Postentry Quarantine Manual
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manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented invention in 

the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS 

does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any 

third party for patent infringement.

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When using pesticies, read and follow all label instructions.

First Edition Issued 2010
9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual TOC-1

Postentry 

Quarantine 

Contents

Figures LOF-1

Tables LOT-1

Introduction 1-1

Preparation 2-1

Growing Site Inspections 3-1

Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material 4-1

Description of Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures 5-1

Responsibilities of State and Federal Inspectors 6-1

List of Circulars 7-1

Alphabetical List of Diseases 8-1

Diseases and Pathogens of Concern 9-1

Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars 10-1

Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers A-1

Plant Inspection Stations B-1

Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts C-1

Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement D-1

Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine E-1

Forms and Permits F-1

Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23 G-1

Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine H-1

Pesticide Safety I-1

Glossary Glossary-1

Index Index-1
9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual LOF-1

Postentry 

Quarantine 

Figures

Figure 9-1 Symptoms of witches’ broom on Carya spp. 9-3

Figure 9-2 Symptoms of chlorotic ring and line pattern caused by an unknown agent on Crataegus wattina leaf 9-4

Figure 9-3 Cydonia spp. with symptoms of quince sooty ringspot agent on 

quince C7/1 leaf; healthy leaf on left 9-5

Figure 9-4 Cydonia spp. with yellow spotting and leaf distortion caused by 

quince stunt agent; healthy leaf on left 9-6

Figure 9-5 Symptoms of streaking on leaves caused by virus on Humulus

spp. 9-7

Figure 9-6 Chrome yellow mottle symptoms caused by cherry leaf roll virus 

on Juglans regia foliage 9-8

Figure 9-7 Juglans regia foliage showing chlorotic ring patterns, a symptom 

caused by cherry leaf roll virus 9-9

Figure 10-1 Example of virus-infected Hibiscus spp.; NOT yellow-vein virus, 

but when this is found, it should be submitted for 

identification 10-4

Figure 10-2 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) tree; virus causes a 

general yellow appearance 10-15

Figure 10-3 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut); leaf with banding 

pattern, a symptom of yellow oak leaf vein virus 10-15

Figure 10-4 Puccinia graminis on Berberis spp.; aecial stage on underside 

of leaf; may attack stems and fruit 10-19

Figure 10-5 Puccinia chrysanthemi on Chrysanthemum spp.; orange to 

brown spots on lower leaf surface; common disease; submit 

specimens 10-27

Figure 10-6 Puccinia horiana on Chrysanthemum spp.; white, waxy spots on 

lower surface of leaf 10-27

Figure 10-7 Cherry wilt (possibly caused by apple proliferation 

phytoplasma) 10-30

Figure 10-8 Progress toward death of the tree (possibly caused by apple 

proliferation phytoplasma) 10-30

Figure 10-9 Enlarged stipules of an infected Malus plant 10-31

Figure 10-10 Enlarged stipules of an infected Malus plant (left) compared to 

the regular-sized stipules on an uninfected plant (right) 10-31

Figure 10-11 Necrosis on cross-section of cherry branches (possibly caused 

by apple proliferation phytoplasma) 10-32

Figure 10-12 Necrosis on cross-section of cherry tree trunk (possibly caused 

by apple proliferation phytoplasma) 10-32

Figure 10-13 Floral necrosis of cherry (possibly caused by apple proliferation 

phytoplasma) 10-33
Figures

LOF-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

Figure 10-14 Uredinia of Uromyces transversalis 10-38

Figure 10-15 Uredinia across the width of the leaf and telium (dark) of Uromyces transversalis 10-38

Figure 10-16 Uredinia erumpent across the width of a Uromyces transversalis 

leaf 10-39

Figure 10-17 Uredinia across the width of a Uromyces transversalis 

leaf 10-39

Figure 10-18 Uredinia (yellowish) and telia (dark) of Uromyces 

transversalis 10-40

Figure 10-19 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; atypical; note 

white lines in first and third leaves 10-42

Figure 10-20 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; note typical symptoms showing etched rings in first leaf 10-43

Figure 10-21 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; severe 

symptoms 10-43

Figure 10-22 Euonymus mosaic 10-49

Figure 10-23 Witches’ broom on F. americana; healthy (left); foliar chlorosis 

(right), reduced leaf size and branch proliferation 10-52

Figure 10-24 Fraxinus excelsior leaflet showing a symptom of Arabis mosaic 

virus 10-53

Figure 10-25 Puccinia gladioli telia 10-55

Figure 10-26 Puccinia gladioli telia 10-55

Figure 10-27 Puccinia mccleanii telia on leaf 10-57

Figure 10-28 Puccinia mccleanii telia on leaf 10-57

Figure 10-29 Puccinia glyceriae 10-63

Figure 10-30 Puccinia glyceriae close up 10-63

Figure 10-31 Gymnosporangium asiaticum on Juniperus; telial spores

 10-67

Figure 10-32 Gymnosporangium japonicum on Juniperus spp.; sori on 

branches 10-69

Figure 10-33 Ligustrum mosaic agent on Ligustrum spp. 10-72

Figure 10-34 Distribution of apple mosaic virus 10-78

Figure 10-35 Bark cankers (right) on second-year Pyrus variety “Winter Nelis” 

wood caused by pear blister canker viroid 10-78

Figure 10-36 Roughening, brown mottling and blistering (right) of secondyear Pyrus spp. wood; symptoms caused by pear blister canker 

viroid 10-79

Figure 10-37 Peach leaves with plum pox virus (PPV) showing vein 

clearing 10-106

Figure 10-38 Apricot Prunus spp. with plum pox virus (PPV) 10-107

Figure 10-39 Schematic drawing of plum pox virus (PPV) symptoms on plum 

leaves and fruit 10-107

Figure 10-40 Example of plum pox virus (PPV)-induced color breaking (pink 

flecks) in certain peach cultivars 10-108

Figure 10-41 Example of plum pox virus (PPV)-induced color breaking (pink 

flecks) in certain peach cultivars 10-108
Figures

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual LOF-3

Figure 10-42 Distribution of rose wilt agent; Australia (including Tasmania), 

New Zealand, South Africa; a similar disease occurs in Italy. For 

quarantine purposes, roses are prohibited from these 

countries 10-115

Figure 10-43 First symptoms of Rubus stunt in red raspberry; numerous weak 

and erect shoots develop from the root buds 10-118

Figure 10-44 Floricane of Rubus stunt-infected blackberry cv. “thornless evergreen,” showing witches’ broom growth and yellowing

 10-119

Figure 10-45 Phyllody of flowers of red raspberry cv. “Norfolk giant” sepals, 

petals, and pistils become leaflike structures; stamens usually 

remain normal 10-119

Figure 10-46 Watermark disease of Salix spp.; typical die-back symptoms of 

this quarantine-significant disease caused by Erwinia 

salicis 10-123

Figure D-1 Liaison Officer’s Statement Preparation D-6

Figure F-1 APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal 

Regulations F-2

Figure F-2 Example of PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of 

Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

 F-3

Figure F-3 Routing and Distribution for PPQ Form 236 F-6

Figure F-4 Example of PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination F-7

Figure F-5 Example of PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation F-9

Figure F-6 Example of PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for 

Planting) F-10

Figure F-7 Routing and Distribution for PPQ Form 546 F-12

Figure F-8 Example of PPQ Form 547, Postentry Quarantine Tag F-13

Figure F-9 Example of PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import 

Plants or Plant Products (page 1 of 2) F-14

Figure F-9 Example of PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import 

Plants or Plant Products (page 2 of 2) F-15

Figure F-10 Example of a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine 

(CIP) F-16

Figure F-11 Example of a Witness Statement F-20
9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual LOT-1

Postentry 

Quarantine 

Tables

Table 1-1 How to Use Decision Tables 1-6

Table 1-2 Reporting Issues With or Suggestions For the Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-8

Table 3-1 Decision Table for Handling Plant Debris or Waste 3-6

Table 4-1 Pest Findings and Appropriate Action 4-6

Table 4-2 Decision Table for Preserving Specimens 4-8

Table 4-3 Instructions for Preparing Fixatives 4-10

Table 4-4 Comparing Symptoms 4-10

Table 4-5 Instructions for PPQ Form 391 4-12

Table 4-6 Instructions for PPQ Form 236 4-14

Table 10-1 Comparison of Chrysanthemum Rust and Chrysanthemum 

White Rust 10-28

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers A-2

Table B-1 Directory of Plant Inspection Stations B-1

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ 

Contacts C-3

Table D-1 Instructions for completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 

518) D-4

Table D-2 Case File Responsibilities D-8

Table H-1 Causal Agent and Onset of Symptoms H-1

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

 H-1
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-1

Chapter

1

Introduction

Contents

Purpose 1-1

Scope 1-2

Users 1-3

Related Documents 1-3

Code of Federal Regulations 1-3

Application 1-4

Conventions 1-4

Advisories 1-4

Boldface 1-5

Bullets 1-5

Change Bar 1-5

Chapters 1-5

Contents 1-5

Control Data 1-5

Decision Tables 1-6

Examples 1-6

Footnotes 1-6

Heading Levels 1-6

Hypertext Links (Highlighting) to Tables, Figures, and Headings 1-7

Indentions 1-7

Italics 1-7

Numbering Scheme 1-7

Transmittal Number 1-7

Using the Manual 1-8

Reporting Problems With or Suggestions For the Manual 1-8

Manual Updates 1-8

Ordering Additional Manuals and Revisions 1-9

Purpose

The Postentry Quarantine (PEQ) Manual enables State inspectors to perform 

the following tasks:

Complete appropriate form for the Permit Unit (PPQ Form 546 only)

Complete appropriate forms for the Postentry Quarantine Unit (PEQU)

Conduct a survey of the growing site to determine whether to approve the 

site
Introduction

Scope

1-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Inspect postentered plant material during the growing period for pests 

(primarily plant pathogens)

Scope

The Postentry Quarantine Manual covers procedures for conducting PEQ tasks 

beginning with the request to approve a growing site and ending with the 

release or refusal of the plant material.

The manual is divided into the following chapters:

Introduction on page 1-1

Preparation on page 2-1

Growing Site Inspections on page 3-1

Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material on page 4-1

Description of Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures on page 

5-1

Responsibilities of State and Federal Inspectors on page 6-1

List of Circulars on page 7-1

Alphabetical List of Diseases on page 8-1

Diseases and Pathogens of Concern on page 9-1

Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars on page 10-1

The manual also includes 10 appendixes, a Glossary, and an Index.

The Introduction contains basic information about the Postentry Quarantine 

Manual. This chapter includes the manual’s purpose, scope, users, and 

application; a list of related documents that provide the authority for the 

manual’s content; directions about how to use the manual; and the conventions 

(unfamiliar or unique symbols and highlighting) that appear throughout the 

manual.

The Preparation provides an orientation to conducting a postentry quarantine 

inspection including the necessary and needed forms, tools and equipment, and 

warnings for personal and inspectional safety.

The Procedures provide an overview of growing site inspections including 

inspector authority, site waivers, and disposal procedures.

Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Growing Materials provides procedures for 

inspecting PEQ growing materials including how plants may enter the country, 
Introduction

Users

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-3

general inspection guidelines, detailed inspection procedures, pest 

identification procedures, and how to record inspection results.

Descriptions of Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures provides 

an overview of the criteria needed to release healthy PEQ material from 

quarantine.

Responsibilities of State and Federal Inspectors provides a breakdown of the 

specific responsibilities of both State and Federal PEQ inspectors.

The List of Disease Circulars; Alphabetical List of Diseases; Plant Pathogenic 

Organisms of Interest on Postentry Plants; and Disease Circulars provide 

different avenues for accessing information regarding the different disease 

circulars and plant pathogenic organisms.

The Appendixes contain supplementary information not appropriate for other 

components of topics, explanations, and elaborations not essential to the 

manual but helpful to the user, and information that interrupts the application 

of the information or makes the information more difficult to follow.

The Glossary defines specialized words, abbreviations, and acronyms 

associated with postentry quarantine. The Index contains topics and links or 

page numbers for quick reference.

Users

The Postentry Quarantine Manual is written for use by State inspectors 

performing PEQ duties for Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ). The 

secondary users of this manual are PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers 

(PEQLO) and Investigative and Enforcement Services (IES) Investigators.

Related Documents

The following documents are related to this manual:

7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting (Postentry Quarantine 

Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23 on page G-1) and associated manual part(s)

Compendia of nursery diseases

Code of Federal Regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) provide the authority for the 

regulatory action taken and are enforced by CBP and PPQ. The restrictions and 

prohibitions listed in this manual are covered by 7 CFR 319.37-23.
Introduction

Application

1-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Application

The Postentry Quarantine Manual informs PPQ officers and State inspectors 

about how to:

Approve or disapprove postentry growing sites

Complete forms associated with the PEQ program

Handle violations (especially violations of the conditions of entry listed 

on PPQ Form 546)

Inspect nursery stock for plant pathogens

Provide the basic knowledge of practical application for the program

Conventions

Conventions are established by custom and are widely recognized and 

accepted. Major conventions used in this manual follow.

Advisories

Advisories are used throughout the Postentry Quarantine Manual to bring 

important information to your attention. Please carefully review each advisory. 

The definitions coincide with American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 

and are in the format shown below.

! DANGER

DangerTable message is used in the event of imminent risk or death of serious 

injury.

! WARNING

WarningTable message to be used in the event of possible risk of serious injury.

! CAUTION

CautionTable message is used for tasks involving minor to moderate risk of injury.

NOTICE

NoticeTable message is used to alert a reader of important information or Agency 

policy.

SAFETY

SafetyTable message is used for general instructions or reminders related to safety.
Introduction

Conventions

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-5

Boldface

Boldface type is used to emphasize important words throughout the PEQ 

Manual. These words include: cannot, do not, does not, except, lacks, must, 

neither, never, nor, not, only, other than.

Bullets

Bulleted lists indicate that there is no order to the information being listed.

Change Bar

A black change bar (refer to left margin) is used to indicate a change and 

appears on the revised page. Unfortunately, change bars do not always appear 

when text is merely deleted. Change bars from the previous update are deleted 

when the chapter or appendix is revised.

Chapters

This manual contains the following chapters: Introduction; Procedures; 

Reference; Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Growing Material; Descriptions of 

Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures; Responsibilities of State 

and Federal Inspectors; List of Disease Circulars; Alphabetical List of 

Diseases; Plant Pathogenic Organisms of Interest on Postentry Plants; and 

Disease Circulars.

Contents

Every chapter section has a table of contents that lists the heading titles within. 

Control Data

Control data is located at the top and bottom of each page to help manual users 

keep track of where they are in the manual and be aware of updates to specific 

chapters, sections, appendixes, etc. in the manual. At the top of each page is the 

chapter title and first-level heading for that page. At the bottom of each page is 

the transmittal number (month, year, number), manual title, page number, and 

unit responsible for content. To track revisions to the Postentry Quarantine 

Manual use the control data.
Introduction

Conventions

1-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Decision Tables

Decision tables are used throughout the manual. The first and middle columns 

in each table represent conditions, and the last column represents the action to 

take after all conditions listed for that row are considered. Begin with the 

column headings and move left to right, and if the condition does not apply, 

continue one row at a time until you find the condition that does apply.

Examples

Examples are used to clarify a point by applying it to a real-world situation. 

Examples always appear in boxes as a means of visually separating them from 

the other information contained on the page.

Footnotes

Footnotes comment on or cite a reference to text and are referenced by number. 

The footnotes used in this manual include general text footnotes, figure 

footnotes, and table footnotes.

General text footnotes are located at the bottom of the page.

When space allows, figure and table footnotes are located directly below the 

associated figure or table. However, for multipage tables or tables that cover 

the length of a page, footnote numbers and footnote text cannot be listed on 

the same page. If a table or figure continues beyond one page, the associated 

footnotes will appear on the page following the end of the figure or table.

Heading Levels

Within each chapter there are four heading levels. The first-level heading is 

indicated by a horizontal line across both the left and right columns, and the 

heading follows directly below. The second-level heading is in the right-hand 

column with the text beginning below. The third-level heading is in the righthand column with the text beginning below. The fourth-level heading is in the 

right-hand column followed by a period and leading into the text.

Table 1-1 How to Use Decision Tables

If you: And if the condition applies: Then:

Read this column cell and row first Continue in this cell TAKE action listed 

in this cell

Find the previous condition did not

apply, read this column cell

Continue in this cell TAKE action listed 

in this cell

EXAMPLE Examples are graphically placed boxes within the text as a means of 

visually separating information from other information contained on 

the page. Examples always appear in a box like this.
Introduction

Conventions

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-7

Hypertext Links (Highlighting) to Tables, Figures, and 

Headings

Figures, headings, and tables are cross-referenced in the body of the manual 

and are highlighted in boldface type. These appear in blue hypertext in the 

online manual.

Indentions

Entry requirements summarized from CFRs, import permits, or policies are 

indented on the page.

Italics

The following items are italicized throughout the Postentry Quarantine 

Manual:

Cross-references to headings and titles

Publication names

Scientific names of commodities

Numbering Scheme

A two-level numbering scheme is used in this manual for pages, tables, and 

figures. The first number represents the chapter. The second number represents 

the page, table, or figure. This numbering scheme allows identifying and 

updating. Dashes are used in page numbering to differentiate page numbers 

from decimal points.

Transmittal Number

The transmittal number contains the month, year, and a consecutively issued 

number (beginning with -01 for the first edition and increasing consecutively 

for each update to the edition). The transmittal number is only changed when 

the specific chapter sections, appendixes, or glossary, tables, or index is 

updated. If no changes are made, then the transmittal number remains 

unchanged. The transmittal number only changes for the entire manual when a 

new edition is issued or changes are made to the entire manual.

EXAMPLE Refer to Table 1-1 on page 1-6 in the introduction to determine where 

to report problems with this manual.

EXAMPLE 7/2011-05 is the transmittal number for this update and is located in 

the control data on the pages in this chapter.

7 is the month the update was issued

2011 is the year the update was issued

05 is the number (the original, new edition was 01 plus 4 updates)
Introduction

Using the Manual

1-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Using the Manual

Review the contents of this manual to get a feel for the scope of covered 

material. Glance through the section you will be using and familiarize yourself 

with the organization of the information. Use the table of contents following 

each tab to find the information you need. If the table of contents is not

specific enough, turn to the Index to find the topic and corresponding page 

number.

Reporting Problems With or Suggestions For the Manual

Refer toTable 1-2 to determine where to report problems or disagreements, or 

improvements that directly affect the contents of the Postentry Quarantine 

Manual.

Manual Updates

The Information Services Manuals Unit (ISMU) electronically issues and 

maintains manuals on the ISMU website. The online manuals contain the most 

up-to-date information.

Immediate update revisions to the manual are issued and distributed via email 

to CBP Agriculture Specialists, State liaison officers, and all PPQ employees.

EXAMPLE To find contact information for the Maryland PEQ Liaison Officer refer 

to Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers on page 

A-1.

Table 1-2 Reporting Issues With or Suggestions For the Postentry Quarantine 

Manual

If you: Then:

 Are unable to access the online 

manual

 Have a suggestion for improving 

the format (layout, spelling, etc.)

CONTACT PPQ Manuals Unit by email at 

PPQ.IRM.ISMU.Manuals.Feedback@usda.gov

Disagree with a policy, procedure, or 

the admissibility of a commodity

CBP: CONTACT the CBP Field Office Liaison 

through the chain of command with the reason for 

the disagreement and a recommendation

PPQ: CONTACT PPQ Import Services Customer 

Support at 301-851-2046 or 1-877-770-5990 with 

the reason for the disagreement and a recommendation

Have an urgent situation requiring an 

immediate response

CBP: CONTACT the CBP Field Officer Liaison 

through the chain of command

PPQ: CONTACT Anthony Man-Son-Hing via email 

at anthony.man-son-hing@usda.gov or call 919-

855-7331 or 919-337-6338
Introduction

Using the Manual

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 1-9

Each immediate update contains the following information:

Link to access and download the online manual

List of the revised page numbers

Purpose of the revision[s]

Transmittal number

Ordering Additional Manuals and Revisions

Although using the online manuals is the preferred method, APHIS employees 

may order hard copies of manuals from the APHIS Printing, Distribution, and 

Mail Services Center in Riverdale, Maryland. Contact the Riverdale Print 

Shop: phone 301-851-2679; FAX 301-734-8455; or email 

Riverdale.Printshop@usda.gov. The Manuals Unit is not responsible for 

printing costs.
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 2-1

Chapter

2 Preparation

Contents

Orientation 2-1

State and Federal Forms 2-2

State Nursery Inspection Forms 2-2

State Quarantine Notice Forms 2-2

PPQ Form 236, “Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection of Imported 

Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine” 2-3

PPQ Form 391, “Specimens for Determination” 2-3

PPQ Form 546, “Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening 

Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)” 2-3

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation 2-4

Tools and Equipment 2-5

Cautions and Warnings 2-5

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning Violation of Federal Regulations 

2-4

PPQ Form 569, Release From Postentry Quarantine 2-4

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products 

2-4

Controlled Import Permit (CIP) for Postentry Quarantine 2-5

Personal Warnings 2-5

Inspectional Warnings 2-6

Special Note Regarding PIS Inspections 2-7

Orientation

Review the PEQ Manual prior to conducting a PEQ inspection for the first 

time.

If possible, have an experienced inspector accompany you on one or more 

inspections until you become familiar with the job.

Ask your PEQLO to assist you with routine or difficult problems. (The success 

of this program depends on cooperation between State and Federal 

professionals.)
Preparation

State and Federal Forms

2-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Obtain clear directions to the inspection site: commercial nursery, greenhouse, 

or hobbyist's home garden.

Contact the grower to arrange for each PEQ inspection appointment. (This is 

particularly important when dealing with hobbyists. Access is obtained and 

travel time is saved. Make cold-call inspections only as needed relative to your 

knowledge of the grower, State guidelines, and pest risk.)

Having an inspection appointment may seem unnecessary or contrary to 

standard nursery inspection procedures, but an appointment may reduce the 

likelihood of violations. Tell importers to do the following:

Assure that PEQ tags are in their proper places

Read his or her Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP) 

and remember to separate PEQ material from non-PEQ material

Take the time to tidy growing areas and place dead PEQ material in trash 

bags for your examination

If importers do not take corrective measures prior to your inspection 

appointment, report and document violations as appropriate. Act to correct all 

violations.

If you have reason to believe that correct PEQ compliance is only occurring 

prior to your announced visit, conduct cold-call inspections to determine the 

level of actual compliance. Report and document violations as appropriate. Act 

to correct all violations.

State and Federal Forms

Carry all necessary State and Federal forms.

State Nursery Inspection Forms

Depending on each State's standard operating procedures, State Nursery 

Inspection forms may be needed to report that contact was made with a 

specific grower, and any pests found and the treatments recommended.

State Quarantine Notice Forms

Depending on each State's standard operating procedures (SOPs), State 

Quarantine Notices may be needed to report detention of PEQ material due to 

infection or infestation.

NOTICE

If your State Department of Agriculture’s policy is to do inspections without appointment, please follow that policy for PEQ articles as well.
Preparation

State and Federal Forms

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 2-3

PPQ Form 236, “Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection 

of Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine”

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be 

Grown Under Postentry Quarantine on page F-3 is an official record of what 

was shipped to the importer and assists in verifying the following:

Date they were received

Kind and quantities of plants shipped

Number of PEQ tags shipped by the PIS

Permit and reference numbers

Pests found and treated for at the PIS

Requirements necessary to complete the release of the PEQ material

When the PEQ period ends, PPQ Form 236 is used to request release of the 

PEQ material.

State inspectors may report inspection findings directly on the back of this 

form throughout the PEQ period, or they may use State forms and transfer the 

information before sending to the PEQU.

PPQ Form 391, “Specimens for Determination”

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination on page F-7 must be used when 

shipping insect or disease specimens to national identifiers.

PPQ Form 546, “Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State 

Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)”

Read the agreement section of (PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry 

Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)

on page F-10) to the grower (owner or manager) when a PEQ shipment is first 

received or during the first inspection. Each letter (a. through j.) should be 

initialed by the applicant. Review this form again with the grower if you 

observe violations. Tactfully reemphasize AGREEMENT sections a. through j. 

Stress that the person who signs this form is the “legally accountable” person, 

and, therefore, must abide by all PEQ rules.

NOTICE

Inform the grower/accountable person that according to Federal law, no PEQ material may be legally propagated or otherwise increased and no shipment or part of a 

shipment may be moved to another location on the importer’s property or to any 

other importer’s property without prior approval from the State inspection authorities 

and written permission of the National Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program.
Preparation

State and Federal Forms

2-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Forward copies 1 and 2 of the application for postentry permits (PPQ Form 

546) to:

Head, Permit Unit

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 136

Riverdale, Maryland 20737

Copy 3 of the application form should be kept by the State and copy 4 given to 

the importer.

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation

Use PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation on page F-9 to report violations of the 

PEQ permit. Know that other forms exist, relative to PEQ.

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning Violation of Federal 

Regulations

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal Regulations on 

page F-2 may be used to report first-time or minor violations of the PEQ 

permit. APHIS Form 7060 is a formal report, more formal than a warning 

letter, and is used for violations.

PPQ Form 569, Release From Postentry Quarantine

PPQ Form 569 Release from Postentry Quarantine on page F-13 is issued by 

the PEQ Unit in Beltsville, Maryland, and, for CNMI, Guam, and Hawaii, the 

Postentry Coordinator located in Honolulu, HI. This is the form that officially 

releases PEQ material from quarantine.

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or 

Plant Products

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products on 

page F-14 is not used when applying to import PEQ material, but it is used for 

genera that are not Controlled Import Permit material. Keep a supply of blank 

forms available for issuance to potential importers.

NOTICE

An applicant with a level-2 eAuthentication can apply online for a Postentry Permit. 

The application will go first to the Permit Unit to check for completeness and whether 

the applicant has a history with violations. The Permit Unit then forwards to the 

appropriate State Department of Agriculture. The site is inspected by a State Inspector and approved or disapproved. If approved, an ePermit will be issued. If disapproved, the applicant will be informed.
Preparation

Tools and Equipment

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 2-5

Controlled Import Permit (CIP) for Postentry Quarantine

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine on page F-16 is valid 

for 3 years or until the maximum quantity of plants listed on the permit has 

been met, whichever comes first. The maximum quantity listed on the CIP is 

for the life of the permit, not each shipment. No amendments will be made to 

existing permits. If changes are required, the importer will have to apply for a 

new permit.

Tools and Equipment

Following is a list of tools and equipment needed to inspect plants being grown 

under postentry quarantine:

Make arrangements with the importer if large quantities of plant material need 

to be destroyed.

Cautions and Warnings

Personal Warnings

Inspectors should always be cautious en route to and during PEQ inspections, 

but probably no more so than during any other work assignment.

Experienced inspectors know to look for guard dogs, pesticide residues on 

plants, low-hanging steam pipes, unguarded fans, and dangerous footing. But 

even experienced inspectors can have accidents. Therefore, take every 

precaution to minimize accidents, injury, and damage to self, property, and 

others.

 Copies of PPQ Form 391, Specimens for 

Determination

 Copies or originals of all forms specific to 

the PEQ inspection

 1 hand lens

 1 or 2 shoulder-type vials (containing 3% 

formaldehyde)—for nematodes

 1 pair of pruning shears

 1 pocketknife of similar cutting device

 PEQ Manual

 State quarantine tags, quarantine tape, 

or similar marking equipment for detaining infected PEQ material

 3 or 4 plastic, heavy-duty trashbags for 

infected PEQ material disposal

 3 or 4 resealable plastic bags (sandwich 

to 1-gallon size) for bud wood and large 

disease sample mailing to identifiers

 3 of 4 shoulder-type vials (containing 

70% alcohol)—for insects

 3 or 4 shoulder-type vials (empty)—for 

dry specimen retention

 3 or 4 small envelopes for shipping 

infected PEQ specimens to identifiers

 2 or 3 paper towel sheets or similar blotter paper—for possible fungal diseases
Preparation

Cautions and Warnings

2-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Inspectional Warnings

Genera listed in 319.37-7(b) may be unfamiliar to you. You may wish to do a 

computer search for pictures. Your importer’s confidence in your abilities is 

increased if you can identify the plant(s) you are to inspect.

You may not recognize many of the plant diseases that are PEQ significant. 

They either do not occur in the United States, are of limited distribution, or 

have symptoms that are similar to endemic diseases. Inspection is based on 

disease signs and symptoms and it is important to recognize them. Use the 

descriptions and the PEQ Circulars in the List of Circulars on page 7-1, to 

assist you during your inspections.

If you cannot identify what is causing a symptom on a PEQ plant, take a 

sample to your local specialist for identification. If this person cannot identify 

the specimen or suspects the disease is one of those listed as quarantine 

significant, contact the PEQ Coordinator.

Symptoms caused by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes include wilting, 

blotching, spotting, chlorosis, mottling, curling, cankers, gall, and die-back. 

Carefully inspect the host material for spores or fruiting bodies.

Symptoms of viral diseases include mottle, vein clearing, leaf curling, 

chlorosis, necrotic lesions, distortions, shortening of the internodes, stunting, 

enations, and color breaking in the bloom. Accurate field identifications are 

difficult because diagnosis is based on symptoms. Generally, there are no signs 

(such as fruiting bodies of fungal pathogens) produced by diseases caused by 

viruses. And, symptoms can be confused with those caused by drought, poor 

drainage, malnutrition, or injury from spray materials. When virus diseases are 

found, examine any domestic plants of the same genus growing nearby for 

similar symptoms. Such comparisons will help determine if the suspected virus 

was introduced with the host or occurs locally.

Refer plant diseases that are not positively recognized as native or already 

established, or cannot be completely explained by environmental factors, 

insect injury, or nutritional troubles to the PEQU, Beltsville, Maryland. Pack 

specimens carefully before shipping to identifiers (refer to Pest Identification 

Procedures on page 4-7). Sent specimens must be characteristic of symptoms 

and variations observed on the PEQ plants and described in the List of 

Circulars on page 7-1.

In most cases, the quarantine period for PEQ material is 2 years (or 2 growing 

seasons). Exceptions do occur. Therefore, refer to PPQ Form 546, Agreement 

for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—

Plants for Planting) on page F-10 for specific information.
Preparation

Cautions and Warnings

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 2-7

Special Note Regarding PIS Inspections

It is important to understand that intercepted plant pests are taxonomically 

identified to the lowest possible taxon (usually to the species level). However, 

PPQ acts only on those pests that are or are suspected of being quarantine 

significant. Nonquarantine plant pests are generally allowed entry due to 

PPQ’s lack of authority to treat these pests. Importers who receive PEQ 

materials infested with non-quarantine significant plant pests may complain 

about this policy. PPQ management is not indifferent to importer concerns and 

is reviewing this loophole. Changes are being considered to require treatments 

for potential viral vectors such as aphids, whiteflies, or leafhoppers at the PIS. 

Until this review process is complete, please understand that PPQ will only

take action on those pests that are, by Federal law, quarantine significant.
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3-1

Chapter

3 Growing Site Inspections

Contents

Overview 3-1

Your Authority 3-1

PPQ Form 546 3-2

Section A 3-2

Waiver of Growing Site Inspection 3-5

Disposal Procedures 3-5

Overview

Growing site inspections are conducted by State (and occasionally Federal) 

inspectors to preapprove the area(s) where PEQ material will be grown during 

the PEQ period. Growing site inspections also serve to evaluate the 

professional capability and intent of the grower.

Four primary conditions must be met for a site to be approved:

Adequate buffer distance away from plants of the same genus and/or other 

genera of postentry plants

Adequate space for the growth and maintenance of the total amount of 

PEQ material expected to be received (the amount of material is indicated 

on PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening 

Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting) on page F-10)

Easily accessible for inspection and available during the State inspector's 

business hours

Facility is in a location not prone to theft

Your Authority

The State Plant Regulatory Official (SPRO) or designee has final authority for 

approval or denial of any proposed site. Even though all primary conditions 

may be met, a decision to deny the approval of the site may be based on the 

grower's professional capability and intent or the environmental conditions that 

could cause exotic pests to be released into the environment.

For example, if plant theft is a local problem, this could be reason for 

disapproving the growing site. In this instance, the importer should be allowed 
Growing Site Inspections

PPQ Form 546

3-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

to suggest and implement remedial safeguard measures that meet your 

satisfaction, such as fencing the property.

If a grower has habitually violated previous State quarantines or nursery 

treatment orders, this, too, could be grounds for disapproval. Information on 

habitual violations should, at minimum, accompany the application to the 

Permit Unit in Riverdale, Maryland.

PPQ Form 546

Complete PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State 

Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting) on page F-10

ONLY under the following conditions:

Accountable person who signed for a company is no longer with the 

company

New importer/company wishes to obtain a Controlled Import Permit for 

Postentry Quarantine (CIP)

Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine expired and needs to 

be renewed

Permittee wants to change the growing site or add a growing site

Section A

Section A is completed by the grower/applicant. Please ask the person 

completing the form to print his or her name. After the form is completed, 

forward it to the appropriate State regulatory official.

If, after the Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine is issued, a 

request is made by the importer to add additional genera to the permit, the 

importer must apply for a new Controlled Import Permit for Postentry 

Quarantine.

During your site inspection read aloud and discuss the “Agreement” section of 

Section A and have the grower/importer initial all subsections (a. through j.) 

to:

Answer all importer questions 

Ascertain that compliance is possible

Ensure the grower understands the legal requirements
Growing Site Inspections

PPQ Form 546

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3-3

Growing Site

Item a. All plant material will be grown on premises supervised and controlled 

by me, located as specified in Item 5 above, and will not be moved or 

distributed without written permission of the appropriate State or Territory 

Official and (except Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI) the Coordinator, Postentry 

Quarantine Program.

Approval to move or distribute the plants must be sent to the Coordinator on 

State Department of Agriculture letterhead. For movement of PEQ plants to a 

grower in another State, both States will need to send approval to the 

Coordinator.

Access

Item b. Properly identified officers, either Federal and/or State, will be given 

access to the premises listed in Item 5 during the inspector's regular business 

hours.

Distribution

Item c. No increase of these plants by cuttings, grafting, suckers, flowers, seed 

or air layers will be made; there will be no distribution of the plants or 

increase; and no cutting of flowers for sale will be made until the plants are 

released from postentry quarantine, or written permission of the (as in a. 

above).

Approval to increase the number of plants or cut flowers must be sent to the 

PEQ Coordinator on State Department of Agriculture letterhead.

Labeling

Item d. The plant material and all increase therefrom will be labeled by specific 

plant name, port accession number, and date of importation.

NOTICE

The tag should be placed on the first plant in a group of plants. Any additional tags 

for the same shipment can be placed anywhere within the group of plants. Labels 

should be removed by a State officer as soon as the release is received from the 

Postentry Quarantine Unit (PEQU).
Growing Site Inspections

PPQ Form 546

3-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Separation

Item e. The plant material will be separated from domestic stock of the same 

genus including such stock on adjoining premises, by no less that 3 meters 

(approximately 10 feet) and will be separated from other imported plants by 

the same distance.

Treatments

Item f. Any treatments prescribed by the officer, including destruction of the 

quarantined PEQ material or other plants growing on the premises, will be 

complied with to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest. (Special emphasis 

should be given to explain the need for control of aphids, whiteflies, 

leafhoppers, and other known viral vectors.)

Dead Plants

Item g. The appropriate State or Territory official will be notified in writing 

within 30 days when any abnormality is noticed in the plant material or if the 

plant material dies. Dead plants will be retained and collected by the State 

inspector for analysis. Follow disposal procedures described in Disposal 

Procedures on page 3-5 section in this manual.

Address Change

Item h. Notification of change of address will be sent to the appropriate State or 

Territorial official and (except Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI)) the Coordinator, 

Postentry Quarantine Program.

Special Requirements

Item i. Plants of Rubus spp. from Europe will be grown in a screen house (16 

mesh per inch minimum); plants of Chrysanthemum spp. and Dianthus spp. 

will be grown in a greenhouse or other enclosed building.

Growing Requirements

Item j. The postentry requirements will be applied to Chrysanthemum spp. for 

6 months after importation, to Dianthus spp. for 1 year after importation, and 

to all other genera for 2 years after importation.

NOTICE

Additional distance requirements should be indicated on PPQ Form 546 in the blank 

area of Section B-8.
Growing Site Inspections

Waiver of Growing Site Inspection

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3-5

The State official completes Section B gives copy 4 to the applicant and retains 

the third copy. The rest is sent to the following address:

Head, Permit Unit

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 136

Riverdale, Maryland 20737

Waiver of Growing Site Inspection

It is not critical that you conduct a growing site inspection when a specific 

importer is an experienced PEQ grower, and you are knowledgeable about the 

following:

Professional capability and intent of the grower

Proposed growing site

Site has been specifically identified and delimited

In all other situations, inspect growing sites and hold discussions with the 

importer to assure compliance with the PEQ growing agreement. Taking these 

two steps will reduce the potential for violations and minimize the potential 

release of exotic pests into the environment.

Even with experienced PEQ importers, it is important to annually review PEQ 

growing requirements, especially when new genera are imported.

If PEQ material arrives at the PIS yet there has been no growing site inspection 

and approval, PIS officials will contact the PEQ Coordinator to discuss the 

matter. Usually, PEQ materials are allowed to proceed from the port of entry if 

a PPQ Form 546 completed by both the importer and signed by the state is 

faxed to the PIS, even though a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry 

Quarantine has not been issued.

Disposal Procedures

Instruct all importers, as often as necessary, of the proper disposal procedures 

outlined below:

Any and all debris or waste derived from postentry plants or plant parts 

must be burned, autoclaved, or buried at least 1 1⁄2 to 2 feet deep; 

following are a few examples of such material:

Debris remaining after pruning (refer to Table 3-1)

Debris that collects naturally (refer to Table 3-1)

Excess wood left from bud grafting
Growing Site Inspections

Disposal Procedures

3-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Undesirable plants the grower wants to eliminate

Composting waste or debris from postentered plants or carrying waste or 

debris from postentered plants to a public landfill is prohibited

Importers must notify, in writing, within 30 days, State (or Federal) 

inspectors for an inspection when PEQ material dies or appears infected 

or infested

Importers must save all dead PEQ material in plastic trash bags (PEQ 

material may be beyond recognition when an inspection is later 

conducted, but safeguarding in plastic bags will reduce the likelihood of 

pest dissemination)

Importers or growers must never dispose of any PEQ material (including 

waste or debris) without the prior approval of a State or Federal inspector 

(if the importer or grower sees dead plants or evidence of disease, that 

person must contact the State inspector immediately, moreover, if the 

importer or grower wants to eliminate undesirable plants, he or she 

should contact the State inspector prior to roguing out those undesirable 

plants)

Use Decision Table for Handling Plant Debris or Waste to decide whether you, 

as a State inspector, may allow a grower to leave plant debris or waste 

originating from PEQ material on the ground prior to disposing of it.

Table 3-1 Decision Table for Handling Plant Debris or Waste

If the material or waste is:

And the pathogen requiring the 

plant or material be grown under 

postentry:

Then:

A large quantity such that collection 

and disposal of the material would be 

burdensome

Is a bacterium or a fungus Have the grower or importer collect 

the waste or debris and bag it prior to 

disposition

Is a virus Allow the grower or importer to leave 

the debris on the ground

A small quantity where collection and 

disposal would be reasonably easy

Have the grower or importer collect 

the waste or debris and bag it prior to 

disposition

EXAMPLE If a grower has planted 1,000 postentry ash trees, you require that 

the grower collect and bag the debris because the pest of concern, 

Pseudomonas savastonoi var. fraxini is a bacterium (Circular 22: 

Diseases of Fraxinus spp. on page 10-49). If, on the other hand, a 

grower plants 2,000 postentry lilac bushes (Syringa spp.), you could 

allow the grower to leave the plant debris on the ground because it 

would involve a large quantity of material, and the pest of concern is 

the Elm Mottle Virus (Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine 

Significant) on page 10-97).
Growing Site Inspections

Disposal Procedures

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3-7

Refrain from contacting PPQ Headquarters offices unless specifically 

authorized by PEQLO or by PPQ Headquarters personnel.
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-1

Chapter

4 Inspecting Postentry 

Quarantine Material

Contents

Overview 4-2

How Plants May Enter 4-2

If PEQ Material Arrives at an Inspection Station 4-2

If PEQ Material Does NOT Arrive at an Inspection Station 4-3

General Inspection Guidelines 4-3

Postentry Quarantine (PEQ) Plants Imported as Tissue Culture in Flasks 

4-3

Inspection Requirements 4-3

Optional Inspection 4-3

First Inspection 4-4

Second Inspection 4-4

Detailed Inspection Procedures 4-5

Inspection of Existing Documents 4-5

Inspection of Growing Site 4-5

PEQ Plants Inspection 4-6

Nearby Plants Inspection 4-6

PEQ Tags Inspection 4-7

Pest Identification Procedures 4-7

Submitting Invertebrate Pests for Identification 4-8

Submitting Plant Diseases for Identification 4-10

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination 4-12

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection of Imported 

Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine 4-14

Recording Inspection Results 4-14
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Overview

4-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Overview

Plant disease symptoms caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi do not

necessarily appear in the same season. Hence, inspecting PEQ material two or 

more times, if possible, during each growing season would be best. For 

example, the majority of leaf spots and leaf diseases are not well developed 

before summer. Virus diseases, in general, are more conspicuous in the spring. 

(Some virus symptoms are masked or tend to disappear in hot weather.) 

Cankers of woody plants are usually visible throughout the year. Thus, it is 

obvious that while late spring and early summer are most satisfactory for virus 

inspection, mid-summer to fall will give the best results for most fungus 

diseases.

The principle of seasonal occurrence holds for insects also. Leaf-feeding 

insects in larval and adult stages may appear in May and June and be entirely 

absent in mid-summer and later. Insects with a long season of hibernation 

(many sawflies, scarabs, weevils) spend a relatively short season on the aboveground portions of plants and may be missed unless two or more inspections 

are made. While plants are frequently fumigated when pests are intercepted at 

the port of entry, there is always a chance of insect pest introduction. For the 

first inspection following PIS inspection, submit any insect damage to PEQ 

material or insects not recognized for identification.

When PEQ material is examined during the growing season, inspection timing 

is important. Conditions must be optimum for detecting the specific plant pest 

involved. (A portion of this manual indicates optimal inspection periods.)

Unfortunately, two scenarios are possible:

Grower receives PEQ material through legal channels

Grower receives PEQ material through the mail or by a courier service 

and avoids PIS inspection, recording, tagging, and any necessary 

treatments (fortunately in some of the later cases, regulatory officials are 

notified or in some way learn that this has occurred)

How Plants May Enter

If PEQ Material Arrives at an Inspection Station

A detailed inspection is not required when the PEQ material arrives at the 

grower/importer's location unless the State official so desires. If an inspection 

is done, report findings directly on the back of PPQ Form 236.
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

General Inspection Guidelines

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-3

If PEQ Material Does NOT Arrive at an Inspection Station

Notify the PEQLO or State Plant Health Director (SPHD) immediately. The 

SPHD or PEQLO will insure that the shipment is sent to the closest inspection 

station no matter the number of items. If the importer does not have a 

Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine, the application form (PPQ 

Form 546) must be completed, both parts A & B before the shipment can be 

released from the inspection station. Violation proceedings may or may not be 

justified, and should be decided on a case-by-case basis.

General Inspection Guidelines

Postentry Quarantine (PEQ) Plants Imported as Tissue 

Culture in Flasks

1. Postentry quarantine begins when the plants are removed from the flasks, 

planted in growing media, and placed in the field, greenhouse, or 

screenhouse.

2. Any plants not removed from the flasks must be destroyed by an approved 

method.

3. The only plants that will be released at the end of the PEQ are the ones that 

have been planted and inspected by the State and/or PPQ.

Inspection Requirements

Inspect plants for evidence of exotic pests at least once during the first year 

and at least once during the second year for plants required to be grown in 

postentry quarantine for 2 years. Inspect at least once for plants required to be 

grown in quarantine for less than 2 years (e.g., Chrysanthemum spp. for 6 

months, Hydrangea spp. for 9 months, Dianthus spp. for 1 year).

Optional Inspection

When the postentry shipment first arrives at the growing site (optional), 

perform the following:

1. Compare the bill of sale or invoice with PPQ Form 236. If you find any 

discrepancy in the number of plants or their kinds, contact the PEQLO to 

resolve the discrepancy or to investigate the incident.

2. Inspect plants that will be growing in proximity to the postentered material. 

Look especially for vectors of viruses—aphids, leafhoppers, and 

NOTICE

Send all shipments to the closest inspection station. If this is not possible, e.g., the 

plants have been planted in the field, PPQ must issue an Emergency Action Notice 

(EAN) and destroy the shipment.
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

General Inspection Guidelines

4-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

whiteflies. If you find such vectors, have the grower control these pests 

quickly but when practical.

3. If you detected any violations during your inspection, get with your 

PEQLO to investigate and document the violation.

First Inspection

During The First Growing Season

It is best if you inspect the postentered material twice during the first growing 

season.

1. To prepare for your inspection, look up the scientific name of the 

postentered plant(s) in Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine on page 

H-1. Use the information under the appropriate columns to schedule your 

inspections and to know for what symptoms to be on the alert. Schedule 

your inspections according to your local climate and weather patterns. If 

not listed in Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars on page 10-1

(fruits and nuts overall), generally inspect the plants for symptoms of 

diseases at different times of the growing season.

2. Enter the results of your inspection on the back of the PPQ Form 236—

even if those results are negative.

Second Inspection

During The Second Growing Season

It is best if you inspect the postentered material twice during the second 

growing season.

1. To prepare for your inspection, look up the scientific name of the 

postentered plant(s) in Appendix H, Plants Growing in Postentry 

Quarantine on page H-1. Use the information under the appropriate 

columns to schedule your inspections and to know for what symptoms to 

be on the alert. Schedule your inspections according to your local climate 

and weather patterns. If no specific symptom is listed in the symptom 

column in Appendix H Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine on page 

H-1, generally inspect the plants for symptoms of diseases at different 

times during the growing season.

2. Enter the results of your inspection on the back of PPQ Form 236—even if 

those results are negative.

3. Based on the inclusive inspection results during the two growing seasons, 

recommend (or don't recommend) release of the postentered material. If 

you recommend release, sign the appropriate Block on the bottom of the 

back side of PPQ Form 236. Get your supervisor's concurrence and have 

him or her sign the form in the appropriate Blocks next to yours. If both 
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Detailed Inspection Procedures

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-5

you and your supervisor agree that the plants should not be released from 

detention, contact your PEQLO.

4. Count all the plants, if feasible, that are alive from the original shipment. 

Enter both numbers on the back of PPQ Form 236 as “23 plants alive out of 

the original 98."

5. Send the completed and signed PPQ Form 236 to your PEQLO. That 

person will review the form and send it to the PEQU. This Unit and the 

Postentry Coordinator for Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI are the only officials 

authorized to release the material to the grower or importer.

Detailed Inspection Procedures

Inspection of Existing Documents

1. Thoroughly inspect all documents to verify the amount and kind of plant 

material grown.

A. Review all permit conditions. Examples can be located in Figure F-10. 

through Figure F-10.

2. Have the importer explain and/or correct any discrepancies observed.

3. Replace lost documents by contacting the PEQ Coordinator. Additional 

tags, as needed, can also be obtained by contacting the Coordinator.

Inspection of Growing Site

1. Determine if the growing site is indeed the approved site as stipulated in 

the original request.

2. If the importer is in compliance, do nothing.

3. If the importer is not in compliance, have the importer correct the situation 

to your satisfaction.

4. Report any serious violations to the PEQLO. 

5. If a new growing site is approved for an existing permit, the State PEQ 

should forward the new PPQ Form 546 to the Permit Unit in Riverdale, 

Maryland. Attach a note stating: “PPQ Form 546 is a revision to Permit 

Number fill in number.”

Refer to Table 4-1 when inspecting PEQ plants or plants adjacent to PEQ 

plants
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Detailed Inspection Procedures

4-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

PEQ Plants Inspection

1. Inspect the PEQ plants for insects and diseases. Count the plants.

2. If you find insects such as whiteflies, aphids, or leafhoppers, have the 

grower control them immediately since many are known vectors of viruses. 

Importer compliance is critical.

3. Collect pest specimens for determination and submit to specialist 

identifiers (refer to Submitting Invertebrate Pests for Identification on page 

4-8 andSubmitting Plant Diseases for Identification on page 4-10).

4. Report all of your findings on the back of PPQ Form 236. Record the 

general condition of the plants and the cause of death of any plants on PPQ 

Form 236.

Nearby Plants Inspection

1. Inspect nearby plants for insects and signs and symptoms of disease.

2. Report any findings to the importer and request treatments for pest 

elimination.

3. If you find insects such as whiteflies, aphids, or leafhoppers, have the 

grower control them immediately since many are known vectors of viruses. 

Importer compliance is critical.

Table 4-1 Pest Findings and Appropriate Action

If you find: Then you1

:

1 If the State or University entomologist or plant pathologist does not recognize the insect or 

the symptoms or signs of the disease to be something that has been reported in that State, 

immediately contact the National PEQ Coordinator.

Vector insect (whiteflies, aphids, or leafhoppers)INSTRUCT the owner to control the pest 

immediately. If he or she does not comply, 

issue a violation notice. Submit a sample of 

the pest to the State or University entomologist for identification

Nonvector insect Submit a sample of the pest to the State or 

University entomologist for identification Symptoms or sign of PEQ disease or PEQ 

suspect disease (refer to Plants Growing in 

Postentry Quarantine on page H-1)

Symptoms of signs of non-PEQ disease

NOTICE

If you determine the grower/importer can no longer continue growing PEQ material 

before the material is released, there are two options available to the grower: 1) dispose of all PEQ material using approved disposal methods and contact the PEQLO 

and Coordinator or PEQP; 2) sell or give the PEQ material to another approved PEQ 

material grower within the same State with State approval. Contact the Coordinator 

of PEQP to obtain written approval and PPQ Form 236 for the replacement grower.
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Pest Identification Procedures

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-7

4. Collect pest specimens for determination and submit to specialist 

identifiers (refer to Submitting Invertebrate Pests for Identification on page 

4-8 and Submitting Plant Diseases for Identification on page 4-10).

