NO. 12-18-00186-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

JOSE ROBERTO TREVINO, 

APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE

§

§

§

APPEAL FROM THE 369TH 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

CHEROKEE COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Jose Roberto Trevino appeals his conviction for indecency with a child. In two issues, 

Appellant argues that the court’s charge permitted the jury to reach a nonunanimous verdict and 

that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Appellant was charged by indictment with indecency with a child by contact with the 

child’s genitals. Appellant pleaded “not guilty,” and the matter proceeded to a jury trial.

At trial, the victim, H.Y., testified that one night, she was attempting to fall asleep on a 

pull-out sofa in the living room of the house where she, her mother, her brothers, and Appellant, 

who was her step-father, lived. H.Y. further testified that as she lay there, Appellant entered the 

room, pulled down the covers, and touched her “uterus”1 over her clothes with his hand. H.Y. 

stated that this incident occurred in 2013 when she was eight-years-old.

Thereafter, the trial court held a hearing outside the jury’s presence to consider the 

admissibility of extraneous conduct evidence pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, 

Article 38.37. The trial court ruled that the extraneous conduct evidence was admissible and, with 

 1 H.Y. further described this part of her body as her “lower body” or the part she uses to go to the restroom 

(“Number one”).
2

the jury present, H.Y.’s testimony resumed. H.Y. then testified that there were other times when 

similar things happened with Appellant, but she could not “remember what specifically happened.” 

However, she clarified that such instances of conduct on Appellant’s part usually were “all the 

same” in that he would “touch” her on her “lower body” or “uterus.” H.Y. further described two 

other incidents that occurred when she was in the process of falling asleep and when Appellant 

entered the room and touched her with his hand on her “lower body.”

Following the close of evidence and argument of counsel, the trial court charged the jury, 

in pertinent part, as follows:

Now if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 1st day 

of January 2013, through on or about the 1st day of April 2016, in Cherokee County, Texas, the 

defendant, JOSE ROBERTO TREVINO, did then and there with intent to arouse or gratify the 

sexual desire of said defendant, engage in sexual contact with [H.Y.] by touching the genitals of 

[H.Y.], a child younger than 17 years of age, then you will find the defendant guilty of the offense 

of Indecency with a Child by Contact.

. . . . 

During the trial, you heard evidence that the defendant may have committed wrongful acts 

not charged in the indictment. You are not to consider that evidence at all unless you find, beyond 

a reasonable doubt, that the defendant did, in fact, commit the wrongful act or acts. Those of you 

who believe this evidence may consider it for any bearing it has on relevant matters, including the 

character of the defendant and acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.

Ultimately, the jury found Appellant “guilty” as charged and assessed his punishment at 

imprisonment for eighteen years. The trial court sentenced Appellant accordingly, and this appeal 

followed.

UNANIMITY OF JURY VERDICT

In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in submitting a charge to the 

jury that permitted it to convict him without necessarily having reached a unanimous verdict.

Evidence Demonstrates Repetition of the Same Criminal Act on Different Occasions

Article V, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution requires a unanimous jury verdict in all 

felony cases. Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 716 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing TEX. CONST.

art. V, §13 (West Supp. 2018)). The court of criminal appeals has recognized three scenarios in 

which a jury potentially could reach a nonunanimous verdict. See Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 

747 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Among these scenarios is one in which the state puts on evidence of 
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repetition of the same criminal act on different occasions. See id. This scenario is consistent with 

the facts in the case at hand. 

Here, the State offered H.Y.’s testimony that Appellant touched her genitals over her 

clothes while she attempted to sleep on a pull-out sofa in their home. At the State’s request, the 

trial court conducted a hearing outside the jury’s presence pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal 

Procedure, Article 38.37, to consider the admissibility of extraneous conduct evidence. The trial 

court determined that the evidence of extraneous conduct was admissible, and H.Y. testified before 

the jury that Appellant touched her genitals over her clothes on multiple other occasions. Appellant 

did not request, nor did the trial court sua sponte give, the jury a limiting instruction with regard 

to H.Y.’s testimony concerning the extraneous offenses. Nonetheless, a defendant’s failure to 

request a limiting instruction does not restrict that defendant’s right to have the state elect the 

incident for which it will seek a conviction. See Phillips v. State, 193 S.W.3d 904, 911 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2006). 

Furthermore, where the state puts on evidence of repetition of the same criminal act on 

different occasions, the defendant may require the state to elect the specific act on which it relies 

for a conviction, but he need not do so, and the jury must reach a unanimous verdict on which 

single, specific criminal act the defendant committed. See Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 748; see also Cosio 

v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In this case, neither Appellant nor the State 

requested an election of the conduct constituting the offense. But Appellant’s failure to request an 

election of conduct constituting the charged offense does not forfeit his right to a unanimous 

verdict. See Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 747–48. 

