Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit – Capsicum annuum L., 

Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq., Capsicum 

frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. – from

Peru into the Continental United States and Territories

A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

June 26, 2012

Version 3

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 2760
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 ii

Executive Summary

The Republic of Peru requested authorization to export fresh pepper fruit (Capsicum spp.) into 

the continental United States and its territories. We assessed the pest risk for C. annuum, C. 

baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens, due to some taxonomic uncertainty 

regarding the species status. We prepared a pest risk assessment based on documentation 

submitted by the Peruvian national plant protection organization, USDA data on intercepted 

pests at ports-of-entry, scientific literature, and other information.

We identified and analyzed seven quarantine pests that are likely to follow the pathway on fresh 

peppers from Peru as follows:

Type Pest Taxonomy Pest risk 

potential

Arthropods Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Crambidae Medium

Fungi Puccinia pampeana Speg. Urediniomycetes: Uredinales High

We rated three pests with High pest risk potentials, and rated N. elegantalis Medium. Specific 

phytosanitary measures beyond port-of-entry inspection are strongly recommended for pests with 

High pest risk potential, and may be necessary for pests with Medium pest risk potentials.

In previous versions we also analyzed Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2). Recently, 

however, a pest specific risk analysis concluded that this pathogen is highly unlikely to establish 

in the United States via the pathway of fruits or vegetables for consumption. Therefore, the 

pathogen is not a candidate for further mitigation, and we did not analyze it further in this 

version of the assessment.

Peru proposes to treat the commodity under standard minimal post-harvest processing measures 

that may reduce the risk of presence of Neoleucinodes elegantalis on the product, but we believe 

the measures would have no effect on other pests. Detailed examination and choice of 

appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management 

phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Commodity information................................................................................................. 2

1.3. Production in Peru.......................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Standard Post-harvest Processing .................................................................................. 3

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action.................................................................................. 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Capsicum annuum.................................................... 4

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions 5

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Peru......................... 6

2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests....................................................................................... 28

2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ............................................................................. 36

3. Authors and Reviewers........................................................................................................... 36

4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 36

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 49

Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 1984 to 

2011..................................................................................................................................... 49

Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru

83
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the 

risks associated with the importation of commercially produced pepper fruit, Capsicum spp., 

without leaves or stems, from Peru into the continental United States and territories.

We considered the risk associated with C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. chinense

due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status (Walsh and Hoot, 2001) and 

because wild populations of C. annuum may interbreed with C. frutescens and C. chinense 

(Eshbaugh, 1993). Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of common name usage among all 

domesticated Capsicum species (Bosland, 1996), we also included the cultivated species (C. 

pubescens). This pest risk assessment is called pathway-initiated because pepper fruit imported 

from Peru into the United States may serve as a pathway for the introduction of new plant pests. 

This risk assessment is qualitative and risk is expressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and 

Low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria used to 

analyze these pests are detailed in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment,

Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, 

specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on Pest Risk Analysis 

for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified 

Organisms (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent 

with the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5). Three stages of pest risk 

analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment;

and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2. 

This is a qualitative risk analysis; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and 

Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000) 

related to the probability and consequences of importing peppers from Peru. For the purposes of 

this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as:

High: More likely to occur than not to occur

Medium: As likely to occur as not to occur

Low: More likely not to occur than to occur

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that 

pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, 

for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible 

mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this 

document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 2

1.2. Commodity information

1.2.1. Taxonomy

The genus Capsicum is in the Solanaceae family, which consists of approximately 22 wild 

species and five domesticated species: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and 

C. pubescens. Chili pepper fruits are botanically considered berries (Bosland, 1996). Despite 

their many trait differences (Fig. 1), most commercially cultivated chili pepper cultivars in the 

world belong to these species (Bosland, 1996).

1.2.2. Origin and Distribution

The genus Capsicum is endemic to the western hemisphere, and the pre-Columbian distribution 

extended from the southernmost border of the United States to the temperate zone of southern 

South America (Bosland, 1996). Mexico is believed to be the center of origin of C. annuum 

(CABI, 2010). Capsicum annuum is a perennial small shrub in suitable climatic conditions, 

living for a decade or more in tropical South and Central America. In the genus Capsicum, C. 

annuum is the best-known domesticated species and the most economically important (Bosland, 

1996; Eshbaugh, 1993). Capsicum annuum is now cultivated all over the world. The nonpungent or sweet forms, bell pepper and “pimiento,” are widely used and grown throughout 

much of the globe. The hot, spicy forms of this species have come to dominate spicy foods in 

Latin America and the rest of the world (Eshbaugh, 1993).

1.2.3. Cultivar types

Pepper is a warm-season crop and is sensitive to cold weather (University of California, 2007).

There are two types of peppers: the large-fruited, mild-flavored bell types, preferred by most 

gardeners; and the hot varieties, which may be used green (University of California, 2007). The 

mild peppers include bell, banana, pimiento, and sweet cherry, while the hot peppers include 

cayenne, celestial, large cherry, serrano, tabasco, and jalapeno (University of California, 2007). 

The sweet bell pepper is the most popular type; if allowed to ripen, the fruit turns red, orange, 

cream, yellow, or purple depending on cultivar, and remains sweet. Bell peppers, measuring 7.6 

cm (3 in) wide by 10.1 cm (4 in) long, usually have 3 to 4 lobes and a blocky appearance. Mild 

peppers are harvested when they are green or red-ripe. When allowed to mature on the plant, 

most varieties turn red and sweeter and increase in vitamin A and C content (University of 

California, 2007). Fruits are large, thick-walled, and nonpungent. Skin is smooth, but fruits are 

lobed and depressed at both stem and styler ends. Shape varies from conical to near rectangular

(Magness et al., 1971).

1.3. Production in Peru

The main growing areas of pepper in Peru are located in Lambayeque, Piura, Lima, Ica, 

Arequipa, Moquegua, and Tacna regions (SENASA, 2009). The production area has a wide 

range of climatic conditions from 0 to 3,750 meters (0-12,300 feet) above sea level, with 

temperatures ranging from 5°C (41°F) to 33°C (91.4°F) (SENASA, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 3

1.4. Standard Post-harvest Processing 

We assumed that the commodity would undergo the following minimal standard post-harvest 

processing described by the government of Peru: culling, cleaning, waxing, and cooling 

(SENASA, 2009). 

Figure 1. Capsicum spp. production areas in Peru (SENASA, 2009).

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We completed this commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request 

made by the Peruvian Plant Health Division (SENASA) (Barrenechea, 2009) to the USDA to 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 4

authorize the importation of fresh pepper fruit (Capsicum spp.) grown in Peru into the United 

States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, into the United States is 

regulated in 7 CFR § 319, 2011. Currently, the entry of pepper from Peru into the United States 

is not authorized under 7 CFR §319.56, and the government of Peru seeks a change in this 

Federal regulation to allow importation.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Capsicum annuum

If the species considered for importation poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest-initiated” risk 

assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for peppers (Table 1) did not prompt 

a pest-initiated risk assessment.

Table 1. Assessment of the weed potential of Capsicum or pepper species (Solanaceae).

Scientific names, synonyms, and common names (NGRP, 2008; NRCS, 2008):

Capsicum annuum L. (Syn.: C. cordiforme Mill): bell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, 

green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines

C. baccatum L.: aji; yellow aji; aji limon; aji mono; aji norteno; locoto

C. chinense Jacq.: bonnet pepper; datil pepper; habanero pepper; piripiri pepper; squash 

pepper; yellow squash pepper; rocotillo

C. frutescens L. (Syn.: C. fastigiatum Blume; C. annuum L. var. frutescens (L.) Kuntze; C. 

minimum): bird pepper; cayenne pepper; chili pepper; tabasco pepper; aji; chile

C. pubescens Ruiz. & Pav. (Syn.: Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; C. guatemalense Bitter; 

C. lanceaefolium (Miers) Kuntze; C. violaceum Kunth.): apple chile; rocoto; lacoto; 

chile caballo

Phase 1: Distribution in the United States

Capsicum annuum is widely cultivated throughout the world and the United States (CABI, 

2010; NRCS, 2008). 

C. baccatum is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993), but is not grown 

commercially in the United States. It is likely planted in private gardens. 

C. chinense is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia, and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and 

Votava, 2000; NGRP, 2008). It is grown in private gardens in the United States. 

C. frutescens is distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008).

C. pubescens is native to South America (Bosland and Votava, 2000). It is probably grown 

in private gardens in the United States.

Phase 2: Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as a weed

C. annuum C. baccatum,

C. frutescens

C. chinense,

C. pubescens

References

No No No Gunn and Ritchie, 1988 ; Holm et al., 1977; 

Holm et al., 1997; ISSG, 2008; Reed, 1977; 

Skinner et al., 2008; USDA - APHIS, 2006; 

Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2007

Yes Yes No Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002

Yes No No Swearingen, 2008
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 5

Phase 3: Summary and Conclusions:

Although C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. frutescens, have been listed as weeds and as

naturalized species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002; Swearingen, 

2008), they do not appear to be particularly invasive in either natural or agricultural 

systems (Koop, 2004a, 2004c, 2005). We found no evidence in the literature of invasive 

behavior by C. chinense and C. pubescens, and they are not likely to become problematic 

species in the United States (Koop, 2004b, 2004d). Thus, we recommend that fruit of C. 

annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. pubescens, and C. chinense be considered for 

importation following an appropriate pest risk assessment.

Conclusion: Proceed with the pest risk assessment.

2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments

APHIS has previously completed the following pest risk assessments for peppers in Latin 

America:

2009 Importation of Fresh Pepper – Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum 

chinense Jacq, Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. – Fruit 

with Stems from Central America into the United States

2004 Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems (Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. 

baccatum L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., and C. chinense Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States

1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum, from Chile into the continental 

United States.

2.3.2. Current Status

Currently peppers are authorized to enter the United States from the following countries: Antigua 

and Barbuda, Australia (from Tasmania), Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Canada, 

Cayman Islands, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana (under 

T105-a-2 Irradiation treatment), Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, 

Israel, Jamaica (under T104-a-2 treatment), Japan, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, 

New Zealand, Nicaragua, Poland, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint 

Vincent and Grenadines, South Korea, Spain, and Trinidad and Tobago (APHIS, 2010).

2.3.3. Decision History

The decision history for the importation of peppers (Capsicum annuum and Capsicum spp.)

(CPHST, 2009) is listed in Table 2.

2.3.4. Pest Interceptions

During 1984-2011, 1166 different pests were intercepted on Capsicum spp. entering the United 

States from 155 different countries [See Appendix A, Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. 

entering the United States from 1984 to 2011 (PestID, 2011)].

Intercepted pests identified at the family level or higher (PestID, 2011), were not included in the 

pest list (Table 3), because the genera of the intercepted organisms could not be determined. The 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 6

pest list includes interceptions at the genus level (e.g., Pagiocerus sp.) only if they were from 

Peru. 

Table 2. Decision history for importation of peppers into the United States.

Year Country Comment

1969 Peru Deny entry due to Ceratitis capitata.

1971 Venezuela Deny entry due to entomology findings (Medfly) and 

absence of approved treatment facilities.

1971 Nicaragua Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata.

1971 Costa Rica Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata.

1973 Surinam Entry approved to North Atlantic ports

1982 Ecuador Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata.

1983 Chile Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for 

Rhagoletis ochraspis.

1984 Panama Deny entry due to lack of C. capitata.

1984 Honduras Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata.

1988 Guatemala Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata.

1988 Colombia Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for C. 

capitata. Complete assessment not done.

1992 Belize Entry approved. Fruit only, from Medfly-free district.

1992 Cook Island Deny entry due to lack of acceptable treatment for 

Bactrocera spp.

1993 Uruguay Permit entry with acceptable treatment for C. capitata,

Anastrepha obliqua, and Rhagoletis ferruginea.

1995 Senegal Deny entry due to lack of pest data and quarantine treatment.

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Capsicum spp. in Peru

Below we list the pests associated with pepper (C. annuum) and related species (C. baccatum, C.

chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, and Capsicum sp.) in any country that also occur in Peru

on any host (Table 3). In that list we specify the scientific name, reference(s) that report the pest 

on C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, or Capsicum sp., the 

reported distribution of the pest with respect to Peru and the United States, the quarantine status 

of the pest in the United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, and if the pest is likely

to follow the pathway of commercially exported pepper fruit without leaves or stems from Peru

to the United States. Each pest listed includes the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on 

the host, and plant part association. Shaded rows indicate quarantine pests likely to follow the 

pathway with the commodity that are subject to further analysis.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 7

We do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow 

the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the 

pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already 

occur in the United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with 

N/A (not applicable). 

Table 3. Pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru.

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

ARTHROPODS

ACARI

Tarsonemidae

Phytonemus pallidus

(Banks)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Polyphagotarsonemus 

latus Banks

C. annuum, C. frutescens, 

(CABI, 2010); C. annuum 

(Ochoa et al., 1994); C. 

frutescens (Vázquez et al., 

2005)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychidae

Tetranychus 

cinnabarinus

(Boisduval)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE; US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus 

neocaledonicus

Andre

C. annuum (Bolland et al., 

1998)

PE, US (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae

Koch

C. annuum (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2010; Ochoa

et al., 1994; Prado, 1991)

PE (Bolland et al., 

1998); US (Bolland

et al., 1998; CABI, 

2010; Chaney et al., 

2003)

No N/A N/A

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Anobiidae

Lasioderma serricorne

Fabricius

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Rhyzopertha dominica

(Fabricius)

C. frutescens (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

 

1 Geographic Distribution: PE = Peru, US = United States, AZ: Arizona, CA: California, CO: Colorado, FL: Florida, HI: 

Hawaii, IL: Illinois, LA: Louisiana, NY: New York, TX: Texas.

2

Plant parts: B = Branch, F = Fruit, I = Flower/Inflorescence, L = Leaf, P = Peduncle, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd = Seed, Sdlg = 

Seedling, Sh = Shoot
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 8

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Diabrotica speciosa

(Germar)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

Yes L (MAG, 

1986b)

No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Anthonomus sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Coleoptera: Silvanidae

Oryzaephilus 

surinamensis

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum; C. frutescens

(PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Anomala sp. C. annuum (PestID, 2011) PE (PestID, 2011) Yes F (PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

Tribolium castaneum

Herbst

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000;

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Tribolium sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010); 

Capsicum sp. (PestID,

2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza huidobrensis

(Blanchard)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, ND-b; Prado, 1991; 

Steck, 1999)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, ND-b; EPPO, 

2007); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; (CA, HI) 

CABI, 2010)

[Yes]

3 L 

(Kharizanova 

and Pavlov, 

2007)

No

Liriomyza sativae

Blanchard

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

[PE]4(CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Liriomyza trifolii

Burgess in Comstock

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; EPPO, 

2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Prodiplosis longifila

Gagné

Capsicum sp. (SENASA, 

2009; Valarezo et al., 

2003)

PE (SENASA, 

2009; SENASA, 

2004); US (FL) 

(Peña et al., 1989)

[Yes]

3

F, L 

(Valarezo et 

al., 2003)

No5

 

3 Quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States.

4 This insect has limited distribution in Peru.

5 This insect is an external feeder that attacks young fruits, and necroses and deforms the fruit surface, making it 

unmarketable. Ripe fruits showing damage by this pest will likely be culled and not selected for export (Valarezo et al., 

2003). Consequently, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 9

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Diptera: Lonchaeidae

Neosilba batesi

(Curran)

Capsicum sp. (SENASA, 

2009)

PE (SENASA, 2009) Yes F (SENASA, 

2009)

No6

Neosilba pendula Bezzi

Syn. Silba pendula

(Bez.)

