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[Congressional Record Volume 158, Number 116 (Wednesday, August 1, 2012)]
[Extensions of Remarks]
[Pages E1369-E1372]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

    IN SUPPORT OF WOMEN'S ACCESS TO PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE SERVICES

                                 ______
                                 

                         HON. LAURA RICHARDSON

                             of california

                    in the house of representatives

                       Wednesday, August 1, 2012

  Ms. RICHARDSON. Mr. Speaker, beginning today, August 1, preventative 
health care provisions for women under the Affordable Care Act will 
begin going into effect for new insurance plans.
  As an increasing number of health insurance policies come under the 
reach of the Affordable Care Act, a growing number of women will 
finally be able to access--with no co-payments or deductibles--
important preventative services including breastfeeding support, 
counseling for domestic violence, screenings for HIV, and well-woman 
visits.
  Also importantly, women with these new insurance policies will have 
access to all FDA-approved forms of contraception. This is an 
unprecedented victory for women in every district and for women of all 
backgrounds.
  The use of birth control is nearly universal, with 99 percent of 
women using contraception at some point in their lives. A June Hart 
Research poll also found that 80 percent of all American women agree 
that cost should not be a barrier to using effective birth control.
  In addition, a letter released by leading law-and-religion scholar 
Leslie Griffin, and co-

[[Page E1370]]

signed by 170 law professors at top religiously affiliated and non-
religiously affiliated law schools clearly explains why the 
contraceptive-coverage benefit protects the rights of individual 
employees and in no way violates religious freedom. I ask unanimous 
consent to include the letter in the Record.
  Mr. Speaker, I agree with the majority of Americans that all women 
have the right to affordable and effective birth control, and I am 
proud to have fought for this great achievement.
  Even before the Affordable Care Act went into effect, the benefits of 
publicly-funded family planning services could be seen, as these 
programs have assisted 7 million women each year and have prevented 2 
million unintended pregnancies.
  Every dollar spent on family planning services is also estimated to 
save four dollars on future Medicaid costs for prenatal services, 
delivery, and one year of the baby's medical care.
  Affordable birth control and preventative health care services help 
women plan the timing and size of their families and protect their 
health. There is a direct link between increased access to birth 
control and declines in maternal and infant mortality.
  The critical provisions within the Affordable Care Act will therefore 
allow us to expand on these previous successes and give women the 
freedom to make their own private health decisions.
  Mr. Speaker, I am proud to stand with my colleagues and to 
acknowledge the hard work and long hours we devoted to ensuring that 
women have access to health care they deserve and I pledge to continue 
championing women's access to these important preventative services.

