t be sub m i tte d to E P A pr i o r

to ma nuf a

ctur e or i m por t

. T h e

PMN must ide n

t ify t h

e

c h

e

m ic

a

l a nd p r o v ide a v a ila ble in fo rm a

t io n

o n

h e

a

l t

h

a nd e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l e f

f

e

cts. I f a v a i l a bl e d a ta

a r e not suf f

i ci e n

t to e v a l ua te

the c

h

e

m ic

a

l ' s e ffe c

t s , EP A c a

n

im p o se re s

t

ric t io n

s p e ndin g t h

e de v e lo p m e

n

t o

f in fo rm a

t io n

o n

it s

h e

a

l t

h

a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l e ffe c

t s . EP A c a

n a l so r e str i ct si g n i f

i c

ant new uses of chemi c al s b a sed upon f a

ctor s such as the pr oj e c

te

d vol ume a

nd use of the che m i c

a

l
. U nde r TS C A § 6 , EP A c a

n

ba n

t h

e

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e o r

dis t

r

ibu t io n

in c

o

m m e

rc e , lim it

t

h

e

u se , re q

u ire la be lin g, o r p l a c

e o t

h

e

r re s

t

ric t io n

s o n chemi c al s that pose unre asonabl e r i sk s. A m ong the chemi c al s E P A r e gu l a te

s und e r

§ 6 a u thor i t

y

a r e a s

b e stos, chl o r o f

l uor o ca r

b ons ( C F C s) , a

nd p o lyc h

lo rina t

e

d bip h e

n

yls (P C B s )
. E P A ’s T S C A As s

i s

t

anc e

I n for m

at

ion Se r

v

ic

e

, at ( 202) 554- 1404, ans w

e

r

s q

u

est i o

n

s an d d i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to T o x

i c S u b

st

an ces Con t

rol A c t st

an d

a

rd s. T h e S erv i c

e op erates f r

om 8 : 3

0

a. m . t h

rou g

h

4 : 3

0

p . m . , E S T , e

x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Clean Air Ac t T h e C l ean Ai r Act ( C AA) and i t s amend m ent s , i ncl ud i n g t h

e C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s ( C AAA) o f 1990, are d e si gned t o

“pro t

e

ct

and enhance the na ti on's a i r

r e source s so a s

to pr omote the publ i c he a

l th a nd w e l f

a

re a

nd the pr od ucti ve ca pa ci ty of the popul a ti on. ” T h e

CA A consi s ts of si x

S I C C o d e 10 82 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

se cti o ns, k now n a s

T i tl e s , w h i c

h d i r e c

t E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h na ti ona l st

and a rd s f o

r amb i ent ai r qual i t y and f o

r E P A and t h

e St at

es t o i m pl ement , mai n t

a

i n , and enf o

rce t h

ese st and a rd s t h

ro ugh a v a ri et y o f m e

c

h

an is

m s . Under t h

e C AAA, m a

n

y

fac ilit ies will be requ ired t o

o b

t

a

in permi t s f o

r t h

e f i rst t

i me. S t at

e and l o cal go v e rnment s o v ersee, manage, and enfo rc e many o f t h

e requi r ement s

o f t

h

e C AAA. C AA regul a t i o n

s appear at 40 C F R Part s 50- 99. Pur s

ua nt to T i tl e I of the CA A , E P A ha s e s

ta

bl i s he d na ti ona l a m b i e n

t a i r q

u a lit y s t

a

nda rds (NA A Q S s ) t o

lim it

le v e ls o f "c rit e

ria p o llu t a

n

t s , " inc l u din g c a

rbo n

m o

no xide , le a

d , n i t

r o g e n

dio xide , p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, o

z o ne , a nd s u lfu r dio xide
. G e o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

s

t

h

a

t m e

e

t NA A Q S s fo r a g i ve n pol l u ta nt a r e cl a ssi f i e

d a s

a tta i n me nt a r e a

s; those tha t d o not me e

t N AAQ Ss are cl assi f i ed as no n- at t

a

i n ment areas. Und e r §110 o f t

h

e C AA, e

a

ch Sta t

e

must d e ve l o p a Sta t

e

I m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on Pl a n

( S I P ) to i d e nti f y so u r c e

s o f a i r p o llu t i o n a nd t o

de t

e

rm ine wh a

t re du c t io n

s

a r e re q

u ire d t o m e

e

t Fe de ra l a i r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds
. T i tl e I a l so a u thor i z e s

E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h N e w Sour ce Pe r

f

or ma nce S t a

nda rds (NS P S s ), wh ic

h

a r e na t i o n

a

lly u n ifo r

m e m is

s

i o n

s

t

a

nda rds fo r ne w s t

a

t io na ry so u r c e

s

fa llin g wit h

in p a rt

ic

u l a r

indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go rie s . N S PSs a re b a se d on the pol l u ti on contr o l te chnol o g

y

a v a i l a bl e to tha t categ o r

y of i nd u str i al sour ce b u t al l o w the af f

e

cted i nd u str i es the fle x

ibilit y t o

de v i se a

c

o

s

t

-e

ffe c

t iv e m e

a

n

s

o

f re du c i n g

e

m is

s

i o n

s . U nde r Tit l e

I , EP A e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a nd e n

fo rc e

s Na t i o n

a

l Em is

s

i o n S t a

nda rds f

o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( N E S H A Ps) , nat i o nal l y uni f o

r

m st and a rd s o

r

ien t

ed t o

w ards c o

n

t

ro llin g p a rt

ic

u l ar h azardo u s air p o llu t a

n

t s

(HAP s )
. Ti t l e III o f t

h

e C AAA fu rt her d i r ec t

e

d E P A t o

d e v e l o p a l i s t o f so u r c e

s t h

at emi t any o f 189 H A Ps, and t o

d e vel o p regul a t i o n

s f o

r t h

ese cat e

go ri es o f so urces. T o d a t

e

E P A has l i s t

e

d 174 cat e

go ri es and d e vel o ped a sched ul e f

o

r

the establ i s hment of emi ssi on stand a r d s. T h e emi ssi on stand a r d s w i l l be de v e lo p e d fo r bo t

h

ne w a nd e x

is

t i n g

so u r c e

s

ba se d o n

"m a

x

im u m a

c

h

i e

v a ble c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy" (M A C T). Th e

M A C T is de fine d a s

t

h

e contr o l technol o g

y

achi evi n g

the max i mum d e g r ee of r e d u cti o n i n the e

m i ssi on of the H A Ps, ta k i ng i n to a ccount cost a nd othe r

f

a

ctor s. T i tl e I I of the CA A per t

ai ns to mobi l e sour ces, such as car s , tr uck s , b u ses, a

nd p l a ne s . R e fo rm u l a t

e

d ga so line , a u t o

m o

bile p o llu t i o n

c

o

n

t

ro l de v i c e

s , and vapo r reco very no zzl es o n

gas pumps are a f e

w o f t

h

e mechani s ms E P A uses to re gu l a te mob i l e ai r emi ssi on sources. Tit l e

I V e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a s u lfu r dio xide e m is

s

i o n

s p r o g ra m de s

i gne d t o re du c e

t

h

e

fo rm a

t io n

o f a c

id ra in
. R e du c t io n o f s u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s
S e p tem b e r 1995 83 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t will be o b

t

a

ine d by gra n

t i n g

t o

c e

rt

a

i n so u r c e

s

lim it

e

d e m is

s

i o n

s allo wanc es , wh ic

h , begin n

i n g

in 1995, will be se t belo w p r ev io u s lev e ls o f s

u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s . T i t l e V o f t h

e C AAA o f 1990 creat e

d a permi t pro g ram f o

r al l " m ajo r sour ces" ( a nd cer t

ai n other sour ces) re gu l a ted und e r

the CA A
. One p u rp o se o f t

h

e

o p e ra t in g p e rm it

is t

o

inc l u d e in a

s

i n g le do c

u m e

n

t a ll a i r e

m is

s

i o n

s re q

u ire m e

n

t s

t h

a

t a p p l y t o

a giv e n

fa c

ilit y. S t a

t

e

s

a r e de v e lo p i n g

t h

e

p e rm it

p r o g ra m s

in a c

c

o

rda nc e wit h gu ida nc e a nd r e gu l a ti ons f r om E P A
. Once a Sta t

e

prog ra m i s a ppr ove d b y

E P A , p e rm it

s

will be is s

u e d a nd m o

n

i t

o

r e d by t h

a

t S t a

t

e . T i tl e VI i s i n te

nd e d to pr ote ct stra tosphe r

i c

oz one b y

pha s

i n g

out the manuf a

ct

ure o f o z o ne- d e pl et i n g chemi c al s and rest ri ct t h

ei r use and d i s tr

i b uti o n. Pr od ucti on of Cl a ss I sub s

ta nce s , i ncl ud i n g

1 5 k i nd s of c

h

lo ro flu o ro c

a

rbo n

s (C FC s ) , will be p h ased o u t en t i rely by t h

e year 2000, wh ile c e

rt

a

i n h y dro c

h

l o r o f

lu o r o c

a

r

bo n

s

(HC F C s ) will be p h a

se d o u t by 2030. E P A ' s C o nt r

o

l T e c

h

nology C e nte r

, at ( 919) 541- 0800, pr ovide s ge ne r

a

l assi st an ce an d i n f o

rm at

i o

n on CA A st an d

a

rd s. T h e S t rat o

sp h

eri c O zon e I n for m

at

ion Hot line , at ( 800) 296- 1996, pr ovide s

ge ne r

a

l infor m

at

ion about reg u

l at i o

n

s

p

r

om u

l g

a

te

d

u n

d

er T i t l e V I of t

h

e CA A , an d E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s

abou t acci den t

alrel ease preven t

i on u n

d

er C AA §112( r )
. I n addit i on, t h

e

T e c

h

nology T r ans f e

r Ne t w

or

k B u lle t

i n B oar d S y stem ( m odem access ( 919) 541- 5742) ) i n cl u d

es recen t CAA ru l es, E P A guidanc e

doc u

me nt s

, and update s

of E P A ac t

i vit i e

s

. V I .B
. I ndustr y-Spe c i f

i c

R e quir e m e nts T h r e e ty pe s of l a w s g o ve r

n

a nd /or r e gu l a te

the mi ni ng of me ta

l r e sour ce s. T h e

f

i r

s

t ty pe , ( i
. e . , the Mi ni ng i n N a ti ona l Pa r

k

s A c t a nd the W ild a nd S c e

n

ic

R i v e rs

A c t ) , de fine a r e a

s

t h

a

t a r e o ff-lim it

s

t o m e

t

a

l mi ni ng. T h e seco nd t y pe o f l a w , ( i
. e . , t h

e General M i ni ng L a w o f 1872) , d e f

i ne s me thod s f o

r a l l o ca ti ng me ta

l d e posi ts f o

r

e x

tra c

ti on. T h e

thi r d ty pe of l a w , those g o ve r

n

i n g

the e x

tra c

ti on pr oce ss a nd e s

ta

bl i s hi ng re str i cti o ns on the ty pe s a nd a m ounts of w a ste s

tha t ma y

b e g e ne ra te

d , compr i ses most of the f o

l l o w i ng d i scussi on. Ge ne r

a

l Mining Law of 1872 T h e General M i ni ng L a w o f 1872 i s o ne o f t

h

e maj o r st at

ut es t h

at

d i r ect the F e d e ra l g o ver n

ment' s l a nd manag e ment pol i c y . T h e Mi ni ng L a w

S I C C o d e 10 84 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g gra n

t s fre e

a

c

c

e

s

s

t

o

indiv idu a l s

a

nd c o

rp o ra t io n

s

t

o

p r o s

p e c

t fo r m i ne ra ls in p u blic do m a

in la nd s , a nd a llo ws t

h

e

m , o n

disc o

v e ry, t o

s

t

a

k e a c l a

i m o

n t h

a

t de p o s

i t

. A c c

o

rdin g t o

s t

a

ff in EP A ' s O ffic e

o f S o lid W a

s

t

e , r o ug hl y 4

0

pe r c e

n

t of U
. S. mi ne s ope ra t

e

und e r

thi s pr ovi s i o n. T h e B u re a

u of L a nd Ma na g e me nt ( B L M ) , und e r

the D e pa r

t

me nt of the I n te

r

i or , ha s a u thor i t

y

to r e gu l a te

the se mi ni ng cl a i m ope ra t i o ns und e r the Fed e ral L a nd Po l i c y and M a nagement Act ( F L P M A ) o f 1976. FL PM A e

s

t

a

blis h

e

d BLM ' s ge ne ra l la nd m a

na ge m e

n

t a nd p l a n

n

i n g

a u t h

o

r

it

y (4 3 C F R Part 3809) , and requi r es t h

at

mi ni ng o p erat i o ns o n

Fed e ral l a nd s are re gu la t

e

d t o

p r e v e n

t "u n ne c

e

s

s

a

ry a nd u ndu e de gra d a t io n . " W h

ile m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a r e s u bje c

t t o v a ryin g le v e ls o f sc r

u t in y, a l l o

p e ra t io n

s m u s t be re c

l a

i m e

d a nd m u s t c o

m p ly wit h

a ll a p p lic a

ble S t a

t

e a

nd Fe de ra l la ws , inc l u din g a i r a nd wa t

e

r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds s

u c h

a

s t h

o

se e

s

t

a

blis h

e

d u nde r t h

e

C A A a nd C W A , a nd s t

a

nda rds fo r t h

e

dis p o s

a

l o f so lid wa s

t

e

u nde r R C R A
. I n a ddit io n

t

o

re q

u irin g re c

l a

m a

t io n

bo nd p o s

t in g, BLM re q

u ire s m i n i n g o

p e ra t io n

s

t

h

a

t in v o lv e c

y a n

ide le a

c

h

i n g

t

o

m e

e

t t

h

e

fo llo win g

s

t

a

nda rds :

• F e nci ng must b e use d to e n

sur e pr ote cti o n of the publ i c , l i v e s

tock , a

nd wildlife

• F a c

ilit ie

s

m u s t be de s

i gne d t o

c

o

n

t

a

i n t

h

e

m a

xi mum operati n g wat e

r balanc e in addit io n

t

o

t

h

e wat e

r fro m a 100-year, 24-h o

u r stor m e v e n

t; conta i nme n

t pond s must b e i ncl ud e d i n a

l l contai nment sy stems

• L eak a g e d e tecti o n and r e cover y

sy stems must b e d e si g ned f o

r

heap a

nd sol u ti on conta i nme n

t str u ctur e s ; moni tor i n g

of g r ound a nd s

u rfac e wat e

r t h

ro u g h c

l o s

u r e and fina l rec l am at

io n

is requ ired
• C ya n

ide so lu t i o n

a

nd h e

a

p s m u s t be ne u t ra liz e d o r

de t

o

x

ifie d.
A l thoug h B L M ha s g e ne ra l ma na g e me nt a u thor i t

y

f o

r

the mi ne ra l r e sour ces on F e d e ra l l a nd s, the F o r e st Ser v i c e ( F S) al so r e gu l a tes mi ni ng a

c

ti vi ti e s on F o r e st Se r

v i c e

l a nd , w i th a si mi l a r

ma nd a t

e

to mi ni mi z e a

d ve r

se e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l i m pa cts. T h e

N a ti ona l F o r e st Ma na g e me nt A c t of 1976 p r o v ides t h

e Fo res t S e rv ic e wit h

au t h

o

r

it

ies and res p o n

s

i bilit ies s

i m ila r t o

t

h

o

se p r o v ide d t o

BLM by FLP M A
. Like BLM ' s re gu la t i o n

s , t

h

ey requi r e co mpl i a nce wi t h

t h

e C l ean Wat er Act and o t

h

er e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l sta t ute s

a nd r e gu l a ti ons. F S g e ne ra l l y consul ts w i th a

ppr opr i a

t

e a g e nci e s of the D e pa r

t

me nt of the I n te

r

i or , i ncl ud i n g

B L M , i n

S e p tem b e r 1995 85 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

r e vi e w i n g te chni ca l a s

pe cts of pr opose d mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns. F S a l so cond ucts envi r o nmental assessments of pr oposed pl ans and , i f necessar y , pr e p a r e s E I Ss pur s

ua nt to the N a ti ona l E n vi r o nme n

ta

l Pol i c y

A c t. F S a

l so s

p e c

ifie s

s

t

a

nda rds fo r re c

l a

m a

t io n

a

nd m a

y re q

u ire bo nd p o s

t in g. EP A is c

u rre n

t ly p u rs u i n g

a

M e m o

ra nd u m o

f U nde rs

t

a

ndin g (M O U ) wit h the D e pa r

t

me nt of the I n te

r

i or to f o

r

m a

l l y coor d i na t

e r e gu l a tor y a nd enf o

r c ement ef f

o

r

t s concer ni ng mi ni ng operati o ns on F e d e ra l l a nd s. O n go i n g enf o

rcement ef f

o

rt

s are co mmo nl y co o

r d i n at

ed wi t h

B L M S t at

e of f

i ce s, a s

pa r

t of a

b r oa d e r

stra te

g

y

to si mpl i f y

a nd coor d i n a

t

e ove r

si g h t o

f m i n i n g

o

p e ra t io n

s

a

t t

h

e

S t a

t

e

a

nd Fe de ra l le v e l. C l ean Wat er Act ( C WA) U nde r t h

e

C l e a

n

W a

t

e

r

A c t

, Na t i o na l P o llu t i o n Disc h

a

r

ge Elim in a

t io n S

y s t

e

m (NP D ES ) p e rm it

s

m u s t be a c

q

u ire d be fo re a n

y p o llu t a

n

t c a

n

be disc h

a

r

ge d fro m a p o in t so u r c e

in t

o

U
. S
. wa t

e

rs . EP A h a

s e s

t

a

blis h

e

d na t i o na l t e

c

h

no lo gy-ba se d e fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

gu ide line s

fo r o r e m i n i n g and d r essi ng o p erat i o ns ( 40 C F R Part 440)
. T h ese i ncl ud e new so urce p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s t

a

nda rds ba se d o n

Be s

t A v a ila ble De m o

n

s

t

ra t

e

d Te c

h

no lo gy (BA D T). Fo r m i ne a nd m ill p o in t so u r c e

disc h

a

r

ge s , 4 0

C F R Par t 440 establ i s hes the max i mum l e vel s of pol l u tants that can b e r e l e

ased da ily a nd m o

n

t

h

l y. Th e

disc h

a

r

ge r m u s t no t e

x c e

e

d t h

e da ily a llo wa nc e nor the a v e ra g e a l l o w e d ove r

a n

e n

ti r e month i n or d e r

to compl y w i th r e gu l a ti ons. F o r

most me ta

l s , the monthl y a

v e ra g e s

a

r e one - ha l f the d a i l y max i mums f o

r

metal pol l u tants. C o ntami nated stor m w a ter r u nof f f

r om some mi ni ng operati o ns has b een do c

u m e

n

t

e

d a s c a

u s in g wa t

e

r q u a lit y de gra d a t io n , a c

c

o

rdin g t o

a T e chni cal Resource D o cument on ex tracti on and b e nef i ci ati o n of copper b

y

E P A ' s OSW. I n the past, poi n t sour ce stor m w a ter d i schar g e s have re c

e

iv e d lim it

e

d e m p h a

s

is u nde r t h

e

NDP E S p r o g ra m . Ho we v e r, EP A h

a

s

p ro m u l ga t

e

d re gu la t i o n

s

t h

a

t s p e c

ific a

lly a ddre s

s

p o in t so u r c e disc h

a

r

ge s

o f s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r fro m indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s , inc l u din g a c

t i v e a nd i nact i ve/ a b a nd o ned mi ne si t e

s ( 55 FR 47990; N o vemb er 16, 1990)
. T h ese re gu la t i o n

s re q

u ire NP DES p e rm it

s

fo r a ll disc h

a

r

ge s

o f c o

n

t

a

m ina t

e

d st

o

r

m w a t

e

r. T h e Wat er Q u al i t y Act o f 1987 ad d e d §402( p) ( 2 ) ( B) , r e qui r i n g that poi n t sour ce d i schar g e s of stor m w a ter associ ated w i th indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y

