**Case C-386/08**

**Firma Brita GmbH**

**v**

**Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Hafen**

(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Finanzgericht Hamburg)

(EC-Israel Association Agreement – Territorial scope – EC-PLO Association Agreement – Refusal to apply to products originating in the West Bank the preferential tariff arrangements granted for products originating
in Israel – Doubts as to the origin of the products – Approved exporter – Subsequent verification of invoice declarations by the customs authorities of the importing State – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – Principle of the relative effect of treaties)

Summary of the Judgment

1.        *International agreements – EC-Israel Association Agreement – Preferential tariff arrangements granted for products originating
in Israel*

*(EC-Israel Association Agreement, Art. 83; EC-PLO Association Agreement, Protocol No 3, Art. 16(4))*

2.        *International agreements – EC-Israel Association Agreement – Preferential tariff arrangements granted for products originating
in Israel*

*(EC-Israel Association Agreement, Protocol No 4, Arts 32(6) and 39)*

1.        The customs authorities of the importing Member State may refuse to grant the preferential treatment provided for under the
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the
one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part, where the goods concerned originate in the West Bank.

Indeed, Article 16(4) of Protocol No 3 annexed to the Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation
between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian
Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part, implies that, if the products concerned can be regarded
as products originating in the West Bank or Gaza Strip, the customs authorities of the West Bank and Gaza Strip have sole
competence to issue an EUR.1 movement certificate. Accordingly, to interpret Article 83 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement
as meaning that the Israeli customs authorities enjoy competence in respect of products originating in the West Bank would
be tantamount to imposing on the Palestinian customs authorities an obligation to refrain from exercising the competence conferred
upon them by virtue of the provisions of that protocol. Such an interpretation, the effect of which would be to create an
obligation for a third party without its consent, would thus be contrary to the principle of general international law, ‘pacta
tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt’, as consolidated in Article 34 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

Furthermore, the customs authorities of the importing Member State may not make an elective determination, leaving open the
questions of which of the agreements to be taken into account – namely, the EC-Israel Association Agreement and the EC-PLO
Association Agreement – applies in a particular case and of whether proof of origin falls to be issued by the Israeli authorities
or by the Palestinian authorities.

(see paras 50, 52, 58, operative part 1)

2.        For the purposes of the procedure laid down in Article 32 of Protocol No 4 annexed to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing
an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the
other part, the customs authorities of the importing State are not bound by the proof of origin submitted or by the reply
given by the customs authorities of the exporting State where that reply does not contain sufficient information, for the
purposes of Article 32(6) of that protocol, to enable the real origin of the products to be determined.

Furthermore, the customs authorities of the importing State are not obliged to refer to the Customs Cooperation Committee
set up under Article 39 of that protocol a dispute concerning the interpretation of the territorial scope of that agreement.

(see para. 73, operative part 2)


JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)

25 February 2010 ([\*](#Footnote*))

(EC-Israel Association Agreement – Territorial scope – EC-PLO Association Agreement – Refusal to apply to products originating in the West Bank the preferential tariff arrangements granted for products originating
in Israel – Doubts as to the origin of the products – Approved exporter – Subsequent verification of invoice declarations by the customs authorities of the importing State – Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – Principle of the relative effect of treaties)

In Case C‐386/08,

REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC, from the Finanzgericht Hamburg (Germany), made by decision of 30
July 2008, received at the Court on 1 September 2008, in the proceedings

**Brita GmbH**

v

**Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Hafen,**

THE COURT (Fourth Chamber),

composed of K. Lenaerts, President of the Third Chamber, acting for the President of the Fourth Chamber, R. Silva de Lapuerta,
E. Juhász, J. Malenovský (Rapporteur) and T. von Danwitz, Judges,

Advocate General: Y. Bot,

Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,

having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 3 September 2009,

after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:

–        Brita GmbH, by D. Ehle, Rechtsanwalt,

–        the European Commission, by C. Tufvesson, F. Hoffmeister and L. Bouyon, acting as Agents,

after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 29 October 2009,

gives the following

**Judgment**

1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association
between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part, signed
in Brussels on 20 November 1995 (OJ 2000 L 147, p. 3; ‘the EC-Israel Association Agreement’), account being taken of the Euro-Mediterranean
Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine
Liberation Organisation (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other
part, signed in Brussels on 24 February 1997 (OJ 1997 L 187, p. 3; ‘the EC-PLO Association Agreement’).