Finally, in its charge, the trial court did not limit the jury’s consideration of wrongful acts 

not charged in the indictment. Rather, the trial court instructed the jury that it could consider any 

wrongful act proved beyond a reasonable doubt “for any bearing it has on relevant matters.” 

Further, the charge’s application paragraph makes no reference to unanimity. In fact, the court’s 

charge makes only two references to unanimity. It does so in paragraphs relating to the 

foreperson’s duties. In Ngo, the court concluded that a similar “boilerplate” reference to a 

unanimous verdict could cause the jury to believe that it need only be unanimous about its “verdict” 

of “guilty” or “not guilty” of the general offense. Id. at 745. But such language does not instruct 

the jury that it must be unanimous on what specific criminal act the defendant committed. See id.
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In sum, the State put on evidence of multiple separate instances of Appellant’s contacting 

H.Y.’s genitals with his hand over her clothes during the relevant time period. The trial court did 

not instruct the jury which, if any, of the acts to which H.Y. testified amounted to extraneous 

offenses, and the State did not make an election as to the specific act on which it relied for a 

conviction. Lastly, the court’s charge made only two boilerplate references to unanimity, neither 

of which served to instruct the jury that it must be unanimous on what specific criminal act 

Appellant committed. See id. As a result, we hold that the trial court’s charge was submitted in 

error because given the State’s failure to elect, it cannot be determined whether the jury reached a 

unanimous verdict. 

Harm

Appellant neither requested that the State make an election, nor did he object to the charge 

on the basis that it allowed for a nonunanimous verdict. As a result he is not entitled to a harm 

analysis under Texas Rule of Appellant Procedure 44.2(a). See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777. But 

the charge error still must be reviewed for “egregious” harm. See id.; see also Almanza v. State, 

686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).

An egregious harm determination must be based on a finding of actual rather than 

theoretical harm. Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777; Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750. For actual harm to be 

established, the charge error must have affected the very basis of the case, deprived the defendant 

of a valuable right, or vitally affected a defensive theory. Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777. When 

assessing harm based on the particular facts of the case, we consider (1) the charge, (2) the state 

of the evidence, including contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence, (3) the 

parties’ arguments, and (4) all other relevant information in the record. Id. 

As set forth previously, the court’s charge permitted a nonunanimous verdict based on the 

evidence presented in the case. See id. Nothing in the charge itself militates against this 

conclusion. See id.

Next, we observe that neither the parties nor the trial judge added to the charge error by 

telling the jury that it did not have to be unanimous about the specific instance of criminal conduct 

in rendering its verdict.2

 This factor therefore does not weigh in favor of finding egregious harm. 

See id. at 777.

 2 Compare with Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750–52 (omission of unanimity instruction caused egregious harm when 

prosecutor and judge both misstated law concerning unanimity on multiple occasions during trial).
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Finally, in her testimony H.Y. detailed each of the instances of criminal conduct. Her 

testimony was not impeached. And her description of each instance of conduct was nearly 

identical, save for the room in which the conduct occurred on one occasion. Appellant’s defense 

was that he did not commit any of the offenses and that there was reasonable doubt as to each of 

the incidents because H.Y. was not credible. But the jury was not persuaded by Appellant’s 

argument that he did not commit the offenses or that there was any reasonable doubt that he did 

so. It also was able to consider the unimpeached testimony from Appellant’s pastor that Appellant 

confessed to him generally that he committed the offense. Given the striking similarity of the facts 

comprising the various offenses, we conclude that had the jury disbelieved H.Y. as to one account, 

it certainly would have disbelieved her on all accounts and would have acquitted Appellant. On 

this record, therefore, it is logical to suppose that the jury unanimously agreed that Appellant 

committed each of the separate instances of criminal conduct during each of the incidents H.Y. 

described. See id.3 It is, thus, highly likely that the jury’s verdicts were, in fact, unanimous. See 

id. at 777. Accordingly, actual harm has not been shown, and we cannot say that Appellant was 

denied a fair and impartial trial. See id. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.

INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

In his second issue, Appellant argues that his trial counsel’s performance fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness and there is a reasonable probability that the result would 

have been different had his trial counsel performed adequately. 

Governing Law

Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are evaluated under the two-step analysis 

articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 674 (1984). The 

first step requires the appellant to demonstrate that trial counsel’s representation fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. See Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. To satisfy this step, the appellant must identify the acts or 

omissions of counsel alleged to be ineffective assistance and affirmatively prove that they fell 

below the professional norm of reasonableness. See McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 

 3 See e.g., Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“The defensive theory was that no 

sexual abuse occurred at any time. It is unlikely that the jury believed that Appellant sexually assaulted the victim 

before he turned 17 years old but not after.”). 
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(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The reviewing court will not find ineffectiveness by isolating any portion 

of trial counsel’s representation, but will judge the claim based on the totality of the representation. 