5. If the importer fails to control potential vector pests upon your request, 

document the violation. You may also quarantine surrounding areas if 

infested.

6. Dispose of dead and diseased PEQ material and any other plant material 

deemed infected/infested with quarantine-significant pests by applying the 

disposal procedures established in this manual.

PEQ Tags Inspection

Look for PEQ tags. Replace lost or missing tags. The PEQLO can request 

replacement tags by contacting:

Anthony Man-Son-Hing

National Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program

USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Field Operations

920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

Tel: 919-855-7331

Cell: 919-337-6338

Fax: 919-855-7393

Confiscate and destroy any old PEQ tags that no longer label active PEQ 

material.

Pest Identification Procedures

Approach each inspection with the question, “Does this importation carry any 

pest that is new or rare in the United States?” A new pest may be present in a 

single plant. It is your task to find it.

NOTICE

The plant material will be separated from domestic stock of the same genus, including such stock on adjoining premises, by no less than 3 meters (approximately 10 

feet) and will be separated from other imported plants by the same distance.

NOTICE

Lack of tag could be an indication the shipment was not inspected at an inspection 

station. If the State inspector does not have a PPQ Form 236 for this shipment and 

the grower cannot produce this document, a decision will need to be made. If the 

shipment has just arrived and can be sent to the closest inspection station, do so. If it 

has been planted on site, destroy it. Contact the SPHD for aid in doing an Emergency Action Notice (EAN).
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Pest Identification Procedures

4-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Take specimens you cannot identify to your local identifier specialists. PPQ 

Form 391, Specimens for Determination on page F-7 must be completed for 

any specimens they cannot identify and they must be sent by overnight mail.

When suspect or actual pests are found, follow the guidelines below.

Submitting Invertebrate Pests for Identification

Use the following procedures for preparing specimens for identification. Treat 

or safeguard all host material to eliminate pest risk. Rearing intercepted 

specimens is prohibited without the proper authority. Never attempt to rear 

plant pests without authorization from the following:

Permits, Registration, Imports, and Manuals (PRIM) Staff

4700 River Road, Unit 133

Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1236

Arthropods

For guidance in preserving insects, refer to any of the following publications:

USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 1443, Insects and Mites: 

Techniques for Collection and Preservation, edited by G. C. Steyskal, W. 

L. Murphy, and E. M. Hoover, 1986

An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Borror, Triplehorn, and Delong

Use Table 4-2 on page 4-8 to determine how to preserve your specimen.

Table 4-2 Decision Table for Preserving Specimens

If specimen belongs to this order: Then preserve specimen using this method:

Acarina

Coleoptera

Dermaptera

Diptera

Heteroptera

Homoptera1

Hymenoptera

Isoptera

Lepidoptera (immatures)

Orthoptera (immatures)

Thysanoptera (adults)2

In alcohol

See Preserving Specimens in Alcohol on page 

4-9

Homoptera on host material (scale insects and immature psyllids)

Lepidoptera (adults)

Orthoptera (adults)

Dry mounting

See Preserving Dry Specimens on page 4-9
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Pest Identification Procedures

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-9

Preserving Specimens in Alcohol

Adults. Kill adults by placing them in 70% alcohol.

Larvae. Use the following instructions to kill larvae:

1. Place larvae in water.

2. Slowly bring water to boiling point.

3. Allow specimen to cool down.

4. Place specimen in a vial with alcohol.

Select shoulder-type vials over shell vials because they are stronger and 

provide better protection for the specimens. Fill vials three-quarters full with 

alcohol and make sure the stoppers fit securely. Bleed air pressure when 

necessary. For delicate specimens, place wadded paper within the vials to 

minimize specimen movement. Use screw-cap vials for small specimens. 

Avoid using cork stoppers because they allow alcohol to evaporate and could 

result in specimen loss during extended storage.

Preserving Dry Specimens

Make sure all specimens are dead. Use one of the following killing agents or 

seek instructions from the Identifier for alternative killing measures:

Cyanide

Ethyl acetate

Trichoroethylene

Pin adult specimens of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera on pinning blocks before 

shipping. Pin the styrofoam blocks to the bottom of the pinning box. Use small 

pinning boxes and place these, snugly padded, inside a shipping box. Seek 

instructions from the Identifier for additional information.

Partially dry host material with insects (e.g., scale insects and whiteflies) 

before placing in the container. Unless the host material is thoroughly dry, pack 

to permit drying after closure of container without damaging specimens.

1 Except whiteflies, scales, and immature psyllids on host material.

2 Add a few drops of vinegar (acetic acid) to the alcohol in vial.

! CAUTION

Label all killing bottles with the “POISON.” Use killing agents with care and follow the 

label directions.
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Pest Identification Procedures

4-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Nematodes

Use the following instructions when preserving nematodes:

1. If you are forwarding nematode-infested host material, place material in a 

plastic bag to prevent the host material from drying.

2. Separate nematodes from infested material and place in a vial of water. 

Slowly apply heat until the nematodes stop moving. Do not overheat!

3. Prepare either of the fixatives 3% formaldehyde or TAF (refer to 

Table 4-3).

4. Add to the vial containing the specimens a volume of double strength 

fixative equal to the volume of water in the vial.

5. Place cysts of Globodera spp., mature females of Meloidogyne spp., and 

other non-wormlike nematodes, directly into single strength fixative 

without heating.

Submitting Plant Diseases for Identification

Use Table 4-4 as a guide when examining plants.

Table 4-3 Instructions for Preparing Fixatives

If preparing this fixative: Follow this recipe:

3% formaldehyde 1 part formalin +

12 parts water

TAF 7 ml formalin +

2 ml triethanolomine +

91 ml water

Table 4-4 Comparing Symptoms

Symptoms caused by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes: Symptoms caused by viruses:

 Blotching

 Cankers

 Chlorosis

 Curling

 Die-Back

 Galls

 Mottling

 Spotting

 Wilting

 Bloom color breaking

 Chlorosis

 Distortions

 Enations

 Leaf curl

 Mottle

 Necrotic lesions

 Shortening internodes

 Stunting

 Vein clearing
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

Pest Identification Procedures

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-11

Virus symptoms are similar to:

Drought

Malnutrition

Poor drainage

Spray injury

Selecting Material

Because diseases have complex life cycles and specimens of different stages of 

the disease life cycle are helpful in making identifications, select material 

showing as many stages of disease life cycle as possible. Early stages of the 

disease may show important diagnostic signs and symptoms, while older 

material may have the perfect stage of a fungus. Send an ample amount of 

diseased material.

Since some diseases may be identified by symptoms, when possible, ship 

disease specimens in a natural state to the Identifier. If the host material 

becomes dried, molded, shriveled, or decayed, symptoms may be modified or 

destroyed. If the material is soft or pulpy, partially dry the material and pack 

between sheets of stiff, absorbent paper to keep the diseased area flat. Do not

fold leaf specimens. Partially dry succulent leaves before shipping.

For virus suspects, prepare the sample as follows:

1. Remove a branch with leaves or whole plant showing symptoms. Leaves or 

whole plant should not be dry or brittle.

2. Place in a resealable, plastic bag (no wet paper towels). Remove as much 

of the air as possible and close tightly.

3. Forward as quickly as possible to your local virologist.

If there is no state virologist, forward the sample along with PPQ Form 391 by 

overnight express to:

Dr. Joseph Foster

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Building 580 Powder Mill Rd.

Beltsville, MD 20705
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

4-12 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

FAX or email a copy of PPQ Form 391 to the National Coordinator of 

Postentry Quarantine Programs:

Anthony Man-Son-Hing

National Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program

USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Field Operations

920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

Tel: 919-855-7331

Cell: 919-337-6338

Fax: 919-855-7393

Email:Anthony.Man-Son-Hing@usda.gov

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

Refer to PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination on page F-7 for an 

example of Form 391

NOTICE

PPQ Form 391 is the only form approved for use by the U.S. National Museum 

when submitting specimens for determination. All other forms may be rejected and 

may cause identification delays. Complete a second or third form if you submit two or 

three different pests for determination. (Each form and specimen may need to go to 

different identifiers working in different labs.)

Table 4-5 Instructions for PPQ Form 391 (page 1 of 2)

Block: Instructions:

1. Collection number Use any numbering system that corresponds to your State's inspection and interception activities (optional)

2. Date Enter as appropriate.

3. Submitting Agency Enter as appropriate.

4. Name of sender Enter as appropriate.

5. Type of property Enter as appropriate.

6. Address of sender Enter as appropriate.

7. Name and address of property 

or owner

Enter as appropriate.

8. Reason for identification  Mark box B or C (the one that best describes your reason for submitting this 

pest)

 Mark box L and add the words “Postentry Material”

9. Explanation If prompt or urgent identification is requested, please provide a brief explanation 

under Block 22—remarks

10. Host information Give scientific name of the host material

11. Quantity of host  Write the exact number of plants that were received by the importer

 Write an estimated number of plants affected by the pest you are submitting 

for identification
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4-13

12. Plant distribution Mark the box that best describes the amount of host material in the nursery, 

greenhouse, or immediate environment

13. Plant parts affected Mark the box or boxes that indicate where on the host you actually found the pest

14. Pest distribution Mark the box that best describes the amount of pest infestation

15. Unnamed block—this block is 

only used for submission of 

insects, nematodes, or mollusks. Skip this block if you are 

submitting diseased specimens 

for determination

 Mark the box that tells whether the pest is an insect, nematode, or mollusk.

 Write in the appropriate life stage box how many alive or dead specimens 

were present at the time of your inspection.

16. Sampling method Use words such as:

 Berlese Funnel

 Centrifuge

 Dissection

 Filtration

 Hand Sampling

17. Type of trap and lure Do not complete this block unless it specifically applies

18. Trap number Do not complete this block unless it specifically applies

19. Plant pathology—plant symptomsThis block is only used for submission of plant pathology specimens. Mark the 

box that best describes what you observed during your inspection.

20. Weed density Do not complete this block unless it specifically applies.

21. Weed growth stage Do not complete this block unless it specifically applies.

22. Remarks Write the PEQ permit number, reference number, country of origin, and any other 

location information here that would help you or others find the PEQ material at a 

later date. Place urgent shipping information here (from Block 9).

23. Tentative determination Write the scientific name of the pest. In the case of viruses or when you do not

know the scientific name, the common name of the pest is acceptable. Never

leave this block blank. At least indicate virus, fungus, disease, etc.

24. Determination and notes Do not write in this area

Table 4-5 Instructions for PPQ Form 391 (page 2 of 2)

Block: Instructions:
Inspecting Postentry Quarantine Material

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection of Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

4-14 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection of 

Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

Recording Inspection Results

Refer to PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to 

be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine on page F-3.

Complete only the back of this form in the area titled “Inspection Report.”

Table 4-6 Instructions for PPQ Form 236

Block: Instructions:

Plants imported Write the genus and species of the host imported

No. Write the number of live plants received by the importer

Date and findings If at all possible, use one box for each inspection—record the following information:

 Write any pests observed

 Write any noticeable growth conditions observed

 Write the inspection date

 Write the number of live plants remaining

When you require treatment for arthropods, including insects, provide a copy of the State 

inspection form to the PEQLO.

Recommend for release Do not complete this section until after the final PEQ inspection—release procedures are 

covered in Description of Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures on page 5-1

Released from detention Do not write in this section of the report
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 5-1

Chapter

5 Description of Postentry 

Quarantine Material 

Release Procedures

Overview

Use the following criteria when releasing healthy PEQ material from 

quarantine:

1. State inspector completes a final inspection (record on the back of PPQ 

Form 236, copies 4 and 5, the number of plants remaining).

2. Final inspection should report “no quarantine-significant pests found.”

3. State inspector completes copies 4 and 5 of PPQ Form 236. Once the 

copies are completed, the State inspector gives the copies to his or her 

supervisor. The State supervisor reviews and signs both copies of the 

completed form. The State then forwards the completed and signed copies 

to the PEQLO (reer to PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of 

Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine on page F-3.) If 

the State Department of Agriculture does not want to have a copy of the 

PPQ 236 signed by the Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program, one 

copy should be forwarded to the PEQLO and the other destroyed.

4. PEQLO reviews copies 4 and 5 of PPQ Form 236 received from the State. 

If the PEQLO concurs with the State, the officer recommends release and 

writes on or stamps copies 4, 5, and 6 (copy 6 only if the PEQLO 

accompanied the State Inspector on one or both of the inspections) with 

“Recommend Release” and signs all three copies. The three copies of the 

signed form (4, 5, and 6) are forwarded to the PEQP (refer to PPQ Form 

236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown Under 

Postentry Quarantine on page F-3.)
Description of Postentry Quarantine Material Release Procedures

Overview

5-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

5. Completed PPQ Form 236 must be reviewed and signed by the 

Coordinator for the Postentry Quarantine Program. Mail or email scanned 

copies to the following address:

Anthony Man-Son-Hing

National Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program

USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Field Operations

920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

Phone: 919-855-7331

Cell: 919-337-6338

FAX: 919-855-7393

email: Anthony.Man-Son-Hing@usda.gov

6. Importer receives a formal release notice (PPQ Form 569) from the PEQP. 

(Copies are sent to State and PEQLO.)

NOTICE

It is very important that all copies of PPQ Form 236 be removed from both the State 

and PEQLO’s files when a shipment is recommended for release.

NOTICE

PEQ material must not be sold until the release process is complete.

NOTICE

If State inspectors hold/quarantine PEQ material beyond the normal detention period 

for further observation or final treatments, etc., the PEQLO and the PEQP should be 

notified.
2/2019-08 Postentry Quarantine Manual 6-1

Chapter

6 Responsibilities of State 

and Federal Inspectors

Contents

Overview 6-1

Liaison Officer Responsibilities 6-1

State Inspector Responsibilities 6-2

Overview

The PEQ program is a cooperative Federal–State undertaking. By agreement, 

State inspectors who have specialized training do field inspections of PEQ 

material. (Generally, State inspectors are more knowledgeable about local 

growing conditions and circumstances and have a working relationship with 

the importers.) Federal officers provide support and administrative roles.

Liaison Officer Responsibilities

Assist State inspectors in difficult matters especially with regard to 

inspections, interceptions, PEQ material disposal, and violations

Assist State inspectors with inspections of PEQ material when State 

inspectors are sporadically unable to perform this function

Assist State inspectors when extending quarantine periods due to signs, 

symptoms, or pest infestations found during final inspections

Concur or deny requests for PEQ releases sent by State inspectors on 

behalf of importers; send approved requests to PEQU (inaccurate or 

incomplete PPQ Form 236s must be returned to the State officials for 

correction or completion)

Maintain a file on all released PEQ material for a period of time 

established by the PEQU (the period is generally 2 years)

Review all PEQ documents prepared by State and Headquarters Units and 

process according to established procedures

Train and assist State inspectors in proper PEQ inspection procedures, 

distribute PEQ information and new manual parts to State inspectors, and 

maintain an active file on all material currently under PEQ quarantine
Responsibilities of State and Federal Inspectors

State Inspector Responsibilities

6-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 2/2019-08

When delays in receiving permits occur, contact the following:

Head, Permit Unit

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

4700 River Road, Unit 136

Riverdale, Maryland 20737

When delays occur with regard to inspections or other difficulties, contact the 

following:

Anthony Man-Son-Hing

National Coordinator, Postentry Quarantine Program

USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Field Operations

920 Main Campus Drive, Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

Tel: 919-855-7331

Cell: 919-337-6338

Fax: 919-855-7393

State Inspector Responsibilities

Conduct all PEQ inspections according to established guidelines, 

guidelines are found in this manual and in M 319.37-19, and is also 

available from the PEQLO and PPQ

Conduct the PEQ site inspection; if a new growing site is approved for an 

existing permit, the State PEQ official should forward the new PPQ Form 

546 to the Permit Unit in Riverdale, Maryland, however, attach a note 

stating that PPQ Form 546 is revising the former permit—include the 

permit number

Document and report importer violations to PEQLO

Extend quarantine periods according to PPQ direction when signs, 

symptoms, or pests are present during the final PEQ inspection or when a 

shipment is commingled with a later-arriving shipment

Forward PPQ forms to the State supervisor who will send the forms to the 

PEQLO for final review and processing, this includes denials of requests 

for growing sites

If you receive an improperly completed PPQ Form 236 from the PIS, 

contact the PEQ Coordinator

Instruct all importers in proper PEQ material handling procedures

Maintain an active file on all material currently under PEQ quarantine

Seek assistance and training from PEQLO especially in difficult matters 

dealing with inspections, interceptions, PEQ material disposal, and 

violations
Responsibilities of State and Federal Inspectors

State Inspector Responsibilities

2/2019-08 Postentry Quarantine Manual 6-3

Submit unidentifiable pest specimens and disease samples to local 

identifier authorities. If the local identifier is unable to identify the 

specimen submitted, forward the specimen to the PEQU for identification
9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 7-1

Chapter

7

List of Circulars

Contents

Introduction 7-1

Circulars 7-1

Introduction

Use this chapter as well as chapters 8, 9, and 10 as job aides to identify plant 

diseases. Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars on page 10-1 describes 

diseases that are either common, quarantine significant, or both. Additional 

circulars will be added to this manual periodically. Refer to the Alphabetical 

List of Diseases on page 8-1 for an alphabetized list of diseases and refer to 

Diseases and Pathogens of Concern on page 9-1 for a list of diseases not

included in chapter 10.

Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and 

Hibiscus spp.

Bhendi Yellow Vein-Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-2

Cotton Anthocyanosis Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-5

Cotton Curliness on Hibiscus on page 10-5

Cotton Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-5

Hibiscus Leaf Curl Agent on Hibiscus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-8

Okra Mosaic Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-8

Okra Yellow Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-8

Circular 2: Diseases of Acacia spp.

Acacia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-8
List of Circulars

Circulars

7-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Circular 3: Diseases of Acer spp.

Maple (Acer) Leaf Spot (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-9

Maple (Acer) Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-10

Xanthomonas acernea (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-11

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp.

Actinidia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-12

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of kiwi fruit) on 

page 10-13

Circular 5: Diseases of Aesculus spp.

(Aesculus) Horse Chestnut-Variegation Virus (Federal Quarantine 

Significant) on page 10-14

Circular 6: Diseases of Anacardium spp.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae on page 10-16

Circular 7: Diseases of Berberis spp., X Mahoberberis spp., 

and Mahonia spp.

Black Stem Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-17

Circular 8: Diseases of Blighia spp.

Okra Mosaic Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-8

Circular 9: Diseases of Bromeliaceae spp.

Bromeliaceae on page 10-20

Circular 10: Diseases of Brugmansia spp. and Datura spp.

Colombian Datura Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-20

Datura Shoestring Virus on page 10-21

Circular 11: Diseases of Carica spp.

Papaya (Carica) Leaf Reduction Virus on page 10-22

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. 

(Dendranthema), Leucanthemella serotina, and 

Nipponanthemum nipponicum

Chrysanthemum White Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-26
List of Circulars

Circulars

9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 7-3

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-29

Filbert (Corylus) Blight on page 10-34

Circular 15: Diseases of Crataegus spp.

Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus germanica on page 10-36

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp.

Gladiolus Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-36

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-40

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

Carnation Wilt on page 10-40

Dianthus Virus Diseases on page 10-42

Leaf Rot of Carnation on page 10-45

Circular 18:Diseases of Dimocarpus spp.

Witches’ Broom on page 10-46

Circular 19: Diseases of Diospyros spp.

Circular Leaf Spot of Oriental or Japanese Persimmon on page 10-47

Circular 20: Diseases of Eucalyptus spp.

Pestalotia disseminata (Federal Quarantine Significant) and Leaf 

Chlorosis Virus on page 10-48

Circular 21: Diseases of Euonymus spp.

Euonymus Mosaic (Euonymus-Variegation) Agent (Federal Quarantine 

Significant) on page 10-48

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

Ash Canker Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-50

Fraxinus Other Virus Reports on page 10-52

Fraxinus Variegation Virus on page 10-53

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

Gladiolus Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-36

Puccinia gladioli [Castagne] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-54

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-56
List of Circulars

Circulars

7-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-58

Uromyces nyikensis [Syd. & P. Syd.] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-59

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp.

Hop Nettlehead Strain of Arabis Mosaic Virus on page 10-59

Verticillium Wilt on page 10-61

Circular 25: Diseases of Hydrangea spp.

Hydrangea Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-62

Circular 26: Diseases of Jasminum spp.

Bacterial Leaf Spot of Jasmine on page 10-64

Chlorotic Ringspot, Phyllody, Yellow Ring Mosaic Disease (Federal 

Quarantine Significant) on page 10-64

Jasmine Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-65

Sampaquita Yellow Ringspot Mosaic Disease (Federal Quarantine 

Significant) on page 10-65

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

Juniper Pear Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-66

Juniper Rust on page 10-68

Needlecast Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-70

Circular 28: Diseases of Larix spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

European Larch Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-71

Circular 29: Diseases of Ligustrum spp.

Ligustrum Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-71

Circular 30: Diseases of Litchi spp.

Phytophthora litchii (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-73

Witches’ Broom on page 10-46
List of Circulars

Circulars

9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 7-5

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

Apple Branch Canker on page 10-74

Apple Canker on page 10-76

Apple Mosaic Virus on page 10-77

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-80

Chlorotic Leafspot Virus on page 10-80

Rough Bark (Phomopsis Canker) (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-81

Rubbery Wood Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-83

Valsa ceratosperma (V. Mali) (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-83

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

Ceratocystis manginecans (sudden decline of mango) on page 10-84

Ceratocystis mangicola (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) on page 10-85

Ceratocystis mangivora (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) on page 10-85

Fusarium sterilihyphosum (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-86

Fusarium tupiense (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) on page 10-87

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) on 

page 10-88

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae on page 10-88

Circular 33: Diseases of Morus spp.

Mulberry Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-89

Mulberry Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-90

Circular 34: Diseases of Olea spp.

Olive Latent Ringspot Virus on page 10-91

Olive Partial Paralysis Virus on page 10-91

Olive Sickle Leaf Virus on page 10-92

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus on page 10-93

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Mosaic Virus on page 10-95

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Woodiness Virus on page 10-96
List of Circulars

Circulars

7-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Circular 36: Diseases of Philadelphus spp.

Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-97

Circular 37: Diseases of Picea spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

Rhododendron-Spruce Needle Rust Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schw.) by 

var. rhododendri (DC) Savile (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-97

Spruce (Picea) Needle (Cushion) Rust on page 10-97

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

Hemicycliophora dhanachandi (Hemicycliophoridae) on page 10-99

Scotch Pine Blister Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-99

Circular 39: Diseases of Populus spp.

Cytospora tritici (Soradariomycetes: Diaporthales) on page 10-102

Poplar (Populus) Bacterial Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-103

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-80

European Rusty Mottle of Cherry (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-104

Plum Pox Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-105

Circular 41: Diseases of Pseudolarix spp.

European Larch Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-71

Circular 42: Diseases of Pseudostuga spp.

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-23

Circular 43: Diseases of Punica spp.

Bacterial Blight on Pomegranate on page 10-109

Xiphinema granatum (Longidoridae) on page 10-110

Circular 44: Diseases of Quercus spp.

White Rot and an Undescribed Gall-Forming Rust (Federal Quarantine 

Significant) on page 10-111
List of Circulars

Circulars

9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 7-7

Circular 45: Diseases of Ribes spp. (Grossularia)

Black-Currant Reversion Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-111

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp.

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) on page 10-113

Rose Wilt Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-114

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

Raspberry Leaf Blotch Virus (RLVB) on page 10-116

Rubus Stunt Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-116

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp.

Virus Chlorosis on page 10-120

Watermark Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-121

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp.

Leaf Distortion on page 10-124

Mountain Ash Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) on 

page 10-124

Ringspot Mosaic of Sorbus on page 10-125

Circular 50: Diseases of Syringa spp.

Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-97

Circular 51: Diseases of Ulmus spp.

Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-97

Circular 52: Diseases of Vaccinium spp.

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) on page 

10-126

Circular 53: Diseases of Watsonia spp.

Gladiolus Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-36

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-56

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 10-40

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (Federal Quarantine Significant) on page 

10-58
List of Circulars

Circulars

7-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Circular 54: Diseases of Ziziphus spp.

Longidorus pisi (Longidoridae) on page 10-127
9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 8-1

Chapter

8 Alphabetical List of 

Diseases

Acacia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-8

Actinidia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-12

(Aesculus) Horse Chestnut-Variegation Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-14

Apple Branch Canker page 10-74

Apple Canker page 10-76

Apple Mosaic Virus page 10-77

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-29

Ash Canker Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-50

Bacterial Blight on Pomegranate page 10-109

Bacterial Leaf Spot of Jasmine page 10-64

Bhendi Yellow Vein-Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-2

Black-Currant Reversion Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-111

Black Stem Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-17

Bromeliaceae page 10-20

Carnation Wilt page 10-40

Ceratocystis mangicola (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) page 10-85

Ceratocystis manginecans (sudden decline of mango) page 10-84

Ceratocystis mangivora (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) page 10-85

Chlorotic Leafspot Virus page 10-80

Chlorotic Ringspot, Phyllody, Yellow Ring Mosaic Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant)

page 10-64

Chrysanthemum White Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-26
Alphabetical List of Diseases

8-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Circular Leaf Spot of Oriental or Japanese Persimmon page 10-47

Columbian Datura Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-20

Cotton Anthocyanosis Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-5

Cotton Curliness on Hibiscus page 10-5

Cotton Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-5

Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus germanica page 10-36

Cucumber Mosaic Virus page 10-93

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) page 10-113

Cytospora tritici (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) page 10-102

Datura Shoestring Virus page 10-21

Dianthus Virus Diseases page 10-42

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) page 10-126

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-23

Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-97

Euonymus Mosaic (Euonymus-Variegation) Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-

48

European Larch Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-71

European Rusty Mottle of Cherry (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-104

Filbert (Corylus) Blight page 10-34

Fraxinus Other Virus Reports page 10-52

Fraxinus Variegation Virus page 10-53

Fusarium sterilihyphosum (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-86

Fusarium tupiense (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) page 10-87

Gladiolus Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-36

Hemicycliophora dhanachandi page 10-99

Hibiscus Leaf Curl Agent on Hibiscus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-8

Hop Nettlehead Strain of Arabis Mosaic Virus page 10-59

Hydrangea Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-62

Jasmine Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-65
Alphabetical List of Diseases

9/2014-06 Postentry Quarantine Manual 8-3

Juniper Pear Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-66

Juniper Rust page 10-68

Leaf Distortion page 10-124

Leaf Rot of Carnation page 10-45

Ligustrum Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-71

Longidorus pisi (Longidoridae) page 10-127

Maple (Acer) Leaf Spot (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-9

Maple (Acer) Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-10

Mountain Ash Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-124

Mulberry Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-90

Mulberry Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-89

Needlecast Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-70

Okra Mosaic Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-8

Okra Yellow Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-8

Olive Latent Ringspot Virus page 10-91

Olive Partial Paralysis Virus page 10-91

Olive Sickle Leaf Virus page 10-92

Papaya (Carica) Leaf Reduction Virus page 10-22

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Mosaic Virus page 10-95

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Woodiness Virus page 10-96

Pestalotia disseminata (Federal Quarantine Significant) and Leaf Chlorosis Virus page 10-48

Phytophthora litchii (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-73

Plum Pox Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-105

Poplar (Populus) Bacterial Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-103

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) page 10-88

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of kiwifruit) page 10-13

Puccinia gladioli [Castagne] (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-54

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-56
Alphabetical List of Diseases

8-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2014-06

Raspberry Leaf Blotch Virus (RLBV) page 10-116

Ringspot Mosaic of Sorbus page 10-125

Rhododendron-Spruce Needle Rust Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schw.) by var. rhododendri

(DC) Savile (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-97

Rose Wilt Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-114

Rough Bark (Phomopsis Canker) (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-81

Rubbery Wood Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-83

Rubus Stunt Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-116

Sampaquita Yellow Ringspot Mosaic Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-65

Scotch Pine Blister Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-99

Spruce (Picea) Needle (Cushion) Rust page 10-97

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-40

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-58

Uromyces nyikensis [Syd. & P. Syd.] (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-59

Valsa ceratosperma (V. Mali) (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-83

Verticillium Wilt page 10-61

Virus Chlorosis page 10-120

Watermark Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-121

White Rot and an Undescribed Gall-Forming Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-

111

Witches’ Broom page 10-46

Xanthomonas acernea (Federal Quarantine Significant) page 10-11

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae page 10-16

Xiphinema granatum (Longidoridae) page 10-110
10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-1

Chapter

9 Diseases and Pathogens 

of Concern 

On Postentry Genera With No Circulars

Contents

Introduction

The following list of hosts and plant pathogenic organisms includes those for 

which there are no circulars.

Introduction 9-1 Juglans regia 9-8

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 9-2 Larix spp. 9-9

Blighia 9-2 Malus spp. 9-9

Bromeliaceae 9-2 Morus spp. 9-9

Carya spp. 9-3 Philadelphus spp. 9-9

Cedrus spp. 9-4 Picea spp. 9-10

Chaenomeles spp. 9-4 Pinus spp. 9-10

Crataegus wattina 9-4 Prunus spp. 9-10

Crocosmia spp. 9-5 Pseudolarix spp. 9-10

Cydonia spp. 9-5 Pyrus spp. 9-10

Gladiolus spp. 9-6 Salix spp. 9-10

Hibiscus spp. 9-6 Syringa spp. 9-10

Humulus spp. 9-7 Ulmus spp. 9-11

Jasminum spp. 9-7 Watsonia spp. 9-11
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Abelmoschus spp. (okra)

9-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10/2011-02

Abelmoschus spp. (okra)

Cotton anthocyanosis agent

Okra mosaic virus

Okra yellow leaf curl agent

Blighia

Okra mosaic virus

Bromeliaceae

Puccinia pitcairniae Lagh.

P. tillandsiae Cummins & Pollack—in Florida

Uredo nidularii P. Henn

Ustilago tillandsiae Patterson

NOTICE

The family Bromeliceae is on the list as postentry for Hawaii only.
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Carya spp.

10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-3

Carya spp.

Witches’ broom

Figure 9-1 Symptoms of witches’ broom on Carya spp.
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Cedrus spp.

9-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10/2011-02

Cedrus spp.

Fusarium fuliginosporum Sibilia

Chaenomeles spp.

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

Apple ring spot agent

Quince sooty ringspot agent

Quince stunt agent—probably a complex disease caused by quince sooty 

ringspot agent and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

Crataegus wattina

Unknown agent

Figure 9-2 Symptoms of chlorotic ring and line pattern caused by an unknown 

agent on Crataegus wattina leaf
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Crocosmia spp.

10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-5

Crocosmia spp.

Uredo gladioli-buettneri Bub.

Uromyces nyikensis Syd. & P. Syd.

Cydonia spp.

Quince sooty ringspot agent

Quince stunt agent—probably a complex disease caused by quince sooty 

ringspot agent, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, and quince yellow blotch 

agent

Quince yellow blotch agent

Figure 9-3 Cydonia spp. with symptoms of quince sooty ringspot agent on 

quince C7/1 leaf; healthy leaf on left
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Gladiolus spp.

9-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10/2011-02

Gladiolus spp.

Uredo gladioli-buettneri Bub.

Uromyces nyikensis Syd. & P. Syd.

Hibiscus spp.

Cotton anthocyanosis agent

Hibiscus leaf curl agent

Figure 9-4 Cydonia spp. with yellow spotting and leaf distortion caused by 

quince stunt agent; healthy leaf on left
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Humulus spp.

10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-7

Humulus spp.

Unknown virus

Jasminum spp.

Chlorotic ringspot yellow ring mosaic disease

Sampaquita yellow ringspot mosaic disease

Figure 9-5 Symptoms of streaking on leaves caused by virus on Humulus spp.
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Juglans regia

9-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10/2011-02

Juglans regia

Cherry leaf roll virus—a disease of concern on Prunus spp.

Figure 9-6 Chrome yellow mottle symptoms caused by cherry leaf roll virus on 

Juglans regia foliage
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Larix spp.

10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-9

Larix spp.

Lachnellula willkommii (Harteg) Dennis

Malus spp.

Apple ring spot agent

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (= plum bark split strain of apple chlorotic 

leaf spot virus)

Apple green crinkle agent

Apple chat fruit agent

Morus spp.

Mulberry dwarf phytoplasma (witches’ broom)

Philadelphus spp.

Elm mottle virus

Figure 9-7 Juglans regia foliage showing chlorotic ring patterns, a symptom 

caused by cherry leaf roll virus
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Picea spp.

9-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10/2011-02

Picea spp.

Chrysomyxa ledi (deBary) var. rhododendri (deBary) Savile—reported in 

the U.S. on Rhododendron

Pinus spp.

Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer

Prunus spp.

Arabis mosaic virus

Cherry leaf roll virus

European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma

Plum bark split strain of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (= apple chlorotic 

leaf spot virus)

Raspberry ringspot virus

Strawberry latent ringspot virus

Tomato blackring virus

Pseudolarix spp.

Lachnellula willkommii (Harteg) Dennis

Pyrus spp.

Apple ring spot agent (RPP33:731)

Pear blister canker viroid (RPP39:596)

Pear bud drop agent (RPP41:466 and RPP45:753o)

Salix spp.

Erwinia salicis (Day) Chester

Syringa spp.

Elm mottle virus
Diseases and Pathogens of Concern

Ulmus spp.

10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9-11

Ulmus spp.

Elm mottle virus

Watsonia spp.

Uredo gladioli-buettneri Bub.

Uromyces nyikensis Syd. & P. Syd.
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-1

Chapter

10 Disease and Pathogenic 

Organism Circulars

Contents

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp. 

10-2

Circular 2: Diseases of Acacia spp. 10-8

Circular 3: Diseases of Acer spp. 10-9

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp. 10-11

Circular 5: Diseases of Aesculus spp. 10-14

Circular 6: Diseases of Anacardium spp. 10-16

Circular 7: Diseases of Berberis spp., X Mahoberberis spp., and Mahonia spp. 

10-17

Circular 8: Diseases of Blighia spp. 10-19

Circular 9: Diseases of Bromeliaceae spp. 10-20

Circular 10: Diseases of Brugmansia spp. and Datura spp. 10-20

Circular 11: Diseases of Carica spp. 10-22

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp. 10-23

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), 

Leucanthemella serotina, and Nipponanthemum nipponicum 10-26

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp. 10-29

Circular 15: Diseases of Crataegus spp. 10-36

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp. 10-36

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp. 10-40

Circular 18:Diseases of Dimocarpus spp. 10-46

Circular 19: Diseases of Diospyros spp. 10-47

Circular 20: Diseases of Eucalyptus spp. 10-47

Circular 21: Diseases of Euonymus spp. 10-48

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp. 10-49

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp. 10-54

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp. 10-59

Circular 25: Diseases of Hydrangea spp. 10-62

Circular 26: Diseases of Jasminum spp. 10-64

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp. 10-66

Circular 28: Diseases of Larix spp. 10-71

Circular 29: Diseases of Ligustrum spp. 10-71

Circular 30: Diseases of Litchi spp. 10-73

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp. 10-74

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp. 10-83
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

10-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 33: Diseases of Morus spp. 10-89

Circular 34: Diseases of Olea spp. 10-91

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp. 10-93

Circular 36: Diseases of Philadelphus spp. 10-97

Circular 37: Diseases of Picea spp. 10-97

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp. 10-99

Circular 39: Diseases of Populus spp. 10-102

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp. 10-104

Circular 41: Diseases of Pseudolarix spp. 10-109

Circular 42: Diseases of Pseudostuga spp. 10-109

Circular 43: Diseases of Punica spp. 10-109

Circular 44: Diseases of Quercus spp. 10-111

Circular 45: Diseases of Ribes spp. (Grossularia) 10-111

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp. 10-113

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp. 10-116

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp. 10-120

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp. 10-123

Circular 50: Diseases of Syringa spp. 10-126

Circular 51: Diseases of Ulmus spp. 10-126

Circular 52: Diseases of Vaccinium spp. 10-126

Circular 53: Diseases of Watsonia spp. 10-127

Circular 54: Diseases of Ziziphus spp. 10-127

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and 

Hibiscus spp.

Bhendi yellow vein-mosaic agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-2

Cotton anthocyanosis agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-5

Cotton curliness on hibiscus 10-5

Cotton leaf curl agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-5

Hibiscus leaf curl agent on hibiscus (federal quarantine significant) 10-8

Okra mosaic virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-8

Okra yellow leaf curl agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-8

Bhendi Yellow Vein-Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Revised Oct. 1987; restructured Jan. 1996

Synonyms

Ochrovena hibiscae Capoor, Hibiscus yellow vein-mosaic virus
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-3

Hosts

Althaea rosea L. Cav., Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. A. moschantus

Medic., Hibiscus moscheutos L., H. tetraphyllus Roxb.

Distribution

Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka

Symptoms

Alcea rosea. There is faint vein-clearing of the young leaves followed by 

swelling of the veins at several points of the undersides of the leaves. The vein 

swelling gradually extends to nearly all veins which become thickened and 

gnarled as the leaf grows. The thickened veins are a deep green in color and 

appear opaque when seen against the light.

A description of the symptoms on shrubby forms of Hibiscus has not been 

found. They would probably be, in part, similar to those on okra (Abelmoschus 

esculentus) which follows.

A. esculentus

The first symptom is clearing of the small veins, and then of the larger ones, 

the ill-defined, yellowish-green to pale yellow areas later extending into the 

mesophyll. In severely diseased plants, the young leaves develop generalized 

chlorosis rather than a mosaic pattern. All growth produced after infection is 

stunted. The leaves are undersized and the petioles are short. Flowering is 

sparse and few fruits are formed. Most of the leaves on a diseased plant 

develop thickening of the veins on the lower side but no foliar growths or 

enations are formed.

Transmission

The white fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (B. gossypiperda Misra and Lamba); by 

grafting.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

10-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Anonymous. 1942. Agricultural Research. N. Pathology Rep, Imp. Coun. 

Agric. Res. (New Delhi) 36.

2. Anonymous. 1943. Rep. Imp. Coun. Agric. Res. (New Delhi) 3-39.

Figure 10-1 Example of virus-infected Hibiscus spp.; NOT yellow-vein virus, but 

when this is found, it should be submitted for identification
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-5

3. Capoor, S.P. and P.M. Varma. 1950. Yellow vein-mosaic of Hibiscus 

esculentus L. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 20:217-30. (A summary can be found in 

Smith, K. 1957. Textbook of plant virus diseases. 2d ed.).

4. CFR 319.37§2.

Cotton Anthocyanosis Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Cotton Curliness on Hibiscus

Synonyms

Gossypium virus 2

Hosts

Gossypium hirsutum L., G. maritima, G. vitifolium Lam. and probably other 

Gossypium species., Hibiscus cannabinus L., and Solanum dulcamara L.

Vectors

Aphis gossypii, A. laburni, Epitretranychus althaea, and Myzus persicae

Distribution

Azerbaijan and Russia (Siberia)

Symptoms

The symptoms are similar to those of cotton leaf curl, except in the following 

particulars:

Enations are absent

Hosts include S. dulcamara, a plant outside the family Malvaceae

Reduced vein thickening

Varieties showing resistance are not the same

Vectors are different

References

1. Moskovetz, S.N. 1940. Plant virus diseases and their control. Transcript of 

the conference on plant virus diseases, Moscow-Leningrad Acad. Sci.; 

Nov. 4-7 (Moscow). Published in Abst. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 23:211-13.

2. Tarr, S.A.J. 1949. Leaf curl disease of cotton. London:Publisher 9.

Cotton Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Synonyms

Gossypium virus 1 and Ruga gossypii Holmes
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

10-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Hosts

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Hibiscus esculentus L.), Althaea rosea

L. Cav., (Althaea rosea Cav.), Gossypium barbadense L. (G. vitifolium), G. 

barbadense L. (G. peruvianum Cav. & G. vitifolium Lam.), G. somalense

(Gürke) J. B. Hutch., Hibiscus cannabinus L., H. sabdariffa L. and 

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. There is evidence that Sida alba L. and S. 

cordifolia L. may also be hosts.

Vectors

The white flies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (B. gossypiperda M. & L.) and B. 

goldingi.

Distribution

Africa

Symptoms

Gossypium. On G. barbadense, which includes Sea Island cotton and Egyptian 

cotton including Sakel, the disease is most severe and takes somewhat different 

forms than on G. hirsutum, commonly called American cotton.

Severely infected Sakel plants exhibit a characteristic twisted appearance, 

particularly in the petioles and fruiting branches. The plants tend to become 

abnormally tall with elongated and irregularly curved internodes. In extreme 

cases there may be practically no lateral growth on the upper parts, 

accompanied with bud shedding. Occasionally, however, severe infection gives 

rise to stunting rather than elongation of the plant. Curiously, this stunted 

expression of the disease is characteristic of its expression on certain varieties 

of American cotton. These show shortened internodes and a bunchy-top type 

of growth.

Sterility may be caused in infected plants as a result of suppression of the buds 

or their death soon after formation.

American cotton, is somewhat resistant to leaf curl and shows more variety in 

its symptoms. Some varieties develop a typical leaf curling with or without 

small enations, others a leaf mosaic, and yet others both types of symptoms.

The mosaic type of cotton leaf curl begins as a clearing of the veins. The 

chlorotic areas increase in size and frequently appear all over the leaf surface 

with a tendency to concentrate along the main veins, or they may be few and 

concentrated in certain areas of the leaf. They are most prominent on the upper 

surface and vary in color from pale green to light yellow to nearly white. In 

some instances, the whole leaf may appear yellow with puckered margins. The 

uneven distribution may result in asymmetrical growth and distortion.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 1: Diseases of Abelmoschus spp., Althaea spp., and Hibiscus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-7

Leaf curl and crinkle symptoms (on G. barbadense) first appear as isolated 

local thickenings of the veins, which are darker green or more opaque than 

normal veins. This symptom is best seen on the underside of the leaf viewed by 

transmitted light. As more and more of the veins are involved, they become 

thickened and appear gnarled and abnormally prominent. The margins of the 

leaf then curl upward or, less frequently, downward. In extreme cases enations 

develop on the veins on the lower surface of the leaf. These are cup-like or 

expanded pads of tissue that may attain a diameter up to one half of an inch.

The upper side of the leaf departs less from the norm. It may show a wrinkled 

appearance due to a slight sinking of the veins, and of course, it is affected by 

any curling of the margins. Similar symptoms may appear on the bracts and, in 

a reduced form, on the corolla.

Alcea rosea plants often have strongly thickened veins and curl considerably in 

the later stages.

Hibiscus esculentus plants have leaves showing conspicuous net-vein 

thickening with small inconspicuous enations. Curling may or may not be 

present.

The disease does little damage to Malvaviscus arboreus plants. A small 

amount of vein thickening and leaf curling occurs.

On Sida there may be a slight amount of thickening (presumably of the veins). 

Occasionally there is leaf curling.

Most of the information presented is taken from Tarr's monograph.

References

1. Anson, R.R. 1934. Leaf curl disease of cotton in Fiji. Rept. 2nd Conf. 

Cotton Growing Problems. London:Empire Cotton Growing Corp. 195-96.

2. Bailey, M.A. 1934. Leaf curl disease of cotton in the Sudan. Empire Cot. 

Rev. 11:280.

3. Boughey, A.S. 1947. The causes of variation in the incidence of cotton leaf 

curl in the Sudan Gezira. Mycol. Pap. Mycol. Inst. 22:9.

4. Camas, J.S. 1935. Annual report of the director of plant industry from the 

fiscal year ending December 31, 1935. pp.76-80. (Rev. Appl. Mycol, 

14:80).

NOTICE

Laird and Dickson report the disease, leaf crumple rirus, of cotton described in California is very similar to cotton leaf curl rirus and may prove to be a strain of this disease.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 2: Diseases of Acacia spp.

10-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

5. Holmes, F.O. 1939. A handbook of phytopathogenic viruses. Minneapolis. 

MN:Burgee Publishing Co. 51; 52; 112-13.

6. Kirkpatrick, T.W. 1931. Further studies on leaf curl of cotton in the Sudan. 

Bull. Entom. Res. 33:323-63.

7. Laird, E.F. and R.C. Dickson. 1959. Insect transmission of the leaf-crumple 

virus of cotton. Phytopath. 49:324-27.

8. Moskovetz, S.N. 1940. Plant virus diseases and their control. Transcript of 

the conference on plant virus diseases, Moscow-Leningrad Acad. Sci.; 

Nov. 4-7 (Moscow). Published in Abst. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 23:211-13.

9. Russo, G. 1935. Cotton leaf curl or crinkle in Italian Somaliland. (trans.) 

Agricultura Colon. 29:78-95; 133-43; 188-99.

10. Tarr, S.A.J. 1949. Leaf curl disease of cotton. London:Publisher 9.

11. CFR 319.37§2.

Hibiscus Leaf Curl Agent on Hibiscus (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

In progress.

Okra Mosaic Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Okra Yellow Leaf Curl Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 2: Diseases of Acacia spp.

Acacia rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-8

Acacia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Causal Organism

Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlpine

Synonyms

Uromyces tepperianus Sacc.

Hosts

Acacia spp., Albizia spp., and Racosperma spp.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 3: Diseases of Acer spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-9

Distribution

Australia, Java, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and South 

Africa

Symptoms

Spermogonia. Spermogonia are minute, brownish becoming black, globose and 

150 μm in diameter.

Telia. Telia develop on galls on leaves, branches, inflorescences and fruits. 

Infection causes swollen distorted galls up to 18 x 6 cm and witches’ brooms 

of different shapes and sizes. The telia are cinnamon to chocolate brown in 

color and powdery in appearance.

Description

Spermatia. Spermatia are hyaline and ellipsoid.

Teliospores. Teliospores are composed of a cluster of three probasidial cells at 

the top of a single pedicel, depressed globose to globose. They are cinnamon 

brown in color, thickly vertically striate, margin is crenulate with the wall 2 to 

3 μm at the apex. They are 14 to 22 μm high and 18 to 25 μm wide with one 

apical germ pore. The pedicel is hyaline, septate, and deciduous.

Notes

Aecia and uredinia are unknown.

References

Hernandex, J.R. Invasive fungi. Uromycladium tepperianum. Systematic 

Botany & Mycology Lab., ARS, USDA.

Circular 3: Diseases of Acer spp.

Maple (Acer) leaf spot (federal quarantine significant)10-9

Maple (Acer) variegation agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-10

Xanthomonas acernea (federal quarantine significant) 10-11

Maple (Acer) Leaf Spot (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised Sept. 1987; restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Xanthomonas acernea Owaga Burk

Synonym

Pseudomonas acernea Owaga
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 3: Diseases of Acer spp.

10-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Hosts

Acer buergeranum (Acer trifidum) Hook & Arn. (and by inoculation 13 other 

Acer spp., & Aesculus turbinata Blume, and Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm)

Distribution

Japan

Symptoms

The leaves show irregular, water soaked, later pale gray or black spotting, and 

finally turn black and shrivel.

Characters

Non-spore forming rod, 0.5 to 1 x 2-.6 μm (.8 x.4),and aerobic, uniflagellate, 

gram and aniline positive (?), liquefying gelatin, clearing milk not coagulating 

it, producing some acid, no gas from six sugars and glycerine, reducing nitrates 

and forming Hs. Colonies first round smooth, white, margin entire turning 

citron yellow in 2 days at 32 °C. Thermal death point 59 °C.

References

Phytopath. Soc. Jap. VII, 2, 125-34, 4 fig. 1937. (Rev. Appl. Myc. 17:356, 

1938).

Maple (Acer) Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Hosts

Acer negundo L. A. pseudoplatanus L. A. rufinerve Sieb. & Zucc.

Distribution

Europe and Japan

A similar disease from Italy was reported by Goldanich (1954) affecting a 

number of Acer negundo trees. The leaf mottling varied from small dots to 

star-shaped spots that at times became confluent.

There is also a report from Czechia by Smolak that mosaic and leaf 

deformation of Acer pseudoplatanus and A. negundo is present in a park in 

Podebrady.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-11

Symptoms

“Yellow variegation of the leaves” (Brierley 1944). “Characterized by mottled 

leaves, peppered with very small, more or less round, light green spots. On 

some plants the spots were smaller than 1.5 mm in diameter and so numerous 

that they were difficult to distinguish and give a chlorotic appearance to the 

plants. On other plants at least some of the spots attain approximately 3 mm in 

diameter.” (Atanasoff 1935).

Transmission

By budding and grafting

Properties

Not determined

References

1. Atanasoff, D. 1935. Old and new virus diseases of trees and shrubs. 

Phytopath. Zeitschr. 8(2):212; 197-223.

2. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

3. Goldanich, G. 1954. Unusual incidence of disease affecting economic 

plants in northern Italy. F.A.O. Pl. Prot. Bul. 3(1):4-7.

4. Smolak, J. 1949. Virove choroby a listy. Ochr. Rost. 22(5-6):173-203. 

(1951. Rev. Appl. Myc. 30(l):13-14).

5. CFR 319.37§2.

Xanthomonas acernea (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp.

Actinidia rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-12

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of kiwi fruit) 

10-13

NOTICE

A disease of Acer rubrum caused by the peach rosette virus was reported in Georgia 

in 1960 (Knight, K.G. P.D.R. 44:220). Thirty infected trees were noted in 1953 and by 

1959, all had died. The trees were characterized by being stunted, having dense 

green foliage in the spring that turned reddish in the summer and yellowish before 

the tree’s death.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp.