2        The reference has been made in the context of a customs dispute between Brita GmbH (‘Brita’), a company incorporated under
German law, and the Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Hafen (the main customs office of the port of Hamburg) concerning the refusal of
the Hauptzollamt to grant Brita preferential treatment with regard to the importation of products manufactured in the West
Bank.

**Legal context**

*The Vienna Convention*

3        Under Article 1 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969 (*United Nations Treaty**Series*, vol. 1155, p. 331; ‘the Vienna Convention’), which is entitled ‘Scope of the present Convention’, the Vienna Convention
applies to treaties between States.

4        Article 3 of the Vienna Convention, which is entitled ‘International agreements not within the scope of the present Convention’,
provides:

‘The fact that the present Convention does not apply to international agreements concluded between States and other subjects
of international law or between such other subjects of international law, or to international agreements not in written form,
shall not affect:

...

(b)       the application to [such agreements] of any of the rules set forth in the present Convention to which they would be subject
under international law independently of the Convention;

...’

5        Under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, which is entitled ‘General rule of interpretation’:

‘1.      A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty
in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.

2.      ... for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty, ...

3.      ... there shall be taken into account, together with the context:

...

(c)      any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties.

...’

6        Article 34 of the Vienna Convention, which is entitled ‘General rule regarding third States’, provides:

‘A treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent.’

*The EC-Israel Association Agreement*

7        The EC-Israel Association Agreement, approved by Decision 2000/384/EC, ECSC of the Council and the Commission of 19 April
2000 (OJ 2000 L 147, p. 1), entered into force on 1 June 2000.

8        In Title II of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, which concerns the free movement of goods, Article 6(1) provides:

‘The free trade area between the Community and Israel shall be reinforced according to the modalities set out in this Agreement
and in conformity with the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 and of other multilateral agreements
on trade in goods annexed to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organisation (WTO) ...’

9        Under Article 8 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, with regard to industrial products as defined in that agreement and
subject to the exceptions provided for, ‘customs duties on imports and exports, and any charges having equivalent effect,
shall be prohibited between the Community and Israel. ...’

10      Article 75(1) of the EC-Israel Association Agreement provides:

‘Each of the Parties may refer to the Association Council any dispute relating to the application or interpretation of this
Agreement.’

11      The territorial scope of the EC-Israel Association Agreement is defined as follows in Article 83 thereof:

‘This Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaties establishing the European Community
and the European Coal And Steel Community are applied and under the conditions laid down in those Treaties and, on the other
hand, to the territory of the State of Israel.’

12      Protocol 4 to the EC-Israel Association Agreement (‘the EC-Israel Protocol’) lays down the rules relating to the definition
of ‘originating products’, as well as methods of administrative cooperation.

13      In accordance with point (2) of Article 2 of the EC-Israel Protocol, products wholly obtained in Israel, within the meaning
of Article 4 of that protocol, are to be treated as originating in Israel, as are products obtained in Israel which contain
materials not wholly obtained there, provided that those materials have undergone sufficient working or processing in Israel,
within the meaning of Article 5 of the EC-Israel Protocol.

14      Article 17(1) of the EC-Israel Protocol states:

‘Originating products within the meaning of this Protocol shall, on importation into one of the Parties, benefit from the
Agreement upon submission of either:

(a)      a movement certificate EUR.1...;

(b)      in the cases specified in Article 22(1), a declaration, ... given by the exporter on an invoice, a delivery note or any other
commercial document which describes the products concerned in sufficient detail to enable them to be identified [“the invoice
declaration”].’

15      Under paragraph (1)(a) of Article 22 of the EC-Israel Protocol, which is entitled ‘Conditions for making out an invoice declaration’,
the invoice declaration referred to in Article 17(1)(b) of the protocol may be made out by an approved exporter within the
meaning of Article 23 of that protocol.

16      Under Article 23 of the EC-Israel Protocol, the customs authorities of the exporting State may authorise any exporter (an
‘approved exporter’) who makes frequent shipments of products under the EC-Israel Association Agreement, and who offers to
the satisfaction of the customs authorities all guarantees necessary to verify the originating status of those products as
well as the fulfilment of the other requirements of the EC-Israel Protocol, to make out invoice declarations. Such a declaration
is proof that the products concerned possess the appropriate originating status and thus allows the importer to benefit from
the preferential treatment provided for under the agreement.