(inc lu din g a c

t i v e a nd ina c

t i v e m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

) be permi t t

e

d b y

O c t

o

b er, 1992. T h i s

pro v i s i o n i ncl ud es d i scharges f r o m "a

re a

s

wh e

r e indu s t

ria l a c

t i v i t y

h a

s

t

a

ke n p l a c

e in t h

e p a s

t a nd s i gn ific a

n

t ma te

r

i a

l s re ma i n a nd a r e e x

pose d to stor m w a te

r . " T h e

stor m w a te

r per m i tti ng r e gu l a ti ons ad d r ess d i schar g e s f r om mi ne si tes that occur as a resul t o f preci p i t at

i o n ev ent s

where t h

e runo f

f f r o m t h

o

se si t e

s i s
S I C C o d e 10 86 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

co nt ami nat ed b y

expo sed o v erb u rd en, raw mat e

ri al , i n t

e

rmed i a t

e pr od ucts, f i ni she d pr od ucts, b y pr od ucts, or w a ste ma te

r

i a

l s r e sul t i n g f

r om pre se n

t or pa st mi ni ng a

c

ti vi ti e s . I n the ca se of a c

ti ve mi ne si te s, the stor m w a te

r r e gu l a ti ons a ppl y to b oth stor m w a te

r d i scha r

g e s f r om mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns a s

w e l l a s

to a r e a

s use d fo r t h

e

s t

o

ra g e a nd m a

in t

e

n

a

nc e

o f m a

t

e

ria l h a

ndlin g e q

u i p m e

n

t

, shi ppi ng and recei v i n g areas, and haul ro ad s. Fo r i nact i ve o r ab and o ned mi nes, al l poi n t sour ce d i schar g e s of contami nated stor m w a ter ( i
. e . , s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r t h

a

t h a

s

c o

m e

in t

o

c o

n

t

a

c

t wit h

m i ne fa c

ilit ie

s , m a

t

e

ria l s

o r w a stes) must b e cover e d und e r

an N P D E S stor m w a ter per m i t

. Some stor m w a te

r d i scha r

g e s f r om mi ne si te s a r e not sub j e c

t to N P D E S pe r

m i tti ng , i ncl ud i n g stor m w a te

r tha t i s not conta m i n a

t

e

d b y

conta c

t w i th ove r

b

u r d e n , ra w ma te

r

i a

l , or w a ste ma te

r

i a

l s l o ca te

d on the si te of the ope ra t i o n. T h e f o

l l o w i ng ex hi bi t hi g h l i g hts exampl es of d i schar g e s f rom ore mi ni ng and dres s

i n g

fac ilit ies t

h

at

are s u bjec t t

o

40 C F R P a rt

440 o r

t

o

s

t

o

r

m wat e

r pe r

m i tti ng . Ex hibit 2 6 M i ne Dis c h a r

ges Subje c t to Pe r m itting Ru n off/d r a

i n a g e d i scha r g es subj e c t t

o

4

0

C F R P a r t 440 ef f l u e n t lim itation g

u id elin es S u b jec t to s t orm water p e rmittin g (n ot s u b jec t to 40 CFR P a rt 440) L a n

d applic at

ion ar ea Cru s h e

r are a S p e n

t ore p i l e s, su rg e p i l e s, ore stock p i l e s, w a ste ro ck / o ve rb

u r de n

p i l e s Pu mp ed an d u n p u mp ed d r ain a

g e

an d min e

wat e

r f r om pi t s /und e r

gr o u nd m i ne s Seeps / Fr en c

h

d r ain s On -sit e h a

u l r o ad s, if c o

n

s

t r

u c t e

d of wast e r o c k

or sp en t or e or if was t ewat er

s

u bj ec t t

o

min e d r ain a

ge limit s

is

us ed fo r d u s t c

o

n

t r o

l T a ilin gs

d a ms / d ikes wh en c

o

n

s

t r

uc t e

d o f was t e r o c k / t ailin gs Un re

cl a i me d di stu r b

e

d a r e

a

s T o ps o il piles H a ul

r o a d s no t on a

c

t i v e m i ni ng a r e

a On -sit e h a

u l r o ad s n o

t c

on s

t r

u c t e

d of wast e r o c k

or sp en t or e (un l es s

was t ewat er s

u bj ec t t

o

min e

d r ain a

ge limit s

is

us ed for du st con t ro

l ) T a ilin gs

d a ms , d i kes wh en n

o

t c

on s

t r

uc t e

d o f was t e r o c k / t ailin gs C on c

en t r at ion / m ill build in g/ si t e

(if d i s c h

a

r

g e i s

storm w a te

r on ly , w i th n

o

con t a

c

t w i th piles ) Rec l aimed ar eas r e leased fr om r e c

l amat ion bon d s p rior t

o

12/ 17/ 90 Par t ially, in ad eq uat e

ly r e c

l aimed ar eas or ar eas n

o

t r e leased fr om r e c

l amat ion bon d M o s

t an c

illar y

ar eas (e. g . , c h

emic al an d ex plosiv es s

t or age, power plan t , eq uipment / t

r

uc k m a

int e

na nc e a n

d w a sh ar eas , et c

. )

S e p tem b e r 1995 87 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Th e c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n o f p o llu t a

n

t s disc h

a

r

ge d in m i ne dra i n a

ge fro m m i ne s ope ra t

e

d to ob ta i n coppe r

b e a

r

i n g

or e s , l e a

d b e a

r

i n g or e s , z i nc b e a

r

i n g o

r e s , go ld be a

r

in g o r e s , s ilv e r

be a

r

in g o r e s , o r

a n

y c o

m bina t io n

o f t

h

e

se or e s

i n ope n - p i t or und e r

g r o und ope ra t i o ns othe r tha n pl a c

e

r d e posi ts shal l no t exceed :
Ex hibit 2 7 M i ne Dis c h a r

ge Lim ita tions E f f l u e n t C h ar ac

ter is tic Maxim u m o

f an y

1 d a y ( mg/l ) A v er ag e o f d aily v alu es f

or 30 d a y

s

(m g /

l) TS S 30 20 Cu 30 15 Zn 15 7. 5 Pb 6 3 Hg 2 1 pH * * * With in th e r a

n g e 6. 0 to

9. 0 S o u

r c

e

: 40 CF R 440. 102(a ). Be ne fic i a

t io n is re gu la t

e

d by t h

e

s a

m e

e fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

gu ide line s

a s e

x

tra c

ti on pr oce sse s. Th e

c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

o f p o llu t a

n

t s

disc h

a

r

ge d fro m m ills t h

a

t e m p l o y t h

e f

r oth f l ota ti on pr oce ss a l one or i n conj uncti o n w i th othe r pr oce sse s, f o

r the b e ne f

i ci a t i o n of coppe r

or e s , l e a

d or e s , z i nc or e s , g o l d ore s , or si l v e r ore s , or a

n

y

comb i na t i o n of the se or e s

sha l l not e x ce e

d :
Ex hibit 2 8 M ill Dis c h a r

ge Lim ita tions Ef f l ue nt C h ar ac

ter is tic Maximu m for an y 1 d a y A verage of d aily valu es for 30 conse cut i v e da y

s TS S 30 20 Cu 30 15 Zn 10 5 Pb 6 Hg 0. 002 0. 001 Cd 10 0. 05 pH * * With in th e r a

n g e 6. 0 to

9. 0 3
*
S o u

r c

e

: 40 CF R 440. 102(b ).

S I C C o d e 10 88 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g S a fe

Drin kin g

W a

t

e

r

Ac t (S DW A) T h e Saf e D r i n ki ng Wat er Act may al so appl y t o

mi ne o p erat i o ns i f p r im a

r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r so u r c e

s

a nd C l a s

s

3 we lls a r e a ffe c

t

e

d by m i ne wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r re le

a

se s . EP A re gu la t

e

s

c

a

dm iu m , le a

d , a nd a r

se n

i c

u nde r it s pri m ary d r i n ki n g wat e

r s t

and a rd s (40 C F R 141. 11(b)), and regu l a t

e

s c

o

p p e r, iro n , m a

n

g a ne se , a nd z i nc u nde r it s

se c

o

nd a r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r st

and a rd s ( 40 C F R 143. 3)
. Resour ce Conser vati on and Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) T h e

B e vill Ame n

dme n

t In 1980, C o n

g res s

am ended R C R A in t h

e S o lid Was t

e Dis p o sal Ac t A m e

ndm e

n

t s , a d o p t i n g wh a

t h a

s

be e

n

du bbe d t h

e

Be v ill A m e

ndm e

n

t

, a

f t

e

r R e p re se n

t

a

t i v e To m Be v ill o f A l a b a m a

. Th e

a

m e

ndm e

n

t t

e

m p o ra r

ily e

x e m p t e

d fro m S u bt it

le C re gu la t i o n

so lid wa s

t

e

fro m o r e a nd m i ne ra l e

x

t

ra c

t i o n , be ne fic i a

t io n , a nd p r o c

e

s

s

i n g . Th e

A m e

ndm e

n

t dire c

t

e

d EP A e

i the r

to d e ve l o p Sub t i t

l e

C r e gu l a ti ons f o

r

the w a ste or d e te

r

m i ne tha t t

h

e e x e m p t io n s h

o

u ld c o

n

t in u e , a nd t o p r e se n

t it s

findin gs in a re p o rt

t

o Cong r e ss. E P A mo d i f i e

d i t s hazard o us w a st

e regul a t i o n

s t o

ref l ect t h

e B e vi l l e

x c l u s io n

a

nd is s

u e d a p r e lim ina r

y, a nd q u it e

bro a

d, in t

e

rp re t

a

t i o n

o f t

h

e e

x c l u s io n ' s sc o

p e . I n p a rt

ic

u l a r , it in t

e

rp re t

e

d t h

e

e x c l u s io n

a s

c o

v e rin g "so lid wa s

t

e fro m t h

e e x

p l o ra t io n , m i n i n g , m illin g, s m e

l t

i n g

a nd re fin i n g of ore s

a nd mi ne ra l s . " B a se d on thi s b r oa d i n te

r

p r e ta

ti on of the B e vi l l Amend m ent , E P A suspend e d i t s Sub t i t

l e

C l i s t i ng o f si x hazard o us smel ter w a stes. In 1985 t h

e U. S. D i st ri ct C o urt f o

r t h

e D i st ri ct o f C o l umb i a aw ard e d ju dgm e

n

t t o t h

e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l De fe

n

se Fu nd a nd t w o p u blic in t

e

re s

t gro u p s t h

a

t h a

d s u e d EP A fo r fa ilin g t o

s u bm it

t

h

e

re q

u ire d re p o rt

t

o Cong r e ss a nd ma k e the r e gu l a tor y

d e te

r

m i na t i o n b y the sta t utor y de a

dline . Th e

c o

u r t im p o se d t w o sc h

e

d u l e s , o ne fo r c o

m p le t i n g s t u die s of e

x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n w a ste s

a nd sub m i tti ng the m i n a

r e por t to Cong r e ss, a nd the se cond f o

r

pr oposi n g

r e i n te

r

p r e ta

ti on of mi ne ra l

pr ocessi ng w a stes. I n so d o i n g , the cour t ef f

e

cti v el y spl i t the w a stes that mi g h t b e e l i g i bl e f

o

r

e x cl usi o n f r om r e gu l a ti on i n to tw o g r oups: mi ne ra l ex tracti on and b e nef i ci ati o n w a stes; and mi nera l pr ocessi ng w a stes. In D e cemb er 1985 E P A sub m i t

t

e

d a repo rt

t

o

C o ngress o n mi ni ng w a st

es ( 1985 Report to Con g

ress: Wastes f r

om t h

e E x t

r

act i on an d B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on of M e ta

llic O res, P h osp h

a

te

Rock, A s b

estos, O v erb u

r

d

e

n

f

r

om U r an i u m

Mi n i n g

,
S e p tem b e r 1995 89 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

a

n

d Oil Sha l e

) in wh ic

h

EP A fo u nd t h

a

t so m e

m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

s

e x

h

i bit hazard o us charact e

ri st i cs, t h

at

w a st

e management pract i ces have caused e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l d a ma g e , a nd tha t the ra ng e of r

i sk f

r om mi ni ng w a ste i s b r o a

d
. In J u l y 1986 E P A publ i s hed a regul a t

o

r

y d e t

e

rmi nat i o n, uphel d i n sub se q

ue nt cour t cha l l e ng e s , tha t RCRA Sub t i t

l e

C r e gu l a ti on of ex tracti on and b e nef i ci ati o n w a stes w a s unw a r

ra nted b e cause mi ni ng wa s

t

e

s

t

e

nd t o

be dis p o se d o f in a r

id c lim a

t

e

s , fa c

ilit ie

s a nd wa s

t

e

s a re lo c

a

t

e

d in s

p a r

se ly p o p u la t

e

d a r e a

s

wh e

r e h u m a

n c o

n

t

a

c

t is m i n i m a

l, a nd wa s

t

e

v o lu m e

s

a

r e h i gh
. I t a

l so de t

e

rm ine d t h

a

t it s

h

o

u ld de v e lo p a ris k

ba se d, S t a

t

e

- ru n m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

p r o g ra m u nde r R C R A S u bt it

le

D. I n k e e

p i n g

w i th i t s cour t- or d e r e d d i r e c

ti ve to r e i n te

r

p r e t the Mi ni ng W a

s

te

e x cl usi o n f o

r

mi ne ra l pr oce ssi ng w a ste s , E P A pr opose d to na r

r o w the scope of the e

x cl usi o n f o

r

mi ne ra l

- pr oce ssi ng w a ste s

to i ncl ud e onl y a f

e

w speci f i c w a ste str e ams. U nabl e to ar ti cul a te cr i t

er i a

f

o

r

sel e cti n g

these wa s

t

e

s , EP A la t

e

r wit h

dre w t h

is

p r o p o sa l a nd wa s s u bse q

u e n

t ly s u e d by t

h

e

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l De fe

n

se Fu nd
. Th e

c

o

u r t s ru le d a g a i n s

t EP A , h o

ldin g t

h

a

t t

h

e

A g e nc y ' s in t

e

rp re t

a

t i o n

o f Be v ill e x c l u s io n

s

wa s

o v e r

bro a

d. Th e c

o

u r t o r de re d EP A t o re s

t

ric t t

h

e

sc o

p e o f t

h

e

e x c l u s io n

a s

it a p p lie d t o mi neral

- pro c

essi ng w a st

es t o i ncl ud e o n

l y

" l a rge vo l ume, l o w hazard " wa s

t

es . I n a se r

i e

s

of r u l e ma k i ng noti ce s, E P A r e i n te

r

p r e te

d the e x cl usi o n f o

r m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g wa s

t

e

s

a nd de fine d wh ic

h

m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

wa s

t

e

s met t h

e hi gh- v o l ume, l o w - hazard cri t eri a . T h e vast maj o ri t y

o f mi neral

p r o c

e

s

s

i n g wa s

t

e

s did no t m e

e

t bo t

h

c r

it

e

r

ia

. EP A p u blis h

e

d it s

fina l regul a t

o

r

y d e t

e

rmi nat i o n i n 1991, i n co mpl i a nce w i t h a co urt

- o r d e red de a

dline . Th e

fina l ru le p e rm a

ne n

t l y re t

a

in s

t

h

e

Be v ill e x e m p t io n fo r 2 0 m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

wa s

t

e

s . EP A de t

e

rm ine d t h

a

t re gu la t i o n u nde r R C R A S u b t i t

l e C was i nappro p ri at e f o

r t h

ese wast es b e cause o f t

h

e ext r emel y h

i gh c o

s

t t o indu s t

ry a nd t h

e

t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l in fe

a

s

ibilit y o f m a

na gin g

t

h

e

m u nde r S u bt it

le

C re q

u ire m e

n

t s ; 1 8 o f t

h

e

wa s

t

e

s

a r e s

u bje c

t t

o

a p p lic a

ble S t a

t

e re q

u ire m e

n

t s , wh ile t h

e

re m a

in in g t w o (p h o

s

p h o

gyp s u m a nd p h o

s

p h o

r

ic

a c

id p ro c

e

s

s

wa s

t

e

wa t

e

r) a r e c u rre n

t ly be in g e v a l u a t

e

d by EP A
. W a

s

te

s f r om the e

x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n of or e s a nd mi ne ra l s r e ma i n exempt f r o m S u b t i t

l e

C requi r ement s , i rrespect i v e o f t h

ei r chemi c al cha ra c

te

r

i sti cs; E P A ma y , i n the f u tur e , e v a l ua te the a ppr opr i a

t

e

ne ss of re gu la t i n g t h

e

se wa s

t

e

s u nde r R C R A S u bt it

le

D a s

a n

indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e . W a

s

te

s f r om mi ne ra l pr oce ssi ng , how e ve r , a r e not e x e m pt f r om Sub t i t

l e

C u n le

s

s

t

h

e

y

a r e o ne o f t

h

e

2 0

s p e c

ific wa s

t

e

s ide n

t ifie d in EP A ' s fina l ru lin g.

S I C C o d e 10 90 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g I n a ddit io n , o n

ly wa s

t

e

s

t

h

a

t a r e u n iq u e ly a s

so c

i a

t

e

d wit h t h

e e x

t

ra c

t i o n a

nd be ne fic i a

t io n

o f o r e s

a nd m i ne ra ls

(o r o ne o f t

h

e

2 0

lis t

e

d m i ne ra l pro c

essi ng w a st

es) are excl ud ed f r o m hazard o us w a st

e regul a t i o n . N onuni q uel y associ ated w a stes ar e ty pi cal l y g e nera ted as a r e sul t of m a

in t

a

in in g m i n i n g m a

c

h

ine r

y o r

a s

a re s

u lt o f o t

h

e

r

fa c

ilit y a c

t i v i t i e

s , a

nd c o

n

t in u e t o be s u bje c

t t

o

S u bt it

le

C re gu la t i o n . Th e

se no n - u n iq u e ly associ ated w a stes may i ncl ud e used oi l , pol y chl o r

i nated bi pheny l s, d i scar d ed commer c i a

l chemi c al s, cl eani ng sol v ents, f i l t er s, empty d r ums, la

bo ra t

o

r

y wa s

t

e

s , a nd ge ne ra l re fu se . De t

e

rm in in g h o

w a nd u nde r wh a

t c i rc u m s

t

a

nc e

s

t

h

e

Be v ill A m e

ndm e

n

t e

x c l u s io n

s

s

h

o

u ld be in t

e

rp re t

e

d in re gu la t i n g

m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

s

c

o

n

t in u e s t o b e a sub j ect of d i scussi on and stud y , at l e ast i n par t b e cause many b e ne f

i ci a t i o n te r

m s a r e use d to d e scr i b e a c

ti vi ti e s

common to a w i d e ra n

g e o f no ne xe m p t indu s t

rie s

a nd t o

de sc r

ibe m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g ope ra t i o ns tha t occur a t the sa me l o ca ti on a s

the b e ne f

i ci a t i o n ope ra t i o ns. Be ne fic i a

t io n

a nd m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

o p e ra t io n

s

a r e o f t

e

n

c

l o se l y lin ke d; i n or d e r

to a ppl y Sub t i t

l e

C r e gu l a ti ons a t a mi ne si te , a r e gu l a tor of te

n must pro v e t h

at

t

h

e wast e i s no t a b e nef i ci at i o n wast e. B e cause a v a ri et y o

f re gu la t

o

r

s , a t bo t

h

Fe de ra l a nd S t a

t

e

le v e ls , a r e inde p e nd e n

t l y in t

e

rp re t i n g t h

e

Be v ill ru le s , t h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l fo r inc o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t in t

e

rp re t

a

t i o n

s is

s i gn ific a

n

t

. S t a

ff in EP A ' s O S W h a

v e s u gge s

t

e

d t h

e fo llo win g gu i d e l i nes f o

r

r e gu l a tor s and the r e gu l a ted communi t y i n d i s ti ngui shi n g b e t w een exempt and no nexempt wast es at mi nes and mi neral

- pro c

essi ng si tes:

• D e t

e

r

m i ne wh e

t

h

e

r t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l is c

o

n

s

ide re d a so lid wa s

t

e

u nde r RCRA
.

• D e t

e

r

m i ne wh e

t

h

e

r t h

e

fa c

ilit y is u s in g a p r im a

r

y o r e o

r

m i ne ra l t o pr od uce a

f

i na l or i n te

r

m e

d i a te

pr od uct a nd a l so w h e

t

he r

5

0 pe r c e

n

t of the f

e

e

d stock s

a

r e f

r om se cond a r

y

sour ce s.

• E sta bl i s h w h e

t

he r

the ma te

r

i a

l a nd the ope ra t i o n tha t g e ne ra te

s i t ar e uni q uel y associ ated w i th mi nera l prod ucti on.

• D et ermi ne where i n t

h

e sequence o f o p erat i o ns b e nef i ci at i o n end s and mi nera l pr ocessi ng b e g i ns.