C. annuum (Prado, 1991) PE (Maes and 

Norrbom, 2011; 

SENASA, 2004)

Yes F (SENASA, 

2004)

No6

Diptera: Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis

Schiner

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2010)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha fraterculus 

Wiedemann

C. annuum (Castañeda et 

al., 2010; MAG, 1986a;

RFDS, 1994); C. 

frutescens (MAG, 1986a; 

RFDS, 1994; Rogg, 2000)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, ND-a)

Yes F (Castañeda 

et al., 2010; 

RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000)

Yes

Anastrepha sp. Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011; Prado, 1991;

Thomas et al., 2001); C. 

baccatum (Thomas et al., 

2001); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2010; Thomas et 

al., 2001)

PE (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2009)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; 

SENASA, 

2009; 

Thomas et 

al., 2001)

Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell

C. annuum, Capsicum sp.

(PestID, 2011); C. 

frutescens (EcoPort, 2008)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EcoPort, 2008; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

[(FL, HI) CABI, 

2010; EcoPort, 

2008; EPPO, 2007; 

(NIS, 2008]

[Yes]

3 L (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

No

Bemisia tabaci 

(Gennadius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000;

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum

Westwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Prado, 1991)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

 

6 Neosilba species are highly unlikely to follow the pathway because they are secondary pests that attack hosts previously 

damaged by other pests, particularly fruit flies and lepidopterans (Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971; McAlpine and Steyskal, 

1982; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Damaged fruits are likely to be culled under standard post-harvest procedures.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 10

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Harris

Capsicum sp. (Sánchez et 

al., 2000)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Aphis fabae Scopoli C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2010)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Aphis nerii Boyer de 

Fonscolombe

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Jensen et al., 1999)

[Yes]

3 L (CABI, 

2010)

No

Aphis spiraecola Patch C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum 

euphorbiae Thomas

C. annuum (Delfino, 2005; 

PestID, 2011; Prado, 1991)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2009); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Delfino, 2005; Prado, 

1991); C. frutescens 

(Delfino, 2005)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2009); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010, Chaney

et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch)

Capsicum sp. (Cerkauskas, 

2004)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida

(Kirkaldy)

Capsicum sp. (Cerkauskas, 

2004)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, ND-e; EPPO, 

2007); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae

Russellaspis pustulans 

pustulans (Cockerell)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 11

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Parasaissetia nigra 

(Nietner)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; EPPO, 2007); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae

(Walker)

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ben-Dov et al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) C. frutescens (Araya, 

2000)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ben-Dov et al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Fiorinia fioriniae 

(Targioni Tozzetti)

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011)

No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

C. frutescens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae

(Signoret)

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani

(Cooley)

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ben-Dov et al., 2011; 

CABI, 2010)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011; CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis 

(Green)

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ben-Dov et al., 2011; 

Watson, 2005)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; Watson, 

2005); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 12

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti) 

MacGillivray

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri

(Comstock)

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Insignorthezia insignis

(Browne)

Syn. Orthezia 

insignis Browne

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011; CABI, 2010)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Insignorthezia 

pseudinsignis

(Morrison)

Syn. Orthezia 

pseudinsignis

Morrison

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011; Rung et al., 

2007)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (LA, TX) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Praelongorthezia 

praelonga Gouglas

Syn. Orthezia 

praelonga Douglas

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011; PestID, 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011)

Yes L (Culik et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 

2011)

No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011; CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Ferrisia virgata

Cockerell

C. annuum (PestID, 2011) PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Geococcus coffeae 

Green

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (CA, FL) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; NIS, 2008)

[Yes]

3 R (Ben-Dov

et al., 2011)

No 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 13

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Phenacoccus 

madeirensis Green

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011; CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solani

Ferris

C. annuum (Ben-Dov, 

2005; PestID, 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov, 2005; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011)

No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri

(Risso)

Capsicum sp. (Suresh and 

Mohanasundaram, 1996); 

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(PestID, 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus 

longispinus Targioni 

Tozzetti

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni

Signoret

C. annuum (PestID, 2011) PE; US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis (Guenée)

C. annuum (PestID, 2011; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C. 

frutescens (Rogg, 2000); 

Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2011)

PE (Anteparra et al., 

2010)

Yes F (Marcano, 

1991a;

PestID, 

2011); L 

(PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Neoleucinodes sp. Capsicum sp. (PestID, 

2011)

PE (PestID, 2011) Yes F (PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Phthorimaea 

operculella (Zeller)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010;

Robinson et al., 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; PestID, 

2011; SENASA, 

2009); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Symmetrischema 

capsicivorum

Povolny

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007)

PE (Robinson et al., 

2007; Vargas and 

Meza, 2002)

Yes L, R (Vargas 

and Meza, 

2002)

No

Symmetrischema 

capsicum (Bradley & 

Povolny)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (PestID, 2011;

SENASA, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 14

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Symmetrischema 

tangolias Gyen

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007; Prado, 1991)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Palacios and 

Cisneros, ND); US 

(CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny

Syn.:

Scrobipalpuloides 

absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010; SENASA, 2009)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2009)

Yes F, L, S 

(EPPO, 

2006)

7

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon 

(Hufnagel)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Prado, 1991)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Chrysodeixis includens

(Walker)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Helicoverpa sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011) 

PE (EPPO, 2007; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F, I, L, Sd 

(CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Helicoverpa zea

(Boddie)

Syn. Heliothis zea

Boddie

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Robinson et al., 2007); C.

frutescens (Robinson et al., 

2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; PestID, 

2011 ; SENASA, 

2009); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010; Chaney et al., 

2003; EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Heliothis virescens

(Fabricius)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 

2007; SENASA, 

2004); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia

(Hübner)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010; 

Schooley, 2003)

No N/A N/A

Pseudoleucania bilitura 

Guenée

Syn. Agrotis bilitura

Guenée

C. annuum (Diaz and 

Ternero, 2002)

PE (Diaz and 

Ternero, 2002)

Yes Sdlg (Diaz 

and Ternero, 

2002)

No 

 

7 Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is the preferred host for T. absoluta. Larvae attack leaves, stems and fruit of tomato 

(Korycinska and Moran, 2009). Tuta absoluta feeds on the leaves of several species of plants in the Solanaceae, including 

pepper; we found no records of fruit being attacked in species other than tomato.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 15

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Spodoptera eridania

Stoll

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011; Robinson et 

al., 2007); C. frutescens 

(Robinson et al., 2007)

[PE]4(CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda 

J.E. Smith

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011; Prado, 

1991); C. frutescens 

(Robinson et al., 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera ochrea

Hampson

Capsicum sp. (SENASA, 

2004)

PE (SENASA, 2004; 

Universidad La 

Molina, 2000)

Yes F, L (Diaz 

Silva, ND)

No8

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker C. annuum (PestID, 2011; 

Solis, 1986)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Elasmopalpus 

lignosellus (Zeller)

Capsicum sp. (SENASA, 

2009)

PE (CABI, 2010;

SENASA, 2009); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella

(Treitschke)

C. annuum (PestID, 2011; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Lineodes integra

(Zeller)

C. annuum (Alnicolsa, 

2011; Prado, 1991; PestID, 

2011)

PE (Alnicolsa, 2011; 

PestID, 2011); US 

(Robinson et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Plodia interpunctella 

(Hübner)

C. annuum (PestID, 2011; 

Solis, 1986)

PE (PestID, 2011; 

Solis, 1986); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Pococera atramentalis 

(Lederer)

C. annuum (SENASA, 

2009)

PE (SENASA, 

2009); US (Arnett 

Jr., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Manduca sexta

(Linnaeus)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Prado, 1991; Robinson et 

al., 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

 

8

Spodoptera ochrea is a lepidopterous insect that destroys leaves and fruits. Larvae make big holes in the fruits (Diaz Silva, 

ND, Universidad La Molina, 2000) so infested fruit is highly likely be discarded prior to shipping. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 16

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Lepidoptera: Tineidae

Opogona sacchari

Bojer 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(FL, HI) (Arnett Jr., 

2000; CABI, 2010)

[Yes]

3 L, S (CABI, 

2010)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella 

occidentalis

(Pergande)

C. annuum (Avila et al., 

2006; CABI, 2010; Chaney

et al., 2003; EPPO, 2007)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010; Chaney

et al., 2003; EPPO, 

2007; NSF, 1999)

No N/A N/A

Frankliniella schultzei

(Trybom)

C. annuum (Frantz and 

Fasulo, ND; PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CO, FL, HI) 

(CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Frankliniella sp. C. annuum (Frantz and 

Fasulo, ND; PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F, L (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

No

Thrips tabaci Lindeman C. annuum (PestID, 2011; 

Prado, 1991)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2010; Chaney

et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSKS

Cantareus aspersus

(Müller)

Syn. Cornu aspersum 

Müller

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Diplosolenodes 

occidentale

(Guilding)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Gonzalez, 2005)

PE (Gonzalez, 2005) Yes F, L 

(Gonzalez, 

2005)

No9

NEMATODES

Ditylenchus dipsaci

(Kühn) Filip'ev

C. annuum (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2011)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

dihystera (Cobb) 

Sher

C. annuum (CABI, 2010); 

Capsicum sp. (Pernezny et 

al., 2011)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus

(Steiner) Golden

C. frutescens (Handoo et 

al., 2008)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

 

9 Diplosolenodes occidentale is large enough (60 mm or 2.35 in; Branson, 1980) to be easily detected, even if hiding in fruit 

or vegetable shipments. Thus, it is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and 

processing.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 17

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Meloidogyne arenaria

(Neal) Chitwood

C. annuum (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2011; Fery 

and Thies, 2007); C. 

chinense (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2011); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2010; 

Ferris and Caswell-Chen, 

2011)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne exigua

Goeldi

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

Yes R, S (CABI, 

2010)

No

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Ferris and Caswell-Chen, 

2011); C. baccatum; C.

chinense; C. frutescens 

(Ferris and Caswell-Chen, 

2011)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 2011; 

Fery and Thies, 2007;

Thies et al., 2004); C. 

chinense; C. frutescens 

(Ferris and Caswell-Chen, 

2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Thies et al., 2004)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 2011; 

Fery and Thies, 2007); C.

baccatum, C. chinense, C. 

frutescens (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003)

No N/A N/A

Nacobbus aberrans

(Thorne) Thorne & 

Allen

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

[PE]4(CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010)

Yes10 L, R (CABI, 

2010)

No

Radopholus similis

(Cobb) Thorne

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Ferris and Caswell-Chen, 

2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(FL, HI, LA, TX) 

(CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007)

Yes11 R (CABI, 

2010)

No

Rotylenchulus 

reniformis Linford & 

Oliveira

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; Ferris 

and Caswell-Chen, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

 

10 This is a reportable pest due to a potato pathotype that occurs in Peru and Bolivia (CABI, 2010).

11 Quarantine pest with limited distribution in the United States (Cavey, 2008).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 18

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS12

Alternaria alternata 

(Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. 

Syn. Alternaria tenuis

Nees

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wall and Biles, 1993; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae

(Berk.) Sacc.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); C. 

pubescens (PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; PestID, 

2011)

Yes F, L, S 

(CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Armillaria mellea

(Vahl) P. Kumm.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link: 

Fr

C. frutescens (CABI, 2010) PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana

(de Bary) Whetzel

Botrytis cinerea Pers.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977)

PE (Zegarra and 

Estela, 2009); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Ceratocystis fimbriata

Ellis & Halst.

Capsicum sp. (SENASA, 

2004)

PE (CABI, 2010, 

EPPO, 2007; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2010 ; 

EPPO, 2007; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Cercospora sp. Capsicum sp. (NSF, 1999; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes L (NSF, 

1999)

No

 

12 Fungi are listed by the sexual stage first (if it is known). Bold font is used to indicate the fungal stage or synonym reported 

in Peru. Fungal taxonomy is written according to Farr and Rossman, 2011 and NCBI, 2010.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 19

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Choanephora 

cucurbitarum (Berk. 

& Ravenel) Thaxt.

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(CABI, 2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Roberts et al., 

2003; Wellman, 

1977)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium 

oxysporum Berk. & 

M.A. Curtis

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Farr and Rossman, 2011)

PE (Kew, 2011; 

PestID, 2011); US 

(Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; PestID, 

2011)

PE (Kew, 2011; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Cochliobolus 

geniculatus Nelson 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE, US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus

R.R. Nelson & Haasis

Syn. Curvularia 

lunata (Wakker) 

Boedijn

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus spicifer

Nelson

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Capsicum 

sp. (CABI, 2010) 

PE, US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

coccodes (Wallr.) 

Hughes

Syn. C.

atramentarium (Berk. 

& Broome) 

Taubenhaus; C.

nigrum Ell. & Halst.; 

Gloeosporium 

piperatum Ell. & Ev.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; Wellman, 

1977); C. pubescens 

(Holliday, 1980)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

dematium (Pers.) 

Grove

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011); 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Colletotrichum 

truncatum (Schwein.) 

Andrus & W.D. 

Moore

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011); 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 20

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Corticium koleroga

(Cooke) Höhnel

Syn. Pellicularia 

koleroga Cooke

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011) 

No N/A N/A

Corticium rolfsii (Curzi) 

Tu & Kimbr.

Syn. Sclerotium 

rolfsii Sacc.; 

Pellicularia rolfsii 

(Curzi) E. West

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Wellman, 

1977); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Curvularia pallescens

Boedijn

Syn. 

Pseudocochliobolus 

pallescens Tsuda & 

Ueyama

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE, US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011) 

No N/A N/A

Fusarium culmorum

(W.G. Sm.) Sacc.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum

Schlechtendahl

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; USDA, 

1970); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

PE (Rubio et al., 

2008); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum f. 

sp. vasinfectum (G.F. 

Atk.) W.C. Snyder & 

H.N. Hansen

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011)

[PE]4(CABI, 2010);

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

PestID, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Gibberella fujikuroi 

(Sawada) S. Ito

Capsicum sp. (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae 

(Schwein.) Petch

Syn. Fusarium 

graminearum

Schwabe 

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011) 

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 21

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Glomerella cingulata

(Stonem.) Spauld. & 

Schrenk Syn. 

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides

(Penz.) Sacc.

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

SENASA, 2009; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Manaaki, 

2007; Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; SENASA, 

2004; SENASA, 

2009); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Harp, 2006; 

Schooley, 2003; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Golovinomyces 

cichoracearum (DC.) 

V.P. Heluta

Syn. Erysiphe 

cichoracearum DC.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. 