17      Article 32 of the EC-Israel Protocol governs, in the following terms, the procedure for verifying proof of origin:

‘1.      Subsequent verification of movement certificates EUR.1 and of invoice declarations shall be carried out at random or whenever
the customs authorities of the importing State have reasonable doubt as to the authenticity of such documents, the originating
status of the products concerned or the fulfilment of the other requirements of this Protocol.

2.      For the purposes of implementing the provisions of paragraph 1, the customs authorities of the importing [State] shall return
the movement certificate EUR.1, and the invoice, if it has been submitted, or the invoice declaration, or a copy of these
documents, to the customs authorities of the exporting country giving, where appropriate, the reasons of substance or form
for an inquiry.

They shall forward, in support of the request for subsequent verification, any documents and information that have been obtained
suggesting that the information given on the movement certificate EUR.1 or the invoice declaration is incorrect.

3.      The verification shall be carried out by the customs authorities of the exporting [State]. For this purpose, they shall have
the right to call for any evidence and to carry out any inspection of the exporter’s accounts or any other check which they
consider appropriate.

4. ...

5.      The customs authorities requesting the verification shall be informed of the results of this verification within a maximum
period of 10 months. These results must indicate clearly whether the documents are authentic and whether the products concerned
can be considered as originating products and fulfil the other requirements of this Protocol.

...

6.      If in cases of reasonable doubt there is no reply within 10 months or if the reply does not contain sufficient information
to determine the authenticity of the document in question or the real origin of the products, the requesting customs authorities
shall, except in the case of *force majeure* or in exceptional circumstances, refuse entitlement to the preferences.’

18      On the subject of dispute settlement, Article 33 of the EC-Israel Protocol provides:

‘Where disputes arise in relation to the verification procedures of Article 32 which cannot be settled between the customs
authorities requesting a verification and the customs authorities responsible for carrying out this verification or where
they raise a question as to the interpretation of this Protocol, they shall be submitted to the Customs Cooperation Committee.

...’

19      Under Article 39 of the EC-Israel Protocol, which is entitled ‘Customs Cooperation Committee’:

‘1.      A Customs Cooperation Committee shall be set up, charged with carrying out administrative cooperation with a view to the correct
and uniform application of this Protocol and with carrying out any other task in the customs field which may be entrusted
to it.

2.      The Committee shall be composed, on the one hand, of experts of the Member States and of officials of the department of the
Commission of the European Communities who are responsible for customs questions and, on the other hand, of experts nominated
by Israel.’

*EC-PLO Association Agreement*

20      The EC-PLO Association Agreement, approved by Council Decision 97/430/EC of 2 June 1997 (OJ 1997 L 187, p.1) entered into
force on 1 July 1997.

21      Article 3 of the EC-PLO Association Agreement states:

‘The Community and the Palestinian Authority shall establish progressively a free trade area ... in conformity with the provisions
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 and of the other multilateral agreements on trade in goods annexed to
the agreement establishing the World Trade Organisation (WTO) ...’

22      Articles 5 and 6 of the EC-PLO Association Agreement provide:

*‘Article 5*

No new customs duty on imports, or any other charge having equivalent effect, shall be introduced on trade between the Community
and the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

*Article 6*

Imports into the Community of products originating in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip shall be allowed free of customs duties
and of any other charge having equivalent effect and free of quantitative restrictions and of any other measure having equivalent
effect.’

23      As regards the territorial scope of the EC-PLO Association Agreement, Article 73 provides:

‘This Agreement shall apply, on the one hand, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Community is
applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty and, on the other hand, to the territory of the West Bank and the
Gaza Strip.’

24      Protocol 3 appended to the EC-PLO Association Agreement (‘the EC-PLO Protocol’) lays down the rules concerning the definition
of ‘originating products’, as well as methods of administrative cooperation.

25      Under Article 2(2) of the EC-PLO Protocol, products wholly obtained in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are to be treated
as products originating in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as are products obtained in the West Bank and Gaza Strip incorporating
materials which have not been wholly obtained there, provided that such materials have undergone sufficient working or processing
in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

26      Article 15(1) of the EC-PLO Protocol provides that, on importation into the Community, products originating in the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip are to benefit from the EC-PLO Association Agreement upon submission of either a movement certificate EUR.1
or – in the situations listed in Article 20(1) of the protocol – a declaration made out by the exporter on an invoice, or
on a delivery note, or on any other commercial document, which describes the products concerned in sufficient detail to enable
them to be identified. That declaration is referred to as an ‘invoice declaration’.

