Importation of Fresh Shredded Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., 

from Egypt into the Entire United States 

A Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment

March 11, 2010

Rev. 01

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 ii

Executive Summary

The Arab Republic of Egypt requested authorization from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, to export shredded 

lettuce, Lactuca sativa Linnaeus (Romaine and Iceberg), into the entire United States (i.e., all 

fifty states and territories). We prepared a pest risk analysis based on information submitted by

the Egyptian Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), records on intercepted pests 

at ports-of-entry, and scientific literature. We assessed the pest risk for the full species, Lactuca 

sativa L., because it was not practical to assess only the Romaine and Iceberg varieties. Egypt 

plans the following standard post-harvest processing measures which seem likely to remove 

pests from the pathway: 

 Quality inspection or culling, using visual inspection and cutting

 Removing outer leaves

 Shredding leaves

 Washing and centrifuging shredded leaves

We identified twelve pests of quarantine significance for the United States associated with 

lettuce leaves, as follows:

Type Organism Taxonomy

Arthropods Chromatomyia horticola Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza bryoniae Diptera: Agromyzidae

Aleyrodes proletella Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Hyadaphis coriandri Hemiptera: Aphididae

Icerya seychellarum Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Agrotis segetum Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Spodoptera littoralis Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Thysanoplusia orichalcea Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Frankliniella schultzei Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Mollusk Theba pisana Mollusca: Helicidae

We concluded that for each pest one or more of the standard post-harvest processing measures 

was highly likely to remove them from the pathway. Therefore, we did not further analyze these 

pests, and found no pests of phytosanitary concern for this commodity. This risk analysis is only

valid when the described post-harvest processing procedures are followed; otherwise, additional 

analyses for quarantine pests of concern could be required.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Commodity and production information ............................................................................. 1

1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures......................................................................... 2

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action........................................................................................ 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Lettuce ........................................................................... 3

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions 4

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Lettuce in Egypt........................................ 5

3. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers................................................................................... 18

4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 19

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix A. Current status of lettuce allowed imports into the United States........................ 25

Appendix B. Interception of quarantine pests at U.S. ports on lettuce, since 1984.................. 27
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk 

Analysis Laboratory (PERAL) to examine plant pest risks associated with importation into the 

entire United States (i.e., all fifty states and territories) of shredded lettuce (specifically, Lactuca 

sativa L.) from the Republic of Egypt. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated based upon 

the risks associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment process is 

qualitative, so risk is expressed as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or 

frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria used to analyze these pests are detailed in the 

Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection 

Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United 

Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods and biological and phytosanitary terms we used are consistent with this 

guidance and are in accordance with international standards (IPPC, 2008: ISPM #s 2 and 11). 

The cited guidelines describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk 

assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall 

pest risk analysis. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

1.2. Commodity and production information

Lettuce is the common term for any plants of the genus Lactuca of the flowering plant family 

Asteraceae (or, alternatively, Compositae). Here we focused on the commercially important 

species, Lactuca sativa, which is a temperate annual or biennial plant most often grown as a leaf 

vegetable (NWE, 2009). All types of lettuce may have evolved from a weedy form that was used 

in ancient Egypt as a source of cooking oil from pressed seeds. From Egypt, one of the types, the 

romaine lettuce, moved around the Mediterranean Sea and to the Middle East (Katz, 2003). The 

various modern forms of butterhead, leaf, and crisphead undoubtedly were selected and 

developed as lettuce spread through Europe. Among the modern types of lettuce are two 

crisphead forms, iceberg, which forms a large, firm head, and Batavia, which is slightly softer 

and smaller than iceberg and is popular in Europe. Romaine lettuce has long leaves in a loafshaped head (Katz, 2003).

In terms of production value, lettuce including head (US $1.0 billion), leaf (US $0.38 billion) 

and Romaine (US $0.5 billion) is the leading vegetable crop in the United States with US $1.9 

billion (NASS, 2009). The main types include head (iceberg, butterhead, Boston and Bibb), 

romaine and various leaf varieties (Boriss and Brunke, 2009).

Lettuce production occurs year-round throughout the United States. California and Arizona 

account for about 98 percent of commercial domestic output of lettuce (Boriss and Brunke, 

2009). Most production occurs from April through October in the Salinas Valley of California, 
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 2

while production from November through March occurs in Yuma, Arizona, and California’s 

Imperial Valley (Boriss and Brunke, 2009). The United States production of lettuce in 2007 

totaled 96 million cwt in 361,300 acres (ERS, 2009). Nearly 92 percent of the lettuce consumed 

in the United States is produced domestically. In 2008, the United States produced 3,766 million 

lbs. of lettuce, imported 261 million lbs., and exported 804 million lbs (ERS, 2009). Canada and 

Mexico are the leading sources of lettuce imported into the United States. By weight lettuce is 

the most consumed vegetable in the United States, at 28 pounds per capita (ERS, 2009).

1.3. Standard post-harvest processing measures

Below we describe the standard harvest and post-harvest processing measures for commercial 

shredded lettuce in Egypt (CAPQ, 2007; CAPQ, 2009), and indicate if each measure is likely to 

help mitigate pests from following the pathway (Table 1). Additionally, all lettuce packages have 

an information sheet attached which allows product traceability if required.

Table 1. Standard harvest and post-harvest processing measures proposed for lettuce by Egypt. 

Procedure Mitigates pests?

1. Workers harvest the head lettuces using disinfected blades No

2. Quality test for heads, by cutting and visual inspection Yes (1)

3. Lettuce is immediately taken to the classification rooms in trucks kept at 1°C 

(33°F)

No

4. In packing houses, the workers remove the stem and the outer leaves Yes (2)

5. Heads are cut to size and then chopped by a stainless steel machine; the 

pieces will be 6-38 mm in width, and 1-10 cm in length

Yes (3)

6. Lettuce pieces are washed with water treated with chlorine and citric acid, 

and centrifuged to remove surface water

Yes (4)

7. The product is packed, weighed, vacuum-sealed in plastic bags, and cooled

(Fig. 1)

Noa

a

See information on vacuum-packing in the discussion at the end of the pest list (Table 4).