                                                   August 1, 2012.
       To President Barack Obama and the Congressional Leadership: 
     We are law professors concerned about the Constitution, 
     religious freedom, individual liberty, and gender equality. 
     Today, the egalitarian notion that every American deserves to 
     enjoy religious freedom is under attack from those who would 
     cede employees' religious-liberty rights to corporate 
     executives and nonprofit directors. In this cramped and one-
     sided view of religious freedom, supervisors are entitled to 
     decide, based on their religious sentiments, whether their 
     employees will be permitted to enjoy essential health 
     benefits without the slightest concern for their religious 
     beliefs. In particular, advocates claim that the Constitution 
     gives all employers the right to veto their employees' 
     health-insurance coverage of contraception.
       This view, which is espoused by the U.S. Conference of 
     Catholic Bishops and others, is both wrong as a matter of law 
     and profoundly undemocratic. Nothing in our nation's history 
     or laws permits a boss to impose his or her religious views 
     on non-consenting employees. Indeed, this nation was founded 
     upon the basic principle that every individual--whether 
     company president or assistant janitor--has an equal claim to 
     religious freedom.
       Nor does religious freedom provide a constitutional 
     entitlement to limit women's liberty and equality, which are 
     protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Throughout the 1960s, 
     religious leaders advocated laws banning contraception 
     because they believed contraception was immoral. Nonetheless, 
     in 1965 the Supreme Court held that contraceptive use enjoys 
     constitutional protection in Griswold v. Connecticut. 
     Moreover, the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth 
     Amendment requires that women enjoy the same health and 
     reproductive freedom enjoyed by men.
       Women's liberty and equality are well-settled 
     constitutional law and must remain so. Just as the Court 
     ruled in 1983 in Bob Jones that the free exercise of religion 
     may not override government policies against racial 
     discrimination, today free exercise must not undermine 
     women's liberty and equality.
       The diminishment of women's liberty and equality will be 
     the result if organizations claiming a religious affiliation 
     are granted an exemption from the Obama administration's 
     policy requiring all employers to provide contraceptive 
     insurance to their employees.
       The battle against legal contraception has been fought and 
     lost before, not only in the 1960s, but also in the 1990s, 
     when state legislatures and courts repeatedly rejected the 
     argument that religious liberty provides a justification for 
     undermining women's equality and denying them contraceptive 
     insurance.
       The same principle must apply today in the battle between 
     the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and their allies and 
     the Obama administration over insurance coverage for 
     contraception. Simply put, religious freedom requires 
     religiously affiliated employers to obey the law rather than 
     to become a law unto themselves.
       Even forty-seven years after the Supreme Court recognized a 
     constitutional right to contraceptive use, many American 
     women continue to lack access to effective and affordable 
     contraception. One reason for this has been the disparate 
     insurance coverage for men and women. For that reason, 
     twenty-eight states have passed contraceptive equity acts 
     that help women gain equal access to reproductive health 
     care. Several of those acts, just like the Obama 
     administration's policy, require employer insurance plans 
     that offer prescription-drug coverage to include 
     contraceptive drugs and devices in their coverage. Most of 
     those acts, just like the Obama plan, do not apply to houses 
     of worship but to religiously affiliated employers like 
     Catholic Charities, a large social-services organization that 
     receives more than two-thirds of its funding from taxpayers, 
     as well as to Catholic schools, universities and hospitals 
     that employ both non-Catholics and Catholic women who use 
     contraception.
       The bishops and their allies opposed those bills in the 
     legislatures and the state courts, arguing that religious 
     freedom requires a complete exemption for all employers that 
     claim a religious affiliation. As the recent debate 
     demonstrates, that argument has a certain intuitive appeal to 
     religious organizations that believe that free exercise 
     allows religiously affiliated organizations to avail 
     themselves of special rules. Under the leading free exercise 