27      Article 16(1) of the EC-PLO Protocol provides that the movement certificate EUR.1 is to be issued by the customs authorities
of the exporting State. Under Article 16(4), such a certificate is to be issued by the customs authorities of the West Bank
and Gaza Strip if the products concerned can be considered to be products originating in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and
if they fulfil the other requirements laid down in the protocol.

28      Under paragraph (1)(a) of Article 20 of the EC-PLO Protocol, which concerns the conditions for making out an invoice declaration,
such a declaration may be made out by an approved exporter within the meaning of Article 21 of the protocol. Under Article
20(2) of the EC-PLO Protocol, an invoice declaration may be made out if the products concerned can be considered to be products
originating in the Community, the West Bank and Gaza Strip and if they fulfil the other requirements laid down in that protocol.

29      Paragraph 1 of Article 21 of the EC-PLO Protocol, which concerns approved exporters, provides that the customs authorities
of the exporting State may grant authority to make out invoice declarations to any exporter who makes frequent shipments of
products under the EC-PLO Association Agreement and who offers to the satisfaction of the customs authorities all guarantees
necessary to verify the originating status of the products as well as the fulfilment of the other requirements laid down in
the protocol.

**The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling**

30      Brita, the applicant in the main proceedings, is established in Germany. It imports drink-makers for sparkling water, as well
as accessories and syrups, all produced by an Israeli supplier, Soda-Club Ltd, at a manufacturing site at Mishor Adumin in
the West Bank, to the east of Jerusalem. Soda-Club Ltd is an approved exporter within the meaning of Article 23 of the EC-Israel
Protocol.

31      During the first six months of 2002, Brita applied for some imported goods to be released for free circulation, filing more
than 60 customs declarations in total. It stated that the country of origin for those goods was ‘Israel’ and sought the application
of the preferential tariff provided for under the EC-Israel Association Agreement on the basis of invoice declarations made
out by the supplier confirming that the products concerned originated in Israel.

32      The German customs authorities provisionally granted the preferential tariff applied for, but commenced the procedure for
subsequent verification. On being questioned by the German customs authorities, the Israeli customs authorities replied that
‘[o]ur verification has proven that the goods in question originate in an area that is under Israeli Customs responsibility.
As such, they are originating products pursuant to the [EC-Israel] Association Agreement and are entitled to preferential
treatment under that agreement’.

33      By letter of 6 February 2003, the German customs authorities asked the Israeli customs authorities to indicate, by way of
supplementary information, whether the goods in question had been manufactured in Israeli-occupied settlements in the West
Bank, the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem or the Golan Heights. That letter remained unanswered.

34      By decision of 25 September 2003, the German Customs authorities therefore refused the preferential treatment that had been
granted previously, on the ground that it could not be established conclusively that the imported goods fell within the scope
of the EC-Israel Association Agreement. Consequently, a decision was taken to seek post-clearance recovery of customs duties
amounting to a total of EUR 19 155.46.

35      The objection filed by Brita was dismissed, whereupon it brought an action before the Finanzgericht Hamburg (Finance Court,
Hamburg) for annulment of that decision. The Finanzgericht Hamburg takes the view that the outcome of the dispute depends
on the interpretation of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, the EC-Israel Protocol and the EC-PLO Association Agreement.

36      In those circumstances, the Finanzgericht Hamburg decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following questions to the
Court for a preliminary ruling:

‘(1)      Should the importer of goods which originate in the West Bank be granted the preferential treatment requested in any event
in light of the fact that preferential treatment is provided under two agreements which come under consideration in the present
case – namely the [EC-Israel Association Agreement] and the [EC-PLO Association Agreement] – for goods originating in the
territory of the State of Israel or in the West Bank, even if only a formal certificate of origin from Israel is submitted?

If Question 1 is to be answered in the negative:

(2)      Is the customs authority of a Member State bound under the EC-Israel Association Agreement, vis-à-vis an importer who is requesting
preferential treatment for goods which have been imported into Community territory, by a proof-of-origin certificate issued
by the Israeli authority – and the verification procedure under Article 32 of the [EC-Israel] Protocol has not been opened
– as long as the customs authority of that Member State has no doubt as to the originating status of the goods other than
that as to whether the goods originate in an area which is merely under Israeli control – that is, pursuant to the terms of
the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement of 1995 – and as long as no dispute-settlement procedure was carried out pursuant
to Article 33 of the [EC-Israel] Protocol?