10-12 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Actinidia Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

October 2005

Causal Organism

Pucciniastrum actinidiae Hirats.f

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Actinidia spp.

Distribution

People’s Republic of China, Japan, and Taiwan

Symptoms

Uredinia. are located on the lower leaf surface scattered or grouped on yellow or 

yellowish brown, discolored areas, sometimes thickly scattered over the whole 

surface of the leaf. They are round, minute, 0.08-0.2 mm across, located under 

the epidermis, and open when mature by a central pore. They are pale yellow 

in color.

Telia. are located on the lower surface of the leaf and are under the epidermis in 

dense clusters limited by the leaf veins. They are often spread over the whole 

leaf surface and are yellowish brown to brown in color.

Description

Urediniospores. are obovate, ellipsoid or oblong, 18 to 27 x 12 to 16 μm, walls 

1.5 to 2 μm thick, minutely echinulate, and subhyaline, with germ pores 7 to 10 

μm mostly scattered and obscure.

Teliospores. are intercellular, subglobose, oblong or cuneiform, laterally 

adherent. They are divided by 2 to 8 (mostly 4) vertical or oblique septa, 20 to 

30 μm high, 17 to 18 μm across with walls uniformly thin, smooth, and pale 

yellow.

Notes

The spermagonial and aecial stages of this rust are unknown.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Pucciniastrum actinidiae. Systematic Botany 

& Mycology Lab., ARS. USDA (accessed October 13, 2005).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 4: Diseases of Actinidia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-13

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (bacterial canker of 

kiwi fruit)

Causal Organism

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Actinidia spp.

Distribution

Italy, China, Japan, Korea, Republic of

Symptoms

Disease characterized by cankers on kiwi fruit

Distribution

In spring and early summer, the pathogen develops in expanding shoots and 

leaves. Small cankers develop on extending vines and leaves develop angular 

leaf spots surrounded by chlorotic haloes. In winter and early spring, extending 

cankers form on trunks and branches.

Transmission

Like all pathovars of P. syringae, P. syringae pv. actinidiae is present in 

infected plant material and, therefore, is usually introduced into new regions in 

nursery material. The pathogen can be dispersed in aerosols and can be carried 

between trees and adjacent orchards in wind-driven rain. As a wound-infecting 

pathogen, it can also be transmitted on orchard equipment such as pruning 

implements. Data is lacking on the epidemiology of the disease. It is suspected 

that it is spread by heavy rainfalls, strong winds, animals, and humans. Over 

long distances, trade of infected planting material can spread the disease. 

However, infected fruits cannot be totally excluded but seem very unlikely.

Notes

Propagative material of Actinidia spp., except seeds, are currently prohibited 

from Japan and Taiwan due to a rust (Pucciniastrum actinidiae Hiratusuka), 

and are under postentry quarantine from all other countries except Canada, 

Australia, and New Zealand.

References

1. EPPO RS 2009/215.

2. Serizawa et al., 1994.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 5: Diseases of Aesculus spp.

10-14 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 5: Diseases of Aesculus spp.

(Aesculus) Horse chestnut-variegation virus (federal quarantine 

significant) 10-14

(Aesculus) Horse Chestnut-Variegation Virus (Federal 

Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

None

Host

Aesculus hippocastanum Linn.

Distribution

Czechia, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and Northern Ireland

Symptoms

Yellow-leaf variegation House (5) wrote, “A tree of rich golden foliage which 

far surpassed anything of the sort I have seen for richness of effect and color.” 

Other records of this variegation deal with its transmission.

Transmission

By grafting and budding, infection may occur following budding even when 

the bud fails to grow. In the experiment reported by House (5) the variegation 

passed upward in the stock, but not downward.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 5: Diseases of Aesculus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-15

Figure 10-2 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) tree; virus causes a 

general yellow appearance

Figure 10-3 Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut); leaf with banding 

pattern, a symptom of yellow oak leaf vein virus
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 6: Diseases of Anacardium spp.

10-16 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Anonymous. 1881. Gardeners Chron. 16:507.

2. Atanasoff, D. 1935. Old and new virus diseases of trees and shrubs. 

Phytopath. Zeitschr. 8(2):212; 197-223.

3. Blattny, C. 1938. Note on some less known virus diseases (trans.) Ochr. 

Rost. 14:86-87. (Abstr. Rev. Appl. Myc. 17:543).

4. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

5. House, H. 1873. Transfer of variegation virus from scion to stock. 

Gardeners Chron. 1873:849.

6. Timpke, K. 1907. Panaschierung und transplantation. Jahr. Hamburg. Wiss. 

Anstalt 24:55-104.

7. CFR 319.37§2.

Circular 6: Diseases of Anacardium spp.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae 10-16

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae

June 2011

Causal Organism

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangeiferaeindicae (Gammaproteobacteria: 

Xanthomonadales)

Synonyms

X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae

Host

Mangifera indica (mango) and Anacardium occidentale (cashew)

Notes

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangeiferaeindicae is an economically important 

pathogen of mango and Anacardium occidentale (cashew) and is reportable in 

the PEST ID database

Symptoms

Raised, angular, black lesions

Distribution

Africa, Asia, Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, and New Zealand
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 7: Diseases of Berberis spp., X Mahoberberis spp., and Mahonia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-17

References

1. Pruvost, O, C Boyer, K. Vital, C Verniere, L Gagnevin, and I Somda. 2011. 

First report in Burkina Faso of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae 

causing bacterial canker on Mangiera indica. Plant Disease 95(10):1

Circular 7: Diseases of Berberis spp., X Mahoberberis spp., and 

Mahonia spp.

Black stem rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-17

Black Stem Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant) 

Jan. 14, 1966; restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Puccinia graminis Pers.

The black stem rust quarantine requires that nurseries that ship immune or 

resistant species of Berberis, Mahonia, or Mahoberberis into protected states 

must contain no susceptible species of these genera. The postentry detention 

of Berberis, Mahonia, and Mahoberberis is to facilitate determining whether 

introduced plants are true to name and immune or resistant to P. graminis.

We are concerned with enforcing postentry regulations on black stem rust at 

the pycnial and aecial stages of the rust organism, which is its only expression 

on Berberis, Mahonia, and Mahoberberis. Discussion of the uredial and telial 

stages is, therefore, omitted. Descriptions of these may be found in any general 

text on plant diseases or the rust fungi.

Synonyms

(Listed by Arthur (1934); others may be found in Sydow Lycoperdon 

poculiforme Jacq., L. lineare Schr., Aecidium berberidis Pers., Puccinia 

linearis Rohl., P. poculiformis Wettst., Diacoma poculiforme Ktze.

Hosts

Pycnial and aecial stages are on Berberis spp. (except B. thunbergii and its 

varieties) and Mahonia.

Uredial and telial stages, according to Arthur (1934), are on at least 108 

species of Gramineae including wheat, rye, and barley.

Distribution

Cosmopolitan following the distribution of its host plants
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 7: Diseases of Berberis spp., X Mahoberberis spp., and Mahonia spp.

10-18 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

The pycnial and aecial stages are very rare in the southern states. Stakman et al. 

(1918) have shown that this is due to the lack of viable teliospores in the 

spring.

Symptoms

On Berberis, Mahonia, and Mahoberberis (after Heald with amendments from 

Arthur (1920))

Pycnial. The rust appears first on the upper surface of the leaf as a small, 

circular, yellowish spot that increases in size to 2 to 5 mm or slightly larger. 

The affected tissue is swollen, becomes marginated with a brighter yellow or 

reddish-purple color, and shows a central cluster of minute, honey-colored 

pustules on the upper surface (later turning brownish or nearly black) from 

which droplets of pycnial nectar ooze. The pustules (pycnia) are 90 to 110 μm 

in diameter and bear ostiolar filaments 30 to 60 μm long.

Aecial. (After Arthur (1920)) Aecidia on leaves, stems, and fruits, on the 

underside of the leaves in crowded, circular groups 1 to 6 mm across, on 

discolored, slightly thickened spots, cupulate or cylindric 0.2 to 0.3 mm in 

diameter, sometimes 2 mm long, but usually much shorter, wall colorless, the 

margin erose (toothed) slightly recurved; peridial cells oblong 16 to 23 x 19 to 

26 μm, the outer wall thick 10 to 12 μm, smooth and transversely striate, the 

inner wall 2 to 4 μm thick, moderately verrucose, squarely abutted; 

aeciospores angular, globose or oblong 15 to 19 x 16 to 23 μm; wall colorless, 

1 to 1.5 μm thick, considerably thicker above, 5 to 9 μm, finely and closely 

verrucose appearing smooth when wet.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 8: Diseases of Blighia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-19

References

1. Arthur, J.C. 1934. Manual of the rusts in the United States and Canada. 

Lafayette, IN:Purdue Research Foundation. 173; 270; 366-67.

2. Arthur, J.C. 1920. North American flora. 7:295.

3. Heald, F.D. 1933. Manual of plant diseases. New York:McGraw Hill 778.

4. Murrill, W.A. 1921. Notes. (On a paper read at the Chicago meetings of the 

Phytopath. Soc’y. Dec. 1920 by Stakman, E.C., R.S. Kirby, and A.F. Thiel) 

Mycologia 13:124.

5. Stakman, E.C. 1918. The black stem rust and the barberry. Yearbook 

separate #769, U.S. Dept Agr.

6. Sydow, P. and H. Sydow. 1904. Monographia Uredinearum seu specierum 

omnium ad hunc usque diem cognitarum descriptio et adumbratio 

systematica. Vol. I. Leipzig, Germany:Borntraeger Bros. 3:560-63.

Circular 8: Diseases of Blighia spp.

Okra mosaic virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-8

Figure 10-4 Puccinia graminis on Berberis spp.; aecial stage on underside of 

leaf; may attack stems and fruit
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 9: Diseases of Bromeliaceae spp.

10-20 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 9: Diseases of Bromeliaceae spp.

Bromeliaceae 10-20

Bromeliaceae

The restriction on Bromeliads applies only to Hawaii. It is a precautionary 

measure to protect Hawaii from the possible introduction of injurious pests of 

Bromeliads, particularly, Ananas sativus Schult., the pineapple. The latter is a 

major crop of the islands.

Circular 10: Diseases of Brugmansia spp. and Datura spp.

Columbian Datura virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-20

Datura shoestring virus 10-21

Colombian Datura Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant)

May 6, 1974; restructured Mar. 1996

Brugmansia and Datura are reservoirs for many viruses that attack plants 

belonging to the family Solanaceae. Some of the viruses may be latent, inciting 

no symptoms in Datura, while others will show a wide range of symptoms in 

leaves such as chlorosis, mosaic, twisting, vein-clearing, curling, rugosity, and 

necrosis. There may also be various other abnormalities as shoot proliferation, 

stunted flowers, and stunted plants. Consequently, it might be difficult to 

associate a virus-like symptom with a virus common name without 

considerable testing.

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Brugmansia X candida Pers. (D. candida) & var. 'Culebra', B. sanguinea (Ruiz 

& Pav.) D. Don (D. Sanguinea), and probably other species of arborescent 

Datura. Virus symptoms were experimentally produced on several indicator 

plants.

Distribution

Colombia

Symptoms

Kahn and Bartels (1968) report that Datura plants show vein-banding or 

chlorotic flecking on expanded leaves followed by mottling. Either the leaves 

become rugose and slightly distorted or the plants recover. When the plants 

recover, symptoms often reappear on new growth.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 10: Diseases of Brugmansia spp. and Datura spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-21

Description

The virus particle is a flexuous rod in the Potato virus Y group, around 720 

mille microns.

Transmission

The virus is transmitted mechanically, i.e., plants touching one another or a 

person touching an infected plant and then a noninfected one.

Vector

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer.

Reference

1. Kahn, R.P. and R. Bartels, R. 1968. The Colombian Datura Virus—a new 

virus in the Potato Y group. Phytopath. 58:587-92.

2. CFR 319.37§2 (Jan. 2005).

Datura Shoestring Virus

May 6, 1974; restructured Mar. 1996

Brugmansia and Datura are reservoirs for many viruses that attack plants 

belonging to the family Solanaceae. Some of the viruses may be latent, inciting 

no symptoms in Datura, while others will show a wide range of symptoms in 

leaves such as chlorosis, mosaic, twisting, vein-clearing, curling, rugosity, and 

necrosis. There may also be various other abnormalities as shoot proliferation, 

stunted flowers, and stunted plants. Consequently, it might be difficult to 

associate a virus-like symptom with a virus common name without 

considerable testing.

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Datura metel L., Nicotiana tabacum L. 'White Burley,' N. glutinosa L., N. 

rustica L., and Solanum jasminoides Paxt.

Distribution

India

Symptoms

According to the report by Giri and Agrawal (1971), Datura leaves develop 

mosaic and severe blistering, while new leaves show distortion and 

deformation and are reduced to shoestring-like structures. The plants become 

severely stunted.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 11: Diseases of Carica spp.

10-22 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

The symptoms on Nicotiana glutinosa are similar to Datura, but less severe. 

When the leaves of N. tabacum white burley are inoculated with the virus, they 

develop local chlorotic lesions, that spread and become necrotic; and the plants 

die within 3 to 5 days. The inoculated leaves of N. rustica show veinal 

necrosis, mottle, and necrotic spots; the stems become necrotic and the leaves 

start falling and the plant collapses.

Transmission

Mechanically transmissible

References

Giri, L. and H.O. Agrawal. 1971. Datura shoestring virus, a new virus, isolated 

from Solanum jasminoides. Phytopath Z. 70(1):81-83.

Circular 11: Diseases of Carica spp.

Papaya (Carica) leaf reduction virus 10-22

Papaya (Carica) Leaf Reduction Virus

Revised July 1991; restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Carica papaya L.

Distribution

India

Symptoms

Singh (1969) reports that the first symptom of the disease is vein-clearing of 

the young leaves, followed by translucent areas developing and adjoining the 

veins, and by the lamina puckering. The raised areas are dark green in color. 

The subsequently developed leaves are deformed and reduced in size, and 

show pronounced distortion. In extreme cases, the entire leaf is reduced to a 

thread-like appearance at the top of the plant, which is characteristic of the 

disease. Infected plants are very much stunted and latex flow is reduced.

Older leaves on a diseased plant turn brown and fall off, and the entire stem 

becomes denuded, with only a small cluster of thread-like leaves at the top 

(Singh 1969).

Jensen (1949) and Singh (1969) refer to numerous papaya virus diseases from 

at least 15 countries, including, in the U.S., Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-23

Although some of the symptoms are like those of PLRB, these viruses appear 

to be distinct from the virus disease reported by Singh (1969).

Transmission

By sap

Vector

Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

References

1. Jensen, D.D. 1949. Papaya virus diseases with special reference to papaya 

ringspot. Phytopath. 39:191-211.

2. Singh, A.B. 1969. A new virus disease of Carica papaya in India. P.D.R. 

53:267-69.

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

Douglas Fir Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised June 1967; restructured Dec. 1995

Causal Organism

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae M. Wilson G. Hahn imp. stage Phomopsis 

pseudotsugae M. Wilson

Synonyms

Phacidiella coniferarum Hahn, Phomopsis strobi Syd., Ligniella pinicola

Naum., Discula pinicola var. mammosa Lager., Lundberg and Melin

Hosts

Abies alba Mill., A. balsamea (L.) Mill., A. procera Rehd., Cedrus atlantica

(Endl.) Manetti ex. Carriere, C. deodara (D. Don) G. Don., C. libani A. Richl, 

Larix decidua Mill., L. keaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere, (L. leptolepis) L. sibirica 

Ledeb., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng., P. 

contorta Dougl., ex Loud., P. mugo Turr., P. muricata D. Don., P. radiata D. 

Don, P. strobus L., P. sylvestris L., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, P. 

menziesii var. glauca Buchh. (Sequoia gigantea) and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) 

Sarg.

Distribution

Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, 

Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Russia, and U.S. (Pacific Northwest)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp.

10-24 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Wicker recently reported finding P. pseudotsugae cankers on Larix 

occidentalis in the intermountain region of the Pacific Northwest.

Symptoms

Three distinct forms of injury have been recorded:

Blighting of Terminal Shoots. Terminal shoots blighting has been recorded on 

seedlings and young plants. The tips of the trunk and the branches are the usual 

points of invasion and these die back for a length of 10 to 16 in. The needles on 

the invaded parts first turn brownish-yellow, then become dry and fall. In the 

tender young tissues, invasion is direct, no wound is necessary. The fungus 

invades the cortex and cambium, but does not penetrate the wood. With the 

death of the cambium, growth of the infected part ceases, and as a result, there 

is, at the margin of the diseased tissue, a strong thickening of the cork cells. 

(For an illustration of this effect refer to Phytopath 19:986). Pycnidia develop 

abundantly especially near the base of the diseased part. The seedlings may 

wither away at once, or adventitious buds may commence growth only to be 

killed in turn. The disease tends to be concentrated in certain parts of the seed 

bed or nursery.

Girdling of Branches and Trunks. Girdling occurs at some intermediate point on 

the branch or trunk. The girdle seldom reaches a length of 6 inches. Above and 

below, the tissues continue to grow for a time, and especially above, develop a 

characteristic swelling. In the end, the parts above the girdled area die from 

lack of nourishment.

Cankers of Larger Trunks and Branches. Cankers may develop on the larger 

trunks and branches. On hosts that develop cankers, except Larix, these 

cankers may attain a size 6 x 7.5 in., but on Larix they reach 6.5 x 13.5 in. in 

area. If the cankers are numerous and fairly large, the tree may be killed. 

Isolated cankers may be healed over as the fungus is not perennial in the bark.

The above symptoms are those shown by Pseudotsuga. Boudru states that 

other hosts react somewhat differently to the disease: Abies show trunks and 

branches girdling; Tsuga show young leader withering; Cedrus show trunks 

and branches girdling and terminal bud blighting; and on Larix, only cankers 

are found usually following wounds caused by pruning or rodents. Larix

cankers often exude an abundance of resin.

Wilson (1930) states that it is improbable that P. pseudotsugae will be found on 

imported Cedrus as it so far has not been found on trees under 20 years old.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 12: Diseases of Cedrus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-25

Description

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae. Apothecia frequently associated with pycnidial 

locules, innate in the stroma, developing under, but not concrete with, the 

periderm, one or more ascocarpic areas in a stromata that become erumpent 

and occur in colonies on discolored areas of the trunk or branch, ascocarps 

discoid, black, carbonous, 0.25 to 1.0 mm in diameter, at first covered by a 

pulverulent, olibaceous, stromatic layer that becomes loosened in irregular 

lobes above the sporulating tissue and finally torn away. At maturity, the 

darkened hymenium is fully exposed; asci cylindric-club shaped, elongatestalked, thin-walled, 8-spored, 80 to 135 x 8 to 12 μm; ascospores irregularly 

uniseriate, continuous, occasionally one or two septate, hyaline, guttulate, 

elliptic or elliptic-fusiform, ends obtuse or subacute, 10 to 18.8 x 2.8 to 6 μm; 

producing bud spores in the ascus, these are short, elliptic, or rod-shaped, 

continuous, hyaline, 3.4-4.8 x 1.0-1.6 μm; paraphyses very numerous, 

filamentous, septate, tips slightly swollen, simple or occasional branched near 

the apex, outranking the asci, greenish in mass, tips uniting forming a pale 

olivaceous epithecium; hypothecium shallow; free unbranched hyphae within 

the dark, pseudo-parenchymatous excipulum producing microspores 

comparable in size and shape to those in the asci, spores formed singly from 

individual hyphal cells on fine isthmi.

Phomopsis pseudotsugae. Pycnidia black, globose, solitary or in groups of 2 or 

3, the cavity is divided into more or less completely formed locules, and is 

from 100 to 500 μm in diameter. At maturity, they become erumpent through 

small cracks in the bark. The conidia are hyaline, elliptical, fusoid, obtuse at 

both ends and measure 5.5 to 8.5 x 2.5 to 4 μm. They are extruded in whitish, 

often coiled cirrhi (threads).

References

1. Boudru, M. 1948. La maladie du sapin douglas et d'autres coniferes, causee 

par Phomopsis pseudotsugae. Bul. Soc. for. Belg. 55:193-201.

2. Hahn, G.G. 1930. Species of Phomopsis occurring on conifers. Trans. Brit. 

Mycol. Soc. 15:32-93.

3. Hahn, G.G. 1957. A new species of Phacidiella causing the so-called 

Phomopsis disease of conifers. Mycol. 49:226-39.

4. Wicker, E.F. 1965. A Phomopsis canker or western larch. P.D.R. Suppl. 

49(2):102-05.

5. Wilson, M. 1930. The Phomopsis disease of cedars. Gardeners Chron. 

88:412-13.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), Leucanthemella serotina, and Nipponanthemum

10-26 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

6. Wilson, M. and G.G. Hahn. 1928. The identity of Phoma pitya Sacc., and P. 

abietina Hart. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 13:261-78.

7. Wilson, M. and G.G. Hahn. 1929. The history and distribution of 

Phomopsis pseudotsugae in Europe. Phytopath. 19:979-92.

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), 

Leucanthemella serotina, and Nipponanthemum nipponicum

Chrysanthemum white rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-26

Chrysanthemum White Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Puccinia horiana P. Henn

Hosts

Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev, 

and Nipponantheum nipponicum (Franch. ex. Maxim) Matsuma

Distribution

Argentina, Brazil, Canary Islands, Chile, Colombia, Europe, Republic of South 

Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela, and all countries, territories, and possessions of 

countries located in part or entirely between 90° and 180° east longitude.

Symptoms

P. horiana produces large, white waxy spots on the undersurface of 

chrysanthemum leaves. It is much more dangerous to the chrysanthemum 

industry than P. chrysanthemi, the common chrysanthemum rust found in the 

United States, because it attacks new shoots early in the spring and the climatic 

factors favorable to the rapid spread of the organism are prevalent at this time 

of the year. (Kusano)

Description

The telial stage of the rust is the one encountered. Aecia and uredia are 

unknown. The disease spreads from plant to plant by means of sporidia 

produced by the teliospores.

According to Saccardo (1888) the teliospores are oblong-clavate with a 

broadened or obtuse to obtuse-pointed apex; base cuneate to applanate; slightly 

constricted at the septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth. Spores range from 30 

to 45 x 13 to 17 μm with a persistent, pale pedicel up to 40 μm long. Tai and 

Wei (1933), however, give teliospore sizes as 34 to 57 x 13 to 19 μm.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), Leucanthemella serotina, and Nipponanthemum

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-27

Figure 10-5 Puccinia chrysanthemi on Chrysanthemum spp.; orange to brown 

spots on lower leaf surface; common disease; submit specimens

Figure 10-6 Puccinia horiana on Chrysanthemum spp.; white, waxy spots on 

lower surface of leaf
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 13: Diseases of Chrysanthemum spp. (Dendranthema), Leucanthemella serotina, and Nipponanthemum

10-28 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Table 10-1 may serve as an aid in distinguishing between the common 

chrysanthemum rust and chrysanthemum white rust.

P. horiana is favored by short day conditions and spreads rapidly under moist, 

overcrowded conditions. Investigations of the epidemiology of the disease in 

Japan showed that the optimum temperature for teliospore germination is 

between 13 °C to 22 °C. And the incubation period of the disease is 10 days.

References

1. Anonymous. 1965. A new threat to Chrysanthemum; white rust disease. 

N.Z. Pl. Gdns. 6(3):120-21.

2. Arthur, J.C. 1934. Manual of the rusts in the United States and Canada. 

Lafayette, IN:Purdue Research Foundation. 173; 270; 366-67.

3. Hiratsuka, N. 1957. Three species of Chrysanthemum rusts in Japan and its 

neighboring districts. Beih. 1:34-44.

4. Kusano, S. 1908. Biology of the chrysanthemum rust. Ann. Myc. 6:306-12.

5. Punithalingam, E. 1968. Puccinia horiana. in: CMI descriptions of 

pathogenic fungi & bacteria #176. CAB/CMI; Kew, Surrey, England.

6. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

7. Tai, F.L. and C.T. Wei. 1933. Notes on Chinese fungi. Sinensia 4(5):112-

13.

8. CFR 319.37§2.

Table 10-1 Comparison of Chrysanthemum Rust and Chrysanthemum White 

Rust

Species: P. horiana: P. chrysanthemi:

Sori color White to yellow Chocolate brown

Uredospores None Commonly found

Teliospore size 34 to 57 x 13 to 19 34 to 57 x 18 to 28

NOTE: For signs refer to 

Figure 10-6

For signs refer to 

Figure 10-5

NOTICE

P. horiana is relatively fast moving and, under ideal greenhouse conditions, should 

appear, if present, within a few weeks. Hence, we believe that greenhouse-grown 

chrysanthemums regardless of the time of year, may be released after 6 months, if 

inspection at the end of that time reveals no sign of the rust. Greenhouse growing is 

required for postentry chrysanthemum growing (refer to Figure F-9).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-29

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

Apple proliferation phytoplasma (federal quarantine significant) 10-29

Filbert (Corylus) blight 10-34

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Synonym

Witches’ broom, rozet (rosette), brooming

Time of Year to Inspect

Anytime while in leaf

Specific Symptoms

Hosts

Catharanthus roseus, Corylus spp., Cynodon dactylon, Malus domestica, 

Prunus avium, P. armeniaca, P. domestica (these Prunus species are possible 

hosts of apple proliferation—further testing to confirm is necessary), and Vitis 

vinifera
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

10-30 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Plant. Buds set in August and September start growing in the fall. Infected 

branches leave trunk at a more acute angle than do healthy branches. For 

symptoms of this possible infection of the apple proliferation phytoplasma on 

Prunus refer to Figure 10-7 and Figure 10-8.

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia. 

Figure 10-7 Cherry wilt (possibly caused by apple proliferation phytoplasma)

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia. 

Figure 10-8 Progress toward death of the tree (possibly caused by apple 

proliferation phytoplasma)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-31

Leaf . Infected leaves are smaller, stipules enlarged. Color is usually yellowishgreen or reddish. For the classic symptoms of enlarged stipules on Malus spp., 

refer to Figure 10-9 and Figure 10-10.

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia.

Figure 10-9 Enlarged stipules of an infected Malus plant

Figure 10-10 Enlarged stipules of an infected Malus plant (left) compared to the 

regular-sized stipules on an uninfected plant (right)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

10-32 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Branch/Trunk. Clusters of bushy shoots. Infectious agent stimulates axillary 

buds on young shoots. Short internodes are produced. For this disease on 

Prunus, refer to Figure 10-11.

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia. 

Figure 10-11 Necrosis on cross-section of cherry branches (possibly caused by 

apple proliferation phytoplasma)

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia. 

Figure 10-12 Necrosis on cross-section of cherry tree trunk (possibly caused 

by apple proliferation phytoplasma)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-33

Fruits. Reduced in size.

Flowers. Produced later in the season than on healthy plants. For this disease on 

Prunus flowers, refer to Figure 10-13.

Transmission

Grafting, root fusion, and the psyllids Cacopsylla melanoneura (Forster), & 

Cacopsylla costalis (Forster), and the leafhopper Fieberiella florii (Stal). Only

the leafhopper occurs in North America.

Discussion

This disease reduces the production of marketable fruit by as much as 95% in 

Europe. Rosetting and shortening of internodes may also be caused by aphid or 

leaf hopper injury. The causal agent of this disease is not a virus, but a 

phytoplasma. Evidence of several different strains has been shown.

Distribution

Throughout Europe and in Turkey

Photo reprinted with the permission of Dr. Natasa Nehle of the National Institute of Biology, Ljubljama, 

Slovenia.

Figure 10-13 Floral necrosis of cherry (possibly caused by apple proliferation 

phytoplasma)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

10-34 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Blumer, S., and R. Bovey. 1957. Uber den virosen besenwuchs an 

apfelbaumen. Phytopath. Z. 30(30):237-58.

2. Bovey, R. 1963. Virus diseases of apples and pears. CAB Tech. Com. 

30:65-67.

3. Break, J. et al. 1972. Mycoplasmas in apple trees infected with the 

proliferation disease. Biol. Pl. 14(6):427-29.

4. Gianotti, J. et al. 1968. Micro-organisme de type mycoplasma dans les 

cellules liberiennes de Malus sylvestric L. atteint de la maladies de 

proliferations. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris Ser. D 267:76-77.

5. Holtz, T. 2006. NPAG et Report Candidatus Phytoplasma mali: Apple 

Proliferation Phytoplasma (APP) Anaeroplasmatales/Anaeroplasmatacea. 

New Pest Advisory Group Report, Plant Epidemiology & Risk Analysis 

Lab., Ctr. for Plant Health Science & Techn. 50-55.

6. Kunze, L. 1976. The effect of different strains of apple proliferation on the 

growth and crop of infected trees. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. LandForstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlem. 170.

7. Marcone, C., et al. 1996. Association of phytoplasmas with the decline of 

European hazel in southern Italy. Plant Pathology 45, 857-63.

8. McCrum, R.C. et al. 1960. Apple virus diseases. Joint bulletin as: ME Agr. 

Exp. Sta. Bul. 595, NH Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 101.

9. Mehle, N. et al. 2006. First report of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali in stone 

fruits (Prunus spp.). New Disease Reports. Jan. 2007, 3 pages.

10. Pena-Iglesias, A. 1975. Apple proliferation agent in Spain: graft 

transmission and detection of mycoplasma and rickettsia plasma-like 

organisms infected tissue. Act Hort. IXth Int. symp. on fruit tree virus 

diseases 44:193-97.

11. Seemuller, E. and B. Schneider. 2004. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali, 

Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri and Candidatus phytoplasma prunorum the 

causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline, and European stone fruit 

yellows respectively. Int’l J. of Systematic & Evolu. Microb. 54:1217-26.

12. Seidle, V. and V. Komarkova. 1974. Studies on the natural spread of 

proliferation disease of apple. Phytopath. Z. 81:301-13.

13. Shfstopal, Z.A. 1975. Sadodstvo, Vinogradarstvo I, Vinodelie Moldavii 

11:36-37.

Filbert (Corylus) Blight

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 14: Diseases of Corylus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-35

Synonyms

Apioporthe anomala (Peck) Hoehn., Cryptosporella anomala (Peck) Sacc. 

Diatrype anomala Peck

Hosts

Corylus americana Marsh. (Hazelnut), Corylus avellana L. (Filbert)

Distribution

Eastern United States and Pacific Northwest

Symptoms

Humphrey's (1893) description of the disease appears to be the most complete. 

“It appears in the form of protuberances with elliptical bases that burst the bark 

and arise rather thickly from the affected portion of the branch, which is sunk 

below the surface of the healthy part.” A section shows that the protuberances 

(stroma) “contain numerous black flask-like structures, whose tips reach the 

surface of the protuberance.” “It is very noticeable that in the part of the branch 

occupied by the fungus, the inner bark (elsewhere a distinct band of tissue) is 

shrunken to a narrow black line between the wood and the bark. This reduction 

in the thickness of the inner bark explains at once why the surface of the 

affected parts is sunken below the rest of the surface and shows that the chief 

seat of vegetative activity of the fungus is in the rich growing conductive 

tissues” (Cambium).

According to Barss (1921) the ends of the branches are killed by girdling, the 

smaller twigs are attacked first and 2 or 3 years pass before the top is 

completely killed. He also states that the blight does not occur on Corylus 

rostrata Ait. or C. californica Rose.

Description

A specimen collected by G.P. Clinton, at Westerville, CT in 1902 was 

examined at the New York Botanical Gardens herbarium. This specimen 

showed large, oval stroma, 4 mm long by 3 mm wide and about 1 mm high. 

The stroma were wart-like and arranged more or less in two parallel rows 

usually on one side of the stem, but on one stem the two rows were nearly 

opposite. The torn epidermis stood up around the base of the stroma. The top 

or disc was roughened by the ostioles, (the exposed upper extremities of the 

beaks of the perithecia). The ostioles may have been scattered irregularly over 

the disc or been in an oval arrangement.

Pustules prominent, subrotund or elliptic, erumpent, 2 to 5 mm in diameter, 

wood subsunken, surrounded by a black layer, disc convex or slightly 

depressed, rough, brownish or blackish, powdery white at last; perithecia 

crowded, immersed in the stroma, now and then elongate; ostiole stalked and 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 15: Diseases of Crataegus spp.

10-36 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

loose, often radiately sulcate, black; asci short, thick, soon disappearing; 

spores hya-line, elliptic, continuous, 7 to 9 mu long.

References

1. Barss, H.P. 1921. Eastern filbert blight problem. Calif. Dept. Agr. Mo. 

Bull. 10:250-57; 1930. 19:489-90.

2. Farr, D.F. et al. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United 

States. St. Paul, MN:APS Press 564-65; 726; 979.

3. Halsted, B.D. 1892. A serious filbert disease. N.J. Agr. Exp. Rept. 13:287-

89.

4. Humphrey, J.E. 1893. A hazel fungus. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rept. 

10:242-43.

5. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

6. Slate, G.L. 1930. Filberts. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 588.

Circular 15: Diseases of Crataegus spp.

Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus germanica 10-36

Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus germanica

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. is a host of two or more Gymnosporangium rusts 

but Fischer failed in his experiments to inoculate it with G. fuscum. In this 

respect, it is similar to Mespilus germanica L. A negative result is indicative 

but not conclusive, therefore, cannot be dismissed. Gymnosporangium rusts 

are rather easily detected but their separation is usually work for a specialist. 

Rusts on these hosts should be referred to the Postentry Quarantine Unit.

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp.

Gladiolus rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-36

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (federal quarantine significant) 10-40

Gladiolus Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Causal Organism

Uromyces transversalis (Thum.) (G. Winter)

Synonyms

Uredo transversalis Thum., Uromyces watsoniae P. Syd & Syd
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-37

Hosts

Crocosmia spp., Gladiolus spp., Tritonia spp., and Watsonia spp.

Distribution

This rust is apparently indigenous to eastern and southern Africa. It has also 

been reported from Morocco, southern Europe (questionably from France and 

Spain, possibly established in Italy, Malta and Portugal) South America 

(Argentina and Brazil), Martinique, Australia, and New Zealand. It was 

recently intercepted from Mexico.

Symptoms

Uredinia are round to oblong or irregular and transverse on the leaf surface. 

They may be found on the upper or lower leaf surface. The uredinia are 0.5 to 

1.5 mm long and 0.5 to 2 mm broad. At first they are covered by the blistered 

epidermis that splits. They are yellowish-orange in color.

Telia. Telia are minute, black and remain covered by the epidermis and grouped 

(small to larger groups). The groups may be scattered, in cavities on the leaf 

surface and are separated by golden-brown, palisade-like paraphyses (sterile 

upward growing, basally attached hyphal elements). The paraphyses are 50 to 

112.5 μm in diameter and 55 to 75 μm deep with spores in 3 to 4 closely 

packed rows.

Description

Urediniospores are variable in form and size. They may be ovate, ellipsoidal or 

oblong and are 14 to 26 x 13 to 25 μm. The cell wall is hyaline and typically 

1.5 to 2 μm thick and closely and minutely verruculose. There are germ pores, 

but they are obscure and 6 to 8 in number and scattered.

Teliospores. Teliospores are ovate, ellipsoid or pyriform, and less frequently 

globose often irregular or angular through mutual pressure. They are light 

brown, darker (often chestnut brown) near the apex. The apex of the 

teliospores is rounded, truncate or broadly conical, base usually attenuate, less 

frequently rounded. They are (17.5 to) 20 to 25 (to 34) x (14 to) 15 to 17.5 (to 

21) μm with the cell wall smooth, usually 2 μm thick, 4 to 6 (to 8) μm at the 

apex. The pedicel is semi-persistent, hyaline, or tinted at the apex and is 45 μm 

long and 2 μm thick.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp.

10-38 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-14 Uredinia of Uromyces transversalis

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-15 Uredinia across the width of the leaf and telium (dark) of 

Uromyces transversalis
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 16: Diseases of Crocosmia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-39

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-16 Uredinia erumpent across the width of a Uromyces transversalis 

leaf

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-17 Uredinia across the width of a Uromyces transversalis leaf
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

10-40 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Notes

Spermogonia and aecia are unknown.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Uromyces transversalis. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS, USDA (accessed August 24, 2005).

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

Carnation wilt 10-40

Dianthus virus diseases 10-42

Leaf rot of carnation 10-45

Carnation Wilt

Causal Organism

Phialophora cinerescens (Wollenw.) Van Beyma

Synonym

Verticillium cinerescens Wollenw.

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-18 Uredinia (yellowish) and telia (dark) of Uromyces transversalis
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-41

Hosts

Dianthus spp. Dianthus chinensis L. (Chinese Pink), and D. barbatus L (Sweet 

William) are said to be very susceptible, D. caryophyllus L. (Carnation) highly 

resistant, and D. deltoides L. immune. D. nardiformis, D. balbisii, D. 

(hyssopifolius) monspessulanus, and D. cinitus also reported as hosts (RAM 

43:760). Hosts in other genera include: Silene latifilia spp. alba (Mill.) Greuter 

and Burdet (Melandrium album) (RAM 38:290) and Saponaria officinalis L., 

Petrocoptis grandifloria, A. Braun ex Endl., Viscaria sartorii and Silene 

compacta Fisch. Ex Hornem. (RAM 43:760).

Distribution

Bulgaria (RPP 61:627); Denmark (RAM 38:389); France (RAM 38:368); Italy 

(RAM 40:226); Poland - one farm (RAM 45:2860); Netherlands (RAM 

38:118); Romania (RPP 63:165); United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

Northern Ireland (RAM 38:480, 42:26); (RAM 43:2360); Russia (RPP 

58:3320); and Germany (RAM 41:230).

Symptoms

The leaves of infected plants are wilted, wrinkled and chlorotic. Cross-sections 

of the stem show brown discoloration of the vascular ring. The foregoing 

symptoms are similar to those caused by Fusarium dianthi Prill. and Del., but 

the leaf chlorosis caused by Phialophora cinerescens is less marked and there 

is a tendency for localization of the vascular discoloration in the tracheids and 

vessels. No extensive rotting of the pith and cortex is found. The stems may 

develop kinks at the nodes and the internodes may be somewhat shortened.

As there are other wilts of Dianthus caused by several species of Fusarium, a 

key devised by Wickens (1935) for separating those diseases follows.

Key to Wilt and Desiccation of Leaves and Shoots. 1.Vascular discoloration 

throughout the collar and wilting shoots—Go to 2.

No extensive vascular discoloration—Go to 3.

2. Vascular discoloration followed by a dry “sheddy” rot of affected wood and 

cortex—Fusarium wilt (F. dianthi)

No later development of tissue rotting—Phialophora wilt (P. cinerescens)

3. Indiscriminate rotting of the collar stem rot—(Fusarium spp., F. culmorum, 

F. herbarum) 

Not as above—other diseases or disorders

Note—invasion is through the roots from the soil. In experiments, 

inoculated plants remained apparently healthy for as long as 13 weeks.

NOTICE

Review of Applied Mycology (RAM); Review of Plant Pathology (RPP).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

10-42 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. White, H.L. 1936. On Verticillium wilt of the perpetual flowering 

carnation. J. Pomol. 14: 214-26.

2. Wickens, G.M. 1935. Wilt and stem rot of the perpetual flowering 

carnation. Ann. Appl. Biol. 22:630-883.

Dianthus Virus Diseases

Hosts

Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Carnation) and D. barbatus L. (Sweet William)

Etched Ring. Whitish etched necrotic flecks and rings, usually oval or dumbbell 

shaped, resembling ringspot. May be small irregular rings and streaks on 

flowers and axillary stems. Some varieties show conspicuous necrotic blotches 

of irregular shape, usually pale fawn in color with darker brown maroon edges 

on the leaves; sphere shaped; world wide

Figure 10-19 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; atypical; note white 

lines in first and third leaves
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-43

Latent. No symptoms

Mosaic. Yellowish to gray brown leaf mottle, coalescence of several spots may 

be followed by necrosis of centers; plants are stunted and flowers may be 

striped or spotted.

Figure 10-20 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; note typical 

symptoms showing etched rings in first leaf

Figure 10-21 Carnation etched ring virus on Dianthus spp.; severe symptoms
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

10-44 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Mottle. Mild mottling or no symptoms; may cause flower breaking in some 

varieties; sphere shaped; world wide.

Necrotic Fleck. 1400 to 1700 nm long; in Japan 1973.

Ringspot. Gray rings or irregular chlorotic spots, may be several concentric 

rings, streaking, reddening, and leaf distortion; sphere shaped; world wide.

Streak. Yellowish or reddish spots and streaks, parallel to veins; lower leaves 

may be heavily spotted and turn yellow.

Vein Mottle. Vein clearing in young leaves that may develop into chlorotic spots 

that follow veins; 790 nm long; world wide.

Yellows. Caused by a combination of streak and mosaic viruses; affected plants 

show both the mottling and spotting characteristics of the two viruses.

Available evidence indicates that some of these viruses, especially etched ring 

and ringspot, are not widely distributed in the United States.

Most carnation viruses are sap transmissible and indexing techniques can make 

positive determination. This procedure, however, is not practical for postentry 

quarantine control.

References

1. Brierly, P. and F.F. Smith. 1957. Carnation viruses in the United States. 

Phytopath. 47(12):714-21.

2. Chamberlain, E.E. 1954. Plant virus diseases in New Zealand. Bul. 108. 

N.Z. Dept. Sci. and Industrial Res. 196-98.

3. Hakkaart, F.A. 1964. Description of symptoms and assessment of loss 

caused by some viruses in the carnation cultivar 'William Sim'. Neth. J. 

Plant Path. 70:53-60.

4. Hollings, M. 1962. Virology. Ann. Rept. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst. 70-

73.

5. Hollings, M. and O.M. Stone. 1961. Carnation etched ring: a preliminary 

report on an undescribed disease. Ann. Rept. Glasshouse Crops Res. Inst. 

9444-95.

NOTICE

There is still some confusion about the identity, nomenclature, distribution, and 

symptomatology of these viruses. Combinations of viruses are commonly found in a 

single plant. The symptoms produced in such cases may not be clear cut. Carnation 

ringspot virus, vein mottle virus, and mottle virus (event when latent) significantly 

reduce the yield and quality of flowers in the variety “William Sim.”
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 17: Diseases of Dianthus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-45

6. Smith, K.M. 1972. A textbook of plant virus diseases. New York:Academic 

Press. 25-27; 121-27; 149.

Leaf Rot of Carnation

Causal Organism

Heteropatella valtellinensis (Trav.) Wr.

Synonyms

Excipulina valtellinensis Trav., Heteropatella dianthi Budd & Wakef., and 

Pseudodiscosia dianthi Host & Laub.

Hosts

Dianthus caryophyllus L. (carnation)

Distribution

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Netherlands, 

Germany, Italy, Canada (British Columbia), and the United States (Washington 

state)

Symptoms

Both surfaces of the leaves show large discolored patches that are soft and 

brown, or when dry, bright whitish-gray. The patches occur either as transverse 

bands or extended over the whole terminal part of the leaf, which as a result, 

becomes withered and cracked. Similarly discolored spots occur frequently on 

the stems, flower stalks, bracts, and sepals. Very small, round, rather dark gray 

spots are present in large numbers on both sides of the diseased part of the 

leaves. These spots are, for the most part, so indistinct as to be hardly 

recognizable. They are more easily seen if the leaf is held up to the light. They 

then appear as rather closely grouped circular areas, transparent, and like a spot 

of grease lying in the leaf, nearly one-half a millimeter in diameter with a more 

or less distinct point in the middle. This point is frequently covered by a tiny, 

waxy, whitish or yellowish-gray, wart-shaped or conical granule. When the 

diseased leaves are placed in a moist chamber, this granule, viewed with a hand 

lens, is often seen to resemble a longer or shorter tendril-like string of 

sausages.

Due to the rotting leaves, affected plants have an unhealthy appearance, but 

healthy leaves are often present scattered about among the decaying ones. The 

decaying leaves may appear soft and wet, or dry and firm depending on the 

atmospheric humidity. The infected leaves often crack near the base and may 

fall off if the plant is lifted or shaken. The youngest leaves, while still clasped 

together, may present a pure white color for a considerable length down the 

leaf. This white color later changes to gray.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 18:Diseases of Dimocarpus spp.

10-46 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

Salmon, E.S. and W.M. Ware. 1927. Gardeners Chronicle. 81:196.

Circular 18:Diseases of Dimocarpus spp.

Witches’ broom 10-46

Witches’ Broom

Feb. 8, 1974; restructured Mar. 1996

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Longan), Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Lychee), (it is 

possible to transmit the agent to L. chinensis by grafting).

Distribution

China, Hong Kong

Symptoms

According to a report by Li (1955), the disease was first recognized in 1948 in 

Southeast China. As far as is known, this is the only disease reported on longan 

fruit trees growing in China and Hong Kong. The longan is cultivated for its 

fruit; and the wood is a valuable source of timber.

Infected trees observed by Li (1955) usually showed narrow and crinkled 

leaves with different degrees of yellowing along the veins. These symptoms 

are especially evident on young leaves. On young twigs, malformed leaves 

usually fall off prematurely while buds at the basal portion of the same twig 

soon develop into shoots with very short internodes. These again carry 

deformed thread-like leaves that also fall of prematurely, leaving a bunch of 

leafless twigs resembling a witches' broom.

Flowering panicles show a crowded condition of the flowers, which are 

deformed and soon drop off. The flowerless panicles then resemble a broom. 

These conditions seriously reduce the production of fruit. So and Zee (1972) 

report (from Hong Kong) that infected trees show leaves with symptoms of 

malformation and vein clearing, and accompanied by systemic necrosis and 

slight blisters. On the new growth, young leaves of diseased trees are smaller 

than healthy ones, duller in color, and with rolled margins. Although the virus 

appears to be systemic, So and Zee (1972) found that not all branches of an 

infected tree will show symptoms of the disease.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 19: Diseases of Diospyros spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-47

Transmission

The agent may be transmitted by grafting and by seed from diseased trees.

Vector

The lychee stink bug is suspected as a vector in the transmission of the virus.

References

1. Li, L.Y. 1955. A virus disease of longan, Euphoria longana, in southeast 

Asia. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica 1:211-16 (Chinese, England summ.).

2. So, V. and S.Y. Zee. 1972. A new virus of longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) 

in Hong Kong. PANS 18(3):283-85.

Circular 19: Diseases of Diospyros spp.

Circular leaf spot of Oriental or Japanese persimmon (federal quarantine 

significant) 10-47

Circular Leaf Spot of Oriental or Japanese Persimmon

Synonyms

None

Causal organism

Myocosphaerella nawae

Hosts

Diospyros kaki (Japanese persimmon)

Distribution

China, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Spain

Symptoms

Fungus is characterized by circular necrotic spots on the leaves and defoliation. 

Early fruit maturation and premature abscission are associated with early 

symptom development in the trees. Fungus is consistently isolated from the 

margins of leaf lesions.

References

Plant Disease, March 2010, Vol. 94, No. 3, Pg. 374.

Circular 20: Diseases of Eucalyptus spp.

Pestolatia disseminata (federal quarantine significant) and leaf chlorosis 

virus 10-48
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 21: Diseases of Euonymus spp.

10-48 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Pestalotia disseminata (Federal Quarantine Significant) and 

Leaf Chlorosis Virus

Two diseases of eucalyptus are leaf chlorosis virus and Pestalotia disseminata

Thum.

P. disseminata is said to cause leaf dropping or blight of infected trees. Any 

virus disease or any spotting or blight of eucalyptus leaves with which a P. 

disseminata is associated should be investigated and called to the attention of 

the Postentry Quarantine Unit.

Circular 21: Diseases of Euonymus spp.

Euonymus mosaic (euonymus-variegation) agent (federal quarantine 

significant) 10-48

Euonymus Mosaic (Euonymus-Variegation) Agent (Federal 

Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Mar. 1996

Causal Organism

Marmor euonymi Holmes

Synonyms

Euonymus infectious chlorosis (virus) Baur

Hosts

Euonymus japonicus Thunb., E. fortunei (Turez.) Hand.-Mazz. (E. radicans

Sieb.)

Distribution

Europe and Japan

Symptoms

According to Baur (1908), infected leaves show a rather wide yellow border 

and the center is mottled green or greenish-yellow; also, young leaves show a 

yellow venation rather distinctly. As the leaves become older, the discoloration 

can only be detected by transmitted light. The pattern is like that of the 

variegated Euonymus japonica var. aureo-marginata Hort.

Brierley (1944) gives the following description attributing it to Rischkow 

(1927). “Chlorosis appears as pale streaks, continuous or interrupted, along the 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-49

veins of young leaves. These mask with further growth of leaf, but pale flecks 

appear in the mesophyll which persist in fully-expanded leaves.

References

1. Baur, E. 1908. Uber eine infektiose Chlorose von Euonymus japonicus. 

Bericht. d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 26a:711-13.

2. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

3. Holmes, F.O. 1939. A handbook of phytopathogenic viruses. Minneapolis. 

MN:Burgee Publishing Co. 51; 52; 112-13.

4. Rischkow, W. 1927. Neue Daten uber geaderte Panaschierung bei 

Euonymus japonicus und E. radicans. Biol. Zentralbl.

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

Ash canker disease (federal quarantine significant) 10-50

Fraxinus other virus reports 10-52

Fraxinus variegation virus 10-53

NOTICE

Noninfectious variegated varieties of euonymus also occur. These show a white or 

yellow margin surrounding the normal green central portion of the leaf. The distinguishing feature of the infectious variegation is the mottling of the central green area, 

which is best seen by transmitted light.

Figure 10-22 Euonymus mosaic
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

10-50 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Ash Canker Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Mar. 1996

Causal Organism

Pseudomonas savastanoi var. fraxini (Brown) Dowson

Synonyms

Pseudomonas fraxini (Brown) Skor., Bacterium savastanoi var. fraxini N.A. 

