IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2021-NCSC-137

No. 82A21

Filed 5 November 2021

IN THE MATTER OF: J.K.F., H.N.F., N.L.F.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on 28 

October 2020 by Judge David V. Byrd in District Court, Yadkin County. This matter 

was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 30 September 2021 but 

determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of 

the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

James N. Freeman Jr. for petitioner-appellee Yadkin County Human Services 

Agency.

Paul W. Freeman Jr. for appellee Guardian ad Litem.

Mercedes O. Chut for respondent-appellant mother.

EARLS, Justice.

¶ 1 Respondent-mother appeals from the trial court’s order terminating her 

parental rights in the minor children, “Jack,”1 “Hannah,” and “Nicole.” We affirm the 

trial court’s order and hold that the trial court had sufficient evidence to support the 

conclusion that grounds existed pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) to terminate 

respondent-mother’s parental rights for her failure to pay a reasonable portion of the 

 

1 We use pseudonyms to protect the juveniles’ identities and for ease of reading.
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cost of care for the children.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

¶ 2 On 13 September 2019, the Yadkin County Human Services Agency (YCHSA) 

moved to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights in the minor children, Jack, 

Hannah, and Nicole. Although he is discussed in this opinion, the children’s father 

died in an automobile accident in May 2019 and is not a party to this appeal. On 28 

August 2020, the trial court held a hearing on YCHSA’s motion to terminate 

respondent-mother’s parental rights. The trial court entered its order terminating 

respondent-mother’s parental rights on 28 October 2020. Respondent filed timely 

notice of appeal from the termination order on 25 November 2020.

¶ 3 In June 2018, YCHSA first investigated respondent-mother and the father 

based on a report that they had engaged in domestic violence at home while the 

children were present. In the course of its investigation, YCHSA observed that the 

father and respondent-mother were struggling financially and lacked electricity in 

their home. YCHSA recommended services for the family including mental health 

treatment and parenting education, but the parents declined to participate at that 

time.

¶ 4 YCHSA encountered the family again in August 2018 when they received a 

report that Hannah had been inappropriately touched by her grandfather. While 

these allegations ultimately were unsubstantiated, in the course of investigating 
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them, YCHSA observed that the home still lacked electricity, and the father and 

respondent-mother were having difficulty meeting their children’s basic needs. 

Shortly thereafter, the family relocated to Forsyth County. There, the father and 

respondent-mother attempted to enroll Jack in elementary school but could not 

provide the school with a permanent address, which caused Jack to miss several 

weeks of school.

¶ 5 The father contacted YCHSA on 22 October 2018, stating that he could not 

properly care for the children, that respondent-mother refused to bathe the children,

and that she would not take care of them. The father brought a YCHSA employee to 

the camper trailer located on his brother’s property where the family was living. 

There, the YCHSA employee observed the following: the trailer had multiple broken 

windows covered with wood; the three children shared a single twin mattress; the 

toilet appeared to be clogged with feces and toilet paper; the trailer was heated by a 

small space heater which was insufficient to maintain heat in the structure; nails 

were protruding from the trailer door, creating a hazard to the children; and the only 

food in the trailer was a box of macaroni and cheese and an open bottle of soda. The 

three children were dressed in t-shirts and shorts though the temperature was in the 

fifties.

¶ 6 The father advised YCHSA that he wanted treatment for his mental health 

and anger issues. Respondent-mother also acknowledged having untreated mental 
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health issues. The father consented to YCHSA placing the children in foster care in 

order to meet their needs.

¶ 7 On 23 October 2018, YCHSA filed juvenile petitions alleging that Jack, 

Hannah, and Nicole were neglected juveniles, as they did not receive proper care, 

supervision, or discipline from their parents, and they lived in an injurious home 

environment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(15) (2019). The trial court placed the children in 

nonsecure custody pending its ruling on the petitions. 

¶ 8 Respondent-mother signed an Out of Home Family Services Agreement (case 

plan) with YCHSA on 11 December 2018, which required her to complete a 

psychological assessment and a substance abuse assessment and comply with any 

recommendations; submit to random drug screens as requested; complete a parenting 

education program; obtain and maintain housing suitable for the children for at least 

six months; and obtain and maintain consistent employment for at least six months. 

¶ 9 After a hearing on 3 January 2019, the trial court entered an order on 6 

February 2019 adjudicating the children to be neglected juveniles. On 29 April 2019, 

respondent-mother signed a voluntary support agreement. Pursuant to the 

agreement, she was ordered to pay $35.66 per child in monthly child support.

¶ 10 Based on respondent-mother’s additional positive drug screens and lack of 

progress on her case plan, the trial court concluded in an order entered on 6 August 

2019 that additional “[r]eunification efforts would clearly be unsuccessful or 
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inconsistent with the [children’s] health and safety.” The court established a primary 

permanent plan of adoption with a secondary plan of reunification and ordered the 

director of YCHSA to initiate a termination-of-parental-rights proceeding.

