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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-342

No. COA21-513

Filed 17 May 2022

Nash County, No. 20 SP 147

BOTTOMS TOWING & RECOVERY, LLC, Petitioner,

v.

CIRCLE OF SEVEN, LLC, Respondent.

Appeal by respondent from order and judgment entered 26 February 2021 by 

Judge Quentin T. Sumner in Nash County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of 

Appeals 23 March 2022.

Fields & Cooper, PLLC, by John S. Williford, Jr., and Ryan S. King, for 

petitioner-appellee.

Q. Byrd Law, by Quintin D. Byrd, for respondent-appellant.

ARROWOOD, Judge.

¶ 1 Circle of Seven, LLC (“respondent”) appeals from the trial court’s order and 

judgment regarding Bottoms Towing & Recovery, LLC’s (“petitioner”) Petition for 

Authorization to Sell Motor Vehicle Under a Lien. Respondent contends the trial 

court erred in affirming the lien and authorizing the sale of a truck, and that the 

claimed lien amount exceeded legal limits. For the following reasons, we affirm the 
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Opinion of the Court

trial court.

I. Background

¶ 2 On 17 November 2020, petitioner filed a Petition for Authorization to Sell 

Motor Vehicle Under a Lien in Nash County Superior Court. The vehicle at issue 

was a 2018 Dodge Ram truck (“Truck”), owned by and registered to respondent. The 

Clerk of Court entered an order the same day authorizing petitioner to sell the Truck, 

with a sale scheduled for 14 December 2020.

¶ 3 On 9 December 2020, respondent filed a Notice of Contested Sale and Lien 

with the Clerk seeking an order staying the sale and transferring the proceedings to 

the Superior Court Division for a hearing. The Clerk of Court entered an order the 

same day granting respondent’s request.

¶ 4 The matter was heard in Nash County Superior Court on 1-2 February 2021, 

Judge Sumner presiding. The evidence and testimony presented at the special 

proceeding tended to show as follows.

¶ 5 In 2014, Sainte Deon Robinson, Sr. (“Robinson”), designated himself as sole 

managing member for two limited liability companies: respondent, and One BlueSky 

Investments, LLC (“BlueSky”). In 2016, BlueSky purchased property at the address 

973 Wesleyan Boulevard, Rocky Mount, North Carolina (“Wesleyan property”) in a 

seller-financed transaction from Anne D. Cliett (“Cliett”).

¶ 6 On 2 May 2018, Robinson was indicted on federal charges for failure to collect 
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and pay over trust fund taxes. On 4 October 2018, Robinson reached a plea 

agreement, with a memorandum of the agreement filed 5 October 2018. On 

22 March 2019, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North 

Carolina entered judgment against Robinson based on his guilty plea, and sentenced 

Robinson to thirty months imprisonment.

¶ 7 Shortly after Robinson was indicted, Cliett and her company, Cliett, Inc.,

initiated judicial foreclosure proceedings in Nash County Superior Court against 

BlueSky on the Wesleyan property. On 11 February 2019, the trial court entered a 

judgment and order of sale, appointing a commissioner to sell the Wesleyan property 

at a judicial sale. The sale was noticed and held on 20 March 2019, with Cliett and 

Cliett, Inc. as the highest bidders at the sale. BlueSky filed for Chapter 11 

bankruptcy on 1 April 2019, which stayed the sale.

¶ 8 Respondent operated out of the Wesleyan property and Robinson stored the 

Truck and other personal property there, including a second truck which is not at 

issue in this case. Robinson testified that in anticipation of his imprisonment, he

replaced the tires on the Truck on 24 January 2019. Robinson also testified that 

Eulanda Elliott (“Elliott”) was “[a]bsolutely” authorized to conduct business on behalf 

of respondent. Elliott was not listed as a registered agent or manager for respondent

on respondent’s Secretary of State documents.