Figure 1. Lettuce vacuum-sealed product (CAPQ, 2007)
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 3

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This risk assessment is developed in response to a request dated, June 17, 2007, by the Egypt 

Head of Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), Ministry of Agriculture and Land 

Reclamation for USDA authorization, to permit imports of shredded Romaine and Iceberg 

lettuce into the United States. Entry of this commodity into the United States presents the risk of 

introduction of exotic plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the U.S. Code of Federal 

Regulations (7 CFR § 319, 2009) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and 

vegetables from foreign countries into the United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Lettuce

The results of the weediness screening for lettuce did not prompt a weed-initiated risk 

assessment (Table 2).

Table 2. Process to determine weed potential of lettuce

Commodity:

Scientific name and author: Lactuca sativa Linnaeus (IPNI, 2005; NRCS, 2009).

Synonyms: Lactuca sativa var. romana L. H. Bailey (NGRP, 2009)

Plant family: Asteraceae

Common Names: Khass, lettuce, (CABI, 2007); garden lettuce (NGRP, 2009; Rice, 2009)

Phase 1: Cultivated lettuce probably originated in South West Asia, from the area around the 

Euphrates and the Tigris rivers (Vries de, 2007). It is widely cultivated in the United States 

(NGRP, 2009)

Phase 2 Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed

No APHIS, 2006; FLEPPC, 2007; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1977; Holm et 

al., 1979; Holm et al., 1997; ISSG, 2009; NGRP, 2009; Reed, 1977; Rice, 2009; 

WSSA, 2009

Yes Randall, 2002; Swearingen, 2007

No Is there any literature reference indicating weediness, e.g., AGRICOLA, CAB 

Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on “species name” combined with 

“weed”

Phase 3: Lettuce is reported as an invasive plant in the Death Valley National Park, 

California (Swearingen, 2007); it is also considered a species that could invade native 

ecosystems, but which does not develop long term sustained populations (Randall, 

2002). Further, this species is widely cultivated and economically important in the 

United States.

Conclusion: Proceed with the pest risk assessment.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 4

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History, Current Status, and Pest 

Interceptions

2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History

APHIS has completed no pest risk assessments previously for lettuce. Currently, lettuce imports 

from Egypt are not authorized by APHIS (7 CFR § 319, 2009). The decision history for the 

importation of lettuce is summarized below (Table 3).

2.3.2. Current status

Lettuce is currently permitted from 53 countries (Appendix A); requirements for entry are 

described in the USDA Fruit and Vegetable Manual (PPQ, 2009). Lettuce is subject to inspection 

at the port of entry for the majority of countries and ports. However, consignments from Spain 

require Treatment T101-n-2, and lettuce from Israel and the Palestinian Authority (the same 

region as Egypt) are accepted as leaf cargo in all ports, subject to Treatment T101-n-2.

2.3.3. Pest interceptions

Since 1984, there have been 1660 interceptions at U.S. ports of entry of pests on lettuce shipped 

from all over the world. These interceptions represent 315 pest species (Appendix B; PestID, 

2009). The unique interception from Egypt on lettuce was a pupa of Agromyzidae sp. found on 

leaves.

Table 3. Prior decisions for entry of lettuce from Egypt and neighboring countries into the 

United States (CPHST, 2009). 

Year Country Decision Port-of-entry Reason / Conditions

1969 Egypt Deny entry All

1969 Egypt Deny entry Boston, New 

York

Lettuce does not readily lend itself to inspection to 

assure its complete freedom from “quarantine 

significant plant pests which do not occur or are 

not widely distributed in the United States (snails, 

thrips, mites, grasshoppers, etc)”. Neither will it 

take an effective treatment which might be used as 

a condition of entry.

1971 Israel Deny entry New York Entomology findings & recommendation

1971 Israel Deny entry All

1983 Israel Deny entry All Permit entry only if approved treatment is 

available for the following insect pests: 

Autographa gamma, Noctua pronubana,

Phytomyza horticola, Sminthurus viridis,

Spodoptera litoralis, and Thrips angusticeps

1988 Israel Deny entry No acceptable treatment for a complex of insect 

pests

1993 Israel Approved All Iceberg lettuce: Above ground parts, approved 

subject to fumigation with methyl bromide (T101-

n-2) and inspection.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 5

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Lettuce in Egypt

2.4.1. Pest list development

Below we list the pests associated with lettuce (in any country) that occur in Egypt on any host 

(Table 4). In the table we specify, with citations, (1) the scientific name, (2) pest presence in 

Egypt and the United States, (3) the reference(s) that report the pest on lettuce, (4) the generally 

affected plant part or parts, (5) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, and (6) if the 

pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on fresh lettuce leaves. A quarantine 

pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and 

not yet present there, or present, but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” 

(IPPC, 2008: ISPM # 5). Many organisms are not sources of phytosanitary risk on lettuce from 

Egypt because they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest. 

For non-quarantine pests, in ‘plant part(s) association,’ we used the abbreviation N/A (Not

Applicable). Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures 

against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United 

States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow 

the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests. 

Table 4. Pests reported on lettuce (in any country) and present in Egypt.

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Tetranychidae

Petrobia latens Müller Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2007; 

Migeon, 2006

EG, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998; CABI, 2007; 

Migeon, 2006) 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus cinnabarinus 

(Boisduval)

Mau and Martin, 

1992

EG, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2007; 

Migeon, 2006

EG, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998; CABI, 2007; 

Migeon, 2006); EG 

(CABI, 2007; Saad A., 

2007) 

No N/A N/A

Insecta

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Epilachna elaterii (Rossi) 

Syn: Henosepilachna 

elaterii (Rossi)

CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007) 

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

No 3

 

1 We only considered geographic distribution in the United States and Egypt; EG = Egypt; US = United States. Specific U.S. 

states were listed only if the distribution was limited.

2

Plant parts: B = Branch; Fl = Flower; L = Leaf; R = Root; Sh = Shoot; and S = Stem.