If Question 2 is to be answered in the negative:

(3)      May the customs authority of the country of importation refuse automatically to grant preferential treatment for the following
reason alone, namely that, pursuant to its request for verification under Article 32(2) of the [EC-Israel] Protocol, it was
confirmed by the Israeli authorities (only) that the goods were manufactured in an area which is subject to Israeli customs
jurisdiction and that they were for that reason of Israeli origin, and where the subsequent request by the customs authority
of the country of importation for further specification by the Israeli authorities remained unanswered, in particular without
the actual origin of the goods having to be taken into account?

If Question 3 is to be answered in the negative:

(4)      May the customs authorities [of the importing Member State] refuse automatically to grant preferential treatment under the
EC-Israel Association Agreement in the case where – as has become clear in the meantime – the goods originate in the West
Bank, or should preferential treatment also be granted under the [EC-Israel Agreement] for goods originating in that area,
in any event as long as no dispute-settlement procedure has been carried out under Article 33 of the [EC-Israel] Protocol
concerning the interpretation of the expression “territory of the State of Israel” used in that agreement?’

**The questions referred for a preliminary ruling**

*Questions 1 and 4*

37      By Questions 1 and 4, which it is appropriate to examine together, the referring court asks, essentially, whether the customs
authorities of the importing Member State may refuse to grant the preferential treatment provided for under the EC-Israel
Association Agreement where the goods at issue originate in the West Bank.

38      By way of a preliminary point, it should be noted that the answer to Questions 1 and 4 closely depends on the interpretation
to be given to Article 83 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, which defines the territorial scope of that agreement.

39      In this respect, it should be recalled that an agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union with a non-Member
State in accordance with Articles 217 TFEU and 218 TFEU, constitutes, as far as the European Union is concerned, an act of
one of the institutions of the Union, within the meaning of point (b) of the first paragraph of Article 267 TFEU; that, from
the moment it enters into force, the provisions of such an agreement form an integral part of the legal order of the European
Union; and that, within the framework of that legal order, the Court has jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning
the interpretation of such an agreement (see, to that effect, Case 12/86 *Demirel* [1987] ECR 3719, paragraph 7, and Case C‐162/96 *Racke* [1998] ECR I‐3655, paragraph 41). In addition, having been concluded by two subjects of public international law, the EC-Israel
Association Agreement is governed by international law and, more specifically, as regards its interpretation, by the international
law of treaties.

40      The international law of treaties was consolidated, essentially, in the Vienna Convention. Under Article 1 thereof, the Vienna
Convention applies to treaties between States. However, under Article 3(b) of the Vienna Convention, the fact that the Vienna
Convention does not apply to international agreements concluded between States and other subjects of international law is
not to affect the application to them of any of the rules set forth in that convention to which they would be subject under
international law independently of the convention.

41      It follows that the rules laid down in the Vienna Convention apply to an agreement concluded between a State and an international
organisation, such as the EC-Israel Association Agreement, in so far as the rules are an expression of general international
customary law. Consequently, the EC-Israel Association Agreement must be interpreted in accordance with those rules.

42      In addition, the Court has held that, even though the Vienna Convention does not bind either the Community or all its Member
States, a series of provisions in that convention reflect the rules of customary international law which, as such, are binding
upon the Community institutions and form part of the Community legal order (see, to that effect, *Racke,* paragraphs 24, 45 and 46; see, also, as regards the reference to the Vienna Convention for the purposes of the interpretation
of association agreements concluded by the European Communities, Case C‐416/96 *El-Yassini* [1999] ECR I‐1209, paragraph 47, and Case C‐268/99 *Jany and Others* [2001] ECR I‐8615, paragraph 35 and the case-law cited).

43      Pursuant to Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, a treaty is to be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary
meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. In that respect,
account is to be taken, together with the context, of any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations
between the parties.

44      Among the relevant rules that may be relied on in the context of the relations between the parties to the EC-Israel Association
Agreement is the general international law principle of the relative effect of treaties, according to which treaties do not
impose any obligations, or confer any rights, on third States (‘*pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt*’)*.* That principle of general international law finds particular expression in Article 34 of the Vienna Convention, under which
a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent.

45      It follows from those preliminary considerations that Article 83 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, which defines the
territorial scope of that agreement, must be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the principle ‘*pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt*’.

46      In this respect, it is common ground that the European Communities concluded two Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements,
first with the State of Israel and then with the PLO for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the
Gaza Strip.