¶ 9 Robinson testified that the mileage on the Truck on 24 January 2019 was 
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81,004 miles. Robinson also testified that he had additional maintenance work done 

on the Truck; a copy of the invoice for the work was admitted into evidence, which 

indicated a mileage of 81,007. Robinson then stored the Truck at the Wesleyan 

property, left a key in the ignition, placed another key in a secure location, and locked 

the Wesleyan property. Robinson testified that he went to prison on 

10 September 2019.

¶ 10 On 19 November 2019, Cliett filed a notice of default and subsequently notified 

the trial court of the bankruptcy court’s order and default, seeking to confirm the 

prior sale. On 5 December 2019, the trial court entered an order confirming the

foreclosure sale and directing the sale distributions; a general warranty deed was 

filed reflecting Cliett’s interest in the Wesleyan property.

¶ 11 Elliott testified that at some point after the foreclosure sale was confirmed, she 

contacted Dan Howell (“Howell”), who managed Cliett’s affairs, to make 

arrangements to retrieve respondent’s personal property, including the Truck, from 

the Wesleyan property. Howell directed Elliott to contact his attorney, John S. 

Williford (“Williford”), who also represents petitioner in this case. Elliott called 

Williford four times: once each on 27 and 30 January 2020, and twice on 

31 January 2020. Elliott testified that she made arrangements to retrieve 

respondent’s property on 28 February 2020, including the rental of a U-Haul truck.

¶ 12 When Elliott arrived at the Wesleyan property on 28 February, she spoke with 
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Howell and another individual who identified himself as a representative of 

petitioner and gave Elliott a business card for petitioner. Elliott testified that she 

was told that petitioner would be “[r]emoving the property” from the Wesleyan 

property; petitioner’s representative did not specifically tell Elliott that petitioner 

would be towing the trucks. Elliott further testified that she did not pick up the 

trucks on 28 February because she did not have the keys and did not know where 

they were located.

¶ 13 Elliott contacted Howell again “a couple of weeks” after first attempting to 

retrieve the trucks.1 Howell informed Elliott that petitioner had towed the trucks. 

Elliott subsequently called petitioner at the number on the business card and spoke 

to Glenn Bottoms (“Bottoms”) in order to “find out what [she] needed to do to come 

pick up the [Truck].”

¶ 14 Elliott testified that she spoke to Bottoms several times and was given several 

different reasons as to why the Truck could not be retrieved. Bottoms first directed 

Elliott to speak with Howell again, and later “stated that he needed to hear back from 

the DMV before he could release the [Truck].” Elliott stated that she produced a 

letter from the North Carolina Department of Transportation notifying respondent 

that the Truck was in petitioner’s possession, but Bottoms responded that he “ha[d] 

 

1 A cell phone bill admitted into evidence indicated that Elliott contacted Howell on 27 March 2020.
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to wait to hear back from the bank” before releasing the Truck.2 When Elliott called 

Bottoms again on 17 April 2020 to confirm that respondent “was the registered owner 

of the [Truck,]” Bottoms stated that the bank instructed him not to release the Truck 

because the bank was coming to pick up both trucks. Elliott testified that Bottoms 

did not tell her during these conversations how much the tow and storage would cost.

¶ 15 On cross-examination, Elliott acknowledged that she was “not legally” the 

manager of respondent and did not provide Bottoms with any documentation that she 

was an authorized agent or representative for respondent. Elliott also acknowledged 

that approximately three months had elapsed between the foreclosure sale and when 

the Truck was towed. Elliott stated that she “inadvertently forgot to get the keys” to 

remove the Truck on 28 February but that she did remove other personal property, 

only leaving the two trucks, a commercial-style lawnmower, and “trash items[.]”