Brown

Hosts

Fraxinus spp. including F. ornus L., F. velutina Torr., F. excelsior L., and F. 

americana L. (A. Alba)

Distribution

Europe

Symptoms

The following description is a slightly condensed version of that given by 

Skoric (1938): At first, very young cankers show only one or two vertical splits 

in the periderm and the cell layers below it, but later, cross splits appear and the 

cankers become open showing the browned and blackened tissues. In later 

stages, the bark is more and more broken down and blackened and the wood 

beneath becomes blackish or browned with many cracks or splits. At the same 

time, the bark at the margin shows intensive growth and hypertrophy, and the 

annual rings in the vicinity of the canker are enlarged.

The cankers are of two types with occasional intermediate forms. In 

Yugoslavia, the sunken or depressed type is the most common. The verrucose 

type described by Van Vliet (1931) occurs but is less prevalent. At a longer or 

shorter distance from the old canker there are swellings, usually a few 

millimeters or at most one centimeter in width, covered by undamaged bark. 

Beneath the bark the tissue is diseased and discolored.

In the early stages of the disease, young cankers are usually found near leaf 

scars, but some also develop between the internodes. They often form in a 

vertical line, which is thought to be due to distribution by rain water running 

down the trunk or branch. Small cankers of the sunken type develop in 1 or 2 

years, but large cankers are found only after from 10 to 30 years. When 

infection occurs in young trees dwarfing results, the tree does not grow beyond 

1 or 2 meters tall.

According to Riggenbach, the first symptom of the bacterial infection is noted 

as a reddish discoloration of the cortex followed by the development of pale, 

elliptical spots on the stems and branches. The expansion of the spots is 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-51

accompanied by an elevation of the center and a rupturing of the surface into 

longitudinal fissures.

Brown (1932) states, “The cankers of the European ash vary in size from small 

cracks with thickened margins to irregular fluted outgrowths several inches in 

length and width, with cavities extending into the wood. They increase in size 

and number from year to year on both trunk and branches.” Cankers are also 

said to occur occasionally on the leaves and petioles.

In another description taken from a paper by Van Vliet (1931), some 

anatomical details not found in those above are included. The cankers are of 

three forms: verrucose; depressed; and intermediate between the first two 

types. The verrucose cankers assume the form of large or small protuberances 

the entire surface of which appears covered with warts. The depressed cankers 

are holes in the wood surrounded by jagged edges of bark; they are of varying 

depth, mostly circular, but occasionally much elongated. The transitional forms 

include on the one hand, depressed cankers with verrucose edges, and on the 

other, sunken areas with a marked tendency to healing over.

In the verrucose cankers the diseased bark is composed chiefly of brown 

canker tissue, within which only a narrow strip is healthy. In those of the 

depressed type the canker tissue is restricted to the inner cortical layers on the 

edge of the canker. The diseased tissue contains many cork layers running 

approximately parallel to the cambium and often visible to the naked eye as 

pale lines. Between the cork layers are cavities filled with bacterial slime. 

Fungus hyphae and masses of needle crystals may also be present in the 

cavities. The much-swollen wood below the proliferated cortex is brown and 

dull, the annual rings are separated from one another by a brown line.

References

1. Brown, N.A. 1932. Canker of ash trees produced by a variety of the olivetubercle organism, Bacterium savastanoi. J. Agr. Res. 44:701-21.

2. D'Oliveira, M. 1939. Inoculacoes experimentais com o Bacterium 

savastanoi var. fraxini N.A. Brown. Agron. Lusit. 1(50):88-102.

3. Riggenbach, A. 1956. A study of ash canker. Phytopath. Z., 27(1):1-40. 

(1957. Rev. Appl. Myc. 36:144).

4. Skoric, V. 1938. The ash canker disease and its causal organism, 

Pseudomonas fraxini (Brown) Skor. Ann. Exp. for., Zagreb. 6:66-97.

5. Tubeuf, C.V. 1936. Tuberkulose, krebs, und rindengring der eschen 

(fraxinus). Arten und die sie veranlassenden bacterien, nektriapilze und 

borkenfafer. Z. Pflkrankh. 46:449-83.

6. Van Vliet, J.I. 1931. Ash cankers and their structure. thesis, Univ. of 

Utrecht. Baarn, Hollandia Drukkerij 73.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

10-52 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

7. Vuillemin, P. Cancer et tumeurs vegetales. Nancy Soc. Sci. Bull. Seances 

3(1):37-62.

8. CFR 319.37§2.

Fraxinus Other Virus Reports

Plakidas reported an apparently lethal virus causing a witches’ broom of 

Fraxinus berlandieri in Louisiana. Cuttings from the infected tree failed to 

root, but the virus was transmitted by inarching. The resulting plants formed 

abnormal leaves and soon died. The original infected tree was destroyed.

Novak reports from Czechia that virus symptoms on ash were transmitted to 

privet.

Rosette of Fraxinus americana was reported from the Botanical Gardens in 

Minsk, Byelorussia by Kuprevicz (1947). Although transmission tests were 

not indicated, symptoms consisted of apical rosetting, stunting, underdeveloped stems, deformed leaflets with down-curled margins, and small, 

necrotic spots. In addition, the root system was poorly developed.

Two viruses of ash have been reported by Ciferri et al. (1961) from Italy. The 

first, transmissible by chip-budding is named “necrotic leaf curl.” Symptoms 

consist of vein clearing followed by necrosis, chlorotic spots of the leaf blade 

that become necrotic, leaf malformations, and aborted witches’ brooms. The 

second disease, named “chlorotic marbling,” is characterized as a chlorotic 

marbling of the leaves, especially the upper surfaces. Infection is most severe 

on apical leaflets resulting in some deformations.

Figure 10-23 Witches’ broom on F. americana; healthy (left); foliar chlorosis 

(right), reduced leaf size and branch proliferation
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 22: Diseases of Fraxinus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-53

References

1. Brierly, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

2. Ciferri, R. et al. 1953. Anomalie fogliari dell'olivo Ligure e Gardesano. 

Ann. Sper. Agr. NS 7(6):1957-76.

3. Kuprevicz, V.F. 1947. The physiology of the diseased plant in relation to 

the general question of parasitism. 299 U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 

Moscow (1951. Rev. Appl. Myc. 30:62).

4. Novak, J.B. 1958 Investigation on the virus diseases of the Oleaceae. 

Preslie 30(4):365. (Rev. Appl. Myc. 38:210. 1959.)

5. Plakidas, A.G. 1949. Witches' broom, a graft transmissible disease of 

Arizona Ash (Fraxinus berlandieri). Phytopath. 39(6):498-99.

Fraxinus Variegation Virus

Synonym

Fraxinus infectious chlorosis (Baur)

Figure 10-24 Fraxinus excelsior leaflet showing a symptom of Arabis mosaic 

virus
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

10-54 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Hosts

Fraxinus spp.

Distribution

Bulgaria, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and 

Germany

Symptoms

Systemic yellow chlorotic leaf spotting

Transmission

Grafting

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

Gladiolus rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-36

Puccinia gladioli [Castagne] (federal quarantine significant) 10-54

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (federal quarantine significant) 10-56

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (federal quarantine significant) 10-58

Uromyces nyikensis [Syd. & P. Syd.] (federal quarantine significant) 

10-59

Puccinia gladioli [Castagne] (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Synonyms

Aecidium valerianellae Biv., Uredo gladioli (Duby)

Hosts

Gladiolus spp. and Valerianella spp.

Distribution

Reported on Gladiolus from Europe and Asia. Although telia of Puccinia 

gladioli on Gladiolus have not been reported from the U.S., the aecial state 

(Aecidium valerianellae) on Valerianella has been reported from the western 

U.S. as well as Europe and Asia.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-55

Symptoms

Telia. Are on reddish spots, sometimes limited by the veins, minute, rounded, 

and densely crowded to actually running together to form a crust up to 1 cm. 

long. They can be found on the upper or lower surface of the leaf. They often 

cover much of the leaf surface and are compact and chestnut brown to black in 

color. The paraphyses (sterile, upward-growing basally attached, hyphal 

elements) are cylindric to slightly club shaped, brown, and up to 80 μm long.

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-25 Puccinia gladioli telia

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-26 Puccinia gladioli telia
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

10-56 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Description

Teliospores. Are ellipsoid to clavate, apex round to acute, slightly constricted at 

the septum and gradually narrowing below the septum. They are 36 to 60 x 16 

to 27 μm. The cell wall is smooth pale brown in color, 2 to 3 μm thick and up 

to 10 μm at the apex. Sometimes mesospores are present 24 to 40 x 17 to 17 

μm. The pedicel is hyaline, persistent, and 10 to 60 μm long.

Notes

Uredinia are unknown on Gladiolus spp., spermogonia and aecia are found on 

Valerianella spp.

At this time this rust is not listed in CFR 319.37-2 as a federal quarantine 

significant disease on Gladiolus. If this rust is added to that the list, the genus 

Valerianella spp. will also be regulated from Europe and Asia.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Puccinia gladioli. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS, USDA (accessed August 24, 2005).

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Gladiolus ludwigii (Hook)

Distribution

South Africa

Symptoms

Telia. Can be scattered or grouped, rounded to oblong, and sub-epidermal with 

the teliospores bursting through and surrounded by the epidermis thus 

presenting a powdery appearance. They can be on the upper or lower leaf 

surface. The telia are located between and sometimes transverse to the veins. 

When the telia are scattered, each can be up to 0.5 mm long and, when 

grouped, cover up to 1 cm of leaf surface. They are chestnut brown in color 

and are without paraphyses (a sterile, upward-growing, basally attached hyphal 

element).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-57

Description

Teliospores are oblong-clavate to oblong, sometimes constricted at the septum. 

The upper cell of the teliospores is rounded truncate, attenuated or obliqueattenuated at apex, and the lower probasicial cell frequently narrower, 

cinnamon brown, lighter cinnamon brown in color at the base of the spore. The 

spores are (35 to) 50 to 60 (to 70) x (12.5 to) 14 to 17 (to 20) μm. The cell wall 

is 1 to 2 μm thick with the apex sometimes thicker at 4 (to 7) μm. The pedicel 

is up to 45 μm long, easily broken, and light cinnamon in color.

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-27 Puccinia mccleanii telia on leaf

Source: USDA–ARS

Figure 10-28 Puccinia mccleanii telia on leaf
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 23: Diseases of Gladiolus spp.

10-58 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Notes

Spermogonia, aecia, and uredinia are unknown.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Puccinia mccleanii. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS, USDA (accessed on August 24, 2005).

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Synonyms

Uromyces geissorhizae Henn., U. babianae (Doidge), U. romouleae (Van der 

Byl and Werderm), U. romuleae (Doidge)

Hosts

Babiana spp., Gladiolus spp., Geissorhiza spp., Moraea spp., and Romulea

spp.

Distribution

Central and Southern Africa

Symptoms

Uredinia. Can be scattered or in grouped, irregularly round to oblong, often 

running together measuring up to 0.5 mm in length. They can be on the upper 

or lower leaf surface. The uredinia are sub-epidermal with the spores bursting 

through the epidermis and are yellow in color.

Telia. Can be scattered or in linear groups, oval or oblong, often irregular, and 

up to 1 mm in length. They can be on the upper or lower leaf surface. The telia 

are sub-epidermal and compact with the spores covered by the epidermis, dark 

brown to black in color and are without paraphyses (a sterile, upward-growing, 

basally attached hyphal element).

Description

Urediniospores. Are globose, subglobose or ovate, and subhyaline to pale 

golden brown in color. These spores are 20 to 25 x 15 to 23 μm. The cell wall 

is hyaline and 2 to 3.5 μm thick, minutely verrucose with scattered germ pores 

6 to 9 (obscure).

Teliospores. Are chestnut brown in color, globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, ovoid, 

or angular through mutual pressure. The apex is usually rounded, sometimes 

truncate or conical. The base is round or attenuate. The spores are 20 to 37 (to 

40) x 18 to 26 μm. The cell wall is smooth, 2 to 3.5 μm thick, 5 to 9 μm thick 

at the apex. The pedicel is persistent, brown in color near the apex, and 5 to 7 

mm wide up to 75 μm long.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-59

Notes

Spermogonia and aecia are unknown.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Uromyces gladioli. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS, USDA (accessed August 24, 2005).

Uromyces nyikensis [Syd. & P. Syd.] (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

In progress.

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp.

Hop nettlehead strain of Arabis mosaic virus 10-59

Verticillium wilt 10-61

Hop Nettlehead Strain of Arabis Mosaic Virus

Revised Feb. 1992; restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

Chlorogenus humuli (Holmes), Humulus Virus 2, Silly-Hill Disease Virus

Host

Humulus lupulus L.

Distribution

Hop nettlehead strain of Arabis mosaic virus was first described in 1895. It has 

been recognized in England for over 50 years. Similar, if not identical, diseases 

are reported from Czechia, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Tasmania, 

and Russia.

Citations may be found in the literature where hop nettlehead strain of Arabis 

mosaic virus, infectious sterility, and Krauselkrankheit are used synonymously. 

Present knowledge leaves this open to doubt.

English workers, as reported by Talboys (1964), recognize infectious sterility 

as being confined to eastern continental Europe. They feel that 

Krauselkrankheit, reported in Germany and other areas of eastern Europe, may 

be due to zinc deficiency. Furthermore, they are of the opinion that hop 

nettlehead strain of Arabis mosaic virus does not occur in continental Europe 

but is probably present in the United States.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp.

10-60 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Hoerner (1949,1954) reports virus diseases in New York and on the Pacific 

coast with symptoms similar to those associated with hop nettlehead strain of 

Arabis mosaic virus.

Symptoms

(After Blattny 1935, Burgess 1964): Shortly after new growth starts, infected 

plants are characterized by their many weak vines and nettle-like leaves. 

Infected plants do not climb well and if severely infected, they are bunched on 

the lower 3 to 5 feet of the support. The stems are spindly, stiff, and short. 

These symptoms are more evident early in the season while the weather is 

cool. Symptoms may become masked as the temperature increases. 

Leaves are undersized and closer together than normal. Younger leaves may 

exhibit an upcurling of the margins. There may be a slight vein clearing 

evident and the leaves may stand out stiffly from the stem.

Cone production is greatly reduced. Blattny (1935) has stated that the only

reliable external sign of the disease is the sterility of infected hop plants during 

3 consecutive years.

From reports in the literature it is apparent that symptoms vary from hill to hill, 

with the time of year observations are made, and with the amount of growth the 

plant has made.

Transmission

Hop nettlehead strain of Arabis mosaic virus can be transmitted by grafting. 

Burgess (1964) questions whether or not it might be mechanically transmitted 

in instances where adjacent vines may rub together. There is also some 

question as to the virus being soil-borne.

Recent investigations by Legg (1964), and Legg and Ormerod (1964) indicate 

that hop line pattern virus predisposes hops to infection by hop nettlehead 

strain of Arabis mosaic virus or that hop line pattern virus is a component of 

hop nettlehead strain of Arabis mosaic virus itself. Further studies revealed that 

split leaf blotch virus plus hop line pattern virus did not produce nettlehead, so 

evidently split leaf blotch virus is not a component of nettlehead.

Hop line pattern virus has been proven to be soil-borne. This confirms the 

earlier theory suggested by Burgess that nettlehead may be soil-borne.

References

1. Blattny, C. and V. Vukolov. 1935. Infectious sterility of the hop. Rec. Inst. 

Rach. agron. Rep. tchecosl. 137:3-18.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 24: Diseases of Humulus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-61

2. Burgess, A.H. 1964. Hops. London:Leonard Hill; New York: Interscience 

Publishers Inc. 151-64.

3. Hoerner, G.R., 1949. Hop diseases in the United States. Brewers Dig. 

24(4):45-51.

4. Hoerner, G.R., 1954. Virus diseases of hops. The Hopper 10(12):2-3.

5. Legg, J.T. 1964. Hop line-pattern virus in relation to the etiology and 

distribution of nettlehead disease, Am. Appl, Biol. 53(3):389-401.

6. Legg, J.T. and P.J.Ormerod. 1964. The association of split-leaf blotch virus 

with nettlehead disease of hops. Ann. Appl. Biol. 53(3):403-06.

7. Talboys, P.W. 1964. Diseases of the hop. Nature (London) 

203(4949):1021-22.

Verticillium Wilt

Causal Organism

A strain of Verticillium albo-atrum (Reinke and Barth)

Synonyms

Verticillium albo-atrum of hops, fluctuating strain, Verticillium albo-atrum of 

hops, progressive strain

Hosts

Humulus lupulus L., Lycopersicum asculentum Mill., Solanum tuberosum L. 

The hop strain can probably parasitize many or most of the same plants as the 

parent species but to a varying extent.

Distribution

England, Germany, New Zealand, and Tasmania

The report from Tasmania names V. dahliae as the causal organism, but this 

species is not uniformly treated as distinct from V. albo-atrum. The disease 

caused is similar. The first reports from New Zealand also named V. dahliae as 

the fungus involved, but this was later corrected to V. albo-atrum. Present 

research (Talboys) indicates that morphological characteristics can be used to 

clearly distinguish between the two species. As a result, more workers are 

accepting V. albo-atrum as the species involved in hop wilt.

Symptoms

The virulent or progressive form appears on a few plants. The lower leaves 

show “first yellowing and then gradual death of more and more leaves on the 

vines until eventually the whole plant is dead.”

Sometimes the tissue between the veins turns dark brown while that along the 

veins remains yellow giving a characteristic effect the English call “tiger 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 25: Diseases of Hydrangea spp.

10-62 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

striping.” The dead leaves fall off leaving the stem bare. In the stem, the 

vascular tissue becomes brown, at first on one side, but later it may all be 

involved. The infected plants are doomed. The Fuggle variety is very 

susceptible. This is one of the most valuable commercial varieties. Some 

progress has been made in developing resistant varieties.

The fluctuating form of the disease is milder. The leaves show no 

discoloration, but there is usually swelling in the vines, and browning of the 

vascular tissue is evident. Although the infected plants may wilt, they 

eventually recover and are rarely killed.

References

1. Keyworth, W.G. and J. Paine. 1950. Diseases of hops. Ann. Rep. East 

Malling Res. Sta. for 1949.

2. Talboys, P.W. 1964. Diseases of the hop. Nature (London) 203(4949): 

1021-22.

Circular 25: Diseases of Hydrangea spp.

Hydrangea rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-62

Hydrangea Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

August 2005

Causal organism

Puccinia glyceriae S. Ito

Synonyms

Aecidium hydrangeae-paniculatae (Dietel)

Hosts

Hydrangea paniculata (Siebold) and Glyceria spp.

Distribution

Japan

Symptoms

Spermogonia located mostly on the upper surface of the leaf and located in 

orange-yellow lesions.

Aecia located mostly on the lower surface of the leaf are cup shaped and pale 

yellow in color. The cells of the wall of an aecium are 24 to 32 x 16.5 to 22 μm. 

The outer wall has a pronounced warty appearance and the inner wall is much 

less so.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 25: Diseases of Hydrangea spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-63

Description

Spermatia are yellow to brown in color, sub-epidermal, and flask shaped.

Aeciospores are globose to broadly ellipsoid. They are 19 to 26.5 x 15 to 22 

μm with walls 0.7 to 1.2 μm thick and are hyaline and finely verrucose.

Notes

The uredinial and telial stages of this rust are found on species of Glyceria

(Poaceae).

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Puccinia glyceriae. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS. USDA.

Figure 10-29 Puccinia glyceriae

Figure 10-30 Puccinia glyceriae close up
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 26: Diseases of Jasminum spp.

10-64 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 26: Diseases of Jasminum spp.

Bacterial leaf spot of jasmine 10-64

Chlorotic ringspot, phyllody, yellow ring mosaic disease (federal 

quarantine significant) 10-64

Jasmine variegation agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-65

Sampaquita yellow ringspot mosaic disease (federal quarantine 

significant) 10-65

Bacterial Leaf Spot of Jasmine

Causal Organism

Xanthomonas jasminii (Rangaswami & Erwaran)

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.

Distribution

India (Madras State)

Symptoms

The disease first appears as minute water-soaked lesions on the upper leaf 

surfaces. These lesions soon become yellowish-green in color and enlarge in 

size. The spots may then coalesce to form linear or irregular spots that give a 

characteristic mosaic-like appearance to the leaf. On each leaf several spots 

may be closely crowded, but in some varieties there may be only a few 

localized spots. In the case of several affected plants, there is defoliation and 

stunted growth. Transverse sections of the leaves clearly show the presence of 

bacteria in the infected tissue. No other species appears to be attacked by this 

bacterium.

References

Ragaswami, G. and K.S.S. Eswaran. 1961. A bacterial leafspot disease of 

Jasminum. Curr. Sci. 30(9):352.

Chlorotic Ringspot, Phyllody, Yellow Ring Mosaic Disease 

(Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 26: Diseases of Jasminum spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-65

Jasmine Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant) 

Revised Oct. 1987; restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Jasminum officinalis L., J. humile var. Revolutum (Sims), J. Stokes, J. 

resolutum Sim

Distribution

Belgium, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and 

Germany

Symptoms

“Yellow variegation in the leaves and young branches” (Brierley 1944). In 

1713, a clergyman, John Lawrence, described it as follows: “You will find here 

and there some leaves tinged with yellow, even on other branches not

inoculated, till by degrees in succeeding years the whole tree, even the very 

wood of all the branches, shall be most beautifully stripped and dyed with 

yellow and green intermixed.”

A similar disease, but differing in that ring spots are among the symptoms, has 

been reported in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas (Hort. Soc. Jour. 14:187-88).

Transmission

By budding and grafting

References

1. Atanasoff, D. 1935. Old and new virus diseases of trees and shrubs. 

Phytopath. Zeitschr. 8(2):212; 197-223.

2. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

3. Lawrence, J. 1715. The clergyman's recreation 65. (abs. W.A. Orton. 1924. 

An early report of infectious chlorosis. Phytopath. 14:198-99).

Sampaquita Yellow Ringspot Mosaic Disease (Federal 

Quarantine Significant)

In progress.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

10-66 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

Juniper pear rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-66

Juniper rust 10-68

Needlecast disease (federal quarantine significant) 10-70

Juniper Pear Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Gymnosporangium asiaticum (Miyabe ex Yamada)

Synonyms

G. chinense Long, G. haraeanum Syd., G. koreaense Jackson, G. spiniferum

Syd., Roestelia koreaensis P. Henn.

Hosts

Telial. Juniperus chinensis. L.

Aecial and Pycnial. Cydonia oblonga Mill., C. (Chaenomeles) sinensis Thouin, 

Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach., Malus (Pyrus) sieboldii

(Regel) Rehd., Pyrus communis L., P. pyrifolia var. Culta (Makino) Naka. (P.

serotina var. culta), P. ussuriensis Maxim (P. sinensis) Photinia spp.

Distribution

Eastern Asia and United States (East and West coasts)

Symptoms

Pycnial. On the upper surface of the leaves, on spots, first small, punctiform and 

orange-yellow in color, gregarious in groups 2.5 mm in diameter, few in 

number, pycnospores small fusoid.

Aecial. On the underside of the leaf opposite the pycnia on thickened, welldeveloped, brown spots having a beautiful, yellowish-red margin, very slender, 

3 to 6 mm high, cinereous; peridium tubular, not recurved in dehiscence, 

irregularly torn at the end, liberating reddish-brown aeciospores.

Telial. On the leaves (needles) of Juniperus, forming reddish-brown, gelatinous 

masses, dark chestnut when dry, pulvinate. It may be added that the telia are 

small when dry measuring about 2 mm high and 1 mm thick, but when wet, 

they are swollen to about 15 to 20 mm in length and proportionate width. Good 

illustrations may be found in Jackson's (1916) paper.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-67

Description

Aeciospores. Globose to broadly ellipsoid, often slightly angular 17 to 25 μm in 

diameter, the wall is yellow, finely and densely verrucose, 1.5 to 2.5 μm thick, 

and about 6 to 8 pores, slightly thickened.

Teliospores. Broadly to narrowly ellipsoid, 2 celled, slightly constricted, 32 to 

47 x 15 to 25 μm. The wall is yellow to cinnamon in color, 1 to 1.5 μm thick, 

pores 2 per cell by the septum.

References

1. Arthur, J.C. 1934. Manual of the rusts in the United States and Canada. 

Lafayette, IN:Purdue Research Foundation. 173; 270; 366-67.

2. Farr, D.F. et al. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United 

States. St. Paul, MN:APS Press 564-65; 726; 979.

3. Jackson, H.S. 1916. An Asiatic species of Gymnosporangium established 

in Oregon. J. Agrl. Res. 5:1003-09.

4. Laundon, G. 1977. Gymnosporangium asiaticum. in: CMI descriptions of 

pathogenic fungi & bacteria. #541 CAB/CMI:Kew, Surrey, England.

5. Tanaka, T. 1922. New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations XII. 

Mycologia 14:282-95.

Figure 10-31 Gymnosporangium asiaticum on Juniperus; telial spores
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

10-68 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Juniper Rust

December 13, 1965; restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Gymnosporangium japonicum Syd.

Synonyms

Gymnosporangium photiniae (Kern), Roestelia photiniae P. Henn., R. 

pourthiaeae

Hosts

Telial. Juniperus chinensis L., J. chinensis var. pfitzeriana, Spaeth. Possibly 

others

Aecial and Pycnial. Heteromeles (Photinia) arbutifolia M. Roem., P. villosa

(Thunb.) D.C. (Possibly) Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai (P. serotina)

Distribution

China, France, Holland, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Siberia, United States 

(coastal areas)

Symptoms

Aecial. Described from herbarium material; no published description found. 

They appear on the upper surface of the leaf as reddish-yellow spots with a 

darker center. The darkening is caused by the presence of the tiny black pycnia 

that erupt through the epidermis. The spots are round with an indefinite 

margin, and measure 2 to 3 mm in diameter. On the lower surface the spots are 

yellowish to cinnamon-brown in color and are much swollen in the center; the 

swollen area is occupied by the aecia that are clustered there and appear to the 

eye as slender, light-colored hairs projecting down and outward. On the 

specimen examined, they are about 2 mm long.

Telial. The telia are born on the stems and twigs of Juniperus on fusiform 

swelling or galls. Dried telia are cinnamon-brown in color and appear villous 

or felty due to the telial horns.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-69

Description

Aecia hypophyllous, in crowded or somewhat annular groups on thickened 

discolored spots, cylindric,.4 to.5 mm in diameter by 2 to 3 mm high, peridium 

soon becoming irregularly lacerate and cancellate often to base, erect or 

slightly spreading; peridial cells seen in both face and side views, broadly 

lanceolate or oval in face view, 29 to 32 x 64 to 90 μm, oblong in side view, 23 

to 32 μm thick, coarsely rugose on both inner and side walls, the ridges 

becoming much higher on the side walls and extending clear across. Outer wall 

1.5 to 2 μm thick, inner and side wall 5 to 7 μm; aeciospores, 18 to 21 x 19 to 

23 μm, wall pale cinnamon-brown in color, 1.5 to 2 μm thick, and very finely 

verrucose.

Telia caulicolous, appearing on gradual fusiform enlargements scattered 

irregularly wedge-shaped, often incised at apex and lacunose below, 3 to 5 μm 

high, cinnamon-brown in color, teliospores 2-celled ellipsoid, 18 to 22 by 57 to 

66 μm, not or very slightly constricted, usually narrowed above and below, 

wall pale cinnamon-brown, rather thin, 1 to 1.5 μm; pores 2 in each cell, near 

the septum.

Figure 10-32 Gymnosporangium japonicum on Juniperus spp.; sori on 

branches
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 27: Diseases of Juniperus spp.

10-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Arthur, J.C. 1934. Manual of the rusts in the United States and Canada. 

Lafayette, IN:Purdue Research Foundation. 173; 270; 366-67.

2. Kern, F.D. 1911. A biologic and taxonomic study of the genus 

Gymnosporangium. N.Y. Bot. Gard. Bull. 7:391-494.

3. Long, W.H. 1914. An undescribed species of Gymnosporangium from 

Japan. J. Agrl. Res. 1:353-56.

4. Tanaka, T. 1922. New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations XII. 

Mycologia 14:282-95.

5. Viennot-Bourgin, G. 1935. (a note on Gymnosporangium japonicum Syd.) 

in Bull. Soc. Sci. Seine-et-Oise Ser. III, 111, 1-3:1-17.

Needlecast Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Stigmina deflectens Karst Ellis

Synonyms

Exosporium deflectens Karst.

Hosts

Juniperus spp.

Distribution

Austria, Finland, Romania, United States (South Dakota)

Symptoms

Minute brownish fruiting bodies of the fungus are arranged along the sides of 

the median veins of the upper side of the needles, but these fruiting bodies do 

not appear until the leaves have begun to turn brown.

As both the leaves of Juniperus and the fruiting bodies are very small, and 

because many other rather similar fungi may also be present on the leaves, it is 

unlikely the disease can be recognized by the macroscopic symptoms. If there 

is reason to suspect S. defectens is present, submit for microscopic examination 

any twigs showing dead brown leaves and needle shedding to the Postentry 

Quarantine Unit.

Description

Stomata up to 200 μm wide, and dark brown in color. Conidiophores are 6 to 

15 x 2.5 to 4 μm with up to 4 annellations. Conidia are brown in color, 

verruculose, 2 to 3 septate, 11 to 19 x 4 to 5.5 μm. 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 28: Diseases of Larix spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-71

References

1. Ellis, M.B. 1959. Clasterosporium and some allied Dematiaceae 

Phragmosporae. II Comm. Mycol. Inst. Papers #72.

2. Ellis, M.B. 1976. More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. CAB/CMI:Kew, 

Surrey, England 119.

3. Farr, D.F. et al. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United 

States. St. Paul, MN:APS Press 564-65; 726; 979.

4. Karsten, P.A. 1888. Fragments of mycology. Finnish, XVII, Hedwigia 

22:259.

5. CFR 319.37§2 (1-1-95).

Circular 28: Diseases of Larix spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

European larch canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-71

European Larch Canker (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 29: Diseases of Ligustrum spp.

Ligustrum mosaic agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-71

Ligustrum Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

Ligustrum variegation virus, Ligustrum infectious chlorosis, Marmor ligustri 

Holmes

Hosts

Ligustrum vulgare L. (common privet)

Distribution

Europe

Symptoms

Clear yellow leaf spotting (Brierly 1944) and systemic chlorotic spotting 

(Holmes 1939) have been reported. Baur (1907) wrote that the chlorotic plants 

he produced by budding and grafting had “yellow spotted leaves” as those 

found on Ligustrum vulgare var. aureovariegatis.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 29: Diseases of Ligustrum spp.

10-72 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Another virus designated as “crinkle mosaic” (Schmelzer 1962) and regarded 

as a strain of Arabis mosaic virus was obtained from expressed leaf sap of 

plants infected by crinkle mosaic. This virus produces marked necrotic 

symptoms on a number of different hosts.

Transmission

By budding and grafting; not transmitted through the seed.

References

1. Baur, E. et al. 1907. Uber eine infektiose Chlorosen bei Ligustrum, 

Laburnum, Fraxinus, Sorbus, and Ptelea. Bericht. d. Deutsch. Bot. 

Gesellsch. 25:410-13.

2. Bergey, D.H. et al. 1948. Manual of determinative bacteriology. 6th ed. 

Baltimore:The Williams & Wilkins Co. 1187.

3. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

Figure 10-33 Ligustrum mosaic agent on Ligustrum spp.

NOTICE

A virus designated as “yellow spot” was investigated more recently by Schmelzer 

(1962) who reported that it does not belong to the ring spot group of viruses. It was 

transmitted from Ligustrum to Ligustrum by grafting.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 30: Diseases of Litchi spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-73

4. Holmes, F.O. 1939. A handbook of phytopathogenic viruses. Minneapolis. 

MN:Burgee Publishing Co. 51; 52; 112-13.

5. Scmelzer, K. 1962. Untersuchungen an Viren der Zier-und Wildgeholze. 2. 

Mitteilung. Virosen an Forsythia, Lonicera, Ligustrum, und Laburnum. 

Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 46:105-38.

6. CFR 319.37§2.

Circular 30: Diseases of Litchi spp.

Phytophthora litchii (federal quarantine significant) 10-73

Witches’ broom 10-46

Phytophthora litchii (Federal Quarantine Significant)

July 2012

Synonyms

Peronophythora litchii

Hosts

Dimocarpus longan (longan); Litchi chinensis (litchi/lychee)

Distribution

China, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan, and Papua New Guinea

Symptoms

Fruit has downy blight; droopy leaves and leaf blight; immature plants present 

with water-soaked lesions that turn into brown, round, or irregular lesions 

(approximately 3 to 5 cm long), mature plants present with dark brown lesions 

on the stem and numerous sporangia on sporangiophores

References

1. Ann, PJ, JN Tsai, and HR Yang. 2012. First report of leaf and stem down 

blight of longan seedlings caused by Peronophythora litchii in Taiwan. 

Plant Disease DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-0009-PDN.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

10-74 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

Apple branch canker 10-74

Apple canker 10-76

Apple mosaic virus 10-77

Apple proliferation phytoplasma (federal quarantine significant) 10-80

Chlorotic leafspot virus 10-80

Rough bark (phompsis canker) (federal quarantine significant) 10-81

Rubbery wood phytoplasma (federal quarantine significant) 10-83

Valsa ceratosperma (V. mali) (federal quarantine significant) 10-83

Apple Branch Canker

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Valsa ceratosperma (Tode ex Fr.) Maire (perfect state), Cytospora sacculus

(Schwein.) Gvritischvili (imperfect state)

Synonyms

Valsa mali (Miyabe and Yamada)

Hosts

Malus pumila Mill., M. X. zumi Mats. Rehd. (Populus nigra Linn., Salix 

sachalinensis Friedr. Schmidt., Prunus serrulata Lindl., and P. yedoensis Mats. 

have been inoculated successfully, but infection died out within one year.)

Distribution

Japan, China, and Korea, Republic of

Symptoms

In the early spring, the bark presents a swollen, water-soaked appearance 

especially when wet. The spots are brownish in color, irregular or nearly 

oblong in circumference, with gradual drying, the somewhat elevated canker 

becomes slightly sunken, more or less darkened, and cracked on the surface. 

Cankers are usually found on the upper side of large limbs of older trees. A 

large number of small, black pycnidia appear in late May on recent lesions, and 

spore horns are visible approximately one month later. A girdling type of 

injury has also been observed on weakened branches and small twigs. Girdling 

is rare in the first year of infection.
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4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-75

Description

Pycnidia and perithecia of the pathogen occur in a stroma in the bark, 

punctiform or wart-like, of various sizes (in culture 1 to 3 mm in diameter), 

junction with the sound tissue indefinite, black; pycnidia deeply immersed in 

the stroma, divided into many irregular chambers (Togashi 1924) flask-shaped 

(Tanaka 1919), opening by a slender, canal-like neck, 80 to 200 μm in 

diameter; conidia cylindrical or allantoid, obtuse at both ends, 4 to 10 x.8 to 1.7 

μm (Togashi 1924), expelled in yellow (Togashi 1924), buff (Tanaka 1919) 

cirrhi; perithecia circinate surrounding the pycnidial cavity, flash-shaped, longnecked, with black walls, the necks thickened above and slightly protruding, 

100 to 250 μm in diameter; asci numerous, clavate, often pedicellate, 24 to 42 

x 5.5 to 15 μm hyaline, 8-spored, aparaphysate; ascospores cylindrical, slightly 

curved continuous, hyaline, 7 to 10 x 1.4 to 2.1 μm.

Notes

The disease is reported to have seriously damaged a large number of apple 

trees in Japan, where it is said to have appeared following the introduction of 

American apple varieties. Its appearance at that time might be explained either 

by the introduction of the disease on the American varieties, or by increased 

virulence of a Japanese fungus on an introduced host. Suggesting the first of 

these explanations, Togashi (1924) states the Valsa mali corresponds better to 

the description of the disease described by Leonian (1921) in New Mexico 

than does V. leucostoma (Pers.) Fr. to which Leonian (1921) attributed it. This 

statement apparently applies only to the disease caused by the fungus and its 

visible symptoms as Leonian (1921) did not give the characters of the 

organism, V. leucostoma, in his paper. The description of the latter fungus 

(Saccardo 1888) shows differences in the shape of the asci, and in the size of 

the ascospores.

References

1. Hunt, R. and A.L. Lohr. Foreign diseases of Malus, Pyrus, and Cydonia. 

FPQM 10:30-3 (processed).

2. Leonian, L.H. 1921. Studies on the Valsa apple canker in New Mexico. 

Phytopath. 11:236-43.

3. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

4. Sakuma, T. 1990. Valsa canker. in: Compendium of apple and pear 

diseases. A.L. Jones and H.S. Aldwinckle (eds.). Minneapolis, MN:APS 

Press 39-40.

5. Tanaka, T. 1922. New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations VII. 

Mycologia 11:148-54.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

10-76 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

6. Togashi, K. 1924. Some studies on a Japanese apple canker and its causal 

fungus Valsa mali. J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. (Sapporo Japan) 

12:265-324.

Apple Canker

Revised Oct. 1965; restructured Mar. 1996

Causal Organism

Perfect State. Physalospora piricola Nose

Imperfect State. Macrophoma kuwetsukai Hara

Hosts

Malus sylvestris Mill. (apple) Pyrus communis L. (pear)

Symptoms

On Trunks and Branches. Lesions are nearly circular to elliptical except when, 

by coalescence, they become irregular in shape. Separated from the sound 

tissue by a crack or crevice around the margin, and slightly depressed, brown 

to gray in color, many fruiting bodies on the surface, which is raised at the 

center and, at the last, broken open.

On Leaves. Brown to dark brown spots are formed that are rather round or 

elliptical surrounded by a ring, but when the spots become confluent, they take 

irregular shapes.

Description

(after Nose 1933) Perithecia, ostiolate, carbonous, black, spherical or 

semispherical, 230 to 300 μm high by 130 to 280 μm wide (average 245 x 229 

μm); asci 8-spored, several of different ages, develop on the base, long clavate 

wall rather thin except at the apex, inner wall grooved, 93 to 121.3 x 20.3 to 

23.2 μm (average 114.4 x 22.2 μm); ascospores distichous, elliptical, hyaline 

or greenish-blue in color, continuous, 21.7 to 22.6 x 10.4 to 12.2 μm (average 

22.2 x 11.4 μm) no gelatinous sheath; paraphyses many, hyaline, simple, 2.9 to 

6.1 μm thick.

Pycnidia submerged, ostiole short, carbonous, dark brown nearly spherical, 

170 to 250 high x 200 to 250 μm wide (average 184 to 204 μm); conidiophores 

lining the whole wall, clavate, hyaline, continuous, simple, 11.6 to 31.9 x 2.9 to 

4.4 μm (average 20.30 x 3.19 μm); pseudoparaphyses hyaline, non-septate 

unbranched 34.8 to 63.8 x 2 to 3.5 μm (average 47 x 2.9 μm); conidia fusoid or 

long elliptic, hyaline, continuous, 21.8 to 31.9 x 6.7 to 8.7 μm (average 26.5 x 

7.5 μm).

Perithecia and pycnidia may be intermixed on the same lesion.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

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4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-77

References

Nose, T. 1933. On the physiologic specialization of P. oryzae in Korea. Ann. 

Agr. Exp. Sta. Chosen 7(2):156. (in Japanese).

Apple Mosaic Virus

Synonyms

Infectious variegation, line patter, mottle leaf, mosaic chlorosis, pear ring 

patter mosaic, Pyrus virus 2

Time of Year to Inspect

Within 6 weeks after leaves are fully out

Symptoms

Plant. Somewhat stunted compared to healthy plants of the same age.

Leaf. Has many forms of mottling. Small irregular yellow-to-cream spots that 

stand out vividly against the dark green of normal tissue. Spots turn brown and 

become necrotic as the season progresses. Bands of yellow may develop along 

the larger veins.

Stems. None

Fruit. None

Flowers. None

Transmission

Mechanical and grafting

Discussion

There are several strains of apple mosaic virus. In New Zealand tests, severely 

infected trees, after several years of production, yielded only 33% of the fruit 

of healthy trees grown under similar situations.

Distribution

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, British Isles, Bulgaria, Canada, 

Chile, China, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, India, 

Italy, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Rhodesia, 

Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United States, Russia, 

and Serbia (formerly Yugoslavia).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

10-78 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Figure 10-34 Distribution of apple mosaic virus

Figure 10-35 Bark cankers (right) on second-year Pyrus variety “Winter Nelis” 

wood caused by pear blister canker viroid
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-79

References

1. Anonymous. 1963. CMI Plant Disease Distribution Map #354 ed. 2. CMI/

CAB: Surrey, England.

2. Gilmer, R.M. 1956. Probable coidentity of Shiro plum line pattern virus 

and apple mosaic. Phytopath. 46:127-28.

3. Hunter, J.A. et al. 1958. Note on transmission of apple mosaic by natural 

root grafting. N.Z.J. Agr. Res. 1:80-82.

4. Kemp, P. 1971. Deciduous fruit in Rhodesia. Tech. Bul. Rhodesia Min. 

Agr. 13:55-60 (Sect. 9).

5. Krause, R. et al. 1970. Preliminary symptom studies on virus diseases of 

deciduous fruit trees in Chile. Agr. Tec. 30(4):215-17.

6. Kristensen, J.R. and A. Thomsen. 1970. Virussygdomme hos Aebletraeer. 

Tidsskr. 74(1):1-23.

7. McCrum, R.C. et al. 1960. Apple virus diseases. Joint bulletin as: ME Agr. 

Exp. Sta. Bul. 595, NH Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 101.

8. Nicolaescu, M. 1970. Experimental investigations concerning apple 

mosaic virus in Romania. Revue roum. Biol. Ser. bot. 15(2):119-23.

9. Ozkan, M. and S. Kurcman. 1976. Virus diseases observed in Central 

Anatolian apple orchards. Bitki Koruma Bul. 16(2):106-15.

Figure 10-36 Roughening, brown mottling and blistering (right) of second-year 

Pyrus spp. wood; symptoms caused by pear blister canker viroid
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

10-80 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

10. Posnette, A.F. 1963. Virus diseases of apples and pears. CAB Tech. Com. 

30:19-21.

11. Rakus, D. and V. Maliarcikova. 1976. Vyskyt virosovych a 

mykoplazmalickych chorob Jablome. Ochrama Rostin 12(3):171-80.

12. Smith, K.M. 1972. A textbook of plant virus diseases. New York:Academic 

Press. 25-27; 121-27; 149.

13. Wei, N.S. 1963. A preliminary report of the apple mosaic virus, Acta 

phytopath. Sinica 6(1):48-67.

14. Welsh, M.F. and F.W.L. Keane. 1961. Diseases of apple in British 

Columbia that are caused by viruses or have the characteristics of virus 

diseases. Can. Plt. Dis. Survey 41(3):123-47.

15. Wood, G.A. et al. 1975. Field studies with apple mosaic virus. N.Z.J. Agr. 

Res. 18:399-404.

16. Zawadzka, B. et al. 1967. Nature and distribution of pome fruit viruses in 

Poland. P.D.R. Suppl. 51(2):115-20.

Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Causal Organism

Candidatus Phytoplasma mali (Seemuller & Schneider) (federal quarantine 

significant)

Host

Corylus avellana

Symptoms

Yellowing, sparse foliage, stunting, dieback, and general decline

For further information, See Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (Federal 

Quarantine Significant) on page 10-29.

Chlorotic Leafspot Virus

Hosts

Malus spp.

Distribution

Canada and United States
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-81

Symptoms

This is a virus disease of apple that might be confused with apple mosaic. In 

this disease the patterns are quite similar to the line pattern and flecking 

expressions of apple mosaic but the color does not progress to yellow or white. 

In fresh leaves the lines and flecks are a faint grayish-white in color.

According to Welsh and Keane (1961) “Leaves of infected trees have chlorotic 

flecks associated with veins and veinlets. These are usually accompanied by 

leaf puckering and dwarfing. Symptoms are most severe on the leaves that 

develop early in the season.” Chlorotic leafspot symptoms have also been 

associated with stem pitting symptoms.

References

1. McCrum, R.C. et al. 1960. Apple virus diseases. Joint bulletin as: ME Agr. 

Exp. Sta. Bul. 595, NH Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 101.

2. Welsh, M.F. and F.W. L. Keane. 1961. Diseases of apple in British 

Columbia that are caused by viruses or have the characteristics of virus 

diseases. Can. Plt. Dis. Survey 41(3):123-47.

Rough Bark (Phomopsis Canker) (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Revised and restructured Mar. 1996

Causal Organism

Perfect state. Diaportle perniciosa Em. Marchal

Imperfect state. Phomopsis mali Roberts

Synonyms

D. eres Nitschke and D. mali Miura

Hosts

Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

Distribution

Japan, Europe, and North America

Symptoms

Pale, discolored spots are produced on the leaves measuring 1 to 2 cm in 

diameter. Spotted leaves become curled, and finally fall before their time.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 31: Diseases of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.

10-82 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

On the fruits, mature spots measure 2 to 8 mm in diameter. They are round, 

solitary, or irregularly coalescent, more or less sunken, usually deeper in color 

than the surrounding tissue. The underlying tissue is brown to dark-brown in 

color, of spongy texture, and has a slightly bitter taste.

Description

D. perniciosa. Produces perithecia on twigs that are spheroid or oblate 

spheroidal, 300 to 450 μm in diameter, outer wall intensely black, inner wall 

light brown, beaks long, conspicuously hairy near the end; asci fusoid, obtuse 

above, somewhat pedicellate below, 45 to 52 x 5 to 10 μm, 8-spored; 

ascospores biseriate, fusoid, both ends obtuse, 1-septate, constricted, 2-

nucleate in each cell (guttulate) hyaline, 11 to 13 x 3.5 to 4.5 μm.

Phomopsis. Pycnidia of the Phomopsis state on decayed fruit, numerous, 

irregular, scattered or in concentric zones, later covered by white or 

olivaceous-white, cottony hyphae, semi-spherical, 70 to 220 x 70 to 130 μm, 

conidia issuing in a pinkish-brown cirrhus or mass, of two kinds A-spores 

ellipsoidal, acute at both ends, continuous, hyaline, guttulate at both ends, 7 to 

9 x 3 to 4 μm; B-spores filiform, slightly curved, or may be hooked near the 

end cylindrospores are also produced. Chlamydospores in chains, cinereous or 

greenish, thick-walled, granulate, 10 to 14 x 5 to 8 μm; cylindrospores straight 

or curved, tapering towards the apex, pale pinkish-brown in mass, colorless or 

greenish when alone, 2 to 7 septate, occasionally constricted at the septum, 38 

to 80 x 3 to 4 μm.

References

1. Hunt, R. and A.L. Lohr. Foreign diseases of Malus, Pyrus, and Cydonia. 

FPQM 10:30-3 (processed).

2. Miura, M. 1915. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. Aomori-ken, Japan. #15:77-116.

3. Rosenberger, D.A. 1990. Phompsis canker, rough bark and fruit decay. in: 

Compendium of apple and pear diseases. A.L. Jones and H.S. Aldwinckle 

(eds.) Minneapolis:APS Press 38-39.

4. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

5. Tanaka, T. 1919. New Japanese fungi. Mycologia 11:148-54.

NOTICE

Phomopsis rough bark refers to distinctive symptoms produced on the apple cultivar 

“Yellow Newton.” The first symptom is sunken areas in the bar. These later enlarge, 

blacken, and crack open at the margins, giving the tree a rough bark appearance 

(Rosenberger 1990).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-83

Rubbery Wood Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant) 

Hosts

Malus spp.

Distribution

Australia, Canada (British Columbia), Denmark, England, Italy, New Zealand, 

Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and United States 

(experimental plantings only)

Symptoms

(after Brase and Gilmer 1959) Affected trees are slightly stunted and their 

branches and trunks are very definitely rubbery when touched or bent. In each 

case the side branches developing from the trunk showed the characteristic 

“bottle-neck” growth habit associated with rubbery wood; that is, thickening at 

a point near the origin with an abrupt and pronounced taper of the growth from 

there outward.

Smith (1972) stated that “affected maiden trees frequently develop a vigorous 

side branch from a point a few inches above ground level and this branch may 

outstrip the leader.” The wood is not fully lignified as can be seen when a 

branch is cut across and properly stained. No diagnostic fruit or leaf symptoms 

have been recognized.

References

1. Brase, K.D. and R.M. Gilmer. 1959. The occurrence of rubbery wood virus 

of apple in New York. Plt. Dis. Reptr. 43:157-58.

2. Smith, K.M. 1972. A textbook of plant virus diseases. New York:Academic 

Press. 25-27; 121-27; 149.

Valsa ceratosperma (V. Mali) (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

Ceratocystis manginecans (sudden decline of mango) 10-84

Ceratocystis mangicola (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) 10-85

Ceratocystis mangivora (Sordariomycetes: Microascales) 10-85

Fusarium sterilihyphosum (federal quarantine significant) 10-86

Fusarium tupiense (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) 10-87
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

10-84 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) 

10-88

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae 10-88

Ceratocystis manginecans (sudden decline of mango)

Causal Organism

Ceratocystis manginecans

Synonyms

Mango killer

Hosts

Mangifera indica

Distribution

Oman, Pakistan, and United Arab Emirates; is now spreading from the eastern 

region of Sharjah Emirate to the Bathnah, Masafi, Dhena, Dabaa, and Kalbaa 

regions.

Symptoms

Disease characterized by sudden browning and wilting of leaves on mango 

trees, branches gradually drying out until the whole plant dies.

Transmission

The primary insect vectors are fungal-feeding insects (Nitidulidae, Coleoptera) 

not associated with particular plants. Ambrosia beetles such as Xyleborus and 

Hypocryphalus species may facilitate the fungal dispersal by tunneling through 

infested wood and expelling frass with fungal spores.