• I f t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l is a

m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

wa s

t

e , de t

e

rm ine wh e

t

h

e

r it i s

one of the 2

0

spe c

i a

l w a ste s

f

r om mi ne ra l pr oce ssi ng . Th is se q

u e nc e will re s

u lt in o ne o f t

h

re e

de t

e

rm ina t io n

s : 1 ) t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l is no t a so lid wa s

t

e

a nd t h

e

r e f

o

r e no t s

u bje c

t t

o

R C R A ; 2 ) t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l is a

S e p tem b e r 1995 91 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

so lid wa s

t

e bu t is e x e m p t fro m R C R A S u bt it

le

C be c

a

u se o f t

h

e

M i n i n g W a

s

t

e

Exc l u s io n ; o r

3 ) t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l is a so lid wa s

t

e

t

h

a

t is no t e x e m p t f

r om RCRA Sub t i t

l e

C a nd i s sub j e c

t to re gu l a ti on. C o m p re h

e

n

s

iv e R e s

p o n

se C o m p e n

sa t i o n

a

nd Lia bilit y A c t (C ER C L A ) A l t h

o

u gh Be v ill wa s

t

e

s a r e e x c l u d e d fro m re gu la t i o n

u nde r R C R A S u bt it

le C , t h

e

y

c a

n

be a ddre s

se d u nde r C E R C LA
. M i n i n g

c o

m p a n

ie

s m a

y be lia ble u nde r C E R C LA fo r t h

e

re le

a

se o r

t h

re a

t o f re le

a

se o f hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces, co veri ng rel e ases t o

ai r, surf ace w a t

e

r, gro u nd wa t

e

r a nd so ils
. M a n

y

m i ne s , wh e

r e p ra c

t i c

e

s

did no t inc o

rp o ra t

e t

h

e

sa fe

gu a r ds no w re q

u ire d u nde r t h

e

C W A , a llo we d ru no ff fro m m i ne a

nd t a

ilin gs s i t

e

s

t o

flo w in t

o

ne a

r

by s t

re a

m s

a nd la ke s . Ev e n

ne we r mi nes, whi c h hav e b een sub j ect t

o

C W A regul a t i o n

s, hav e b een t a

rget ed f

o

r C E R C L A enf o

rcement . S o me o f t h

ese mi nes, such as C o l o rad o ' s Summi tv ille M i ne , h a

v e be e

n

lis t

e

d o n

t

h

e

Na t i o na l P r io rit i e

s Lis t (NP L ). Mi ne ow ner s

may al so b e l i a bl e f o

r

d a mag e s to natura l r e sour ces as a r e sul t of mi ni ng a

c

ti vi ty . C l ean Ai r Ac t (C AA) Und e r §111 o f C AA, N e w So urce Perf o

r

mance St and a rd s ( N SPS) a

p p lic a

ble t

o

m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra l-p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

p l a n

t s

h a

v e be e

n

e

s

t

a

blis h

e

d (4 0 C F R 6 0

S u bp a r

t LL). Th e

se s t

a

nda rds re gu la t

e

e m is

s

i o n

s

o f p a rt

ic

u l a t

e ma tte r i n me ta

l mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns i n cr ushe r

s , conve y or b e l t

tra n

sf

e

r poi n ts, the r

ma l d r y e r

s , pr od uct pa ck a g i n g

sta t i o ns, stora g e bi ns, tr uck lo a

din g a nd u n lo a

din g s t

a

t io n

s , a nd ra il c a

r lo a

din g a nd u n lo a

din g. A l t h

o

u gh a ll u nde rgro u nd m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e e x e m p t fro m t h

e

se pr ovi s i o ns, f u g i ti ve d u st e m i ssi ons f r om mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s

ma y

b e re gu la t

e

d (u s u a lly by re q

u irin g du s t s

u p p r e s

s

i o n

m a

n

a

ge m e

n

t a c

t i v i t i e

s

) t

h

ro u g h S t a

t

e

p e rm it

p r o g ra m s

e

s

t

a

blis h

e

d t o

m e

e

t Fe de ra l NA A Q S s . Na t i o na l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P o lic y A c t (NEP A ) NEP A re q

u ire s

t h

a

t a ll Fe de ra l a g e nc i e

s

p r e p a r e de t

a

ile d s t

a

t

e

m e

n

t s a

sse ssi ng the e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l i m pa ct of , a nd a l te r

na t i v e s to, ma j o r F e d e ra l a

c

ti ons tha t ma y

" s i g ni f i ca ntl y a

f

f

e

ct" the e

n

vi r o nme n

t. A n e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l im p a c

t s t

a

t

e

m e

n

t (EI S ) m u s t p r o v ide a fa ir a nd fu ll disc u s s

i o n

o f s

i gn ific a

n

t e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t s

a nd in fo rm de c

i s

i o n -m a

k e r

s

a nd t h

e p u blic o f t h

e

re a

so n

a

ble a l t

e

rn a

t iv e s

wh ic

h

wo u ld a v o id o r m i n i m i z e ad v e rse i m pact s o n

t

h

e env i ro nment ; E I S s must expl o r e and ev al uat e al l r e a

sona bl e a l te r

na t i v e s , e v e n

i f the y

a r e not w i thi n the a u thor i t

y

of the le

a

d a g e nc y . NEP A a u t h

o

r

it

ie

s

a r e so le

ly p r o c

e

d u ra l ; NEP A c a

n

no t co mpel sel e ct

i o n o f t

h

e env i ro nment a

l l y pref erred al t e

rnat i v e.
S I C C o d e 10 92 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Fe de ra l a c

t i o n

s

s p e c

ific a

lly re la

t

e

d t o

m i n i n g

t h

a

t m a

y re q

u ire EI S s inc l u d e Fe de ra l la nd m a

n

a

ge m e

n

t a g e nc y

(e .g. BLM a nd Fo re s

t S e rv ic e

) a

ppr ova l of pl a n

s of ope ra t i o ns f o

r

ha r d r o ck mi ni ng on Fe de ra lly-m a

na g e d la nd s . A ll e ffe c

t

e

d m e

dia (e .g., a i r, wa t

e

r, so il, g e ol og i c , cul t ural , economi c r e sour ces, etc. ) must b e ad d r essed
. T h e E I S p r o v ide s t h

e ba s

i s fo r t h

e p e rm it

de c

i s

i o n ; fo r e xa m p l e , a n

NP DES p e rm it m a

y be is s

u e d o r de n

i e

d ba se d o n

EP A ' s re v i e w o f t

h

e

o v e ra ll im p a c

t s , not j u st d i scha r

g e - r e l a

t

e

d i m pa cts, of the propose d proj e c

t a nd a

l t

e

rna t iv e s . I s s

u e s

m a

y inc l u d e t h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l fo r a c

id ro c

k dra i n a

ge , a

q

u a t i c a nd te r

r e str i a

l ha b i ta t va l u e a nd l o sse s, se d i m e

n

t pr od ucti on, mi ti g a ti on, a nd re cl a m a

t i o n. E nd a ngered S p eci e s Act ( E S A ) T h e E S A pro v i d e s a means t o

pro t

e

ct

t

h

reat ened o r

end a ngered speci e s and t h

e eco s

yst e

ms t h

at suppo rt

t

h

em. It requi r es Fed e ral agenci es t o e

n

sur e tha t a c

ti vi ti e s

und e r

t

a

k e n

on e i the r

F e d e ra l or non- F e d e ra l pro p ert y d o no t hav e ad v e rse i m pact s o n

t h

reat ened o r

end a ngered speci e s o r t h

ei r hab i t a

t

. In a J u ne 1995 rul i n g, t h

e U. S. Supreme C o urt uphe l d i n te

r

p re ta

ti ons of the A c t tha t a l l o w a g e nci e s

to consi d e r i m pa ct on ha b i ta t a s a pote nti a l f o

r

m of pr ohi bi t e

d " h a

r

m" to e nd a ng e r e d spe c

i e

s. A g e nc i e

s

u nde rt

a

k in g a Fe de ra l a c

t i o n

(s u c h

a s

a BLM re v i e w o f p r o p o se d m i n i n g o p e ra t io n

s

) m u s t c o

n

s

u l t wit h

t

h

e

U
. S
. Fis h

a

nd W ildlife Servi c e ( U SFWS) ; an E I S must b e prepared i f " a ny maj o r part o f a new so u r c e will h a

v e s i gn ific a

n

t a d v e rse e

ffe c

t o n

t

h

e

h a

bit a

t " o f a

Fe de ra lly o r S t at

e- l i s t

e

d t h

reat ened o r

end a ngered speci e s. Sta te

Sta t

ute s I n a ddit io n

t o

Fe de ra l la ws , S t a

t

e

a nd c o

m m o

n

la ws a l so a ffe c

t wa s

t

e g e ne ra ti on f r om mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s . Sta t

e

l a w g e ne ra l l y re q

u i r e s

tha t pe r

m i t

s b e ob ta i ne d pr i o r

to comme nce m e

n

t of mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s ; pe r

m i t

s may requi r e d e si gn, perf o

r

mance, cl o s

ure, and recl amat i o n st and a rd s, a

nd m a

y im p o se m o

n

i t

o

r

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . U nde r c o

m m o

n

la w, a m i ne o

w ne r m a

y be lia ble fo r t r e s

p a s

s

i n g

if wa s

t

e

s

m i gra t

e

in t

o

a nd da m a

ge another 's pr oper ty , or i f the w a ste i m pacts the communi t y as a w h ol e, a m i ne r m a

y be lia ble fo r c r e a

t i n g

a p u blic n u is a

nc e . O v e r t h

e la s

t fiv e y e a

r

s se ve ra l Sta t

e

s

ha ve sub s

ta nti a l l y a l te r e d the i r

mi ni ng r e gu l a ti ons to prev ent t h

e d a mage caused b y

past mi ni ng o p erat i o ns. C o nsi d e rabl e disa g re e

m e

n

t re m a

in s , h o

we v e r, be t w e e

n

m i n i n g

indu s t

ry gro u p s a

nd t h

e envi r o nmental communi t y

r e g a r d i n g

the ef f

e

cti v eness of these State r e gu l a ti ons i n pr e v e n

ti ng d a ma g e to the e

n

vi r o nme n

t.

S e p tem b e r 1995 93 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t M a ny West ern St at

es requi r e mi ni ng o p erat i o ns t o

o b

t

a

i n recl amat i o n bo nd s a nd m i n i n g

p e rm it

s

t h

a

t a r e de s

i gne d t o re gu la t

e a nd m o

n

i t

o

r mi ni ng a c

ti vi ty . Sta t

e

s tha t r e q

u i r e b o nd i n g

a nd /or pe r

m i tti ng i ncl ud e A l a s

ka , A r iz o na , C a lifo r

n

i a

, C o lo ra do , I d a h

o , M o n

t

a

na , Ne v a da , Ne w Me x

i co, Or e g on, South D a k ota , U t a

h , W a

s

hi ng ton, a nd W y omi n g . T o r e gu l a te mi ni ng a c

ti vi ty i n the Sta t

e

of Col o ra d o , f o

r

e xa m pl e , the Sta t

e r e q

u i r e s

mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns to ob ta i n : 1 ) a pe r

f

or ma nce b o nd , 2 ) a recl amat i o n b o nd , and 3) a permi t . T h e perf o

r

mance b o nd o u t l i nes w h at t

h

e

m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

in t

e

nd s t

o

do o n

t

h

e

la nd , a nd is s i m p ly a p r o m ise fro m t

h

e

m i n i n g

o p e ra t io n

t

h

a

t it will re c

l a

i m t

h

e

la nd
. Th is

bo nd giv e s Col o ra d o the a u thor i t

y to pur s

ue re cl a m a

t i o n costs f r om mi ni ng ope ra t i o ns tha t f

a

i l to pr ope r

l y

r e cl a i m the l a nd
. T h e r e cl a m a

t i o n b o nd , a

l so kno w n a s

a

fina nc ia

l wa rra n

t y, e q

u a ls

t

h

e

c

o

s

t t

h

e

S t a

t

e

wo u ld inc u r i f

i t w e r e to hi r e some one to r e cl a i m the si te shoul d the mi ni ng ope ra t i o n fa il t o

do so . A l t h

o

u gh p e rfo r

m a

nc e

bo nd s a r e u p da t

e

d p e rio dic a

lly, t h

e b o nd s have not al w a y s b een ad equate to cover cl osur e costs.
V I .C
. P e nding a nd Pr opos e d R e gula tor y

R e quir e m e nts C o m p re h

e

n

s

iv e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l R e s

p o n

se , C o m p e n

s

a

t i o n , a nd Lia bilit y A c t (C ER C L A ) T h e E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

R i g h t- T o- K now Act of 1986 (EP C R A ) S e c

t io n

313 m a

nd at es t

h

at

o

w ne rs

and o p erat o

r

s

o f fac ilit ies t

h

at ma nuf a

ctur e , pr oce ss, or othe r

w i se use a l i s te

d che m i c

a

l r e por t to E P A t

h

ei r annual rel e ases o f t

h

ese chemi c al s t o any env i ro nment a

l med i um. EP A m a

ke s

t

h

is

in fo rm a

t io n

a v a ila ble t

o

t

h

e

p u blic in t

h

e

fo rm o f t h

e To xic s R e lease In v e n

t

o

r

y (TR I). TR I c u rren t ly requ ires rep o rt

in g fro m fa c

ilit ie

s

in S I C c o

de s

2

0

- 3 9

t

h

a

t m e

e

t v a rio u s t

h

re s

h

o

ld re q

u ire m e

n

t s . E P C R A Sect i o n 313 gi ves E P A d i scret i o nary aut h

o

r

i t

y t o

mo d i f y t h

e c

o

v e ra ge o f fa c

ilit ie

s

re q

u ire d t o

re p o rt

t

o EP A fo r inc l u s io n in t h

e TR I
. EP A is c o

n

s

ide rin g

e x

p a ndin g t h

e

TR I t h

ro u g h t h

e de v e lo p m e

n

t o f re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s

fo r a ddit io na l fa c

ilit ie

s . Th e

se a

ddit io n

a

l fa c

ilit ie

s i ncl ud e a l i s t of 2 5

SI C cod e s tha t contr i b u te 9 9

pe r c e

n

t of the nonm a

n

u fa c

t u r in g TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l lo a

din gs t

o

t

h

e

e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

. S I C c o

de 1 0 is a

m ong the se 2 5

SI C cod e s. E P A a n

ti ci pa te

s publ i c a

t i o n of a pr opose d r u l e in lat e

1995 o r

early 1996 requ irin g addit io n

a

l fac ilit ies t

o rep o rt t h

e u se, rel e ase, and t ransf er o f T R I chemi c al s. C l ean Wat er Act ( C WA) A c o

m p reh e

n

s

iv e bill was in t

r o d u c ed in C o n

g res s

in 1995 t o

reau t h

o

r

ize t

h

e

C l e a

n

W a

t

e

r

A c t

. Th e

bill m a

y a ffe c

t EP A ' s a u t h

o

r

it

y t o

re q

u ire

S I C C o d e 10 94 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g cha n

g e s i n pr od ucti on proce sse s, pr od ucts, or ra w ma te

r

i a

l s to contr o l emi ssi ons of tox i n s; may r e qui r e r i sk assessments f o

r

w a ter qual i t y s

t

a

nda rds , e fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

s

o r

o t

h

e

r

re gu la t

o

r

y re q

u ire m e

n

t s ; a nd m a

y re q

u ire so c

i a

l , e c

o

no m ic

, a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l be ne fit s

t o

be we igh e

d in e

s

ta

bl i s hi ng r e gu l a ti ons. Pote nti a l l y l a r

g e se ctor s of the mi ni ng i nd u str y c

o

u ld be a

ffe c

t

e

d by t h

is

le gis l a

t io n . C l ean Ai r Ac t (C AA) E P A co nt i n ues t o

prepare rul e s f o

r i nd u st ry so urces sub j ect t o hazard o us a

i r p o llu t a

n

t s t

a

nda rds u nde r t h

e

C A A , a s

a m e

nde d. Th e

so u r c e

s a r e t

h

o

se t h

at

emi t o ne o r

mo re o f t

h

e 189 sub s

t

a

nces d e f

i ned as hazard o us ai r p o llu t a

n

t s (HA P s ) u nde r t h

e

C A A
. Th e

EP A p u blis h

e

d a lis t o f t

h

e

se sour ces i n 1992 and has b e gu n to d e f

i ne Max i mum Achi evabl e C o ntr o l S t a

nda rds t

h

a

t will a p p l y t o

t

h

e

m . A l t h

o

u gh t

h

e

t

i m e

t

a

ble fo r is s

u in g regu lat o

r

y c o

n

t

ro ls

v a ries , p r o p o sed s t

andards fo r m o

s

t m i ne ral i nd u st ri es are d u e b y

N o vemb er 15, 1997. E P A i s al so revi ew i n g and upd a t i ng nat i o n

al ambi ent ai r qual i t y s

t

a

nda rds (NA A Q S ) fo r p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, o z o ne , a nd s u lfu r dio xide t

o i ncor p orate new sci enti f i c and techni cal i n f

o

r

m ati o n that has b e come a

v a ila ble s i nc e

t

h

e

la s

t re v i e w s . Ba se d o n

t

h

e

se re v i se d da t

a

, EP A will d e te

r

m i ne w h e

t

he r re vi si ons to the sta nd a r d s a r e a ppr opr i a

t

e . T h e

me ta

l m i n i n g

se c

t

o

r

will be a

ffe c

t

e

d by a n

y re v i s i o n

s

t

o

t

h

e

se s

t

a

nda rds
. Resour ce Conser vati on and Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) Th e Hazardo u s and S o lid Was t

e

Am endm en t s

o f 1984 requ ire EP A t o pr omul g a te r e gu l a ti ons e s

ta

bl i s hi ng tr e a

tme n

t sta nd a r d s tha t must b e me t b e f

o

re hazard o us w a st

e may b e d i s po sed o n

l a nd
. An anno uncement o f new pro p o sed rul e maki ng w a s mad e o n

O c t

o

b er 24, 1991 i n 56 C F R 55160. T h e pro p o sed rul e maki ng est a

bl i s hed t r eat m ent st and a rd s f o

r c

e

rt

a

i n m i ne ra l p ro c

e

s

s

i n g

wa s

t

e

a nd t o

x

ic

it

y c h

a

ra c

t

e

ris t ic m e

t

a

ls
. Pro p o sed rul e maki ng i s expect ed mi d

- 1995 and f i nal act i o n

i s expect ed mi d

- 1996. In a J u l y 1986 R e gul a t

o

r

y D e t

e

rmi nat i o n, E P A st at

ed t h

at

i t w a s no t a

ppr opr i a

t

e to r e gu l a te

the e

x

tra c

ti on a nd b e ne f

i ci a t i o n w a ste s

cove r e d i n t

h

e 1985 Rep o

rt

to Con g

ress: Wast es f r

om t

h

e E x t

r

act i on an d B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on of M e ta

llic O res, P h osp h

a

te

Rock, A s b

estos, O v erb u

r

d

e

n

f

r

om U r an i u m

Mi n i n g

, a

n

d Oil Sha l e

. A m ong the r e a

sons ci te d b y

E P A f o

r

the spe c

i a

l tr e a

tme n

t of mi ni ng w a stes w e r e : 1) mi ni ng w a ste i s g e nera ted i n much l a r

g er v o lu m e

s t h

a

n

indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e

s

(t h

e

a v e ra g e m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

fa c

ilit y pro d uces 3, 000, 000 met r

i c

t o

n

s o f w a st

e annual l y , w h i l e t h

e average
S e p tem b e r 1995 95 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t R C R A Sub t i t

l e

C regul a t

e

d w a st

e pro d ucer pro d uces 50, 000 met r

i c t o

n

s a

n

n

u a lly); 2 ) m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

s

i t

e

s

a r e u s u a lly m u c h

la rge r

t

h

a

n

t

ra dit io na l was t

e p ro d u c ers . Th e av erage t a

ilin gs p ile c o

v e rs

494 ac res and t h

e average mi ni ng w a st

e pi l e s co ver 126 acres, w h i l e t

h

e average Sub t i t

l e C h

azardo u s was t

e im p o u ndm en t o f land fill is s

i x t o

t

e

n

ac res ; 3) m i n i n g w a ste str e ams ar e b e l i e ved to have l o w e r

human ex posur e and r i sk p o t

e

n

t ia

l. A s a re s

u lt , EP A de t

e

rm ine d t h

a

t R C R A S u bt it

le

C c o

n

t

ro ls m a

y be ne it

h

e

r t e

c

h

n

i c

a

lly no r e c

o

no m ic

a

lly fe a

s

ible , no r a t t

i m e

s

ne c

e

s

s

a

ry t o pr ote ct huma n he a

l th a nd the e n

vi r o nme n

t. E P A r e comme nd e d de v e lo p m e

n

t o f a p r im a

r

ily S t a

t

e

- im p l e m e

n

t

e

d, s i t

e

-s

p e c

i fic , a nd ris k

ba se d re gu la t

o

r

y a p p r o a

c

h

u nde r S u bt it

le

D o f R C R A
. Th e re s

u lt wa s t h

e preparat i o n o f Str a

w

m

a

n

I and II p r o p o sa l s , wh ic

h

wo u ld re gu la t

e ma te

r

i a

l uni q ue l y

a ssoci a t

e

d w i th mi ni ng tha t the r e gu l a tor y

a u thor i t

y d e te

r

m i ne s

coul d pose a thr e a

t to huma n he a

l th a nd the e n

vi r o nme n

t, inc l u din g m ill t a

ilin gs , s t

o

c

kp ile d o r e s , le a

c

h

i n g

so lu t i o n

s , a nd wa t

e

r t h

a

t may accumul ate hazard o us consti tuents. Whi l e t

h

e St raw m an pro p o s

al s no l o nger represent a vi abl e and current A g e ncy a ppr oa ch to the mi ni ng i nd u str y , E P A ma y

i n the f

u tur e e

v a l ua te the a

ppr opr i a

t

e

ne ss of r e gu l a ti ng mi ni ng w a ste und e r

RCRA Sub t i t

l e D a s a

n

indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e .