¶ 11 On 13 September 2019, YCHSA moved to terminate respondent-mother’s 

parental rights in Jack, Hannah, and Nicole. As grounds for termination, the motion 

alleged that respondent-mother neglected the children under N.C.G.S. § 7B1111(a)(1); that she had willfully left the children in an out-of-home placement for 

more than twelve months without making reasonable progress to correct the 

conditions leading to removal under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2); and that she had 

willfully failed to pay a reasonable portion of the children’s cost of care in YCHSA 

custody for the six months immediately preceding the filing of the motion under 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). Respondent-mother responded denying the motion’s 

material allegations.

¶ 12 On 28 August 2020, the trial court held a hearing on YCHSA’s motion to 

terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights. At the time of the hearing, 

respondent-mother was homeless, unemployed, and receiving no treatment for her 

mental health or substance abuse issues. She had not completed the required 

parenting education program and had last visited the children in October 2019. 

¶ 13 The trial court entered its order terminating respondent-mother’s parental 

rights on 28 October 2020. The court concluded YCHSA had proved the existence of 
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each of the asserted statutory grounds for termination by clear, cogent, and 

convincing evidence. After considering the dispositional factors in N.C.G.S. § 7B1110(a), the court further concluded that terminating respondent-mother’s parental 

rights was in each of the children’s best interests. Respondent-mother filed timely 

notice of appeal from the termination order.

II. Issues on Appeal

¶ 14 On appeal, respondent-mother argues that the trial court erred by finding that 

grounds existed to terminate respondent-mother’s rights to her children pursuant to 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3). The trial court found that three grounds existed to 

terminate respondent-mother’s rights: neglect under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), 

failure to make reasonable progress under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(2), and willful 

failure to pay cost of care under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). As the law allows us to 

decide on one ground, we affirm the lower court’s decision on the third ground. See 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a) (2019) (“The court may terminate the parental rights upon a 

finding of one or more of the following [grounds for termination.]”).

A. Standard of Review

¶ 15 “Proceedings to terminate parental rights consist of an adjudicatory stage and 

a dispositional stage.” In re K.H., 375 N.C. 610, 612 (2020). At the adjudicatory stage,

“the petitioner bears the burden of proving by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence 

that grounds exist for termination pursuant to” the statute. In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. 
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388, 391 (2019). “The trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewable de novo on 

appeal.” In re K.H., 375 N.C. at 612. Respondent-mother does not allege any error at 

the dispositional stage. Therefore, this opinion focuses on the findings of the trial 

court at the adjudicatory stage.

B. Analysis

¶ 16 Granting the motion to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights, the 

trial court found that grounds existed under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3), which reads

as follows:

The juvenile has been placed in the custody of a county 

department of social services, a licensed child-placing 

agency, a child-caring institution, or a foster home, and the 

parent has for a continuous period of six months 

immediately preceding the filing of the petition or motion 

willfully failed to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of 

care for the juvenile although physically and financially 

able to do so.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). 

¶ 17 Since the motion for termination of parental rights was filed on 13 September 

2019, the trial court needed to make specific findings about the relevant six-month 

statutory period which was from 13 March 2019 to 13 September 2019. See In re K.H., 

375 N.C. at 616 (analyzing the trial court’s findings for evidence of willful 

nonpayment during the exact six-month period). 

¶ 18 For the purposes of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3), “[a] parent is required to pay that 

portion of the cost of foster care for the child that is fair, just and equitable based 
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upon the parent’s ability or means to pay.” In re J.M., 373 N.C. 352, 357 (2020) 

(quoting In re Clark, 303 N.C. 592, 604 (1981)). The existence of a valid child support 

order or voluntary support agreement is evidence of the parent’s ability to pay the 

amount prescribed therein. In re A.P.W., 2021-NCSC-93, ¶ 44 (quoting In re J.M., 

373 N.C. at 359).

¶ 19 Respondent-mother argues that petitioner did not meet its burden to prove

that she had the ability to pay child support during that period, and therefore, the 

nonpayment was not shown to be willful. She claims that her dates of incarceration 

and dates of working for her aunt were not entered into the record and there was no 

finding of employment during that time. 

¶ 20 Respondent-mother’s argument is undermined by the undisputed facts that (1) 

she entered into a voluntary support agreement on 29 April 2019—during the sixmonth period at issue—which is evidence of her ability to pay a monthly sum, as 

defined in that agreement, of “$107.00 in ongoing support, with $30.00 towards the 

arrears, split amongst all three children[,]” and (2) she paid no child support during 

the relevant statutory period. See In re A.P.W., 2021-NCSC-93, ¶ 44. As this Court 

explained in In re A.P.W., where a parent is subject to a valid child support order or 

voluntary support agreement establishing her ability to pay a particular amount, it 

is not fatal to petitioner’s case if the trial court fails to make “findings that address 

[her] income, employment, or capacity for the same during the six-month period 
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relevant to [N.C.G.S. §] 7B-1111(a)(3).” Id. ¶¶ 42, 44 (alterations in original). 