¶ 16 Bottoms testified that on 5 March 2020, he had a conversation with Cliett and 

subsequently went to the Wesleyan property and “loaded two trucks up and carried 

them to [petitioner’s] lot.” Bottoms provided Cliett with a bill for towing and storing

the Truck, charging $150.00 for the tow and $40.00 daily for storage. Bottoms “let 

them sit there for about ten days, and then” filed a Report of Unclaimed Motor 

Vehicles on 13 March 2020. On 6 April 2020, the Department of Transportation sent 

 

2 Elliott stated that this conversation was by telephone on 9 April 2020.
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letters providing notice of the report to petitioner, respondent, and Cliett. On 

24 April 2020, petitioner filed a “Notice of Intent to Sell a Vehicle to Satisfy Storage 

and/or Mechanic’s Lien” for the Truck, listing Cliett as the person authorizing towing 

and storage.

¶ 17 Bottoms stated that when he towed the Truck, he searched for keys “in the 

glove box, over the top of the sunvisor, and in the ashtray[,]” but failed to find any 

keys. On 15 October 2020, Bottoms had a locksmith make a new set of keys for the 

Truck. Bottoms testified that between 5 March 2020 and 15 October 2020, it was not 

possible to drive the Truck.

¶ 18 Regarding expenses, Bottoms testified that he had two batteries, two fuel 

filters, an oil filter, a right front tire, and chrome wheel covers installed for the Truck. 

An invoice admitted into evidence reflected a total cost of $1,351.41 for parts and 

$12,040.00 for storage; the total claimed balance due amounted to $14,048.65. 

Bottoms testified that after getting the Truck serviced and re-keyed, he “drove it 

home five or six times, . . . just to make sure everything was running good [sic].” 

Bottoms estimated that he put “between two and two hundred fifty miles” on the 

Truck. When asked about respondent’s claim that the Truck was driven an additional 

ten thousand miles, Bottoms responded, “Impossible.” Bottoms later stated that he 

had “no idea” what the mileage on the Truck was when he towed it, but that it had 

“about 90,000 miles on it” at the time of the hearing.
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¶ 19 On 10 September 2020, the Department of Transportation sent a letter to 

respondent indicating that petitioner claimed a lien in the amount of $2,230.00 on 

the Truck and that respondent had the right to a judicial hearing regarding the 

claimed lien. On 10 October 2020, the Department of Transportation sent a letter to 

petitioner stating it had been unable to secure delivery of certified mail to respondent, 

and that if petitioner wished to sell the vehicle to satisfy the claimed lien, “[petitioner] 

may have a judicial hearing before a court of competent jurisdiction to determine its 

validity” or file a petition with the Clerk of Court.

¶ 20 Robinson was released from prison on 13 October 2020. Robinson testified that 

on 6 November 2020, he called Bottoms to ask why the Truck was in petitioner’s 

possession, and Bottoms replied, “Well, if you want your truck, you can get it, but 

you’ve got to bring some proof from the bank.” On 10 November 2020, Robinson drove 

to petitioner’s address and saw the Truck, which he did not initially recognize because 

the rims were replaced, some decals were removed, and the Truck was repainted 

white. Robinson also observed damage to the Truck’s bumper and passenger side 

rear fender. Bottoms later confirmed that it was the Truck. Robinson testified that 

Bottoms also told him that he owed petitioner “ten-thousand-something dollars . . . .”

¶ 21 After the presentation of evidence concluded, petitioner argued that there was 

no obligation to communicate with Elliott because no one from respondent 

“produce[d] any documents that obligated Bottoms to deal with [Elliott.]” Petitioner 
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additionally argued that it had a valid claim because Cliett was the legal possessor 

of the Truck at the time it was towed. Respondent, on the other hand, contended that 

there was insufficient evidence that petitioner had followed proper procedures as set 

out in several statutes in towing the Truck. Respondent further contended that the 

communications between Elliott and Bottoms did not comport with petitioner’s 

agency argument, and concluded by arguing that any lien should be limited to the 

period of 6 March 2020, when petitioner began storing the Truck, to 27 March 2020, 

when Elliott claimed she began attempting to recover the Truck from petitioner.