& Broome) Samuels 

& Rossman

Syn. Fusarium solani

(Mart.) Sacc.

Capsicum sp. (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Pernezny 

et al., 2011); C. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) 

Griffiths & Maubl.

Syn. Botryodiplodia 

theobromae Pat.

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011);

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; SENASA, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica

(Lév.) G. Arnaud

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Wellman, 1977); C. 

chinense (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); C. 

pubescens (Holliday, 1980)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Wellman, 

1977); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Macrophomina 

phaseolina (Tassi) 

Goid

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011);

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 22

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Mycena citricolor

(Berk. & Curtis) 

Sacc.

C. annuum, C. frutescens,

C. baccatum (Wellman, 

1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011); 

US (FL) (CABI, 

2010)

Yes13 L (Wellmann 

1977)

No

Nigrospora oryzae 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Petch

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (Wellman, 

1977); US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici

Leonian

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980; SENASA, 

2009; Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens 

(CABI, 2010; Holliday, 

1980; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Wellman, 1977); C.

pubescens (Holliday, 1980)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2009; 

Farr and Rossman,

2011); US (CABI, 

2010; Chaney et al., 

2003; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Zitter, 1989)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.H. 

Sm. & E. Sm.) 

Leonian

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Triviño et 

al., 2001; Wellman, 1977);

C. baccatum; C. frutescens

(Wellman, 1977); C.

pubescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2004;

Farr and Rossman, 

2011); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora infestans

(Mont.) de Bary

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977); C.

baccatum (Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

nicotianae Breda de 

Haan Syn. 

Phytophthora 

parasitica Dastur

C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Farr and Rossman, 2011); 

Capsicum sp (CABI, 2010)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

palmivora (E. J. 

Butler) E. J. Butler

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum, C.

frutescens (Wellman, 

1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011); US (AZ, CA, 

FL, HI) (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

 

13 Mycena citricolor is reportedly present in Florida (CABI, 2010) but it has not been detected there since 1926 (Schubert, 

2002). It is not known to occur in the United States (Farr and Rossman, 2011).
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 23

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Puccinia pampeana 

(Speg.) 

Syn. P. capsici 

Mayor; P. paulensis 

Rangel 

Alternate state: 

Endophyllum 

pampeanum (Speg.) 

J.C. Lindq

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Buriticá, 1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Tamayo 

and Jaramillo, 2006); C.

baccatum (Buriticá, 1999; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011)

PE (Figueiredo, 

2000; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Yes F, L, S, 

(Figueiredo 

et al., 1987); 

L, S, Sh 

(Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 

2006)

Yes

Pythium 

aphanidermatum 

(Edson) Fitzp.

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Pythium deliense Meurs C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); US 

(CABI, 2010; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow C. annuum, C. frutescens 

(Farr and Rossman, 2011;

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum (Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Ramularia rosea

(Fuckel) Sacc.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE; US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Rosellinia bunodes 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Sacc.

C. annuum, C. frutescens,

C. baccatum (Wellman, 

1977)

PE (CABI, 2010;

EPPO, 2007; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011); 

US (NY) (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

[Yes]

3 R, S (Farr 

and 

Rossman, 

2011)

No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) de Bary

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Septoria lycopersici

Speg.

C. annuum (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 24

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Thanatephorus 

cucumeris (Frank) 

Donk

Syn. Rhizoctonia 

solani J.G. Kühn

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977); C. baccatum

(Buriticá, 1999; Wellman, 

1977); C. frutescens (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970; Wellman, 

1977)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis basicola

(Berk. & Broome) 

Ferraris

C. frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

PE (EPPO, 2007); 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo-atrum

Reinke & Berthier

C. annuum, C. frutescens

(Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

USDA, 1970)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae

Kleb.

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Holliday, 1980); C. 

frutescens (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; Holliday, 

1980; Welcing, 2000); C. 

pubescens (Holliday, 1980)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Schooley, 

2003)

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS

Clavibacter 

michiganensis subsp. 

michiganensis

(Smith) Davis et al. 

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 2011)

PE (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Medina-Mora 

et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Erwinia carotovora 

subsp. atroseptica

(van Hall) Dye Syn. 

Pectobacterium 

atrosepticum (van 

Hall) Gardan

Capsicum sp. (Pernezny et 

al., 2011)

PE, US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 25

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

Erwinia carotovora 

subsp. carotovora 

(Jones) Bergey

Syn. Pectobacterium 

carotovorum subsp.

carotovorum (Jones) 

Hauben

C. annuum (CABI, 2010); 

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010; Pernezny et al., 

2011) 

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Dickeya chrysanthemi 

(Burkholder et al.)

Samson et al.

Syn. Erwinia 

chrysanthemi

(Burkh.) Young et al. 

C. annuum (CABI, 2010); 

Capsicum sp. (Pernezny et 

al., 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas 

marginalis (Brown) 

Stevens

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (Bull et al., 

2009)

No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum 

(Smith) Yabuuchi et 

al.

Syn. Pseudomonas 

solanacearum

(Smith) Smith

C. annuum (CABI, 2010; 

Wellman, 1977); C. 

baccatum, C. frutescens 

(Wellman, 1977)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum

race 1 (Smith) 

Yabuuchi et al.

(Burkholderiales: 

Ralstoniaceae)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum 

(Smith) Yabuuchi

race 3 biovar 2

C. annuum (EPPO, ND-d); 

Capsicum sp. (WilliamsWoodward, 2003)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, ND-d)

Yes F, L, R, S 

(CSREES, 

2008; 

WilliamsWoodward, 

2003)

Yes14

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young et al.

Syn. Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith & 

Townsend) Conn

C. annuum (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2010)

PE, US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

No N/A N/A

 

14 Although Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 may follow the pathway, it is highly unlikely to become established in 

the United States via the pathway of fruits and vegetable for consumption (PERAL, 2011). Therefore, we did not further 

analyze it. See below for further details.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 26

Pest Scientific Name Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

distribution1

Quarantine pestPlant part(s) 

association2

Follow 

Pathway

VIRUSES and VIROIDS

Alfalfa mosaic virus

(AMV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2010; Chaney et al., 

2003; Hamm, 1995; NSF, 

2001); C. frutescens (Brunt

et al., 1996)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010; 

Chaney et al., 2003; 

EPPO, 2007; Hamm, 

1995)

No N/A N/A

Pepper mottle virus

(PepMoV)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010); 

C. frutescens (Green and 

Kim, 1991)

PE (Spetz et al., 

2003); US (Green 

and Kim, 1991)

No N/A N/A

Peru tomato potyvirus

PTV

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010) Yes L (Fernandez 

and Fulton, 

1980)

No15

Potato leafroll virus

PLRV

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Potato virus Y (PVY) C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2010); C. frutescens 

(Brunt et al., 1996)

PE (CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

NSF, 1999)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco etch virus

(TEV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2010); C. frutescens 

(Brunt et al., 1996)

PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco mosaic virus

(TMV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1996; CABI, 2010); C. 

frutescens (Brunt et al., 

1996)

PE (SENASA, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2010; NSF, 1999)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco ringspot virus

TRSV

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE (CABI, 2010; 

SENASA, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Tobacco streak virus

(TSV)

C. annuum (Brunt et al., 

1990; Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2010); C. frutescens

(Brunt et al., 1996)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

Tomato bushy stunt 

virus (TBSV)

C. annuum (CABI, 2010) PE, US (CABI, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Tomato ringspot virus

ToRSV

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010)

No N/A N/A

 

15 This virus is not transmitted by seed; it could be transmitted by a vector (Myzus persicae) in a non-persistent manner 

(Fernandez and Fulton, 1980). Therefore it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 27

2.4.1. Quarantine Pests Not Considered for Risk Mitigation

Some quarantine plant pests listed above may be detrimental to U.S. agricultural production 

systems but were not chosen for further analysis for reasons explained below. For example, they

may be mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be associated 

with the commodity, but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and 

post-harvest processing; they may have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these 

commodities during U.S. agricultural port-of-entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in 

commercial shipments; or they were identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question 

occurs in the continental United States.

Organisms Not Identified to Species. We generally do not further analyze organisms identified 

only to the genus or higher taxonomic level if the taxon in question is reported in the pest risk 

assessment area of the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot 

know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, 

whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. Here, we 

did not further analyze the following genera for that reason: Alternaria sp., Anomala sp., 

Anthonomus sp., Cercospora sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Helicoverpa sp., Pagiocerus 

sp., and Tribolium sp. At least one species of each of these genera is already present in the 

continental United States. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, then we 

may re-evaluate their risk.

Doubtful presence in exporting country. Other species were not listed above because their 

presence in any of the exporting countries is doubtful. For example, without further information, 

we consider one or a few interceptions at a U.S. port-of-entry on a commodity to be insufficient 

evidence of a pest occurring in a country, especially if the interception occurred on produce in 

passenger baggage, because the origin of the goods may be unclear. Accordingly, we did not list 

Planococcus minor (Maskell) because the only evidence of its presence in Peru are six 

interceptions in baggage on commodities other than peppers (PestID, 2011). It is not reported to 

be in Peru (Ben-Dov, 1994; Ben-Dov et al., 2011).

We did not list the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips-Mora, because 

we found no evidence for the presence of the S-biotype, which infests solanaceous species

(Marelli et al., 2009). The C-biotype is reported in Peru, but it only infests Theobroma cacao L. 

(cocoa) (Farr and Rossman, 2011).

Doubtful host association. Multiple species were not listed above because their association with 

the commodity is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few 

interceptions at a U.S. port-of-entry on a commodity to be insufficient evidence of a host 

association, especially if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the 

pest may have been associated with other produce. This was the case for the following species:

Acanthoscelides obtectus (intercepted four times in baggage and once in stores); Agriolimax 

reticulatus (one time); Aleurocanthus woglumi (two times); Aspidiotus nerii (two times); Coccus 

viridis (three times); Callosobruchus maculates (three times); Diaphania nitidalis (five times);

Dysmicoccus grassii (one time); D. neobrevipes (three times, twice in baggage); Ephestia 

elutella (five times, once in permit cargo); Frankliniella panamensis (teo times); 

Gnorimoschema sp.; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (two times); Ischnodemus sp. (once on general 
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 28

cargo); Lepidosaphes beckii (one time); Lineodes sp. (three times); Maruca vitrata (one time;

primary hosts are Fabaceae: Adati et al., 2004; CABI, 2010); Metamasius hemipterus (four times 

in permit cargo); Nasonovia ribisnigri (two times in stores); Opogona sp. (two times); 

Oryzaephilus mercator (two times); O. surinamensis (four times in baggage and stores);

Pagiocerus sp. (one time); Paracoccus solani (two times); Pectinophora gossypiella (one time);

Phoma sp. (one time); Plutella xylostella (seven times); Premnotrypes sp. (one time); 

Saccharicoccus sacchari (two times); Sitophilus zeamais (three times; predominately a postharvest pest of maize); Solenopsis geminata (two times, once in stores); Spoladea recurvalis 

(one time in cargo); and Xyleborus volvulus (one time in cargo).

For Anastrepha serpentina, no evidence exists that the pest that attacks solanaceous fruits in the 

field (Norrbom, 2010). Some sources have documented the association of this pest with 

Capsicum spp. (Maes and Norrbom, 2004; Norrbom, 2004), but those are based only on 

laboratory studies (Norrbom, 2010). Therefore, Capsicum sp. are a doubtful host of this pest. 

Should any of these pests be intercepted in shipments of peppers, quarantine action may be taken 

and additional risk analyses may be conducted.

R. solanacearum R3B2. We did not further analyze R. solanacearum R3B2, however, because a 

recent pest specific risk analysis concluded that pathogen was highly unlikely to establish in the 

United States via the pathway of fruits and vegetables for consumption (PERAL, 2011). Analysts 

examined potential pathways for establishment of R3B2 via disposal of infected produce in 

landfill waste, treated wastewater, and compost. They did not find any likely pathways for 

R3B2-infected commodities imported for consumption to transfer to the environment, mostly

because of the low likelihood of several required intermediate steps all happening within the 

proper timeframe (e.g., viable bacteria present in run-off flowing into a stream, uptake into an 

irrigation system, and contact with a susceptible host). 

2.4.2. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation

We identified seven quarantine pests for further analysis (Table 4). All of these pests are 

reasonably expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of pepper 

fruit from Peru.

Table 4. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway.

Type Organism Taxonomy

Arthropod Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Pathogen Puccinia pampeana Urediniomycetes: Uredinales

2.5. Analysis of Quarantine Pests

For the quarantine pests selected for further analysis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction 

into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from their 
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 29

introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest 

Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or Pest 

Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk element values. Below we summarize the 

values for each pest (Table 5).

2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction

For the quarantine pests listed in Table 4, we rated the potential Consequences of Introduction 

using five Risk Elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic 

Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology, host ranges, and 

climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each Risk Element, we assigned pests a rating 

of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000). 

Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Anastrepha fraterculus represents a species complex that occurs in southern Texas 

(Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (restricted distribution), Belize, Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Argentina (restricted distribution), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, 

Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela (CABI, 2010). The 

lowest temperature reported for a successful high rate of oviposition and larval 

eclosion of A. fraterculus was observed at 6oC (42.8 oF) (Cardoso et al., 2002). 

Considering the interaction between the host availability for A. fraterculus and its 

suitable climate, we estimated that this pest could become established in U.S. 

Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Multiple plant hosts occur in 

these zones (Kartesz, 2010).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Anastrepha fraterculus is a polyphagous plant pest with hosts reported in 37 plant 

families (CABI, 2010; Norrbom, 2004; Sequeira et al., 2001). It has 46 plant hosts 

in the continental United States (CABI, 2010; Norrbom, 2004; NRCS, 2008). The 

preferred hosts are Myrtaceae, particularly guava (Psidium guajava). Mangos and 

apples are important hosts in Brazil; Capsicum annuum is noted as an occasional 

host (Castañeda et al., 2010). Eugenia, Citrus, Psidium guajava, and Syzygium are 

found in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and California (NRCS, 2008). It has 

also been reported to attack Capsicum spp. in Ecuador (MAG, 1986) and C.

annuum in Colombia (Castañeda et al., 2010). Citrus, Prunus, and Capsicum are 

important crops in the United States. 

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Anastrepha fraterculus has a relatively high biotic potential, and can also disperse

long distances on its own. In some studies it had an average of 11.2 generations 

per year (Mello et al., 2003). Regarding dispersal, it moved 800 m from patches of 

native forest to reach an outside apple orchard (Kovaleski et al., 1999). This is 

significant because its polyphagous nature permits the finding of resources in new 

areas when these are lacking in the place of eclosion. A major means of dispersal 

to previously uninfested areas is likely the transport of fruit containing live larvae 

(CABI, 2010).

High (3)
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 30

Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Anastrepha fraterculus is an economically important fruit fly species, and could 

be a major threat to the fruit-growing industry worldwide (Aluja and Norrbom, 

2000; Norrbom, 2004; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Anastrepha fraterculus

causes large fruit losses and lowers yield (Ovruski et al., 1999). Larvae feeding on 

internal fruit tissue causes damage, which lowers the value of the commodity and 

makes it completely unmarketable (Ovruski et al., 1999; Sequeira et al., 2001). 