Moreover, respondent-mother adduced no evidence that she was incarcerated 

between 13 March 2019 and 13 September 2019. The record shows that, in addition 

to attending the 14 March 2019 dispositional hearing, she attended the 27 June 2019 

permanency-planning hearing and submitted to drug screens requested by YCHSA 

on 4 April 2019 and 2 May 2019.

¶ 21 In fact, the evidence further shows that respondent-mother worked during at 

least part of the six-month period. The trial court substantiated that conclusion with 

the following findings of fact and conclusion of law: 

18. . . . [Respondent-mother] indicated she was 

working in early to mid-March 2019 with a relative. She 

indicated that work was available to her with an Aunt as 

well. She further indicated via her testimony that she 

lacked the motivation to get out and work because she 

didn’t have her kids and that if she did she would have 

[gone] to work. She never made a single voluntary payment 

towards the support of her children. The only form of 

payment received was a $642.00 intercept [on 21 July 2020, 

outside of the six-month range] that was split amongst the 

children. Her current arrears in support are $534.90 as to 

[Jack], $535.05 as to [Hannah] and $715.05 as to [Nicole].

. . . .

20. The Court finds that [respondent-mother] has 

for a continuous period of more than 6 months immediately 

preceding the filing of this Motion for Termination of 

Parental Rights, failed to pay a reasonable portion of each 

child’s cost of care despite having been physically and 

financially capable of doing so.
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. . . . 

3. [YCHSA] has shown by clear, cogent, and 

convincing evidence that the following grounds exist to 

terminate the [respondent-mother’s] parental rights to the 

minor children:

. . . . 

c. N.C.G.S. [§] 7B-1111(a)(3) in that the minor 

children are placed in the custody of [YCHSA] 

and [respondent-mother] has for a continuous 

period of 6 months immediately preceding the 

filing of the Motion to Terminate Parental 

Rights willfully failed to pay a reasonable 

portion of the cost of care for the minor 

children although she is physically and 

financially able to do so. 

To the extent respondent-mother does not challenge the trial court’s findings of fact, 

they are binding. 

¶ 22 Respondent-mother claims that “no evidence” supports the trial court’s 

statement in finding of fact 18 that she “indicated she was working in early to midMarch 2019 with a relative.” However, the Guardian ad Litem’s report dated 20 June 

2019 and received into evidence at the 27 June 2019 ninety-day review hearing,2

 

2 The trial court took “judicial notice of all orders, court reports, attachments to court 

reports, and other documents contained in the underlying juvenile files . . . and in so doing 

consider[ed] the burden of proof under which such documents were accepted into evidence at 

the time.” See generally In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 410 (2019) (“A trial court may take judicial 

notice of findings of fact made in prior orders, even when those findings are based on a lower 

evidentiary standard because where a judge sits without a jury, the trial court is presumed 

to have disregarded any incompetent evidence and relied upon the competent evidence.”).
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which was during the statutory period, includes a statement that respondent-mother 

indicated “she is working part-time in a thrift store owned by her aunt” but is not 

paying child support. Respondent-mother testified about working for her aunt during 

the termination hearing, where she stated:

I had worked with my aunt off and on [in] the past --

actually, I’ve worked with her numerous times since I've 

been out of jail with her lawn care service and her thrift 

shop, but it’s nothing major. I was only getting paid, like, 

maybe $200.00 to $300.00 a week, if that.

Thus, the corresponding portions of finding of fact 18 are supported by the evidence, 

and we accept that respondent-mother worked during the relevant period.

¶ 23 Finally, respondent-mother observes that “no finding relevant to [N.C.G.S. § 

7B-1111(a)(3)] includes the language that [she] willfully failed to pay support or a 

reasonable portion of the cost of care.” Although the term “willfully” does not appear 

in the findings pertinent to this adjudication, the trial court’s conclusion of law 3(c) 

expressly states that respondent-mother “has for a continuous period of 6 months 

immediately preceding the filing of the Motion to Terminate Parental Rights willfully 

failed to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for the minor children although 

she is physically and financially able to do so.”

¶ 24 The location of the trial court’s finding of willfulness has no bearing on its 

efficacy. In re J.S., 374 N.C. 811, 818 (2020). In light of the evidence that respondentmother signed a voluntary support agreement which she never moved to modify or 
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set aside, that she had some gainful employment during the relevant period, and that 

she subsequently did not make reasonable payments toward the children’s cost of 

care during the relevant six-month period, we conclude “the trial court did not err in 

finding respondent-mother’s nonpayment to be willful and in concluding that grounds 

existed to terminate her parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3).” In re 

A.P.W., 2021-NCSC-93, ¶ 45.

III. Conclusion

¶ 25 Because we uphold the trial court’s adjudication under N.C.G.S. § 7B1111(a)(3), we need not review the two remaining grounds found by the court under 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(2). Respondent-mother offers no argument regarding the 

trial court’s assessment of the children’s best interests at the dispositional stage of 

the proceeding under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a). The order terminating respondentmother’s parental rights in Jack, Hannah, and Nicole is therefore affirmed. 

AFFIRMED.