     case (Employment Division v. Smith), however, religious 
     employers are subject to neutral laws of general 
     applicability. Two state courts, namely the highest courts of 
     New York and California, forcefully rejected the bishops' 
     argument for exemptions from laws requiring the provision of 
     contraception insurance to employees.
       The state courts first ruled that providing insurance could 
     not be a matter of internal church governance protected from 
     state interference by the First Amendment. The courts also 
     held that insurance laws applying to all employers were 
     neutral laws of general applicability that could be 
     constitutionally applied to religious employers under Smith. 
     The two holdings reinforce each other. As the New York Court 
     of Appeals explained, ``The employment relationship is a 
     frequent subject of legislation, and when a religious 
     organization chooses to hire nonbelievers it must, at least 
     to some degree, be prepared to accept neutral regulations 
     imposed to protect those employees' legitimate interests in 
     doing what their own beliefs permit.''
       The California Supreme Court took a further step, ruling 
     that its women's health act survived strict scrutiny. Under 
     strict scrutiny, a law that substantially burdens a religious 
     practice is upheld only if the law represents the least 
     restrictive means of achieving a compelling interest. The 
     court concluded that the women's health care act was narrowly 
     tailored to the government's compelling interest in 
     eliminating gender discrimination, obviating the need to 
     undertake a substantial-burdens analysis.
       The California Supreme Court's strict scrutiny analysis 
     remains relevant to criticisms of President Obama's plan. 
     Opponents of the regulations have argued that they violate 
     the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), which subjects 
     federal policies to strict scrutiny if they substantially 
     burden a person's exercise of religion. The opponents are 
     wrong. First, under existing case law, the provision of 
     insurance coverage is arguably not the exercise of religion. 
     Moreover, allowing individuals the choice of contraceptives 
     does not substantially burden any exercise of religion.
       Even if the courts found a substantial burden on religion, 
     however, the government's interests in protecting women's 
     health and reproductive freedom, and combating gender 
     discrimination, are compelling. The Institute of Medicine 
     panel's report, and a mountain of evidence from other public 
     health groups, amply demonstrate the government's compelling 
     interest in ensuring widespread access to affordable 
     contraception as a means of promoting health and remedying 
     gender inequality.
       The California Supreme Court ruled that a law nearly 
     identical to President Obama's initial plan to provide 
     insurance coverage--including a virtually identical exemption 
     for houses of worship--was narrowly tailored to protect 
     women's equality. Thus President Obama's original regulation 
     could have withstood constitutional scrutiny. The 
     constitutional case is even clearer for the accommodation, 
     which requires insurance companies to bear the burden of 
     providing coverage to employees claiming a religious 
     affiliation. The accommodation is even more narrowly tailored 
     than the initial regulation was to reflect the government's 
     interest in women's equality.
       In past Supreme Court decisions, religious employers have 
     been required to pay Social Security and unemployment taxes 
     for their employees and to observe the minimum wage laws. 
     Federal courts of appeals have required religious employers 
     to comply with the child labor laws and to observe the equal 
     pay laws even when the employers believed head-of-household 
     pay was required by the Bible. As the California Supreme 
     Court observed, ``We are unaware of any decision in which 
     this court, or the United States Supreme Court, has exempted 
     a religious objector from the operation of a neutral, 
     generally applicable law despite the recognition that the 
     requested exemption would detrimentally affect the rights of 
     third parties.''
       The federal government must continue to protect the rights 
     of women who need insurance laws so that they may make 
     reproductive choices consistent with their individual 
     consciences. Religious freedom must not provide a 
     justification to deprive women of legal rights they should 
     enjoy as employees and citizens. To the contrary, the First 
     Amendment specifically preserves space for their religious 
     liberty, and secures their right to act as individuals who 
     exercise their own