47      Each of those two association agreements has its own territorial scope. Under Article 83 thereof, the EC-Israel Association
Agreement applies to the ‘territory of the State of Israel’. Under Article 73 thereof, the EC-PLO Association Agreement applies
to the ‘territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip’.

48      That being so, those two association agreements pursue an identical objective – referred to in Article 6(1) of the EC-Israel
Association Agreement and Article 3 of the EC-PLO Association Agreement, respectively – which is to establish and/or reinforce
a free trade area between the parties. They also have the same immediate purpose – defined, for industrial products, in Article
8 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement and in Articles 5 and 6 of the EC-PLO Association Agreement, respectively – which
is to abolish customs duties, quantitative restrictions and other measures having equivalent effect in relation to trade between
the parties to each of those agreements.

49      As regards methods of administrative cooperation, in the case, first, of the EC-Israel Association Agreement, it emerges from
Articles 22(1)(a) and 23(1) of the EC-Israel Protocol that the invoice declaration needed in order to be allowed preferential
treatment for exports is to be made out by an exporter who has been approved by the ‘customs authorities of the exporting
[State]’.

50      Secondly, in the case of the EC-PLO Association Agreement, it emerges from Articles 20(1)(a) and 21(1) of the EC-PLO Protocol
that the invoice declaration needed in order to be allowed preferential treatment for exports is to be made out by an exporter
approved by the ‘customs authorities of the exporting [State]’. In addition, Article 16(4) of the EC-PLO Protocol implies
that, if the products concerned can be regarded as products originating in the West Bank or the Gaza Strip, the ‘customs authorities
of ... the West Bank and Gaza Strip’ have sole competence to issue a movement certificate EUR.1.

51      It follows from the foregoing that the ‘customs authorities of the exporting [State]’, within the meaning of the two protocols
mentioned above, have exclusive competence – within their territorial jurisdiction – to issue movement certificates EUR.1
or to approve exporters based in the territory under their administration.

52      Accordingly, to interpret Article 83 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement as meaning that the Israeli customs authorities
enjoy competence in respect of products originating in the West Bank would be tantamount to imposing on the Palestinian customs
authorities an obligation to refrain from exercising the competence conferred upon them by virtue of the abovementioned provisions
of the EC-PLO Protocol. Such an interpretation, the effect of which would be to create an obligation for a third party without
its consent, would thus be contrary to the principle of general international law, ‘*pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt*’, as consolidated in Article 34 of the Vienna Convention.

53      It follows that Article 83 of the EC-Israel Association Agreement must be interpreted as meaning that products originating
in the West Bank do not fall within the territorial scope of that agreement and do not therefore qualify for preferential
treatment under that agreement.

54      In those circumstances, the German customs authorities could refuse to grant, in respect of the goods at issue, preferential
treatment as provided for under the EC-Israel Association Agreement, on the ground that those goods originated in the West
Bank.

55      For the purposes, still, of Question 1, the referring court asks, essentially, whether the customs authorities of the importing
State may grant preferential treatment when such treatment is provided for under both the agreements to be taken into account
– namely, the EC-Israel Association Agreement and the EC-PLO Association Agreement – and it is not contested that the goods
at issue originate in the West Bank and only a formal certificate of Israeli origin has been submitted. The referring court
asks, more specifically, to what extent it is possible to accept that the customs authorities are free to choose between two
substantively equivalent possibilities (‘to make an elective determination’), leaving open the questions of which of the two
agreements applies and of whether proof of origin falls to be issued by the Israeli authorities or by the Palestinian authorities.

56      To allow elective determination simply because both the agreements at issue provide for preferential treatment and because
the place of origin of the goods is established by evidence other than that envisaged under the association agreement that
is actually applicable would be tantamount to denying, generally, that, in order to be entitled to the preferential treatment,
it is necessary to provide valid proof of origin issued by the competent authority of the exporting State.

57      It is clear, both from Article 17 of the EC-Israel Protocol and from Article 15 of the EC-PLO Protocol, that proof of origin
must be produced in respect of products originating in the territories of the contracting parties if they are to qualify for
the preferential treatment. That requirement of valid proof of origin issued by the competent authority cannot be considered
to be a mere formality that may be overlooked as long as the place of origin is established by means of other evidence. In
this respect, the Court has already held that the validity of certificates issued by authorities other than those designated
by name in the relevant association agreement cannot be accepted (see, to that effect, Case C-432/92 *Anastasiou and Others* [1994] ECR I‐3087, paragraphs 37 to 41).