S I C C o d e 10 96 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g V II. C O M PLI AN C E AN D E NF OR C E ME NT P RO FIL E B a c

k gr ound To da t

e , EP A h a

s

fo c

u se d m u c h

o f it s

a t t

e

n

t io n

o n

m e

a

s

u r in g c o

m p lia nc e wi t h

speci f i c

env i ro nment a

l st at

ut es. T h i s

appro a

ch al l o ws t h

e Agency t o tra c

k

compl i a nce w i th the Cl e a

n A i r A c t, the Re sour ce Conse r

va ti on a nd R e co v e ry Act , t h

e C l ean Wat er Act , and o t

h

er env i ro nment a

l st at

ut es. Wi thi n the l a st severa l y e ar s, the A g ency has b e gu n to suppl ement si ng l em e

dia c o

m p lia nc e

indic a

t

o

r

s

wit h

fa c

ilit y-s p e c

ific , m u l t i -m e

dia indic a

t

o

r

s o

f c

o

m p lia nc e . I n do in g so , EP A is in a

be t t

e

r p o s

i t

i o n

t

o

t

ra c

k c o

m p lia nc e wit h

a

ll s t

a

t u t e

s

a

t t

h

e

fa c

ilit y le v e l, a nd wit h

in s

p e c

ific indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r

s . A m a jo r s t

e

p

in bu ildin g t h

e

c a

p a c

i t

y

t o

c o

m p ile m u l t i m e

dia da t

a fo r i nd u str i a

l se ctor s w a s the cr e a

ti on of E P A ' s I n te

g ra t

e

d D a ta f o

r E n f

o

rc ement A nal y s i s

( I D E A ) sy stem. I D E A has the capaci ty to " r ead i n to" the A g ency 's si ng l e - m ed i a d a tab a ses, ex tract compl i a nce r e cor d s, a

nd m a

t

c

h

t h

e

re c

o

rds t o

indiv idu a l fa c

ilit ie

s . Th e I D EA s y s t

e

m c a

n match A i r , Water , Waste, T o x

i cs/Pesti c i d e s/E P CRA , T R I , and En fo rc e

m e

n

t Do c

k e t re c

o

rds fo r a giv e n

fa c

ilit y, a nd ge ne ra t

e a lis t o f hi stor i c

a

l pe r

m i t

, i n spe c

ti on, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ty . I D E A a l so ha s the c

a

p a bilit y t o a na l yz e da t

a

by ge o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

a nd c o

rp o ra t

e

h o

lde r. A s the ca pa ci ty to g e ne ra te

mul ti me d i a compl i a nce d a ta i m pr ove s , E P A w i l l m a

ke a v a ila ble m o

re in -de p t h

c o

m p lia nc e

a nd e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t in fo rm a

t io n . A ddit io na lly, se c

t

o

r -s p e c

i fic m e

a

s

u r e s

o f s u c c

e

s

s

fo r c o

m p lia nc e assi stance ef f

o

r

t s ar e und e r

d e vel o pment.

C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Pr of ile Des c r

iption U s i n g i n spe c

ti on, vi ol a t i o n, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t d a ta

f

r om the I D E A sy ste m , t

h

is

se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

in fo rm a

t io n

re ga rdin g t h

e h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

l c o

m p lia nc e a nd e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i v i t y

o f t

h

is

se c

t

o

r . I n o r de r t o

m i rro r t h

e fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se re p o rt

e

d in t h

e

To xic C h e

m ic

a

l P r o f

ile , t h

e

da t

a

re p o rt

e

d wit h

in t h

is se cti o n consi s t onl y of r e cor d s f r om the T R I r e por t i n g

uni v e r

se . W i th thi s d e ci si on, the sel e cti o n cr i t

er i a

ar e consi s tent acro ss sector s w i th cer t

ai n e

x ce pti o ns. F o r

the se ctor s tha t d o not nor m a

l l y re por t to the T R I p r o g ra m , da t

a h a

v e be e

n

p r o v ide d fro m EP A ' s Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S y s t

e

m (FI N DS ), wh ic

h t ra c

ks fa c

ilit ie

s

in a

ll m e

dia da t

a

ba se s . P l e a

se no t

e

t

h

a

t in t

h

is

se c

t io n

EP A do e

s

no t a

t t

e

m p t t

o

de fine t

h

e

a c

t u a l n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s that f a

l l w i thi n each sector
. I n stead , the secti o n por t

ra y s the r e cord s of a s

u bse t o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t h

e

se c

t

o

r

t h

a

t a r e we ll-de fine d wit h

in EP A d a tab a ses.
S e p tem b e r 1995 97 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

A s a che c

k on the r e l a

ti ve si z e of the f

u l l se ctor uni v e r

se , most note b ook s c

o

n

t

a

i n a n e s

t i m a

t

e

d n u m b e r o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

e

se c

t

o

r

a c

c

o

rdin g t o the B u r e a

u of Ce nsus ( S e e

Se cti o n I I )
. W i th se ctor s d o mi na te

d b y

sma l l b

u si nesses, such as metal f i ni sher s and pr i n ter s , the r e por t i n g

uni v er se wit h

in EP A da t

a

ba se s

m a

y be s

m a

ll c o

m p a r e d t o

C e n

s

u s da t

a

. Ho we v e r, t

h

e

gro u p se le

c

t

e

d fo r inc l u s io n

in t

h

is

da t

a

a na l ys is

se c

t io n

s h

o

u ld be consi s te

nt w i th thi s se ctor 's g e ne ra l ma k e - u p. Fo llo win g t h

is in t

ro d u c t i o n is a

lis t de fin i n g

e a

c

h

da t

a

c

o

lu m n

p r e se n

t

e

d w i thi n thi s secti o n. T h ese val u es r e pr esent a r e trospecti v e summar y

of i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons, a nd sol e l y

re f

l e

c

t E P A , Sta t

e , a nd lo c

a

l c o

m p lia nc e

a s

s

u ra nc e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

t h

a

t h a

v e be e

n

e n

t

e

re d in t

o EP A da t

a

ba se s . To ide n

t ify a n

y c h

a

n

ge s

in t r e nds , t h

e EP A ra n t w o da t

a queri e s, o ne f o

r t h

e past f

i ve cal e nd ar years (A ugust 10, 1990 t o August 9, 1995) and t h

e o t

h

er f o

r t h

e mo st

recent t

w el ve- m o

n

t

h

peri o d (A ugust 10, 1994 t o

August 9, 1995)
. T h e f i ve- y ear anal ysi s gi ves an average l e vel o f a

c

ti vi ty f

o

r

tha t pe r

i od f o

r

compa r

i son to the mor e r e ce nt a c

ti vi ty . B e cause most i n specti ons f o

cus on si ng l e - m ed i a r e qui r ements, the d a ta q

u e r

ie

s

p re se n

t

e

d in t

h

is

se c

t io n

a r e t

a

ke n fro m s i n g le -m e

dia da t

a

ba se s . T h e

se d a ta

b a se s d o not pr ovi d e d a ta

on w h e

t

he r i n spe c

ti ons a r e S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l o r

EP A

- le d. Ho we v e r, t h

e

t

a

ble bre a

kin g

do wn t

h

e

u n iv e r

se o

f v i o l at i o ns d o es gi v e t

h

e read er a crud e measurement o f t h

e E P A' s and S t a

t

e

s ' e ffo rt

s

wit h

in e a

c

h

m e

dia p r o g ra m . Th e

p r e se n

t

e

d da t

a illu s t

ra t

e the var i ati o ns acr o ss r e g i ons f o

r

cer t

ai n sector s. 1 Th is v a ria t io n m a

y be a

t t

r

ibu t a

ble t o

S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l da t

a

e n

t

r

y v a ria t io n

s , s p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic conce n

tra t i o ns, pr ox i m i t

y to popul a ti on ce nte r

s, se nsi t i v e e c

osy s te

ms, hi g h l y

tox i c

che m i c

a

l s use d i n pr od ucti on, or hi stor i c

a

l noncompl i a nce . H e nce , the e

x

hi b i te d d a ta

d o not ra nk r e g i ona l pe r

f

or ma nce or ne ce ssa r

i l y r e f

l e

c

t w h i c

h r e g i ons ha ve the most compl i a nce pr obl e ms. C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Da ta

De f i nitions Ge ne r a

l De f i nitions

Fa c

ility I nde x

i ng Syste m (FI NDS) - - thi s sy stem assi g n s a common fa c

ilit y n u m b e r

t o

EP A s i n g le -m e

dia p e rm it re c

o

rds
. Th e FI NDS

1 EP A Regions include the follow i ng S tates : I (CT, M A , M E , RI, N H , V T ); II (N J , N Y , P R, V I); III (D C, D E , M D , P A , V A , W V ); IV (A L , F L , G A , K Y , M S , N C, S C, T N ); V (IL , IN , M I, M N , O H , W I); V I (A R, L A , N M , O K , T X ); V II (IA , K S , M O , N E ); V III (CO , M T , N D , S D , U T , W Y ); IX ( A Z, C A , H I , N V , P acif ic Tr u s t Ter r ito r ies ) ; X ( A K , I D , O R , WA )
.

S I C C o d e 10 98 S e p tem b e r 1995- - S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g ide n

t ific a

t io n n u m b e r a llo ws EP A t o

c o

m p ile a nd re v i e w a ll p e rm it

, c

o

m p lia nc e , e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

, a nd p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se da t

a

fo r a n

y giv e n re gu la t

e

d fa c

ilit y. I n te gr a

te d Da ta

f

o r Enf or c

e m e nt Ana l ys is (I DEA) -- is a

da t

a

in t

e

gra t io n sy ste m tha t ca n r e tr

i e

ve i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n f r om the ma j o r

E P A pr og ra m of f

i ce da t

a

ba se s . I D EA u se s

t

h

e

FI NDS ide n

t ific a

t io n

n u m b e r

t

o

"glu e t

o

g e t

h

e

r” se pa ra te

d a ta

r e cor d s f r om E P A ’ s d a ta

b a se s. T h i s

i s d o ne to cr e a

te a "m a

s

t

e

r lis t ” o f da t

a

re c

o

rds fo r a n

y giv e n

fa c

ilit y. S o m e o f t h

e da t

a s

y s t

e

m s a c

c

e

s

s

i ble t h

ro u g h I D EA a r e : A I R S (A ir Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

a nd R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m , O ffic e

o f A i r a nd R a dia t i o n

), P C S (P e r

m i t C o m p lia nc e S

y st em, O f f

i ce o f Wat er) , R C R I S ( R eso u rce C o nserv a t i o n and R e co v e ry I n fo rm a

t io n

S

y s t

e

m , O ffic e

o f S o lid W a

s

t

e

), NC DB (Na t io n

a

l C o m p lia nc e D a ta B a se, Of f

i ce of Pr eventi on, Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances) , C E R C LI S (C o m p r e h

e

n

s

i v e En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l a nd Lia bilit y I n fo rm a

t io n Sy ste m , Supe r

f

und ) , and T R I S (

T o x

i c Re l e

ase I n ve ntor y

Sy ste m )
. I D E A al so contai ns i n f

o

r

m ati o n f r om outsi d e sour ces, such as D u n and B ra d str e e

t a nd the Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a nd H e a

l th A d mi ni stra ti on ( O SH A )
. Most d a ta

q u e r

i e

s d i s pl a y e d i n note b ook Se cti o n VI I w e r e c

o

nd u c t

e

d u s in g I D EA
. Da ta

T a ble C o lum n

He a d ing De f i nitions Fa c

ilities in Se a r

c

h

- - are b a sed o n

t

h

e uni v erse o f T R I repo rt

ers wi t h

i n t

h

e

lis t

e

d S I C c o

de ra n

g e . Fo r indu s t

rie s

no t c

o

v e re d u nde r TR I re p o rt

in g requi rement s , t h

e no t

e

b o o

k

uses t h

e FIN D S uni v erse f o

r execut i n g d a t

a quer i e

s. T h e SI C cod e ra ng e sel e cted f o

r

each sear ch i s d e f

i ned b y each noteb ook 's sel e cted SI C cod e covera g e d e scr i b ed i n Secti o n I I
. Fa c

ilities I n s p e c te d -- indic a

t

e

s

t

h

e

le v e l o f EP A a nd S t a

t

e a g e nc y fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s

fo r t h

e

fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

is

da t

a

se a

r c h
. Th e

se v a lu e s

s

h

o

w wh a

t p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se is in s

p e c

t

e

d in a

1 2 o r

6

0

m o

n

t

h

p e rio d
. T h i s

col umn d o e

s

not count non- i n spe c

ti ona l compl i a nce a c

ti vi ti e s such a s t

h

e

re v i e w o f fa c

ilit y-re p o rt

e

d disc h

a

r

ge re p o rt

s . Num b e r of I n s p e c tions me a

s

ur e s

the tota l numb e r

of i n spe c

ti ons cond ucte d i n thi s se ctor . A n i n spe c

ti on e v e n

t i s counte d e a

ch ti me i t i s e

n

t

e

re d in t

o

a

s

i n g le m e

dia da t

a

ba se . Aver age T i m e

B e t w een I n sp ect i o n s - - pro v i d e s an average l e ngt h o f ti me, ex pr essed i n months, that a compl i a nce i n specti on occur s at a fa c

ilit y wit h

in t

h

e

de fine d u n iv e r

se .

S e p tem b e r 1995 99 S I C C o d e 10--

- - Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions - - ex pr esses the n

u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t we re p a rt

y t o

a t le a

s

t o ne e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n w i thi n the d e f

i ne d ti me pe r

i od
. T h i s

ca te

g o r

y

i s b r ok e n

d o w n f

u r t

he r i n to F e d e ra l a nd Sta t

e a c

ti ons. D a ta

a r e ob ta i ne d f o

r

a d mi ni stra ti ve , c

i v il/ ju dic ia

l, a nd c r

im in a

l e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s . A d m i n i s

t

ra t i v e a c

t i o n

s inc l u d e No t i c

e

s

o f V i o l a

t io n

(NO V s )
. A fa c

ilit y wit h m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

is o n

ly c o

u n t

e

d o nc e

in t h

is c o

lu m n (fa c

ilit y wit h 3 enf o

rcement act i o n

s co unt s

as 1)
. Al l percent a

ges t h

at appear are re fe

re nc e

d t o

t

h

e

n u m b e r

o

f fa c

ilit ie

s

in s

p e c

t

e

d. T o ta l Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions

- - d e scr i b e s

the tota l numb e r

of e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

ide n

t ifie d fo r a n

indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r

a c

ro s

s

a ll e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s

t

a

t u t e

s . A fa c

ilit y wit h

m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

is c

o

u n t

e

d m u l t i p l e t i m e

s

(a fa c

ilit y wit h

3

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

c

o

u n t s

a

s

3

)
. S t ate L ead Act i o n s show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t act i o n

s are t a

ken b y

S t at

e and l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es. Varyi n g le

v e ls o f u se by S t a

t

e

s

o f EP A da t

a

s y s t

e

m s

m a

y lim it

t h

e

v o lu m e

o f act i o n

s acco rd ed S t at

e enf o

rcement act i v i t y . S o me S t at

es ext e

nsi v el y re por t e n

f

o

rc e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ti e s

i n to E P A d a ta

sy ste m s, w h i l e othe r Sta t

e

s ma y

use the i r

ow n d a ta

sy ste m s. Fe de r a

l Le a d Ac tions show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

a

r e t

a

ke n

by t h

e

U
. S
. EP A
. Th is

v a lu e inc l u d e s

re fe

rra ls

fro m S t a

t

e a

g e nci e s . Ma ny of the se a c

ti ons r e sul t f r om coor d i n a

t

e

d or j o i n t S t a

t

e/ Fe de ra l e ffo rt

s . Enf or c

e m e nt to I n s p e c tion R a te

- - expresses ho w o f t

e

n enf o

rcement a

c

ti ons r e sul t f rom i n spe c

ti ons. T h i s

va l u e i s a ra ti o of e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons to i n spe c

ti ons, a nd i s pr e se n

te

d f o

r

compa ra t i v e pur p ose s

onl y . T h i s me a

s

ur e i s a ro ug h i nd i c a

tor of the r e l a

ti onshi p b e tw e e

n

i n spe c

ti ons a

nd e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

. Th is

m e

a

s

u r e s

i m p ly indic a

t

e

s

h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

lly h o

w m a

n

y e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons ca n b e a ttr i b ute d to i n spe c

ti on a c

ti vi ty . Re l a

te

d i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons und e r the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( P CS) , the Cl e a

n A i r A c t ( A F S ) a nd the Re sour ce Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y

A c t ( R CRA ) a r e i ncl ud e d i n thi s ra ti o. I n spe c

ti ons a nd a c

ti ons f r om the T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se a r e not f a

ctor e d i n to thi s ra ti o b e ca use most of the a c

ti ons ta k e n und e r

the se prog ra ms a r e not the r e sul t of fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s . Th is

ra t i o

do e

s no t a c

c

o

u n t fo r e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s a

r

i s

i n g

f

rom non- i n spe c

ti on compl i a nce moni tor i n g a c

ti vi ti e s ( e . g . , se l f

r e por t

e

d w a te

r

d i scha r

g e s) tha t ca n r e sul t i n e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on w i thi n t

h

e C AA, C W A and R C R A
.

S I C C o d e 10 100 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Viola tions I d e n tif ie d -- indic a

t

e

s

t h

e n

u m b e r

a nd p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f in s

p e c

t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s h a

v i n g a v i o l a

t io n ide n

t ifie d in o ne o f t h

e

fo llo win g

da t

a

c a

t

e

go rie s : I n V i o l a

t io n

o r S i gn ific a

n

t V i o l a

t io n

S t a

t u s (C A A ) ; R e p o rt

a

ble No nc o

m p lia nc e , C u rre n

t Y e a

r No nc o

m p lia nc e , S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(C W A ); No nc o

m p lia nc e a

nd S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(FI F R A , TS C A , a nd EP C R A ) ; U n re so lv e d V i o l a

t io n

a nd U n re so lv e d High P r io rit y

V i o l a

t io n

(R C R A )
. Th e

v a lu e s pr e se n

te

d f o

r

thi s col umn r e f

l e

c

t the e x

te

nt of noncompl i a nce w i thi n the me a

s

ur e d ti me f

ra m e , b u t d o not d i s ti ngui sh b e tw e e

n

the se ve r

i ty of the no nco m pl i a nce. Percent a

ges w i t h

i n t

h

i s

co l umn can exceed 100 percent be c

a

u se fa c

ilit ie

s

c a

n

be in v i o l a

t io n

s t

a

t u s wit h

o

u t be in g in s

p e c

t

e

d. Vi ol a t i o n sta t us ma y

b e a

pr e c

ur sor to a n

e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on, b u t d o e

s not ne c

e

s

sa rily indic a

t

e

t

h

a

t a

n

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

will o c

c

u r. M e d ia B r e a kdown of Enf or c

e m e nt A c tions a nd I n s p e c tions -- fo u r col umns i d e nti f y

the pr opor ti on of tota l i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons w i thi n E P A A i r , W a

t

e

r , W a

s

te , a nd T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se s. E a ch col umn i s a

pe r c e

n

ta

g e of e i the r the " T ota l I n spe c

ti ons, ” or the " T ota l A c ti ons” col umn.
VI I
. A. Met al Mi n i n g Com p l i a n c e H i sto r y T h e f o

l l o w i ng ex hi b i t pr ovi d e s a summar y

of f

i ve- y ear enf o

r c ement and c

o

m p lia nc e

da t

a

fo r t h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. C o n

s

is

t

e

n

t wit h in fo rm a

t io n

p r e se n

t

e

d in p r e v io u s se c

t io n

s , t h

e

gre a

t

e

s

t c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

o f met a

l mi ni ng act i v i t y

o ccurs i n t h

e West ern S t at

es, where t h

e great e

st numb e r

of i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons a l so occur .