The pathogen can also be transmitted through various kinds of infected host 

debris, i.e., infected insect frass and sawdust spread by wind, rain, or running 

water. The pathogen can also be transferred from wood or wood packaging 

material on infected insect frass, sawdust, or on cutting tools and other 

equipment.

Notes

The fungus prevents the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the 

branches and twigs of the mango tree. The fungus is currently a reportable, 

actionable pest. Postentry quarantine status applies to plants being grown for 

fruit production only.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-85

References

1. Thorpe et al., 2005.

2. CABI, 2007.

3. Isla & Ravelo, 1989.

Ceratocystis mangicola (Sordariomycetes: Microascales)

November 22, 2011

Hosts

Mangifera indica (mango)

Distribution

Brazil

Symptoms

Symptoms of mango blight including wilting of stems, leaves, and flowers

Notes

Associated with the wood-boring beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Little information is available regarding the host 

range and distribution. Ceratocystis mangicola (Sordariomycetes: 

Microascales) is listed as reportable in the PEST ID database.

Reference

Van Wyk, M, BD Wingfield, AO Al-Adawi, CJ Rossetto, MF Ito, & MJ 

Wingfield. 2011. Two new Ceratoystis species associated with mango disease 

in Brazil. Mycotaxon 117(1):381–404.

Ceratocystis mangivora (Sordariomycetes: Microascales)

November 22, 2011

Hosts

Mangifera indica (mango)

Distribution

Brazil

Symptoms

Symptoms of mango blight including wilting of stems, leaves, and flowers

Notes

Associated with the wood-boring beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Little information is available regarding the host 

range and distribution. Ceratocystis mangivora (Sordariomycetes: 

Microascales) is listed as reportable in the PEST ID database.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

10-86 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Reference

Van Wyk, M, BD Wingfield, AO Al-Adawi, CJ Rossetto, MF Ito, & MJ 

Wingfield. 2011. Two new Ceratoystis species associated with mango disease 

in Brazil. Mycotaxon 117(1):381–404.

Fusarium sterilihyphosum (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Causal Organism

Fusarium sterilihyphosum

Synonyms

Mango malformation disease (MMD)

Hosts

Mangifera indica

Distribution

Southern Senegal (Kolda, Sedhion, and Ziguinchor regions), Egypt, and South 

Africa

Symptoms

Disease characterized by malformation of flowers that prevent fruit from 

setting by transforming flowers into leaves as well as malformation on 

seedlings and even on big trees, causing distortion of the apical buds and 

mummification.

Transmission

The disease is normally spread over long distances by infected seedlings or 

grafting buds. Locally, infested parts spread the disease to the entire tree or 

orchard. Flowers, seedlings, branches, and leaves and older trees show 

symptoms of MMD where fungus develops spores (a primary source of 

infection) especially during the rainy season. Spores are spread by mango 

mites or by the wind to infect other trees and orchards.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

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4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-87

Notes

There are two additional identified fungus species known to cause MMD: F. 

mangiferae and F. subglutinans. There is also another species that has never

been identified and reported, but is similar to F. sterilihyphosum in outward 

appearance. Research is being conducted to identify this new species. F. 

mangiferae is reportable/actionable pending APHIS evaluation of 

implementing official control with input from the National Plant Health Board. 

Commonwealth regulatory issues may exist. F. subglutinans (teleomorph: 

Gibberella subglutinans) is nonquarantine significant.

Within 3 years MMD could reportedly cause losses of up to 98% of mango 

production in Senegal, not to mention the probability of affecting the West 

African region which is already under attack of fruit fly species such as: 

Bactrocera invadens, B. cucurbite, Ceratitis cosyra, and C. capitata.

References

1. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

2. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

3. International Plant Diagnostic Network (IPDN)

4. Agricultural Services and Producer Organizations Program (PSAOP)

5. Dr. Lamine Senghor, Laboratory of Plant Pathology at the Ministry of 

Agriculture’s Direction de la Protection des Vegetaux (Crop Protection 

Directorate (DPV)

Fusarium tupiense (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales)

July 2012

Causal Organism

Fusarium tupiense (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales)

Symptoms

Mango malformation disease including vegetative parts and flowers

Distribution

Brazil

References

1. Lima, CS, LH Pfenning, SS Costa, LM de Abreu, and JF Leslie. 2012. 

Fusarium tupiense sp. nov., a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex 

that causes mango malformation in Brazil. Mycologia DOI: 10.3852/12-

052.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 32: Diseases of Mangifera spp.

10-88 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: 

Botryosphaeriales)

September 14, 2011

Causal Agent

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales)

Hosts

Mangifera indica (mango); Eucalyptus spp.; and Acacia mangium (black 

wattle)

Distribution

Brazil and Venezuela

Symptoms

Dieback

Notes

Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) is not

known to occur in the United States.

References

Marques, MW, NB Lima, SJ Michereff, MPS Câmara, & CRB Souza. 2011. 

First report of mango dieback caused by Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum

(Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) in Brazil. Plant Disease DOI: 10.1094/

PDIS-05-11-0425.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae

June 2011

Causal Organism

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangeiferaeindicae (Gammaproteobacteria: 

Xanthomonadales)

Synonyms

X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae

Host

Mangifera indica (mango) and Anacardium occidentale (cashew)

Notes

Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangeiferaeindicae is an economically important 

pathogen of mango and Anacardium occidentale (cashew) and is reportable in 

the PEST ID database
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 33: Diseases of Morus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-89

Symptoms

Raised, angular, black lesions

Distribution

Africa, Asia, Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, and New Zealand

References

1. Pruvost, O, C Boyer, K. Vital, C Verniere, L Gagnevin, and I Somda. 2011. 

First report in Burkina Faso of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae

causing bacterial canker on Mangiera indica. Plant Disease 95(10):1312.

Circular 33: Diseases of Morus spp.

Mulberry rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-89

Mulberry mosaic agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-90

Mulberry Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Synonyms

Aecidium mori (Barclay) Dietel, Caeoma mori Barclay, Peridiopsora mori

(Barclay) Sacc., Uredo mori (Barclay) K.V. Prasad

Hosts

Broussonetia spp. and Morus spp.

Distribution

Afghanistan, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Pakistan, 

Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Timor-Leste

Symptoms

Aecia. Located on both the upper and lower surface of the leaf. They can be 

solitary or in groups, sometimes densely clustered on leaves, buds, and 

branches, also on the veins and petioles. They can be in elongated clusters up 

to one centimeter long causing distortion and excessive host tissue growth. The 

aecia are cup shaped and deeply immersed in the plant tissue.

Description

Aecia. peridia are prominent, easily splitting vertically with the cells oblong to 

polygonal, 14 to 31 x 10 to 21 μm the inner wall 0.5 to 1 μm thick and 

verrucose. The outer wall is 3.5 μm thick, smooth to finely verrucose.

Aeciospores. angularly globose to ellipsoid, densely and minutely verrucose, 

hyaline to pale yellow. They are 11 to 20 x 9 to 17 μm with walls 1.5 μm thick.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 33: Diseases of Morus spp.

10-90 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Notes

Spermogonia, uredinia, and telia are unknown.

References

Hernandez, J.R. Invasive fungi. Aecidium mori. Systematic Botany & 

Mycology Lab., ARS. USDA.

Mulberry Mosaic Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Synonyms

Mulberry mosaic, mulberry virosis virus, mulberry dwarf phytoplasma, 

mulberry mosaic agent

Hosts

Morus alba L., Morus spp.; possibly Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.

Distribution

China, India, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Thailand, and Russia

Symptoms

Chlorotic patches of various sizes and shapes are found on the leaves. Diseased 

leaves are very much puckered and become papery. Malformation of the leaves 

is also very characteristic of the disease particularly on the younger leaves. Tu 

(1932) adds that the plants may be stunted and the leaves mottled. Brierley 

(1944), crediting Endo and Kurasawa (1937), states that there may be enations 

on the under surface of the leaves and that rosetting and proliferation of lateral 

buds may occur. Intracellular bodies occur in epidermal and mesophyll cells.

Transmission

By grafting

References

1. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

2. Endo, Y. and T. Kurasawa. 1937. On a strange virosis of the mulberry tree 

(Japanese with English resume). Bull. Sericult. and Silk Indust., Uyeda 

9:115-32.

3. Ho, W.T.H. and L.Y. Li. 1936. Mosaic disease of mulberry (Morus alba

L.). in: Preliminary note on the virus diseases of some economic plants in 

Kwangtung Province. Lingnan Sci. J. (China) 15:73-74.

4. Tu, C. 1932. Mulberry (Morus alba L.). In notes on diseases of economic 

plants in South China. Lingnan Sci. J. 11:496-97.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 34: Diseases of Olea spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-91

5. CFR 319.37§2.

Circular 34: Diseases of Olea spp.

Olive latent ringspot virus 10-91

Olive partial paralysis virus 10-91

Olive sickle leaf virus 10-92

Olive Latent Ringspot Virus

This virus is naturally occurring and produces no symptoms in Olea. It has 

been reported from Italy. The virus particle is a sphere of about 28 nm in 

diameter. The virus was experimentally transmitted by sap inoculation to seven 

species of common virus indicators. Infection can be determined only by virus 

indexing.

References

Gallitelli, D. et al. 1985. Olive latent ringspot virus. AAB descriptions of plant 

viruses #301. AAB, Wellesbourne, Warwick, England.

Olive Partial Paralysis Virus

Revised and restructured Mar. 1996

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Olea europaea L., Ligustrum sinense Lour.

Distribution

Argentina

Symptoms

The disease known as “partial paralysis” of olive was reported by Nicolini and 

Traversi (1950) to be of serious concern to olive growers in Argentina.

The first symptoms observed on young plants consist of chlorotic, curled 

leaves on secondary twigs to which they remain adhering on desiccation. Later 

the entire branch shrivels from the tip downward. A dark reddish-purple band 

appears on the bark. Later, other branches manifest this same condition and the 

plant ultimately dies.

NOTICE

Additional symptomless infections of Olea are caused by the viruses Arabis mosaic, 

cherry leaf roll, and strawberry latent ringspot.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 34: Diseases of Olea spp.

10-92 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Leaf tips often show a yellow bronzing spreading toward the middle, which 

terminated abruptly, leaving the rest of the leaf apparently normal. The necrotic 

area remains firmly attached. Many leaves, especially of the new buds, show a 

mosaic pattern with darkening of the midrib.

Symptoms vary from year to year depending on growing and climatic 

conditions. Under favorable conditions, diseased trees appear to recover.

Sections of twigs from diseased plants have a strong fermentation odor. Many 

rootlets are decayed. Internally there is a progressive disorganization of the 

cambium and phloem. The thin cambium zone increases in width due to the 

rapid multiplication of cells. Disorganization of the cambium ensues and may 

extend, in severe cases, as far as the secondary xylem, which becomes chestnut 

to nearly black in color. Heavy starch deposits may be found in the palisade 

and spongy tissues of leaves. The number of chloroplasts is reduced. 

Malformations are confined to the young cells.

A very similar disease, progressive decline of olive, is reported from Italy by 

Biraghi and Naldi (1948). It has not been proven that the disease is caused by a 

virus.

Transmission

The virus was transmitted to privet (Ligustrum sinense) by grafting buds or 

scions.

References

1. Biraghi, A. and N. Naldi. 1948. Ulterior notizie all deperimento 

progressivo dell'Olivo (Further notes on the progressive decline of the 

olive). Olivicoltura 3(10):3-5.

2. Nicolini, J.C. and B.A. Traversi. 1950. Observaciones sobre una neuva 

enfermedad del Oliva en la Argentina (Observations on a new Olive 

disease in Argentina). Inf. Direcc. Invest. Agric. B. Aires, 3(32):6.

Olive Sickle Leaf Virus

The disease, in a severe form, could be a threat to the olive industry in the 

United States.

What appears to be the same disease has been reported in Chile, Italy, Greece, 

Portugal, the United States (California), and possibly Israel.

Ciferri et al. (1953), McCartney (1973), and Thomas (1958) describe various 

malformations of olive leaves. The various symptoms include leaves that are 

sickle-shaped, chlorotic, deformed, blotched, streaked, curved, puckered, and 

are light-green in color with white markings.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-93

Affected branches may be stunted and the amount of the fruit reduced. The 

disease appears in individual branches. Diseased plants are bushy in 

appearance.

References

1. Ciferri, R. et al. 1953. Anomalie fogliari dell'olivo Ligure e Gardesano. 

Ann. Sper. Agr. NS 7(6):1957-76.

2. McCartney, W.O. 1973. Olive sickle leaf virus found in “dwarfing 

manzanillo” from Israel. Phytopath. 63: 1216 (abs.).

3. Thomas, H.E. 1958. Sickle leaf of olive. P.D.R. 42:1154.

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

Cucumber mosaic virus 10-93

Passion fruit (Passiflora) mosaic virus 10-95

Passion fruit (Passiflora) woodiness virus 10-96

Cucumber Mosaic Virus

Synonyms

Marmor passiflorae Holmes., passion fruit woodiness virus, Passiflora virus 1 

(Noble) K.M. Smith, passion fruit bullet disease virus

Hosts

Passiflora caerulea L., P. edulis Sims., alba Link and Otto., P. foetida L., P. 

suberosa L. and P. subpeltata Ort. (P. Alba)

Distribution

On Passiflora in Australia (New South Wales and Victoria), Kenya, New 

Zealand, and United States (California). The distribution on other hosts is very 

widespread.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

10-94 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Symptoms

The symptoms are most pronounced in the cooler months, sometimes 

disappearing in the summer. The whole plant or only individual branches may 

be affected. The first symptom is downward curling of the terminal leaves. 

This is followed by light-colored spotting or vein clearing of the young leaves. 

Cleared areas along the veins increase in width until leaves or portions of them 

become chlorotic. Small, irregular or circular islands of dark-green are 

sometimes present on such leaves. In subsequent years, symptoms are not so 

conspicuous, but young leaves show distortion and savoying. Scattered lightcolored areas or vein clearing may also be present. Older leaves are crinkled, 

misshapen, and smaller than normal. Plants are stunted. According to Smith 

(1972), the stems, particularly in the region of the terminal shoots, may 

develop mottled dark-green areas that strongly contrast with the normal green 

of the stems.

The fruits of infected plants are smaller than normal, malformed, and the 

surface may be roughened and cracked. In contrast to the somewhat ovate 

normal fruit, they tend to be spherical, hence the name, bullet disease. They are 

hard when cut and sections of the rind are found to be thickened and woody. 

The contents are either dry or the pulp is reduced and insipid.

It is unlikely that fruits will be found on the plants in detention; therefore, the 

stem and leaf symptoms will be the most useful.

References

1. Chamberlain, E.E. 1954. Plant virus diseases in New Zealand. Bul. 108. 

N.Z. Dept. Sci. and Industrial Res. 196-98.

2. Noble, R.J. 1939. Aphid vectors of the virus of woodiness or bullet disease 

in passion-fruit (Passiflora edulis Timns). Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 72:293-

317.

3. Smith, K.M. 1972. A textbook of plant virus diseases. New York:Academic 

Press. 25-27; 121-27; 149.

4. Teakle, D.S. et al. 1963. Cucumber mosaic virus in Passiflora in California. 

P.D.R. Suppl. 47:677-78.

NOTICE

Although cucumber mosaic virus is present in California on Passiflora and on other 

hosts in other States, its destructive nature on Passiflora would destroy the usefulness of infected plants for all ordinary purposes.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-95

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Mosaic Virus

Synonyms

None. However, this disease was confused with passion fruit woodiness virus 

and discussed under that name by workers in Queensland, Australia.

Hosts

Systemic hosts: Passiflora edulis fsp. flavicarpa O. Deg., P. incarnata L., P. 

mollissima (HBK) Bailey

Local lesion hosts: Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodium album L., C. amaranticolor 

Coste & Reyn., Vigna (sinensis) unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Distribution

Nigeria and Australia (Queensland)

Symptoms

The symptoms are similar to those of cucumber mosaic virus on Passiflora

spp. Martini (1962) states that leaf mottling is the only reliable symptom. This 

seems to overlook the fruit symptoms.

Notes

The two diseases can be distinguished, according to Martini (1962), by 

indexing to various host plants. Passion fruit mosaic virus is systemic only in 

Passiflora, and also by the size and shape of the purified virus particles. 

Neither of these tests can be used in the field. Therefore, the practice should be 

to destroy plants if found showing these symptoms. If plants imported for 

scientific purposes should be involved, the case should be referred to the 

Postentry Quarantine Unit for consideration.

References

Martini, C.K. 1962. Some properties of the virus causing “woodiness” of 

passion fruit in Western Nigeria. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50:163-68.

NOTICE

This diseases is not known to be present in the United States.

NOTICE

Although cucumber mosaic virus is present in California on Passiflora and on other 

hosts in other States, its destructive nature on Passiflora would destroy the usefulness of infected plants for all ordinary purposes.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 35: Diseases of Passiflora spp.

10-96 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Passion Fruit (Passiflora) Woodiness Virus

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Hosts

Passiflora edulis Sims., P. edulis fsp. flavicarpa O. Deg., P. suberosa L., 

Arachis hypogea L., Centrosema pubescens Benth., Crotalaria 

(usaramoensis), Zanzibarica Benth., Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Macroptilium 

(Phaseolus) atropurpureus (Mocino & Sesse ex DC.) Urban

Distribution

Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia) and 

Suriname

Symptoms

Causes mosaic, ringspots, rugosity and leaf distortion of P. edulis. The fruits 

are frequently distorted and the pericarp hard and thick. The productive life of 

the plants is greatly decreased. P. suberosa is a much more tolerant host.

Description

Virus particles are flexuous rods about 750 x 12 nm.

Transmission

By sap and grafting.

Vectors

In a nonpersistent manner by the aphids Myzus persicae (Taylor) and Aphis 

gossypii (Greber).

Notes

Both passion fruit woodiness virus and cucumber mosaic virus (description 

following) cause leaf mosaic and woody fruit symptoms. Electron microscopy 

can differentiate between the two since passion fruit woodiness virus is a 

flexuous rod and cucumber mosaic virus is a spherical particle. However, 

infection by both can occur. To determine if this has happened, inoculating and 

reading the resulting symptoms on diagnostic hosts can confirm or deny this 

occurrence.

References

Taylor, R.H. and R.S. Greber. 1973. Passion fruit woodiness virus. CMI 

descriptions of plant viruses #122. CAB/CMI, Kew, Surrey, England.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 36: Diseases of Philadelphus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-97

Circular 36: Diseases of Philadelphus spp.

Elm mottle virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-97

Elm Mottle Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant)

In progress.

Circular 37: Diseases of Picea spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

Rhododendron-spruce needle rust Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & Schw.) by var. 

rhododendri (DC) Savile (federal quarantine significant) 10-97

Spruce (Picea) needle (cushion) rust 10-97

Rhododendron-Spruce Needle Rust Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & 

Schw.) by var. rhododendri (DC) Savile (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

In progress.

Spruce (Picea) Needle (Cushion) Rust

Revised Jun. 1964; restructured Mar. 1996

Causal Organism

Chrysomyxa abietis (Wallr.) Unger

Synonyms

Barclayella deformans Diet., C. deformans Jacz. (3) (refer to notes), Blennoria 

abietis Wallr., Sphaeria navicularis Wallr., Caeoma piceum Hartig, Uredo 

epidermoidalis Hartig

Hosts

Picea abies (L.) Karst, (P. excelsa) Link., P. pungens Engelm., P. engelmannii 

Parry ex Engelm., P. jezoensis var. hondoensis (Mayr) Rehd. P. rubens Sarg. (P. 

rubra), P. sitchensis (Bong) Carr., P. smithiana (Wallich) Boiss., P. jezoersis

Maxim

Distribution

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, France, Finland, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Germany, Hungary, Japan, 

Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and once found in the United 

States in Louisville, Kentucky where spruce and fir do not occur naturally.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 37: Diseases of Picea spp.

10-98 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Symptoms

The following description is taken chiefly from Sorauer’s (1932) account. On 

the needles of the current year's growth there appears, by the end of June, at 

first dull, but later, bright-colored, cross bands. (Some authors say that the 

cross bands, or spots, are brown at first.) The infected tissue stands out in 

strong contrast with the healthy tissue, bright yellow against green. In May of 

the second year, the fungus matures and two orange-red sori develop parallel to 

each other, but slightly separated. The sori break through the epidermis of the 

host as they ripen, exposing the spores that are soon scattered. The yellowspotted needles then wither and fall.

Description

The fungus telial sori linear, in rows, waxy, yellowish-red, seated in yellow 

spots; teliospores cylindric, above slightly thickened (clavate), often branched, 

sometimes simple, up to 100 mm long by 9 to 12 μm wide, up to 12 cells, wall 

hyaline, contents yellowish-red in color; basidiospores globose, 4 to 6 μm in 

diameter, golden-red in color. The above description is according to Saccardo 

(1888). The description found in Sydow's monograph of the Urediniales

(1923) gives a slightly different account. A free translation follows. Telial sori 

on the lower side of the leaf, seated on yellow or yellowish-red spots, 

elongate,. 5 to 10 μm long .3 to .5 μm wide, and .5 μm high, golden to reddish 

brown in color; teliospores in chains reaching 70 to 100 μm long, oblong, 

smooth, 20 to 3 x 10 to 15 μm, wall hyaline, 1 μm thick.

References

1. Anonymous. 1943. Rust disease of Norway Spruce. Gdnr's Chron. Ser. 

3(113):127.

2. Hiratsuka, N. 1937. Miscellaneous notes on the East-Asiatic Urediniales 

with special reference to the Japanese species I, II, III. J. Jap. Bot. 13:244-

51; 587-94; 1938. 14:33-38.

3. Jaczewski, A.A. 1926. A rare rust fungus, Chrysomyxa (Barclayella) 

deformans Jacz. Bull. Leningrad Forestry Inst. 133(l):131-49.

4. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

5. Sorauer, P. 1932. Handbuch der pflanzenkrankheiten. 3:90; 107-08. Berlin.

NOTICE

Despite its name, this rust is predominately a disease of Picea (spruce) rather than 

Abies (fir). No alternate host is known. In addition to the record of its presence in 

Louisville, KY, there is a doubtful record that it was present on Abies canadensis 

(Picea candensis BSP) in Essex County, MA, in 1883. (Weir 1923).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-99

6. Sydow, P. and H. Sydow. 1923–1924. Monographia Uredinearum seu 

specierum omnium ad hunc usque diem cognitarum descriptio et 

adumbratio systematica. Vol. IV. 521 Leipzig, Germany:Borntraeger Bros.

7. Weir, J.R. 1923. The genus Chrysomyxa. Mycologia 15:184.

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

Hemicycliophora dhanachandi (Hemicycliophoridae) 10-99

Scotch pine blister rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-99

Hemicycliophora dhanachandi (Hemicycliophoridae)

December 2010

Species

Nematode

Synonym

H. dhanachandi

Host

Pinus roxburghii (chir pine); but little information is currently available 

regarding further host range

Distribution

India; but little information is currently known about further distribution

Notes

New nematode species isolated from soil around the roots of Pinus roxburghii

(chir pine) plants in India. Nematodes in the genus Hemicycliophora feed on a 

wide range of plant species, damaging roots, and reducing plant growth. It is 

listed as reportable in the PEST ID database.

References

1. Victoria, LN, N Mohilal, and RK Gambhir. 2010. A new species of 

Hemicycliophora (nematoda: Tylenchida) from pine forest of Manipur, 

India. Indian Journal of Nematology 40(2):162-166.

Scotch Pine Blister Rust (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured Feb. 1996

Causal Organism

Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schw.) Wint.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp.

10-100 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Synonyms

Cronartium asclepiadeum (Willd.) Fries1, Peridermium cornui Rostr. & Kleb. 

P. pini var. carticola., Aecidium paeoniae Wallr., Uredo paeoniae Cast

Hosts

Aecial. Pinus sylvestris L., P. mugo Turra., P. pinaster Ait., P. tabuliformis var. 

Yunnanesis

Imported uredial and telial hosts of this rust are not considered as a likely 

means of introducing the disease since this particular species of Cronartium is 

not systemic on these hosts. Furthermore, these plants, when brought into this 

country, usually arrive as seeds or nonfoliated dormant plant parts, and for that 

reason, represent a negligible risk. However, those same plants, when growing 

in this country, could serve as indicators of the presence of the rust that might 

have been introduced on pines by accident. For that reason, it is suggested that 

inspectors look for rusts on the following genera on the chance that the genera 

might sometime collect C. flaccidum.

Uredial and Telial. Blumenbachia, Cynanchum, Impatiens, Loasa, Melampyrum, 

Nemesia, Paeonia, Pedicularis, Ruellia, Schizanthus, Scyphanthus, 

Tropaeolum, Verbena, Vincetoxicum (esp. V. officinale)

Distribution

Europe and Asia

Symptoms

The following quotation is from Massee (1910). “The aecidia appear on bark 

of Scots fir, Pinus sylvestris, late in the spring, bursting through the outer dead 

cortex as irregular, inflated, pale yellow sacs, which open by an irregular crack 

and liberate the powdery, orange spores.” These “sacs” are from 2 to 6 mm 

long by 2 to 3 mm wide and high and are usually loosely aggregated on the 

branch, but may be evenly scattered. Description of the pathogen, Cronartium 

flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) Wint. (after Sydow).

1 Klebahn (1938) maintains that the meager original description of C. flaccidum then becomes the valid 

binomial. Many European mycologists follow this reasoning. Approximately 25 names have been 

applied to this rust. Those not listed above can be found in Sydow's Monographia Uredinearum

3:560-63.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 38: Diseases of Pinus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-101

Description

Pycnia irregular, yellow in color; aecia on branches, erumpent, large, 2 to 6 

mm long by 2 to 3 mm wide and high, mostly loosely aggregated, but may be 

rather evenly scattered over a large part of a branch, peridium white of 2 or 3 

layers of cells, the outer layer of small cells, the inner layers of large warty 

cells, mostly without rigid hairs; peridial cells rhomboid-ellipsoid up to 80 μm 

long by 18 to 38 μm wide, warty, membrane 4 to 6 μm thick; aeciospores 

globose-ellipsoid or polyhedrical, verrucose, 22 to 36 x 16 to 24 μm; wall 

hyaline, 3 to 4 μm thick.

On uredial and telial hosts the uredial sori sparse or aggregated, punctiform .15 

to .25 mm in diameter, at last opening by a round pore, wall thin composed of 

cells up to 25 μm long by 15 μm wide, membrane cellular of almost uniform 

thickness (2 to 3 μm); uredospores ovate or ellipsoidal, loosely short 

echinulate, 18 to 30 x 14 to 20 μm, wall hyaline, 1.5 to 2.5 μm thick. The telial 

sori hypophyllous, sparse or aggregated, cylindrical, straight or curved, 1 to 2 

μm long by 50 to 120 μm wide, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown in color; 

teliospores ellipsoid to oblong, smooth yellowish or yellowish-brown 20 to 60 

x 10 to 16 μm, wall hyaline to golden, 1 1/2 μm thick, at the apex, slightly 

thicker.

References

1. Cummins, G.G. and L. Ling. 1950. An index of the plant rusts recorded in 

continental China and Manchuria. P.D.R. Suppl. 196-528.

2. Day, W.R. 1943. Forest pathology. Rept. Imp. For. Inst. Oxford 6-7. (RAM 

23:200).

3. Klebahn, H. 1938. Open questions and new observations on the barkinhabiting blister rusts of pines. (trans.) Z. Pflkrankh. 48:369-410. (RAM 

18:73).

4. Liese, J. 1928. Die Rostpilzerkrankungen der Waldbaume. Mitt. Deutsch. 

Dendrol. Gesellsch. 40:158-75.

5. Massee, G. 1910. Diseases of cultivated plants and trees. 

London:Duckworth 320-21.

6. Mordue, J.E.M. and I.A.S. Gibson. 1978. Cronartium flaccidum. in: CMI 

descriptions of pathogenic fungi & bacteria #580. CAB/CMI. Kew, Surrey 

England.

7. Pape, H. 1938. Der Filzrost der Paonie. Blumenu. PflBau ver. Gartenwelt 

42:269-70. (RAM 17:752).

8. Rennerfelt, E. 1943. On our present knowledge of the resin top fungus 

(peridermium) and its mode of dissemination and growth. Svenska 

Skogsvardsforen. Tidskr. 41:305-24. (RAM 25:373).
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 39: Diseases of Populus spp.

10-102 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

9. Saccardo, P.A. 1888. Sylloge Fungorum. 1:470; 7:598; 7:739; 24:754; 

25:713-14; 25:762. Ann Arbor, MI: V.W. Edwards (reprinted 1944).

10. Sydow, P. and H. Sydow. 1904. Monographia Uredinearum seu specierum 

omnium ad hunc usque diem cognitarum descriptio et adumbratio 

systematica. Vol. I. Leipzig, Germany:Borntraeger Bros. 3:560-63.)

Circular 39: Diseases of Populus spp.

Cytospora tritici (Soradariomycetes: Diaporthales) 10-102

Poplar (Populus) bacterial canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-103

Cytospora tritici (Soradariomycetes: Diaporthales)

May 17, 2012

Causal Organism

Fungus Cytospora tritici (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)

Synonyms

Originally described from Triticum aestivum (wheat) in Australia

Hosts

Populus spp. (poplar) trees

Distribution

China

Symptoms

Bark cankers and discolored sapwood

Notes

Not known to occur in the United States. The genus Cytospora is listed as 

reportable in the PEST ID database.

References

1. Punithalingam, E. 1980. New microfungi from cereals. Nova Hedwigia

32(2/3):586-606.

NOTICE

The description of Melampsora pinitorqua originally appearing in this circular has 

been deleted. It is now known that M. pinitorqua does not occur in Canada and the 

reports of its occurrence in British Columbia were based on collections of M. medusae (M. albhertensis). M. medusae occurs in the Northwestern United States on 

Pseudotsuga menziesii and Populus tremujloides.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 39: Diseases of Populus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-103

2. Zhang, QT, M. He, XY Zhang, Q Lu, & J Liang, 2012. Canker on bark of 

Populus spp. caused by Cytospora tritici, a new disease in China. Plant 

Disease DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-12-0040-PDN.

Poplar (Populus) Bacterial Canker (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Revised and restructured Jan. 1996

Causal Organisms

Xanthomonas populi (Ride) comb. nov.

Synonyms

Aplanobacter populi Ride, Pseudomonas rimaefaciens Konig, P. syringae fsp. 

populae Dowson (1957) and Gorlenko & Chumaevskaya (1959) still argue for 

P. rimaefaciens.

Hosts

Populus balsamifera L. (P. Candicans), P. brabantica Houtzagers, P. 

trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, and on some varieties of P. monilifera Ait., P. nigra 

L.

Distribution

Europe

Symptoms

(After Dowson 1957) This is a serious disease of poplar characterized by dieback and cankers accompanied by a slimy exudation containing bacteria and 

other organisms. Cankers varying from 1 to 15 cm long develop on the shoots, 

the branches, and sometimes, the trunk. In early summer many of the young 

shoots die back and, during wet weather, pearl-like drops of slime exude from 

the smaller cankers, from the base of dead buds, and from the internodes of the 

previous season's shoots.

As the buds open, some of the tender young leaves turn black, and later 

expanded leaves may exhibit blackened areas of varying extent. Small rents, 

cracks, and depressions develop in the epidermis in the vicinity of the exudate, 

the cortex beneath which is black. A red layer is always present in the wood of 

the affected shoots. Two types of cankers can be distinguished. The first, 

developing in the current year of infection, takes the form of rough, knotted 

excrescences, varying in size from a pea to a walnut or more, referred to as 

closed cankers. The other type is a larger, 1-15 cm, elongated, perennial lesion 

with raised rim and exposed wood, is designated an open canker. Both types 

exude slime during wet weather in the spring.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

10-104 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Notes

Many fungi have been reported to cause cankers in Populus. In Europe, the 

most important of these according to Konig (4) are those caused by Nectria

spp. In the Netherlands, particularly, Nectria is very commonly associated with 

X. populi in the same cankers. In France, this association is said to be rare. A 

canker of purely Nectria origin is said to be distinguishable by concentric 

zonation of the affected bark, by darker color in the first stages, and by the 

absence of the slimy exudate. Nectria cankers develop at a rapid rate in the 

winter months, while bacterial cankers grow little until spring.

References

1. Bergey, D.H. et al. 1948. Manual of determinative bacteriology. 6th ed. 

Baltimore:The Williams & Wilkins Co. 1187.

2. Dowson, W.J. 1957. Plant diseases due to bacteria. 2d ed. 

Cambridge:University Press.

3. Gorlenko, M.V. and M.A. Chumaevskaya. 1959. On species and 

interrelationships of some tumour-forming phytopathogenic bacteria 

(trans.) Nauch. Dokl. vyssh. Shkol. Biol. Sci. 135-36.

4. Koning, H.C. 1938. Bacterial canker of poplar. Chron. Bot. 4:11-12.

5. Koning, H.C. 1938. Bacterial canker of poplars. Meded. Phytopath. Lab. 

Willie Commelin Scholten. 14:3-42.

6. Ride, M. and S. Ride. 1978. Xanthomonas populi (Ride) comb. Nov. (Syn. 

Aplanobacter populi Ride), specificite, variabilite et absence de relations 

avec Erwinia cancerogena Ur. Eur. J. For. Path. 8:310-33.

7. CFR 319.37§2.

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

Apple proliferation phytoplasma (federal quarantine significant) 10-80

European rusty mottle of cherry (federal quarantine significant) 10-104

Plum pox virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-105

European Rusty Mottle of Cherry (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

June 3, 1963; restructured Mar. 1996

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Prunus spp. (cherry only)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-105

Distribution

England, and probably other European countries

Symptoms

Symptoms first appear in July in England when groups of fine veins, tertiary or 

smaller, of mature leaves become yellow. The leaves gradually assume a dull 

green color in contrast to the bright green of the healthy leaves, and by the end 

of August, they have a yellowish-green appearance. Rusty red pigment 

develops on the leaf surface during August, usually, but not invariably, 

associated with the yellow veinlets. The amount of red coloration varies with 

the strain of the virus. Neither ring pattern, premature autumn yellowing, nor

leaf-fall occurs. The shedding of yellowish-green mottled leaves with green 

rings in early summer, so characteristic of rusty mottle and mild rusty mottle in 

North America, does not occur.

Some virus strains have induced conspicuous dark red spotting and vein 

banding similar to red mottle in pear, while others have induced mainly yellow 

or pale rust colored pigmentation. 

References

Posnette, A.F and R. Cropley. 1961. European rusty mottle disease of sweet 

cherry. Ann. Rept. East Malling Res. Sta. 85-86.

Plum Pox Virus (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Feb. 2000

Synonyms

Sharka

Hosts

All species of Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum) are 

natural hosts. P. spinosum is an important natural source of infection in Europe. 

Almost all the known apricot, peach, and plum cultivars are susceptible, but 

some remain symptomless when infected. There are six known strains of plum 

pox virus (PPV).

Sixty additional host species in eight plant families were found to be possible 

hosts when experimentally inoculated.

Distribution

Most European countries, Chile, Egypt, India, Syria, and Turkey Recently 

reported in the United States (Pennsylvania, Michigan, and New York)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

10-106 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Symptoms—Leaves

Apricot. Chlorotic, pale green lines, rings or spots develop on the leaves during 

the spring and can be observed until summer (Figure 10-38 on page 10-107).

Peach. Some chlorotic lines and small areas can develop on the leaves along 

the secondary and tertiary veins. These symptoms may be difficult to observe 

in the field (Figure 10-37 on page 10-106, Figure 10-40 on page 10-108, and 

Figure 10-41 on page 10-108).

Plum. Diffuse, pale green rings, lines or areas develop on the leaves in spring in 

some cultivars, they disappear in summer (Figure 10-39 on page 10-107).

This virus infects some wild and ornamental Prunus without symptoms. 

Symptoms on cherry are not common. Some varieties may flower during the 

quarantine period. Fruit symptoms are variable and since postentry plants 

should be released before fruit is produced, will not be discussed in this 

circular.

Transmission

Transmission occurs by grafting with infected budwood, and by 10 aphid 

species in a nonpersistent manner. The most efficient vectors are Myzus 

persicae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, B. cardui, and Phorodon humuli. Seed 

transmission has been reported for some strains of PPV in some hosts.

Figure 10-37 Peach leaves with plum pox virus (PPV) showing vein clearing
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-107

Figure 10-38 Apricot Prunus spp. with plum pox virus (PPV)

Figure 10-39 Schematic drawing of plum pox virus (PPV) symptoms on plum 

leaves and fruit
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 40: Diseases of Prunus spp.

10-108 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Desvignes, J.C. 1999. Virus diseases of fruit trees. Ctifl, France 202.

2. Diekmann, M. and C.A. Putter. 1996. Stone fruits. FAO technical guideline 

for safe movement of germplasm. No. 16 (with color photographs).

Figure 10-40 Example of plum pox virus (PPV)-induced color breaking (pink 

flecks) in certain peach cultivars

Figure 10-41 Example of plum pox virus (PPV)-induced color breaking (pink 

flecks) in certain peach cultivars
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 41: Diseases of Pseudolarix spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-109

3. Dunez, J. 1987. Plum pox disease of stone-fruit trees. FAO bulletin. 1/

R8080/mult/1.87/1/10000.

4. Kegler, H. and C. Schade. 1971. Plum pox virus. CMI Descriptions of 

Viruses. #70.

5. Nemeth, M. 1986. Virus, mycoplasma & rickettsia diseases of fruit trees. 

Boston:Martinus Nijhoff Publ. 840.

6. CFR 319.37.

Circular 41: Diseases of Pseudolarix spp.

European larch canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-71

Circular 42: Diseases of Pseudostuga spp.

Douglas fir canker (federal quarantine significant) 10-23

Circular 43: Diseases of Punica spp.

Bacterial blight on pomegranate 10-109

Xiphinema granatum (Longidoridea) 10-110

Bacterial Blight on Pomegranate

Synonyms

None

Causal organism

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae

Hosts

Punica granatum (pomegranate)

Distribution

India, Pakistan, and South Africa

Symptoms

Disease characteristics include leaf spots, branch, stem, and nodal cankers, and 

fruit blemishes. Pomegranate trees can die back above the parts on a branch or 

trunk girdled by the canker. Pomegranate production can be severely affected 

by high incidences of bacterial blight disease.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 43: Diseases of Punica spp.

10-110 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Exotic Pest Information Collection and Analysis (EPICA), posted 10/28/

10.

2. Peterson, Y., Mansvelt, E.L., Venter, E., & Langenhove, W.E. 2010. 

Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing bacterial blight 

on pomegranate in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology 39:544–

546.

Xiphinema granatum (Longidoridae)

June 2012

Species

Nematode

Synonym

None

Host

Punica granatum (pomegranate) trees; but little information is currently 

available regarding further host range

Distribution

Iran; but little information is currently known about further distribution

Notes

New dagger nematode species isolated from soil around the roots of Punica 

granatum (pomegranate) trees in Iran. Xiphinema spp. can also vector 

nepoviruses. The genus Xiphema is listed as reportable in the PEST ID 

database.

References

Pedram, ME, E Pourjam, JE Palomares-Rius, R Ghaemi, C CantalapiedraNavarrete, & P Castillo. 2012. Molecular and morphological characterisation 

of Xiphinema granatum n. sp. and Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 

1964 (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from Iran. Nematology DOI: 10.1163/

156854112X638406.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 44: Diseases of Quercus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-111

Circular 44: Diseases of Quercus spp.

White rot and an undescribed gall-forming rust (federal quarantine 

significant) 10-111

White Rot and an Undescribed Gall-Forming Rust (Federal 

Quarantine Significant)

Quercus was placed under postentry regulations because of white rot caused by 

Stereum hiugense, and an undescribed gall-forming rust. The lack of recent 

reports regarding S. hiugense might signify the name is synonymous with one 

of the other Stereum spp.

Circular 45: Diseases of Ribes spp. (Grossularia)

Black-currant reversion agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-111

Black-Currant Reversion Agent (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Synonyms

Ribes virus 1, Acrogenus ribes Holmes

Hosts

Ribes nigrum (European black currant)

Distribution

Europe and New Zealand

Symptoms

Leaves abnormally narrow and flat, generally smaller in surface area, but 

thicker and darker after early stages, small veins few, serrations of the leaf 

fewer and coarser. Wilson (1950) states that the “blossom symptoms can be 

distinguished in April. The buds of the infected bush are more highly colored 

than those of a healthy one, due to the absence of a dense mass of hairs, while 

the flowers which are carried on elongated stalks, appear transparent and more 

cylindrical than normal. The stigma protrudes above the anthers making 

pollination virtually impossible and what fruit does set usually drops.” Flowers 

and small fruits fall. Stems are less woody than normal with a tendency to 

excessive gum production.

It has been found that many of the symptoms develop so late in the disease 

cycle that they are of little use in the detection of the disease in the field. For 

this reason English workers rely on the following leaf symptoms in rouging the 
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 45: Diseases of Ribes spp. (Grossularia)

10-112 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

plantings. The description is slightly revised from that published by Lees 

(1935).

If any leaf be examined from the under surface it will be noticed that there are 

5 main (primary) veins arising from one point at the extreme base of the leaf. 

Those veins run to the 5 main points (lobes) of the leaf. Now if the secondary 

veins arising from the midrib on one side and running to the points on the 

margin (not counting the secondary veins from the primary veins other than

the midrib) be counted it will be found that they number at least 5 in a normal 

leaf. Sometimes there are 6 to 7 but never less than 5. In a definitely reverted 

leaf, however, they are less than 5, 3 being a common number in welldeveloped cases, and in extreme cases they may be reduced to zero.

The second character to observe is the margin. In normal leaves there are 

numerous fine serrations, many of which do not receive a secondary vein, but 

receive vein branches of a lower order. In reverted leaves the margin has 

comparatively few and coarse serrations and only a few fine serrations exist 

which receive veins of a lower order than secondary.

In applying the foregoing instructions Amos and Hatton (1) stipulate that all 

but the “one or more leafy vegetative shoots which have developed from buds 

formed in the previous year's wood” should be ignored. Leaves resembling 

reverted leaves may be found more or less commonly on the older wood. These 

may result from injury or in some situations appear to arise normally.

There is also a condition called “false reversion” which simulates the disease. 

In false reversion the basal leaves show the symptoms, later leaves approach or 

reach normal. In true reversion all leaves of a shoot are about equally affected.

An English Ministry of Agriculture leaflet has summarized inspection 

instruction briefly: If less than 5 secondary veins are present on each side of 

the main vein (midrib) in the central lobe of the leaf, the leaf is reverted if 5 or 

more, the leaf is probably normal.

If the margins (on both sides of the central lobe) are finely toothed, and if 4 to 

8 of these teeth are not reached by a secondary vein, the leaf is almost certainly 

normal. If, however, this portion of the margin is coarsely-toothed, and if less 

than 4 of the teeth do not each receive a secondary vein, the leaf is reverted to 

some degree.

Transmission

By grafting. Reversion is not transmitted by expressed juice, nor through the 

soil, or through the seeds of infected plants.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-113

Vector

The mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis (Eriophyes ribis). This is the mite which 

causes the condition known as big-bud. Big-bud and reversion, but not

invariably, occur on the same plants.

References

1. Amos, J. and R.G. Hatton. 1926. Reversion of black currants: symptoms 

and diagnosis of the disease. J. Pom. & Hort. Sci. 6:167-83.

2. Dounin, M.S. and E.V. Shatova. 1936. Summary of the scientific research 

work of the institute of plant protection for the year 1936. Part III Virus and 

bacterial diseases of plants the biological, chemical, and mechanical 

methods of plant protection (trans.) State Publ. Off. Lit. Collect.

3. Gram, E. et al. 1928. Survey of the diseases of agricultural and 

horticultural cultivated plants in 1927. Tidsskr. for Planteavl. 34(5):778-

836.

4. Holmes, F.O. 1939. A handbook of phytopathogenic viruses. Minneapolis. 

MN:Burgee Publishing Co. 51; 52; 112-13.

5. Holmes, F.O. 1948. in: Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology 6th 

ed. Baltimore:The William & Wilkins Co. 1203.

6. Jorstad, I. 1942. Melding on plantesykdommer i land og hogebruket. 

Sykdommer po beervekstor. Oslo:Grondahl & Sons Boktykkeri 34.

7. Lees, A.H. 1935. Leaf character in reverted black currents. Ann. Appl. 

Biol. 9:44:68.

8. Lihnell, D. 1949. Virussjukdomer hos frukttradoch bervaxter. Sverig. 

pomel. Foren. Arsskr. 50:36-50 and Rev. Appl. Myc. 29:513.

9. Wilson, P. 1950. Blossom may give the first of black currant reversion. 

Small holder 83(2090):11.

10. CFR 319.37§2 (01-01-05).

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp.

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) 10-113

Rose wilt agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-114

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)

December 01, 2011

Causal Agent

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp.

10-114 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Host

Rosa spp.

Symptoms

Twig, branch, and bark necrosis

Distribution

Armenia; Greece; India; Iran; Pakistan; Poland; Turkey; Ukraine; and United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Notes

Cytospora rosarum (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) is not known to occur in 

the United States. The genera Cytospora and Valsa are listed as reportable in 

the PEST ID database.

Reference

Lyange, ER, C Eken, AD Spanbayev, & T Genc. 2011. First report of 

Cytospora rosarum on Rosa canina in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology 

93(4S):4.80.

Rose Wilt Agent (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Synonym

Marmor flaccumfaciens

Time of Year to Inspect

Spring; up to 6 weeks after leaves are fully out

Symptoms

Plant. Is wilted. Dieback of young shoots can be seen. Young plants produce 

pinched, yellowish-green shoots. There may be proliferation of stems from a 

single bud producing a witches’ broom effect. The shoots usually die during 

the year.

Leaf. Young petioles curve downward (epinasty), leaves are brittle and easily 

detached by wind or brushing with the hand. They often turn pale green or 

yellow in color before falling.

Stem. Dieback occurs in the stem. Some mature, but still soft stems may 

develop purple blotches that are often ring shaped. Scions are broad at the base 

and rapidly taper toward the tip.

Flowers. None
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 46: Diseases of Rosa spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-115

Transmission

Transmission occurs by grafting, mechanical, and/or insect (Macrosiphum 

rosae, Aphidae, in Australia).

Discussion

The rootstock of Rosa multiflora symptomless carrier of rose wilt agent, 

consequently the varieties grafted on this rootstock should be inspected for 

rose wilt agent symptoms. A disease named rose leaf curl and similar to rose 

wilt agent has been found in California. The agent is latent in antique roses 

and, therefore, such plants are symptomless. However, it incites symptoms in 

tea rose hybrids. As of this writing, there is no conclusive evidence that these 

diseases are caused by the same agent. For quarantine purposes, we presently 

consider them as distinct.

Distribution

References

1. Anonymous. 1969. Diseases of rose. N.S.W. Dept. Agric. Pl. Dis. Bull. 

109:10-13

2. Anonymous. 1958. Rose wilt. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 69(11):592-94.

3. Fry, P.R. and K.R.W. Hammet. 1971. Rose wilt virus in New Zealand. 

N.Z.J. Agr. Res. 14(3):735-43.

4. Gigante, R. 1936. Una nuova virosi della rose in Italia. Boll. Staz. Pat. veg. 

Roma, N.S. 16:76-94.

Figure 10-42 Distribution of rose wilt agent; Australia (including Tasmania), 

New Zealand, South Africa; a similar disease occurs in Italy. For 

quarantine purposes, roses are prohibited from these countries
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

10-116 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

5. Grieve, B.J. 1931. Rose wilt and dieback. A virus disease of roses 

occurring in Australia. Austral. J. Exp. Biol. & Med. Sci., 8:107-21.

6. Wade, G.C. 1955. Rose diseases in taxmania. Tasm. J. Agric. 26:135-41.

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

Raspberry leaf blotch Virus (RLBV) 10-116

Rubus stunt phytoplasma (federal quarantine significant) 10-116

Raspberry Leaf Blotch Virus (RLVB)

May 2012

Causal Agent

Emaravirus raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV)

Hosts

Rubus idaeus cv. glen ample (red raspberry) plants

Symptoms

Yellow leaf blotches and reduced yield

Vectors

Raspberry leaf and bud mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis (Acari: Eriophyidae)

Distribution

Finland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Serbia

References

Bi, Y., K Artola, T Kurokura, T Hytönen, & PT Valkonen. 2012. First report of 

raspberry leaf blotch virus in raspberries in Finland. Plant Disease DOI: 

10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0368-PDN.

Rubus Stunt Phytoplasma (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised July 1991; restructured Mar. 1996

Synonyms

Witches’ broom, Heksenbezem, Dwergziekt, Rubus Stauche, VerzwergungsKrankheit, ved “miny,” dvergsjuke, Sheaf

Hosts

Rubus spp. This agent has been found in all the principal European raspberry 

varieties, and in many wild blackberry species. It can be experimentally 

transmitted to Fragaria vesca L. and several commercial strawberry varieties.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-117

Distribution

Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, England, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, 

Poland, Slovakia, and Russia

Symptoms

The disease is of great economic importance because of the severe crop losses 

that may occur when the disease becomes epidemic.

According to F.A. van der Meer and H.J. de Fluiter (1970) who studied the 

diseases in the Netherlands, the symptoms are basically alike in all species and 

varieties. Prentice (1950) states, however, that in raspberry, the symptoms 

depend to some extent on the variety infected.

Generally there are numerous small, thin, weak canes and excessive lateral 

branching of the whole plant, together with phyllody and proliferation of the 

flowers.