58      In the light of the above considerations, the answer to Questions 1 and 4 is that the customs authorities of the importing
Member State may refuse to grant the preferential treatment provided for under the EC-Israel Association Agreement where the
goods concerned originate in the West Bank. Furthermore, the customs authorities of the importing Member State may not make
an elective determination, leaving open the questions of which of the agreements to be taken into account – namely, the EC-Israel
Association Agreement and the EC-PLO Association Agreement – applies in the circumstances of the case and of whether proof
of origin falls to be issued by the Israeli authorities or by the Palestinian authorities.

*Questions 2 and 3*

59      By Questions 2 and 3, which it is appropriate to examine together, the referring court asks, essentially, whether, for the
purposes of the procedure laid down in Article 32 of the EC-Israel Protocol, the customs authorities of the importing State
are bound by the proof of origin that is submitted and by the reply given by the customs authorities of the exporting State.
The referring court also asks whether, in order to settle a dispute that has arisen in relation to the verification of invoice
declarations, the customs authorities of the importing State must, pursuant to Article 33 of the protocol, submit that dispute
to the Customs Cooperation Committee before adopting measures unilaterally.

 The question whether the customs authorities of the importing State are bound by the reply given by the customs authorities
of the exporting State

60      It is clear from Article 32 of the EC-Israel Protocol that the subsequent verification of invoice declarations is carried
out whenever the customs authorities of the importing State have reasonable doubt as to the authenticity of such documents
or the originating status of the products concerned. The verification is carried out by the customs authorities of the exporting
State. The customs authorities requesting the verification are to be informed of the results of that verification within a
maximum period of 10 months. Those results must indicate clearly whether the invoice declarations are authentic and whether
the products concerned can be considered to be originating products. If, in cases of reasonable doubt, there is no reply within
10 months or if the reply does not contain sufficient information to enable the authenticity of the invoice declarations or
the real origin of the products to be determined, the customs authorities of the importing State are to refuse to grant the
preferential treatment.

61      In a similar legal context, the Court has held that it follows from such provisions that the determination of the origin of
goods is based on a division of powers between the customs authorities of the parties to the free-trade agreement concerned,
inasmuch as origin is established by the authorities of the exporting State. That system is justified by the fact that the
authorities of the exporting State are those best placed to verify directly the facts which determine origin (see, to that
effect, Case 218/83 *Les Rapides Savoyards and Others* [1984] ECR 3105, paragraph 26).

62      However, a mechanism of that kind can function only if the customs authorities of the importing State accept the determinations
legally made by the authorities of the exporting State (see, to that effect, *Les Rapides Savoyards and Others*, paragraph 27, and Joined Cases C‐23/04 to C‐25/04 *Sfakianakis* [2006] ECR I‐1265, paragraph 23).

63      It follows that, in the context of that system of mutual recognition, the customs authorities of the importing State may not
unilaterally declare invalid an invoice declaration made out by an exporter who has been properly approved by the customs
authorities of the exporting State. Likewise, in cases of subsequent verification, the customs authorities of the importing
State are generally bound by the results of such verification (see, to that effect, *Sfakianakis*, paragraph 49).

64      Nevertheless, in the case before the referring court, the subsequent verification pursuant to Article 32 of the EC-Israel
Protocol did not concern the question whether the imported products were wholly obtained in a certain location or whether
they had undergone sufficient working and processing there for them to be considered to be products originating in that location,
in accordance with the EC-Israel Protocol. The aim of the subsequent verification was to establish the precise place of manufacture
of the imported products, for the purposes of determining whether those products fell within the territorial scope of the
EC-Israel Association Agreement. The European Union takes the view that products obtained in locations which have been placed
under Israeli administration since 1967 do not qualify for the preferential treatment provided for under that agreement.

65      In accordance with Article 32(6) of the EC-Israel Protocol, if the reply given by the customs authorities of the exporting
State does not contain sufficient information to enable the real origin of the products to be determined, the requesting customs
authorities are to refuse to grant preferential treatment in respect of those products.

66      As it is, it is apparent from the circumstances of the case before the referring court that, in the context of the subsequent
verification, the Israeli customs authorities gave no reply to the letters which the German customs authorities had sent in
order to check whether the products at issue had been manufactured in Israeli-occupied settlements in the West Bank, the Gaza
Strip, East Jerusalem or the Golan Heights. The letter of 6 February 2003 from the German customs authorities even remained
unanswered.