¶ 22 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that there was a valid 

lien by petitioner and an express contract between petitioner and Cliett for the towing 

and storage of the Truck. The trial court reduced the lien amount due to unnecessary 

maintenance and alterations. The trial court found that respondent owed petitioner 

a total of $13,620.00, further reduced by $62.50 due to Bottoms’s admission that he 

drove the Truck “250 miles during the time that he had the vehicle stored.” On 

26 February 2021, the trial court entered an order and judgment affirming the lien

and authorizing the sale of the Truck, and requiring respondent to post a cash bond 

of $13,557.50 as a condition of any stay pending an appeal.

¶ 23 On 17 March 2021, respondent filed and served notice of appeal.

II. Discussion

¶ 24 Respondent contends the trial court erred in affirming the lien and authorizing 
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the sale of the truck and that the claimed lien amount exceeded legal limits. We 

disagree.

A. Standard of Review

¶ 25 “The standard of appellate review for a decision rendered in a non-jury trial is 

whether there is competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact and 

whether the findings support the conclusions of law and ensuing judgment.” Sessler 

v. Marsh, 144 N.C. App. 623, 628, 551 S.E.2d 160, 163 (citation omitted), disc. review 

denied, 354 N.C. 365, 556 S.E.2d 577 (2001). “Findings of fact are binding on appeal 

if there is competent evidence to support them, even if there is evidence to the 

contrary.” Id. (citation omitted). “The trial court’s conclusions of law drawn from the 

findings of fact are reviewable de novo.” Curran v. Barefoot, 183 N.C. App. 331, 335, 

645 S.E.2d 187, 190 (2007) (citing Humphries v. City of Jacksonville, 300 N.C. 186, 

187, 265 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1980)).

B. Affirming Lien and Authorizing Sale

¶ 26 Respondent’s argument centers on the contention that petitioner did not have 

an express or implied contract with the legal possessor of the Truck because Cliett 

was not the legal possessor. We disagree.

¶ 27 Under Chapter 44A, “legal possessor” is defined as meaning “[a]ny person 

entrusted with possession of personal property by an owner thereof, or . . . [a]ny 

person in possession of personal property and entitled thereto by operation of law.” 
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-1(1) (2021). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-2(d) governs liens for motor 

vehicles:

Any person who repairs, services, tows, or stores motor 

vehicles in the ordinary course of the person’s business 

pursuant to an express or implied contract with an owner 

or legal possessor of the motor vehicle, except for a motor 

vehicle seized pursuant to G.S. 20-28.3, has a lien upon the 

motor vehicle for reasonable charges for such repairs, 

servicing, towing, storing, or for the rental of one or more 

substitute vehicles provided during the repair, servicing, or 

storage. This lien shall have priority over perfected and 

unperfected security interests. Payment for towing and 

storing a motor vehicle seized pursuant to G.S. 20-28.3 

shall be as provided for in G.S. 20-28.2 through G.S. 20-

28.5.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-2(d).

¶ 28 In Green Tree Financial Servicing Corp. v. Young, this Court reviewed several 

cases involving a motor vehicle lien under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-2(d), in which our 

appellate courts had “held that a storage or towing company may obtain a lien over a 

motor vehicle . . . when the company is directed by a sheriff to tow or store that 

vehicle.” Green Tree Fin. Servicing Corp. v. Young, 133 N.C. App. 339, 342, 515 

S.E.2d 223, 225 (1999) (citations omitted). “These holdings . . . involve an implied 

contract with a legal possessor, i.e., the sheriff, to tow and store a vehicle in a 

situation whereby the legal possessor has no intention of paying the requisite towing 

and storage costs.” Id. The motor vehicle at issue in Green Tree was an abandoned 

mobile home that was towed at the request of the legal possessor after a Judgment of 
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Summary Ejectment and writ of possession; the Court noted that the towing company 

“did not expect . . . the legal possessor[ ] to pay for the mobile home’s towing and 

storing, but rather expected that the mobile home’s owner would pay those fees.” Id. 