[[Page E1371]]

     conscience on matters pertaining to their faith, body, and 
     health.

                                               Leslie Griffin,

                                             Professor of Law,

                                    William S. Boyd School of Law,
                                   University of Nevada Las Vegas.
       Signed [Note: Affiliations provided for identification 
     purposes only]:
       Paula Abrams, Jeffrey Bain Faculty Scholar and Professor of 
     Law, Lewis & Clark Law School; Libby Adler, Professor of Law, 
     Northeastern University School of Law; Janet Ainsworth, John 
     D. Eshelman Professor of Law, Seattle University School of 
     Law; Sara Ainsworth, Lecturer, University of Washington 
     School of Law; Catherine Albiston, Professor of Law and 
     Professor of Sociology; Executive Committee Member, Thelton 
     E. Henderson Center for Social Justice, University of 
     California, Berkeley School of Law; Jose Alvarez, Herbert and 
     Rose Rubin Professor of International Law, New York 
     University School of Law; Mark Anderson, Associate Professor 
     of Law, Temple University Beasley School of Law; Susan 
     Appleton, Lemma Barkeloo and Phoebe Couzins Professor of 
     Law, Washington University School of Law; Margalynne 
     Armstrong, Associate Professor of Law, Santa Clara 
     University School of Law and Marie Ashe, Professor of Law, 
     Suffolk University Law School.
       Barbara Babcock, Judge John Crown Professor of Law, 
     Emerita, Stanford Law School; Katharine Baker, Professor of 
     Law, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law; Susan Smith Bakhshian, 
     Clinical Professor, Director of Bar Programs & Academic 
     Success, Loyola Law School; Ann Bartow, Professor of Law, 
     Pace Law School; Carrie Basas, Visiting Associate Professor 
     of Law, Case Western Reserve University; John Beckerman, 
     Visiting Professor, Rutgers University School of Law--Camden; 
     Valena Beety, Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia 
     University College of Law; Leslie Bender, Professor of Law, 
     Syracuse University College of Law; Mary Berkheiser, 
     Professor of Law, Director of Clinical Programs and Director 
     of Juvenile Justice Clinic, William S. Boyd School of Law, 
     University of Nevada Las Vegas; and Adele Bernhard, Associate 
     Professor of Law, Pace Law School.
       Anita Bernstein, Anita and Stuart Subotnick Professor of 
     Law, Brooklyn Law School; Caroline Bettinger-Lopez, Associate 
     Professor of Clinical Legal Education and Director, Human 
     Rights Clinic, University of Miami School of Law; M. Gregg 
     Bloche, M.D., J.D., Professor of Law, Georgetown University; 
     Karen M. Blum, Associate Dean and Professor of Law, Suffolk 
     University Law School; Grace Ganz Blumberg, Distinguished 
     Professor of Law Emerita, UCLA School of Law; AmeliaBoss, 
     Trustee Professor of Law, Earle Mack School of Law, Drexel 
     University; Cynthia Bowman, Dorothea S. Clarke Professor of 
     Law, Cornell Law School; Alfred L. Brophy, Judge John J. 
     Parker Distinguished Professor of Law, University of North 
     Carolina, Chapel Hill; Naomi Cahn, John Theodore Fey Research 
     Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School; 
     June Carbone, Edward A. Smith/Missouri Chair of Law, 
     University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
       David Cassuto, Professor of Law and Director, Brazil-
     American Institute for Law & Environment, Pace Law School; 
     Erwin Chemerinsky, Founding Dean, University of California 
     Irvine School of Law; Nancy Chi Cantalupo, Professor, Temple 
     University Beasley School of Law; Margaret Chon, Donald & 
     Lynda Horowitz Professor for the Pursuit of Justice, Seattle 
     University School of Law; Roger Clark, Board of Governors 
     Professor, Rutgers University School of Law--Camden; David S. 