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.

In any case considering the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel, we begin with the 

strong presumption that counsel was effective. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1994). We must presume counsel’s actions and decisions were reasonably professional 

and were motivated by sound trial strategy. See id. Appellant has the burden of rebutting this 

presumption by presenting evidence illustrating why his trial counsel did what he did. See id. 

Appellant cannot meet this burden if the record does not affirmatively support the claim. See

Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A record that specifically 

focuses on the conduct of trial counsel is necessary for a proper evaluation of an ineffectiveness 

claim. See Kemp v. State, 892 S.W.2d 112, 115 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d). 

Before being condemned as unprofessional and incompetent, defense counsel should be 

given an opportunity to explain his or her actions. See Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 836 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2002). Thus, absent a properly developed record, an ineffective assistance claim must 

usually be denied as speculative, and cannot be built upon retrospective speculation. Id. at 835. 

Moreover, after proving error, the appellant must affirmatively prove prejudice from the 

deficient performance of his attorney. See Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1999); Burruss v. State, 20 S.W.3d 179, 186 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d). The 

appellant must prove that his attorney’s errors, judged by the totality of the representation and not 

by isolated instances of error, denied him a fair trial. Burruss, 20 S.W.3d at 186. It is not enough 

for the appellant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the 

proceedings. Id. He must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for his attorney’s 

errors, the jury would have had a reasonable doubt about his guilt or that the extent of his 

punishment would have been less. See id.; see also Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 837.

Discussion

In the instant case, Appellant argues that his trial counsel’s performance fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness because (1) he failed to object to the admissibility of evidence 

on relevance grounds under Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 403, 404, and 609, (2) he failed to object 

to the admissibility of evidence under Article 38.37, (3) he failed to object to the trial court’s failure 

to perform a balancing test to determine if otherwise relevant evidence was unduly prejudicial, (4) 
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his voir dire examination was too short, (5) his opening statement was too short, (6) his cross 

examination of H.Y. not extensive enough, (7) he failed to file a motion in limine in an effort to 

prevent the jury from hearing any extraneous offenses without appropriate rulings from the court, 

and (8) he incorrectly informed Appellant that he was eligible for probation. 

Yet, the record before us largely is silent about trial counsel’s underlying strategy or why 

he chose the course he did. Normally, a silent record cannot defeat the strong presumption of 

effective assistance of counsel. See Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 348; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 

813–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); but see Menefield, 363 S.W.3d 593 (holding if trial counsel is 

not given opportunity to explain allegedly deficient actions, appellate court should not find 

deficient performance absent challenged conduct “so outrageous that no competent attorney would 

have engaged in it”); Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 102–03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (reversing 

a conviction “in a rare case” on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel when trial counsel 

did not object to a misstatement of law by the prosecutor during argument).

In Andrews, the same prosecutor who filed a motion to cumulate the sentences in four 

counts of sexual abuse later argued to the jury, “You give him 20 years in each case, it’s still just 

20 years. It’s still not 80. You can give different amounts if you want. You can give 20, 10, 10, 

five, it’s still just 20.” Id. at 100. The appellant’s trial counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s 

misstatement of the law. Id. The trial court ultimately granted the State’s motion to cumulate the 

sentences and imposed a combined prison sentence of seventy-eight years. Id. The court 

concluded that the argument left the jury with the incorrect impression that the appellant’s 

sentences could not be stacked and that the appellant would serve no more than twenty years in 

prison for all four counts. Id. at 103. Therefore, the court held that, under the “extremely unusual 

circumstances of [the] case,” the record contained all of the information it needed to conclude that 

there could be “no reasonable trial strategy for failing to object” to the prosecutor’s misstatement 

of the law. Id.

The “extremely unusual circumstances” present in Andrews are not present in the case at 

hand. Counsel’s reasons in Andrews, if any, were unnecessary to resolve the ineffective assistance 

of counsel claim. See Berry v. State, No. 05-04-01161-CR, 2005 WL 1515512, at *3 (Tex. App.–

Dallas June 28, 2005, no pet.) (op., not designated for publication). But counsel’s failing to object 

to a misstatement of the law that is detrimental to one’s client when the harm is so clearly presented 

on appeal is quite different from determining whether to object to testimony as a matter of trial 
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strategy. See Ingham v. State, 679 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (isolated failure to 

object to certain procedural mistakes or improper evidence does not constitute ineffective 

assistance of counsel); Melonson v. State, 942 S.W.2d 777, 782 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 1997, no 

pet.) (appellant required to provide authority in support of argument that objections would have 

been meritorious, which he did not do); see also Distefano v. State, 532 S.W.3d 25, 31 (Tex. App.–

Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (in overruling Rule 403 objection, trial court is presumed to 

have performed Rule 403 balancing test and determined evidence was admissible); see, e.g.,

Walker v. State, No. 12-13-00076-CR, 2014 WL 357193, at *2 (Tex. App.–Tyler Jan. 31, 2014, 

pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (failure of trial counsel to object to hearsay 

testimony not ineffective assistance because counsel’s underlying reasons for decision not 

demonstrated by record). 