S e p tem b e r 1995 101 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 2 9 Five -Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e Sum m a

r

y

f

o r the M e t

a

l M i ning I ndustr y A B C D E F G H I J

M e ta l M i n i n g SI C 1 0 Fa c ilitie s in S e ar ch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er

o f I n s p e c t i ons Av e r ag e Nu m b er

o f M ont hs B e t w een I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w/ On e o r Mo re E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons S t at e Le ad A c t i ons Fe d e r a l L e a d A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t to I n s p e c tio n Ra

t e
Re g i on I 2 1 1 120 1 1 0% 100% 1. 00 Re g i on I I 15 11 74 12 2 1 4 100% 0% 0. 19 Re g i on I I I 9 8 47 11 1 1 100% 0% 0. 02 Re g i on I V 28 20 209 8 5 7 86% 14% 0. 03 Re g i on V 2 7 1 7 129 13 5 1 5 67% 33% 0. 12 Re g i on V I 40 14 56 43 6 1 7 0 % 100% 0. 30 Re g i on V I I 1 4 1 0 9 1 9 4 1 2 42% 58% 0. 13 Re g i on V I I I 135 62 284 29 13 32 100% 0% 0. 11 Re g i on I X 54 42 346 9 1 1 1 3 31% 69% 0. 04 Re g i on X 549 154 282 117 19 43 2% 98% 0. 15

T o t a l / A ve r ag e 873 339 1, 519 34 67 155 47% 53% 0. 10

S I C C o d e 10 102 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

V I I
. B
. C o m p a r

is on of Enf or c

e m e nt A c tivity B e twe e n Se le c te d I ndustr ies Exh i bit 3 0 h i gh ligh t s

e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd c o

m p lia nc e

in fo rm a

t io n

a c

ro s

s se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . Th e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry h a

d o ne o f t h

e lo we s

t numb e r

s of i n spe c

ti ons a m ong those i nd u str i e

s

r e pr e se n

te

d , a s

w e l l a s

the hi ghest av erage numb er o f mo nt hs b e t w een i n spect i o n

s. E x hi b i t 31 pr ovi d e s enf o

r c ement and compl i a nce summar y

d a ta f o

r

one ye a

r fo r se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . O v e r

h a

lf o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit ie

s

in s

p e c

t

e

d we re c

i t

e

d fo r a v i o l a

t io n . Th e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry a l so re p r e se n

t

e

d t h

e gre a

t

e

s

t p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s t a

ke n , a t 1 9 per c ent. E x hi b i t 32 present s

i n spect i o n

and enf o

rcement d a t

a b y st at

ut e f o

r se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . A s disc u s se d p r e v io u s ly, wa t

e

r p o llu t i o n

re p r e se n

t s the most common probl e m associ ated w i th the metal mi ni ng i nd u str y , f

o

l l o w e d b y

a i r . T h i r

ty

- f o

ur pe r c e

n

t of tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons ta k e n were und e r t h

e C l ean Wat er Act , whi l e 11 percent were und e r t h

e C l ean Ai r Ac t

. E x hi b i t 33 pr ovi d e s a one- y e ar summar y

of i n specti on and enf o

r c ement da t

a by s t

a

t u t e

fo r se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . A g a i n e m p h a

s

iz in g t h

e

we igh t g i ve n to w a te

r

pol l u ti on i n the me ta

l mi ni ng i nd u str y , i n spe c

ti ons und e r the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r A c t r e pr e se n

te

d ove r

5 0

pe r c e

n

t of tota l me ta

l mi ni ng i n spe c

ti ons.

S e p tem b e r 1995 103 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 3 0 Five -Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies A B C D E F G H I J

I ndus tr y S e c t or Fa c ilitie s in S e arch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er of I n s p e c t i ons Av e r ag e Nu m b er

o f M ont hs B e t w een I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w/ On e o r Mo re E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons Sta t e Le ad A c t i ons Fe d e r a l Le ad A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t t o I n s p e c tio n R a

te

M e t a lM i ni ng 873 339 1, 519 34 67 155 47% 53% 0. 10 No n - m e ta llicM i n e r a l M i ni ng 1, 143 631 3, 422 20 84 192 76% 24% 0. 06
L

u mbe r a

nd Wood 464 301 1, 891 15 78 232 79% 21% 0. 12 F u r

n i t u re 293 213 1, 534 11 34 91 91% 9% 0. 06 Rubbe r a

nd P l a s t i c 1, 665 739 3, 386 30 146 391 78% 22% 0. 12 S t one , Cl a y , a

nd Gl a s s 468 268 2, 475 11 73 301 70% 30% 0. 12 N onf e r

r ous M e t a l s 844 474 3, 097 16 145 470 76% 24% 0. 15 F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 2 , 346 1, 340 5, 509 26 280 840 80% 20% 0. 15 E l e c tr oni c s / C omput e r s 405 222 777 31 68 212 79% 21% 0. 27 Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 598 390 2, 216 16 81 240 80% 20% 0. 11
P u l p a

nd P a pe r 306 265 3, 766 5 115 502 78% 22% 0. 13 P r

i n t i n g 4 , 106 1, 035 4, 723 52 176 514 85% 15% 0. 11 I nor g a ni cChe mi c a l s 548 298 3, 034 11 99 402 76% 24% 0. 13 O r g a ni cChe mi c a l s 412 316 3, 864 6 152 726 66% 34% 0. 19 P e tr ol e u m Re f i ni ng 156 145 3, 257 3 110 797 66% 34% 0. 25 I r on a nd S t e e l 374 275 3, 555 6 115 499 72% 28% 0. 14 D r

y Cl e a ni ng 933 245 633 88 29 103 99% 1% 0. 16

S I C C o d e 10 104 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

Ex hibit 3 1 One

- Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndus tr

ies A C D E F G H
I ndus tr y S e c t or F a c ilitie s in S e arch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er

o f I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w / O n e o r M o re V i ol a t i ons Fa c ilitie s w / O n e o r M o re E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i o n s To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t to I n s p e c tio n Ra

t e Nu m b er P e rc en t * Nu m b er P e rc en t * M e t a lM i ni ng 873 114 194 82 72% 16 14% 24 0. 13 No n - m e ta llicM i n e r a l M i ni ng 1, 143 253 425 75 30% 28 11% 54 0. 13
L

u mbe r a

nd Wood 464 142 268 109 77% 18 13% 42 0. 15 F u r

n i t u re 293 160 113 66 41% 3 2 % 5 0. 04 Rubbe r a

nd P l a s t i c 1, 665 271 435 289 107% 19 7% 59 0. 14 S t one , Cl a y , a

nd Gl a s s 468 146 330 116 79% 20 14% 66 0. 20 N onf e r

r ous M e t a l s 844 202 402 282 140% 22 11% 72 0. 18 F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 2 , 346 477 746 525 110% 46 10% 114 0. 15 E l e c tr oni c s / C omput e r s 405 60 87 80 133% 8 13% 21 0. 24 Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 598 169 284 162 96% 14 8% 28 0. 10
P u l p a

nd P a pe r 306 189 576 162 86% 28 15% 88 0. 15 P r

i n t i n g 4 , 106 397 676 251 63% 25 6% 72 0. 11 I nor g a ni cChe mi c a l s 548 158 427 167 106% 19 12% 49 0. 12 O r g a ni cChe mi c a l s 412 195 545 197 101% 39 20% 118 0. 22 P e tr ol e u m Re f i ni ng 156 109 437 109 100% 39 36% 114 0. 26 I r on a nd S t e e l 374 167 488 165 99% 20 12% 46 0. 09 D r

y Cl e a ni ng 933 80 111 21 26% 5 6 % 1 1 0
. 1 0

* P e rc e n t ag e s in C o lu mn s E a n d

F a r e b a s e d o n

th e n u m b e r

o f

f

a c ilitie s in s p e c te d ( C o l u m n C )
. Pe rc e n tag e s c a n e x c e e d 100% be c a u s e vi ol a t i ons a nd a c t i ons c a n oc c u r w i t hout a

f

a c ility in s p e c tio n . B

S e p tem b e r 1995 105 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

S I C C o d e 10 106 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 3 2 Five -Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

by Sta t

ute f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies I ndus tr y S e c t or N u mbe r of Fa

c ilitie s In s p e c t e d To t a l I n s p e c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i ons Cl e a n Ai r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r

A c t R e s our c e Cons e r va

t i o n a nd Re c ove r y A c t FI FR A / T S C A / E P C R A /O th e r * % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons M e t a l M i ni ng 339 1, 519 155 35% 17% 57% 60% 6% 14% 1% 9% No n - m e ta llic M i ne r a l M i ni ng 631 3, 422 192 65% 46% 31% 24% 3% 27% <1% 4 %

Lu m b e r

an d Wood 301 1, 891 232 31% 21% 8% 7% 59% 67% 2% 5%

F u r

n i t u re 293 1, 534 91 52% 27% 1% 1% 45% 64% 1% 8% Rubbe r a

n d Pla s tic 739 3, 386 391 39% 15% 13% 7% 44% 68% 3% 10%
S t o n e , C l ay an d Gl as s 268 2, 475 301 45% 39% 15% 5% 39% 51% 2% 5%

N onf e r

r ous M e ta ls 474 3, 097 470 36% 22% 22% 13% 38% 54% 4% 10%

F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 1 , 340 5, 509 840 25% 11% 15% 6% 56% 76% 4% 7% E l e c tr oni c s / Comput e r s 222 777 212 16% 2% 14% 3% 66% 90% 3% 5%

Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 390 2, 216 240 35% 15% 9% 4% 54% 75% 2% 6%

P u l p a nd P a pe r 265 3, 766 502 51% 48% 38% 30% 9% 18% 2% 3% P r

i n t i n g 1 , 035 4, 723 514 49% 31% 6% 3% 43% 62% 2% 4% I nor g a ni c C h e mi cal s 302 3, 034 402 29% 26% 29% 17% 39% 53% 3% 4%
Or g a n i c C h e mi cal s 316 3, 864 726 33% 30% 16% 21% 46% 44% 5% 5%

Pe tr o l e u m Re f

i ni ng 145 3, 237 797 44% 32% 19% 12% 35% 52% 2% 5%

I r on a nd S t e e l 275 3, 555 499 32% 20% 30% 18% 37% 58% 2% 5% D r

y Cl e a ni ng 245 633 103 15% 1% 3% 4% 83% 93% <1% 1 %

* A c t i o ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t

h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning and Co m m u nit y

R i ght

t o - K no w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

S e p tem b e r 1995 107 S I C C o d e 10 Ex hibit 3 3 One

- Y e a r

I n s p e c tion a nd Enf or c

e m e nt Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies I ndus tr y S e c t or N u mbe r of Fa

c ilitie s In s p e c t e d To t a l I n s p e c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i ons Cl e a n Ai r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r

A c t R e s ourc e Cons e r va

t i o n a nd Re c ove r y A c t FI FR A / T S C A / E P C R A /O th e r % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons M e t a l M i ni ng 114 194 24 47% 42% 43% 34% 10% 6% <1% 19% No n - m e ta llic M i ne r a l M i ni ng 253 425 54 69% 58% 26% 16% 5% 16% <1% 11%

Lu m b e r

an d Wood 142 268 42 29% 20% 8% 13% 63% 61% <1% 6 %

F u r

n i t u re 293 160 5 58% 67% 1% 10% 41% 10% <1% 13% Rubbe r a

n d Pla s tic 271 435 59 39% 14% 14% 4% 46% 71% 1% 11%
St o n e , Cl a y , a

n d Gl as s 146 330 66 45% 52% 18% 8% 38% 37% <1% 3 %

N onf e r

r ous M e ta ls 202 402 72 33% 24% 21% 3% 44% 69% 1% 4%

F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 477 746 114 25% 14% 14% 8% 61% 77% <1% 2 % E l e c tr oni c s / Comput e r s 60 87 21 17% 2% 14% 7% 69% 87% <1% 4 %

Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 169 284 28 34% 16% 10% 9% 56% 69% 1% 6%

P u l p a nd P a pe r 189 576 88 56% 69% 35% 21% 10% 7% <1% 3 % P r

i n t i n g 397 676 72 50% 27% 5% 3% 44% 66% <1% 4 % I nor g a ni c C h e mi cal s 158 427 49 26% 38% 29% 21% 45% 36% <1% 6 %
Or g a n i c C h e mi cal s 195 545 118 36% 34% 13% 16% 50% 49% 1% 1%

Pe tr o l e u m Re f

i ni ng 109 439 114 50% 31% 19% 16% 30% 47% 1% 6%

I r on a nd S t e e l 167 488 46 29% 18% 35% 26% 36% 50% <1% 6 % D r

y Cl e a ni ng 80 111 11 21% 4% 1% 22% 78% 67% <1% 7 %

* A c t io ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t

h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning and Co m mu nit y

R i ght

t o - K no w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t VI I
. C
. R e view of Major Legal Ac tions Th is

se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

a lis t i n g

o f m a jo r le ga l c a

se s

a nd s u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t pr oj e c

ts tha t pe r

t

a

i n to the Me ta

l Mi ni ng I nd u str y . I n fo rm a

t io n

in t h

is

se c

t io n

is p r o v ide d by EP A ' s E n f o

rcem en t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t

s

FY 1991, FY 1992, FY 1993 a nd the Of f

i ce of En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e . A s indic a

t

e

d in t h

e

EP A ' s E n f o

rcem en t A ccom p

l i s h

m

en t

s

Rep o

rt , p u blic a

t io n

s , n i ne s i gn ific a

n

t enf o

rcement act i o n

s w e re reso l v ed b e t w een 1991 and 1993 f o

r t h

e met a

l mi ni ng i nd u str y . CE RCL A vi ol a t i o ns compr i se d thr e e of the se a c

ti ons, t

h

e m o

s

t o f a n

y s t

a

t u t e . Th e

re m a

in in g c a

se s

we re dis t

r

ibu t e

d fa irly e

v e n

ly wit h

C W A a nd R C R A c i t

e

d t w ic e , a nd C A A , EP C R A , a nd TS C A each ci ted once. Two o f t h

e c a

se s

in v o lv e d c y a n

ide c o

n

t

a

m ina t io n

fro m h e

a

p

le a

c

h

i n g

o f g o l d or e s . E a ch of the se ttl e m e

n

ts, one und e r CE RCL A a nd one und e r the C A A , re s

u lt e

d in m o

ne t

a

ry p e n

a

lt

ie

s . Th e

C E R C LA se t t l e

m e

n

t p r o v ide d f

o

r co mpany rei m b

u rsement o f t h

e Superf und f o

r $250, 000 i n past r e sponse costs. T w o other CE RCL A settl ements r e sul t ed i n penal t i e

s: a penal t y f o

r f a

i l u re t o

no t i f

y

aut h

o

r

i t

i e

s o f a rel e ase resul t ed i n a $75, 000 f

i ne; a j u d g ment i n U. S. vs. Smug g l er - D urant Mi ni ng C o r

p orati o n re s

u lt e

d in a

$

3

. 4

m illio n

a

w a r d in fa v o r o f t

h

e

EP A
. B o t

h o f t h

e C W A act i o n

s ci t e

d Sect i o n 404 f o

r d e st

ruct i o n o f w e t l and s . Bo t

h

in s

t

a

nc e

s

in v o lv e d p l a c

e

r

m i n i n g

a

nd re s

u lt e

d in m o

ne t

a

ry p e n

a

lt

ie

s ; one of the a c

ti ons i n vol v e d a Suppl e m e

n

ta

l E n vi r o nme n

ta

l Proj e c

t ( S E P ) re q

u irin g s t

re a

m / w e t la

nd re s

t

o

ra t io n . A no t

h

e

r

S E P in v o lv e d a TS C A vi ol a t i o n b y

Ke nne cott U t a

h

Coppe r . I n a ddit io n t o

a m o

ne t

a

ry p e na lt

y, Ke nne cott a g r e e

d to upg ra d e a n

e m e

r

g e ncy compute r

sy ste m a t a n est i mat e

d co st

o f $70, 000.
V I I
. C
. 1
. Supple m e n ta l Envir onm e nta l Pr oje c ts Th is se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

a lis t o f S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

ry En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s (S EP s )
. S E P s a

r e c

o

m p lia nc e

a

g re e

m e

n

t s

t

h

a

t re du c e

a

fa c

ilit y' s s t ip u l a t

e

d penal t y i n ret u rn f o

r an env i ro nment a

l pro j ect t

h

at exceed s t h

e v a l u e o f the r e d u cti o n. Of te

n, the se proj e c

ts f u nd pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on a c

ti vi ti e s t

h

a

t c

a

n

s

i gn ific a

n

t l y re du c e

t

h

e

fu t u re p o llu t a

n

t lo a

din gs o

f a

fa c

ilit y. In D e cemb er, 1993, t h

e R e gi o n

s w e re asked b y E P A' s O f f

i ce o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e

t

o

p r o v ide in fo rm a

t io n o n t h

e numb e r a nd ty pe of SE Ps e n

te

r e d i n to b y

the Re g i ons. T h e

f o

l l o w i ng cha r

t conta i ns a r e pr e se n

ta

ti ve sa mpl e of the Re g i ona l r e sponse s
S I C C o d e 10 108 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

a

ddre s

s

i n g

t

h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. Th e

in fo rm a

t io n

c

o

n

t

a

i ne d in t

h

e cha r

t i s not compr e he nsi v e a nd pr ovi d e s onl y a sa mpl e of the ty pe s of S E P s de v e lo p e d fo r t h

e

m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. (S e e

Exh i bit 3

4

) Ex hibit 3 4 Supple m e n ta l Envir onm e nta l Pr oje c ts Ca s e

N a m e EPA R e gi on Sta t ute / Ty pe o f Ac tio n Ty pe o f SEP E s t i m ated Co s t

to C o m p an y Ex pe c te d Envi r onm e nt a

l B e n e fits Fi nal A ssessed Pe na l t

y Fi nal Pe na l t

y Afte r M itig a tio n Sunshine Pre c

io

us Me t a

ls, Inc. K e llogg, I D X T SCA P ollut i o n Redu c t i o n $6, 588 E arly d i spo sal of P C B equ i p m ent. $6, 588 $3, 294

V II. D
. E P A H a rd ro ck M i n i n g F r a

m e

w o r k EP A is c u rre n

t ly de v e lo p i n g

a m u l t i -m e

dia , m u l t i -s t

a

t u t e

h a

rdro c

k m i n i n g

s

t

ra t

e

gy fo r e x

is

t i n g

EP A a u t h

o

r

it

ie

s , re so u r c e

s , a nd e x

p e rt

ise in or d e r

to a d d r e ss the e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l pr obl e ms pose d b y

mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s in t h

e U
. S ., in c

o

nc e

r

t wit h

o t

h

e

r

Fe de ra l, S t a

t

e , t r

iba l a nd lo c

a

l a g e nc i e

s . S o m e o f t h

e

driv in g is s

u e s

be h

i nd t h

e

s t

ra t

e

gy' s de v e lo p m e

n

t a r e conce r

ns a b out ove r

l a

ppi ng a nd poor l y coor d i na t

e

d r e gu l a tor y a

u t h

o

r

it

ie

s

a

nd a c

t i o n

s ; lia bilit y u nde r C E R C LA a nd o t

h

e

r s t

a

t u t e

s , wh ic

h ma y

cr e a

te

a

r e cur r

i ng b a r

r

i e

r

to vol u nta r

y

r e me d i a ti on of mi ne si te s; a nd ra p id c h

a

n

ge s in m i n i n g

p ra c

t i c

e

s

t

h

a

t a r e le a

din g t o

ne w e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l c

h

a

lle n

g e s . T h e st rat e

gy est a

bl i s hes e n vir o nm e n ta l goa ls , to pr ote ct huma n he a

l th a

nd e c

ol og i c a

l r e sour ce s thr o ug h pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on, contr o l , a nd re me d i a ti on a t a c

ti ve , i n a

c

ti ve , a nd /or a b a nd o ne d mi ne si te s on b oth Fe de ra l a nd no n - Fe de ra l la nd s ; a d m i nist r

a

tive goa ls , t o

use avai l a bl e re sour ces and author i t

i e

s most ef f

i ci entl y and to f o

cus on the hi g h est pr i o r

i ty concer ns; and f i s c a

l r es p ons i bility goa ls , to pr omote i n te

r - a nd in t

ra - go v e rn m e

n

t

a

l e ffic i e

nc y

a nd fisc a

l re s

p o n

s

i bilit y in c o

n

t

ro l o f mi ni ng si te s, a s

w e l l a s

to pr e v e n

t f u tur e unf u nd e d publ i c b u r d e n

s. S e v e ra l o b

je c

t iv e s

h a

v e be e

n

de fine d in s

u p p o rt

o f t

h

e

se go a

l s , inc l u din g t

h

e

fo llo win g :

• F a c

ilit a

t

e

c

o

o

r dina t io n

wit h

c

o -re gu l a t

o

r

s : e m p l o y

a

ra n

g e o

f appr oaches to ensure coor d i n ati o n and communi c ati o n

• U se i nno v a t i v e appro a

ches t o

f

o

st

er ef f

i ci ency: wherev er po ssi bl e, i nnova ti ve tool s ( p a r

ti cul a r

l y

non- r e gu l a tor y

) w ill be e

m p l o y e d t o he l p a

c

hi e v e e

f

f

i ci e n

t a nd ti me l y

a

c

ti on
S e p tem b e r 1995 109 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