The Court affirmed the towing and storage lien. Id.

¶ 29 In the order sub judice, the trial court found that petitioner “repairs, services, 

tows, or stores motor vehicles in the ordinary course of its business[,]” and that 

petitioner “entered into an express contract on March 5, 2020 with [Cliett] for 

[p]etitioner to tow the Truck . . . for $150.00 and to store the Truck at the rate of 

$40.00 per day.” The trial court further found “[Cliett] was then the owner of this 

real property where the Truck had been left, and she was legal possessor of the 

Truck.” Based on these findings, the trial court concluded that petitioner “entered 

into an express contract on March 5, 2020 with [Cliett], the legal possessor of the 

Truck, for [p]etitioner to tow the Truck from [the Wesleyan property], where the 

Truck had been left unattended,” for the aforementioned towing and storage rates.

¶ 30 The trial court’s findings were supported by competent evidence and in turn 

support its conclusions of law. Respondent does not dispute that petitioner tows and 

stores motor vehicles in the ordinary course of its business, that the Wesleyan 

property was purchased by Cliett at a foreclosure sale, or that the Truck was left 

there. These facts were established by ample testamentary and documentary 

evidence. At the time petitioner entered a contract with Cliett to tow and store the 
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Truck, Cliett was the legal possessor of the Wesleyan property, and by operation of 

law was the legal possessor of the Truck.

¶ 31 We note that the foreclosure proceedings were initiated in February 2019, and 

although the sale was stayed by BlueSky’s bankruptcy in April 2019, Robinson did 

not go to prison until September 2019 and had the opportunity to move the Truck to 

a different location but failed to do so. Additionally, although Robinson, the only 

authorized agent of respondent, was unable to take direct action to reclaim the Truck 

during his imprisonment, he had some ability, both prior to and during his 

imprisonment, to legally authorize another individual, such as Elliott, to act on 

respondent’s behalf. Robinson, however, failed to do so.

¶ 32 Although respondent argues that the trial court was required to specifically 

find or conclude “that Bottoms entrusted [Cliett] with possession or that she was 

entitled to possession by operation of law[,]” respondent has failed to identify any 

precedent to support this argument. Despite respondent’s arguments to the contrary, 

we find this case to be analogous to Green Tree and the cases cited therein. The 

foreclosure sale was similar to the writ of possession in Green Tree, and although 

petitioner may not have expected Cliett to pay for the towing and storage fees, our 

caselaw is clear that this expectation is irrelevant to a lien claim. As this Court held 

in Green Tree, “[w]e see no reason to depart from the reasoning of these cases.” Id. 

The trial court’s finding that Cliett was the owner of the Wesleyan property, where 
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the Truck had been left, was sufficient to establish that she was the legal possessor 

for statutory purposes.

¶ 33 Alternatively, respondent argues that petitioner did not have a contract with

the owner or legal possessor of the Truck, reiterating the argument that Cliett was 

not the legal possessor. Respondent notes that the invoice and receipts establishing 

the contract identified “Bottoms Tire” or “Bottoms Tire & Auto,” but not petitioner. 

While the invoice description does state that the Truck was “towed to Bottoms Tire 

for storage[,]” the invoice heading identifies “Bottoms Towing & Recovery Inc.”3 The 

trial court received competent evidence to support its finding that a contract existed 

between petitioner and Cliett for the towing and storage of the Truck, and 

respondent’s arguments to the contrary are without merit.

¶ 34 Respondent next contends that petitioner had no enforceable possessory lien 

on the Truck because there was insufficient evidence that petitioner satisfied N.C. 

Gen. Stat. § 44A-4(a), which provides that a lien may be enforced for towing and 

storage charges on a motor vehicle if the charges “remain unpaid or unsatisfied 

for . . . 10 days following the maturity of the obligation to pay any such charges[.]” 