The same holds true for nearly all of the other instances of conduct of which Appellant 

complains. See Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (failure to ask 

any questions in voir dire does not constitute conduct so outrageous that no competent attorney 

would engage in it); Ex parte McFarland, 163 S.W.3d 743, 755–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) 

(attorney’s decision to limit cross examination rooted in sound trial strategy); see, e.g., Darkins v. 

State, 430 S.W.3d 559, 570 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (counsel’s failure 

to make opening statement was not conduct so outrageous that no competent attorney would have 

engaged in it); Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 747, 757 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) 

(failure to file motion in limine not ineffective assistance absent evidence to rebut presumption of 

sound trial strategy); Miranda v. State, 993 S.W.2d 323, 327–28 (Tex. App.–Austin 1999, no pet.) 

(bare and categorical assertions of failure to make appropriate objections to admissibility of 

evidence and failure to file necessary pretrial motions not ineffective assistance absent evidence 

to rebut presumption of sound trial strategy); Gilbert v. State, No. 14-02-00727-CR, 2003 WL 

22176625, at *3 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 23, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication) (even assuming arguendo that extraneous offense evidence was 

inadmissible, trial counsel’s failure to object not ineffective assistance in absence of any evidence 

of trial counsel’s strategy).

Having reviewed the record in the instant case, we conclude that the facts before us are 

distinguishable from the facts in Andrews and Appellant’s trial counsel’s alleged deficient conduct 

is not “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” See Menefield, 363 
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S.W.3d at 593. Thus, we decline to hold that the record before us contains all of the information 

needed for us to conclude that there could be no reasonable trial strategy for Appellant’s trial 

counsel’s alleged unprofessional acts. 

In one instance, however, the record does indicate an explanation underlying an error on 

Appellant’s counsel’s part. Specifically, the record indicates that Appellant’s counsel mistakenly 

informed Appellant he was eligible for community supervision when the law did not so provide. 

Shortly before trial, outside the jury’s presence, Appellant’s counsel discussed a pretrial motion 

for “community service” he filed on Appellant’s behalf and stated that he was unaware that 

“community service” was not available to Appellant because the victim was under fourteen years 

old when the offense allegedly occurred. However, Appellant took the stand and testified under 

oath outside the jury’s presence that the fact that “community service” was not available did not 

have any bearing on his decision to decline the State’s plea offer, in which it recommended a ten 

year sentence. Accordingly, we hold that Appellant’s counsel’s mistake does not constitute 

ineffective assistance because Appellant is unable to affirmatively demonstrate that he was 

prejudiced by his counsel’s error. See Burruss, 20 S.W.3d at 186; cf. Ex parte Argent, 393 S.W.3d 

781, 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (to establish prejudice in claim of ineffective assistance of 

counsel in which defendant rejects plea bargain because of bad legal advice, defendant must 

demonstrate reasonable probability that (1) he would have accepted earlier offer if counsel had not 

given ineffective assistance, (2) prosecution would not have withdrawn offer, and (3) trial court 

would not have refused to accept plea bargain). 

In fact, apart from his statement of the issue, Appellant fails to make any argument that 

there is a reasonable probability that, but for any of his attorney’s alleged errors, the jury would 

have had a reasonable doubt about his guilt or that the extent of his punishment would have been 

less. We stress that the burden of proof as to this issue rests squarely upon Appellant. See Burruss, 

20 S.W.3d at 186. As such, we will neither surmise nor devise our own conclusions absent some 

cogent argument on Appellant’s behalf that but for his counsel’s alleged unprofessional errors, 

there exists a reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have been different. 

Id. 

Therefore, we hold that Appellant has not met the first prong of Strickland as set forth 

above because the record does not contain evidence needed for us to conclude that there could be 

no reasonable trial strategy for Appellant’s trial counsel’s alleged unprofessional acts, and 
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Appellant cannot overcome the strong presumption that his counsel performed effectively. We 

further hold that Appellant failed to meet his burden under the second prong of Strickland with 

regard to any of the alleged errors on his trial counsel’s part. Appellant’s second issue is overruled.

DISPOSITION

Having overruled Appellant’s first and second issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

JAMES T. WORTHEN

Chief Justice

Opinion delivered May 15, 2019.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

MAY 15, 2019

NO. 12-18-00186-CR

JOSE ROBERTO TREVINO,

Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

Appeal from the 369th District Court 

of Cherokee County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 20666)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court below 

for observance.

James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.