     Cohen, Associate Professor of Law, Earle Mack School of Law 
     at Drexel University; Clare Coleman, Assistant Teaching 
     Professor and Director of Student Advising, Earle Mack School 
     of Law at Drexel University; Rebecca Cook, Faculty Chair in 
     International Human Rights Faculty of Law and Co-Director of 
     the International Program on Reproductive and Sexual Health 
     Law, University of Toronto; Bridget Crawford, Professor of 
     Law and Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, 
     Pace Law School; Lynn Daggett, Professor of Law, Gonzaga 
     School of Law.
       Anne Dailey, Evangeline Starr Professor of Law, University 
     of Connecticut School of Law; Anne Dalesandro, Director of 
     the Law Library, Rutgers School of Law--Camden; Christine S. 
     Davik, Professor of Law, University of Maine School of Law; 
     Martha Davis, Professor of Law, Northeastern University 
     School of Law; Kate Nance Day, Professor of Law, Suffolk 
     University Law School; Bernard Dickens, Emeritus Professor of 
     Health Law and Policy, University of Toronto; Norman Dorsen, 
     Frederick I. and Grace A. Stokes Professor of Law, New York 
     University School of Law; Margaret Drew, Professor of 
     Clinical Law and Director of the Domestic Violence and Civil 
     Protection Order Clinic, University of Alabama School of 
     Law. Jennifer Drobac, Professor of Law, Indiana University 
     Robert H. McKinney School of Law; and Linda Edwards, E.L. 
     Cord Foundation Professor of Law, William S. Boyd School 
     of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas.
       Maxine Eichner, Reef C. Ivey II Professor of Law, 
     University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Law; 
     Kathleen C. Engel, Associate Dean for Intellectual Life and 
     Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School; JoAnne Epps, 
     Dean, Beasley School of Law, Temple University; Deborah 
     Epstein, Professor of Law and Associate Dean, Georgetown Law; 
     Martha Ertman, Carole & Hanan Sibel Research Professor of 
     Law, University of Maryland School of Law; Lisa Faigman, 
     Lecturer in Law, University of California Hastings College of 
     the Law; Bryan Fair, Thomas E. Skinner Professor of Law, 
     University of Alabama School of Law; Mary Fellows, Everett 
     Fraser Professor of Law, Emerita, University of Minnesota Law 
     School; Linda Fentiman, James D. Hopkins Professor of Law, 
     Pace Law School; and Zanita E. Fenton, Professor of Law, 
     University of Miami School of Law.
       Victor Flatt, Taft Distinguished Professor of Environmental 
     Law, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Law; 
     Marsha Freeman, Professor of Law, Barry University Dwayne O. 
     Andreas School of Law; Jaqueline Fox, Associate Professor of 
     Law, University of South Carolina School of Law; Katherine 
     Franke, Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law and 
     Director of the Center for Gender and Sexuality Law, Columbia 
     Law School; Theresa Gabaldon, Lyle T. Alverson Professor of 
     Law and Director of Academic Programs and Administration, 
     George Washington University Law School; Ruben Garcia, 
     Professor of Law, William S. Boyd School of Law, University 
     of Nevada Las Vegas; Leslie Garfield, Professor of Law, Pace 
     Law School; Marsha Garrison, Suzanne J. and Norman Miles 
     Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School; Susan Gary, Orlando J. 
     and Marian H. Hollis Professor of Law, School of Law 
     University of Oregon; and Bennett Gershman, Professor of Law, 
     Pace Law School.
       Lauren Gilbert, Professor of Law, St. Thomas University 
     School of Law; Theresa Glennon, Professor of Law, James E. 
     Beasley School of Law at Temple University; Sally Goldfarb, 
     Professor of Law, Rutgers University School of Law--Camden; 
     Julie Goldscheid, Professor of Law, CUNY Law School; Leigh 