• C o n

so lida t

e

p r io rit y -se t t i n g : e s

t

a

blis h

m u l t i -a ge nc y p r io rit i e

s

t

o max i mi ze scar c e r e sour ces, hel p ensur e b e nef i ts f o

r

costs i ncur r e d , and ad d r ess the most probl e mati c si tes f i r

s

t

• P ro m o

t

e

fisc a

l/ p e rso n

a

l re s

p o n

s

i bilit y: p r o m o

t

e

re s

p o n

s

i bilit y t o he l p ow ne r

s

r e f

l e

c

t tr ue costs of a

c

ti vi ti e s

a

nd to a v oi d i ncur r

i ng unnecessar y

and unf u nd ed envi r o nmental and f i nanci a l b u r d ens fo r t h

e

p u blic

• E n h

a

nc e

c

a

p a bilit ie

s

o

f e

x

is

t i n g tool s: use cur r e nt a d mi ni stra ti ve a

u t h

o

r

it

ie

s

t

o

im p r o v e e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p r o ble m- so lv in g c a

p a bilit ie

s

• B e pro a

ct

i v e and prev ent a

t i v e : ensure t h

at

env i ro nment a

l per f

or mance stand a r d s ar e quanti f i ed to the max i mum ex tent, and that assumpti ons, r i sk s, and uncer t

ai nti e s ar e i d e nti f i e

d

• P r o mote pr ote cti v e cl osur e sta nd a r d s a nd a d e q

ua te

f

i na nci a l a

s

s

u ra nc e

s : e s

t

a

blis h

c

l o s

u r e p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s

t

a

nda rds a

nd bo ndin g re q

u ire m e

n

t s

t

h

a

t will e n

s

u re m i ne s

a

r e p r o p e r

ly c l o se d a nd t h

a

t ad equate post- c l o sur e car e i s per f

or med

• P e r

fo rm t

i m e

ly a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

lly so u nd c l e

a

n - u p o f a

b a ndo ne d mi nes: ensure t h

at

pri o ri t y

i nact i ve and ab and o ned mi nes are c

l e

a

ne d u p in a

t

i m e

ly m a

n

ne r, a ddre s

s

i n g

wo rs

t s

i t

e

s

firs t

, wh ile a

v o idin g c o

s

t ly e ffo rt

s

a

ddre s

s

i n g

m i ne s

wit h

lit t l e

o

r

no env i ro nment a

l ef f

e

ct

s. I n compl i a nce a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t i ssue s , the stra te

g

y pr omote s mul ti

ag ency compl i a nce appr oaches, d e vel o pi ng a ra nk i n g

sy stem f o

r de t

e

rm in in g in s

p e c

t i o n

p r io rit i e

s , a nd de v e lo p i n g

a m u l t i -m e

dia i n spe c

ti on pr otocol f o

r

mi ne si te s. Othe r compl i a nce a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t measur es i ncl ud e:

• P r o moti ng use of e

n

vi r o nme n

ta

l a u d i t s w i thi n the re gu l a te

d communi t y

• C ond u cti n g

a

n

e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t i n i t

i a

ti ve to ta r

g e t mi ne ow ne r

s

a

nd ope ra tor s w h o vi ol a t

e

r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts to ob ta i n a

nd compl y w i th stor m w a te

r

pe r

m i t

s

• C o m p ilin g a nd c i rc u l a t in g wit h

in EP A brie f de sc r

ip t i o n

s

o

f succe ssf ul mi ni ng
- r e l a

t

e

d e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons b r oug h t b y

the Agenc y

• P r i or i t

i z i n g

a

c

ti on b a se d on the e

x

te

nt of a

c

tua l huma n he a

l th a nd e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t s ; t h

e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l fo r a ddit io na l im p a c

t s ; t h

e
S I C C o d e 10 110 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g like l y s u c c

e

s

s , t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l fe a

s

ibilit y, a nd c o

s

t e

ffe c

t iv e ne s

s

o

f re s

p o n

se a

c

t i o n

s ; a nd t h

e

a

v a ila bilit y o f s

t

a

ff, e q

u i p m e

n

t

, a nd fu ndin g

• D ev el o p i n g enf o

rcement M O A s wi t h

o

t

h

er Fed e ral agenci es t o fa c

ilit a

t

e

c

o

n

s

u l t a

t i o n

s

a

nd jo in t a

c

t i o n

s

• I mpr o vi ng consul ta ti on b e tw e e

n

E P A a nd the Sta t

e

s

to d e te

r

m i ne wh e

t

h

e

r v i o l a

t io n

s

o

f Fe de ra l a nd S t a

t

e

la w wa rra n

t jo in t enf o

rcement act i o n . A s note d a b ove , how e ve r , E P A se e

k

s to str e ng the n

i t s use ofnonr e gu l a tor y tool s to e ncoura g e e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l compl i a nce a nd cl e a

n- up a t mi ni ng si te s. T h e

se tool s a r e i n te

nd e d to compl e me nt e x

i s

ti ng r e gu l a tor y pr og ra ms i n ad d ressi ng mi ni ng i m pacts. C o mmon themes of most nonre gu la t

o

r

y a p p r o a

c

h

e

s

inc l u d e : a c

t i v e p a rt

ic

ip a t io n

by p r inc i p a l s

t

a

k e h

o

lde rs , c r e a

t i v e u se o f fu ndin g re so u r c e

s , s i t

e

-s

p e c

i fic fle x

ibilit y, pr i o r

i ti z a t i o n of cl e a

n- up pr oj e c

ts, a nd r e gu l a tor y d i scr e t i o n to pr omote cr e a

ti ve pr obl e m- sol v i n g

a

nd e a

r

l y

i m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on of cl e a

n- up proj e c

ts. Most non- r e gu l a tor y a ppr oa che s ha ve one or mor e of the f o

l l o w i ng character i sti cs:

• Fina nc ia l - F i nanci a l suppor t of ten comes f r om a var i ety of sour ces when no n- regul a t

o

r

y appro a

ches are used ; f u nd s are o f t

e

n le

v e ra ge d a nd bu dge t s

a

r e t

y p i c a

lly t i gh t

. O t h

e

r

Fe de ra l a g e nc y f

u nd s are o f t

e

n used t o

suppl ement E P A f u nd s; S t at

e/ l o cal p a rt

ne rs

h

i p s c

a

n

fill fina nc ia

l h o

le

s ; a nd v o lu n t

a

r

y e ffo rt

s

by pr i v a t

e

pa r

t i e

s ca n contr i b u te si g n i f

i c

a

n

tl y to cl e a

n- up of i n a

c

ti ve o

r

ab and o ned mi ne si t e

s.

• I n stitutiona l - I n te

ra g e ncy A g r e e

m e

n

ts ( MOU s, MOA s, a nd I A Gs) a

r e tool s tha t ca n b e use d to stre a

m l i ne the mi ni ng pe r

m i tti ng a

nd regu lat o

r

y pro c

es se s ; m o

re in fo rm ally, in t

e

ragenc y gro u ps are of te

n use d to f o

cus a tte nti o n on ce r

t

a

i n pr oj e c

ts or i ssue s . A g re e

m e

n

ts to e ncoura g e consi s te

nt F e d e ra l posi ti ons a r e p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly im p o rt

a

n

t fo r s i t

i n g

c

r

it

e

r

ia

, o p e ra t in g c r

it

e

r

ia

, a nd re c

l a

m a

t io n

a

nd bo ndin g s t

a

nda rds
.

• Tech n i cal A ssi st an ce an d O u t r

each - F o r

m s of techni cal assi stance v a ry a nd m a

y inc l u d e de dic a

t in g e i t

h

e

r

EP A s t

a

ff o r

c

o

n

t

ra c

t

o

r h

o

u r s

t

o

dire c

t l y h e

lp a s

t

a

k e h

o

lde r; de v e lo p i n g

a

n

a

l yt ic me thod ol og i e s, such a s

moni tor i n g

a

nd te sti n g

sta nd a r d s;

S e p tem b e r 1995 111 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t p r o v idin g e d u c a

t io n

a

nd t ra i n i n g ; a nd p r o v idin g m a

t

e

ria l s

t

o

s

m a

l l b

u si ness assi stance center s. EP A h a

s

ide n

t ifie d se v e ra l e xa m p l e s

o f e

x

is

t i n g

a

p p r o a

c

h

e

s t o u s in g no n r e gu l a tor y

tool s. Si te

- s

pe ci f i c e xa m pl e s

i ncl ud e the Coe u r D ' A l e ne B a si n R e st

o

rat i o n Pro j ect , t h

e C l ear C r eek Wat ershed Pro j ect , and t h

e Ari z o na C o p p e r M i ne I n it

ia

t i v e . No n - s i t

e

s p e c

ific e xa m p l e s

inc l u d e t h

e

C W A no n - p o in t so u r c e

fu ndin g a p p r o a

c

h

e

s ; R C R A S u bt it

le

D S t ra wm a

n gu ide line s ; M i n i n g

He a

d wa t

e

rs

I n it

ia

t i v e ; t e

c

h

no lo gy de m o

n

s

t

ra t io n pr og ra ms; and the Wester n Gover nor s' A ssoci ati o n Mi ne Waste T a sk Fo rc e. A s p a rt

o f it s

h a

rdro c

k

m i n i n g

s t

ra t

e

gy, EP A is de v e lo p i n g de t

a

ile d gu i d a nce f o

r

r e gu l a tor y

pe r

sonne l w h o must a ppl y va r

i ous r e gu l a tor y tool s to spe c

i f

i c

mi ne si te s. T h i s

ma tr

i x

w ill h i gh ligh t a r e a

s

o f o v e r

la

p , g a ps, unuse d b u t a v a i l a bl e a u thor i t

i e

s, a nd sy ne r

g

y a m ong the va r

i ous re gu la t

o

r

y a u t h

o

r

it

ie

s . En v i s i o ne d is a do c

u m e

n

t t h

a

t will p r e se n

t var i ous sources of pol l u ti on, a ra ng e of possi bl e associ ated probl e ms/ conce r

ns/thr e a

t s, a nd a shor t d e scr i p ti on of the tool s a ppl i c a

bl e to e a

ch si tuati o n.

S I C C o d e 10 112 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g V III. C O M PLI AN C E A SSUR AN C E A CT IV IT IE S A N D I N I T I AT I VES Th is se c

t io n h i gh ligh t s

t

h

e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

u nde rt

a

k e n

by t h

is

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r a

nd p u blic a g e nc i e

s

t o

v o lu n t

a

r

ily im p r o v e t h

e se c

t

o

r ' s e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l perf o

r

mance. T h ese act i v i t i es i ncl ud e t h

o

se i nd e pend ent l y i n i t

i a

t

e

d b y i nd u str i al trad e associ ati o ns. I n thi s secti o n, the noteb ook al so contai ns a l i s ti ng a

nd d e scr i p ti on of na ti ona l a nd r e g i ona l tra d e a

ssoci a t i o ns.
V III. A
. S e ct o r - r

e l a t

e d E n v i r o n me n t a

l P r o g r a

m s a n d A c t

i v ities C o mplia nc e

P r o j e

c

ts R e gi o n

VIII has i n t

r o d u c ed " T he M i ni ng Ini t i a

t i v e , " who se go al i s t o ob ta i n compl i a nce w i th the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t a t a c

ti ve me ta

l mi ne s a nd me ta

l mi ni ng e x

pl ora t i o n si te s. T h e

Re g i ona l N P D E S pr og ra m i s i n the pr oce ss of d e te

r

m i n i n g the compl i a nce sta t us of the a c

ti ve me ta

l mi ne s l o ca te

d i n the Re g i on. Most of the mi ne s ( 9 8 pe r c e

n

t) a r e l o ca te

d i n Col o ra d o , Monta na , a nd U t a

h
. T h e

Sta t

e

s

a

r e tr y i ng to a c

hi e v e d e te

r

r e nce thr o ug h hi g h pr of i l e e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons w h i c

h r e move the e c

onomi c ad vantag e of noncompl i a nce b y

assessi ng f

i nanci a l penal t i e

s. The R e gi o n

VIII Wat er Di v i s i o n

i s t

a

ki ng an ac t i v e ro l e i n m o

ni t o

r

i n g S t a

t

e e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

a g a i n s

t m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s

a nd S t a

t

e

- is s

u e d N P D E S per m i t

s f o

r

mi nes, encourag i n g

States to appl y consi s tent re q

u ire m e

n

t s t o a ll m e

t

a

l m i n i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . EP A h a

s

re q

u e s

t

e

d t h

a

t e a

c

h Sta t

e

a

ppoi n t a conta c

t to w o r

k

w i th E P A on thi s i n i t

i a

ti ve . T h e B u reau of Mi n es Waste Research P r og ram In 1988 t h

e debat e

o v er t h

e Bev ill exc l u s io n

was t

es and o t

h

er e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l is s

u e s

le d t h

e

Bu re a

u

o f M i ne s

t o in it

ia

t

e a ne w, co mprehensi v e research pro g ram t o

i n v e st

i g at e t h

e env i ro nment a

l p r o ble m s

p o se d by t h

e

m i n i n g

a nd m i ne ra ls p r o c

e

s

s

i n g indu s t

ry in manag i ng w a ste. T h e new r e sear ch pr og ra m w a s named the "En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Te c

h

no lo gy P r o g ra m " a nd wa s

e s

t

a

blis h

e

d t o

de v e lo p m i n i n g

t

e

c

h

no lo gie s

t

h

a

t wo u ld a m e

lio ra t

e

e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l da m a

ge c a

u se d b

y

mi ni ng acti vi ti es. T h e pr og ra m's ma i n e l e

m e

n

ts a r e " C ontrol of Mi ne D ra i na g e a nd L i q ui d W a

s

t

e

s " a nd "S o lid W a

s

t

e

M a na ge m e

n

t a

nd S u bs ide nc e . " C o n

t

ro l o f M i ne Dra i na ge a

nd Liq u id W a

s

t

e

s

e

xa m ine s

a c

id m i ne dra i na ge a nd m i gra t io n of tox i c

w a te

r

s

f r om mi ne s a nd w a ste d i s posa l pi l e s tha t thre a

t

e

n the q

u a lit y o f s

u rfa c

e

a nd gro u nd wa t

e

r. Th e

S o lid W a

s

t

e

M a n

a

ge m e

n

t a nd

S e p tem b e r 1995 113 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Sub s

i d e nce pr og ra m ha s tw o ob j e cti v e s : to i n ve sti g a t

e

ma na g e me nt a nd dis p o sa l m e

t

h

o

d s fo r t h

e

so lid wa s

t

e

p r o d u c e

d by m i n i n g a nd m i ne ra ls pr oce ssi ng ; a nd to d e ve l o p ne w te chnol o g

y

to mi ti g a te the e f

f

e

cts of sub s

i d e nce and o t

h

er envi ro nment a

l hazard s caused b y

und e rgro und mi ni ng . Und e r E T P, N a ti onal Mi ne L a nd R e cl amati o n C e nter s have al so be e

n

e s

t

a

blis h

e

d in se v e ra l re gio n

s

t

o

in v e s

t iga t

e t h

e s u rfa c

e e ffe c

t s o f mi ni ng and t h

e pro bl e ms asso ci at ed w i t h recl ai mi ng ab and o ned , as w e l l a

s a c

ti ve , mi ne l a nd s. A n i m por t

a

n

t e l e

m e

n

t of the pr og ra m i s c

o

o

p e ra t io n

wit h

u n iv e r

s

i t

i e

s , indu s t

ry, la bo r, S t a

t

e a nd Fe de ra l go v e rn m e

n

t a

g e nc i e

s , a nd in t

e

rna t io na l in s

t it

u t io n

s . Th e Bu re a

u o f M i ne s

h a

s

a l so e s

t

a

blis h

e

d a n

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l He a

l t

h R e se a

rc h

P r o g ra m t

o

fo c

u s o n

m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd c o

n

t

ro llin g a i rbo r

ne du s t s a

nd e m is

s

i o n

s fro m die se l e n

gine s

t

h

a

t a r e in h

a

le

d de e

p

in t

o

t

h

e

lu n gs , a

nd wh ic

h

c a

n

c a

u se re s

p ira t

o

r

y dise a

se s . U nde r t h

is p r o g ra m , a du s t m o

n

i t

o

r

is be in g de v e lo p e d t h

a

t will c o

n

t in u o u s ly e v a l u a t

e du s t c

o

ndit io n

s du rin g

t h

e

m i ne ra l o r e e x

t

ra c

t i o n

p r o c

e

s

s

a nd will a l e

r

t w o rkers t o

hazard o us d u st co ncent rat i o ns. D u st co nt ro l t e

chni ques are p r im a

r

ily dire c

t

e

d a t re du c i n g

c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

s t h

ro u g h u se o f wa t

e

r s

p ra ys , m o

re e ffe c

t iv e u se o f v e n

t ila t i o n , a nd m o

dific a

t io n o f m i n i n g m a

c

h

ine o p erat io n

s . C u rren t Federal regu lat o

r

y effo rt

s fo r m i n i n g ope ra t i o ns se e

k

to l i m i t

the a m ount of d i e se l soot i n the mi ne e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

, wh ile re se a

r c h

e

r

s

a r e de v e lo p i n g

in s

t

ru m e

n

t s t h

a

t will a

l l o w d i e se l soot pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

to b e sa mpl e d a nd me a

s

ure d i n the u ndergro u nd at m o

s

p h e

re. Th e Bu reau o f M i ne s

is also c o

nd u c t i n g r e se a

rch to re d u ce d i e se l soot e m i ssi ons b y

f i l t ra ti on, ve nti l a ti on, f u e l m o

dific a

t io n

s , a nd c a

t

a

lyt i c

c o

n

v e r

s

i o n

t e

c

h

n

i q u e s . Be c

a

u se o f t h

e c

o

n

f

ine d , du s t y, h u m id, a nd o f t

e

n

h o

t c o

ndit io n

s

in t h

e m i ne e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

, t h

is

re se a

r c h

will be wide ly a p p lic a

ble t o t h

e m o

s

t diffic u lt indu s t

ria l a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l du s t p r o ble m s . M i ne Sa fe

ty a n

d He a

l th Adminis tr

a

t

io

n (M SHA) M i ne s

Initia tive E l e ctr i cal transf or mer s

or capaci tor s contai ni ng pol y chl o r

i nated b i pheny l s ( P C B s) ar e of ten used as pow e r

sour ces i n und e r

g r o und mi nes. T h i s equi pment i s regul a t

e

d b y

E P A t o

prev ent env i ro nment a

l rel e ase o f PC B s , chemi c al s cl assi f i ed as pr ob abl e human car c i nog ens. A b and o ned mi nes o

f t

e

n

fill wit h

gro u nd wa t

e

r, wh ic

h c a

n c a

u se P C B-c o

n

t

a

i n i n g e q

u i p m e

n

t

, if le ft in p l a c

e , t o

c o

rro de a nd le a

k

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in t

o

t h

e

wa t

e

r; EP A r e gu l a ti ons cur r e ntl y r e q

u i r e r e mova l of thi s e q

ui pme n

t pr i o r to mi ne cl osur e. E P A and M S H A l a unched a j o i n t ef f

o

rt

i n earl y 1993 t o

i d e nt i f

y al l und e r

g r o und mi ne s usi n g

e l e

c

tr

i c

a

l tra n

sf

or me r

s

or ca pa ci tor s tha t
S I C C o d e 10 114 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

co nt ai n PC B s . D u ri ng 1993, M S H A i n spect o

r

s co nd uct e

d PC B surveys t o ide n

t ify m i ne s

u s in g P C B- o r

o t

h

e

r liq u id-fille d e q

u i p m e

n

t u nde rgro u nd. I n s

p e c

t

o

r

s a l so ide n

t ifie d a n

y v i o l a

t io n

s

o f EP A re gu la t i o n

s

go v e rn in g PCB use , ma r

k i n g , stora g e , or d i s posa l
. A tota l of 8 5

und e r

g r o und mi ne s t

h

a

t m a

y u se P C B-c o

n

t

a

i n i n g

e q

u i p m e

n

t we re ide n

t ifie d. EP A h a

s

s

i nc e used t h

e PC B surv eys i n i t s enf o

rcement ef f

o

rt

s, resul t i n g i n f

o

ur mi ni ng compani e s b e i n g

ci ted f o

r

PCB mi smanag ement and f a

ci ng F e d e ra l penal t i e

s o f up t o

$317, 575. E P A has set t l ed o ne o f t h

ese cases, w h i l e filin g t h

re e

a

ddit io na l c o

m p la in t s . Mi n e

Waste T e chn o

l o

gy P r ogram ( MWT P ) In 1991 C o n

g res s allo c

a

t

e

d $3. 5 m illio n

t

o

es t

a

blis h

a p ilo t p r o g ram fo r tr e a

ti ng mi ne w a ste s

i n B u tte , Monta na . B oth b e nch- sca l e r e se a

r ch a nd f

i e

l d d e monstra t i o ns a r e cond ucte d thr o ug h the MW T P
. Sponsor e d b y EP A ' s R i s k