3 Adults and larvae of E. elaterii, feed on the leaf surface, and skeletonized leaves may indicate feeding damage (CABI, 

2007). The beetles often drop when disturbed, so this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest 

and processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 6

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) 

Syn: H. brunnipennis

Boheman

CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Chromatomyia horticola 

(Goureau)

CABI, 2007; 

Dempewolf, 2009

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Dempewolf, 2009) 

Yes L (CABI,

2007)

Yes4

Liriomyza bryoniae 

Kaltenbach

CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; 

EPPO, 1997b

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; EPPO, 

1997b)

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes4

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess in 

Comstock

CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; 

Kerns, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2007), EG 

(EPPO, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Anthomyiidae

Delia platura (Meigen) CABI, 2007; Mau 

and Martin, 1992

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleyrodes proletella 

(Linnaeus)

PestID, 2009 EG (Mound and 

Halsey, 1978), US 

[CA, VT, MA] 

(NAPPO, 2009)

[Yes]5 L (Nebreda et 

al., 2005)

Yes6

Bemisia argentifolii Bellows, 

Perring, Gill & Hendrick 

CABI, 2007; 

Kerns, 2009; Mau 

and Martin, 1992

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

EG (EPPO, 2007), US 

(EPPO, 2007; Mau 

and Martin, 1992) 

No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; 

Kerns, 2009; Mau 

and Martin, 1992

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007) US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; Mau 

and Martin, 1992), EG 

(Saad A., 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983

EG, US (CABI, 2007); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Jensen et al., 2008), 

EG (Saad A., 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

 

4 Larvae of this pest produce irregular linear mines, and leaves have small oviposition/feeding punctures (CABI, 2007), both 

of which may be detected during visual inspection. The standard post-harvest processing measures of removing external 

leaves, and quality inspection/culling are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway. 

5 This species is a quarantine significant pest (PestID, 2009) with limited distribution in the United States.

6 This pest is an external feeder, both adults and nymphs suck sap (USDA, 1995). It also excretes honeydew, which facilitates

the growth of sooty molds (Nebreda et al., 2005). Sooty molds, adults, and nymphs are likely to be visually detected 

during quality tests. Any remaining insects are highly likely to be removed during washing and centrifuging.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 7

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Aphis fabae Scopoli Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

CABI, 2007

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Jensen et al., 2008), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

CABI, 2007; 

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Jensen et al., 2008), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

CABI, 2007

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Brevicoryne brassicae 

(Linnaeus)

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Jensen et al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A

Hyadaphis coriandri Das Nebreda et al., 

2004

EG, US [FL, TX] 

(Jensen et al., 2008),

US [CA, FL] (Halbert, 

2003)

[Yes] L (Nebreda et 

al., 2004)

Yes7

Hyperomyzus lactucae 

Linnaeus

CABI, 2007; 

Martorrel, 1976; 

Prado, 1991; 

Rizzo, 1977

EG, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Thomas

Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

CABI, 2007; 

Martorrel, 1976; 

Mau and Martin, 

1992; PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000;

Jensen et al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2005a; 

Kerns, 2009; Mau 

and Martin, 1992; 

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2005a; 

Jensen et al., 2008), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Empoasca decipiens Paoli Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969

EG (CABI, 2007) Yes L (Atakan et 

al., 2004) 

No8

 

7 This external feeding pest forms dense colonies on leaves and heads of their host plants (Halbert, 2008), which may be 

readily detected during quality inspections. Any remaining pests are highly likely to be removed during washing and 

centrifuging, so H. coriandri is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

8 Leafhoppers are found on the under surface of the leaf, but the highly mobile and active adults and immature stages are 

highly likely to fly away when disturbed (CABI, 2007). Thus, this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway 

during harvest and processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 8

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya seychellarum 

(Westwood)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; CABI, 2007; 

EcoPort, 2002

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EcoPort, 2002a; 

EPPO, 2007)

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes9

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Orthezia insignis Browne 

Syn: Insignorthezia 

insignis Browne 

Martorrel, 1976 EG, US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009; CABI, 

2007), US (Arnett Jr., 

2000) 

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) Prado, 1991; 

PestID, 2009; 

Rizzo, 1977

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Maconellicoccus hirsutus 

Green

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; Hoy 

et al., 1998

EG (Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007), US [FL, 

CA] (Ben-Dov et al., 

2009; CABI, 2007)

[Yes] 

NIS, 

2006b

L (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2009; 

CABI, 2007)

Yes10

Hemiptera: Rhopalidae

Liorhyssus hyalinus 

(Fabricius)

PestID, 2009 EG, US (Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969; 

CABI, 2007; Mau 

and Martin, 1992; 

PestID, 2009; 

Prado, 1991; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

EG, US (CABI, 2007); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Mau and Martin, 

1992) 

No N/A N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis & 

Schiffermüller

Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969; 

CABI, 2007

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007) 

Yes L, R (CABI, 

2007)

Yes11

 

9

Icerya seychellarum is a large (up to 10 mm long) and distinctively colored (granular white or pale-yellow wax) external 

feeder (CABI, 2007). It also produces copious quantities of honeydew, which fosters the growth of sooty molds. 

Consequently, these insects or damaged produce are likely to detected and culled during quality testing, or removed by

washing and centrifuging.

10 This pest creates distorted, stunted, bunchy growths containing white woolly wax, tiny salmon-pink eggs (CABI, 2007). 

They also produce honeydew which fosters growth of sooty molds. The postharvest processing measures of removing 

external leaves, quality inspections, and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 9

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Autographa gamma 

(Linnaeus) Syn: Plusia 

gamma Linnaeus

Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969; 

CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009; 

Robinson et al., 

2007; Zhang, 1994

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994) 

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

No12

Chrysodeixis chalcites 

(Esper)

CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

EG (CABI, 2007; 

CABI, 2009) 

Yes L (CABI, 

2007) 

No

13

Helicoverpa armigera 

(Hübner) 

PestID, 2009; 

Robinson et al., 

2007; Zhang, 1994

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; Pogue, 

2003) 

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes14

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2006; 

Kerns, 2009; Mau 

and Martin, 1992; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

EG (Pogue, 2003, US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Capinera, 2006; Mau 

and Martin, 1992)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera littoralis 

(Boisduval)

Avidov and 

Harpaz, 1969; 

CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

EG (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO, 2007; Pogue, 

2003; Zhang, 1994)

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes15

Thysanoplusia orichalcea 

(Fabricius)

CABI, 2007 ; Hill 

et al., 1987

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994), US 

(EcoPort, 2002b)

16

[Yes] L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes17

 

11 This pest is an external feeder, mature and immature larvae can be easily detected (CABI, 2007). The standard post-harvest 

processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging are highly 

likely to remove this pest from the pathway.

12 A. gamma cause serious and easily detected damage to leaves, and the larvae drop off the plant when disturbed (CABI, 

2007). Thus, this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing.