     Goodmark, Associate Professor, Director, Family Law Clinic 
     and Co-Director of the Center on Applied Feminism, University 
     of Baltimore School of Law; Michele Goodwin, Everett Fraser 
     Professor of Law, University of Minnesota; Cheryl Hanna, 
     Professor of Law, Vermont Law School; Kathy Hessler, Clinical 
     Professor of Law and Animal Law Clinic Director, Lewis & 
     Clark Law School; Steven J. Heyman, Professor of Law, IIT 
     Chicago-Kent College of Law; and Tracy Higgins, Professor of 
     Law, Fordham School of Law.
        Jessie Hill, Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve 
     University School of Law; Cynthia M. Ho, Associate Professor 
     of Law & Vickrey Research Professor; Director, Intellectual 
     Property & Technology Program, Loyola University Chicago 
     School of Law; Sharon Hoffman, Edgar A. Hahn Professor of 
     Law, Professor of Bioethics, Co-Director, Law-Medicine 
     Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; Joan 
     H. Hollinger, Lecturer-in-Law, Berkeley Law School, 
     University of California; Deena Hurwitz, Associate Professor 
     of Law and Director of the International Human Rights Law 
     Clinic and Human Rights Program, University of Virginia; 
     Melanie Jacobs, Professor of Law, Michigan State University 
     College of Law; Stewart Jay, Pendleton Miller Endowed Chair 
     of Law, University of Washington School of Law; Faye Jones, 
     Director and Professor of Law, Florida State University 
     College of Law; Sital Kalantry, Associate Clinical Professor 
     of Law and Faculty Director of the Avon Global Center for 
     Women and Justice, Cornell University Law School; and Margo 
     Kaplan, Assistant Professor of Law, Rutgers School of Law.
       Harriet Katz, Professor of Law, Rutgers University School 
     of Law--Camden; Linda K. Kerber, May Brodbeck Professor in 
     the Liberal Arts Emerita, and Lecturer in Law, University 
     of Iowa College of Law; Jaime King, Associate Professor of 
     Law, University of California Hastings College of the Law; 
     Kristine S. Knaplund, Professor of Law, Pepperdine 
     University School of Law; Ellen Kreitzberg, Professor of 
     Law, Santa Clara University School of Law; Sylvia Law, 
     Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Law Medicine and 
     Psychiatry, New York University School of Law; Nancy 
     Leong, Assistant Professor, University of Denver, Sturm 
     College of Law; Nancy Levit, Curators' and Edward D. 
     Ellison Professor of Law, UMKC School of Law; Francine J. 
     Lipman, William S. Boyd Professor of Law, William S. Boyd 
     School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas; and David 
     Luban, University Professor in Law and Philosophy, 
     Georgetown Law.
       Jody Lynee Madeira, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana 
     University School of Law; Kevin Noble Maillard, Professor of 
     Law, Syracuse University College of Law; Maya Manian, 
     Associate Professor of Law, University of San Francisco 
     School of Law; Thomas McAffee, William S. Boyd Professor, 
     William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las 
     Vegas; Joyce E. McConnell, William J. Maier, Jr. Dean, Thomas 
     R. Goodwin Professor of Law, WVU College of Law; Marcia 
     McCormick, Associate Professor, Saint Louis University School 
     of Law; Ann McGinley, William S. Boyd Professor, William S. 
     Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Michelle 
     McKinley, Associate Professor, Dean's Faculty Fellow, 
     University of Oregon School of Law; Laura McNally, Professor 
     of Law, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; and 
     Carrie Menkel-Meadow, A.B. Chettle, Jr. Professor of Dispute 
     Resolution and Civil Procedure, Georgetown Law.
       Cynthia Mertens, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and 
     Professor of Law, Santa Clara University; Vanessa Merton, 
     Professor