Prentice (1950) reports that in the season following the observance of weak 

canes, they generally fail to flower or produce very few flowers. Some 

varieties of raspberry have a tendency to produce a proportion of abnormal 

flowers. Sometimes the sepals are slightly longer than normal or the tips more 

leafy. According to Prentice (1950) and Putz (1969), in extreme cases, the 

sepals and carpels develop into leaves.

Prentice (1950) states that fruiting canes tend to have shortened internodes and 

often more than one bud develops at each node. Sometimes the development of 

axillary buds near the base of the cane help accentuate the bushy appearance of 

the plant. In early summer, leaves on infected canes are usually paler in color 

than normal.

In France, Putz (1969) reported symptoms of virescence on floral parts of 

“Malling Promise” similar to those of Rubus stunt phytoplasma, however, the 

virus has not yet been determined.

According to van der Meer and de Fluiter (1970), the variety “Malling 

Promise” is tolerant to some extent and on which phyllody is very rare. Other 

raspberry and blackberry varieties may regenerate to a high degree, 

consequently such regenerated plants generally do not show flower 

deformation.

Raspberry plants that are already badly affected by other viruses, such as 

mosaic diseases, are more sensitive to Rubus stunt phytoplasma, and often die 

within a few years of infection.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

10-118 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Among the great number of shoots formed, some become larger than others 

and bear normal but small fruits that are difficult to harvest. Fruiting laterals of 

infected plants are always shorter than those of healthy plants.

In cultivated plantations, many diseased plants die in the shock stage of 

infection, because they are overgrown by healthy ones. However, raspberry 

plants grown from diseased root cuttings and planted distant from each other 

seldom die and may show a certain degree of regeneration.

On Fragaria vesca and commercial strawberry varieties, the virus causes 

witches’ broom, phyllody of flowers, and severe growth reduction. Infected 

strawberry plants usually die within 2 or 3 years.

Transmission

The virus is transmitted by grafting. The incubation time for the virus to 

manifest itself is between 4 to 11 months depending on the season during 

which the plants are infected.

Vector

The vector is the leaf hopper, Macropsis fuscula Zett.

The vector has been reported from several European countries extending from 

Italy to Norway, Northern Russia, Canada (British Columbia), and United 

States (State of Washington, several counties).

There are two other probable vectors of the virus within the genus Macropsis: 

M. brabantica and M. scotti.

Source: USDA Handbook No. 631

Figure 10-43 First symptoms of Rubus stunt in red raspberry; numerous weak 

and erect shoots develop from the root buds
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 47: Diseases of Rubus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-119

Source: USDA Handbook No. 631

Figure 10-44 Floricane of Rubus stunt-infected blackberry cv. “thornless 

evergreen,” showing witches’ broom growth and yellowing

Source: USDA Handbook No. 631

Figure 10-45 Phyllody of flowers of red raspberry cv. “Norfolk giant” sepals, 

petals, and pistils become leaflike structures; stamens usually 

remain normal
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp.

10-120 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

References

1. Anonymous. 1961. Plantesygdomme i Danmark1959. Arsoversigt samlet 

ved Statens plantepatologiske Forsog Lyngby 65:1-63. (Abstr. RAM 41:78-

79).

2. Cadman, C.H. 1961. Raspberry viruses and virus diseases in Britain. Hort. 

Res. 1:47-61.3.

3. Converse, R.H. 1966. Diseases of raspberries and erect and trailing 

blackberries. Agr. Handbook 310:1-111.

4. Keldysh, M.A. 1967. Izrastanie malinyinfektsionnve zabolevanke 

(raspberry degeneration, an infectious disease). Biol. Nauki 10(7):111-17 

(Abs. RAM 47:262).

5. Prentice, I.W. 1950. Rubus stunt. A virus disease. J. Hort. Sci. 26:35-42.

6. Putz, C. 1969. Les viroses des petit fruits l. Les viroses du fram boisier 

(Viruses of small fruit. l. The viruses of raspberries). Annls. Phytopath. 

1:275-91.

7. Stance-Smith, R. 1968. Rubus viruses and virus diseases. Rev. Appl. 

Mycol. 47:97-109.

8. Trifonov, D. 1961. Malinov snop (sheaf of raspberry). Avoshtarstvo 8:25-

26 (Abst. RAM 41:471).

9. van der Meer, F.A. and H.J. de Fluiter. 1970. Rubus stunt virus, University 

of California, Div. Agri. Sci., Berkeley, Cal. (handbook).

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp.

Virus chlorosis 10-120

Watermark disease (federal quarantine significant) 10-121

Virus Chlorosis

Synonyms

No synonyms are known.

Hosts

Salix alba L., S. aurita L., S. babylonica L., S. caprea L., S. cinerea L. (S. 

aquatica), S. hybrid, S. pentandra L., S. triandra (S. amygdalina), S. viminalis

L.

Distribution

Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-121

Symptoms

The chlorosis (yellowing) occurs between the veins in the blade of the leaf. 

The leaves may be much reduced in size and drop prematurely. The whole tree 

may show weak growth, sometimes accompanied by an excessive production 

of small secondary branches on the shoots, a witches’ broom effect.

Transmission

It has been transferred by grafting. The symptoms then appear in about 27 

days. It can be transferred by sap inoculation but with difficulty. In this case, 

symptoms take much longer to become visible, about 61 days. An insect vector 

is believed to be involved in the natural spread of this disease because it may 

suddenly appear on previously healthy trees.

References

Svobodova, J. et al. 1962. Virova chloroza vrb (Salix spp.) Coskoslov. Akad. 

Zemedel. Ved. Sborn. Lesn. 35(5):343-50.

Watermark Disease (Federal Quarantine Significant)

Revised and restructured July 2005

Causal Organism

Erwinia salicis (Day) Chester

Synonyms

Bacterium salicis Day and Brenneria salicis (Day) Hauben et al.

In Holland, a disease of Salix, also called “watermark” is said to be caused by 

Pseudomonass saliciperda (Lindeijer 1932). Lindeijer (1932) states that the 

symptoms appear to be identical with those of the disease reported in England 

and holds that the diseases are probably identical. Impure cultures may have 

caused the discrepancy. Recent English papers continue to use Day's name 

revised by Chester. With these reservations as to the correct taxonomy we can 

proceed in postentry work handling watermark as if one disease is involved. If 

two, they are visually alike and equally harmful.

Hosts

Salix alba calva var. calva G.F. Mey., S. alba L., S. purpurea L., S. X rubens 

Shrank, S. triandra L. (S. Amygdalina), and S. viminalis L.

Distribution

Belgium, England, Germany, Japan, and The Netherlands
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 48: Diseases of Salix spp.

10-122 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Symptoms

(After Dowson 1957) In England the first obvious sign of the disease is the 

sudden appearance of a bright red color of some of the leaves during hot 

weather in early summer. The foliage of whole branches may be affected in 

this way. Shortly afterwards, a bacteria-containing liquid drips in some 

quantity from the infected shoots. The reddened leaves soon turn brown and 

wither but do not fall. If infected shoots are cut across, a circular grayish 

discoloration is visible in the previous season's annual ring, but not in the 

current season's growth. This is the watermark that extends through the wood 

of the tree even into the roots. Adventitious shoots are produced numerously. 

These, being new wood, do not show the watermark when cut. Their presence 

is an indication of the disease. The “red leaf” branches are seldom killed and 

they die back, producing a “stag head” appearance of the trees.

In The Netherlands the first symptoms appear in May. The first leaves on a 

twig turn brown; subsequently the tip and the remaining leaves show signs of 

wilting. After one to several weeks, the neighboring twigs wither in their turn. 

Weather conditions largely influence the rapidity of this process.

As a rule, the sudden wilting may occur throughout the summer until 

September. Adventitious twigs may develop on the infected branches. In 

places on the infected twigs, exudations, consisting of a clear, sticky liquid that 

contains large masses of bacteria, may be found from May until the end of 

August. The color of infected twigs may fade. 

The following internal symptoms are of even more importance to the plant 

quarantine worker who often sees only dormant plants or cuttings. On the 

freshly cut surface of a diseased twig a liquid mass soon gathers. A more or 

less large area of the wood has a water-soaked appearance. After having been 

exposed to the air, this wood turns brown. If a twig has been diseased for some 

time, the wood shows brown color directly when cut. When a twig is cut 

lengthwise the brown color appears as continuous streaks. Under the 

microscope, sections show the vessels swimming with bacteria. Tyloses and 

gum-like substances also occur in the vessels. Part of the medullary ray cells 

and the parenchyma cells are dead. No starch is found in the discolored wood. 

Infected trees are killed in 1 or 2 years.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-123

Transmission

(The Netherlands) Observation and experiments indicate that the beetle 

Cryptorrhynchus lapathi L. is an important carrier of the disease.

References

1. Dowson, W.J. 1957. Plant diseases due to bacteria. 2d ed. 

Cambridge:University Press.

2. Lindeijer, E.J. 1932. De Bacterie-Ziekte Van Den Wilg Veroorzaakt Door 

Pseudomonas saliciperda n. spp. 8 illus., 82. (English summ.).

3. Spaulding, P. 1961. Foreign diseases of forest trees of the world. Agric. 

Handbook No. 197 USDA, Washington, D.C. 8-11.

4. CFR319.37§2.

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp.

Leaf distortion 10-124

Mountain ash variegation agent (federal quarantine significant) 10-124

Ringspot mosaic of Sorbus 10-125

Figure 10-46 Watermark disease of Salix spp.; typical die-back symptoms of 

this quarantine-significant disease caused by Erwinia salicis
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp.

10-124 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Leaf Distortion

Causal Organism

Taphrina piri Kusano

Synonyms

Exoascus piri (Kusano) Sacc. & Trott

Hosts

Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) C. Koch (Micromeles alnifolia), and Pyrus 

miyabei Sarg.

Distribution

Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, Oceania, and the Philippines

Symptoms

The infected leaves of S. ainifolia show yellowish-green, circular or irregularly 

shaped leaf spots. The spots bear a pruinose, hoary-white growth on the 

surface when the fungus matures. This growth is composed of the closely 

crowded ascus cells of the fungus.

References

1. Kusano, S. 1905. Einige neue Taphrina Arten aus Japan. Ann. Myc. 3:31.

2. CFR 319.37§2.

Mountain Ash Variegation Agent (Federal Quarantine 

Significant)

Synonyms

Pyrus virus I (Baur) Smith, Infectious chlorosis (Baur 1907), Infectious 

chlorosis Hertzsch 1930, and Pyrus variegation virus (Atanasoff 1935)

Host

Sorbus aucuparia L. and Pyrus aucuparia Gaertn

Distribution

Czechia, Denmark, Germany, and Slovakia

Symptoms

The leaves of infected trees have, at first, yellow tips that later become white. 

In cases of severe infection, the leaves do not show well-defined yellow cones, 

but become mottled with yellow spots. On some leaves the yellow tissues are 

limited to the tips. In other cases, there is a clearing of the veins, or 

alternatively, a yellow band about 2 mm wide may run along the main veins. 

Chlorotic tissues gradually become white and finally brown.
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 49: Diseases of Sorbus spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-125

The above description is that given by Smith (1972) who seems to have used it 

almost verbatim as written by Atanasoff (1935). Atanasoff’s (1935) sources 

were Baur, Kranzlin, and Hertzsch (1907). Brierley (1944) has condensed the 

description to a sentence. “Yellow or white variegation, sometimes vein 

clearing and vein-banding (Smith 1972).”

Transmission

Transmission occurs by grafting. According to Baur (1907), a variegation not

of virus origin also occurs on Sorbus acuparia Dirkenii aurea. This variegated 

variety has rather evenly colored yellowish-green older leaves, and young 

leaves of a pronounced yellow. As it was not transmitted by grafting, Baur 

concluded that it is a noninfectious variegation.

References

1. Atanasoff, D. 1935. Old and new virus diseases of trees and shrubs. 

Phytopath. Zeitschr. 8(2):212; 197-223.

2. Baur, E.et al. 1907. Uber eine infektiose Chlorosen bei Ligustrum, 

Laburnum, Fraxinus, Sorbus, and Ptelea. Bericht. d. Deutsch. Bot. 

Gesellsch. 25:410-13.

3. Brierley, P. 1944. Viruses described primarily on ornamental or 

miscellaneous plants. P.D.R. Suppl. 150:145; 150; 184-85; 414; 436-37; 

437; 448-49; 475.

4. Smith, K.M. 1972. A textbook of plant virus diseases. New York:Academic 

Press. 25-27; 121-27; 149.

5. CFR 319.37§2.

Ringspot Mosaic of Sorbus

Synonyms

None

Hosts

Sorbus aucuparia L.

Distribution

Germany and possibly Finland
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 50: Diseases of Syringa spp.

10-126 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Symptoms

The symptoms appear regularly in the years following infection. The 

incubation time is about 10 months. They appear a few days after the leaves 

open as spot-like, light-green flecks on the pinnules. Later, they form a number 

of light-green spots, bands, or rings, the diameter of which is only a few 

millimeters. In this way, the leaves attain a distinct mottling or streaking. 

Often, additional light-brown, dark-bordered necrotic spots appear that 

occasionally become shot holes. The disease may at first be confined to a 

branch, but in later years spreads to other parts of the crown. Injury is not

discussed, but the yellowing and mottling would affect the tree’s value as an 

ornamental plant.

References

1. Jamalainen, E.A. 1957. Virustaudeista ja virustautien kaltaisista 

kasvitaudeista suomessa. Valtion Maatalouskoetoiminnan Julk. Nr. 158.

2. Kegler, H. 1959. Das ringfleckenmosaic der eberesche. Phytopath. Z. 

37(2):214-16.

Circular 50: Diseases of Syringa spp.

Elm mottle virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-97

Circular 51: Diseases of Ulmus spp.

Elm mottle virus (federal quarantine significant) 10-97

Circular 52: Diseases of Vaccinium spp.

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) 10-126

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)

March 7, 2012

Causal Agent

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales)

Hosts

Vaccinium corymbosum (blueberry) plants; Vitis vinifera (grape) plants

Symptoms

Exhibit brown to reddish necrotic stem cankers and shoot necrosis.

Distribution

Chile; South Africa; and Australia
Disease and Pathogenic Organism Circulars

Circular 53: Diseases of Watsonia spp.

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual 10-127

Notes

Diaporthe australafricana (Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales) has been observed 

in Chile since 2006. It is not known to occur in the United States. The genus 

Diaporthe is listed as reportable in the PEST ID database.

References

Latorre, BA, E Elfar, JG Espinoza, R Torres, & GA Diaz. First report of 

Diaporthe australafricana associated with stem canker on blueberry 

symptoms in Chile. Plant Disease DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-11-1025-PDN.

Circular 53: Diseases of Watsonia spp.

Gladiolus rust (federal quarantine significant) 10-36

Puccinia mccleanii [Doidge] (federal quarantine significant) 10-56

Uredo gladioli-buettneri (federal quarantine significant) 10-40

Uromyces gladioli [Henn.] (federal quarantine significant) 10-58

Circular 54: Diseases of Ziziphus spp.

Longidorus pisi (Longidoridae) 10-127

Longidorus pisi (Longidoridae)

November 02, 2011

Species

Needle nematode

Hosts

Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese date); Z. jujuba var. spinosa (wild jujube); Glycine 

max (soybean); Vitis vinifera (grape); Zea mays (corn); Oryza sativa (rice); and 

Pisum sativum (pea)

Distribution

China; Cyprus; Africa; Pakistan; and India

Notes

Longidorus pisi (Longidoridae) was found in soil surrounding Ziziphus jujuba

(Chinese date). It is not known to occur in the United States, and is listed as 

reportable in the PEST ID database.

Reference

Guo, K, H Shi, K Liu, & J Zheng. 2011. Past and present distribution and hosts 

of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China. Zootaxa

3088:27–38.
11/2023-72 Postentry Quarantine Manual A-1

Appendix

A Directory of PPQ 

Postentry Quarantine 

Liaison Officers

Contents

Introduction A-2 Iowa A-4 North Dakota A-5

Listings A-2 Kansas A-4 Ohio A-5

Alabama A-2 Kentucky A-4 Oklahoma A-5

Alaska A-2 Louisiana A-4 Oregon A-5

Arizona A-2 Maine A-4 Pennsylvania A-5

Arkansas A-2 Maryland A-4 Puerto Rico A-5

California A-2 Massachusetts A-4 Rhode Island A-5

Colorado A-3 Michigan A-4 South Carolina A-6

Commonwealth of the 

Northern 

Mariana Islands 

(CNMI) A-3

Minnesota A-4 South Dakota A-6

Connecticut A-3 Mississippi A-4 Tennessee A-6

Delaware A-3 Missouri A-5 Texas A-6

District of Columbia 

A-3

Montana A-5 U.S. Virgin Islands 

A-6

Florida A-3 Nebraska A-5 Utah A-6

Georgia A-3 Nevada A-5 Vermont A-6

Guam A-3 New Hampshire A-5 Virginia A-6

Hawaii A-3 New Jersey A-5 Washington A-6

Idaho A-3 New Mexico A-5 West Virginia A-6

Illinois A-4 New York A-5 Wisconsin A-6

Indiana A-4 North Carolina A-5 Wyoming A-6
Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers

Introduction

A-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 11/2023-72

Introduction

The following list includes contact information for the PPQ Postentry 

Quarantine Liaison Officers (PEQLO) in both the Eastern and Western regions. 

Plant Inspection Stations (PIS) should use this list when determining who to 

contact and to whom PEQ forms and correspondence should be sent, i.e., PPQ 

Form 236 for the PPQ Liaison Officers. A list of State Plant Regulatory 

Officials and State PEQ Contacts can be found in Directory of SPROs and 

State PEQ Contacts on page C-1.

Listings

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers (page 1 of 5)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:

PEQP Anthony Man-Son-Hing, National Coordinator

(Anthony.Man-Son-Hing@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Field Operations

920 Main Campus Drive

Suite 200

Raleigh, NC 27606

P: 919-855-7331

Alabama Gregory T. Baldwin

(gregory.t.baldwin@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

334 Business Circle, Suite D

Pelham, AL 35124

P: 205-663-9344

F: 205-663-2783

Jeffrey Lasiter

(jeffrey.t.lasiter@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

3737 Government Blvd., Suite 

517

Mobile, AL 36693

P: 251-661-2742 

(mobile workstation)

F: 251-661-4381

Alaska Refer to Washington on page A-6.

Arizona Joseph Simmons 

(joseph.l.simmons@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

3640 E. Wier Ave.

Phoenix, AZ 85040

P: 602-431-3214

F: 602-414-9870

Arkansas Thomas Hill 

(thomas.e.hill@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1200 Cherry Brook Dr., Suite 100 

Little Rock, AR 72211 

P: 501-324-5258

F: 501-324-5230

California Helene Wright, SPHD

(helene.r.wright@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

650 Capitol Mall, Suite 7-400

Sacramento, CA 95814-4712

P: 279-300-5200

F: 279-300-5240

Fengru Zhang

(fengru.zhang@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

560 Eccles Ave.

South San Francisco, CA 94080

P: 650-876-9098

Musa Abdelshife

(musa.a.abdelshife@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

222 Kansas St.

El Segundo, CA 90245

P: 310-955-3281

F: 310-955-3347

Luis E. Oquendo Diaz

(luis.e.oquendo@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

650 Capitol Mall, Suite 7-400

Sacramento, CA 95814

P: 909-283-2123
Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers

Listings

11/2023-72 Postentry Quarantine Manual A-3

Colorado Patrick McPherren

(patrick.w.mcpherren@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

3950 N. Lewiston St., Suite 330

Aurora, CO 80011

P: 303-371-3355

F: 303-371-4774

Commonwealth of 

the Northern 

Mariana 

Islands 

(CNMI)

Refer to Guam on page A-3

Connecticut Charles Baker

(charles.e.baker@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

97 Barnes Road, Unit 200

Wallingford, CT 06492

P: 203-741-5656

F: 203-741-5660

Delaware Darryl Moore

(darryl.c.moore@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

500 W. Loockerman St. #310

Dover, DE 19904

P: 302-678-5868 

F: 302-734-7814 

Mark Johnston

(mark.r.johnston@usda.gov)

P: 302-652-1642 

F: 302-652-1645 

District of 

Columbia

Refer to Maryland on page A-4

Florida Cody Matthews, Central Florida Area Director

(cody.matthews@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

3951 Centerport St.

Orlando, FL 32827

P: 407-541-6711

F: 407-541-6730

Georgia Jamie Arrington

(jamie.arrington@agr.georgia.gov)

Plant Protection Section

Georgia Department of Agriculture

1109 Experiment Street

Redding Building, Room 213

Griffin, GA 30223

P: 404-586-1140

Philip Bailey

(philip.a.bailey@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1506 Klondike Road

Suite 306

Conyers, GA 30094

P: 770-860-4025

F: 770-860-4050

Guam Michael (Troy) Brown

(michael.t.brown@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

17-3306 Neptune Avenue

Barrigada, GU 96913

P: 671-475-0854

F: 671-475-0853

Hawaii Matthew Goo

(matthew.y.goo@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Honolulu International Airport 

300 Rogers Blvd. #58

Honolulu, HI 96819

P: 808-834-3240

F: 808-861-8500

Idaho Brian Marschman

(brian.l.marschman@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

9118 W. Blackeagle Dr. 

Boise, ID 83616

P: 208-373-1600

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers (page 2 of 5)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers

Listings

A-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 11/2023-72

Illinois Laura Ettema-Khan

(laura.ettema-khan@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1817 South Neil St. 

Illinois Plaza, Suite 105

Champaign, IL 61820

P: 217-398-1698

F: 217-398-1732

Greg Rentschler, SPHD

(greg.j.rentschler@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

2300 E Devon Ave., Suite 210

Des Plaines, IL 60018

P: 847-699-2417

C: 847-924-5818

Indiana Jason Allen, SPHD

(jason.m.allen@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1305 Cumberland Ave.

Suite 102

West Lafayette, IN 47906

P: 206-450-9805

Tim Vawryk, PPQ Officer

(timothy.s.vawryk@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

131 East Court Ave. LL1

Jeffersonville, IN 47130

P: 812-282-6370

F: 812-282-6381

Iowa VACANT—contact PEQ Coordinator

Kansas Refer to Nebraska on page A-5

Kentucky Brian Zaborski

(brian.zaborski@usda.gov)

For UPS only:

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1973 Burlington Pike

Burlington, KY 41005

For USPS:

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

P.O. Box 475

Hebron, KY 41048

C: 513-514-9693

F: 502-543-1609

Louisiana Joseph Bravata, SPHD

(joseph.j.bravata@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

4354 S.Sherwood Forest Blvd.

Baton Rouge, LA 70816

P: 225-298-5425

F: 504-715-9535

Maine Rachel S. Nyce, SPHD

(rachel.s.nyce@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

15 Iron Rd., Suite 1

Hermon, ME 04401

P: 207-848-0008

C: 207-409-3325

Maryland Paul Kanninen, SPHD

(paul.h.kanninen@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

2400 Broening Highway,

Suite 102

Baltimore, MD 21224

P: 410-288-5541

F: 410-288-5542

C: 301-775-1977

MassachusettsRefer to Connecticut on page A-3

Michigan David Burt

(david.m.burt@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

3200 Eagle Park Drive NE

Suite 100D

Grand Rapids, MI 49525

P: 616-222-5865

C: 734-732-2947

F: 833-967-0225

Minnesota Mark Hollister, Acting SPHD

(mark.g.hollister@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

900 American Blvd., East

Suite 204

Bloomington, MN 55420

P: 515-251-4083

F: 952-814-1073

C: 515-371-1178

Mississippi Miriam L. Allred

(miriam.l.alfred@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

2159 Henry Hill Dr., Suite 100B 

Jackson, MS 39204

P: 601-922-1417

F: 601-922-7648

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers (page 3 of 5)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers

Listings

11/2023-72 Postentry Quarantine Manual A-5

Missouri Brian R. Deschu

(brian.r.deschu@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1715 Southridge Dr.

Jefferson City, MO 65109

P: 573-893-6833

F: 573-216-0657

Montana Joey Esilva

(joey.esilva@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1220 Cole Ave.

Helena, MT 59601

P: 406-449-5210

F: 406-449-5212

Nebraska Craig A. Webb, Ph.D., SPHD

(craig.a.webb@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1131 SW Winding Rd., Suite A

Topeka, KS 66615

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

5940 S. 58th St.

Lincoln, NE 68516

P: 785-228-6551

C: 785-633-9117

P: 402-434-2346

Nevada Alana Wild,

(alana.l.wild@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

8775 Technology Way

Reno, NV 89521

P: 775-851-8818

C: 775-225-9935

New HampshireStefan Windler

(stefan.w.windler@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

617 Comstock Rd., Suite 3

Berlin, VT 05602

P: 802-828-4545

New Jersey Matthew Parkinson

(matthew.d.parkinson@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

10 High St. P.O. Box 154

Mullica Hill, NJ 08062

P: 856-478-9740

F: 856-478-0128

New Mexico Shawn Carson

(shawn.r.carson@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

270 South 17th St.

Las Cruces, NM 88005

P: 575-527-6985

New York Thomas DeSisto

(thomas.m.desisto@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

2044 Route 32, Suite 2

Modena, NY 12548

P: 845-244-6052

F: 845-264-2552

North CarolinaSheena Stanley

(sheena.stanley@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1815 Gardner Dr.

Wilmington, NC 28405

P: 910-515-6017

North 

Dakota

Amy Mesman, SPHD

(amy.mesman@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

3509 Miriam Ave., Suite A

Bismarck, ND 58501

P: 701-250-4473

F: 701-250-4640

Ohio Rachael Browne

(rachael.browne@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

8995 East Main St.

Reynoldsburg, OH 43068

P: 614-322-4701

Oklahoma Jonathan Motloch

(jonathan.motloch@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

301 N.W. 6th St., Suite 101

Oklahoma City, OK 73102

P: 405-609-8842

F: 405-609-8841

Oregon Kara Mills, Lead Horticulturist

(kara.mills@oda.oregon.gov)

Oregon Department of Agriculture

635 Capitol St. NE

Salem, OR 97301-2532

P: 503-983-6521

PennsylvaniaMichele McDonald, PHSS

(michele.l.mcdonald@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

121 Locust St.

Wrightsville, PA 17368

P: 717-574-2882

P: 215-768-4841

Puerto Rico Contact PEQ Coordinator

Rhode 

Island

Refer to Connecticut on page A-3

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers (page 4 of 5)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officers

Listings

A-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 11/2023-72

South CarolinaHeather Russell

(heather.n.russell@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

4600 Goer Drive, Suite 104

Charleston, SC 29406

P: 864-346-4410

South 

Dakota

Amy Mesman, SPHD

(amy.mesman@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

314 South Henry, Suite 200

P.O. Box 250

Pierre, SD 57501-0250

P: 605-224-1713

F: 605-494-0534

Tennessee Paul Allyn

(paul.d.allyn@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1410 Kensington Square Ct.

Suite 101

Murfreesboro, TN 37130

P: 615-907-7804

F: 615-907-8168

C: 615-566-1204

Texas Melanie Pickel

(melanie.pickel@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

903 San Jacinto Blvd., Suite 270

Austin, TX 78701

P: 512-592-8500

U.S. Virgin 

Islands

Diana Collingwood

(diana.collingwood@doa.vi.gov)

RR1 Box 10345

Kingshill, VI 00850

P: 340-642-9027

Utah Gregory Abbott

(gregory.c.abbott@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

65 South 100 East 

Richfield, UT 84701

P: 435-896-4772

F: 435-896-8164

Vermont Lindsay Modesto

(lindsay.modesto@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

222 Holiday Drive

Building 2, Suite 1

White RIver Junction, VT 05001

P: 802-369-3207

Virginia Karen Williams

(karen.a.williams@usda.gov)

Dennis Heltzel

(dennis.l.heltzel@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

200 Granby Mall

Federal Bldg., Rm. 331

Norfolk, VA 23510

P: 757-441-3211

F: 757-441-6267

Washington Monica Little

(monica.m.little@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

835 S.192nd St., Suite 1600

Seatac, WA 98148

P: 206-878-6602

West VirginiaJustin Thaxton

(justin.b.thaxton@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1900 Kanawha Blvd., East

Charleston, WV 25305

P: 304-343-8585

F: 304-343-8586

Wisconsin Ellen M. Natzke

(ellen.m.natzke@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

1 Gifford Pinchot Dr.

Building 1, Room 229

Madison, WI 53726

P: 608-286-3610

Wyoming Jeremy Newland

(jeremy.j.newland@usda.gov)

Bruce Shambaugh, SPHD

(bruce.a.shambaugh@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

5252 Yellowstone Road

Suite 208

Cheyenne, WY 82009

P: 307-432-7979

Newland cell:

307-421-1202

Shambaugh cell:

307-421-4641

Table A-1 Directory of PEQ Liaison Officers (page 5 of 5)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
04/2021-09 Postentry Quarantine Manual B-1

Appendix

B Plant Inspection Stations

Contents

Listings B-1

Eastern B-1

Western B-1

Listings

Table B-1 Directory of Plant Inspection Stations (page 1 of 2)

Region: Address: Phone/FAX:

Eastern USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

P.O. Box 660520

Miami, FL 33266

Phone: 305-526-3900

FAX: 305-871-4205

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

3951 Centerport St.

Orlando, FL 33122

Phone: 407-825-4237

FAX: 407-825-4235

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Atlanta Plant Inspection Station

1220 Toffie Terrace

Atlanta, GA 30354

Phone: 404-260-7830

FAX: 404-260-7832

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Memorial Inspection Station

2500 Brunswick Ave., Bldg. G

Linden, NJ 07036

Phone: 908-862-2012

FAX: 908-862-2095

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

230-59 International Airport Centers Blvd.

Building C-Suite 100-Room 109

Jamaica, NY 11413

Phone: 718-553-3500

FAX: 718-553-3510

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

150 Central Sector, Bldg. C2, Warehouse #3

Carolina, PR 00979

Phone: 787-253-7850

FAX: 787-253-4514

Western USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

9 North Grand Ave., Room 120

Nogales, AZ 85621

Phone: 520-287-6463

FAX: 520-397-0138

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

9777 Via de la Amistad, Rm. 140

San Diego, CA 92154

Phone: 619-661-3316

FAX: 619-661-3047
Plant Inspection Stations

Listings

B-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 04/2021-09

Western USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

560 Eccles Avenue

South San Francisco, CA 94080

Phone: 650-876-9093

FAX: 650-876-9008

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

222 Kansas St.

El Segundo, CA 90245

Phone: 310-955-3258

FAX: 310-321-0035

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

17-3306 Neptune Avenue

Barrigada, GU 96913

Phone: 671-475-1427

FAX: 671-477-9487

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

300 Rodgers Blvd., #58

Honolulu, HI 96819

Phone: 808-834-3240

FAX: 808-861-8501

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

900 E. Airline Hwy., Service Rd. A

Kenner, LA 70063

Phone: 504-464-0430

FAX: 504-465-0968

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

19581 Lee Rd.

Humble, TX 77338

Phone: 281-233-7100

FAX: 281-230-7223

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station (Brownsville)

P.O. Drawer 393

100 Los Indios Blvd.

Los Indios, TX 78567

Phone: 956-399-2085

FAX: 956-399-4001

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Plant Inspection Station

835 S. 192nd St., Suite 1600

SeaTac, WA 98148

Phone: 206-878-6600

FAX: 206-870-8043

Table B-1 Directory of Plant Inspection Stations (page 2 of 2)

Region: Address: Phone/FAX:
3/2024-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual C-1

Appendix

C Directory of SPROs and 

State PEQ Contacts

Contents

Introduction C-2 Iowa C-5 Ohio C-6

National Plant Board C-2 Kansas C-5 Oklahoma C-6

Listings C-3 Kentucky C-5 Oregon C-6

Alabama C-3 Louisiana C-5 Pennsylvania C-6

Alaska C-3 Maine C-5 Puerto Rico C-7

Arizona C-3 Maryland C-5 Rhode Island C-7

Arkansas C-3 Massachusetts C-5 South Carolina C-7

California C-3 Michigan C-5 South Dakota C-7

Colorado C-3 Minnesota C-5 Tennessee C-7

Commonwealth of the 

Northern Mariana 

Islands (CNMI) C-3

Mississippi C-5 Texas C-7

Connecticut C-4 Missouri C-5 U.S. Virgin Islands C-7

Delaware C-4 Montana C-5 Utah C-7

District of Columbia C-4 Nebraska C-6 Vermont C-7

Florida C-4 Nevada C-6 Virginia C-7

Georgia C-4 New Hampshire C-6 Washington C-7

Guam C-4 New Jersey C-6 West Virginia C-7

Hawaii C-4 New Mexico C-6 Wisconsin C-8

Idaho C-4 New York C-6 Wyoming C-8

Illinois C-4 North Carolina C-6

Indiana C-4 North Dakota C-6
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Introduction

C-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3/2024-71

Introduction

The following list includes contact information for State and Territory Plant 

Regulatory Officials (SPRO) and State PEQ Contacts. Plant Inspection 

Stations (PIS) should use this list when determining who to contact and to 

whom PEQ forms and correspondence should be sent, i.e., PPQ Form 236 for 

the State Contacts (copies number 3, 4, 5, and 6). A list of PPQ Liaison 

Officers for each State can be found in the Directory of PPQ Postentry 

Quarantine Liaison Officers on page A-1.

National Plant Board

What is the National Plant Board?1

The National Plant Board is a nonprofit organization of the plant pest 

regulatory agencies of each of the states and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. 

Member agencies must be members in good standing of the regional plant 

board in which their state or commonwealth is located.

Purpose2

Purposes of the National Plant Board as stated in its Articles of Incorporation 

include:

1. To provide national representation for the Eastern Plant Board, the 

Southern Plant Board, the Central Plant Board, and the Western Plant 

Board, and to receive, consider and implement to the extent possible, all 

regional plant board recommendations. 

2. To foster effective and harmonized plant health programs; to act as an 

information clearinghouse on plant pest prevention and regulatory matters; 

to provide for a discussion of principles, policies and methods; and to make 

recommendations to the regional boards for the promotion of efficiency, 

harmony and uniformity in and among the states in the field of plant pest 

prevention and regulation. 

3. To collaborate and communicate effectively with public and private 

agencies and organizations on plant health and plant pest regulatory issues 

which affect the states. 

4. To protect agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and the environment on state, 

national and international levels.

1 This information was retrieved from the National Plant Board website.

2 Id.
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

3/2024-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual C-3

The National Plant Board Members3

Membership of the National Plant Board is made up of the principal plant pest 

regulatory officials of each member Commonwealth and State. This person is 

usually the administrator of the section of his or her state's Department of 

Agriculture that deals with pest prevention. Such units usually carry titles such 

as Plant Industry, Plant Health, Entomologist, State Plant Pathologist, etc. In 

some States the function is in an agency other than the department of 

agriculture.

Listings

3 Id.

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 1 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:

Alabama Christel F. Harden, SPRO

Plant Pest Administrator

(christel.harden@agi.alabama.gov)

Alabama Department of Agriculture and 

Industries

1445 Federal Drive

Montgomery, AL 36107

P: 334-240-7226

F: 334-240-7168

Tim Johnson

Plant Protection Inspector

(ptimjohn@aol.com)

P.O. Box 764

Moulton, AL 35650

P: 334-850-7736

Alaska Mia Kirk

(mia.kirk@alaska.gov)

1801 S. Margaret Drive

Suite 12

Palmer, AK 99645

P: 907-767-3866

C: 907-795-9209

F: 907-745-7112

Arizona Jack Peterson

(jpeterson@azda.gov)

Arizona Department of Agriculture Plant 

Services Division

1688 West Adams Street

Phoenix, AZ 85007

P: 602-542-3575

F: 602-542-1004

Arkansas Paul Shell

(paul.shell@agriculture.arkansas.gov)

1 Natural Resources Drive

P.O. Box 1069

Little Rock, AR 72203

P: 501-225-1598

F: 501-225-3590

California Mark McLoughlin

(mark.mcloughlin@cdfa.ca.gov)

CA Department of Food & Agriculture

Plant Health & Pest Prevention Services

Permits and Regulation

Environmental Compliance/PDAS

1220 N Street

Sacramento, CA 95814

P: 916-403-6689

Colorado Wondirad Gebru

(wondirad.gebru@state.co.us)

Colorado Department of Agriculture

Division of Plant Industry

305 Interlocken Parkway

Broomfield, CO 80021

P: 303-869-9052

F: 303-466-2860

Commonwealth of the 

Northern Mariana Islands 

(CNMI)

Michael (Troy) Brown

(michael.t.brown@usda.gov)

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

17-3306 Neptune Avenue

Barrigada, GU 96913

P: 671-475-0854

F: 671-475-0853
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

C-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3/2024-71

Connecticut Victoria Smith

(victoria.smith@ct.gov)

The CT Agricultural Experiment Station

123 Huntington Street

New Haven, CT 06511

P: 203-974-8474

Delaware Jessica Inhof, SPRO

(jessica.inhof@delaware.gov)

Delaware Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Industries Section

2320 South DuPont Highway

Dover, DE 19901

P: 302-698-4500

F: 302-697-6287

District of 

Columbia

Matthew A. Travis, SPHD

(matthew.a.travis@usda.gov)

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

2200 Broening Highway, Suite 140

Baltimore, MD 21224 

P: 410-631-0073

F: 410-631-0069

C: 410-977-7214

Florida Cheryl Jones

(Cheryl.Jones@FDACS.gov)

Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Division of Plant Industry

P.O. Box 147100

1911 Southwest 34th Street

Gainesville, FL 32614-7100

P: 352-395-4708

F: 352-395-4619

Georgia Carl Lightfoot, SPHD

(carl.w.lightfoot@usda.gov)

USDA, APHIS, PPQ

1506 Klondike Road, Suite 306

Conyers, GA 30094

P: 770-860-4023

F: 770-860-4050

Mike Evans, SPRO

(mike.evans@agr.georgia.gov)

Plant Protection Section

Georgia Department of Agriculture

1109 Experiment Street

Redding Building, Room 213

Griffin, GA 30223

P: 404-586-1140

Guam Dr. Glenn Dulla

(glenn.dulla@doag.guam.gov)

Guam Department of Agriculture

USDA Plant Inspection Station

17-3306 Neptune Avenue

Barrigada, GU 96913

P: 671-486-6205

Hawaii Lance Sakaino

(lance.s.sakaino@hawaii.gov)

Hawaii Department of Agriculture

1849 Auiki Street

Honolulu, HI 96819

P: 808-832-0574

F: 808-832-0584

Idaho Andrea Thompson

(andrea.thompson@isda.idaho.gov)

Division of Plant Industries

Idaho State Dept. of Agriculture

P.O. Box 790

Boise, ID 83701-0790

P: 208-332-8620

Illinois Scott Schirmer, Nursery & Northern 

Field Office Section Manager, 

SPRO

(scott.schirmer@illinois.gov)

Illinois Dept. of Agriculture

Bureau of Environmental Programs

DeKalb Field Office

2280 Bethany Road, Suite B

DeKalb, IL 60115

P: 815-787-5476

C: 708-638-9562

F: 815-787-5488

Indiana Philip T. Marshall

(pmarshall@dnr.IN.gov)

Indiana Dept. of Natural Resources

Division of Entomology & Plant Pathology

402 West Washington Street

Room 290W

Indianapolis, IN 46204

P: 317-232-4189

F: 317-232-2649

C: 812-595-2740

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 2 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

3/2024-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual C-5

Iowa Robin Pruisner

(robin.pruisner@IowaAgriculture.gov)

Iowa Dept. of Agriculture & Land Stewardship

State Entomologist

2230 South Ankeny Boulevard

Ankeny, IA 50023

P:515-725-1470

Kansas Jeff Vogel Kansas Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Protection and Weed Control

Forbes Field, Bldg. 282

P.O. Box 19282

Topeka, KS 66619

P: 785-862-2180

F: 785-862-2182

Kentucky Joe Collins

(joe.collins@uky.edu)

University of Kentucky

Department of Entomology

Agricultural Science Bldg. N, Rm. S225

Lexington, KY 40546

P: 859-257-5838

F: 859-257-3807

Louisiana Tina Peltier

(tpeltier@ldaf.state.la.us)

Louisiana Dept. of Agriculture & Forestry

5825 Florida Boulevard

Suite 3002

Baton Rouge, LA 70821-3596

P: 225-952-8100

F: 225-237-5571

Maine Sarah Scally

(sarah.h.scally@maine.gov)

Maine Dept. of Agriculture

Conservation and Forestry

28 State House Station

Augusta, ME 04333

P: 207-287-3891

F: 207-287-5576

Maryland Jaime Tsambikos

(jaime.tsambikos@maryland.gov)

Nursery Inspection Program Supervisor

Plant Protection & Weed Management

Maryland Department of Agriculture

50 Harry S. Truman Parkway

Annapolis, MD 21401

P: 410-841-5920

C: 443-571-2974

Massachusetts Taryn LaScola

(Taryn.LaScola@state.ma.us)

Massachusetts Dept. of Agricultural 

Resources

251 Causeway Street, Suite 500

Boston, MA 02114

Michigan Molly Mott

(mottm@michigan.gov)

MDA and Rural Development

Pesticide and Plant Pest Management

P.O. Box 30017

Lansing, MI 48909

P: 248-521-0501

F: 517-335-4540

Minnesota Mark Abrahamson, SPRO

(mark.abrahamson@state.mn.us)

Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Protection Division

625 Robert Street North

Saint Paul, MN 55155-2538

P: 651-201-6505

Mississippi Mississippi Dept. of Agriculture and 

Commerce

(Kenneth@mdac.state.ms.us)

Bureau of Plant Industry

P.O. Box 5207

Mississippi State, MS 39762

P: 662-325-7765

F: 662-325-0397

Missouri Rosalee Knipp, State Entomologist

(rosalee.knipp@mda.mo.gov)

Plant Industries Division

Missouri Dept. of Agriculture

P.O. Box 630

Jefferson City, MO 65102-0630

P: 573-751-5505

F: 573-522-1109

Montana Elizabeth (Beth) Eiring

(eeiring@mt.gov)

Montana Department of Agriculture

P.O. Box 200201

Helena, MT 59620-0201

P: 406-444-9066

F: 406-444-5409

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 3 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

C-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3/2024-71

Nebraska Julie Van Meter Nebraska Department of Agriculture

301 Centennial Mall South

P.O. Box 94756

Lincoln, NE 68509-4756

P: 402-471-2351

F: 402-471-6892

Nevada Ashley Jeppson

(ajeppson@agri.nv.gov)

Nevada Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Industry

405 South 21st Street

Sparks, NV 89431

P: 775-353-3729

F: 775-688-1178

New HampshireChris Rallis

(crallis@agr.state.nh.us)

NH Dept. of Agriculture, Markets, & Food

State Laboratory Building D

6 Hazen Drive

Concord, NH 03301

P: 603-271-3691

F: 603-271-3692

New Jersey Joseph Zoltowski

(joseph.zoltowski@ag.state.nj.us)

Division of Plant Industry

New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture

P.O. Box 330

Trenton, NJ 08625

P: 609-292-5440

New Mexico Ryan Hiles

(rhiles@nmda.nmsu.edu)

Bureau of Entomology and Nursery 

Industries

New Mexico Dept. of Agriculture MSC, 

3BA

P.O. Box 30005

Las Cruces, NM 88003-0005

P: 575-646-3207

F: 575-646-5977

New York Margaret Kelly, Assistant Director

(margaret.kelly@agriculture.ny.gov)

Division of Plant Industry

New York Dept. of Agriculture and

Markets

10 B Airline Drive

Albany, NY 12235

P: 518-457-5985

F: 518-457-1204

North Carolina Joy Goforth

(joy.goforth@ncagr.gov)

North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture and 

Consumer Services

1060 Mail Service Center

Raleigh, NC 27699-1060

P: 919-707-3573

North Dakota Charles Elhard, SPRO

(celhard@nd.gov)

North Dakota Dept. of Agriculture

600 East Boulevard Avenue, Dept. 602

Bismarck, ND 58505-0020

P: 701-220-0485

Ohio Dan Kenny

(dkenny@agri.ohio.gov)

Ohio Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Pest Control Section

8995 East Main Street

Reynoldsburg, OH 43068

P: 614-728-6400

F: 614-728-6453

Oklahoma Kaci Hubbell

(kaci.hubbell@ag.ok.gov)

2800 North Lincoln Blvd.

Oklahoma City, OK 73105

P: 405-522-5971

C: 405-206-7594

Oregon Kara Mills, Lead Horticulturist

(kara.mills@oda.oregon.gov)

Oregon Dept. of Agriculture–Nursery & 

Christmas Tree Program

635 Capital Street, NE

Salem, OR 97301-2532

P: 503-983-6521

Pennsylvania Dana Rhodes

(danrhodes@.pa.gov)

Bureau of Plant Industry

Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture

2301 North Cameron Street

Harrisburg, PA 17110

P: 717-772-5205

F: 717-783-3275

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 4 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

3/2024-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual C-7

Puerto Rico Nilda Perez

(sanidadvegetal@prtc.net)

Puerto Rico Dept. of Agriculture

P.O. Box 10163

San Juan, PR 00908-1163

P: 787-724-4627

F: 787-724-6955

Rhode Island Ken Ayars

(ken.ayars@dem.ri.gov)

RI DEM Division of Agriculture

235 Promenade Street, Rm. 370

Providence, RI 02908

P: 401-222-2781 

ext. 4500

South Carolina Thad Raymond

(theodoj@clemson.edu)

Department of Plant Industry

904 F R Huff Drive, Suite 101

P.O. Box 161

St. Matthews, SC 29135

P: 803-874-2354

F: 803-874-2461

South Dakota Brenda Sievers, SPRO

(brenda.sievers@usda.gov)

Plant Industry Program

Division of Regulatory Services

South Dakota Dept. of Agriculture

523 E. Capitol

Pierre, SD 57501-3185

P: 605-773-3796

Tennessee Anni Self

(anni.self@state.tn.us)

Ellington Agricultural Center

P.O. Box 40627, Melrose Station

440 Hogan Road, Porter Bldg.

Nashville, TN 37204

P: 615-837-5313

F: 615-837-5246

Texas Awinash Bhatkar

(awinash.bhatkar@texasagriculture.gov)

Texas Department of Agriculture

P.O. Box 12847 

Austin, Texas 78711

P: 512-463-5025

F: 888-215-5385

U.S. Virgin 

Islands

Leyinska Wiscovitch, State Plant 

Health Director

(leyinska.wiscovitch@usda.gov)

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

654 Muñoz RIvera Ave.

Plaza Building, Suite 700

San Juan, PR 00918

P: 787-919-0585

F: 787-771-3613

Utah Utah Dept. of Agriculture and Food Plant 

Industry

350 North Redwood Road

P.O. Box 146500

Salt Lake City, UT 84116-6500

P: 801-538-7184

F: 801-538-7126

Vermont Judy Rosovsky, State Entomologist

(judy.rosovsky@vermont.gov)

PHARM Division

163 Admin Drive

Randolph Center, VT 05061

P: 802-279-2212

Virginia David Gianino

(david.gianino@vdacs.virginia.gov)

Virginia Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services

P.O. Box 1163

Richmond, VA 23218

P: 804-786-3515

Washington Benita Matheson, Plant Services 

Program Supervisor

(bmatheson@agr.wa.gov)

Washington State Dept. of Agriculture

Plant Protection Division

P.O. Box 447

Ephrata, WA 98823

P: 360-410-1260

West Virginia Tim Brown

(tlbrown@wvda.us)

WVDA—Plant Industries Division

1900 Kanawha Boulevard East

Charleston, WV 25305-0191

P: 304-558-2212

F: 304-558-2435

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 5 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
Directory of SPROs and State PEQ Contacts

Listings

C-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 3/2024-71

Wisconsin Shanon Hankin

(shanon.hankin@wisconsin.gov)

Wisconsin Dept. of Agriculture, Trade, & 

Consumer Protection

P.O. Box 8911

Madison, WI 53708-8911

P: 608-224-4576

F: 608-224-4656

Wyoming Kent Drake

(kent.drake@wyo.gov)

Wyoming Department of Agriculture

2219 Carey Avenue

Cheyenne, WY 82002

P: 307-777-6574

F: 307-640-1205

Table C-1 Directory of State Plant Regulatory Officials and State PEQ Contacts (page 6 of 6)

State: Contact: Address: Phone/FAX:
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual D-1

Appendix

D Violations of the Postentry 

Growing Agreement

Contents

Roles in Handling and Documenting Violations D-1

Instructions for Completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518) D-4

Instructions for Conducting an Investigation and Assembling a Case File 

D-7

IES Distribution of the Case File D-7

Roles in Handling and Documenting Violations

This appendix details what the State Cooperator, Postentry Quarantine Liaison 

Officer, Representative of the Postentry Quarantine Program (PEQP), local 

Investigative and Enforcement Services (IES) Investigator, and State Plant 

Health Director (SPHD) do when a State Cooperator detects a violation of the 

Postentry Growing Agreement (PPQ Form 546).

1. The State Cooperator detects the violation. The following are violations of 

the Postentry Growing Agreement (PPQ Form 546):

A. The cooperator finds plants growing on premises not controlled by the 

person or company who signed the Agreement. If there was approval 

from the State and the National Coordinator for Postentry Quarantine in 

Beltsville, MD, or, for Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI, the Postentry 

Coordinator in Honolulu, HI to move the plants, no violation occurred.

B. The person who signed the Postentry Growing Agreement, or a 

representative of the company signing the Agreement, refuses to allow 

a cooperator on the premises during the cooperator’s normal business 

hours.

C. The cooperator finds quarantined plant(s) or any material propagated 

from these plants unlabeled or with inappropriate labeling. The label 

! CAUTION

The SPHD and/or the PEQP decides whether to request that the permit unit revoke a 

company’s or individual’s postentry permit. Moreover, the SPHD decides, with input 

from the Liaison Officer, IES Enforcement Operations, and State Cooperator, 

whether it is more appropriate to issue a warning letter or pursue prosecution.
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Roles in Handling and Documenting Violations

D-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

must show the plant name, the port accession number, and the 

importation date.