13 When disturbed, C. chalcites larvae typically drop from the leaf and hang on a silken thread (Goodey, 1991). Damage such 

as skeletonized or rolled leaves (with webbing) may be easily detected at harvest (CABI, 2007). Thus, this pest is highly 

likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing.

14 H. armigera larvae may be on plant surfaces but are often hidden inside plant tissue (CABI, 2007). Bore holes and heaps of 

frass (excreta) may be visible. The standard post-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality 

inspection/culling, and shredding are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway.

15 Larvae of S. littoralis feed externally and cause shredding damage to leaves (CABI, 2007). The standard post-harvest

processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging are highly 

likely to remove this pest from the pathway.

16 We found no additional information regarding the distribution of this pest in the United States.

17 Thysanoplusia orichalcea is an external feeder and leaf damage is easily detected (CABI, 2007). The standard post-harvest 

processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging are highly 

likely to remove this pest from the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 10

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) CABI, 2007; 

Capinera, 2005b; 

Kerns, 2009; Mau 

and Martin, 1992; 

MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Capinera, 2005b; Mau 

and Martin, 1992 ; 

Robinson et al., 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

Pieris rapae Linnaeus MacGregor and 

Gutierrez, 1983

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella schultzei

(Trybom)

CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009; 

Rizzo, 1977

EG (CABI, 2007) US 

[FL] (CABI, 2007)

[Yes]18 L (CABI, 

2007; PestID, 

2009) 

Yes19

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel Mau and Martin, 

1992

EG, US (CABI, 2007), 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Thrips tabaci Lindeman Kerns, 2009; 

Prado, 1991; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Lewis, 1997), US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

FUNGI20

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) 

Keissl. Syn: A. tenuis

(Fries) Keissler 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG, US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2009), US 

(Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) 

Sacc. (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales) 

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009; 

French, 1989

EG (CABI, 2007; PQR 

2007), US (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Alternaria cichorii Nattrass 

Syn: A. porri f. sp. cichorii 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporaceae)

CABI, 2009 EG, US (CA, FL) 

(CABI, 2009; David, 

1995; Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Alternaria zinniae Ellis 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporaceae)

Neergaard, 1977 EG (David, 1991), US 

(David, 1991; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 

(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)

CABI, 2007 EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

 

18 This species is reportable and actionable (NIS, 2006a).

19 Thrips are external feeders that pierce plant tissue. They are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the standard 

post-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging. 

20 Fungal taxonomy is written according to Farr et al. (2007) and NCBI (2008).
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 11

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu and 

Kimbr. Syn: Corticium 

rolfsii Curzi; Sclerotium 

rolfsii (Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales) 

Campbell, 1993; 

Farr et al., 2009; 

Neergaard, 1977; 

Wellman, 1977

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel Syn: 

Botrytis cinerea Pers. 

(Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) 

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

French, 1989

EG (CABI, 2007 ), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Bremia lactucae Regel 

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Farr et al., 2009; 

French, 1989

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009; French, 

1989) 

No N/A N/A

Cercospora beticola Sacc. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (Farr et al., 2009), 

US (CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum 

(Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. 

(Zygomycetes: Mucorales)

Farr et al., 2009 EG (CABI, 2009), US 

(CABI, 2007; CABI, 

2009; Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus heterostrophus

(Drechsler) Drechsler 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

Neergaard, 1977 EG (CABI, 2009; 

CABI, 2007 ; Farr et 

al., 2009), US (CABI, 

2009; CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito 

& Kurib.) Drechsler ex 

Dastur (Dothideomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CABI, 2007 EG (CABI, 2007 ; Farr 

et al., 2009), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum

Schlechtendahl 

Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Gibberella fujikuroi 

(Sawada) Wollenw

Farr et al., 2009 EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Golovinomyces 

cichoracearum (DC.) 

Heluta Syn: Erysiphe 

cichoracearum (DC.) 

(Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Farr et al., 2009; 

French, 1989

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007, Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea 

Pethybr. & Laff. 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007; 

CABI, 2009; Farr et 

al., 2009), US (CABI, 

2007; CABI, 2009; 

Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 12

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Phytophthora drechsleri 

Tucker (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

Farr et al., 2009 EG (CABI, 2007 ; Farr 

et al., 2009), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae 

Breda de Haan 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

Farr et al., 2009 EG (CABI, 2007 ; 

CABI, 2009; Farr et 

al., 2009), US (CABI,

2007; CABI, 2009; 

Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) 

Berl. & De Toni 

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

EPPO, 2007 EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; CABI, 

2009; Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) 

Rabenh. (Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

Farr et al., 2009 EG (Moubasher and 

Abdel-Hafez, 1978), 

US (Farr et al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pythium aphanidermatum 

(Edson) Fitzp Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007); 

Farr et al., 2009), US

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009)

No N/A N/A

Pythium debaryanum Hesse 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

Farr et al., 2009 EG (CABI, 2007); US 

Farr et al., 2009

No N/A N/A

Pythium irregulare Buisman 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) de Bary 

(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Farr et al., 2009; 

Wellman, 1977

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(A.B. Frank) Donk 

(Agaricomycetes: 

Cantharellales)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Farr et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. 

and Broome) Ferraris Syn:

Chalara elegans Nag Raj

and Kendr. (Ascomycetes: 

Microascales)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

Farr et al., 2009; 

Qing-Ming et al., 

2008

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2009; Qing-Ming 

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSKS

Helix aspersa Műller CABI, 2007; 

Prado, 1991

EG, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 13

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Theba pisana (Műller) EPPO, 2007; 

Garrison, 1993; 

PestID, 2009

EG, US (CA) (CABI, 

2007; EPPO, 2007), 

US [CA]

21 (Garrison, 

1993) 

[Yes] L (PestID, 

2009) 

Yes22

BACTERIA

Pectobacterium carotovorum

var. carotovorum (Jones) 

Hauben et al. Syn: Erwinia 

carotovora subsp. 

carotovora (Jones) Bergey 

et al. (Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

Bradbury, 1986; 

French, 1989

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; French, 

1989) 

No N/A N/A

Dickeya chrysanthemi

(Burkholder et al.) Samson 

et al., comb. nov. Syn: 

Erwinia chrysanthemi

(Burkh.) Young et al. 

(Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

CABI, 2007 EG, US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas marginalis pv.

marginalis (Brown) 

Stevens Syn: P. marginalis

(Brown) Stevens 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Wellman, 1977

EG (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007), US 

(Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. 

syringae van Hall 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007

EG (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007), US

(Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas viridiflava 

(Burkholder) Dowson 

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

Bradbury, 1986 EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerinck & van Delden) 

Young et al. Syn: 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(Rhizobiales: 

Rhizobiaceae)

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2007

EG, US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

 

21 This pest has limited distribution in the U.S. and is a quarantine significant pest under official control (NIS, 2003).

22 This snail lays eggs under the soil surface in nests (Garrison, 1993), so the eggs are highly unlikely to be present on the 

commodity. The snails vary in size from 2 mm in diameter when emerging, to 15 mm at maturity. In addition, emergent T. 

pisana are highly mobile. The standard post-harvest measures of removing external leaves, shredding, and washing and 

centrifuging are highly likely to remove the mollusks from the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 14

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

NEMATODES 

Aphelenchoides besseyi 

(Nematoda: 

Aphelenchoididae)

EPPO, 2007 EG (Amin, 2002; 

CABI, 2007), US

(CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Aphelenchoides parietinus

Bastian (Nematoda: 

Aphelenchoididae)

Wellman, 1977 EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (Horst, 

2001) 

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus dihystera

(Cobb) Sher Syn: 

Helicotylenchus nannus 

Stain (Nematoda: 

Hoplolaimidae)

CABI, 2007; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (CABI, 

2007; Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus multicinctus 

(Cobb) Golden 

(Nematoda: 

Hoplolaimidae)

CABI, 2007 EG (CABI, 2007; 

Abou-El-Naga, 1979), 

US (CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus (Steiner) 

Golden (Nematoda: 

Hoplolaimidae)

CABI, 2007 EG (CABI, 2007), US

(CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009) 

No N/A N/A

Hemicycliophora similis 

Thorne (Nematoda: 

Criconematidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US [FL]

(Lehman, 2002) 

[Yes] R (Ferris, 

2000) 

No

Hemicriconemoides 

cocophilus (Loos) 

Chitwood & Birchfield 

(Nematoda: 

Criconematidae)

PPS, 2009 EG (Ibrahim et al., 

2000), US [(FL]

(Lehman, 2002)

[Yes] R (Ferris, 

2003) 

No

Longidorus africanus Merny 

(Nematoda: Longidoridae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Lamberti et al., 

1996), US [CA]

(Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009) 

[Yes] R (Ferris, 

2008b) 

No

Longidorus elongatus (De 

Man) Torne and Swanger

CABI, 2007 EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (CABI, 

2007; Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) 

Chitwood (Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007; 

Ibrahim et al., 2000), 

US (CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 

(Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae)

CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009; Horst, 2001; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG, US (Abou-ElNaga, 1979; CABI, 

2007; Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 15

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood (Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae)

CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009; McLeod et 

al., 1994

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood 

(Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Merlinius brevidens (Allen) 

Siddiqi (Nematoda: 

Tylenchorhynchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009) 

No N/A N/A

Paratrichodorus minor

(Colbran) Siddiqi Syn:

Trichodorus minor Colbran 

(Nematoda: Trichodoridae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

University of 

California, 2000) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus crenatus Loof 

(Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus neglectus

(Rench) Filipjev and SCH. 

Steckhoven (Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009; 

Smiley and Machado, 

2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven 

(Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009; McLeod et 

al., 1994

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus pratensis (de 

Man & Filipjev 

(Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus thornei Sher & 

Allen (Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

OSU, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus zeae Graham 

(Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

CABI, 2007; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG, US (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne (Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007) 

Yes R (Ferris, 

2009)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 16

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Rotylenchulus parvus 

(Williams) Sher

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009) 

No N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis

Linford & Oliveira 

(Nematoda: 

Hoplolaimidae)

CABI, 2007; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2009

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2007), 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009) 

No N/A N/A

Scutellonema brachyurus

(Steiner) Andrasy Syn: S. 

brachyurum (Steiner) 

Andrasy (Nematoda: 

Hoplolaimidae)

CABI, 2007; 

McLeod et al., 

1994

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Ibrahim et al., 2000), 

US (CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Trichodorus teres Hooper 

(Nematoda: Trichodoridae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979) 

Yes R (Hoof, 

1964)

No

Tylenchorhynchus clarus 

Allen (Nematoda: 

Belonolaidae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009; Noel 

and Lownsbery, 

1978

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (CA) (Noel 

and Lownsbery, 1978) 

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb (Nematoda: 

longidoridae)

Ferris and CaswellChen, 2009EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979), US (CABI, 

2007) 

No N/A N/A

VIRUS

Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus

(AMV) (Bromoviridae)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; Hamm, 

1995) 

No N/A N/A

Beet curly top 

hybrigeminivirus (BCTV) 

(Geminiviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997 EG (EPPO, 1997a; 

CABI, 2007), US 

(EPPO, 1997a; CABI, 

2007; Hamm, 1995) 

No N/A N/A

Broad bean wilt fabavirus 

(BBWV) (Comoviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997; 

CABI, 2007; Rist 

and Lorbeer, 1991

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Cucumber mosaic 

cucumovirus (CMV) 

(Bromoviridae)

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993; 

Rist and Lorbeer, 

1991

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007; NSF, 

1999) 

No N/A N/A

Cucurbit yellow stunting 

disorder crinivirus

(CYSDV) 

(Closteroviridae)

Wintermantel et 

al., 2009

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

[(AR, CA, FL, TX) 

(CABI, 2007; Davis et 

al., 2008)]

No N/A N/A

Lettuce mosaic potyvirus 

(LMV) (Potyviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997; 

CABI, 2007; 

German-Retana et 

al., 2008

EG (German-Retana et 

al., 2008), US (CABI, 

2007; German-Retana 

et al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 17

Pest Scientific Name Host association US and Egypt 

Distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

pathway

Prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV) 

(Bromoviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997 EG (Maghraby et al., 

2007), US (CABI, 

2007) 

No N/A N/A

Prunus necrotic ringspot 

ilarvirus (PNRV) 

(Bromoviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997 EG (CABI, 2007; 

Maghraby et al., 

2007), US (CABI,

2007) 

No N/A N/A

Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus

(TMV) (Unassigned 

family)

Brunt et al., 1997 EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Tobacco rattle tobravirus 

(TRV) (Unassigned 

family)

Brunt et al., 1997; 

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Tobacco ringspot nepovirus 

(Comoviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997; 

Campbell, 1993

EG (Abdel-Salam et 

al., 2003; CABI, 

2007), US (CABI, 

2007; EPPO, 1997c) 

No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt 

tospovirus (TSWV) 

(Bunyaviridae)

Brunt et al., 1997; 

CABI, 2007; 

Campbell, 1993

EG (CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007) 

No N/A N/A

2.4.2. Pests not further analyzed

The nematodes Hemicycliophora similis, Hemicriconemoides cocophilus, Longidorus africanus, 

Radopholus similis and Trichodorus teres were not considered for further analyses because they

affect roots and were not associated with the commodity.