67      In circumstances such as those, it must be held that a reply such as that given by the customs authorities of the exporting
State does not contain sufficient information, for the purposes of Article 32(6) of the EC-Israel Protocol, to enable the
real origin of the products to be determined, which means that, in a context such as this, the assertion made by those authorities
that the products at issue qualify for preferential treatment under the EC-Israel Association Agreement is not binding upon
the customs authorities of the importing Member State.

 The obligation to bring the matter before the Customs Cooperation Committee

68      The first paragraph of Article 33 of the EC-Israel Protocol provides that, where disputes arise in relation to the verification
procedures under Article 32 of the protocol or where they raise a question as to the interpretation of that protocol, they
are to be submitted to the Customs Cooperation Committee.

69      Under Article 39 of the EC-Israel Protocol, the Customs Cooperation Committee is an administrative body composed of customs
experts and officials from the Commission, the Member States and the State of Israel. Within the framework of that protocol,
it is to be entrusted with the performance of any technical task in the customs field. Consequently, it cannot be regarded
as having competence to settle disputes concerning questions of law such as those relating to the interpretation of the EC-Israel
Association Agreement itself. On the other hand, such disputes may, in accordance with Article 75(1) of the EC-Israel Association
Agreement, be submitted to the Association Council.

70      In a case such as that before the referring court, the reply given by the customs authorities of the exporting State in the
context of the subsequent verification procedure provided for in Article 32 of the EC-Israel Protocol cannot be considered
to be at the origin of a dispute between the contracting parties concerning the interpretation of that protocol. First, that
reply fails to provide the information requested. Secondly, even though, in the case before the referring court, a dispute
arose at the time of the subsequent verification procedure requested by the customs authorities of the importing State, that
dispute does not concern the interpretation of the EC-Israel Protocol, but the determination of the territorial scope of the
EC-Israel Association Agreement.

71      It follows that, in circumstances such as those in the case before the referring court, each of the contracting parties has
the right to bring before the Association Council a question concerning the interpretation of the territorial scope of the
EC-Israel Association Agreement. By contrast, there is no obligation to bring the matter before the Customs Cooperation Committee
since that question of interpretation does not fall within its sphere of competence.

72      In any event, even if it might have been conceivable, had there been a dispute concerning the interpretation of the Association
Agreement as such, to bring the matter before the Association Council, it should be recalled that, as the Court has already
held, the fact that the dispute was not referred to the Association Committee, an emanation of the Association Council, cannot
be used as justification for derogating from the system of cooperation and respect for the areas of competence as allocated
under the Association Agreement (see, by analogy, *Sfakianakis*, paragraph 52).

73      In the light of all of the foregoing, the answer to Questions 2 and 3 is that, for the purposes of the procedure laid down
in Article 32 of the EC-Israel Protocol, the customs authorities of the importing State are not bound by the proof of origin
submitted or by the reply given by the customs authorities of the exporting State where that reply does not contain sufficient
information, for the purposes of Article 32(6) of the EC-Israel Protocol, to enable the real origin of the products to be
determined. Furthermore, the customs authorities of the importing State are not obliged to refer to the Customs Cooperation
Committee set up under Article 39 of that protocol a dispute concerning the territorial scope of the EC-Israel Association
Agreement.

**Costs**

74      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.

On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:

1.      **The customs authorities of the importing Member State may refuse to grant the preferential treatment provided for under the
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the
one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part, signed in Brussels on 20 November 1995, where the goods concerned originate
in the West Bank. Furthermore, the customs authorities of the importing Member State may not make an elective determination,
leaving open the questions of which of the agreements to be taken into account – namely, the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement
establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel,
of the other part, and the Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation between the European
Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of
the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part, signed in Brussels on 24 February 1997 – applies in the circumstances
of the case and of whether proof of origin falls to be issued by the Israeli authorities or by the Palestinian authorities.**

2.      **For the purposes of the procedure laid down in Article 32 of Protocol No 4 appended to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing
an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the
other part, the customs authorities of the importing State are not bound by the proof of origin submitted or by the reply
given by the customs authorities of the exporting State where that reply does not contain sufficient information, for the
purposes of Article 32(6) of that protocol, to enable the real origin of the products to be determined. Furthermore, the customs
authorities of the importing State are not obliged to refer to the Customs Cooperation Committee set up under Article 39 of
that protocol a dispute concerning the territorial scope of that agreement.**

[Signatures]

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[\*](#Footref*) Language of the case: German.