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-4(a) (2021). Respondent argues that petitioner “never 

communicated or attempted to communicate the amount of the alleged obligation 

 

3 Petitioner’s legal name on its Articles of Organization, and as stated on the Petition, is “Bottoms 

Towing & Recovery, LLC.”
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until November 2020, after amassing months of storage fees and after it had already 

claimed a lien[,]” which “prevents a determination that the lien remained unpaid.” 

Petitioner, however, argues that respondent never disclosed that Elliott was an agent 

with authority to act on respondent’s behalf.

¶ 35 Although Elliott testified that she made numerous attempts to retrieve the 

Truck from petitioner, she also acknowledged on cross-examination that she did not 

have any actual legal authority to act on respondent’s behalf. Additionally, while 

Elliott testified that Bottoms gave several different reasons why she could not take 

the Truck without questioning her authority as an agent, Bottoms testified that he 

had only spoken to Elliott at his garage, and that “[s]he never presented any 

paperwork at all.” This constitutes competent evidence that respondent did not 

present an authorized agent until November 2020, when Robinson first contacted 

petitioner. Bottoms was not obligated to communicate the amount of the obligation 

to Elliott, and his failure to do so has no bearing on the trial court’s conclusion of law

regarding N.C. Gen. Stat. § 44A-4(a).

C. Lien Legal Limits

¶ 36 Respondent further argues the amount of the lien should be limited “to only 

include days prior to [Elliott]’s first attempt to retrieve the Truck,” and should be 

substantially reduced by Bottoms’s personal use of the Truck. In support of this 

argument, respondent again notes that Bottoms instructed Elliott “to provide bank 
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and repossession paperwork as if she were authorized to retrieve the Truck.”

¶ 37 With respect to storage expenses, the trial court found that the Truck was 

stored by petitioner from 5 March 2020 to 1 February 2021 when the special 

proceeding was heard. This finding was supported by Bottoms’s testimony regarding 

the towing and storage of the Truck. As previously discussed, Elliott did not have 

legal authority to act on behalf of respondent, and despite her testimony regarding 

her attempts to communicate with Bottoms, respondent did not take any action that 

serves to limit or negate the duration of petitioner’s storage of the Truck. The 

contract established a storage rate of $40.00 per day, and the trial court’s finding that 

petitioner stored the Truck for 333 days was supported by competent evidence. 

Accordingly, the trial court’s findings with respect to the duration and amount of the 

lien were supported by competent evidence, and in turn support the conclusions of 

law.

¶ 38 Finally, respondent argues the lien should be limited by Bottoms’s personal 

use of the Truck, noting that Bottoms drove the Truck, kept personal items inside, 

made alterations, and that the Truck’s mileage increased by approximately ten 

thousand miles during the storage period. Petitioner, however, notes Bottoms’s 

testimony that he did not have a key to the Truck until 15 October 2020 and that he 

drove around 250 miles after obtaining the key.

¶ 39 The trial court found that Bottoms drove the Truck 250 miles and reduced the 
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lien at a rate of $0.25 per mile, additionally reducing the claimed lien amount for the 

alterations and maintenance it deemed unnecessary. Because these findings are

supported by Bottoms’s testimony and documentary evidence that was judicially 

noticed by the trial court, they are binding on appeal and support the related 

conclusions of law, even though there was evidence to the contrary. Neither the 

claimed lien amount nor the trial court’s order exceeded legal limits.

III. Conclusion

¶ 40 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order and judgment.

AFFIRMED.

Judge CARPENTER concurs.

Judge TYSON concurs in the result in part and dissents in part by separate 

opinion.
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No. COA21-513 – Bottoms Towing & Recovery, LLC v. Circle of Seven, LLC 

TYSON, Judge, concurring in the result in part and dissenting in part.