Standard post-harvest processing measures used by Egypt for shredded lettuce (CAPQ, 2007) for 

export are highly likely to kill or remove pests of quarantine significance associated with the 

leaf. We concluded that the following pests would be removed from the pathway: Agrotis 

segetum, Aleyrodes proletella, Chromatomyia horticola, Frankliniella schultzei, Helicoverpa 

armigera, Hyadaphis coriandri, Icerya seychellarum, Liriomyza bryoniae, Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus, Spodoptera littoralis, Theba pisana, and Thysanoplusia orichalcea. Different 

combinations of the processes cited above (section 1.3) will be effective for each pest, depending 

on biology, size, and behavior (Table 5). 

In addition to the cited mitigation measures, Thripidae species seem likely to be killed after the 

vacuum packing process, because cooling and ultralow oxygen controls 99.6 percent of thrips 

populations (Yong-Biao, 2007). This measure could similarly affect all of the pests above, but 

we did not cite it because it has not been evaluated as a treatment by PPQ. 

Likewise, we only cited the mitigative effects of shredding twice, once for the mollusk, Theba 

pisana, because of its large size, and once for Helicoverpa armigera, which sometimes is an 

internal pest, and therefore might sometimes still be present on the commodity after quality 

inspection. Shredding is likely to decrease survival of the other pests more than we have stated.
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 18

Table 5. Quarantine pests not selected for further analysis, with mitigations likely to remove 

them from the pathway

Type Organism Effective postharvest processing measures

Diptera Chromatomyia 

horticola

Liriomyza bryoniae 

Both pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality

inspection and culling

Hemiptera Aleyrodes proletella

Icerya seychellarum

Hyadaphis coriandri

Maconellicoccus 

hirsutus 

All Pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality

inspection and culling, (3) Washing and centrifuging

Lepidoptera Agrotis segetum 

Spodoptera littoralis

Thysanoplusia 

orichalcea

Helicoverpa armigera

All Pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality

inspection and culling, (3) Washing and centrifuging

This pest only: (4) Shredding

Mollusk Theba pisana (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and 

culling, (3) Shredding, (4) Washing and centrifuging

Thrips Frankliniella schultzei (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and 

culling, (3) Washing and centrifuging

2.5. Conclusion

We identified 12 pests of quarantine significance that are highly unlikely to follow the pathway 

due to the standard post-harvest processing measures for shredded lettuce in Egypt, and thus 

were not analyzed further. Although these 11 arthropods, and 1 mollusk affect lettuce leaves, we 

accounted for the post-harvest procedures of 1) removing outer leaves, 2) visual inspection and 

culling (with cutting), 3) shredding, and 4) washing and centrifuging (section 1.3, see CAPQ, 

2007). This risk analysis is only valid when the described post-harvest processing procedures are 

followed; otherwise, additional analyses for quarantine pests of concern could be required. 

Likewise, if entire leaves or heads of lettuce from Egypt are proposed for entry into the United 

States, then we may reevaluate the risk for each quarantine pest likely to follow the pathway. 

3. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers

Authors

Guiovanni A. Zambrano, Risk Analyst a

Alcibiades Suarez, Risk Analyst a

Contributors

Nancy Arciniegas, Risk Analyst a

Walter Guttierrez, Risk Analyst b
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 19

Reviewers

Robert G. Ahern, Entomologist, Risk Analyst b

Lawrence G. Brown, Plant Pathologist b

a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Colombia

b USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Raleigh, NC

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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Current status of lettuce allowed imports into the United States.

(PPQ, 2009)

Port(s)-of-Entry Country/Countries Plant Part Comments

All Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, 

Belgium, Belize, Canada, Cayman Islands 

(United Kingdom), Chile (from all provinces 

except Arica Province of Region1), Costa Rica, 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Republic of Korea (South 

Korea), Mexico, Montserrat (United Kingdom), 

New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Saint 

Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and 

Tobago

Aboveground 

parts

Inspection at the port of 

entry

All Israel, Palestinian Authority West Bank, Spain, 

Peninsular and Balearic Islands

Leaf Inspection at the port of 

entry; Treatment T101-

n-2.

Greenhouse-grown 

lettuce requires a 

phytosanitary 

certificate with an 

additional declaration, 

and inspection.

North Atlantic 

(NA)

Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Netherlands, 

Venezuela

Aboveground 

parts

Inspection at the port of 

entry

Guam & CNMI Australia, Japan, From all areas other than 

Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano 

Islands, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand

Aboveground 

parts

Inspection at the port of 

entry

Puerto Rico 

(PR)

Anguilla (United Kingdom), Antigua and 

Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands 

(United Kingdom), Curacao (Netherlands), 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, 

Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, 

Montserrat (United Kingdom), Netherlands 

Antilles, Except Curacao (Netherlands), Saint 

Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, 

Saint Martin (France and the Netherlands), Saint 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Turksand Caicos 

Islands (United Kingdom), Venezuela, Virgin 

Islands, British

Aboveground 

parts

Inspection at the port of 

entry

South Atlantic 

& Gulf (SAG)

Brazil, Colombia Aboveground 

parts

Inspection at the port of 

entry

U.S. Virgin 

Island (VI)

Anguilla (United Kingdom), Antigua and 

Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, 

Aboveground Inspection at the port of 

entry
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 26

Port(s)-of-Entry Country/Countries Plant Part Comments

Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands 

(United Kingdom), Curacao (Netherlands), 

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Martinique, 

Montserrat (United Kingdom), Netherlands 

Antilles, Except Curacao (Netherlands), Saint 

Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, 

Saint Martin (France and the Netherlands), Saint 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Turksand Caicos 

Islands (United Kingdom), Virgin Islands, 

British

parts
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 27

Appendix B. Interception of quarantine pests at U.S. ports on lettuce, since 1984

(PestID, 2009). 