[[Page E1372]]

     of Law and Faculty Supervisor of the Immigration Justice 
     Clinic, Pace Law School; Sally Merry, Professor of 
     Anthropology, Institute for Law and Society, New York 
     University School of Law; Carlin Meyer, Professor of Law and 
     Director of the Diane Abbey Law Center for Children and 
     Families, New York Law School; Naomi Mezey, Professor of Law, 
     Georgetown Law; Jennifer Moore, Professor of Law, University 
     of New Mexico School of Law; Karen Moran, Associate Professor 
     of Law, General Faculty, University of Virginia; Daniel 
     Morrissey, Former Dean and Professor of Law, Gonzaga 
     University School of Law; Jill Morrison, Adjunct Professor of 
     Law, University of DC David A. Clarke School of Law; and Ann 
     Murphy, Professor of Law, Gonzaga School of Law.
       Karen Musalo, Clinical Professor of Law and Director of the 
     Center for Gender and Refugee Studies, University of 
     California, Hastings College of Law; Michael Mushlin, 
     Professor of Law, Pace Law School; Kimberly Mutcherson, 
     Associate Professor of Law, Rutgers University School of 
     Law--Camden; Cynthia Nance, Dean Emeritus & Nathan G. Gordon 
     Professor of Law, University of Arkansas; Michelle Oberman, 
     Professor of Law, Santa Clara University School of Law; Nancy 
     K. Ota, Professor of Law, Albany Law School; Richard L. 
     Ottinger, Dean Emeritus, Pace Law School; Justin Pidot, 
     Assistant Professor, University of Denver, Sturm College of 
     Law; Deana Pollard-Sacks, Professor of Law, Texas Southern 
     University Thurgood Marshall School of Law; and Andrew S. 
     Pollis, Assistant Professor of Law, Milton A. Kramer Law 
     Clinic Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Law.
       Terrill Pollman, Director of the Lawyering Process Program 
     and Professor of Law, Williams S. Boyd School of Law, 
     University of Las Vegas; Lucille M. Ponte, Professor of Law, 
     Florida Coastal School of Law; Sarah Ricks, Clinical 
     Professor of Law, Rutgers University School of Law--
     Camden Angela R. Riley, Professor of Law, UCLA School of 
     Law, Director, UCLA American Indian Studies Center; 
     Dorothy Roberts, George A. Weiss University Professor of 
     Law & Sociology and Raymond Pace & Sadie Tanner Mossell 
     Alexander Professor of Civil Rights, University of 
     Pennsylvania; Rand Rosenblatt, Professor of Law, Rutgers 
     University School of Law--Camden; Susan Deller Ross, 
     Professor of Law and Director, International Women's Human 
     Rights Clinic, Georgetown Law; Margaret Russell, Professor 
     of Law, Santa Clara University School of Law; Carol 
     Sanger, Barbara Aronstein Black Professor of Law, Columbia 
     Law School and Nadia N. Sawicki, Assistant Professor of 
     Law, Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy, Loyola 
     University Chicago School of Law.
       Robert P. Schuwerk, Professor of Law, University of Houston 
     Law Center; Elizabeth Sepper, Associate Professor of Law, 
     Washington University School of Law; Ann Shalleck, Professor 
     of Law, Director of Women and Law Program, Carrington Shields 
     Scholar, American University Washington College of Law; 
     Laurie Shanks, Clinical Professor of Law, Albany Law School; 
     Julie Shapiro, Professor of Law, Seattle University School of 
     Law; Jessica Silbey, Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law 
     School; Rosalind Simson, Adjunct Professor of Law, Mercer 
     University School of Law and Associate Professor of 
     Philosophy, Mercer University; Jana Singer, Professor of Law, 
     University of Maryland, Francis King Carey School of Law; 
     Abbe Smith, Professor of Law and Director of the Criminal 
     Defense and Prisoner Advocacy Clinic, Georgetown Law and 
     Cynthia Soohoo, Director of the International Women's Human 
     Rights Clinic, CUNY Law School.
       Roy G. Spece, Professor of Law, University of Arizona James 
     E. Rogers College of Law; Carrie Sperling, Associate Clinical 
     Professor of Law, Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law; Ralph 
     Stein, Professor of Law, Pace Law School; Lara Stemple, 
     Director of Graduate Studies, Director of Health and Human 
     Rights Law Project, UCLA School of Law; Richard Storrow, 
     Professor of Law, CUNY School of Law; John Strait, Associate 
     Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law; Jennifer 
     Templeton Dunn, Executive Director, UCSF/Hastings Consortium 
     on Law and Adjunct Professor, University of California, 
     Hastings College of the Law; Tracy Thomas, Professor of Law, 
     University of Akron School of Law; Stacey Tovino, Professor 
     of Law, William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada 
     Las Vegas and Mary Pat Treuthart, Professor of Law, Gonzaga 
     University School of Law.
       Ann E. Tweedy, Assistant Professor, Hamline University 
     School of Law; Carole Vance, Associate Clinical Professor of 
     Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, 
     Columbia University; Valorie K. Vojdik, Professor and Deputy 
     Director, Law Clinic, West Virginia University College of 
     Law; Lois Weithorn, Professor of Law, University of 
     California Hastings College of the Law; Robin West, Frederick 
     J. Haas Professor of Law and Philosophy, Georgetown Law; 
     Lesley Wexler, Thomas M. Mengler Faculty Scholar and 
     Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law; 
     Deborah Widiss, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana 
     University Maurer School of Law; Lindsay Wiley, Assistant 
     Professor of Law, American University Washington College of 
     Law; Verna Williams, Professor of Law, University of 
     Cincinnati College of Law; Zipporah Wiseman, Thos. H. Law 
     Centennial Professor, University of Texas at Austin School of 
     Law and Marcia Zug, Assistant Professor of Law, University of 
     South Carolina School of Law.

                          ____________________
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