¶ 41 The majority’s opinion properly affirms the trial court’s conclusion that 

petitioner possesses a valid statutory lien. The trial court erred in its calculation of 

the offset to reduce the lien amount due to Bottoms’ unlawful conversion and personal 

use of the stored Truck. The order and judgment authorizing the sale of the Truck 

should be reversed and remanded for re-calculation of offset and credits based upon 

this error. I concur in the result in part and respectfully dissent in part. 

I. Conclusion of Law 

A. Standard of Review 

¶ 42 The trial court found, solely on Bottoms’ self-serving and unsubstantiated 

testimony, that he had driven the Truck 250 miles for personal use and reduced the 

lien for that mileage at an unexplained rate of $0.25 per mile. This calculation of the 

offset due against the lien is more properly designated and reviewed as a conclusion 

of law. 

¶ 43 “As a general rule, however, any determination requiring the exercise of 

judgment, or the application of legal principles, is more properly classified a 

conclusion of law. Any determination reached through logical reasoning from the 

evidentiary facts is more properly classified a finding of fact.” In re Helms, 127 N.C. 

App. 505, 510, 491 S.E.2d 672, 675 (1997) (internal citations and quotation marks 
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omitted). 

¶ 44 The calculation and award of the amount offset due to the owner against the 

lien is a conclusion of law. This conclusion is subject to de novo review on appeal. 

B. Valuation 

1. Conversion

¶ 45 The Truck at issue was secured in a locked facility in 2019, prior to Robinson 

reporting to prison. After the Truck was removed from where Robinson had secured 

it, the prior documented mileage at that time increased by approximately 10,000 

miles. Bottoms’ testified and admitted he took possession of the vehicle and drove 

the truck about “250 miles during the time that he had the vehicle stored.” Bottoms’ 

self-serving admission of using the truck for about 250 miles is not supported by any 

other competent evidence and is directly contradicted by documented objective 

evidence. 

¶ 46 Bottoms’ taking possession under the statutory lien does not allow for any 

personal use of Robinson’s Truck. Bottoms did not come into possession of the vehicle 

through any express or implied agreement with the vehicle’s registered owner. 

¶ 47 Robinson had sent someone to pay the towing and storage fees, which could be 

used to offset any amount accrued, and which Bottoms refused to accept payment. 

This fact should be considered of his intent, along with his admitted act of conversion 

and personal use during the statutory possession of the vehicle. Our General 
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Statutes should provide a statutory remedy and offset for Robinson for Bottoms’ 

admitted conversion of his Truck. Petitioner charged Robinson storage fees during 

the time he admitted he was driving the Truck for personal use, and not keeping the 

Truck in the condition when taken while in storage. The decision on the validity of 

Bottoms’ lien does not foreclose Robinson’s ability to receive credit for Bottoms’ 

unlawful conversion and use. 

2. Valuation of Offset

¶ 48 The trial court reduced the lien amount by only $0.25 for each mile Bottoms 

claimed he had used the vehicle for personal use. The trial court assessed a wholly 

unsupported and arbitrary cost-per-mile calculation to compute this offset value 

against the lien. 

¶ 49 North Carolina courts have applied diminished market value as a measure of 

damages for conversion and physical harm to property. See Phillips v. Chesson, 231 

N.C. 566, 571, 58 S.E.2d 343, 347 (1950) (“[T]he measure of damages recoverable for 

injury to property is the difference between the market value immediately before the 

injury and the market value immediately afterwards.”). 

II. Conclusion

¶ 50 The trial court should have assessed an offset of the loss in value to equal 

Bottoms’ conversion and the added miles to reduce the Truck’s book value. This 

method should also include any other damages to the Truck after Bottoms took 
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TYSON, J., concurring in the result in part and dissenting in part

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possession and during the period of conversion and unauthorized use. 

¶ 51 I concur with the majority’s result holding the petitioner acquired and 

possesses a valid statutory lien. The trial court erred in its calculation and conclusion 

of the amount to offset and the credit due against the lien on account of petitioner’s 

unlawful conversion and personal use of the stored Truck. I respectfully dissent.