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Acalymma sp. Permit Cargo 2

Acanthocheila sp. Permit Cargo 1

Acanthoscelides sp. Permit Cargo 1

Aceratagallia sp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 2

Aceratagallia uhleri Permit Cargo 1

Acyrthosiphon sp. Permit Cargo 3

Agallia sp. Permit Cargo 2

Agriolimacidae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 5

Agriolimax reticulatus Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 14

Agriolimax sp. Stores 3

Agromyzidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 377

Agrotis ipsilon Permit Cargo 2

Agrotis sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 4

Agrotis subterranea Permit Cargo 1

Aleyrodes proletella Stores 3

Aleyrodidae spp. Stores 1

Altica sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Anastrepha sp. Permit Cargo 1

Anomala nitidula Permit Cargo 2

Anomala sp. Permit Cargo 4

Anthicidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Anthocoridae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 6

Anthomyiidae spp. Stores 3

Anthonomus sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Antianthe expansa Permit Cargo 1

Aphididae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 517

Aphis craccivora Permit Cargo 6

Aphis sp. Permit Cargo 8

Apion sp. Permit Cargo 2

Apionidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Apioninae spp. Permit Cargo 3

Araneae spp. Baggage 1

Arctiidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 67

Arhyssus sp. Permit Cargo 10

Arhyssus tricostatus Permit Cargo 1

Arion sp. Stores 1

Athysanini spp. Permit Cargo 1

Aulacorthum solani General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 43

Autographa californica Permit Cargo 1

Autographa gamma Stores 1

Autographa sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 3
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 28

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Baris sp. Permit Cargo 3

Berytidae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Blapstinus sp. Permit Cargo 5

Blissus sp. Permit Cargo 5

Bostrichidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Bothinodontes sp. Permit Cargo 1

Braconidae spp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2

Bradybaenidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Bremia lactucae Permit Cargo 0

Brevicoryne brassicae Permit Cargo 2

Brevicoryne sp. Stores 1

Bucculatrix sp. Permit Cargo 1

Campylomma verbasci Permit Cargo 1

Cassida sp. Stores 1

Cavariella sp. Baggage 6

Cepaea nemoralis Baggage 2

Ceratocapsus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Cercopidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Ceroplastes floridensis Permit Cargo 1

Cerotoma sp. Permit Cargo 2

Chaetocnema sp. Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 44

Chilocorinae spp. Baggage 1

Chironomidae spp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 13

Chlorochroa sayi Permit Cargo 2

Chlorochroa uhleri Permit Cargo 1

Chloropidae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 3

Chrysodeixis chalcites Permit Cargo 1

Chrysomelidae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Chrysopidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Cicadellidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 27

Cicadellini spp. Permit Cargo 4

Cicadidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Coccinellidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 3

Coccinellini spp. Permit Cargo 3

Cochylidae spp. Stores 1

Colaspis sp. Permit Cargo 2

Coleomegilla sp. Permit Cargo 2

Coleoptera spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 4

Collembola spp. Baggage 3

Conoderus granulatus Baggage 1

Conoderus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Conotrachelus sp. Permit Cargo 2

Contarinia sp. Permit Cargo 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 29

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Copitarsia sp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 129

Corticariidae spp. Permit Cargo 32

Cryptophagidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Curculionidae spp. Baggage, Stores 14

Curculioninae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Curvularia sp. Permit Cargo 0

Cyclocephala sp. Permit Cargo 2

Cyptocephala antiguensis Permit Cargo 1

Dactynotus ambrosiae Permit Cargo 4

Dactynotus sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 29

Dechacona missionum Permit Cargo 2

Delia sp. Permit Cargo, Quarters, Stores 6

Delphacidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 3

Delphacodes sp. Stores 1

Deltocephalinae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Deroceras laeve Permit Cargo, Stores 5

Deroceras panormitanum General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 11

Diabrotica balteata Permit Cargo 4

Diabrotica mexicana Permit Cargo 1

Diabrotica sp. Permit Cargo 73

Diabrotica undecimpunctata Permit Cargo 46

Diabrotica viridula Permit Cargo 2

Diaphania sp. Stores 1

Diaprepes famelicus Permit Cargo 1

Dichocysta pictipes Permit Cargo 1

Diplopoda spp. Permit Cargo 1

Diptera spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 5

Disonycha sp. Permit Cargo 6

Draeculacephala minerva Permit Cargo 1

Draeculacephala sp. Permit Cargo 5

Drosophilidae spp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2

Dyscinetus sp. Stores 1

Dysdercus mimulus Permit Cargo 2

Elateridae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Empididae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Empoasca sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 10

Enicocephalidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Ephydridae spp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 4

Epilachna varivestis Permit Cargo 1

Epitrix sp. Permit Cargo 1

Eragrostis sp. Permit Cargo 0

Erythroneura sp. Permit Cargo 1

Eucarazzia elegans Permit Cargo 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 30

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Eupodidae spp. Permit Cargo 3

Euschistus sp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 6

Frankliniella fulvipennis General Cargo, Permit Cargo 11

Frankliniella fuscipennis Permit Cargo 4

Frankliniella occidentalis Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 60

Frankliniella schultzei Stores 20

Frankliniella sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 6

Frankliniella tenuicornis Baggage 1

Galerucinae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Galgupha sp. Permit Cargo 1

Geocoris punctipes Permit Cargo 1

Geocoris sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Geometridae spp. Permit Cargo 3

Graminella nigrifrons Permit Cargo 2

Graminella sp. Permit Cargo 1

Graphocephala sp. Permit Cargo 5

Gryllidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Gryllus sp. Permit Cargo 2

Gypona sp. Permit Cargo 1

Harmostes sp. Permit Cargo 1

Helicella sp. Stores 1

Helicellinae spp. Baggage 1

Helicoverpa armigera Stores 3

Helicoverpa sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 3

Helicoverpa zea Permit Cargo 4

Heliothis sp. Stores 2

Helix pomatia Baggage 6

Hemerobiidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Herpetogramma sp. Baggage 1