D. The cooperator finds other postentry genera or domestic plants of the 

same genus planted within 3 meters (approximately 10 feet) of the 

postentry plants.

E. The cooperator learns that postentry plants have been propagated by 

seed or other propagules (e.g., air layers, cuttings, flowers, plants, or 

suckers) taken from the quarantined plants when there was no prior 

written approval by the State and the National Coordinator for 

Postentry Quarantine or, for Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI, the Postentry 

Coordinator.

F. The person who signed the Postentry Growing Agreement, or a 

representative of the company signing the Agreement, refuses to apply 

a treatment prescribed by the cooperator to eliminate pests on the 

quarantined plant material. Treatment may include destruction of the 

quarantined plant material when prescribed by the cooperator as the 

only way to eliminate pests.

G. The cooperator, using his or her best professional judgment, believes 

the person who signed the Postentry Growing Agreement, or a 

representative of the company signing the Agreement, failed to notify 

the State or Liaison Officer when that person had an opportunity to 

report a conspicuous abnormality in the plant material. The importer 

must also report the death of a plant or plants to the cooperator.

H. The cooperator learns that the person who signed the Postentry 

Growing Agreement, or a representative of the company signing the 

Agreement, failed to report an address change to the PEQP.

I. The cooperator finds plants of Rubus spp. from Europe growing 

outside or growing in an indoor facility with mesh larger than 16 mesh 

per inch, or finds Chrysanthemum or Dianthus growing outside an 

enclosed building.

J. The cooperator finds some or all of the plants are unaccounted for 

before release at 6 months for Chrysanthemum, 1 year for Dianthus, or 

2 years for the remaining postentry genera.

K. The cooperator detects any violations of restrictions listed in the 

permit.

2. If the State Cooperator detects an apparent pest risk, he or she eliminates 

the risk immediately. Such actions may include prescribing a treatment or 

supervising the destruction of the infested or infected plants.

3. The State Cooperator reports the violation and any action taken to 

eliminate pest risk to the Liaison Officer within 1 work day or the 

discovery of the violation.
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Roles in Handling and Documenting Violations

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual D-3

4. The Liaison Officer informs the SPHD and either one will then issue an 

EAN (PPQ Form 523).

5. The Liaison Officer and the IES Investigator meet with the State 

Cooperator to review the details of the violation. It would be favorable for 

the Liaison Officer, the State Cooperator, and the IES Investigator to visit 

the premises where the violation occurred.

6. Having the details of the violation, the Liaison Officer contacts the PEQP 

to give details of the incident.

7. The IES Investigator assembles a case file that includes affidavits from the 

State Cooperator, witnesses, and violator.

8. Once the case file is completed, the IES investigator writes a cover letter to 

transmit a copy of that file to the SPHD. The original investigative case file 

will be sent to the IES headquarters office in Riverdale, Maryland for 

review.

9. Following the guidelines of the Civil Penalty Action Team, the reviewer at 

the IES headquarters staff will submit an e-mail to the Coordinator, 

Postentry Quarantine Program and SPHD with a projected 

recommendation. The following are actions that may be appropriate forms 

of action:

A. Official Warning Letter (APHIS Form 7060)

B. Civil penalty

C. Revocation of the Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine 

(CIP)

D. Innovative terms (suspend a portion of the civil penalty provided 

training is provided by the violator)

! CAUTION

For first-time offenders a Letter of Information (LOI) can be used before issuing a 

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation on page F-9. The LOI may be issued instead of 

referring the matter to Investigative and Enforcement Services (IES) for investigation 

and possible issuance of civil or criminal penalties. The intent of the letter is to educate alleged noncompliant entities about APHIS regulations and their obligation to 

comply with them. The LOI may be used as the first step toward achieving compliance. In the event the violation continues and IES conducts a subsequent investigation, the LOI may be used as evidence to show the alleged violator had notice of 

regulatory requirements and may be considered aggravating factors to increase civil 

penalties. Details on preparing, issuing, communicating, and documenting a LOI can 

be found on the Compliance and Enforcement SharePoint website (for authorized 

users only).
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Instructions for Completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518)

D-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Instructions for Completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518)

While completing the form, the Liaison Officer will interview the State 

Cooperator to obtain a statement of the facts surrounding the alleged violation. 

The IES Investigator will interview all other parties including the violator and 

witnesses.

Table D-1 Instructions for completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518) (page 1 of 2)

Block: Instructions:

1. Date Violation DiscoveredEnter the date the State Cooperator discovered the violation

2. Reg/Compl. Agreement ViolatedEnter the regulation violated. If it is a violation of the Postentry Growing Agreement, enter 7 

CFR 319.37-23

3. Where Intercepted Enter the city and State where the violation was detected

4. Origin of Article Fill in the name of the country where the postentry material was originally grown

5. Article Moved in 

Violation of Regulations

Enter “Material grown under postentry quarantine”

6. Identity of Article Enter the number and identity of the plants associated with the violation. If available, fill in 

both common and scientific name. Always enter the scientific name

7. Name and Business 

Address of Violator

Fill in the violator’s name—usually this will be the name of the person who signed the Postentry Growing Agreement (in parentheses after the name, give the person’s position (e.g., 

owner, nurseryman, grower, salesperson)) and if appropriate, enter the violator’s business 

address

8. Violator Had/If No, 

Violator was Aware 

of Regulation

Check and fill in as appropriate

9. Violator Had/If No, 

Violator was Aware 

of Regulation

 If the name of the violator and the name of the person signing the Postentry Growing Agreement are the same, check “Yes”

10. Violator Had/If No, 

Violator was Aware 

of Regulation

Write, “(name of violator) signed a Postentry Growing Agreement on (date signed) a copy of 

which is on file”

11. Carrier Information Draw a diagonal line through

12. Carrier Information Draw a diagonal line through

13. Name and Business Address of 

Consignee

Cross out “NAME AND BUSINESS ADDRESS OF CONSIGNEE” and write, “ADDRESS OR 

LOCATION WHERE MATERIAL IS BEING GROWN”—ill in the complete address or, as accurate, a description of the property as practicable

14. Disposition of Pest 

Risk

Fill in the action(s) taken to eliminate the pest risk, e.g., “the plants were rouged and incinerated,” or, “the plants were sprayed with (description of pesticide and how applied)”—if applicable, include the Emergency Action Notice as an attachment and reference in the Officer’s 

Statement

15. Remarks Fill in any pertinent remarks or the information from the continuation of another Block

16. Violator or Carrier’s Statement of 

Violation

The IES Investigator will obtain an affidavit or statement from the violator and all other subjects once the investigation is underway
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Instructions for Completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518)

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual D-5

17. Liaison Officer’s 

Statement

Together with your State Cooperator, describe the violation on a separate sheet of paper; give 

this statement an exhibit number. A State Cooperator and/or a Liaison Officer’s Statement 

must be written and accompany each PPQ Form 518 submitted. Describe all the facts associated with the violation of the Postentry Growing Agreement. Write down all the facts including who, what, when, where, and how. Include the information in Figure D-1 on page D-6

when appropriate—Sign and date the Liaison Officer’s Statement (only this person signs). If 

more than one officer was involved in the violation, each officer must write a separate statement.

18. Signatures and 

Dates

Fill in as appropriate

19. Signatures and 

Dates

Fill in as appropriate

20. Signatures and 

Dates

Fill in as appropriate

21. Officer in Charge 

Comments

SPHD should fill in any additional information that may help to substantiate the case: e.g., 

specify any previous warning letters and the dates sent; list any known previous civil penalties, case numbers, dates, and amounts of penalties assessed—word this information as follows: “Case #RSS-CP-45-95 fined $1,000 on 03/07/06.” Recommend the appropriate action. 

Limit your recommendations to the following actions:

 No action

 Letter of warning

 Civil penalty

 Innovative terms

 Revocation of the Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP)

Table D-1 Instructions for completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518) (page 2 of 2)

Block: Instructions:
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Instructions for Completing a Report of Violation (PPQ Form 518)

D-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Figure D-1 Liaison Officer’s Statement Preparation
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Instructions for Conducting an Investigation and Assembling a Case File

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual D-7

Instructions for Conducting an Investigation and Assembling a Case 

File

The purpose of conducting an investigation is to substantiate that a violation 

took place. The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) will decide whether to 

prosecute a violation based on the results of the investigation and how well the 

case file was prepared. Only a sound investigation and well-prepared case file 

will result in a successful prosecution!

During the investigation, do not discuss any phase of the investigation with 

unauthorized persons (non-APHIS personnel) except for the State 

Cooperator(s) who initially detected the violation.

Once the PPQ Form 518 has been prepared, the officer’s statement and any 

associate evidence (invoices, sales receipts/records, packing lists, photographs, 

Emergency Action Notification, Compliance Agreement, and any other 

pertinent records) should be submitted to the local IES investigator. Also, 

provide Postentry Permit copies, Postentry growing agreements (PPQ Form 

546) and Notices of Arrival (PPQ Form 236).

Once a violation has been noted, always document what transpired. Collect 

evidence to corroborate the violation. If germane to your case, take 

photographs. Photographs make forceful evidence. When submitting 

photographs, write the date, description, and photographer's name on the back 

of the photograph or on a piece of paper onto which the photograph is 

mounted. Physical evidence such as counterfeit or forged labels on postentry 

plants, samples of propagules collected from postentry plants without 

permission, etc. should be assembled. If the physical evidence presents a risk, 

submit it so as to prevent disease dissemination—put it in a tightly closed 

plastic bag.

The IES investigator can obtain a statement or prepare an affidavit to enter as 

evidence for the investigative case report. The investigator will also obtain 

written statements from all persons who have knowledge of the violation.

IES Distribution of the Case File

When the IES investigator sends the case file to the IES staff in Riverdale, MD, 

he or she will make a copy for the SPHD.
Violations of the Postentry Growing Agreement

Instructions for Conducting an Investigation and Assembling a Case File

D-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Table D-2 Case File Responsibilities

If you are a: Then:

Liaison Officer REPORT serious violations to the PEQU in Beltsville, MD 

within 1 work day of notification by the State Cooperator

GIVE or SEND the originals of the evidence directly to the 

IES investigator or through your local SPHD

State Plant Health Director (SPHD) If you have additional information on earlier violations or 

anything else germane to this case, give a statement to 

the IES investigator

SEND a copy of the case file to the National Coordinator 

at the PEQU in Beltsville, MD

The National Coordinator of the PEQP REVIEW the case file

NOTIFY the Permit Unit in Riverdale, MD

SERVE as advisor on the case to the IES staff in Riverdale, MD
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual E-1

Appendix

E Plant Genera Subject to 

Postentry Quarantine

Introduction

Please refer to the Plants for Planting Manual Chapter 4: Lists of Regulated 

Propagative Material to determine plant genera that must be grown in 

postentry.
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-1

Appendix

F

Forms and Permits

Contents

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal Regulations F-2

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be 

Grown Under Postentry Quarantine F-3

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 236 F-6

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination F-7

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation F-9

PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice 

(7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting) F-10

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 546 F-12

PPQ Form 547, Postentry Quarantine Tag F-13

PPQ Form 569 Release from Postentry Quarantine F-13

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products 

F-14

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine F-16

Witness Statements F-20
Forms and Permits

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal Regulations

F-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal Regulations

Figure F-1 APHIS Form 7060, Official Warning, Violation of Federal Regulations
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-3

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to 

be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

Figure F-2 Example of PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown 

Under Postentry Quarantine (page 1 of 3)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

F-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Figure F-2 Example of PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown 

Under Postentry Quarantine (page 2 of 3)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-5

Figure F-2 Example of PPQ Form 236, Notice of Shipment and Report of Imported Plants to be Grown 

Under Postentry Quarantine (page 3 of 3)
Forms and Permits

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 236

F-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 236

Figure F-3 Routing and Distribution for PPQ Form 236
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-7

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

Figure F-4 Example of PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination (page 1 of 2)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination

F-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Figure F-4 Example of PPQ Form 391, Specimens for Determination (page 2 of 2)

NOTICE

The above form must accompany any disease specimen for identification sent to the 

Postentry Quarantine Unit by State Cooperators or local PPQ identifiers.
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-9

PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation

A fillable version of the PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation is available on the 

CBP–APHIS internal website (for authorized users only).

Figure F-5 Example of PPQ Form 518, Report of Violation
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)

F-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State 

Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)

Figure F-6 Example of PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 

CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting) (page 1 of 2)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-11

Figure F-6 Example of PPQ Form 546, Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening Notice (7 

CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting) (page 2 of 2)
Forms and Permits

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 546

F-12 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Routing and Distribution of PPQ Form 546

NOTICE

Sets of PPQ 546 dated prior to January 1998 are obsolete and MUST be discarded. 

The State should contact the SPHD to order new forms, or download from the website.

Figure F-7 Routing and Distribution for PPQ Form 546
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 547, Postentry Quarantine Tag

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-13

PPQ Form 547, Postentry Quarantine Tag

PPQ Form 569 Release from Postentry Quarantine

Figure F-8 Example of PPQ Form 547, Postentry Quarantine Tag

NOTICE

This form is only issued by the National Coordinator, PEQP and the PEQ Coordinator for Hawaii, Guam, and CNMI in Honolulu, HI.
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products

F-14 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant 

Products

Figure F-9 Example of PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products (page 1 

of 2)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-15

Figure F-9 Example of PPQ Form 587, Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products (page 2 

of 2)

NOTICE

This application is for all genera that are not prohibited or Postentry Quarantine.
Forms and Permits

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine

F-16 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine

Figure F-10 Example of a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP) (page 1 of 4)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-17

Figure F-10 Example of a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP) (page 2 of 4)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine

F-18 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Figure F-10 Example of a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP) (page 3 of 4)
Forms and Permits

PPQ Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual F-19

Figure F-10 Example of a Controlled Import Permit for Postentry Quarantine (CIP) (page 4 of 4)
Forms and Permits

Witness Statements

F-20 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Witness Statements

Figure F-11 Example of a Witness Statement
04/2018-03 Postentry Quarantine Manual G-1

Appendix

G Postentry Quarantine 

Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-

23

(a) The following restricted articles, from the designated countries and 

localities, and any increase therefrom must be grown under postentry 

quarantine conditions specified in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, and 

may be imported or offered for importation into the United States only:

(1) If destined for a State that has completed a State postentry quarantine 

agreement in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section;

(2) If a postentry quarantine growing agreement has been completed and 

submitted to Plant Protection and Quarantine in accordance with paragraph (d) 

of this section. The agreement must be signed by the person (the importer) 

applying for a written permit for importation of the article in accordance with 

§319.37-3; and,

(3) If Plant Protection and Quarantine has determined that the completed 

postentry quarantine growing agreement fulfills the applicable requirements of 

this section and that services by State inspectors are available to monitor and 

enforce the postentry quarantine.

(c) State Postentry quarantine agreement. (1) Articles required to undergo 

postentry quarantine in accordance with this section may only be imported if 

destined for postentry quarantine growing in a State which has entered into a 

written agreement with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, signed 

by the Administrator or his or her designee and by the State Plant Regulatory 

Official. In accordance with the laws of individual States, inspection and other 

postentry quarantine services provided by a State may be subject to charges 

imposed by the State.

(I) The following States have entered into a postentry quarantine agreement in 

accordance with this paragraph:

[Reserved]
Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23

G-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 04/2018-03

(2) In any such written agreement, the State shall agree to:

(i) Establish State regulations and requirements prior to the effective date of 

the agreement and enforce such State and Postentry Quarantine Manual 

regulations and requirements necessary to inspect sites and plants growing in 

postentry quarantine and to monitor and enforce compliance with postentry 

quarantine growing in accordance with this section;

(ii) Review pending permit applications for articles to be grown under 

postentry quarantine conditions in the States, upon request of Plant Protection 

and Quarantine, and report to the Permit Unit of Plant Protection and 

Quarantine whether the State would be able to provide inspection and 

monitoring services for the proposed postentry quarantine.:

(iii) Provide the services of State inspectors to: inspect sites to be used for 

postentry quarantine; report to the Permit Unit of Plant Protection and 

Quarantine whether the site is of adequate size to contain the number of plants 

proposed for importation, including potential increase if increase is allowed; 

inspect plants for evidence of exotic pests at least once during the first year and 

once during the second year for plants required to be grown in postentry 

quarantine for 2 years, and at least once for plants required to be grown in 

quarantine for less than 2 years and monitor and enforce compliance with the 

requirements of this section during the use of the sites for postentry quarantine;

(iv) Report to the Postentry Quarantine Unit of Plant Protection and 

Quarantine any evidence of plant pests that are not known to exist in the 

United States and that are found at a postentry quarantine site by State 

inspectors; recommend to Plant Protection and Quarantine safeguards or 

mitigation measures to control the pests; and supervise the application of 

safeguards or mitigation measures approved by Plant Protection and 

Quarantine; and

(v) Report to the Postentry Quarantine Unit of Plant Protection and Quarantine 

any propagation or increase in the number of plants that occurs during 

postentry quarantine.

(3) In any such written agreement, the Administrator shall agree to:

(i) Seek State review of permit applications for postentry quarantine material in 

that State, and issue permits only after determining that State services are 

available to monitor the postentry quarantine;

(ii) Upon request of the State, provide training, technical advice, and pest 

identification services to State officials involved in providing postentry 

quarantine services in accordance with this section;
Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23

04/2018-03 Postentry Quarantine Manual G-3

(iii) Notify State officials, in writing and within 10 days of the arrival, when 

plant material destined for postentry quarantine in their State arrives in the 

United States, and notify State officials in writing when materials in postentry 

quarantine may be released from quarantine in their State.

(4) Termination of State postentry quarantine agreement. A State postentry 

quarantine agreement may be terminated by either the Administrator or the 

State Plant Regulatory Official by giving written notice of termination to the 

other party. The effective date of the termination will be 60 days after the date 

of actual receipt of notice, with regard to future importation to that State of 

articles requiring postentry quarantine in accordance with this section. When a 

postentry quarantine agreement is terminated by either the State Plant 

Regulatory Official or the Administrator, APHIS and the affected State shall 

continue to provide postentry quarantine services in accordance with the 

postentry quarantine agreement, until the time the plant material is eligible to 

be released from quarantine, for all postentry quarantine material already in the 

State, and for all postentry quarantine material that arrives in the State prior to 

the effective date of termination.

(d) Postentry quarantine growing agreements. Any restricted article required 

to be grown under postentry quarantine conditions, as well as any increase 

therefrom, shall be grown in accordance with a postentry quarantine growing 

agreement signed by the person (the importer) applying for a written permit in 

accordance with §319.37-3 for importation of the article and submitted to Plant 

Protection and Quarantine. On each postentry quarantine growing agreement, 

APHIS shall also obtain the signature of the State Plant Regulatory Official for 

the State in which regulated articles covered by the agreement will be grown. 

The postentry quarantine growing agreement shall specify the kind, number, 

and origin of plants to be imported, and shall certify to APHIS and to the State 

in which the articles are grown that the signed of the agreement will comply 

with the following conditions for the period of time specified below:

(1) To grow such article or increase therefrom only on specified premises 

owned, rented, or otherwise in possession of the importer, within a space of 

dimensions designated by an inspector, and to move, propagate, or allow 

propagation of the article or increase therefrom or parts thereof only with the 

written permission of the National Coordinator for postentry quarantine in 

Beltsville, MD or the Coordinator of postentry quarantine for Hawaii, Guam, 

and CNMI in Honolulu, HI after approval by the State Plant Regulatory 

Officer or representative:

(2) To permit an inspector to have access to the specified premises for 

inspection of such article during regular business hours;
Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23

G-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 04/2018-03

(3) To keep the article and any increase therefrom identified with a label 

showing the name of the article, port accession number, and date of 

importation;

(4) To keep the article separated from any domestic plant or plant product of 

the same genus by no less than 3 meters (approximately 10 feet); and from any 

other imported plant or plant product by the same distance;

(5) To allow or apply remedial measures (including destruction) determined by 

an inspector to be necessary to prevent the spread of an injurious plant disease, 

injurious insect pest, or other plant pest;

(6) To notify an inspector, orally or in writing, within 30 days of the time the 

importer or the person in charge of the growing site finds any abnormality of 

the article, or the article dies or is killed by the importer, the person in charge 

of the growing site, or any other person; to retain the abnormal or dead article 

for at least 60 days following that date of notification; an to give the abnormal 

or dead article to an inspector upon request;

(7) To grow the article or increase therefrom, if an article or Rubus spp. 

(cloudberry, blackberry, boysenberry, dewberry, loganberry, raspberry) from 

Europe, only in a screenhouse with screening of a minimum of 16 mesh per 

inch;

(8) To grow the article or increase therefrom, if an article of Chrysanthemum

spp. (chrysanthemum) or Dianthus spp. (carnation, sweet-william), only in a 

greenhouse or other enclosed building; and

(9) To comply with the above conditions for a period of 6 months after 

importation for an article of Chrysanthemum spp. (chrysanthemum), for a 

period of 1 year after importation for an article of Dianthus spp. (carnation, 

sweet-william), and for a period of 2 years after importation for any other such 

articles.

(e) A completed postentry quarantine agreement (PPQ form 546) signed by 

both the applicant and the State Plant Regulatory Officer or representative 

must be forwarded to the Permits Unit in Riverdale, MD to obtain a written 

permit for an article required to be grown under postentry quarantine 

conditions.

(f) Inspector-ordered disposal, movement, or safeguarding of restricted 

articles; costs and charges, civil and criminal liabilities.

(1) Growing at unauthorized sites. If an inspector determines that any article 

subject to the postentry quarantine growing requirements of this section, or any 
Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23

04/2018-03 Postentry Quarantine Manual G-5

appropriately authorized increase therefrom, is being grown at an unauthorized 

site, the inspector may file an emergency action notification (PPQ Form 523) 

with the owner of the article or the person who owns or is in possession of the 

site on which the article is being grown. The person named in the form 523 

must, within the time specified in form 523, sign a postentry quarantine 

growing agreement, destroy, ship to a point outside the United states, move to 

an authorized postentry quarantine site, and/or apply treatments or other 

safeguards to the article, the increase therefrom, or any portion of the article or 

the increase therefrom, as prescribed by an inspector to prevent the 

introduction of plant pests into the United States. In choosing which action to 

order and in setting the time limit for the action, the inspector shall consider the 

degree of pest risk presented by the plant pest(s) associated with the kind of 

article (including increase therefrom), the types of other host materials for the 

pest in or near the growing site, the climate and season at the site in relation to 

the pest's survival, and the availability of treatment facilities.

(2) Growing at authorized sites. If an inspector determines that any article, or 

any increase therefrom, grown at a site specified in an authorized postentry 

quarantine growing agreement is being grown contrary to the provisions of this 

section, including in numbers greater than the number approved by the 

postentry quarantine growing agreement, or in a manner that otherwise 

presents a risk of introducing plant pests into the United States, the inspector 

shall issue an emergency action notification (PPQ form 523) to the person who 

signed the postentry quarantine growing agreement. That person shall be 

responsible for carrying out all actions specified in the emergency action 

notification. The emergency action notification may extend the time for which 

the articles and the increase therefrom must be grown under the postentry 

quarantine conditions specified in the authorized postentry quarantine growing 

agreement, or may require that the person named in the notification must 

destroy, ship to a point outside the United States, or apply treatments or other 

safeguards to the article, the increase therefrom, or any portion of the article or 

the increase therefrom, within the time specified in the emergency action 

notification. In choosing which action to order and in setting the time limit for 

the action, the inspector shall consider the degree of pest risk presented by the 

plant pest(s) associated with the kind of article (including increase therefrom), 

the types of other host materials for the pest in or near the growing site, the 

climate and season at the site in relation to the pest's survival, and the 

availability of treatment facilities.

(3) Costs and charges. All costs pursuant to any action ordered by an inspector 

in accordance with this section shall be borne by the person who signed the 

postentry quarantine growing agreement (PPQ form 546) covering the site 

where the articles were grown, or if no such agreement was signed, by the 

owner of the articles at the growing site.
Postentry Quarantine Regulation 7 CFR 319.37-23

G-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 04/2018-03

(4) Civil and criminal liabilities. Any person who moves an article subject to 

postentry quarantine growing requirements from the site specified for that 

article in an authorized postentry quarantine growing agreement, or who 

otherwise handles such an article contrary to the requirements of this section, 

shall be subject to such civil penalties and such criminal liabilities as are 

provided by 18 U.S.C. 1001, 7 U.S.C. 150gg and 163, or other applicable 

Federal statutes.

(g) State. As used in this section. “State” means each of the 50 States of the 

United States, the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, 

Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, of the United States, and all other territories 

and possessions of the United States.

(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 

0579-0049)

(44 U.S.C. 35)[45 FR 31585, May 13, 1980; 45 FR 35305, May 27, 1980, as 

amended at 45 FR 81531. Dec. 11, 1980; 48 FR 57466, Dec. 30, 1983; 57 FR 

43148, 43150, Sept. 18, 1992; 58 FR 38267, July 16, 1993; 58 FR 41124. Aug. 

2, 1993; 59 FR 67610. Dec. 30, 19]
4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-1

Appendix

H Plants Growing in 

Postentry Quarantine

Contents

Introduction H-1

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine H-1

Introduction

Use Table H-1 to determine when to look for symptoms of infections caused 

by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cankers.

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Table H-1 Causal Agent and Onset of Symptoms

If the causal agent is likely: Then look for symptoms at this time of year:

Bacteria Spring and early summer

Viruses Cool weather (when leaves are first expanding)

Cankers Year long

Fungi including leaf spots Mid-summer to fall

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 1 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:

Abelmoschus spp. 

(okra)

Cotton leaf curl agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Leaves: Conspicuous netveinenations; on severely 

affected plants, leaves are 

small, thick, and curled downwards; also, on severely 

affected plant, may have 

“bunchy-top” appearance

Acacia spp. Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlp. (rust)

Throughout growing season Leaves: Gall–like masses 

along entire length

Branches: Large rounded 

galls or areas coated with 

brown, powdery spores
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Acer spp. (maple) Xanthomonas acernea

(Ogawa) Burk (leaf disease)

After leaves are fully opened 

until autumn

Leaves: Irregular, watersoaked spotting; spots later 

turn pale gray to black; leaves 

turn black and shrivel

Maple-variegation agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Leaves: Yellow mottle mosaic 

peppered with very small, 

round, light-green spots; 

spots may coalesce to give 

chlorotic appearance

Actinidia spp. (kiwi–

fruit)

Pucciniastrum actinidiae

Hiratusuka (rust)

After leaves are fully opened Leaves: Spots on lower surface, grouped or scattered on 

yellow or yellowish-brown discolored areas; mature pustules yellowish-brown to 

brown in color

Aesculus spp. 

(horsechestnut)

Horsechestnut-variegation 

agent

After leaves are fully opened 

until they color in autumn

Leaves: Yellow variegation

Althaea spp. (hollyhock)

Hibiscus yellow vein 

mosaic agent

When leaves are developing 

until leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Faint vein clearing 

(of young leaves) followed by 

swelling of the veins at several points on the underside 

of the leaves; swelling gradually extends to nearly all 

veins. As leaves grow, the 

swelling thickens and 

becomes twisted; thickened 

veins are deep green in color 

and appear opaque when 

seen against the light

Anacardium occidentale (fruit and nut list)

Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of the year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Annona spp. (fruit 

and nut list)

Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogens

Various times of the year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Artocarpus spp. Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogens

Various times of the year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Averrhoa carambola

(fruit and nut List)

Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogens

Various times of the year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Averrhoa spp. Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogens

Various times of the year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Berberis spp. (barberry)

Puccinia graminis Pers. 

(black stem rust)

Between 5 and 9 weeks after 

leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Small, circular, yellowish to orange spots (up to 

2 to 5 mm) on upper side; 

usually on the lower side are 

groups of orange-yellow horn 

or cup-like projections

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 2 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-3

Blighia sapida (akee) Okra mosaic virus When leaves are developing 

until leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Chlorosis of the leaf 

veins and chlorosis of the 

lamina leaving thin, darkgreen bands along the small 

leaf veins

Bromeliaceae (pineapple family)

(Postentry in HI only)

Puccinia pitcairniae Lagh. All season Leaves: Scattered or compact cinnamon-brown to 

blackish-brown lesions

Puccinia tillandsiae Cummins and Pollack

All season Leaves: Lesions in clusters 

yellow to golden-brown

Uredo nidularii P. Henn. All season Leaves: Yellowish to cinnamon-brown lesions arranged 

in rows in groups

Ustilago tillandsiae PattersonDuring flowering period Inflorescences: Powdery 

black sori destroying inflorescences

Brugmansia spp. Datura Colombian virus Spring and early summer Leaves: 1) Veinbanding or 

chlorotic flecking followed by 

mottling; 2) may become 

rugose and slightly distorted

Carica spp. Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Cedrus spp. (cedar) Phacidiopycnis pseudotsuga (M. Wils.) Hahn 

(Douglas Fir Canker)

All season Terminal buds and shoots: 

Die-back branches or trunk: 

Girdling up to 6 inches wide

Ceratonia siliqua Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Chaenomeles spp. 

(flowering quince)

Quince sooty ringspot 

agent

Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Young leaves: 1) Show epinasty (curled sharply downwards); 2) Veinlets-necrosis 

and short lengths become 

blackened; black pigments 

develop in cuticle bordering 

veins or around pale yellow 

spots giving superficial 

appearance of “sooty mold”; 

3) Vein clearing and yellowing

Quince yellow blotch agent Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Leaves: Large chlorotic 

blotches

Quince stunt agent Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Leaves: Reduced in size, 

puckered, and marked by 

translucent chlorotic spots; 

Plants: Show no growth; 

also, show various degree of 

die-back (Smith)

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 3 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Chaenomeles spp. 

(flowering quince)

(cont.)

Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada 

(rust)

After leaves are fully opened Leaves: Upper surface: 

orange–yellow spots; Lower 

surface: brown spots with yellowish-red margins; telia 

occur on juniperus needles

Apple ring spot agent When fruits are about 3 cm in 

diameter until harvest

Occurs only on fruits: Starts 

as small, brown areas; develops into irregular patches of 

varying shades of brown (to 

reddish brown) with rough 

russeted surface (sometimes 

intersected by little cracks) 

and scaly margin. As fruit ripens, a brown halo, or a series 

of concentric rings, forms 

around lesions. The skin 

around the halo (or rings) is 

light-green or yellow even on 

red fruits

Chrysanthemum spp.

(Dendranthema spp.)

Puccinia horiana P. Henn. 

(white rust of Chrysanthemum)

When leaves are fully out. 

Spring: 3 to 6 weeks after 

planting and again later in the 

season; summer

Leaves: Upper surface— 

greenish-yellow spots. Lower 

surface—raised, waxy, whitish-yellow to pink pustules. 

Young shoots: Wilt and die

Chrysobalanus icaco Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Chrysophyllum spp. Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Corylus spp. (except 

C. avellana)

Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Corylus Avellana 

(hazelnut) 

Apple proliferation phytoplasmaStarting in the spring and 

throughout the season

General yellowing, weak 

growth, and dieback

Crataegus monogyna (English hawthorn)

Gymnosporangium spp. 

(rust)

After leaves are fully opened Leaves: Brownish spots

Crataegus spp. (fruit 

bearing)

Gymnosporangium spp. 

(rust) and Monilina fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) 

Honey (brown rot of fruit)

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 4 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-5

Crocosmia spp. Puccinia mccleanii When leaves are out

Uredo gladioli-buettneri

Bub. (rust)

When leaves are out

Uromyces gladioli P. Henn 

(rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: Telia in small, brown 

sori crowded together to form 

a crust

Uromyces nyikensis Syd. 

(rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: Telia in small, cinnamon-brown sori along veins 

sometimes on chlorotic spots

Uromyces transversalis When leaves are out Leaves: Uredinia appear as 

powdery bright-orange sori 

on both leaf surfaces in linear 

series transversely across the 

leaf; telia initially surround the 

uredinia and are dark brown

Cydonia spp. (quince) Guignardia piricola (Nose) 

Yamamoto (leaf, branch, 

and fruit disease)

Spring to early summer for 

leaves; summer for fruit (if 

fruiting)

Branches or trunk: Lesions 

are round to elliptical, separated from healthy tissue by a 

crack or crevice around margin, and brown to gray

Fruit: Spots are brown and 

depressed and sometimes 

with brownish ring

Quince sooty ringspot 

agent

Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Young leaves: 1) Show epinasty (curled sharply downwards); 2) Veinlets-necrosis 

and short lengths become 

blackened; lack pigments 

develop in cuticle bordering 

veins or around pale yellow 

spots giving superficial 

appearance of “sooty mold”; 

3) Vein clearing and yellowing

Quince yellow blotch agent Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Leaves: Large chlorotic 

blotches

Quince stunt agent Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Leaves: Reduced in size, 

puckered, and marked by 

translucent chlorotic spots; 

Plants: Show no growth; also, 

show various degree of dieback (Smith)

Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada 

(rust)

After leaves are fully opened Leaves: Upper surface: 

orange-yellow spots; lower 

surface: brown spots with yellowish-red margins; telia 

occur on juniperus needles

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 5 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Cydonia spp. (quince)

(cont.)

Apple ring spot agent When fruits are about 3 cm in 

diameter until harvest

Occurs only on fruits: Starts 

as small, brown areas. Develops into irregular patches of 

varying shades of brown (to 

reddish brown) with rough, 

russeted surface (sometimes 

intersected by little cracks) 

and scaly margin. As fruit ripens, a brown halo, or a series 

of concentric rings, forms 

around lesions. The skin 

around the halo (or rings) is 

light green or yellow even on 

red fruits

Datura spp. (thornapple)

Datura Colombian virus Spring and early summer Leaves: 1) Veinbanding or 

chlorotic flecking followed by 

mottling; 2) may become 

rugose and slightly distorted

Datura distortion or enation mosaic virusSpring and early summer Leaves:1) First symptoms— 

pronounced vein clearing, 

curling or margins and 

upward folding of youngest 

leaf near its base followed by 

discoloration; 2) symptoms 

become more prominent and 

color gradually turns lighter 

green with few dark-green 

spots; 3) subsequent leaves 

show pronounced margin 

curling and almost double 

folding upwards; 4) severe 

malformation (distortion)— 

reduction of laminae to midrib 

only resulting in a shoestring 

(tendril-like) effect

Flowers and buds: Severe 

distortion and malformation, 

whorls imperfectly developed 

and corolla and calyx rupturing

Dendranthema spp. 

(refer to Chrysanthemum spp. on page 

H-4)

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 6 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-7

Dianthus spp. (pink) Carnation etched ring virus Spring and early summer Leaves: Oval- to dumbbellshaped whitish necrotic flecks 

and rings with dark brown–

maroon edges

Carnation necrotic fleck 

virus

Spring and early summer Leaves: Grayish white or reddish-purple flecks

Carnation streak agent Spring and early summer Leaves: Yellowish or reddish 

spots parallel to veins. Lower 

surface may be heavily spotted and turn yellow

Phialophora cinerescens 

(Wr.) van Beyma (=Verticillium cinerescens Wr.)

Any time Leaves: Wilted, wrinkled, and 

chlorotic; vascular ring discoloration

Stems: May have “kinks” at 

nodes and internodes shortened

Eucalyptus spp. (Australian gum)

Leaf chlorosis agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: Chlorosis and size 

reduction

Plants: Die in full sunlight; 

less chlorotic plants may live 

for some years, but growth is 

retarded

Pestalotia disseminata 

Thuem. (parasitic leaf fungus)

From full leaf maturity and 

thereafter

Leaves: Premature drop; 

blight

Euonymus spp. (spindle tree)Euonymus mosaic agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: Wide yellow border 

and center are mottled green 

or greenish-yellow; young 

leaves show yellow veination

Fraxinus spp. (ash) Pseudomonas savastanoi 

var. fraxini (Brown) Dowson 

(canker and dwarfing disease)

All season Young trees: Dwarfed

Branches and trunk: Cankers and discoloration of tissue beneath bark

Gladiolus spp. (corn 

flag, sword lily)

Puccinia mccleanii Doidge 

(rust)

When leaves are out

Uredo gladioli-buettneri 

Bub. (rust)

When leaves are out

Uromyces gladioli P. Henn. 

(rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: Small, brown-black 

pustules crowded together to 

form a crust

Uromyces transversalis 

(Thuem.) Wint. (rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: Powdery, bright 

orange pustules on both surfaces in linear series perpendicular to veination

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 7 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Hibiscus (refer to 

Abelmoschus spp. 

(okra) on page H-1)

Cotton leaf curl agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Leaves: Conspicuous netveinenations; on severely 

affected plant, leaves are 

small, thick, and curled downwards; also, on severely 

affected plants, may have 

“bunchy-top” appearance

Hibiscus yellow vein 

mosaic agent

When leaves are developing 

until leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Vein chlorosis; chlorotic areas yellowish green 

around leaf tissues to bright 

yellow near veins. Lower leaf 

surfaces: veins swollen 

(thickened), brittle and dark 

green; vein thickening causes 

leaf to curl downwards

Okra mosaic virus Spring and early summer Youngest leaves: 7 to 8 days 

after inoculation: light-green 

mosaic or regular chlorosis of 

veins

Next two to three leaves 

produced: one or more principal veins bordered by broad 

chlorotic bands

Later leaves: no symptoms

Humulus spp. (hop) Hop nettlehead strain of 

Arabis mosaic virus

After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Plant: Poor growth and 

degeneration of plant; reduction of both number and 

weight of cones

Hydrangea spp. Puccinia glyceriae S. Ito 

(Aecidium hydrangea)

When leaves are out Leaves: Orange-yellow 

lesions on the upper surface 

(spermogonia); aecia on the 

lower surface of the leaf are 

cup shaped and pale yellow 

in color

Jasminum spp. (jasmine)Jasmine variegation agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves and young branches: 

Yellowish variegation

Juniperus spp. (juniper)

Stigmina deflectans (Karst) 

Ellis (needlecast disease)

When needles are turning 

brown

Needles: Minute brownish 

fruiting bodies along the 

median veins of the upper 

side of needles

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsuga (M. Wils.) Hahn 

(Douglas fir canker)

Throughout growing season Branches and trunk: cankers; often exude abundance 

of resin; fungus not perennial, 

therefore, isolated cankers 

may heal over

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 8 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-9

Larix spp. (larch) Phacidiopycnis pseudotsuga (M. Wils.) Hahn 

(Douglas Fir Canker)

Throughout growing season Branches and trunk: cankers; often exude abundance 

of resin; fungus not perennial, 

therefore, isolated cankers 

may heal over

Lachnellula wilkommii (Hartig) Dennis (European larch 

canker)

Throughout growing season Branches and trunk: cankers causing girdling dieback

Leucanthemella 

serotina

Puccinia horiana P. Henn. 

(white rust of Chrysanthemum)

When leaves are fully out; 

spring: 3 to 6 weeks after 

planting and again later in the 

season; summer

Leaves: Upper surface— 

greenish-yellow spots. Lower 

surface—raised, waxy, whitish-yellow to pink pustules

Young shoots: Wilt and die

Ligustrum spp. 

(privet)

Ligustrum mosaic agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Leaves: Clear yellow spots

Litchi chinensis (fruit 

and nut List)

Inspect for any potential 

exotic pathogen

Various times of year REFER to Plant Genera Subject to Postentry Quarantine

on page E-1

Mahoberberis (Berberis x Mahonia

hybrid)

Puccinia graminis Pers. 

(black stem rust)

Between 5 to 9 weeks after 

leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Rust appears first on 

upper surface as yellowish 

round spots with brighter yellow or reddish-purple margins; later, discolored, slightly 

thickened spots appear on 

lower surface (this stage also 

appears on stem and fruit)

Mahonia spp. (Oregon grape, holly 

grape)

Puccinia graminis Pers. 

(black stem rust)

Between 5 to 9 weeks after 

leaves are fully opened

Leaves: Rust appears first on 

upper surface as yellowish 

round spots with brighter yellow or reddish-purple margins; later, discolored, slightly 

thickened spots appear on 

lower surface (this stage also 

appears on stem and fruit)

Malus spp. (apple) Apple proliferation phytoplasma

Late summer and fall— opening of blossoms on infected 

branches; fall— growth of axillary buds (Witches' Broom); 

spring—early leafing out

Buds and leaves: 1) first 

symptoms—reddening of 

leaves and late growth of terminal buds; 2) second symptom—Witches' Broom may 

appear in the same or later 

years; 3) infested plants may 

become symptomless after 2 

to 3 years of acute reaction

Diaporthe mali Bres. (leaf, 

branch, and fruit fungus)

Spring and early summer Leaves: Pale, discolored 

spots; may curl and drop prematurely

Young shoots: Irregular, 

brownish canker about 6 

inches below tip; twig surface 

gradually dries and cracks 

causing death of shoot

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 9 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Malus spp. (apple)

(cont.)

Apple branch canker (Valsa

canker) (Valsa ceratosperma; Gvritischvili)

Spring (more likely to see 

during a wet period)

Bark: Swollen, water-soaked 

lesions; small black pycnidia 

appear in the lesions later 

and spore horns approximately 1 month after that; 

cankers (usually on older 

plants) on the upper side of 

limbs; a girdling type of injury 

may be observed on weakened branches and twigs. 

These signs will probably be 

found only during the second growing season inspection

Guignardia piricola (Nose) 

Yamamoto (leaf, branch, 

and fruit disease)

Spring and summer Leaves: Brown to dark brown 

spots surrounded by a ring

Branches and trunk: Round 

oval lesions; infected and 

healthy tissues separated by 

a crack or crevice; lesion surface depressed, brown in 

color with many fruiting bodies in center

Valsa ceratosperma (Tode 

ex Fr.) Maire (V. mali) 

(apple branch canker)

Throughout growing season Bark: On the upper side of 

limbs the bark appears swollen and water soaked especially when wet. The resultant 

canker becomes sunken, 

darker, and cracked on the 

surface. Black pycnidia 

appear in the canker in late 

spring and spore horns about 

1 month later. These signs 

will probably be found only

during the second growing 

season inspection

Morus spp. (mulberry)

Mulberry dwarf phytoplasmaLate spring to early summer Leaves: Normal leaves are 

produced at the beginning if 

winter temperatures were 

below 20°C; check leaves 

produced later after causal 

agent had moved from the 

roots and multiplied in newly 

growing shoots; chlorosis of 

leaves

Branches: Proliferation 

(Witches' Broom)

Mulberry curly little leaf 

agent

Spring to early summer Leaves: Deformed; retards 

growth in general and development of root system

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 10 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-11

Morus spp. (mulberry)

(cont.)

Mulberry mosaic agent Up to 6 weeks after leaves are 

fully opened

Leaves: Typical mosaic mottling, occasionally accompanied by slight curling and 

puckering; no noticeable 

reduction in leaf size

Aecidium mori (Barclay) 

Dietel (mulberry rust)

Late spring to early summer 

for your geographical location

Aecia with spores on upper 

and lower surfaces of the 

leaf. They are solitary or in 

groups on leaves, buds, leaf 

veins, and petioles. Can be in 

elongated clusters up to 1 

cm. long causing distortion 

and excessive host tissue 

growth

Nipponanthemum 

nipponicum

Puccinia horiana P. Henn. 

(white rust of Chrysanthemum)

When leaves are fully out; 

spring: 3 to 6 weeks after 

planting and again later in the 

season; summer

Leaves: Upper surface—

greenish-yellow spots. Lower 

surface—raised, waxy, whitish-yellow to pink pustules

Young shoots: wilt and die

Olea europaea (olive) Olive partial paralysis virus After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: Chlorotic, curled 

leaves on secondary twigs or 

mosaic pattern with midrib 

darkening

Twigs: The entire branch 

shrivels from the tip downward; a dark reddish-purple 

band appears on the bark; 

sections of twigs may have a 

strong fermentation odor

Olive sickle leaf virus After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: Chlorotic, blotched, 

streaked, are sickle-shaped, 

curved, puckered or otherwise deformed; they are light 

green with white markings 

Branches: May be stunted 

and may appear only in individual branches; diseased 

plants appear bushy

Passiflora spp. (passion fruit)

Passion fruit woodiness 

virus

During spring growth and early 

summer

Leaves: P. edulis: mosaic, 

distortion, and crinkles, with 

yellow spots on older leaves

P. edulis f. flavicarpa and 

hybrids: Pale-green to yellowish ringspots and leaf 

mosaic on spring growth

Philadelphus spp. 

(mock orange)

Elm mottle virus After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks after

Leaves: Chlorotic ringspot, 

mottling, and line pattern

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 11 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-12 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Picea spp. (spruce) Chrysomyxa ledi (Alb. & 

Schw.) d By var. rhododendri (DC) Savile (rhododendron—spruce needle rust)

Fall Leaves: Premature defoliation of heavily infected needles

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsuga (M. Wils.) Hahn 

(Douglas Fir Canker)

Throughout growing season Branches and trunk: girdling 

up to 6 inches wide

Large branches and trunk: 

cankers; isolate cankers may 

heal over as fungus is not 

perennial on bark

Pinus spp. (two- or 

three-leaved) (pine)

Cronartium flaccidium (Alb. 

& Schw.) Wint. (rust causing serious stunting of hard 

pines)

Late spring to early summer Bark: Irregular, ballooned, 

pale, yellow sacs containing 

powdery, orange spores

Gall forming rust

Populus spp. (poplar, 

aspen, cottonwood)

Xanthomonas populi Ride 

(canker)

Spring and early summer Leaves: young leaves turn 

black

Shoots: presence of canker 

and slime exude (especially 

during wet weather); slime 

exude also from base of dead 

buds and at internodes

Prunus spp. (stone 

fruit)

Plum pox (=Sharka) virus When leaves are fully opened, 

until six weeks after

Plum: Leaves: severe diffused olive-green rings or 

mottling

Fruit: skin with dark colored 

rings; flesh with brown or red 

discoloration

Seed: brown spots

Peach: Leaves: vein yellowing, chlorotic spotting, and 

distortion

Flowers: some varieties will 

show color breaking symptoms

Apricot: Leaves: diffused 

pale-green rings and lines

Seed: yellow rings

Apple proliferation phytoplasma in P. armeniaca

(apricot); P. avium (cherry); 

and P. domestica (plum)

Spring and summer Leaves: wilting to leading to 

leaf death

Branches and trunk: necrosis visible when cut across 

and longitudinally

Flowers: become necrotic

Starting in the spring and 

throughout the season

Leaves: wilting

Flowers: necrosis on cherry 

flowers

Branches and trunks: 

necrosis in cross-section

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 12 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-13

Prunus spp. (stone 

fruit)

(cont.)

Cherry leaf roll virus Spring and summer Spring: Delayed leafing and 

flowering

Summer: 1) Margins of leaf 

roll upwards and, in some 

varieties, leaf turns purple; 2) 

infected tree declines in vigor 

and gum exudes from splits in 

bark

Cherry rusty mottle (European) agentLate summer Leaves: Rust-colored pigmentation

European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmaSpring and summer Early symptoms: leaf rolling 

and yellowing

Later symptoms: shoot proliferation and unseasonal 

growth (during winter) Characteristic disease symptoms: 

presence of weak shoot with 

small leaves among normal 

shoots and irregularly distributed dried twigs on branches

Plum bark split strain of 

apple chlorotic leaf spot 

virus

Throughout growing season Bark: formation of reddishbrown areas that become 

sunken, hard, and usually 

split; splits increase and are 

flanked by sunken areas of 

dead bark with wavy margin

Arabis mosaic virus and its 

strains

For Chlorotic symptoms, not 

more than 6 weeks after 

leaves are fully opened

Plants: dwarfing from slight 

stunting to extreme miniaturization (extreme miniaturization condition—leaves are 

twisted, cupped, crinkled, or 

deformed)

Leaves: chlorosis between 

veins and in irregular blotches 

or yellowing of whole leaves 

or leaf edges

Raspberry ringspot virus 

and its strains

Up to 6 weeks after leaf is fully 

opened

Leaves: “rasp-leaf” condition

Tomato blackring virus and 

its strains

Spring and early summer Peach: shoot stunting 

Almond: leaf enations

Strawberry latent ringspot 

virus and its strains

Spring and early summer Peach: causes dwarfing

Cherry: veinal chlorosis and 

reddening of leaves

Pseudolarix spp. 

(golden larch)

Lachnellula wilkommii (Hartig) Dennis (European larch 

canker)

Throughout growing season Branches and trunks: cankers causing girding dieback

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 13 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-14 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Pseudotsuga spp. 

(Douglas fir)

Phacidiopycnis pseudotsuga (M. Wils.) Hahn 

(Douglas fir canker)

Throughout growing season Terminal buds and shoots: 

die-back

Branches or trunk: girdling 

up to 6 inches wide

Larger branches or trunk: 

cankers; isolated cankers 

may heal over as fungus is 

not perennial on bark

Pyrus spp. (pear) Guignardia piricola (Nose) 

Yamamoto (leaf, branch, 

and fruit disease)

Spring and summer Leaves: brown to dark-brown 

spots surrounded by a ring

Branches or trunk: round 

oval lesions, infected and 

healthy tissues separated by 

a crack or crevice; lesion surface depressed, brown in 

color and with many fruiting 

bodies in center

Apple proliferation phytoplasmaFirst-year growth of scion 

wood and second-year growth 

of budsWitches' Broom

Bud grafts: reddening of 

leaves and late growth of terminal buds the second year 

of growth

Pear blister canker viroid Spring and early summer Stems: Small blisters appear 

in early spring. Later, splits 

and cracks appear and 

coalesce to form cankers; 

may kill young trees

Pear bud drop agent Early spring Buds: most fall at bud break; 

others start growth after 2 

weeks delay; new buds 

develop on scars of fallen 

ones giving rise to thin, short 

shoots (rosette); causes poor 

graft (dead tissues between 

scion and rootstocks) and 

stem pitting

Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex. Yamada 

(rust)

After leaves are fully out Leaves: upper surfaces: 

small, orange-yellow spots 

lower surfaces: brown spots 

with yellowish-red margins

Valsa ceratosperma 

(Tode:Fr.) Mair (anamorph: 

Cytospora sacculus (Schwein.) Gvritischvili) (Valsa

canker)

Spring (more likely to see 

during a wet period)

Bark: swollen, water-soaked 

lesions; small black pycnidia 

appear in the lesions later 

and spore horns approximately 1 month after that; 

cankers (usually on older 

plants) on the upper side of 

limbs; a girdling type of injury 

may be observed on weakened branches and twigs

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 14 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

4/2023-70 Postentry Quarantine Manual H-15

Pyrus spp. (pear)

(cont.)