R e du c t io n

En gine e

r

in g La bo ra t

o

r

y a nd t h

e De p a rt

m e

n

t o f Ene r

gy (DO E ), t h

e

p r o g ra m is im p l e m e

n

t

e

d by DO E' s W e

s

t

e

r

n En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Te c

h

no lo gy O ffic e

(W ETO ) c o

n

t

ra c

t

o

r , M S E, a nd t h

e U n i v e r

si ty of Monta na 's Monta na T e ch. MW T P pr og ra m g o a

l s i ncl ud e t

h

e

fo llo win g :

• I de n

t ify m i ne wa s

t

e

p r o ble m s

t

h

a

t a

r e m o

s

t se v e re ly a ffe c

t in g human heal th and the envi r o nment

• E v a l u at e engi neeri n g and eco no m i c

f

a

ct

o

r

s f o

r sel e ct

ed technol o g i es

• P r i or i t

i z e the most pr omi s i n g

mi ne w a ste tr e a

tme n

t te chnol o g i e s ba se d o n

t

h

e

i r e n

gine e

r

in g a nd e c

o

no m ic

v a lu e

• D e m onstra te , te st, a nd e v a l ua te

the most promi s i n g

mi ne w a ste tr e a

tme n

t te chnol o g i e s

• A ccel e ra te the commer c i a

l i zati o n of sel e cted mi ne w a ste tr eatment technol o g i es

• T ra nsf e

r

k now l e d g e g a i ne d f r om the a

b ove thr o ug h sy ste m a

t i c trai ni ng of user communi t i e

s, and the use of w o r

k

shops, shor t cour ses, vi d e o outr each, and g rad uate stud y suppor t

. T h e pr og ra m f o

cuse s on d e ve l o pi ng a nd pr ovi n g

te chnol o g i e s

tha t of f

e

r so lu t i o n

s t o t h

e re m e

dia l p r o ble m s

fa c

i n g

a b a ndo ne d m i ne s

a nd t h

e ong o i n g

compl i a nce pr obl e ms a ssoci a t

e

d w i th a c

ti ve mi ne s. Othe r Fe de ra l a g e nc i e

s , s u c h a s U S BM , BLM , a nd t h

e

Fo re s

t S e rv ic e , a r e a l so p a rt

ic

ip a t in g in v a rio u s p h a

se s

o f t

h

e

re se a

r c h
. W i t

h

in EP A , t h

e

Bu t t

e
S e p tem b e r 1995 115 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t pr og ra m i s coor d i na t

e

d a nd te a

m e

d w i th the Supe r

f

und I nnova ti ve Te c

h

no lo gy Ev a l u a t i o n

(S I T E) p r o g ra m , a nd is c

o

o

r din a

t

e

d wit h

t

h

e DO I T ( D e m onstra ti on of I nnova ti ve T e chnol o g i e s

) Commi tte e

of the W e

ste r

n Gover nor 's A ssoci ati o n to assi st i n technol o g

y

outreach and coor d i nati o n a

m ong the Sta t

e

s

most a f

f

e

cte d b y

mi ni ng a

c

ti vi ti e s . Th e p r io rit y

areas fo r rese arc h

are: 1) S o u

r

ce con t

rol s , i n cl u d

i n g

i n si t u

t

reat m

en t

s

an d

p red i c

t

i v

e te ch n

i q

u

es. S u c h a

t

-so u rc e c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gie s

a s

s u lfa t

e

- re du c i n g

ba c

t

e

r

ia

, bio c

ya n

ide ox i d a ti on, tra n

spor t contr o l / pa thw a y

i n te

r

r

u pti o n te chni q u e s , a nd A M D p r o d u c t i o n

p r e dic t i o n

t

e

c

h

n

i q u e s

will h e

lp ge ne ra t

e

p e rm a

ne n

t so lu t i o n

s to mi ni ng w a ste pr obl e ms. 2) T reat m

en t te ch n

o

l o

g

i es. Te c

h

no lo gie s

s

u c h

a s

u n iq u e re a

g e n

t u t iliz a t io n a

nd u se o f na t u ra l a nd e n

h

a

nc e

d we t l a

nds a

r e h i gh p r io rit i e

s

fo r re se a

r c h to pr ote ct the e n

vi r o nme n

t f r om i mme d i a te

d a ma g e unti l l o ng
- ra n

g e so lu t i o n

s

c

a

n

be de v e lo p e d. 3) Resou r

ce recov ery . Much of the mi ni ng w a ste s r e pr e se n

t a pote nti a l r e sour ce , si nce the y

conta i n si g n i f

i c

a

n

t q u a n

ti ti e s of he a

v

y me ta

l s . Memb ra ne technol o g i es, i o n ex chang e sy stems, el ectrochemi cal se p a ra t i o n p r o c

e

s

se s , se le

c

t iv e p r e c

ip it a

t io n , e n

h

a

nc e

d m a

gne t ic se pa ra ti on, b i ol og i c a

l tr e a

tme n

t/re c

ove r

y sche m e

s , a nd a d va nce d me ta

l l u r g i c a

l pr oce sse s a r e te chni q u e s

tha t mi g h t pr ovi d e e f

f

e

cti v e a nd e

f

f

i ci e n

t se pa ra ti on a nd r e cove r

y

of the me ta

l va l u e s

i n b oth l i q ui d a nd so lid wa s

t

e

s

t

re a

m s . I n a ddit io n

t o

t h

o

se c i t

e

d p r e v io u s ly in t h

e

p r o f

ile , s p e c

ific M W TP pr oj e c

ts i ncl ud e the f

o

l l o w i ng :

• Nitr a

te

R e mo va l De mo ns tr

a

t

io

n P r o j e

c

t f

o

cuses on d e vel o pi ng i nnova ti ve te chnol o g i e s

to r e move ni tra t

e

s

f

r om e f

f

l ue nt a nd drin kin g

wa t

e

r t h

ro u g h io n

e

x c h

a

n

ge , bio l o g ic a

l de n

i t

r

ific a

t io n , a

nd e l e

c

t

ro c

h

e

m i c

a

l io n

e

x c h

a

n

ge .

• N e u

t

ralCh el at i n g

P o l y

m

ers Research P r oj ect f

o

cuses on treati ng aci d mi ne wast ewat er b y

usi n g chel at es ( c hemi cal sub s

t

a

nces wi t h

mo re tha n

one b i nd i n g

si te on the mol e cul e ) to r e move me ta

l i o ns f r om wast ewat er.

• P h ot

oassi sted E l ect r

on T r an sf

er React i on s Research P r oj ect f

o

cuses on t

r e a

t i n g

m i ne wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

s

by u s in g dis so lv e d a nd so lid photoca t

a

l y s ts to r e move tox i c

cy a n

i d e a

nd ni tra t

e

a

n

i o ns.

S I C C o d e 10 116 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

• Sc ie

nc e

a

n

d T e c

h

no lo

gy Info r

m

a

t

io

n R e tr

ie

va l Sys t

e

m

(ST I R S ) fa c

ilit a

t

e

s c

e

n

t

ra liz e d a c

c

e

s

s

t

o

v a rio u s da t

a

ba se s

de v e lo p e d by EP A , DO E, B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s, a nd othe r

s, i ncl ud i n g

CD ROM d a ta

b a se s.

• R e mo te

M i ne Site De mo ns tr

a

t

io

n P r o j e

c

t seeks t o

o p erat e a wat e

rp o we re d re m o

t

e

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t fa c

ilit y fo r a c

idic m e

t

a

l-la de n

m i ne w a ste w a t

e

r , usi n g

the Cr y s ta

l Mi ne ne a

r

B a si n, Monta na . T h e fa c

ilit y t r e a

t s

1 0

- 2 5

ga llo n

s

o

f wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r

p e r m i n u t e , u s in g a se rie s o

f ri p- rap channel s , wat e

r wheel

- p o w ered f eed ers, and set t l i n g p o nd s t

o

c

o

nd u c t o

x

ida t i o n , a d

ju s t p H le v e ls , a nd se p a ra t

e

so lids a

nd liq u ids fo r u l t i m a

t

e

dis p o s

a

l.

• B i o c

ya nide De mo ns tr

a

t

io

n P r o j e

c

t f

o

cuses on usi n g

b a cter i a

to de gra d e c

y a n

ide a

nd c y a n

ide c

o

m p le xe s

in m i n i n g

wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r . Western G o v

ern ors' A ssoci at i o

n Over the past f e

w y e ar s, E P A has enl i s ted the assi stance of the States i n d e ve l o pi ng a n

a ppr oa ch to re gu l a ti ng mi ni ng a c

ti vi ti e s und e r RCRA
. I n o

r de r t o

fa c

ilit a

t

e

t

h

e

S t a

t

e

s ' in v o lv e m e

n

t in t

h

is e ffo rt

, EP A h a

s p r o v ide d f

u nd i n g to the Wester n Gover nor s' A ssoci ati o n (W GA ) , an i nd e pend ent no n- part i san o r

gani zat i o n o f 21 memb er go verno r

s. In 1988, WGA f

o

r

m e

d a Mi ne W a

s

te

T a sk F o r c e

to coor d i n a

t

e the vi e w s of me mb e r Sta t

e

s

a nd to w o r

k

w i th the E P A , the mi ni ng i nd u str y , the e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l communi t y , and the publ i c to d e vel o p w o r

k abl e mi ne w a ste manag e ment pr ogra ms. Kan s

as S t ate U n i v

ersi t y K a nsas St at

e Uni v ersi t y ' s H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nce R e search C e nt er ( H SR C ) is a n EP A -fu nd e d c e

n

t

e

r

t

h

a

t p r o v ide s

re se a

r c h

a nd t e

c

h

no lo gy t ra n

s

f

e

r se r

v i c e

s f o

r pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on a nd othe r

w a ste ma na g e me nt techni ques, i ncl ud i n g mi ni ng w a ste. H S RC pr og ra ms i ncl ud e outr each f

o

r

i nd u str y , assi stance to g o ver n

ment, ed ucati o n mater i al s, and w o rksho p s o n

po l l u t i o n

prevent i o n

and hazard o us w a st

e remed i a t i o n .

S e p tem b e r 1995 117 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t V III. B. E P A V o l u n t a

r

y

P r o g r a

m s E P A spo n

so rs a vari et y o f pro g rams ai med at w a st

e red u ct i o n and pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on. Some r e se a

r ch- o r

i e

n

te

d pr og ra ms, such a s

the Mi ni ng Waste T e chnol o g

y

Pr og ra m, ar e f u nd ed thr o ug h other F e d e ra l a

nd S t a

t

e

a g e nc i e

s

a nd a r e de sc r

ibe d in p r e v io u s se c

t io n

s

o f t h

is p r o f

ile
. Othe r pr og ra ms tha t ma y se r

v e the me ta

l mi ni ng i nd u str y

a

r e hi g h l i g hte d be lo

w. E n v i r on m e n t al L ead er sh i p P r ogr am Th e

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Le a

d e r

s

h

ip P r o g ra m (ELP ) is a n a

t i o na l in it

ia

t i v e p ilo t

e

d by EP A a nd S t a

t

e

a g e nc i e

s

in wh ic

h

fa c

ilit ie

s

h a

v e v o lu n t

e

e

r e d t o d e monstra t

e i nnova ti ve a ppr oa che s

to e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l ma na g e me nt a nd c

o

m p lia nc e . EP A h a

s

se le

c

t

e

d 1 2 p ilo t p r o j e c

t s

a t indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s a nd Fe de ra l in s

t

a

lla t i o n

s t o de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e t h

e

ELP p r o g ra m p r inc i p l e s . Th e

se pri nci pl es i ncl ud e: env i ro nment a

l management syst ems, mul t i

- m ed i a c

o

m p lia nc e

a s

s

u ra nc e , t h

ird-p a rt

y v e rific a

t i o n

o f c o

m p lia nc e , p u blic m e

a

s

u re s

o f a c

c

o

u n t

a

bilit y, c o

mmuni t y

i n vol v ement, and mentor i n g p r o g ra m s . I n e

x c h

a

n

ge fo r p a rt

ic

ip a t in g, p ilo t p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s

re c

e

iv e p u blic r e cog n i t

i o n a nd a r e g i ve n a pe r

i od of ti me to cor r e ct a n

y vi ol a t i o ns d i scove r e d d u r i ng the se e x

pe r

i me nta l pr oj e c

ts. ( C onta ct: T a i

- mi ng C h ang, E L P D i rect o

r , 202- 564- 5081 o r

R o b e rt

Fent ress, 202- 564- 7023) Pr oje c t X L Pro j ect X L w a s i n i t

i a

t

e

d i n M a rch 1995 as a part o f Presi d e nt C l i n t

o

n ' s R e inve nt ing E n vir o

nme n

t

a

l R e gulat i on i n i t

i a

ti ve . T h e

pr oj e c

ts se e

k to achi ev e co st

ef f

e

ct

i v e env i ro nment a

l b e nef i t

s

b y

al l o wi ng part i c

i p ant s

t

o r e pl a c

e

or mod i f y

e x

i s

ti ng r e gu l a tor y

re q

u i r e m e

n

ts on the cond i t i o n tha t the y

pr od uce g re a

te

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l b e ne f

i ts. E P A a nd pr og ra m p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s will ne go t i a

t

e

a nd s i gn a Fin a

l P r o j e c

t A g re e

m e

n

t

, de t

a

ilin g s

p e c

ific o

b

je c

t iv e s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

re gu la t

e

d e n

t i t

y

s

h

a

ll sa t i s

f y. I n e

x c h

a

n

ge , EP A will a llo w t h

e

p a rt

ic

ip a n

t a c e

rt

a

i n de gre e o f re gu la t

o

r

y fle x

ibilit y a nd m a

y se e

k

c h

a

n

ge in u nde rlyin g

re gu la t i o n

s

o r s t

a

t u t e

s . P a rt

ic

ip a n

t s a r e encourag ed to seek stak ehol d e r

suppor t f r om l o cal g o ver n

ments, b

u si nesses, and envi r o nmental g r oups. E P A hopes to i m pl ement f i f

t y p ilo t p r o j e c

t s

in fo u r c

a

t

e

go rie s

inc l u din g fa c

ilit ie

s , se c

t

o

r

s , c o

mmuni t i e

s, a

nd go v e rn m e

n

t a g e nc i e

s re gu la t

e

d by EP A
. A p p lic a

t io n

s

will be a

c

c

e

p t e

d o n

a ro llin g ba s

i s

a nd p r o j e c

t s

will m o

v e t o im p l e m e

n

t

a

t i o n wit h

in s

i x m o

n

t

h

s

o

f t

h

e

i r se le

c

t io n . Fo r a ddit io n

a

l in fo rm a

t io n re ga rdin g X

L P r o j e c

t s , inc l u din g a p p lic a

t io n

p r o c

e

d u r e s

a

nd c r

it

e

r

ia

, se e t h

e M a y 2 3

, 1995 Fed e ral R e gi st er N o t i ce, o r

co nt act J o

n K e ssl er at E P A' s O f f

i ce o f Po l i c y Anal ysi s ( 202) 260- 4034.

S I C C o d e 10 118 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g

NI C E 3 D O E a nd E P A ' s Of f

i ce of Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on a r e j o i n tl y a d mi ni ste r

i n g a gra n

t p r o g ra m c a

lle d t h

e "Na t i o n

a

l I ndu s t

ria l C o m p e t it

iv e ne s

s

t

h

ro u g h Ene r

gy, En v i ro n

m e

n

t

, a nd Ec o

no m ic

s " (NI C E 3 ). By p r o v idin g gra n

t s

o f up to 5 0

pe r c e

n

t of tota l pr oj e c

t cost, the pr og ra m e ncoura g e s

i nd u str y to re d u ce i nd u str i al w a ste at i t s sour ce and to b e come mor e ener g

y - ef f

i ci ent a

nd cost- c ompe ti ti ve thro ug h w a ste mi ni mi z a t i o n e f

f

o

r

t s. Gra n

ts a r e u se d by indu s t

ry t o

de s

i gn , t e

s

t

, de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e , a nd a s

se s

s

t

h

e

fe a

s

ibilit y o f ne w pr oce sse s a nd /or e q

ui pme n

t w i th the pote nti a l to r e d u ce pol l u ti on and i ncrease energy ef f

i ci ency. T h e pro g ram i s o p en t o

al l i nd u st ri es, how e ve r

pr i o r

i ty i s g i ve n to pr oposa l s f r om pa r

t i c

i p a n

ts i n the pul p a nd p a p e r, c h

e

m ic

a

l s , p r im a

r

y m e

t

a

ls , a nd p e t

r o l e

u m a nd c o

a

l p r o d u c t s sect o

r

s. ( C o n

t

a

ct : D O E ' s Go l d e n Fi el d O f f

i ce, 303- 275- 4729)
V III. C
. Tra d e A sso ci a t

i o n A c t

i v i t y T h e metal mi ni ng i nd u str y ' s many associ ati o ns have b een acti ve pa r

t i c

i p a n

ts i n e

x

pl or i n g

ne w a v e n

ue s of pol l u ti on pre v e n

ti on. A s note d ab o v e, so me are part i c

i p at i n g i n B u reau o f M i nes o r

M S H A research. A de sc r

ip t i o n

o f v a rio u s indu s t

ry a s

so c

i a

t io n

s

is p r o v ide d in t h

e fo llo win g secti o n. T h e

tra d e a nd pr of e

ssi ona l or g a ni z a t i o ns se r

v i n g

the me ta

l mi ni ng indu s t

rie s

a r e p r im a

r

ily o r

ga n

i z e d a c

c

o

rdin g t o

c o

m m o

dit y. I n ligh t o f t

h

e co nt ro v e rsy o v er mi ni ng l a w and t h

e po ssi bl e l e gi sl at i v e ref o

rm o f cur r e nt mi ni ng practi ces, ther e ar e al so severa l associ ati o ns w h ose sol e i n te

nt i s to i n f

l ue nce the r e f

o

r

m pr oce ss.
Nat i on al M i n i n

g

A ssoc i at ion 1130 17t h

St
. Wash i n

g

t on , D
. C
. 20036 P h on e: (202) 861-2800 F a x : (202) 861-7535 M e mber s: 400 Co n

t a

c

t: R i ch a

r d La w s on

Fo und e d i n 1995 w i t h

t

h

e merger b e t w een t h

e Ameri c an M i ni ng C o ngress a

nd the N a ti ona l Coa l A ssoci a t i o n, the N a ti ona l Mi ni ng A ssoci a t i o n re p r e se n

t s

p ro d u c e

r

s

o f do m e

s

t ic

c o

a

l , m e

t

a

ls , a nd indu s t

ria l a nd ag r i cul t ural mi nera l s ; manuf a

ctur er s of mi ni ng and mi nera l pr ocessi ng machi nery, equi pment , and suppl i e s; engi neeri n g/ co nsul t i ng f i rms; and

S e p tem b e r 1995 119 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t fina nc ia

l in s

t it

u t io n

s

t

h

a

t se rv e t

h

e

m i n i n g

indu s t

ry. Th e A s so c

i a

t io n a l so of f

e

r

s

tax , communi c ati o ns, and techni cal w o r

k

shops. C o alit ion fo r Resp on sible M i n i n

g

L a w c

/ o C o eur D ' A l en e M i n e

s C o r

p . P O Bo x 1 Coeu r D ' A l en e, ID 83816-0316 P h on e: (208) 667-3511 F a x : (208) 667-2213 M e mber s: 300 St

aff: Bu dg e t : Con t ac

t : Ju st in

Ric e

T h e Coal i t i o n f o

r

Responsi bl e Mi ni ng L a w ( C RML ) compr i ses mi ni ng c

o

m p a n

y e x e c

u t iv e s , e x

p l o ra t io n

ge o

l o g is t s , s m a

ll m i ne rs , a nd o t

h

e

r

s i n t

e

rest ed i n mi ni ng l a w s , o r

gani zed as a means o f co al esci ng West ern mi ni ng i n te

r e sts b e hi nd a pr oposa l to pr e se r

ve the b a si c pr ovi s i o ns of the N a t i o nal M i ni ng L a w ( M i n i n g L a w o f 1872)
. T h e co al i t i o n seeks t o

rai se a

w a r e ne s

s

a b o u t t

h

e

la w wit h

in t

h

e

m i ne ra l indu s t

ry, C o n

g re s

s , a nd t h

e ge ne ra l p u blic t h

ro u g h s p e c

ia

liz e d e d u c a

t io n . P u blic a

t io n

s

inc l u d e a p e rio dic ne ws le

t t

e

r.