Anastrepha fraterculus increases crop production costs because chemical and 

biological control programs need to be initiated to eradicate adult flies (White and 

Elson-Harris, 1992). The quarantine measures imposed by countries free of this 

pest cause economic loss through lost exporting opportunities (CABI, 2010; 

Ovruski et al., 1999; Sequeira et al., 2001).

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Anastrepha fraterculus could directly attack fruits from 53 plant species in the 

families Anacardiaceae (1), Annonaceae (2), Boraginaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae (3),

Fabaceae (25), Lauraceae (1), Rhamnaceae (4), Rosaceae (7), Rubiaceae (3), and 

Sterculiaceae (3). These families contain Federal Endangered or Threatened plant 

species (USFWS, 2010). Other species listed as threatened plants in the 

Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act include Prunus geniculata (USFWS, 

2011). Additionally, the introduction of A. fraterculus into the continental United 

States would stimulate chemical or biological control programs that could affect 

45 U.S. states according to its host plant distribution (NRCS, 2008). 

High (3)

Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Ceratitis capitata is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, 

southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central 

America, and Hawaii (USDA-PPQ, 1993; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). 

Successive eradication programs in California, Florida, and Texas have prevented 

it from becoming established in those states (USDA-APHIS, 2002; CDFA, 

2008). The interaction of hosts and climatic conditions necessary for the 

establishment of C. capitata in the United States exists in southern states (Vo and 

Miller, 1993). We estimated that C. capitata could become established in the 

United States in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008).

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Ceratitis capitata is a highly polyphagous species (White and Elson-Harris, 

1992). Hosts of C. capitata include plants in numerous plant families, including 

the species: Anacardium occidentale, Acca sellowiana (Syn.: Feijoa sellowiana),

Annona spp., Averrhoa carambola, Banksia prionote, Calophyllum spp., 

Capsicum spp., Carica papaya, Carissa edulis, Casimiroa spp., Chrysophyllum 

cainito, C. oliviforme, Citrus spp., Coffea spp., Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros

spp., Dovyalis caffra, Eriobotrya japonica, Eugenia spp., Ficus carica,

Fortunella japonica, Garcinia livingstonei, Juglans spp., Litchi chinensis,

High (3)
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 31

Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

Lycium spp., Malpighia glabra, Malus domestica, Mangifera indica, Manilkara 

zapota, Mespilus germanica, Morus spp., Muntingia calabura, Opuntia spp.,

Persea americana, Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis peruviana, Pouteria spp.,

Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, Rubus spp.,

Santalum album, Solanum lycopersicum, Spondias spp., Syzygium spp.,

Terminalia catappa, Thevetia peruviana, and Vitis spp. (Liquido et al., 1990; 

Thomas et al., 2001; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). 

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Females may deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many as 800 eggs in their 

lifetime (Weems, 1981). Sexual compatibility between populations from different 

areas worldwide was demonstrated (CABI, 2010). There is evidence that adults 

of C. capitata can fly as far as 20 miles (~32,187 km) (Christenson and Foote, 

1960; Steiner et al., 1962), indicating that natural movement is an important 

means of spread for this fruit fly. In addition to adult flight, the transportation of 

infested fruit is a major means of movement and dispersal of this pest into 

uninfested areas (CABI and EPPO, 1997). 

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Ceratitis capitata is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests (Weems, 1981). 

Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, it is ranked as the most 

important among economically important fruit flies (CABI, 2010; Weems, 1981). It 

may also transmit fruit-rotting fungi (CABI, 2010). The species is of quarantine 

significance for many countries (CERIS, 2006). Costs would be incurred to 

minimize the impact of C. capitata on crop production, because the presence of 

larvae in the fruit may make the fruit unmarketable, resulting in the loss of 

international and interstate markets (Andrew et al., 1977). Introduction of C.

capitata is likely to stimulate chemical or biological control programs in order to 

prevent widespread damage (Vo and Miller, 1993). 

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Potential hosts of C. capitata may include Threatened or Endangered plant 

species in the United States, such as Opuntia treleasei and Prunus geniculata, 

which are listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered species in 

California and Florida respectively, and Solanum drymophilium in Puerto Rico,

S. incompletum and S. sandwicense in Hawaii (USFWS, 2011). In general, 

however, because fruit flies rarely cause plant mortality, we expect only

moderate environmental impacts at best.

Medium (2)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

This pest is distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina, Cuba, Granada, Puerto 

Rico, and Trinidad Islands (Marcano, 1991b), and from the Antilles, Brazil, 

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela (Anteparra et al., 2010; CABI, 2010; 

Revelo, 2003). The climatic conditions in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et 

al., 2008) are likely to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect 

Medium (2)
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 32

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Risk ratings

in the continental United States. Host crops are present in those zones (NRCS, 

2008).

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

This fruit borer attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family (CABI, 2010; 

Marcano, 2005). Hosts include Solanum betaceum, S. hirtum, S. lycopersicum, S.

melongena, S. quitoense, and Capsicum annuum (CABI, 2010; Castaño, 1996; 

Marcano, 2005). 

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

In Venezuela, the pest was detected in 1934 with populations which increased 

every year (Marcano, 1991a). The reproductive potential of N. elegantalis was 

studied under laboratory conditions. The total time for development of the insect 

was 27-110 days, then multiple generations per year are possible; the number of 

eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato (Marcano, 1991a). There 

are no studies on the dispersal capacity of this pest to previous uninfested areas. 

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) is the most important pest in several tomatogrowing regions in South America and the Caribbean. Neoleucinodes elegantalis

is the major economic pest that impacts tomato-growing regions in Brazil, 

Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003; Franco et al., 2002; 

Marcano, 1991b). In 1961 it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and is 

many years ago the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). There is 

an increase in production costs due to the controls regimes in affected areas by

this pest (Franco et al., 2002). The larva penetrates the fruit, making the fruit 

unmarketable and causing fruit fall (Castaño, 1996). During rainy seasons the 

population produces damage even up to 40 percent of the fruits, reducing field 

yield (Marcano, 2005). As a quarantine pest for the Caribbean Plant Protection 

Commission (EPPO, 2007), N. elegantalis could cause the loss of international 

markets. 

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked by N. elegantalis (CABI, 

2010; Castaño, 1996), only Solanum has congeners listed as either Threatened, 

Endangered, or candidates for listing (USFWS, 2011). However, those species, 

Solanum drymophilium, S. incompletum, and S. sandwicense are present only in 

Puerto Rico and Hawaii. The introduction of this pest in the United States would 

stimulate the use of chemical and biological measures to detect and control the 

pest, including the possible release of Trichogramma species (Marcano, 2005).

Medium (2)

Puccinia pampeana Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Puccinia pampeana occurs in South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, 

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). In Central 

America, it is reported in Costa Rica (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002), Guatemala, and Mexico (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Puccinia

Medium (2)
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 33

Puccinia pampeana Risk ratings

pampeana is likely to develop at temperatures between 15-28°C (59-82°F) 

(Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006). Based on its distribution, Puccinia pampeana

could become established in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (Magarey et al., 2008).

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Rust fungi are generally host-specific, often causing disease on certain genera or 

even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004). Puccinia pampeana infects genera in the 

family Solanaceae, including the species Acnistus arborescens, A. breviflorus, A. 

parviflorus, Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. ciliatum, C. frutescens, C. 

microcarpum, C. pendulum, Cestrum sp., Dunalia breviflora, D. lycioides, 

Salpichroa diffusa, S. origanifolia, S. rhomboidea, Solanum cyrtopodium, S. 

lycioides, Solanum sp, and S. valdiviense (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Hernández 

and Hennen, 2003).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Under appropriate conditions, spores produced by Puccinia pampeana germinate 

and produce basidiospores and infect repeatedly for several generations

(Figueiredo, 2000; Ono, 2002). Thus, the pathogen can rapidly disseminate under

field conditions. Teliospores have dormancy and tolerate high summer 

temperatures in subtropical areas. They over-summer and germinate after rain, 

producing basidiospores that infect the host plants in the autumn when mild 

temperatures predominate; hence, multiple generations can occur in a year 

(Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000). Rust fungi spread from plant to plant 

mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rain, and animals may play a role 

(Agrios, 2004; Staples, 2000).

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Puccinia pampeana occurs on many members of the Solanaceae and causes 

complete losses in crops of several species of Capsicum in Central and South 

America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The disease causes curling and

distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Related Puccinia species 

significantly reduce yield and product quality, and require control through host 

resistance, and/or chemical means (Agrios, 2004; Staples, 2000). The 

establishment of P. pampeana in the United States may result in loss of foreign 

and domestic markets.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Puccinia pampeana could attack plants in the genus Solanum which are listed as 

Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2011), such as S. drymophilum (Puerto 

Rico), S. incompletum, and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). Because it affects an 

economically important crop (Capsicum sp.) (Hernández and Hennen, 2003; 

Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006), control programs would be initiated if it were 

introduced into the United States.

High (3)
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Table 5. Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Climate-Host

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal

Potential

Economic

Impact

Environmental ImpactCumulative 

Risk Ratinga

Anastrepha 

fraterculus

Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (14)

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis

Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11)

Puccinia pampeana Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (13)

a

Low is 5-8 points; Medium is 9-12 points; High is 13-15 points

2.5.2. Likelihood of Introduction 

Likelihood of Introduction was based on 1) an estimate made regarding the amount of the 

commodity likely to be imported (sub-element #1), and 2) pest opportunity estimated using five 

biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in the 

Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). These subelement ratings, along with the values for the Likelihood of Introduction, are summarized below

(Table 6). 

Quantity of commodity imported annually. The pepper production area for export in Peru is 

about 4,000 hectares (9,880 acres). Yield estimated for export is 400,000 kilos per year (880,000 

pounds). Sea shipping containers that are 40 feet in length, hold approximately 40,000 pounds 

(20 U.S. tons). If the product is imported from Peru, we estimated less than 22 containers a year 

would be imported into the United States. The risk rating for this element is Medium.

Survive post-harvest treatment. Puccinia pampeana produces sub-epidermal fungal structures 

(Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000) that are likely to survive post-harvest treatments. 

Mature larvae of Neoleucinodes elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit which 

are rejected during the process (Marcano, 2005). Even minimal culling is likely to reduce their 

prevalence in the pathway, so we rated N. elegantalis Medium.

According to SENASA (2009), no specialized, post-harvest phytosanitary treatments will be 

used to mitigate the risk of survival for Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata on this 

commodity. Therefore, we assume the risk rating for all pests is High for this element.

Survive shipment. The preferred storage temperature range for peppers is from 7 to 10°C (45 to 

50°F) and high relative humidity (90 to 95 percent) (Boyette et al., 1990; SENASA, 2009). 

These conditions are unlikely to affect survival of Anastrepha fraterculus, Ceratitis capitata, and

Neoleucinodes elegantalis.. 

Puccinia-type teliospores of P. pampeana may survive shipping conditions in a dormant state 

(Figueiredo, 2000). 

We rated all pests High for this risk element.
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 35

Not be detected at the port-of-entry. In the case of internal pests larvae of A. fraterculus and, 

C. capitata feed in the fruit and are difficult to detect. We rated them both High risk.

Neoleucinodes elegantalis larvae create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit and are easily 

detected. Fruits can be invaded by secondary pathogens, leading to fruit rot (EPPO, 2006). The 

risk rating for N. elegantalis was Medium. 

For Puccinia pampeana, infection sites with signs of sporulation or fruit, leaf, and stem lesions

would be easily identified at the port-of-entry, but latent infections and spores on fruit or packing 

materials are likely to go undetected (Agrios, 2004; Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006). We rated this 

fungus Medium.

Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival. 

Peppers are marketed and consumed throughout the United States, and infested or infected fruits 

are likely to arrive in areas suitable for pest survival where one or more of the pest’s potential 

hosts occur (Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11) (NRCS, 2008). Listed pests could be established in 

areas with almost 27 percent of the U.S. population (Magarey et al., 2008), but most of these 

pests cannot survive in cooler parts of the country. The likelihood of movement to locations 

suitable for survival of P. pampeana is High, and we rated A. fraterculus, C. capitata, and N. 

elegantalis Medium. 

Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction. The likelihood that 

Anastrepha fraterculus, and Ceratitis capitata will come into contact with host material suitable 

for reproduction is High because hosts occur across the United States. Neoleucinodes elegantalis 

attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family, but we rated them both High because of the

availability of hosts such as tomatoes in suitable environmental conditions. 

Puccinia pampeana occurs on species within the Solanaceae family (Farr and Rossman, 2011; 

Tamayo and Jaramillo, 2006), and related Puccinia species mostly spread from plant to plant by

windblown spores (Agrios, 2004). We rated this fungus Medium risk.

Table 6. Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Quantity 

imported 

annually

Survive 

postharvest 

treatment

Survive 

shipment

Not 

detected 

at portsof-entry

Moved 

to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with 

host 

material

Cumulative 

Risk 

Ratinga

Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (16)

Ceratitis capitata Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (16)

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis

Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Medium 

(14)

Puccinia pampeana Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (15)

a Low is 6-9 points; Medium is 10-14 points; High is 15-18 points
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2.6. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to

produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 7). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks 

associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of mitigation measures.

Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential, six pests associated with the importation of 

peppers from Peru into the United States present a High and one a Medium risk potential. Portof-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security for pests with 

High pest risk potential; thus, specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended. A 

detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is 

undertaken as part of the pest risk management phase and is not discussed in this document.

Table 7. Pest Risk Potential.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction

Likelihood of 

Introduction

Pest Risk Potential a

Anastrepha fraterculus High (14) High (16) High (30)

Ceratitis capitata High (14) High (16) High (30)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Medium (11) Medium (14) Medium (25)

Puccinia pampeana High (13) High (15) High (28)

a

Low = 11-18 points, Medium = 19-26 pts, and High = 27-33 pts.

3. Authors and Reviewers

Authors

G.A. Zambrano, Agronomist, Risk Analyst, USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia

L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist, USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL (Co-Developer)

Reviewers

L. Newton, Entomologist, USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL

L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist, USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL

4. Literature Cited

7 CFR § 319. 2011. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR §319.56 -

Foreign Quarantine Notices). electronic code of Federal Regulations.

Adati, T., S. Nakamura, M. Tamo, and K. Kawazu. 2004. Effect of temperature on development 

and survival of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: 

Pyralidae) reared on a semi-synthetic diet. Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology

39(1):139-145.

Agrios, G. N. 2004. Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition. Department of Plant Pathology University of 

Florida, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego. 922 pp.
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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Pest Interceptions on Capsicum spp. entering the United States from 1984 to 2011.

Data from PestID (2011).