Apple ring spot agent Before and at fruit harvest Mature fruit: small, lightbrown areas, varying in size 

and shape

Ripened fruit: distinct, reddish spots intersected by little cracks; spots develop a 

broom halo or series of concentric rings

Quercus spp. (oak) Stereum hiugense Imazeki 

(white rot)

Throughout growing season Stems and branches: most 

likely a wound parasite causing decay of the wood; wood 

turn dark brown, some forming dark-brown streaks

Ribes spp. Black currant reversion 

virus

During blossom period, late 

spring, and early summer

Buds: smooth and brightly 

colored as compared with 

hairy and gray normal bud; 

flower may be malformed and 

“double”

Leaves: flatter than normal; 

number reduced and chlorotic 

during blossom period

Rosa spp. (rose) Rose wilt agent After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Plants: wilted; pinched, yellowish-green shoots and 

eventually die-back and 

death; also, stems proliferation

Leaves: epinasty; turn pale 

green or yellow; brittle and 

easily detached

Rubus spp. (bramble) Rubus stunt phytoplasm Early summer Leaves: on infected cane, 

paler than normal

Canes: small, thin, and weak; 

also excessive lateral branching (bushy appearance)

Flowers: green, leaf-like petals; also excessive proliferation of flowers

Salix spp. (willow) Erwinia salicis (Day) Chester (Brenneria salicis) 

(watermark disease)

Throughout growing season Leaves: turn bright red in 

early summer during hot 

weather; remain on stem

Shoots: show bacteria containing liquid drips; grayish 

discoloration inside shoot 

when cut

Sorbus spp. (mountain ash)

Mountain ash variegation 

agent

After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: yellow or white variegation, sometimes vein-clearing and vein-banding

Taphrina piri Kusano (leaf 

distortion fungus)

Throughout growing season Leaves: yellowish-green 

spots; later spots show pruinose, hairy–white growth on 

surface

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 15 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine

H-16 Postentry Quarantine Manual 4/2023-70

Syringa spp. (lilac) Elm mottle virus After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: chlorotic ringspots 

and line pattern

Ulmus spp. (elm) Elm mottle virus After leaves are fully opened 

until 6 weeks later

Leaves: chlorotic ringspots 

and line pattern

Watsonia spp. Puccinia mccleanii Doidge 

(rust)

When leaves are out

Uredo gladioli-buettneri 

Bub. (rust)

When leaves are out

Uromyces gladioli gladioli 

P. Henn (rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: small, brown-black 

pustules crowded together to 

form a crust

Uromyces transversalis 

(Thuem.) Wint. (rust)

When leaves are out Leaves: powdery, bright 

orange pustules on both surfaces in linear series perpendicular to veination

Table H-2 Inspection Aid for Plants Growing in Postentry Quarantine (page 16 of 16)

Host group: Pathogen or disease: Preferred inspection period: Symptoms:
10/2011-02 Postentry Quarantine Manual I-1

Appendix

I Pesticide Safety

Precautions

Practice the following safety precautions:

1. Check container markings, labels, and accompanying documents to learn if 

the seed was treated. If the accompanying documents indicate that the seed 

was treated, skip to Step 3. If the documents tell you nothing, go to Step 2.

2. If you didn't learn anything from the labels or accompanying documents, 

carefully examine the container and the seed for pesticide residue. If you 

detect a chemical odor, suspect the seed was treated. If pesticides are 

suspected, recheck the documentation and labeling to learn the name of the 

pesticide. By knowing what the pesticide is, you can take the most 

appropriate action if pesticide poisoning occurs.

3. Don't breathe the air around the open container or the treated seed. Work in 

a well-ventilated area.

4. If it is necessary for you to touch the seed, wear latex gloves. To increase 

your protection, handle the seed as little as possible.

5. Once you complete your inspection, appropriately discard the latex gloves. 

Wash your hands with soap and water.

6. If the seed showed evidence of having been treated but was not so marked, 

mark the documents and container. Mark them to alert other people who 

may have to handle the shipment.
09/2019-04 Postentry Quarantine Manual Glossary-1

Postentry 

Quarantine 

Glossary

Use this glossary to find the meaning of specialized words, abbreviations, 

acronyms, and terms used in regulating postentry quarantine materials. To 

locate where in the manual a given definition, term, or abbreviation is 

mentioned, refer to the index.

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

advisories. important information throughout the manual brought to the user’s 

attention

aecium. cuplike structure of some rust fungi that contains chains of 

aeciospores

APHIS. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

APHIS Form 7060. Official Warning Violation of Federal Regulations

blight. any of numerous plant diseases resulting in sudden conspicuous wilting 

and dying of affected parts, especially young, growing tissues

cancellate. to make in a crisscross pattern

cankers. (a) localized diseased or necrotic area on a plant part, especially on a 

trunk, branch, or twig of a woody plant, usually caused by fungi or bacteria; (b) 

any of several diseases of plants characterized by the presence of such lesions

character. a structure, function, or attribute determined by a gene or group of 

genes

chlorosis. yellowing or whitening of normally green plant tissue because of a 

decreased amount of chlorophyll, often as a result of disease or nutrient 

deficiency

clavate. having one end thickened; club-shaped

dieback. gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of 

various diseases or climatic conditions
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 09/2019-04

eruptment. bursting through or as if through a surface or covering

girdle. to remove a band of bark and cambium from the circumference of (a 

tree) usually in order to kill it

graft. (a) to unite (a shoot or bud) with a growing plant by insertion or by 

placing in close contact; (b) to join (a plant or plants) by such union

host. animal or plant on which or in which another organism lives

hyaline. resembling glass, as in translucence or transparency; glassy

lacerate. having jagged, deeply cut edges

necrosis. death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a 

localized area of the body

pedicel. small stalk or stalk-like part bearing a single flower in an 

inflorescence

pedicellate. having or supported by a pedicel

PEQ. Postentry Quarantine

PEQLO. PPQ Postentry Quarantine Liaison Officer

PEQP. Postentry Quarantine Program

PEQU. Postentry Quarantine Unit

peridium. covering of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi

PIS. Plant Inspection Station

PPQ Form 236. Notice of Shipment and Report of Inspection of Imported 

Plants to be Grown Under Postentry Quarantine

PPQ Form 391. Specimens for Determination

PPQ Form 518. Report of Violation

PPQ Form 546. Agreement for Postentry Quarantine—State Screening 

Notice (7 CFR 319 Subpart—Plants for Planting)

PPQ Form 569. Release From Postentry Quarantine
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

09/2019-04 Postentry Quarantine Manual Glossary-3

PPQ Form 587. Application for Permit to Import Plants or Plant Products

pruinose. having a white, powdery covering or bloom

pulvinate. having a swelling at the base. Used of a leafstalk

pyriform. shaped like a pear

sori. reproductive structures in certain fungi and lichens

SPHD. State Plant Health Director

SPRO. State Plant Regulatory Official

striate. marked with atriae; striped, grooved, or ridged

telium. pustule-like sorus formed on the tissue of a plant infected by a rust 

fungus and producing teliospores

USDA. United States Department of Agriculture

vector. an organism that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one 

host to another

verrucose. covered with warts or wart-like projections

xylem. supporting and water-conducting tissue of vascular plants, consisting 

primarily of tracheids and vessels; woody tissue
9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-1

Postentry 

Quarantine 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Index

A

Abelmoschus spp. (okra)

diseases of

cotton anthocyanosis agent 9-2, 10-5

cotton curliness on hibiscus 10-5

cotton leaf curl agent 10-5

hibiscus leaf curl agent on hibiscus 10-8

okra mosaic virus 10-8

okra yellow leaf curl agent 10-8

growing in PEQ H-1

organisms of 9-2

Abelmoschus spp. (okra)

diseases of

bhendi yellow vein-mosaic agent 10-2

acacia rust

disease of Acacia spp. (acacia) 10-8

Acacia spp. (acacia)

diseases of

acacia rust 10-8

Uromycladium tepperianum H-1

growing in PEQ H-1

Acer spp. (maple)

diseases of

Xanthomonas acernea H-2

growing in PEQ H-2

actinidia rust

disease of Actinidia spp. (Chinese gooseberry, kiwi) 10-12, H-2

Actinidia spp. (Chinese gooseberry, kiwi)

diseases of

actinidia rust 10-12, H-2

advisories

definition of Glossary-1

Aecidium mori

disease of Morus spp. (mulberry) H-11

aecium

definition of Glossary-1

Aesculus spp. (horse chestnut)

diseases of

horse chestnut-variegation virus 10-14

growing in PEQ H-2

akee (refer to Blighia sapida) H-3

Alabama

PEQ liaison officers A-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

Alaska

PEQ liaison officers A-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

almond (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock)

diseases of

bhendi yellow vein-mosaic agent 10-2

cotton anthocyanosis agent 10-5

cotton curliness on hibiscus 10-5

cotton leaf curl agent 10-5

hibiscus leaf curl agent on hibiscus 10-8

hibiscus yellow vein mosaic agent H-2

okra mosaic virus 10-8

okra yellow leaf curl agent 10-8

growing in PEQ H-2

Anacardium occidentale (cashew)

growing in PEQ H-2

angel’s trumpet (refer to Brugmansia spp.) 10-20, 10-21, H-3

Annona spp.

growing in PEQ H-2

APHIS

definition of Glossary-1

apple (refer to Malus spp.) 9-9, 10-74, 10-76, 10-

77, 10-80, 10-81, 10-83, H-9, H-10

apple branch canker

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-74, H10

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-74

apple canker

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-76

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-76

apple chat fruit agent

disease of Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 9-9

apple chlorotic leaf spot virus

disease of

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince) 9-

4

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 9-9

apple green crinkle agent

disease of Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 9-9

apple mosaic virus

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-77

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-77

apple proliferation phytoplasma

disease of

Corylus avellana (hazelnut) H-4

Corylus spp. (filbert, hazel, hazelnut) 10-

29

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-80, H9, H-14
Index

Index-2 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry,

cherry laurel, English laurel,

nectarine, peach, plum, prune,

stone fruit) H-12

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-80

apple ringspot agent

disease of

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince) 9-

4, H-4

Cydonia spp. (quince) H-6

Malus spp, (apple, crabapple) 9-9

Pyrus spp. (pear) 9-10, H-15

apricot (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-13

arabis mosaic virus

disease of Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel, English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune) 9-10, H13

Arizona

PEQ liaison officers A-2

plant inspection station B-1

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

Arkansas

PEQ liaison officers A-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

Artocarpus spp.

growing in PEQ H-2

ash (refer to Fraxinus spp.) 10-50, 10-52, 10-53, H-7

ash canker disease

disease of Fraxinus spp. (ash) 10-50

Aspen (refer to Populus spp.) 10-103, H-12

Averrhoa carambola (carambola)

growing in PEQ H-2

Averrhoa spp.

growing in PEQ H-2

B

bacterial blight on pomegranate

disease of Punica spp. 10-109

bacterial leaf spot of jasmine

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 10-64

barberry (refer to Berberis spp.) 10-17, H-2

Berberis spp. (barberry)

diseases of

black stem rust 10-17

Puccinia graminis H-2

growing in PEQ H-2

bhendi yellow vein-mosaic agent

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-2

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-2

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 10-2

black currant reversion agent

disease of Ribes spp. (currant, gooseberry)

10-111, H-15

black stem rust

disease of

Berberis spp. (barberry) 10-17

Mahonia spp. (mahonia, holly grape, Oregon grape) 10-17

X Mahoberberis spp. 10-17

blackberry (refer to Rubus spp.) H-15

Blighia sapida (akee)

growing in PEQ H-3

Blighia spp.

diseases of

okra mosaic virus 10-8, 10-19

blight

definition of Glossary-1

borrachero (refer to Brugmansia spp.) 10-20, 10-

21, H-3

boysenberry (refer to Rubus spp.) H-15

Brenneria salicis (watermark disease)

disease of Salix spp. (willow) 10-121, H-15

Bromeliaceae

diseases of

Puccinia pitcairniae H-3

Puccinia tillandsiae H-3

Uredo nidularii 9-2, H-3

Ustilago tillandsiae 9-2, H-3

growing in PEQ H-3

organisms of 9-2

P. tillandsiae 9-2

Brugmansia spp. (angel’s trumpet, borrachero, culebra, floripondia, toe)

diseases of

Colombian datura virus 10-20

datura shoestring virus 10-21

growing in PEQ H-3

bugle lily (refer to Watsonia spp.) 9-11, 10-36, 10-

40, H-16

C

California

PEQ liaison officers A-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

cancellate

definition of Glossary-1

cankers

definition of Glossary-1

carambola (Averrhoa carambola)

growing in PEQ H-2

Carica spp.

diseases of

papaya leaf reduction virus 10-22

growing in PEQ H-3

carnation (refer to Dianthus spp.) 10-40, 10-42, 10-

45, H-7

carnation etched ring virus

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) H-7

carnation necrotic fleck virus

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) H-7

carnation streak agent

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) H-7

carnation wilt

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) 10-40
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-3

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Carya spp.

disease of

witches’ broom 9-3

organisms of 9-3

cashew (Anacardium occidentale)

growing in PEQ H-2

cedar (refer to Cedrus spp.) 9-4, 10-23, H-3

Cedrus spp. (cedar)

diseases of

Douglas fir canker 10-23

Fusarium fuliginosporum 9-4

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga H-3

growing in PEQ H-3

organisms of

Fusarium fuliginosporum 9-4

Ceratonia siliqua (St. John’s bread)

growing in PEQ H-3

Chaenomeles spp.

organisms of

apple chlorotic leaf spot virus 9-4

apple ring spot agent 9-4

quince sooty ringspot agent 9-4

quince stunt agent 9-4

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince)

diseases of

quince sooty ringspot agent H-3

quince stunt agent H-3

quince yellow blotch agent H-3

growing in PEQ H-3

subject to PEQ H-4

character

definition of Glossary-1

cherry (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

cherry laurel (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-

29, 10-104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

Chinese gooseberry (refer to Actinidia spp.) 10-12, H-2

chlorosis

definition of Glossary-1

chlorotic leafspot virus

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-80

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-80

chlorotic ringspot

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 10-64

chlorotic ringspot yellow ring mosaic disease

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 9-7

chrysanthemum (refer to Chrysanthemum spp.) 10-

26, H-4

Chrysanthemum spp. (chrysanthemum)

diseases of

chrysanthemum white rust 10-26

Puccinia horiana H-4

growing in PEQ H-4

chrysanthemum white rust

disease of

Chrysanthemum spp. (chrysanthemum)

10-26

Leucanthemella serotina (giant daisy)

10-26

Chrysobalanus icaco (coco plum)

growing in PEQ H-4

Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri

disease of Picea spp. (spruce) 9-10, H-12

Chrysophyllum spp.

growing in PEQ H-4

clavate

definition of Glossary-1

cloudberry (refer to Rubus spp.) H-15

CNMI

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

cobnut (refer to Corylus avellana) H-4

coco plum (refer to Chrysobalanus icaco) H-4

Colombian datura virus

disease of Brugmansia spp. (angel’s trumpet,

borrachero, culebra, floripondia,

toe) 10-20

Colorado

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-3

Columbia datura virus

disease of Datura spp. 10-20

Connecticut

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4, C-7

conventions of manual

boldfacing 1-5

bullets 1-5

chapters 1-5

heading levels 1-6

indentions 1-7

numbering scheme 1-7

Corylus avellana (cobnut)

growing in PEQ H-4

Corylus avellana (hazelnut)

diseases of

apple proliferation phytoplasma H-4

Corylus spp. (filbert, hazel, hazelnut)

diseases of

apple proliferation phytoplasma 10-29

filbert blight 10-34

growing in PEQ H-4

cotton anthocyanosis agent

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 9-2, 10-5

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-5

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 9-6, 10-5

cotton curliness on hibiscus

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-5

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-5

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 10-5

cotton leaf curl agent H-1

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-5

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-5

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 10-5

cottonwood (refer to Populus spp.) 10-103, H-12

crabapple (refer to Malus spp.) 9-9, 10-74, 10-76, 10-77, 10-80, 10-81, 10-83, H-9, H-10
Index

Index-4 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Crataegus monogyna (English hawthorn)

diseases of

Gymnosporangium spp. (rust) H-4

growing in PEQ H-4

Crataegus monogyna (Shading1)English hawthorn)

disease of Crataegus spp. (haw, hawthorn,

haw apple, thornapple) 10-36

Crataegus spp. (haw, hawthorn, haw apple, thornapple)

diseases of

Crataegus monogyna 10-36

Gymnosporangium spp. (rust) H-4

Mespilus germanica 10-36

Monilina fructigena H-4

growing in PEQ H-4

Crataegus wattina

organisms of 9-4

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia)

diseases of

gladiolus rust 10-36

Puccinia mccleanii H-5

Uredo gladioli-buettneri 10-40, H-5

Uromyces gladioli H-5

Uromyces nyikensis H-5

Uromyces transversalis H-5

growing in PEQ H-5

organisms of 9-5

Cronartium flaccidium

disease of Pinus spp. (pine) H-12

Cronartium ribicola

disease of Pinus spp. (pine) 9-10

cucumber mosaic virus

disease of Passiflora spp. (passion fruit, granadilla) 10-93

culebra (refer to Brugmansia spp.) 10-20, 10-21, H-3

currant (refer to Ribes spp.) 10-111, H-15

Cydonia spp. (quince)

diseases of

Guignardia piricola H-5

Gymnosporangium asiaticum H-5

quince sooty ringspot agent 9-5, H-5

quince stunt agent H-5

quince yellow blotch agent H-5

subject to PEQ H-5

D

datura Colombian virus

disease of

Brugmansia spp. (angel’s trumpet, borrachero, culebra, floripondia,

toe) H-3

Datura spp. H-6

datura distortion or enation mosaic virus

disease of Datura spp. H-6

datura shoestring virus

disease of

Brugmansia spp. (angel’s trumpet, borrachero, culebra, floripondia,

toe) 10-21

Datura spp. 10-21

Datura spp.

diseases of

Colombian datura virus 10-20

datura distortion or enation mosaic virus

H-6

datura shoestring virus 10-21

growing in PEQ H-6

Delaware

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

Dendranthema spp.

growing in PEQ H-6

dewberry (refer to Rubus spp.) H-15

Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink, sweet William)

diseases of

carnation etched ring virus H-7

carnation necrotic fleck virus H-7

carnation streak agent H-7

carnation wilt 10-40

Dianthus virus diseases 10-42

leaf rot of carnation 10-45

Phialophora cinerescens H-7

growing in PEQ H-7

Dianthus virus diseases

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) 10-42

Diaporthe mali

disease of Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) H-9

dieback

definition of Glossary-1

Dimocarpus spp.

diseases of

witches’ broom 10-46

disposal procedures 3-5, 3-7

District of Columbia

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

Douglas fir (refer to Pseudostuga spp.) 10-23, H-14

Douglas fir canker

disease of

Juniperus spp.(juniper) 10-23

Larix spp. (larch) 10-23

Picea spp. (spruce) 10-23

Pinus spp. (pine) 10-23

Pseudostuga spp. (Douglas fir) 10-23

E

El Segundo, CA

plant inspection station B-2

elm (refer to Ulmus spp.) 9-11, 10-97, H-16

elm mottle virus 9-10, 9-11

disease of

Philadelphus spp. (mock orange) 9-9, 10-97, H-11

Syringa spp. (lilac) 10-97, H-16

Ulmus spp. (elm) 10-97, H-16

English hawthorn (refer to Crataegus monogyna)

H-4

English laurel (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-

29, 10-104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

eruptment

definition of Glossary-2
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-5

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Erwinia salicis

disease of Salix spp. (willow) 9-10

Eucalyptus spp. (eucalyptus)

diseases of

leaf chlorosis virus 10-48

Pestalotia disseminata 10-48, H-7

growing in PEQ H-7

Euonymus mosaic (Euonymus-variegation) agent

disease of Euonymus spp. 10-48

Euonymus mosaic agent

disease of Euonymus spp. H-7

Euonymus spp.

diseases of

Euonymus mosaic (Euonymus-variegation) agent 10-48

Euonymus mosaic agent H-7

growing in PEQ H-7

European larch canker (Lachnellula wilkommii)

disease of

Larix spp. (larch) 10-71

Pseudolarix spp. (golden larch) 10-71

organism of

Larix spp. (larch) 9-9

Pseudolarix spp. (golden larch) 9-10

F

filbert (refer to Corylus spp.) 10-29, 10-34, H-4

filbert blight

disease of Corylus spp. (filbert, hazel, hazelnut) 10-34

Florida

PEQ liaison officers A-3

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

floripondia (refer to Brugmansia spp.) 10-20, 10-

21, H-3

flowering quince (refer to Chaenomeles spp.) H-3, H-4

forms F-1

PPQ 236, Notice of shipment and report of imported plants to be grown under

postentry quarantine F-3

PPQ 391, Specimens for determination F-7

PPQ 518. Report of violations

instructions D-4

PPQ 546, Agreement for postentry quarantine--state screening notice F-10

PPQ 547, Postentry quarantine tag F-13

PPQ 569, Release from postentry quarantine

F-13

Witness statement F-20

Fraxinus other virus reports

disease of Fraxinus spp. (ash) 10-52

Fraxinus spp. (ash)

diseases of

ash canker disease 10-50

Fraxinus other virus reports 10-52

Fraxinus variegation virus 10-53

Pseudomonas savastonaoi var. fraxini

H-7

growing in PEQ H-7

Fraxinus variegation virus

disease of Fraxinus spp. (ash) 10-53

Fusarium fuliginosporum

disease of Cedrus spp. (cedar) 9-4

Fusarium sterilihyphosum

disease of Mangifera spp. 10-86

G

gall forming rust

disease of Pinus spp. (pine) H-12

Georgia (State of)

PEQ liaison officers A-3

plant inspection station B-1

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

giant daisy (refer to Leucanthemella serotina) 10-

26, H-9

girdle

definition of Glossary-2

gladiolus (refer to Gladiolus spp.) 10-54, H-7

gladiolus rust

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) 10-36

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) 10-36

Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus)

diseases of

Puccinia gladioli 10-54

Puccinia mccleanii H-7

Uredo gladioli-buettneri H-7

Uromyces gladioli H-7

Uromyces transversalis H-7

growing in PEQ H-7

Gladiolus spp. (quince) 9-6

glossary Glossary-1

golden larch (refer to Pseudolarix spp.) 9-10, 10-

71, H-13

gooseberry (refer to Ribes spp.) 10-111, H-15

graft

definition of Glossary-2

granadilla (refer to Passiflora spp.) 10-93, 10-95, 10-96, H-11

growing site

approval 3-1

inspection

waiver of 3-5

Guam

PEQ liaison officers A-4

plant inspection station B-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

Guignardia piricola

disease of

Cydonia spp. (quince) H-5

Pyrus spp. (pear) H-14

Gymnosporangium asiaticum

disease of

Cydonia spp. (quince) H-5

Pyrus spp. (pear) H-14

Gymnosporangium spp. (rust)

disease of

Crataegus monogyna (English hawthorn)

H-4

H

haw (refer to Crataegus spp.) 10-36, H-4

haw apple (refer to Crataegus spp.) 10-36, H-4
Index

Index-6 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Hawaii

PEQ liaison officers A-4

plant inspection station B-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

hawthorn (refer to Crataegus spp.) 10-36, H-4

hazel (refer to Corylus spp.) 10-29, 10-34, H-4

hazelnut (refer to Corylus avellana) H-4

hazelnut (refer to Corylus spp.) 10-29, 10-34, H-4

hibiscus (refer to Hibiscus spp.) 9-6, 10-2, 10-5, 10-8, H-8

hibiscus leaf curl agent

disease of Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose

mallow) 9-6, H-8

hibiscus leaf curl agent on hibiscus

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-8

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-8

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 10-8

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow)

diseases of

bhendi yellow vein-mosaic agen

t 10-2

cotton anthocyanosis agent 9-6, 10-5

cotton curliness on hibiscus 10-5

cotton leaf curl agent 10-5

hibiscus leaf curl agent 9-6, H-8

hibiscus leaf curl agent on hibiscus 10-8

hibiscus yellow vein mosaic agent H-8

okra mosaic virus 10-8, H-8

okra yellow leaf curl agent 10-8

growing in PEQ H-8

hibiscus virus

disease of Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose

mallow) 10-8

hibiscus yellow vein mosaic agent

disease of

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) H-2

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) H-8

holly grape (refer to Mahonia spp.) 10-17, H-9

hollyhock (refer to Althaea spp.) 10-2, 10-5, 10-8, H-2

hop nettlehead strain of arabis mosaic virus

disease of Humulus spp. (hops) 10-59, H-8

hops (refer to Humulus spp.) 9-7, 10-59, 10-61, H- 8

horse chestnut (refer to Aesculus spp.) 10-14, H-2

horse chestnut-variegation virus H-2

disease of Aesculus spp. (horse chestnut) 10-

14

host

definition of Glossary-2

Humble, TX

plant inspection station B-2

Humulus spp. (hops)

diseases of

hop nettlehead strain of arabis mosaic virus 10-59, H-8

verticillium wilt 10-61

organisms of 9-7, H-8

hyaline

definition of Glossary-2

hydrangea (refer to Hydrangea spp.) 10-62, H-8

hydrangea rust

disease of Hydrangea spp. (hydrangea) 10-

62, H-8

Hydrangea spp. (hydrangea)

diseases of

hydrangea rust 10-62, H-8

growing in PEQ H-8

I

Idaho

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

IES investigator

handling violations D-1

Illinois

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

Indiana

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-4

inspection

cautions and warnings 2-5

tools and equipment 2-5

inspectional warnings 2-6

Iowa

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

J

jasmine (refer to Jasminum spp.) 9-7, 10-64, 10-

65, H-8

jasmine variegation agent

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 10-65, H- 8

Jasminum spp. (jasmine)

diseases of

bacterial leaf spot of jasmine 10-64

chlorotic ringspot 10-64

chlorotic ringspot yellow ring mosaic disease 9-7

jasmine variegation agent 10-65, H-8

phyllody 10-64

sampaquita yellow ringspot mosaic disease 9-7, 10-65

yellow ring mosaic disease 10-64

growing in PEQ H-8

juniper (refer to Juniperus spp.) 10-23, 10-66, 10-

68, 10-70, H-8

juniper pear rust

disease of Juniperus spp. (juniper) 10-66

juniper rust

disease of Juniperus spp. (juniper) 10-68

Juniperus spp. (juniper)

diseases of

Douglas fir canker 10-23

juniper pear rust 10-66

juniper rust 10-68

needlecast disease 10-70

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga H-8

Stigmina deflectans H-8

growing in PEQ H-8

K

Kansas

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-7

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

kenaf (refer to Hibiscus spp.) 9-6, 10-2, 10-5, 10-

8, H-8

Kentucky

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

kiwi (refer to Actinidia spp.) 10-12, H-2

L

lacerate

definition of Glossary-2

Lachnellula 9-9

Lachnellula wilkommii (European larch canker)

disease of

Larix spp. (larch) H-9

Pseudolarix spp. (golden larch) H-13

larch (refer to Larix spp.) 9-9, 10-23, 10-71, H-9

Larix spp. (larch)

diseases of

Douglas fir canker 10-23

European larch canker (Lachnellula wilkommii) 10-71

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga H-9

growing in PEQ H-9

organisms of 9-9

leaf chlorosis agent

disease of Eucalyptus spp. (eucalypus) H-7

leaf chlorosis virus

disease of Eucalyptus spp. (eucalyptus) 10-48

leaf rot of carnation

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) 10-45

leechee (refer to Litchi chinensis) H-9

Leucanthemella serotina (giant daisy)

diseases of

chrysanthemum white rust 10-26

Puccinia horiana H-9

growing in PEQ H-9

liaison officer

directory of A-1

example of statement preparation D-6

handling violations D-1

responsibilities 6-1

Ligistrum spp. (privet)

diseases of

Ligustrum mosaic agent 10-71

growing in PEQ H-9

Ligustrum mosaic agent

disease of Ligistrum spp. (privet) 10-71, H-9

lilac (refer to Syringa spp.) 9-10, 10-97, H-16

Litchi chinensis (leechee, lychee)

subject to PEQ H-9

Litchi spp.

diseases of

witches’ broom 10-46

loganberry (refer to Rubus spp.) 10-116, H-15

Los Indios, TX

plant inspection station B-2

Louisiana

PEQ liaison officers A-4

plant inspection station B-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

lychee (refer to Litchi chinensis) H-9

M

Mahoberberis spp.

diseases of

Puccinia graminis H-9

growing in PEQ H-9

mahonia (refer to Mahonia spp.) 10-17, H-9

Mahonia spp. (mahonia, holly grape, Oregon

grape)

diseases of

black stem rust 10-17

Puccinia graminis H-9

growing in PEQ H-9

Maine

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple)

diseases of

apple branch canker 10-74, H-10

apple canker 10-76

apple mosaic virusr 10-77

apple proliferation phytoplasma 10-80

chlorotic leafspot virus 10-80

Diaporthe mali H-9

rough bark (phomopsis canker) 10-81

rubbery wood phytoplasma 10-83

Valsa ceratosperma 10-83

growing in PEQ H-9

organisms of 9-9

Mangifera spp.

diseases of

Fusarium sterilihyphosum 10-86

manual

advisories 1-4

maple (refer to Acer spp.) H-2

maple variegation agent H-2

Maryland

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Massachusetts

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Mespilus germanica (medlar)

disease of Crataegus spp. (haw, hawthorn,

haw apple, thornapple) 10-36

Miami, FL

plant inspection station B-1

Michigan

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Minnesota

PEQ liaison officers A-4

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Mississippi

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

Missouri

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-5

mock orange (refer to Philadelphus spp.) 9-9, 10-

97, H-11
Index

Index-8 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Monilina fructigena

disease of

Crataegus spp. (haw, hawthorn, haw apple, thornapple) H-4

Montana

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

montbretia (refer to Crocosmia spp.) 9-5, 10-36, 10-40, H-5

Morus spp. (mulberry)

diseases of

Aecidium mori H-11

mulberry curly little leaf agent H-10

mulberry dwarf phytoplasma H-10

mulberry mosaic agent 10-90, H-11

mulberry rust 10-89

growing in PEQ H-10

organism of

mulberry dwarf phytoplasma 9-9

organisms of 9-9

mountain ash (refer to Sorbus spp.) 10-124

mountain ash (refer to Sorbus spp.) 10-124

mountain ash (refer to Sorbus spp.) 10-125

mountain ash (refer to Sorbus spp.) H-15

mountain ash variegation agent

disease of

Sorbus spp. (mountain ash) 10-124, H15

mulberry (refer to Morus spp.) 9-9, 10-89, 10-90, H-10, H-11

mulberry curly little leaf agent

disease of Morus spp. (mulberry) H-10

mulberry dwarf phytoplasma

disease of Morus spp. (mulberry) H-10

organism of Morus spp. (mulberry) 9-9

mulberry mosaic agent

disease of Morus spp. (mulberry) 10-90, H-11

mulberry rust

disease of Morus spp. (mulberry) 10-89

N

Nebraska

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

necrosis

definition of Glossary-2

nectarine (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

needlecast disease

disease of Juniperus spp. (juniper) 10-70

Nevada

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

New Hampshire

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

New Jersey

PEQ liaison officers A-5

plant inspection station B-1

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

New Mexico

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

New York

PEQ liaison officers A-5

plant inspection station B-1

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

Nippon daisy (refer to Nipponanthemum nipponicum) H-11

Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Nippon daisy)

diseases of

Puccinia horiana H-11

growing in PEQ H-11

North Carolina

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

North Dakota

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

O

oak (refer to Quercus spp.) 10-111, H-15

Ohio

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

Oklahoma

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

okra (refer to Abelmoschus spp.) 9-2, 10-2, 10-5, 10-8, H-1

okra mosaic virus 9-2, H-3

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-8

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-8

Blighia spp. 9-2, 10-19

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) H-8

okra yellow leaf curl agent

disease of

Abelmoschus spp. (okra) 10-8

Althaea spp. (althaea, hollyhock) 10-8

Hibiscus spp. (kenaf, hibiscus, rose mallow) 10-8

Olea europaea (olive)

diseases of

olive partial paralysis virus H-11

olive sickle leaf virus H-11

Olea europea (olive) growing in PEQ H-11

Olea spp.

diseases of

olive latent ringspot virus 10-91

olive partial paralysis virus 10-91

olive sickle leaf virus 10-92

olive (refer to Olea europaea) H-11

olive latent ringspot virus

disease of Olea spp. 10-91

olive partial paralysis virus

disease of

Olea europaea (olive) H-11

Olea spp. 10-91

olive sickle leaf virus

disease of

Olea europaea (olive) H-11

Olea spp. 10-92
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-9

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Oregon

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-6

Oregon grape (refer to Mahonia spp.) 10-17, H-9

Orlando, FL

plant inspection station B-1

P

P. armeniaca

disease of

Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry,

cherry laurel, English laurel,

nectarine, peach, plum, prune,

stone fruit) H-12

P. avium

disease of

Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry,

cherry laurel, English laurel,

nectarine, peach, plum, prune,

stone fruit) H-12

P. domestica

disease of

Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry,

cherry laurel, English laurel,

nectarine, peach, plum, prune,

stone fruit) H-12

P. tillandsiae

organism of Bromeliaceae 9-2

papaya leaf reduction virus

disease of Carica spp. 10-22

Passiflora spp. (passion fruit, granadilla)

diseases of

cucumber mosaic virus 10-93

passion fruit mosaic virus 10-95

passion fruit woodiness virus 10-96, H11

growing in PEQ H-11

passion fruit (refer to Passiflora spp.) 10-93, 10-95, 10-96, H-11

passion fruit mosaic virus

disease of Passiflora spp. (passion fruit, granadilla) 10-95

passion fruit woodiness virus

disease of

Passiflora spp. (passion fruit, granadilla)

H-11

disease of Passiflora spp. (passion fruit, granadilla) 10-96

peach (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

pear (refer to Pyrus spp.) 9-10, 10-74, 10-76, 10-

77, 10-80, 10-81, 10-83, H-14, H-15

pear blister canker viroid

disease of Pyrus spp. (pear) 9-10, H-14

pear bud drop agent

disease of Pyrus spp. (pear) 9-10, H-14

pedicel

definition of Glossary-2

pedicellate

definition of Glossary-2

Pennsylvania

PEQ liaison officers A-5

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

PEQ (refer to postentry quarantine)

PEQ infections

symptoms of

bacteria H-1

cankers H-1

fungi H-1

viruses H-1

PEQ liaison officers

Alabama A-2

Alaska A-2

Arizona A-2

Arkansas A-2

California A-2

CNMI A-3

Colorado A-3

Connecticut A-3

Delaware A-3

District of Columbia A-3

Florida A-3

Georgia (State of) A-3

Guam A-4

Hawaii A-4

Illinois A-4

Indiana A-4

Iowa A-4

Kentucky A-4

Louisiana A-4

Maine A-4

Maryland A-4

Massachusetts A-4

Michigan A-4

Minnesota A-4

Mississippi A-5

Missouri A-5

Montana A-5

Nebraska A-5

Nevada A-5

New Hampshire A-5

New Jersey A-5

New Mexico A-5

New York A-5

North Carolina A-5

North Dakota A-5

Ohio A-5

Oklahoma A-5

Oregon A-5

Pennsylvania A-5

Puerto Rico A-6

Rhode Island A-6

South Carolina A-6

South Dakota A-6

Tennessee A-6

Texas A-6

U.S. Virgin Islands A-6

Utah A-6

Vermont A-6

Virginia A-6

Washington A-6

West Virginia A-6

Wisconsin A-6

Wyoming A-6

PEQLO (refer to postentry quarantine liaison officer)
Index

Index-10 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

PEQP (refer to postentry quarantine program)

PEQU (refer to postentry quarantine unit)

peridium

definition of Glossary-2

permits F-1

pest identification

procedures 4-7

submitting invertebrate

arthropods 4-8

nematodes 4-10

Pestalotia disseminata

disease of Eucalyptus spp. (eucalyptus) 10-

48, H-7

pesticide safety I-1

precautions I-1

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga

disease of

Cedrus spp. (cedar) H-3

Juniperus spp. (juniper) H-8

Larix spp. (larch) H-9

Picea spp. (spruce) H-12

Pseudostuga spp. (Douglas fir) H-14

Phialophora cinerescens

disease of Dianthus spp. (carnation, pink,

sweet William) H-7

Philadelphus spp. (mock orange)

diseases of

elm mottle virus 9-9, 10-97, H-11

growing in PEQ H-11

organisms of 9-9

phyllody

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 10-64

Picea spp. (spruce)

diseases of

Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri 9-10, H-12

Douglas fir canker 10-23

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga H-12

rhododendron-spruce needle rust 10-97

spruce needle (cushion) rust 10-97

growing in PEQ H-12

organisms of 9-10

pine (refer to Pinus spp.) 9-10, 10-23, 10-99, H-12

pink (refer to Dianthus spp.) 10-40, 10-42, 10-45, H-7

Pinus spp. (pine)

diseases of

Douglas fir canker 10-23

Scotch pine blister rust 10-99

growing in PEQ H-12

organisms of 9-10

PIS (refer to plant inspection station)

plant disease

identification of 4-10

seasonal occurrence of 4-2

symptoms of 4-2

plant inspection stations (PIS)

directory of B-1

guidelines 4-5

inspections 2-7

plant regulatory officials

directory of C-1

plum (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

plum pox virus

disease of Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel, English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, stone

fruit) H-12

synonym of 10-105

poplar (refer to Populus spp.) 10-103, H-12

poplar bacterial canker

disease of Populus spp. (Aspen, cottonwood,

poplar) 10-103

Populus spp. (Aspen, cottonwood, poplar)

diseases of

poplar bacterial canker 10-103

Xanthomonas populi H-12

postentry quarantine

postentry quarantine liaison officer

postentry quarantine program

liaison officers and federal officials A-2

representative

handling violations D-1

postentry quarantine unit

privet (refer to Ligistrum spp.) 10-71, H-9

procedures

disposal 3-5, 3-7

pruinose

definition of Glossary-3

prune (refer to Prunus spp.) 9-8, 9-10, 10-29, 10-

104, 10-105, H-12, H-13

Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel,

English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune, stone

fruit)

diseases of

apple proliferation phytoplasma H-12

European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma 9-10

P. armeniaca H-12

P. avium H-12

P. domestica H-12

plum pox virus H-12

Pseudolarix spp. (golden larch)

diseases of

European larch canker (Lachnellula wilkommii) 10-71

growing in PEQ H-13

organisms of 9-10

Pseudomonas savastonaoi var. fraxini

disease of Fraxinus spp. (ash) H-7

Pseudostuga spp. (Douglas fir)

diseases of

Douglas fir canker 10-23

Phacidiopycnis pseudostuga H-14

growing in PEQ H-14

Puccinia gladioli

disease of Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) 10-54

Puccinia graminis

disease of

Berberis spp. (barberry) H-2

Mahoberberis spp. H-9

Mahonia spp. (mahonia, holly grape, Oregon grape) H-9
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-11

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Puccinia horiana

disease of

Chrysanthemum spp. (chrysanthemum)

H-4

Leucanthemella serotina (giant daisy) H9

Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Nippon

daisy) H-11

Puccinia mccleanii

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) H-5

Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) H-7

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) H-16

Puccinia pitcairniae

disease of Bromeliaceae H-3

Puccinia tillandsiae

disease of Bromeliaceae H-3

Puerto Rico

PEQ liaison officers A-6

plant inspection station B-1

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

pulvinate

definition of Glossary-3

Punica spp.

diseases of

bacterial blight on pomegranate 10-109

pyriform

definition of Glossary-3

Pyrus spp. (pear)

diseases of

apple branch canker 10-74

apple canker 10-76

apple mosaic virus 10-77

apple proliferation phytoplasma 10-80

apple ringspot agent H-15

chlorotic leafspot virus 10-80

Guignardia piricola H-14

Gymnosporangium asiaticum H-14

pear blister canker viroid 9-10, H-14

pear bud drop agent 9-10

pear pear bud drop agent H-14

rough bark (phomopsis canker) 10-81

rubbery wood phytoplasma 10-83

Valsa ceratosperma 10-83, H-14

growing in PEQ H-14

organisms of 9-10

Q

Quercus spp. (oak)

diseases of

Stereum hiugense H-15

undescribed gall-forming rust 10-111

white rot 10-111

growing in PEQ H-15

quince (refer to Cydonia spp.) H-5

quince sooty ringspot agent 9-5

disease of

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince) 9-

4, H-3

Cydonia spp. (quince) 9-5, H-5

quince stunt agent

disease of

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince) 9-

4, H-3

Cydonia spp. (quince) 9-5, H-5

quince yellow blotch agent

disease of

Chaenomeles spp. (flowering quince) H3

Cydonia spp. (quince) 9-5, H-5

R

raspberry (refer to Rubus spp.) H-15

raspberry ringspot virus 9-10

disease of Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel, English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune) H-13

release procedures

healthy material 5-1

Rhode Island

PEQ liaison officers A-6

rhododendron-spruce needle rust

disease of Picea spp. (spruce) 10-97

Ribes spp. (currant, gooseberry)

diseases of

black currant reversion agent 10-111, H15

growing in PEQ H-15

roguse

definition of Glossary-3

Rosa spp. (rose)

diseases of

rose wilt agent 10-114, H-15

growing in PEQ H-15

rose (refer to Rosa spp.) 10-114, H-15

rose mallow (refer to Hibiscus spp.) 9-6, 10-2, 10-

5, 10-8, H-8

rose wilt agent

disease of Rosa spp. (rose) 10-114, H-15

rough bark (phomopsis canker)

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-81

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-81

rubbery wood phytoplasma

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-83

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-83

Rubus spp. (blackberry, cloudberry, boysenberry,

dewberry, loganberry, raspberry)

diseases of

Rubus stunt phytoplasma 10-116, H-15

growing in PEQ H-15

Rubus stunt phytoplasma

disease of

Rubus spp. (blackberry, cloudberry, boysenberry, dewberry, loganberry, raspberry) 10-116, H-15

disease of Rubus spp.) 10-116
Index

Index-12 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

S

Salix spp. (willow)

diseases of

Brenneria salicis (watermark disease)

10-121, H-15

virus chlorosis 10-120

growing in PEQ H-15

organisms of 9-10

sampaquita yellow ringspot mosaic disease

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 9-7, 10-

65

San Diego, CA

plant inspection station B-1

Scotch pine blister rust

disease of Pinus spp. (pine) 10-99

site inspection

cold-call 2-2

orientation 2-1

Sorbus spp. (mountain ash)

diseases of

mountain ash variegation agent 10-124, H-15

Taphrina pirit 10-124, 10-125, H-15

growing in PEQ H-15

sorus

definition of Glossary-3

South Carolina

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

South Dakota

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

South San Francisco, CA

plant inspection station B-2

SPHD (refer to State Plant Health Director)

SPRO (refer to State Plant Regulatory Official)

spruce (refer to Picea spp.) 9-10, 10-23, 10-97, H12

spruce needle (cushion) rust

disease of Picea spp. (spruce) 10-97

St. John’s bread (Ceratonia siliqua)

growing in PEQ H-3

State and Federal forms 2-2

APHIS Form 7060 2-4

PPQ Form 236 2-3

PPQ Form 391 2-3

PPQ Form 518 2-4

PPQ Form 546 2-3

PPQ Form 569 2-4

PPQ Form 587 2-4

State nursery inspection forms 2-2

State quarantine notice forms 2-2

State and territory plant regulatory officials

directory of C-1

State cooperator

handling violations D-1

State inspector

responsibilities 6-2

State Plant Health Director

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs)

Alabama C-3

Alaska C-3

Arizona C-3

Arkansas C-3

California C-3

CNMI C-3

Colorado C-3

Connecticut C-4, C-7

Delaware C-4

District of Columbia C-4

Florida C-4

Georgia (State of) C-4

Guam C-4

Hawaii C-4

Idaho C-4

Illinois C-4

Indiana C-4

Iowa C-5

Kansas C-5

Kentucky C-5

Louisiana C-5

Maine C-5

Maryland C-5

Massachusetts C-5

Michigan C-5

Minnesota C-5

Mississippi C-5

Missouri C-5

Montana C-6

Nebraska C-6

Nevada C-6

New Hampshire C-6

New Jersey C-6

New Mexico C-6

New York C-6

North Carolina C-6

North Dakota C-6

Ohio C-6

Oklahoma C-6

Oregon C-6

Pennsylvania C-7

Puerto Rico C-7

South Carolina C-7

South Dakota C-7

Tennessee C-7

Texas C-7

U.S. Virgin Islands C-7

Utah C-7

Vermont C-7

Virginia C-7

Washington C-7

Weat Virginia C-7

Wisconsin C-8

Wyoming C-8

Stereum hiugense

disease of Quercus spp. (oak) H-15

Stigmina deflectans

disease of Juniperus spp. (juniper) H-8

strawberry latent ringspot virus 9-10

disease of Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel, English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune) H-13

striate

definition of Glossary-3
Index

9/2023-71 Postentry Quarantine Manual Index-13

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

sweet William (refer to Dianthus spp.) 10-40, 10-

42, 10-45, H-7

symptoms

of bacteria 2-6

of fungi 2-6

of nematodes 2-6

of viral diseases 2-6

Syringa spp. (lilac)

diseases of

elm mottle virus 10-97, H-16

growing in PEQ H-16

organisms of 9-10

T

Taphrina piri

disease of Sorbus spp. (mountain ash) 10-

124, 10-125, H-15

telium

definition of Glossary-3

Tennessee

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

Texas

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

thornapple (refer to Crataegus spp.) 10-36, H-4

toe (refer to Brugmansia spp.) 10-20, 10-21, H-3

tomato blackring virus 9-10

disease of Prunus spp. (almond, apricot, cherry, cherry laurel, English laurel, nectarine, peach, plum, prune) H-13

U

U.S. plant inspection stations

Arizona B-1

El Segundo, CA B-2

Georgia (State of) B-1

Guam B-2

Hawaii B-2

Humble, TX B-2

Los Indios, TX B-2

Louisiana B-2

Miami, FL B-1

New Jersey B-1

New York B-1

Orlando, FL B-1

Puerto Rico B-1

San Diego, CA B-1

South San Francisco, CA B-2

Washington B-2

U.S. Virgin Islands

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

Ulmus spp. (elm)

diseases of

elm mottle virus 10-97, H-16

growing in PEQ H-16

organisms of 9-11

undescribed gall-forming rust 10-111

disease of Quercus spp. (oak) 10-111

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Uredo gladioli-buettneri

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) 9-5, 10-40, H-5

Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) 9-6, H-7

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) 9-11, 10-40, H-16

Uredo nidularii

disease of

Bromeliaceae 9-2, H-3

Uromyces gladioli

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) H-5

Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) H-7

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) H-16

Uromyces nyikensis

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) 9-5, H-5

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) 9-11

Uromyces transversalis

disease of

Crocosmia spp. (montbretia) H-5

Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) H-7

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily) H-16

Uromycladium tepperianum

disease of Acacia spp. (acacia) H-1

USDA (refer to United States Department of Agriculture)

Ustilago tillandsiae

disease of Bromeliaceae 9-2, H-3

Utah

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

V

Valsa ceratosperma

disease of

Malus spp. (apple, crabapple) 10-83

Pyrus spp. (pear) 10-83, H-14

vector

definition of Glossary-3

Vermont

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

verrucose

definition of Glossary-3

verticillium wilt

disease of Humulus spp. (hops) 10-61

Virginia

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

virus chlorosis

disease of Salix spp. (willow) 10-120

W

Washington

PEQ liaison officers A-6

plant inspection station B-2

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

watermark disease (Brenneria salicis)

disease of Salix spp. (willow) 10-121, H-15
Index

Index-14 Postentry Quarantine Manual 9/2023-71

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Watsonia spp. (bugle lily)

diseases of

gladiolus rust 10-36

Puccinia mccleanii H-16

Uredo gladioli-buettneri 9-11, 10-40, H16

Uromyces gladioli H-16

Uromyces nyikensis 9-11

Uromyces transversalis H-16

growing in PEQ H-16

organisms of 9-11

West Virginia

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-7

white rot

disease of Quercus spp. (oak) 10-111

willow (refer to Salix spp.) 9-10, 10-120, 10-121, H-15

Wisconsin

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-8

witches’ broom

disease of

Carya spp. 9-3

Dimocarpus spp

. 10-46

Litchi spp. 10-46

Wyoming

PEQ liaison officers A-6

State plant regulatory officials (SPROs) C-8

X

X Mahoberberis spp.

diseases of

black stem rust 10-17

Xanthomonas acernea

disease of Acer spp. (maple) H-2

Xanthomonas populi

disease of Populus spp. (Aspen, cottonwood,

poplar) H-12

xylem

definition of Glossary-3

Y

yellow ring mosaic disease

disease of Jasminum spp. (jasmine) 10-64