I n

te

rsta te

Mi n i n

g

Com p a c

t Com m

i ssi on 459B Car lisle D r . Hern d on , V A 22070 P h on e: (703) 709-8654 F a x : (703) 709-8655 Me m

b

e

r

s: 1 7 St

aff: 2 B u d g et : $150, 000 Con t act: G r e g ory E. Con r ad
T h e I n te

r

s

ta

te Mi ni ng Compa c

t Commi ssi on ( I MCC) i s compr i se d of S t at

es engaged i n surf ace mi ni ng o p erat i o ns. T h e co mmi ssi o n ' s purpo se i s

to b r i n g

tog e t

he r

Sta t

e

of f

i ci a l s to d i scuss mi ni ng probl e ms of na ti ona l sc o

p e a nd s i gn ific a

nc e . A n e ffo rt

is m a

de t o p r o m o

t

e c o

o

p e ra t io n b e t w een S t at

es, pri v at e mi ni ng gro u ps, and t h

e Fed e ral go v e rnment , and to d i scuss, e ncoura g e , e nd o r

se , or sponsor a c

ti vi ti e s , pr og ra ms, a nd le

gis l a

t io n t o a d v a nc e m i ne d la nd re c

l a

m a

t io n . Th e

I M C C p u blis h

e

s

t

h

e NASL Ne ws le

tte r

quart e

rl y. Gold Go ld In s

t it

ut

e 1112 16t h

St
. NW, St e. 240 Wash i n

g

t o

n , D C 20036 P h on e: (202) 835-0185 F a x : (202) 835-0155 Me m

b

e

r

s: 6 6 St

aff: 10 Bu dg e t : C ont a

c

t : J ohn L u t l e

y Th e in s

t it

u t e re p r e se n

t s go ld m i n i n g

a nd re fin i n g

c o

m p a n

ie

s , ma nuf a

ctur e r

s of pr od ucts conta i ni ng g o l d , a nd othe r

s w h o hol d a nd s

u p p l y go ld. Th e

in s

t it

u t e

a d v a nc e

s

t h

e

go ld indu s t

ry' s in t

e

re s

t s

by "de v e lo p i n g

in fo rm a

t io n

fro m wo rldwide so u r c e

s o n go ld u se s , re se a

r c h , t

e

c

h

no lo gy, m a

rke t s , a nd re fe

re nc e

da t

a

," a nd e nc o

u ra g e s t h

e

S I C C o d e 10 120 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g de v e lo p m e

n

t a

nd u se o

f go ld a nd go ld p r o d u c t s . P u blic a

t io n

s inc l u d e t h

e bi-m o

n

t

h

ly Go ld Ne ws . Le a

d Le a

d I n du stri e s

Asso ci a t i on 295 M a d i son A v e. New York , NY 10017 P h on e: (212) 578-4750 F a x : (212) 684-7714 Me m

b

e

r

s: 7 0 St

aff: 4 Bu dg e t : Con t ac

t : Jer ome Smit h
T h e L e ad I nd u str i es A ssoci ati o n consi s ts of mi ni ng compani e s, smel ter s , r e f

i ner s , and manuf a

cturer s of l e ad pr od ucts. T h e associ ati o n pr ovi d e s t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

l in fo rm a

t io n

t o

c o

n

s

u m e

rs , m a

in t

a

in s

a libra ry, a nd ga t

h

e

r

s s

t

a

t is

t i c

s . I t s

p r im a

r

y se m i -a n

n

u a l p u blic a

t io n

is LEA D.
I r

on an d S teel A meric an Ir on an d St eel In s

t it

ut

e 1101 17t h

St
. NW, Su it e 1300 Wash i n

g

t o

n , D C 20036-4700 P h on e: (202) 452-7100 F a x : (202) 463-6573 M e mber s: 1200 St

aff: 44 Bu dg e t : Con t a

c

t: An dre w G
. S h a

rk

e

y

I I I
M e m b e r

s o f t h

e A m e

r

ic

a

n I r o n

a

nd S t e

e

l I n s

t it

u t e

o p e ra t

e

s

t

e

e

l m ills , bla s

t fu rna c

e

s , fin i s

h

in g m ills , a nd iro n

o r e m i ne s . Th e

I n s

t it

u t e

c o

nd u c t s ex tensi v e re sear ch pr og ra ms on manuf a

ctur i n g

technol o g

y , b a si c mat e

ri al s, env i ro nment a

l qual i t y co nt ro l , energy, and f u el s co nsumpt i o n . I n a ddit io n t o

t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l m a

n

u a l s

a nd p a m p h l e

t s , t h

e

I n s

t it

u t e

a l so p u blis h

e

s

t

h

e A m eri can I r on an d

S teel I n st

i t

u

te

- A nnua l Sta t

is

tic a

l R e po r

t .
A meric an Ir on Or e A ssoc i at ion 614 Su p e ri or A v e, W Clev elan d , OH 44113-1383 P h on e: (216) 241-8261 F a x : (216) 241-8262 Me m

b

e

r

s: 1 2 St

aff: B u d g et : $260, 000 C on t ac

t : Geor g e

Ry an T h e Ameri c an Iro n

O r e Asso ci at i o n represent s i r o n o r e pro d uci n g co mpani e s i n t h

e U. S. and C a nad a . T h e o r

gani zat i o n' s go al s are t o c

o

m p ile a nd dis se m i na t

e

s

t

a

t is

t i c

s

c o

nc e

r

n

i n g

t

h

e

iro n

o r e indu s t

ry, a nd to pr ovi d e a f o

r

um f o

r

d i scussi ng i nd u str y

pr obl e ms. T h e A ssoci ati o n publ i s hes a var i ety of d o cuments, among them annual and monthl y re p o rt

s

t

h

a

t de t

a

il s i gn ific a

n

t o c

c

u rre nc e

s

in t

h

e

indu s t

ry.

S e p tem b e r 1995 121 S I C C o d e 10- - Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t A l uminum Al u m i n

u m Asso ci a t i on 900 19t h

St
. NW, St e. 300 Wash i n

g

t o

n , D C 20006 P h on e: (202) 862-5100 F a x : (202) 862-5164 Me m

b

e

r

s: 8 6 St

aff: 27 B u d g et : $4, 300, 000 C on t a

c

t: Da v i d P a rk

e

r T h e Al umi num Associ ati o n consi s ts of pr od ucer s of al umi num and manuf a

ctur es of semi

- f a

b r i c

ated al umi num pr od ucts. T h e associ ati o n re p re se n

t s

m e

m b e r

s ' in t

e

re s

t s

in le gis l a

t iv e a c

t i v i t y

a nd c o

nd u c t s se m i na rs

a nd wo rks h

o

p s . I n a ddit io n , t h

e

A s so c

i a

t io n

m a

in t

a

in s

a libra ry a nd p u blis h

e

s v a rio u s do c

u m e

n

t s , inc l u din g a m o

n

t

h

l y A l uminum Situa t

io

n.
C o ppe r Ame ri c an Cop p e r Cou n ci l 2

S o u t

h

En d Ave ., N o . 4 C New York , NY 10280 P h on e: (212) 945-4990 M e mber s: 175 St

aff: 2 B u d g et : $300, 000 C ont a

c

t : M a r y

B o l a

nd Th e A m e

r

ic

a

n C o p p e r C o u nc il c o

n

s

is

t s

o f p r o d u c e

r

s , fa bric a

t

o

r

s , mer c hants, consumer s , and trad er s of copper . T h e counci l provi d e s a fo ru m fo r e x c h

a

n

gin g ne ws a nd o p in io n

s

be t w e e

n

c o

p p e r indu s t

ry e

x e c

u t iv e s a nd go v e rn m e

n

t o ffic i a

l s . I n a ddit io n , t h

e

c

o

u nc il m a

in t

a

in s

a r e l a

ti onshi p w i th the me ta

l tra d e pr e ss a nd contr i b u te s d a ta

a nd ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

re la

t

e

d t o

c

o

p p e r indu s t

ry e v e n

t s . A ne ws le

t t

e

r is

p u blis h

e

d q u a r

t

e

rly.
Zi n c A meric an Zin c

A ssoc i at ion 1112 16t h

St
. , NW, Su it e 240 Wash i n

g

t o

n , D C 20036 P h on e: (202) 835-0164 F a x : (202) 835-0155 C ont a

c

t : G e or

ge Va r y

T h e AZ A i s an i n t

e

rnat i o nal asso ci at i o n t h

at represent s pri m ary and se cond a r

y

pr od uce r

s of z i nc me ta

l , ox i d e , a nd d u st f r om the U
. S. , Ca na d a , M e xic o , A u s t

ra lia , Fin l a

nd, No rwa y , a nd S p a i n , wh o

se ll in t h

e

U
. S
. market t h

e l a rgest si ngl e - c

o

u nt ry zi nc market i n t h

e wo rl d
. T h e asso ci at i o n' s pri m ary go al i s t

o

pro m o

t

e

aw areness o f and t o

ed ucat e t h

e p u blic a b o u t z i nc a nd it s

m a

n

y

u se s ; Zi n c

E ssen t

i al s i s the associ ati o n's ne w s l e

tte r .

S I C C o d e 10 122 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g IX. C ONTA C T S /A C K NOWL E DGME NTS /R ESO UR C E M AT ER I ALS /B I B LI O G R APH Y
Ge ne r a

l Pr of ile E n cy cl op ed i a

of Associ at i o

n

s

, 2 7

t

h

e

d ., De bo ra h

M
. Bu re k , e d ., G a le

R e se a

r c h

I nc ., De t

r o i t

, M i chi g an, 1992. Mine r

a

l C o mmodit y

Summar i e

s

1994 , Bu re a

uo f M i ne s . Mi n eral s Yearbook, Met a

l s

an d Mi n eral s , vo l
. I, B u reau o f M i nes, 1992. Sta n

da r

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n M a nua l , O f f

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ta

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n

t

a

l La w I n s

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. I n du s

t

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u

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of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 10A: I r on O res , Bu re a

u

o

f t

h

e

C e n

s

u s , A p ril 1990 ( M C 87- I- 10A)
. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 10B : Copper, L e ad an d Zi n c

, Gol d , an d S i l v er O res , B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Apri l 1990 ( M C 87- I- 10B)
. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers I n du st

ry S eri es 10C: F erroal l o y, Mi sc. Met a

l O res an d S ervi c es

, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, Apri l 1990 ( M C 87- I- 10C )
. SIC C o de P r o

file 10, M e ta

l M i ning , Sept emb e r 1994 U. S. E P A, O f f

i ce o f Po l l u t i o n Pr eventi on and T o x

i cs. T e ch n

i cal D o cu m

e

n

t : B a ckg r

ou n

d

f

o

r N E P A Rev i ew ers, N o n

- CoalMi n i n g

O p erat i on s

, D e cemb er 1994, U. S. E P A. Mi n i n g

Waste Rel e ases an d

E n v

i ron m

en t

a

l E f f e

ct

s S u m

m

a

ri es, D r af

t , M a rch 1994, U. S. E P A. H a rdrock Mi n i n g

F r am ework, D r af

t , M a rch 1995, U. S. E P A. A c i d

Mi n e D r ai n a

g

e f

r

om Mi n es i n N a t

i on al

F o rest s, a Man ag em en t Ch al l e n

g

e

, P r o g ra m A i d 1505, 1993, USD A Fo rest Servi c e.

S e p tem b e r 1995 123 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t R e gula tor y

Pr of ile C R S I s s

u

e

B r ie

f, T h e

1872 Mining Law: T ime to R e for m

? , M a rc

Hu m p h r

ie

s , En v i ro n

m e

n

t and N a tura l Resources Pol i c y

D i vi si on, Cong r e ssi onal Resear ch Ser v i c e, L i b ra r

y

of C o ngress, J u l y 7, 1994. ( O rd er C o d e IB 89130)
. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1991 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 92- 008) , Apri l 1992. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1992 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 230- R 93- 001) , Apri l 1993. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1993 , U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 94- 003) , Apri l 1994. T e ch n

i calResou r

ce D o cu m

e

n

t : E x t

r

act i on an d

B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on of O res an d

Mi n eral s , V o l u m

e 4

, C o ppe r

, August 1994 U. S. E P A. T e ch n

i cal D o cu m

e

n

t : B a ckg r

ou n

d

f

o

r N E P A Rev i ew ers, N o n

- CoalMi n i n g

O p erat i on s

, D e cemb er 1994, U. S. E P A. T h e

Sc o

p

e

o

f the B e vill E x c

l us io

n fo r

M i ning W a

s

te

s

, Van H o usman, E n vi r o nmental L a w R e po rt

er, N o vemb er 1994. Mi ssi on S u p

p

o

rt

Rev i ew of t

h

e A erom e

t

r

i c

I n f o

rm at

i o

n

Ret r

i e

v

a

l S y stem ( A I R S ) , J u l y 1992, U
. S. E P A , Of f

i ce of I n f

o

r

m ati o n Resour ces Manag e ment. H a rdrock Mi n i n g

F r am ework, D r af

t , M a rch 1995, U. S. E P A. Unifie d Age n

da , 59 Fe de r

a

l R e gis t

e

r

, Apri l 1994. Pr oc es s Des c r

iptions Annua l R e po r

t : C o ppe r

, 1992, U
. S. B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s. Annua l R e po r

t : Go ld, 1992, U
. S. B u re a

u

of Mi ne s. Annua l R e po r

t : Ir o

n

Or e

, 1992, U
. S. B u r e a

u

of Mi ne s. Annua l R e po r

t : Le a

d

, 1992, U
. S. B u re a

u

of Mi ne s. Annua l R e po r

t : Z i nc , 1992, U
. S. B u re a

u

of Mi ne s.

S I C C o d e 10 124 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g T e ch n

i calResou r

ce D o cu m

e

n

t : E x t

r

act i on an d

B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on of O res an d

Mi n eral s , V o l u m

e 4

, C o ppe r

, August 1994 U. S. E P A. M c Gr a

w

-Hill E n c

y

c

l o

p

e

d

ia

o

f Sc ie

nc e

& T e c

h

no lo

gy, 6th E d itio n , M c G ra w -Hill Bo o

k C o mpany, N e w Y o rk, N Y , 1992.
Pollution Pr e

v e n tion Con t

rolof Water P o l l u t

i on f

r

om S u r

f a

ce Mi n i n g

O p erat i on s

, U. S. B u reau o f M i nes, 1981. I n n

o

v

a

t

i v

e

Met h

od s of Man ag i n g

E n v

i ron m

en t

a

lRel e ases at Mi n e S i te s

, Apri l 1994 U. S. E P A. T e ch n

i calResou r

ce D o cu m

e

n

t : E x t

r

act i on an d

B e n

e

f i c

i a

t

i on of O res an d

Mi n eral s , V o l u m

e 4

, C o ppe r

, August 1994 U. S. E P A. T e ch n

i cal D o cu m

e

n

t : B a ckg r

ou n

d

f

o

r N E P A Rev i ew ers, N o n

- CoalMi n i n g

O p erat i on s

, D e cemb er 1994, U. S. E P A. Mi n i n g

Waste Research i n t

h

e U
. S
. B u reau of Mi n e

s

, Val o i s

Shea- A l b i n , 1992. Mi n i n g

' s

F u t

u

re: Meet i n g

t

h

e E n v

i ron m

en t

a

lCh al l e n

g

e

, C o n

no lly, R
. E., Ba t t

e

lle P r e s

s , 1990. M i ning: Te c

h

nic a

l Suppo r

t Do c

u

me nt, Inte r

n

a

lTr a

i ning W o

r

k

s

ho p Pr inc i ple s

o

f E n v

i ron m

en t

a

l E n f o

rcem en t , D raf t Apri l 1994 U. S. E P A. T h e U se of Con s

t

r

u

c

te

d

Wet l an d

s

i n t

h

e T reat m

en t of A c i d

Mi n e D r ai n a

g

e

, P e rry , A lle n , C a mb ri d g e Uni v ersi t y

Press, 1991.
Co n t act s * Na m e O r ga n

i z a t io n Te le

p h o

ne J

o

hn R o ach U
. S
. B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus 301- 703- 7066 R o ger Wi l m o

t

h U. S. E P A O f f

i ce o f R e search 513- 569- 7509 a

nd De v e lo p m e

n

t M e l Shupe U
. S
. D O E , West ern 406- 494- 7205 En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Te c

h

no lo gy
* Many o f t

h

e c o nt ac

t s list e

d abo v e

hav e p r o

v ided v a luable bac kgro u nd inf o rm at io n and c o m m e nt

s during t h

e dev e lo p m ent o f this do c u m e nt. EP A a p p r ec

ia

tes this su p p o r t a

nd a c

kno w l edges tha t the indiv i du a l s listed do no t necessarily endo rse all st at

em ent s m a de w i t h

in t h

is no t e

bo o k
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 125 S I C C o d e 10Metal Min in g S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t O ffic e Na m e M e l a

ni e P a l l m an D a n T a ngero ne R o n C l aw so n General Inf o

rmat i o n D i vi si o n

o f M i neral C o m m o

dit ie

s D i vi si o n

o f R e gul a t

o

r

y a

nd P o lic y A na l ys is D i vi si o n

o f E n vi ro nment a

l T e chnol o g

y
EPA Doc u m e nt Ava ila bility O r ga n

i z a t io n U. S
. E P A R e gi o n

VIII ( i nspe ctor ) U
. S
. E P A R e gi o n

X ( i nspect o

r

) U
. S
. E P A R e gi o n

IX ( i nspect o

r

) U
. S
. B u reau o f M i nes U
. S
. B u reau o f M i nes U
. S
. B u reau o f M i nes U
. S
. B u reau o f M i nes Te le

p h o

ne 303- 293- 1626 206- 553- 1630 415- 744- 1888 202- 501- 9650 202- 501- 9448 202- 501- 9732 202- 501- 9271

Per t h

e M a rch 1, 1995 Fed e ral R e gi st er, t h

e f o

l l o w i ng t e

chni cal d o cument s co ncerni ng w a st

es f r o m no n- co al ext ract i o n

and b e nef i ci at i o n, w e re i ssued b y

t

h

e U. S. E P A, and are avai l a bl e at t

h

e R C R A d o cket , E P A H e ad quart e

rs, Washi ngt o

n , D
. C
. , and al l E P A Re g i ona l L i b ra r

i e

s . Copi e s

of most d o cume nts ma y

b e pur c ha se d f r om the N a ti ona l T e chni cal Inf o

rmat i o n Servi c e at ( 800) 553- N T IS. M o s

t d o cument s are al so avai l a bl e el ect r o n

i c

al l y o n

t

h

e Int e

rnet S

y st em, t h

ro ugh t h

e E P A Publ i c Access Go pher S e rv er. T h e f o

l l o wi ng t e

chni cal reso urce d o cument s ( T R Ds) hav e b een peer rev i ewed b y

S t at

e re p r e se n

t

a

t i v e s , Fe de ra l la nd m a

na ge m e

n

t a

g e nc i e

s , m i n i n g

c

o

m p a n

ie

s , a nd p u blic i n te

r e st g r oups:

T R D Vo l
. 1: L e ad

- Z i nc ( N T I S PB 94- 170248) T R D Vo l
. 2: Go l d ( N T I S PB 94- 170305) T R D Vo l
. 3: Iro n

( N T I S PB 94- 195203) T R D Vo l
. 4: C o pper ( N T I S PB 94- 200979) T R D Vo l
. 5: Urani um ( N T I S PB 94- 200987) T R D Vo l
. 6: Go l d Pl acer ( N T I S PB 94- 201811) T R D Vo l
. 7: Pho s

phat e & M o l yb d e num ( N T I S PB 94- 201001) T h e d o cuments l i s ted b e l o

w d i scuss cur r e nt mi ni ng w a ste manag e ment and engi neeri n g pract i ces, and hav e b een peer rev i ewed b y

S t at

e represent a

t i v e s, Fed e ral la

nd m a

na ge m e

n

t a

g e nc i e

s , m i n i n g

c

o

m p a n

ie

s , a nd p u blic in t

e

re s

t gro u p s : I nnova ti ve Me thod s of Ma na g i ng E n vi r o nme n

ta

l Re l e

a

se s

a

t Mi ne Si te s ( N T I S PB 9 4

- 170255)

S I C C o d e 10 126 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t Metal Min in g Des i gn and Ev alu a t i o n

o

f Tailin gs Dam s

(NTIS P B 94-201845) Treat m en t o

f C y an ide Heap Leac h

e

s

& Tailin gs (NTIS P B 94-201837) Aci d M i ne D rai nage Pred i c t i o n

( N T I S PB 94- 201829) W A S T E: A n I n fo rm a

t io n

R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m fo r M ill Ta ilin gs R e fe

re nc e

s

(no t a

t NTI S ; a

v a ila ble e

l e

c

t

r o n

ic

a

lly o r

a

t R C R A do c

k e t ) Th e

fo llo win g

do c

u m e

n

t s

p ro v ide h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

l c o

n

t

e

x

t fo r EP A ' s m i ne wa s

t

e

a

c

t i v i t i e

s :

• R e p or t to Cong r e ss on W a

s

te

s f r om the E x tra c

ti on a nd Be ne fic i a

t io n

o

f M e t

a

llic O r e s , P h o

s

p h a

t

e

R o c

k , A s be s

t

o

s , O v erb u rd en f r o m Urani um M i ni ng, and O i l Shal e ( N T I S PB 88- 162631)
• S t raw man II ( N T I S PB 91- 178418)

• U
. S
. E P A Mi ne W a

s

te

Pol i c y

D i a l ogue Commi tte e

Me e

t i n g Summar i es and Suppor t i n g

Mater i al ( N T I S PB 95- 122529)
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 127 S I C C o d e 10