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Abgrallaspis aguacatae Mexico 2

Abgrallaspis flabellata Ghana 1

Acalymma sp. Mexico 1

Acalymma vittatum Canada 1

Acanthocephala confraterna Mexico 1

Acanthocephala declivis Mexico 1

Acanthococcus sp. St. Kitts and Nevis 1

Acanthoderes sp. Mexico 1

Acanthoscelides obtectus Haiti, India, Mexico 4

Acari spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Acaridae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 8

Aceratagallia sp. Mexico 1

Acheta domesticus Mexico 2

Achryson sp. Mexico 1

Acleris sp. Netherlands 1

Acremonium sp. Spain 1

Acrididae spp. Mexico 1

Acroleucus sp. Trinidad and Tobago 5

Acrolophus sp. Dominican Republic 2

Acyrthosiphon solani Netherlands 1

Acyrthosiphon sp. Netherlands 1

Adoretus sinicus Hawaii 1

Aecidium sp. Mexico 1

Aeolothripidae spp. India 1

Aeolothrips fasciatus Canada 1

Aeolus nigromaculatus Dominican Republic 1

Aeolus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and 

Tobago

20

Aetalion sp. Mexico 1

Agriolimax reticulatus Peru 1

Agroiconota propinqua Dominican Republic 1

Agromyzidae spp. Albania, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, 

Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, France, 

Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, 

Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New 

Zealand, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, South 

Africa, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, 

Unknown, Venezuela

4857

Agrotis malefida Jamaica 1
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Pest Intercepted Country Total

Agrotis sp. South Korea 3

Ahasverus advena Guinea, Liberia, Mexico 3

Ahasverus sp. Netherlands 1

Aleurocanthus woglumi Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Aleurodicus dispersus Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico 98

Aleuroplatus sp. Mexico 1

Aleurotrachelus atratus Puerto Rico 1

Aleurotrachelus trachoides Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 18

Aleyrodidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Hawaii, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin 

Islands

40

Aleyrodinae spp. Canada, Mexico, Spain 3

Algarobius johnsoni Mexico 1

Alitocoris parvus Mexico 1

Alitocoris sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Alleculinae spp. Mexico 1

Allonemobius sp. Mexico 3

Allopeas gracile Viet Nam 1

Alphitobius diaperinus Mexico 10

Alphitobius laevigatus Mexico 1

Alphitobius sp. Dominican Republic 1

Alternaria alternata Belgium, Netherlands 2

Alternaria sp. Albania, Chile, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, 

Tunisia

29

Alternaria tenuissima Dominican Republic 1

Altica sp. Guatemala, Mexico 6

Amblyomma cajennense Jamaica 2

Amblyomma sp. Mexico 1

Amblyseius sp. Netherlands 4

Amnestus sp. Mexico 2

Amorbia sp. Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, 

Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago

31

Amphelasma sp. Mexico 1

Amphicerus cornutus Mexico 5

Amphipyrinae spp. Israel 1

Anaedus sp. Mexico 2

Anarsia sp. Mexico, Nigeria 5

Anasa sp. Mexico 1

Anastrepha ludens Mexico 4

Anastrepha serpentina Mexico 1

Anastrepha sp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Unknown, 

Venezuela

59
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Pest Intercepted Country Total

Anastrepha suspensa Ghana 1

Anaxipha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Anchonidium sp. Netherlands 1

Ancylostomia stercorea Jamaica 1

Anelaphus sp. Mexico 1

Anobiidae spp. Bolivia, Cameroon, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, 

Guam, India, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Panama, 

Unknown, Uruguay

23

Anoecia sp. Mexico 1

Anomala foraminosa Mexico 1

Anomala sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru 30

Anthicidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 7

Anthocoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Iran, Israel, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, 

Unknown

233

Anthomyiidae spp. Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, Unknown

19

Anthonomus eugenii Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown

461

Anthonomus sp. Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and 

Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela

2094

Anthrenus verbasci Mexico 1

Anthribidae spp. Australia 1

Antianthe expansa Mexico 1

Antillocoris sp. Netherlands 1

Apamea monoglypha Netherlands 1

Aphelinidae spp. Netherlands 1

Aphididae spp. Angola, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Israel, 

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, 

St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, West Indies Country Unknown

388

Aphidiidae spp. Mexico 2

Aphidiinae spp. Netherlands 1

Aphidius sp. Canada, Israel, Jamaica 3

Aphidoletes aphidimyza Netherlands 2

Aphis craccivora Mexico 1

Aphis fabae Netherlands 1

Aphis gossypii Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Trinidad and Tobago

12
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Pest Intercepted Country Total

Aphis sp. Netherlands 1

Aphodiinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 5

Aphodius sp. Mexico 1

Apinocis deplanatus Mexico 1

Apion sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Apis mellifera Mexico 14

Apocrita spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2

Aptopus sp. Mexico 1

Araecerus fasciculatus Mexico 1

Araneae spp. Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands

19

Araneidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Archimerus sp. Mexico 1

Archipini spp. Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain 47

Arctiidae spp. Ghana, Mexico, Puerto Rico 8

Argas sanchezi Mexico 1

Argyrotaenia sp. Mexico 1

Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2

Armalia sp. Mexico 2

Armalia variabilis Mexico 1

Arphnus melanostylus Africa Country Unknown 1

Artipus sp. Jamaica 4

Arvelius albopunctatus Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 3

Arvelius sp. Jamaica 3

Ascalapha odorata Mexico 1

Ascia monuste St. Lucia 1

Ascidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Ascochyta sp. Mexico 1

Asphodelus fistulosus India 3

Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala 5

Aspidiotus nerii Mexico 2

Asterolecanium sp. US Virgin Islands 1

Astigmata spp. Canada, Israel 2

Ataenius sp. Mexico 2

Atherigona orientalis Dominican Republic, India, Trinidad and Tobago 5

Atherigona sp. Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Netherlands, South Korea, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

18

Athysanini spp. Mexico 1

Auchenorrhyncha spp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, 

Trinidad and Tobago

6

Aulacorthum solani Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia 28

Aulacorthum sp. Netherlands 1

Autographa californica Canada 1
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Pest Intercepted Country Total

Autographa gamma Netherlands 8

Autographa sp. Hungary, Netherlands 6

Automeris io Mexico 1

Bactericera cockerelli El Salvador, Mexico 86

Bactericera sp. Mexico 3

Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii 4

Bactrocera dorsalis Hawaii, Thailand 8

Bactrocera latifrons Hawaii 28

Bactrocera oleae Indonesia 1

Bactrocera sp. Asia Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, 

China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, 

Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Sri 

Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam

233

Balanogastris sp. Nigeria 1

Balclutha sp. Dominican Republic 1

Baridinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 6

Batocera sp. Philippines 1

Bdellidae spp. Netherlands 6

Bemisia tabaci Mexico, Netherlands 6

Berecynthus hastator Mexico 1

Betula sp. Canada, Netherlands 6

Bidens sp. Mexico 2

Bignoniaceae spp. Belgium 1

Blapstinus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago

103

Blastobasidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Blattidae spp. Mexico, Spain 2

Blattodea spp. Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Blissus sp. Mexico 2

Boerhavia erecta Jamaica 1

Boisea trivittata Canada 1

Bostrichidae spp. Mexico 4

Bothrotes sp. Mexico 4

Bothynus sp. Mexico 2

Botrytis cinerea Belgium, Spain 2

Brachymyrmex sp. Dominican Republic 1

Brachypnoea sp. Mexico 3

Bracon sp. Guatemala 1

Braconidae spp. Canada, Guatemala, India, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru

19

Bradybaena similaris Dominican Republic 2

Bradybaenidae spp. Mexico 1

Brevipalpus sp. Philippines, Unknown 2
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 54

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Brochymena quadripustulata Mexico 1

Brochymena sp. Mexico 1

Brochymena sulcata Mexico 1

Bruchidae spp. India, Jamaica 2

Bryocorinae spp. Netherlands 1

Bulimulus sp. Belize 2

Buprestidae spp. Mexico 2

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Belgium, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain 102

Cadra calidella Israel 1

Cadra cautella Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Hong Kong, 

Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Unknown, 

Zimbabwe

19

Cadra figulilella Ghana, Mexico 2

Cadra sp. Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico 4

Calcisuccinea aff. luteola Mexico 17

Calcisuccinea dominicensis Dominican Republic 5

Calcisuccinea luteola Mexico 2

Calcisuccinea sp. Mexico 2

Caliothrips fasciatus Mexico 1

Caliothrips phaseoli Mexico 1

Caliothrips sp. Mexico 1

Calligrapha sp. Mexico 1

Calliphoridae spp. El Salvador, Ghana, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Sierra Leone, Syrian Arab Republic, Unknown

14

Callosobruchus maculatus Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria 3

Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Brazil 1

Calyptocephala sp. Nigeria 1

Camponotus sp. Mexico 1

Camponotus vagus Netherlands 1

Campylomma sp. India, Israel 2

Cantharidae spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Carabidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 39

Carcinophoridae spp. Netherlands 1

Carpomya sp. Mexico 1

Carpophilus sp. Dominica, Mexico 4

Cartodere constricta Canada 1

Cassidinae spp. Mexico 2

Catocalinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Catorhintha sp. Mexico 1

Caulophilus oryzae Dominican Republic 1

Cecidomyiidae spp. Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Liberia, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and 

Tobago

81
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 55

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Cepaea sp. Spain 1

Cerambycidae spp. Mexico 2

Ceratitini spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Cameroon, Congo 

Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, 

Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, 

Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, 

Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. 

Ireland, Unknown, Zambia

769

Ceratitis capitata Afghanistan, Africa Country Unknown, Azores, Belgium, 

Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe 

Country Unkown, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, 

Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, 

Middle East Co. Unknown, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, 

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Togo, Tunisia, Unknown

139

Ceratitis sp. Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Congo 

Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, 

Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda

77

Ceratocapsus sp. Mexico 2

Ceratopogonidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 2

Ceratothripoides brunneus Nigeria 1

Cercopidae spp. Netherlands 3

Cercospora apii Dominican Republic 1

Cercospora capsici Dominican Republic, Italy 7

Cercospora physalidis Mexico 1

Cercospora sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico 7

Ceroplastes sp. Mexico 1

Cerotoma sp. Haiti, Mexico 2

Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, 

St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago, US Virgin Islands

41

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Chaetanaphothrips sp. Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. 

Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

53

Chaetocnema sp. Mexico 8

Chaetopsis sp. Canada 1

Chaitophorus sp. Netherlands 1

Chalcididae spp. China, Malaysia 2

Chalcidoidea spp. Canada, Netherlands, Nicaragua 6

Chalcodermus angulicollis Dominican Republic 1

Chalcodermus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 4

Charidotella emarginata Mexico 1

Charidotella sp. Mexico 3

Charidotis sp. Unknown 1

Cheyletidae spp. Ghana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2

Chironomidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Syrian Arab 15
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 56

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Republic

Chloris sp. China 1

Chlorochroa ligata Mexico 4

Chlorochroa sp. Mexico 1

Chloropidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 16

Chlorops sp. Netherlands 1

Choristoneura sp. Netherlands 2

Chrysauginae spp. Mexico 1

Chrysobothris debilis Mexico 1

Chrysobothris sp. Mexico 1

Chrysodeixis chalcites Netherlands 18

Chrysodeixis sp. Netherlands 8

Chrysomela sp. Mexico 1

Chrysomelidae spp. Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto 

Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, US Virgin Islands

17

Chrysopidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 10

Cicadellidae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Haiti, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and 

Tobago

73

Cixiidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Cladosporium 

cladosporioides

Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Cladosporium herbarum Canada, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico 5

Cladosporium oxysporum China, Peru 2

Cladosporium sp. Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, 

Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Germany, 

Guatemala, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad 

and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. 

Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam

92

Cladosporium 

sphaerospermum

Netherlands 2

Clastoptera sp. Mexico 1

Clematis sp. Mexico 1

Cleogonus armatus Honduras 1

Clepsis sp. Netherlands 36

Clepsis spectrana Netherlands 21

Cleridae spp. Mexico, Nigeria, Viet Nam 3

Cletus bipunctatus Bangladesh 1

Clinodiplosis sp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 11

Cnephasia sp. Netherlands 1

Coccidae spp. Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guam, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, 

Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines

28

Coccinellidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominica, Dominican 75
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 57

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

Coccinellinae spp. Bulgaria, Mexico 2

Coccinellini spp. Dominican Republic 3

Coccoidea spp. Dominican Republic 1

Coccus hesperidum St. Lucia 1

Coccus sp. Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 4

Coccus viridis Grenada, Puerto Rico 3

Cochlicella acuta Spain 1

Cochylini spp. Mexico 1

Cochylis sp. India 1

Coelomycetes spp. Curacao 1

Colaspis sp. Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico 7

Coleomegilla maculata Canada 1

Coleomegilla sp. Canada 1

Coleoptera spp. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands

33

Collembola spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ghana, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, South Africa, Spain, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown

70

Colletotrichum capsici Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto 

Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

14

Colletotrichum coccodes Panama, Thailand 2

Colletotrichum crassipes Dominican Republic 4

Colletotrichum dematium Dominican Republic, Peru, St. Lucia 5

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides

Anguila, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, 

Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam

47

Colletotrichum sp. Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, 

Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Tajikistan, 

Thailand, Unknown

20

Colletotrichum truncatum Mexico 1

Colletrotrichum sp. Mexico 2

Collops sp. Mexico 2

Condylostylus sp. Netherlands 1

Conocephalus sp. Guyana, Honduras, Puerto Rico 3

Conoderus rodriguezi Honduras 1

Conoderus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago 16

Conotrachelus seniculus Mexico 2

Conotrachelus sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 10

Contarinia lycopersici Jamaica 19

Contarinia sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Philippines, Puerto Rico, 

South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, 

499
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 58

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Venezuela

Conyza sp. Netherlands 3

Copitarsia decolora Mexico 1

Copitarsia sp. Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, 

Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Venezuela

63

Coreidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, South Korea, Trinidad 

and Tobago

7

Cornu aspersum Mexico 1

Corticariidae spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Mexico, Netherlands 17

Corylophidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Guyana, Netherlands, Nigeria, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Unknown

125

Corynespora cassiicola Dominican Republic 1

Corythaica carinata Brazil 1

Corythaica cyathicollis St. Lucia 1

Corythucha gossypii Mexico 1

Cosmopterigidae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic 2

Cossoninae spp. Colombia 1

Crambidae spp. Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto 

Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, 

Viet Nam

41

Crambinae spp. Grenada 1

Crambus sp. Ghana 1

Crematogaster sp. Mexico, Puerto Rico 2

Creontiades rubrinervis Mexico 1

Creontiades sp. Mexico 1

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Israel 1

Cryptoblabes sp. Nigeria 1

Cryptocephalinae spp. Guinea 1

Cryptocephalus sp. Mexico 1

Cryptolestes sp. India 1

Cryptophagidae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9

Cryptophlebia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, 

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tonga, Unknown

97

Cryptophlebia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Burundi, 

Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, 

Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, 

Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, 

Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia, 

Zimbabwe

812

Cryptorhynchini spp. Mexico 1

Cryptostigmata spp. Canada, Netherlands, Philippines 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 59

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Cryptotermes brevis Puerto Rico 1

Cryptothelea sp. Nigeria 1

Ctenarytaina spatulata Netherlands 1

Cucujidae spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, India, Mexico, Papua New 

Guinea, Philippines

9

Cucujoidea spp. Netherlands 1

Culicidae spp. Netherlands 1

Cunaxidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 3

Curculio sp. Greece, Netherlands 2

Curculionidae spp. Algeria, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, 

Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Venezuela, Viet Nam

192

Curculioninae spp. Jamaica 1

Curvularia intermedia Mexico 1

Curvularia lunata Dominican Republic 1

Cyclanthera pedata Peru 1

Cyclocephala sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico 21

Cyclorrhapha spp. Belize, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, South Korea, St. 

Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and 

Tobago

44

Cydia sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Cydnidae spp. Mexico 7

Dacinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, 

Unknown

28

Dacus dorsalis Thailand, Viet Nam 3

Dacus sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, 

Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, 

Taiwan, Thailand

85

Dalbulus elimatus Mexico 1

Dallasiellus bacchinus Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Dallasiellus lugubris Mexico 2

Dasineura sp. Guatemala, Malaysia, Netherlands 3

Daucus carota Dominica 1

Delia sp. Venezuela 1

Deloyala guttata Mexico, US Virgin Islands 3

Deloyala sp. Jamaica, Mexico 6

Delphacidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 7

Delphacodes sp. Netherlands 1

Dendrocoris sp. Mexico 1

Dermaptera spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nigeria 6

Dermestes sp. Ghana, Mexico 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 60

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Deroceras laeve Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Diabrotica balteata Mexico 1

Diabrotica sp. Mexico, Netherlands 5

Diabrotica undecimpunctata Canada, Mexico 10

Diabrotica variegata Mexico 1

Diaphania nitidalis Dominican Republic, Suriname 5

Diaphania sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Diaprepes sp. Dominica 1

Diaspididae spp. China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Micronesia, Nigeria, 

Puerto Rico, Unknown

15

Diaspidiotus perniciosus Mexico 1

Diaspidiotus sp. Mexico 1

Diatraea sp. Brazil, Mexico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4

Dicyphinae spp. Spain 1

Didymella lycopersici Jamaica 1

Dieuches armatipes Jamaica 1

Dieuches sp. Netherlands 1

Digeria sp. Mexico 1

Diplotaxis sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17

Dipropus sp. Mexico 2

Diptera spp. Angola, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Northern Mariana Islands, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, 

Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Venezuela, Zambia

139

Disonycha sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 11

Dolichoderinae spp. India, St. Kitts and Nevis 2

Dolichopodidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Jamaica 3

Drosophila sp. Canada, Costa Rica, Dominica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Unknown

21

Drosophilidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Jamaica, Malaysia, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, 

Spain, St. Lucia, Suriname, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, 

United Arab Emirates, Venezuela

97

Drymaeus sulphureus Belize 1

Duponchelia fovealis Belgium, France, Macedonia, Netherlands, Netherlands 

Antilles, Spain

261

Dynastinae spp. Mexico 1

Dyscinetus picipes Mexico 1

Dyscinetus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Dysdercus andreae Dominican Republic 1

Dysdercus mimulus Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 61

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Dysdercus mimus Mexico 1

Dysdercus obliquus Mexico 1

Dysdercus obscuratus Belize 1

Dysmicoccus brevipes China, Mexico 2

Dysmicoccus grassii Grenada 1

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 3

Dysmicoccus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands 6

Dytiscidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Ecdytolopha sp. Bolivia, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Unknown

8

Echinochloa crusgalli Canada 1

Echinochloa sp. Unknown 1

Echinothrips americanus Netherlands 16

Ectomyelois ceratoniae Dominican Republic, Ghana, Mexico 6

Edessa sp. Mexico 1

Elachiptera sp. Mexico 1

Elaphria nucicolora Dominican Republic, Guatemala 2

Elaphria sp. Dominican Republic 1

Elateridae spp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Eleodes sp. Mexico 3

Eleusine indica Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Eleusine sp. Unknown 1

Empididae spp. Canada 2

Empoasca sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 13

Entiminae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Entomobryidae spp. Belgium, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 11

Ephestia elutella Dominican Republic, Italy, Peru 5

Ephydridae spp. Canada, Netherlands, Thailand 3

Epicaerus sp. Mexico 1

Epicauta sp. Mexico 2

Epicoccum nigrum Canada 1

Epilachna sp. Mexico 1

Epilachninae spp. St. Lucia 1

Epilobium sp. Canada, Netherlands 6

Epitrix sp. Mexico 15

Eragrostis sp. Mexico 2

Eremobelba sp. Jamaica 1

Eriococcus dubius Guyana 1

Erotylidae spp. Dominican Republic, Italy, Mexico 3

Erysiphe cichoracearum Dominican Republic 1

Erythraeidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Erythroneura sp. Mexico 1

Estigmene acrea Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 62

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Etiella sp. Indonesia, Malawi, Viet Nam 6

Etiella zinckenella Honduras, Mexico, Nigeria 5

Euclea sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Eudiagogus sp. Mexico 1

Euetheola sp. Mexico 1

Eumolpinae spp. Honduras 1

Euphorbia sp. Dominican Republic 1

Eupodidae spp. Canada 1

Euryscelis suturalis Dominican Republic 1

Eurytoma sp. Guatemala, Nigeria 2

Euschistus bifibulus Jamaica 1

Euschistus crenator Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 5

Euschistus servus Mexico 1

Euschistus sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Suriname 30

Euschistus strenuus Dominican Republic, Mexico 5

Euschistus variolarius Canada 1

Eustromula validum Mexico 1

Exitianus exitosus Netherlands 1

Faustinus cubae Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica 3

Faustinus rhombifer Mexico 1

Faustinus sp. Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, 

Trinidad and Tobago

76

Ferrisia sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, US 

Virgin Islands

8

Ferrisia virgata Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, 

Unknown

26

Fiebrigella sp. Dominican Republic 1

Formicidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Formicinae spp. Canada, Peru 10

Frankliniella cephalica Dominican Republic 1

Frankliniella fallaciosa Dominican Republic 1

Frankliniella fusca Netherlands 1

Frankliniella gossypiana Mexico 1

Frankliniella insularis Dominican Republic 5

Frankliniella intonsa Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Japan, Netherlands 5

Frankliniella occidentalis Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, 

Guatemala, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, 

Unknown

218

Frankliniella panamensis Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Frankliniella parvula Ecuador 1

Frankliniella schultzei Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Spain 21

Frankliniella sp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, 

Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. 

215
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 63

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown

Franklinothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1

Franklinothrips vespiformis Mexico 1

Free-Living nematode Mexico 4

Fromundus pygmaeus Viet Nam 1

Fulgoridae spp. Puerto Rico 1

Fulgoroidea spp. Dominican Republic 1

Fusarium sp. Belgium, Belize, Dominican Republic, France, Jamaica, 

Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Taiwan, Unknown, 

US Virgin Islands

44

Galerucinae spp. Netherlands, Puerto Rico 2

Galleria mellonella Dominican Republic 1

Gelechiidae spp. Argentina, Aruba, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, 

Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, 

Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, Thailand, 

Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. 

Ireland, Unknown, Venezuela

147

Gelechioidea spp. Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Geocoris sp. Dominican Republic, Israel 2

Geometridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Italy, Macedonia, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, St. Vincent and the Grenadines

15

Gloeosporium piperatum Mexico 2

Glomerella cingulata Dominican Republic 1

Glyptoscelis chontalensis Mexico 1

Gnathotrichus perniciosus Honduras 1

Gnathotrichus sp. Honduras, Mexico 2

Gnorimoschema sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru 10

Gnorimoschemini spp. Venezuela 1

Golofa pusilla Mexico 1

Gracillariidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Peru 9

Granodomus lima Puerto Rico 1

Gryllidae spp. Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Philippines, Thailand, 

Trinidad and Tobago

62

Gryllodes sigillatus Trinidad and Tobago 5

Gryllodes sp. Dominican Republic 1

Gryllus assimilis Dominican Republic 1

Gryllus sp. Colombia, Dominica, Honduras, Mexico 136

Guignardia citricarpa China 1

Guppya gundlachi Dominican Republic 1

Gynaikothrips uzeli Dominican Republic 1

Hadeninae spp. Mexico, South Korea 3
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 64

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Halticus sp. Mexico 1

Haplothrips gowdeyi Dominican Republic 1

Haplothrips kurdjumovi Hawaii 1

Haplothrips leucanthemi Mexico 1

Helicella sp. Italy 1

Helicidae spp. Australia, France, Mexico, Netherlands 4

Helicoverpa armigera Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Israel, Italy, 

Japan, South Korea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, 

Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, 

Yugoslavia

19

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Romania 1

Helicoverpa sp. Asia Country Unknown, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, 

Lithuania, Mexico, Middle East Co. Unknown, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia 

and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Korea, 

Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, 

Turkey, Unknown, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, 

Yugoslavia

163

Helicoverpa zea Belize, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, 

Trinidad and Tobago

233

Heliothinae spp. India, South Korea 2

Heliothis sp. China, Germany, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, Turkey 42

Heliothis subflexa Mexico 2

Heliothis virescens Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Unknown

13

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Trinidad and Tobago 1

Helminthoglyptidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Hemerobiidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic 2

Hemiptera spp. Netherlands 4

Hepialidae spp. Mexico 2

Heraeus plebejus Netherlands 1

Heraeus sp. Mexico 6

Herculia sp. Ecuador 1

Herpetogramma sp. Honduras 1

Hesperiidae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Heterobostrychus aequalis Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Heterogaster urticae Netherlands 3

Heteroptera spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

33

Heterosporium sp. Italy 1

Histeridae spp. Canada 1

Holoparamecus sp. Netherlands 1

Homoptera spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, 14
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 65

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad 

and Tobago

Hoplandrothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 2

Hoplosphyrum sp. Jamaica 1

Hortensia similis Dominican Republic 1

Hydrophilidae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Hygromiidae spp. Spain 1

Hymenoptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands

7

Hypera postica Mexico 1

Hyphomycetes spp. Mexico 1

Hypoaspis sp. Netherlands 1

Hypoponera sp. Netherlands 1

Hypothenemus sp. Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, 

Trinidad and Tobago

5

Ichneumonidae spp. Guatemala, Mexico 3

Ichneumonoidea spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3

Injury sp. Algeria, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Peru

16

Insecta spp. Belgium, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Puerto 

Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

68

Insignorthezia insignis Jamaica 1

Iphiseius degenerans Belgium, Netherlands 23

Ips bonanseai Mexico 2

Ips calligraphus Honduras 1

Ips integer Mexico 3

Ips lecontei Mexico 1

Ips sp. Honduras, Mexico 2

Ischnodemus sp. Peru 1

Jadera coturnix Mexico 1

Kalotermitidae spp. Nicaragua 1

Karnyothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Keiferia lycopersicella Ecuador 1

Kleemannia sp. India 2

Kleidocerys resedae Netherlands 1

Knulliana cincta Mexico 1

Lachnopus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Lactuca sativa Netherlands 1

Lactuca serriola Canada, Netherlands 2

Laelapidae spp. Belgium, Netherlands 3

Lagriinae spp. Mexico 1

Lamiaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Lampyridae spp. Dominican Republic 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 66

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Languriidae spp. Netherlands 1

Largus cinctus Mexico 2

Lasioderma serricorne China, Cote D`Ivoire, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, India, 

Mexico, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, United States of 

America, Unknown, Yemen

19

Lasiodiplodia sp. El Salvador 1

Lasioseius sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Lathridiidae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands 8

Lehmannia valentiana Ecuador, Netherlands, Nigeria 3

Lema sp. Mexico 1

Lepidoptera spp. Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, 

Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Haiti, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra 

Leone, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Venezuela

74

Lepidosaphes beckii Peru 1

Lepidosaphes rubrovittata Jamaica 1

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Mexico 1

Leptochloa sp. Mexico 2

Leptoglossus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Lestodiplosis sp. Jamaica 1

Leucania sp. Spain 1

Leucinodes orbonalis Africa Country Unknown, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cote 

D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe Country Unkown, Ghana, 

Guatemala, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua 

New Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, 

Sierra Leone, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Zambia

100

Leucinodes sp. Guinea, Yugoslavia 2

Leveillula taurica Mexico, Portugal 5

Levicepolis monodonta Dominican Republic 2

Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico, Spain 2

Ligyrocoris sylvestris Netherlands 1

Ligyrus sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Limosininae spp. Netherlands 1

Limothrips cerealium Netherlands 1

Lineodes integra Canada, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia 12

Lineodes sp. Mexico, Peru 3

Linepithema humile Mexico 1

Liothrips sp. Mexico 1

Liriomyza bryoniae Netherlands 14

Liriomyza sativae Mexico 1

Liriomyza sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands 62

Liriomyza trifolii Mexico 5
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 67

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Dominican Republic 4

Listroderes costirostris Mexico 1

Listronotus sp. Honduras, Mexico 3

Lobiopa sp. Mexico 2

Lobometopon metallicum Mexico 25

Lobometopon sp. Mexico 8

Lobopoda sp. Mexico 1

Lonchaea sp. Ghana 1

Lonchaeidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, 

Cameroon, Chile, Congo Democratic Republic of, Costa Rica, 

Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, 

Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, 

St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, 

Viet Nam

522

Lorita sp. Mexico 1

Lucilia sp. Ghana, Mexico 5

Lycaenidae spp. Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican 

Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, 

Togo, Unknown

19

Lyctus africanus Dominican Republic 1

Lyctus planicollis Mexico 1

Lygaeidae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and 

Tobago

14

Lygaeoidea spp. Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Nigeria, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago

14

Lygus lineolaris Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 9

Lygus sp. Mexico 2

Lymantriidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Lytta sp. Mexico 1

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Grenada, South Korea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines

6

Macrolophus melanotoma Netherlands 3

Macrolophus pygmaeus Spain 1

Macrolophus sp. Belgium, Netherlands 48

Macrophoma sp. Thailand 1

Macroplax fasciata Turkey 1

Macrosiphum euphorbiae Belgium, Canada, Netherlands, Spain 11

Macrosteles sp. Netherlands 1

Magnoliophyta sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, Mexico, 

Myanmar, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

12

Mallodon sp. Mexico 1

Mamestra brassicae Bosnia and Herzegovina, Netherlands, Spain 10

Mamestra sp. Netherlands 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 68

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Manduca sp. Mexico 2

Margarodidae spp. Curacao, Grenada, Viet Nam 3

Marmara sp. Mexico 11

Maruca vitrata Bolivia 1

Mecidea major Mexico 1

Megalopygidae spp. Mexico 1

Megaselia sp. Colombia 1

Melacoryphus circumlitus Honduras, Mexico 2

Melacoryphus lateralis Mexico 3

Melacoryphus rubicollis Mexico 1

Melalgus sp. Honduras 1

Melanaethus sp. Mexico 1

Melanaethus spinolai Dominican Republic 1

Melanagromyza sp. Puerto Rico 1

Melanoides tuberculata Dominican Republic 1

Melanophila sp. Mexico 1

Melanoplus differentialis Canada 1

Meliola sp. Puerto Rico 1

Melipotis sp. Dominican Republic 1

Meloidae spp. Mexico, Venezuela 2

Melolonthinae spp. Nicaragua 1

Melyridae spp. Mexico 3

Membracidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico, Yugoslavia 4

Mesostigmata spp. Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, India, Israel, Jamaica, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Spain, United Arab 

Emirates, Unknown

107

Metamasius hemipterus Dominican Republic 4

Metamasius sp. Mexico 1

Metoponium sp. Mexico 4

Metriona trisignata Mexico 1

Microconidia sp. Jamaica, Netherlands 2

Microlepidoptera spp. Dominican Republic 1

Microplax sp. Ghana 1

Microsphaeropsis sp. Mexico 1

Micrutalis sp. Mexico 1

Mikania micrantha Dominican Republic 3

Mikania sp. Mexico 1

Miridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, 

Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, St. 

Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

126

Mollusca spp. Mexico, Unknown 2

Monacha cartusiana Italy 1

Monomorium floricola Puerto Rico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 69

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Monomorium pharaonis Guinea, Mexico 2

Monoxia sp. Mexico 3

Moodna bisinuella Mexico 1

Mordellistena sp. Mexico 1

Musca domestica Ghana, Panama 2

Musca sp. Canada 1

Muscidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bangladesh, Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, 

Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Viet Nam

49

Muscina sp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 5

Mussidia nigrivenella Ghana 2

Mycetophagidae spp. Canada, Ecuador, Germany, Laos, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru 19

Mycetophilidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 3

Mycosphaerella sp. Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Mymaridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 3

Myochrous cyphus Mexico 1

Myochrous sp. Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 17

Myodocha intermedia Mexico 1

Myrothecium roridum Dominican Republic 1

Myzus persicae Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, 

Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Unknown

53

Myzus sp. Netherlands 6

Nabidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico 6

Nabis sp. Mexico 1

Nasonovia ribisnigri France, Greece 2

Nasutitermes sp. Dominica, St. Lucia 2

Necrobia ruficollis Mexico 1

Necrobia rufipes China 1

Nematocera spp. Peru 1

Nemobiinae spp. Mexico 2

Nemobius carolinus Mexico 1

Neoconocephalus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El 

Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela

65

Neoleucinodes sp. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Mexico, Peru, 

Spain, Venezuela

36

Neopamera albocincta Dominican Republic 1

Neopamera bilobata Mexico 1

Neopamera sp. Mexico 1

Neortholomus jamaicensis Jamaica 1

Neoseiulus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Neotephritis finalis Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 70

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Neotrichophorus sp. Mexico 1

Nesidiocoris tenuis Israel 1

Nesothrips sp. Dominican Republic 1

Neuroptera spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Unknown

30

Nezara viridula Dominican Republic, Italy 2

Nitidulidae spp. Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Germany, India, 

Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Unknown

32

Nitidulinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Noctua pronuba Netherlands 1

Noctuidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, 

Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, 

China, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, 

Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, India, 

Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, 

Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, 

Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea, Spain, St. 

Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia

620

Nolidae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Nymphalidae spp. Mexico 1

Nysius sp. Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands 18

Ochrimnus sp. Mexico 1

Ocrasa nostralis Dominican Republic 1

Odontomachus sp. Mexico 1

Odontota sp. Mexico 1

Odontothrips sp. Spain 1

Oebalus ornatus Dominican Republic 2

Oecanthus sp. Canada 1

Oecophoridae spp. Armenia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru

10

Ogdoecosta sp. Mexico 1

Olethreutinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Bulgaria, Congo Democratic 

Republic of, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, 

Gambia, Ghana, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Libyan Arab 

Jamahiriya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, 

Sierra Leone, South Korea, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Turkey, Unknown

129

Omalonyx sp. Dominica 1

Onthophagus sp. Mexico 2

Opatrinus sp. Mexico 2

Ophiderma sp. Netherlands 1

Opogona sp. Hawaii, Peru 2

Oribatida spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Israel, Mexico, 13
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 71

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

Orius insidiosus Canada 3

Orius sp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 21

Orphulella punctata Guatemala 1

Orthalicus jamaicensis Jamaica 1

Orthezia praelonga US Virgin Islands 2

Orthezia pseudinsignis Mexico 1

Orthezia sp. Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Ortheziidae spp. Grenada 1

Orthoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela 3

Oryzaephilus mercator Ethiopia, Ghana 2

Oryzaephilus surinamensis Africa Country Unknown, Germany, Morocco, South Africa 4

Ostrinia nubilalis Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, 

Canada, Croatia, Iran, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, 

Portugal, South Korea, Yugoslavia

67

Ostrinia sp. Mexico, Netherlands 3

Otiorhynchus cribricollis Mexico 1

Otiorhynchus sp. Netherlands 3

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Canada 1

Otitidae spp. Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, 

Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nicaragua, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, 

Viet Nam

106

Ovatus crataegarius Israel 1

Oxalis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Unknown 3

Oxalis stricta Netherlands 1

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Gambia, Israel 4

Oxycarenus sp. Togo 1

Oxygrylius ruginasus Mexico 1

Ozophora burmeisteri Jamaica 2

Ozophora sp. Dominica 1

Pachybrachis sp. Mexico 2

Pagiocerus sp. Peru 1

Pallifera sp. Venezuela 1

Pangaeus bilineatus Mexico 2

Pangaeus sp. Mexico 1

Pantomorus sp. Mexico 1

Paracoccus marginatus Puerto Rico 2

Paracoccus solani Jamaica 1

Paracoccus sp. Grenada, Jamaica 2

Paragonatas divergens Mexico 1

Paralipsa gularis China, Ghana, Israel, Nigeria, Philippines 6

Paranapiacaba sp. Mexico 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 72

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Parapiesma cinereum Mexico 2

Parasitidae spp. Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, South Africa 9

Paratrechina longicornis Netherlands 1

Paratrechina sp. Canada, Mexico 3

Parkia sp. Indonesia 1

Pectinophora gossypiella Puerto Rico 1

Pelidnota sp. Mexico 1

Penicillium sp. Bahamas, Netherlands, Spain 3

Pennisetum ciliare Mexico 1

Pennisetum pedicellatum Viet Nam 1

Pennisetum sp. Mexico 1

Pentatomidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Costa 

Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, 

Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, 

Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, US Virgin Islands

213

Pentatominae spp. Dominican Republic 2

Pentatomoidea spp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica, Philippines, 

Trinidad and Tobago

29

Periconia sp. Mexico 1

Peridroma saucia Mexico 2

Perigenes sp. Mexico 1

Perillus bioculatus Mexico 1

Peritrechus fratenus Mexico 1

Phalacridae spp. Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Pheidole sp. Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Mexico 4

Phenacoccus gossypii Canada, Mexico 2

Phenacoccus helianthi Mexico 1

Phenacoccus madeirensis Canada, Mexico 11

Phenacoccus parvus Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, 

St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

20

Phenacoccus solani Belgium, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain 9

Phenacoccus solenopsis Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico 19

Phenacoccus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Puerto Rico

12

Phileurus sp. Mexico 1

Phlaeothripidae spp. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, India, Jamaica, 

Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain

23

Phlugis sp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Phoma destructiva Dominican Republic, Mexico 3

Phoma sp. Germany, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, South Korea, St. 

Lucia, Venezuela

14

Phomopsis capsici Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand 6

Phomopsis sp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet Nam 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 73

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Phoradendron sp. Mexico 1

Phoridae spp. Belgium, Canada, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto 

Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 

Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Trinidad and 

Tobago, Viet Nam

37

Phragmites sp. Netherlands 1

Phthorimaea operculella Peru, Venezuela 2

Phycitinae spp. Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Ghana, Guatemala, Israel, 

Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Africa, 

Venezuela, Zambia

16

Phylinae spp. Israel 1

Phyllophaga sp. Cuba, Mexico 27

Phyllosticta sp. Dominican Republic, India, St. Lucia, Viet Nam 4

Phyllostictina capsici Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2

Phyllotreta sp. Mexico 1

Phylloxera sp. Netherlands 1

Phytocoris sp. Honduras, Mexico 4

Phytomyzinae spp. Dominican Republic, Mexico, Unknown 3

Phytophthora capsici Puerto Rico 1

Phytoseiidae spp. Belgium, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, 

Unknown

94

Picris sp. Mexico 1

Piesmatidae spp. Mexico 1

Pinnaspis sp. St. Lucia, US Virgin Islands 2

Pinnaspis strachani Jamaica 3

Piophilidae spp. Jamaica 1

Piper nigrum Viet Nam 1

Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 26

Plagiometriona sp. Mexico 2

Planicephalus flavicosta Trinidad and Tobago 1

Planococcus citri Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Puerto Rico 29

Planococcus citricus Dominican Republic 1

Planococcus halli Nigeria 1

Planococcus minor Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Guadeloupe, 

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago

49

Planococcus sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago

25

Plantago sp. India 1

Platynota rostrana St. Lucia 1

Platynota sp. China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and 

Tobago

54

Platynota stultana Mexico 3
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 74

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Platypodidae spp. Mexico 1

Pleurodonte guadeloupensis Dominica 1

Plodia interpunctella Bolivia, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Peru, Taiwan, Turkey

28

Plusia sp. Netherlands 1

Plusiinae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands 15

Plutella sp. Venezuela 1

Plutella xylostella Bahrain, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands 5

Plutellidae spp. Netherlands 1

Poaceae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Podisus sp. Mexico 1

Pogonomyrmex rugosus Mexico 1

Polygyridae spp. Mexico 2

Polymerus testaceipes Dominica 1

Polyphagotarsonemus latus Dominican Republic 1

Polyphylla sp. Mexico 2

Praticolella griseola Dominican Republic, Mexico 42

Praticolella sp. Mexico 3

Praticolella strebeliana Colombia, Dominican Republic 24

Premnotrypes sp. Peru 1

Prenolepis imparis Canada 1

Prietocella barbara Jamaica 1

Proba sp. Mexico 1

Prodiplosis sp. Haiti, Jamaica 5

Prosapia sp. Mexico 1

Prosopis sp. Mexico 1

Prosterninae spp. Mexico 1

Prostigmata spp. Canada 1

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Puerto Rico 1

Prytanes confusus Mexico 3

Prytanes oblonga Dominican Republic, Mexico 2

Prytanes sp. Mexico 3

Psephenidae spp. Mexico 1

Pseudaletia unipuncta Netherlands 1

Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Netherlands 2

Pseudobaris cylindricollis Mexico 1

Pseudocaeciliidae spp. Netherlands 1

Pseudococcidae spp. Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, 

Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, 

El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, 

Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, South 

Korea, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and 

the Grenadines, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and 

576
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 75

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. 

Ireland, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Viet Nam

Pseudococcus elisae Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico 4

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Cote D`Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands

16

Pseudococcus odermatti Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico 2

Pseudococcus sp. Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, 

Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Viet Nam

20

Pseudococcus viburni Belgium, Netherlands 67

Pseudomyrmex mexicanus Mexico 1

Pseudopachybrachius basalis Mexico 1

Pseudopachybrachius vinctus Jamaica 1

Pseudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1

Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 4

Psilidae spp. Mexico 6

Psocidae spp. Netherlands 2

Psocoptera spp. Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, South Africa, Spain, 

Togo, Trinidad and Tobago

174

Psychidae spp. Mexico 1

Psychodidae spp. Canada, Netherlands 7

Psylla sp. Mexico 1

Psyllidae spp. El Salvador, Hungary, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Unknown, Viet 

Nam

442

Psylliodes sp. Mexico 1

Psylloidea spp. Mexico 5

Pteromalidae spp. Guatemala, Netherlands 2

Pteronemobius sp. Mexico 2

Pterophoridae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Nicaragua, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and N. Ireland

8

Pthorimaea opercullela Unknown 1

Ptiliidae spp. Greece, Jamaica 2

Ptochiomera nodosa Netherlands 1

Puccinia sp. Mexico 1

Pulvinaria psidii Mexico 1

Pulvinaria sp. Guyana, Honduras, Mexico 4

Pulvinaria urbicola Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, 

Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia

9

Puto barberi Puerto Rico 1

Pycnoderes sp. Mexico 1

Pyralidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa 

Rica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, 

59
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 76

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwan, Thailand, 

Unknown, Venezuela

Pyralinae spp. Guatemala 1

Pyrausta sp. Netherlands, Unknown 6

Pyraustinae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia & 

Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, 

Croatia, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, 

Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, 

Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovenia, South 

Korea, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia

108

Rasahus biguttatus Mexico 1

Reduviidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 5

Reuteroscopus sp. Mexico 1

Rhabdopterus sp. Mexico 1

Rhagium sp. Mexico 1

Rhamphothrips pandens St. Lucia 1

Rhaphigaster nebulosa Moldova, Netherlands 2

Rhizopus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Rhopalapion longirostre Greece 1

Rhopalidae spp. Mexico 1

Rhyparochromidae spp. Mexico 1

Rhytidoporus indentatus Trinidad and Tobago 1

Riodinidae spp. Nigeria 2

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Thailand 1

Saccharicoccus sacchari Jamaica 2

Saccharum spontaneum Unknown 1

Saissetia coffeae Jamaica 1

Saissetia neglecta Jamaica 1

Saissetia sp. Jamaica 2

Sancassania sp. Romania 1

Saprophyte sp. Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan, Unknown, 

Viet Nam

12

Sarasinula plebeia Dominica 1

Sarcophagidae spp. Mexico 2

Sarcophaginae spp. Spain 1

Saturniidae spp. Mexico 1

Scarinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Scatella sp. Netherlands 1

Scatopsidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 2

Scelionidae spp. Netherlands 2

Schinus terebinthifolius France 1

Schizocerella pilicornis Mexico 1

Schizomyia sp. El Salvador 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 77

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Sciaridae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Spain

35

Sciocoris maculatus India 1

Scirtidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 3

Scirtothrips dorsalis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago

6

Scirtothrips sp. St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and 

Tobago, US Virgin Islands

8

Sclerotium rolfsii Unknown 1

Scolytidae spp. Mexico 44

Scolytus sp. Mexico 1

Scorpiones spp. Mexico 1

Scrophulariaceae spp. Netherlands 1

Scymninae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Scyphomphorus sp. Mexico 1

Scythridinae spp. Canada 1

Secondary fungi Angola, Belgium, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, France, 

Germany, Guatemala, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Spain, United 

Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown

26

Sennius sp. Mexico 1

Sepsidae spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Septoria sp. Venezuela 2

Serica sp. Mexico 1

Sericoderus sp. Canada, Netherlands 8

Sesamia nonagrioides Italy 2

Setaria italica China 1

Setaria sp. Chile, Myanmar 2

Setaria verticillata Mexico 1

Silvanidae spp. Dominican Republic, Germany, India, South Korea, Thailand 5

Sitona humeralis Netherlands 1

Sitona lineatus Netherlands, United Arab Emirates 2

Sitona sp. Belgium, Israel, Netherlands, Pakistan 4

Sitophilus oryzae Mexico 1

Sitophilus sp. Mexico, Netherlands 4

Sitophilus zeamais Ghana, Mexico 3

Sminthuridae spp. Canada 1

Solenopsis geminata Brazil, Ghana 2

Solenopsis sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 3

Sonchus arvensis Canada 1

Sonchus asper Netherlands 1

Sonchus oleraceus Mexico 1

Sonchus sp. Netherlands 1

Sorghum halepense Chile 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 78

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Sparganothis sp. Jamaica 1

Sphaceloma psidii Mexico 1

Sphaeroceridae spp. Mexico 1

Sphenophorus sp. Mexico 2

Sphingidae spp. Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 6

Sphragisticus nebulosus Canada 1

Spilomelinae spp. Netherlands 3

Spilosoma sp. Canada 1

Spodoptera albula Dominican Republic 2

Spodoptera androgea Dominican Republic 1

Spodoptera dolichos Dominican Republic, St. Lucia 6

Spodoptera eridania Dominican Republic, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago 5