Heteroptera spp. Permit Cargo 2

Homalodisca liturata Permit Cargo 1

Hypera brunnipennis Permit Cargo 1

Hypera postica Permit Cargo 1

Insecta spp. Baggage 4

Ischnodemus sp. Stores 2

Jalysus wickhami Permit Cargo 1

Lehmannia valentiana Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 5

Lepidoptera spp. General Cargo, Stores 52

Lestremiinae spp. Stores 1

Limax maximus Stores 1

Limax sp. Permit Cargo 1

Limosininae spp. Quarters 2

Liorhyssus hyalinus Permit Cargo 7
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 31

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Liorhyssus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Lipaphis pseudobrassicae Permit Cargo 1

Liriomyza sp. Stores 4

Listroderes sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Listronotus sp. Baggage 1

Lonchaeidae spp. Stores 1

Longitarsus sp. Permit Cargo, Stores 3

Lycaenidae spp. Stores 1

Lygaeidae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Lygaeoidea spp. Permit Cargo 4

Lygaeus alboornatus Permit Cargo 4

Lygus elisus Permit Cargo 2

Lygus hesperus Permit Cargo 2

Lygus lineolaris Baggage, Permit Cargo 4

Lygus mexicanus Permit Cargo 1

Lygus sp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 18

Macrodactylus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Macrosiphum euphorbiae Baggage, Permit Cargo 35

Macrosiphum sp. Permit Cargo 2

Mamestra brassicae Baggage, Stores 3

Mamestra sp. Stores 1

Membracidae spp. Permit Cargo 5

Messor sp. Stores 1

Microrhopala sp. Permit Cargo 1

Microtheca semilaevis Stores 1

Milax gagates Baggage 3

Miridae spp. Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 29

Mollusca spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 4

Molytinae spp. Stores 2

Monacha cantiana Quarters 1

Muscidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Mycetophagidae spp. Stores 1

Myochrous sp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 2

Myzus persicae General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 110

Nabidae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Nasonovia ribisnigri Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 86

Nasonovia sp. Stores 2

Nasutitermes ephratae Permit Cargo 1

Neopamera bilobata Permit Cargo 1

Neotephritis finalis Permit Cargo 1

Nesidiocoris tenuis Permit Cargo 5

Neuroptera spp. Permit Cargo 3

Nezara viridula Permit Cargo 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 32

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Nitidulidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Noctuidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 153

Nysius raphanus Permit Cargo 1

Nysius sp. Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 467

Olethreutinae spp. Stores 1

Oliarus sp. Permit Cargo 2

Orius sp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Baggage 1

Oxyloma sp. Permit Cargo 1

Pachybrachis sp. Permit Cargo 2

Paraproba sp. General Cargo 1

Parasitidae spp. Permit Cargo 2

Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus Stores 1

Parthenicus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Pentatomidae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 5

Peridroma saucia Baggage 1

Perigenes sp. Permit Cargo 1

Phlaeothripidae spp. Baggage 1

Phoridae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 9

Phycitinae spp. Stores 1

Phyllophaga sp. Permit Cargo 1

Phyllotreta atra Baggage 1

Phyllotreta sp. Permit Cargo 4

Phytocoris sp. Baggage 1

Phytomyza marginella Permit Cargo 1

Pieridae spp. Baggage, Stores 2

Pieris sp. Baggage 2

Pityophthorus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Plagiometriona sp. Permit Cargo 1

Plodia interpunctella Baggage, Stores 1

Plusiinae spp. Permit Cargo 11

Plutella xylostella Stores 3

Podisus maculiventris Baggage 1

Prietocella barbara Baggage 1

Proba sp. Permit Cargo 2

Prytanes confusus Permit Cargo 1

Prytanes sp. Permit Cargo 4

Pseudaletia sp. Stores 1

Pseudococcus sp. Stores 1

Psocoptera spp. Permit Cargo 1

Psyllidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Pyralidae spp. General Cargo 1

Pyraustinae spp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 14
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 33

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Rachiplusia sp. Permit Cargo 1

Remaudiereana annulipes Permit Cargo 1

Rhabditidae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Rhopalosiphum padi Permit Cargo 3

Rhopalosiphum sp. Permit Cargo 1

Rhopalus tigrinus Permit Cargo 1

Sciaridae spp. General Cargo 2

Secondary fungi Permit Cargo 0

Septoria sp. Baggage 0

Setaria sp. Permit Cargo 0

Sitona sp. Baggage, Stores 2

Sixeonotus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Smicronyx sp. Permit Cargo 1

Sminthuridae spp. Baggage 1

Spanagonicus albofasciatus Permit Cargo 2

Spissistilus festinus General Cargo, Permit Cargo 20

Spissistilus sp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 25

Spodoptera exigua Permit Cargo 4

Spodoptera frugiperda Permit Cargo 1

Spodoptera litura Permit Cargo 1

Spodoptera sp. Baggage, Permit Cargo 2

Staphylinidae spp. General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2

Steiarrhinus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Stictocephala sp. Permit Cargo 1

Succinea sp. Permit Cargo 2

Syrphidae spp. Baggage, Permit, Cargo Stores 14

Systena s-littera Stores 1

Systena sp. Permit Cargo 5

Tanymecus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Theba pisana Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 11

Thripidae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 16

Thrips angusticeps Baggage, Stores 112

Thrips sp. Baggage 1

Thrips tabaci Baggage, Permit Cargo 9

Thyanta sp. Permit Cargo 2

Tineidae spp. Stores 2

Tortricidae spp. Permit Cargo, Stores 2

Tortricinae spp. Permit Cargo 1

Trichoplusia ni Permit Cargo 7

Trimerotropis pallidipennis Baggage 1

Trupanea sp. Permit Cargo 1

Tylenchus sp. Permit Cargo 1

Udea rubigalis General Cargo 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt

Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 34

Pest Where Intercepted Interceptions (No.)

Veronicella sp. Baggage 1

Xanthochilus saturnius Permit Cargo 1

Xerophloea sp. Permit Cargo 1

Xeropicta sp. Quarters 1

Zygogramma sp. Permit Cargo 3

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 

duodecimnotata

Permit Cargo 1

Deroceras (Agriolimax) 

reticulatum

Baggage 1

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 

duodecimnotata 

Permit Cargo 1

Total 3266