Spodoptera exigua Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown

157

Spodoptera frugiperda Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, 

Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

120

Spodoptera latifascia Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia 32

Spodoptera littoralis Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Spain 5

Spodoptera litura Japan, South Korea, Thailand 3

Spodoptera ornithogalli Dominican Republic 2

Spodoptera sp. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, 

Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 

Unknown, Venezuela

47

Spodoptera sunia Dominican Republic 3

Spoladea recurvalis Dominican Republic 1

Staphylinidae spp. Asia Country Unknown, Canada, Dominican Republic, 

Mexico, Netherlands

13

Stegobium paniceum Egypt 1

Stemphylium botryosum Italy, Mexico 2

Stemphylium sp. Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan 7

Stenozygum sp. Dominican Republic 1

Stephanopachys sp. Mexico 2

Sternorrhyncha spp. Mexico 1

Stratiolaelaps sp. Brazil, Netherlands 2

Succinea costaricana Belize 2

Succinea cuvieri Trinidad and Tobago 1

Succinea luteola Mexico 1

Succinea margarita Dominican Republic 1

Succinea putris Trinidad and Tobago 1

Succinea sp. Dominican Republic, Grenada, Italy, Mexico, Trinidad and 

Tobago

31

Symmetrischema capsicum Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, 

Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru

27

Symmetrischema sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 79

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Syrphidae spp. Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Panama, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and 

Tobago

87

Syrphinae spp. Belgium, Dominican Republic, Netherlands 7

Syrphini spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 3

Systena sp. Mexico 2

Tachinidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Tachyporinae spp. Dominican Republic 1

Tapinoma melanocephalum Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico 3

Taraxacum officinale Canada 4

Tarsonemus confusus Dominican Republic 1

Tarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama 6

Tarsonemus waitei El Salvador 1

Telenomus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Tenebrionidae spp. Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua 7

Tepa sp. Mexico 1

Tephritidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Asia Country Unknown, 

Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, 

China, Congo Democratic Republic of, Cote D`Ivoire, 

Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, 

Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti, Hawaii, India, 

Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, 

Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, 

Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra 

Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, 

Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great 

Britain and N. Ireland, Unknown, Viet Nam, Zambia

940

Tetramorium bicarinatum Australia, Colombia 2

Tetramorium caespitum Puerto Rico 1

Tetranychidae spp. Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Unknown 5

Tetranychus ludeni Dominican Republic 1

Tetranychus sp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Poland

24

Tetranychus urticae Jamaica, Mexico 2

Tetrapriocera longicornis Dominican Republic 1

Tettigometridae spp. Trinidad and Tobago 1

Tettigoniidae spp. Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago

24

Texananus spatulatus Mexico 1

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Africa Country Unknown, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape 

Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, 

Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, 

Unknown

180

Thaumatotibia sp. Africa Country Unknown, Czech Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, 15
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 80

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Theba pisana Algeria, Italy, Portugal 5

Thelidomus aspera Jamaica 1

Thripidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, 

Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, 

Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, 

Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, 

Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, St. 

Vincent and the Grenadines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago

198

Thripinae spp. Netherlands, Spain 2

Thrips angusticeps Germany 1

Thrips fuscipennis Netherlands 1

Thrips major Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Thrips nigropilosus Israel 1

Thrips palmi Antigua and Barbuda, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, 

Guyana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, 

Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies Country 

Unknown

181

Thrips sp. Dominican Republic, Iran, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Turkey 57

Thrips tabaci Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Panama, Serbia, Spain

30

Thyanta perditor Dominican Republic 1

Thyanta sp. Mexico 1

Thylodrias contractus Mexico 1

Thysanoptera spp. Guam, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Northern 

Mariana Islands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the 

Grenadines, Thailand

17

Thysanura spp. Mexico 1

Tineidae spp. India, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Yugoslavia 7

Tingidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica 2

Tipulidae spp. Canada 1

Tomarus sp. Mexico 8

Tomolips sp. Netherlands 1

Tortricidae spp. Africa Country Unknown, Argentina, Armenia, Azores, 

Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, 

Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, 

Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, 

Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, 

Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South

America Country Unkown, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam

330

Tortricinae spp. Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, 

South Korea, Spain, St. Lucia, Unknown, Venezuela

329
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 81

Pest Intercepted Country Total

Tospovirus tomato spotted 

wilt virus

Dominican Republic 1

Trachyderes mandibularis Mexico 1

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Cuba, Unknown 2

Tribolium castaneum Africa Country Unknown, China, Germany, Guinea, Mexico 5

Tribolium sp. Egypt, India, Mexico, Peru, Saudi Arabia 8

Trichobaris compacta Mexico 1

Trichobaris mucorea Mexico 1

Trichoplusia ni Mexico, Netherlands 2

Trichoptera spp. Dominican Republic, Netherlands 2

Tricorynus sp. Mexico 1

Trifolium sp. India 1

Trigonella foenum-graecum India 1

Trimerotropis pallidipennis Mexico 1

Trioza sp. Mexico 13

Triozidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico 2856

Trogoderma granarium Iran 1

Trogoderma sp. China, Mexico, Morocco, Unknown 4

Trogoderma sp. Saudi Arabia 1

Trombidiinae spp. Jamaica 1

Trombidium sp. Mexico 1

Tychius cuprifer Mexico 1

Typhaea stercorea Israel, Netherlands 2

Typhlocybinae spp. Mexico, Netherlands 5

Typhlodromus sp. Israel 1

Typophorus sp. Mexico 1

Tyrophagus putrescentiae Belgium, Dominican Republic, Mexico 4

Udea sp. Algeria, Netherlands 2

Udea testacea Netherlands 1

Uleiota debilis Canada 1

Ulidiidae spp. Cameroon, Canada, Guyana, Jamaica, Peru 7

Ulus sp. Mexico 1

Utetheisa ornatrix Mexico 1

Veliidae spp. Netherlands 1

Veronicella cubensis Dominica 2

Veronicella sloanii Jamaica 1

Veronicella sp. Dominica, Puerto Rico 6

Veronicellidae spp. Dominican Republic, Jamaica 2

Verticillium sp. Netherlands 1

Vespidae spp. Canada, Mexico 2

Winnertzia sp. Netherlands 1

Xanthochilus saturnius Greece 1

Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mexico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tortola 4
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 82

Pest Intercepted Country Total

vesicatoria

Xanthomonas vesicatoria Mexico 1

Xenotarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic 1

Xerophloea sp. Mexico 1

Xerotricha conspurcata Greece, Italy 2

Xestia sp. Spain 1

Xestocephalus sp. Mexico 1

Xyleborus ferrugineus Dominican Republic 1

Xyleborus intrusus Honduras 1

Xyleborus volvulus Honduras 1

Xylodiplosis sp. Ghana 1

Xylomeira torquata Mexico 1

Xyonysius sp. Mexico 1

Zabrotes sp. Mexico 1

Zachrysia auricoma Puerto Rico 2

Zachrysia sp. Dominican Republic 1

Zercoseius sp. Netherlands 1

Zonitoides arboreus Dominican Republic, Netherlands 4

Zygogramma sp. Mexico 2

Grand Total 27,807
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 83

Appendix B. Quarantine pests reported on Capsicum spp. (in any country) and present in Peru

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

ARTHROPODS

Aleurodicus dispersus 

Russell

Hemiptera: 

Aleyrodidae

C. annuum, Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2011); C. 

frutescens (EcoPort, 

2008)

PE (CABI, 2010; 

EcoPort, 2008; EPPO, 

2007); US [(FL, HI) 

CABI, 2010, EcoPort, 

2008; EPPO, 2007]

L (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 

2011)

Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: 

Tephritidae

C. annuum (Castañeda et 

al., 2010; MAG, 1986a; 

RFDS, 1994); C. 

frutescens ((MAG, 

1986a; RFDS, 1994;

Rogg, 2000)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

ND-a)

F (Castañeda 

et al., 2010; 

RFDS, 1994; 

Rogg, 2000)

Aphis nerii Boyer de 

Fonscolombe

Hemiptera: 

Aphididae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010); US 

(CA, HI, IL) (CABI, 

2010)

L (CABI, 

2010)

Ceratitis capitata 

(Wiedemann)

Diptera: 

Tephritidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010; PestID, 2011; 

Prado, 1991; Thomas et 

al., 2001); C. baccatum

(Thomas et al., 2001); C. 

frutescens (CABI, 2010; 

Thomas et al., 2001)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; SENASA, 2009)

F (CABI, 

2010; 

SENASA, 

2009; Thomas

et al., 2001)

Diabrotica speciosa 

(Germar)

Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007)

L (MAG, 

1986b)

Liriomyza huidobrensis 

(Blanchard)

Diptera: 

Agromyzidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, ND-b; 

Prado, 1991; Steck, 

1999)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

ND-b; EPPO, 2007); US 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; (CA, 

HI) CABI, 2010)

L 

(Kharizanova 

and Pavlov, 

2007)

Geococcus coffeae 

Green

Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae

C. annuum (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011); US (CA, FL) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2011)

R (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

Neoleucinodes 

elegantalis (Guenée)

Lepidoptera: 

Crambidae

C. annuum (PestID, 

2011; Robinson et al., 

2007); C. frutescens 

(Rogg, 2000); Capsicum 

sp. (PestID, 2011)

PE (Anteparra et al., 

2010)

F (Marcano, 

1991a; PestID, 

2011); L 

(PestID, 2011)

Neosilba batesi (Curran) Diptera: 

Lonchaeidae

Capsicum sp. 

(SENASA, 2009)

PE (SENASA, 2009) F (SENASA, 

2009)

Neosilba pendula Bezzi 

Syn. Silba pendula

(Bez.)

Diptera: 

Lonchaeidae

C. annuum (Prado, 

1991)

PE (Maes and Norrbom, 

2011; SENASA, 2004)

F (SENASA, 

2004)

Opogona sacchari Bojer Lepidoptera: 

Tineidae

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007); US (FL, HI) 

(Arnett Jr., 2000; CABI, 

2010)

L, S (CABI, 

2010)
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Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 84

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

Prodiplosis longifila 

Gagné

Diptera: 

Cecidomyiidae

Capsicum sp. 

(SENASA, 2009; 

Valarezo et al., 2003)

PE (SENASA, 2009; 

SENASA, 2004); US 

(FL) (Peña et al., 1989)

F, L (Valarezo

et al., 2003)

Praelongorthezia 

praelonga Gouglas 

Syn. Orthezia 

praelonga Douglas

Hemiptera: 

Ortheziidae

Capsicum sp. (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2011; PestID, 

2011)

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011)

L (Culik et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2011)

Pseudoleucania bilitura 

Guenée 

Syn. Agrotis bilitura 

Guenée

Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae

C. annuum (Diaz and 

Ternero, 2002)

PE (Diaz and Ternero, 

2002)

Sd (Diaz and 

Ternero, 2002)

Spodoptera ochrea 

Hampson

Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae

Capsicum sp. 

(SENASA, 2004)

PE (SENASA, 2004; 

Universidad La Molina, 

2000)

F, L (Diaz 

Silva, ND)

Symmetrischema 

capsicivorum Povolny

Lepidoptera: 

Gelechiidae

C. annuum (Robinson et 

al., 2007)

PE (Robinson et al., 

2007; Vargas and Meza, 

2002)

L, R (Vargas 

and Meza, 

2002)

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny Syn. 

Scrobipalpuloides 

absoluta (Meyrick) 

Povolny 

Lepidoptera: 

Gelechiidae

Capsicum sp. (CABI, 

2010; SENASA, 2009) 

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; SENASA, 2009)

F (not 

associated with 

pepper fruit), 

L, S (EPPO, 

2006)

MOLLUSKS

Diplosolenodes 

occidentale 

(Guilding)

Mollusca: 

Veronicellidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010; Gonzalez, 2005)

PE (Gonzalez, 2005) F, L 

(Gonzalez, 

2005)

NEMATODES

Meloidogyne exigua 

Goeldi 

Nematoda: 

Meloidogynidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007)

R, S (CABI, 

2010)

Nacobbus aberrans 

(Thorne) Thorne & 

Allen 

Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)

[PE]4(CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2010)

L, R (CABI, 

2010)

Radopholus similis 

(Cobb) Thorne 

Nematoda: 

Pratylenchidae

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens (Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 2011)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007); US (FL, HI, LA, 

TX) (CABI, 2010; 

EPPO, 2007)

R (CABI, 

2010)

FUNGI 

Mycena citricolor 

(Berk. & Curtis) Sacc.

Agaricomycetes 

Agaricales

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens, C. baccatum 

(Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; Farr and Rossman, 

2011); US (FL) (CABI, 

2010)

L (Wellmann 

1977)
Pest Risk Assessment for Peppers from Peru

Ver. 3 June 26, 2012 85

Pest Scientific Name Taxonomy Reported on Capsicum 

spp.

US and Peru 

Distribution

Plant part(s) 

assoc.

Puccinia pampeana 

(Speg.) 

Syn. P. capsici 

Mayor; P. paulensis 

Rangel 

Alternate state: 

Endophyllum 

pampeanum (Speg.) 

J.C. Lindq

Pucciniomycetes

: Pucciniales

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens (Buriticá, 

1999; Farr and Rossman, 

2011; Tamayo and 

Jaramillo, 2006); C.

baccatum (Buriticá, 

1999; Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

PE (Figueiredo, 2000; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

F, L, S, 

(Figueiredo et 

al., 1987); L, 

S, Sh (Tamayo 

and Jaramillo, 

2006)

Rosellinia bunodes 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Sacc.

Sordariomycetes

: Xylariales

C. annuum, C. 

frutescens, C. baccatum

(Wellman, 1977)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

2007; Farr and Rossman, 

2011); [US (NY) (CABI, 

2010; EPPO, 2007)]

R, S (Farr and 

Rossman, 

2011)

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS

Ralstonia solanacearum 

(Smith) Yabuuchi

race 3 biovar 2

Bacteria: 

Ralstoniaceae

C. annuum (EPPO, NDd); Capsicum sp. 

(Williams-Woodward, 

2003)

PE (CABI, 2010; EPPO, 

ND-d)

F, L, R, S 

(CSREES, 

2008

WilliamsWoodward, 

2003)

VIRUSES and VIROIDS

Peru tomato potyvirus 

PTV

Potyviridae: 

Potyvirus

C. annuum (CABI, 

2010)

PE (CABI, 2010) L (Fernandez 

and Fulton, 

1980)