### IN THE CO URT OF CR IMINAL APPEALS OF T ENN ESSEE

AT KNOX VILLE

Ass ig ne d o n B rie fs Aug us t 2 4, 2 01 0

STATE OF TENNESS EE v . JAMES PARKER, ak a “ SELF”

D i r e c t A p p e a l f

r o m t h e C r i m i n a l C o u r t f o r S u l l i v a n C o u n t y

N o

. S 5 1

, 0 9 9 R o b e r t H

. M o n t g o m e r y , J u d g e

N o

. E 2 0 0 9

- 0 2 3 5 3

- C C A

- R 3

- C D

- F i l e d N o v e m b e r 2 3

, 2 0 1 0

T h e d ef en d an t, Jam es P ark er

, ak a “S elf ,” w as co n v icted b y a S u lliv an C o u n ty C rim in al

C o u rt j u ry o f sale o f less th an 0 .5 g ram s o f co cain e, a C lass C f elo n y ; d eliv ery o f less th an

0 .5 g ram s o f co cain e, a C lass C f elo n y ; p o ssessio n o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w ith

in ten t to sell o r d eliv er, a C l a s s B f elo n y ; sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e, a C lass B

f elo n y ; d eliv ery o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e, a C lass B f elo n y ; sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re

o f co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f

eet o f a sch o o l, a C lass A f elo n y ; an d d eliv ery o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re

o f co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f eet o f a sch o o l, a C lass A f elo n y

. T h e altern ate d eliv er y c o u n ts

m erg ed in to th e sale co u n ts, an d th e trial co u rt sen ten ced th e d ef en d an t to six y ears f

o r sale

o f less th an 0 .5 g ram s o f co cain e, eig h t y ears f o r p o ssessio n o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e

w ith in ten t to sell o r d eliv er, eig h t y ears f o r sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e, an d

tw en ty -f iv e y ears f

o r sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f eet o f a sch o o l. T h e

co u rt o rd ered th at th e tw en ty -f iv e-y ear s en ten ce b e serv ed co n secu tiv ely to th e o th er

sen ten ces, w h ich w ere to b e serv ed co n cu rren tly

, f o r an ef f ectiv e term o f th irty -th ree y ears

in th e D ep artm en t o f C o rrectio n

. O n ap p eal, th e d ef en d an t ch allen g es th e su f

f icien cy o f th e

ev id en ce an d th e sen ten ces imp o s ed b y th e trial co u rt. A f ter rev iew

, w e af

f irm th e

j u d g m en ts o f th e tria l c o u r t

. H o w ev er, th e j u d g m en t in co u n t sev en in co rrectly id en tif ies

th e d ef en d an t’s co n v ictio n f

o r d eliv ery o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f eet o f

a sch o o l as a C lass B f

elo n y ; th eref

o re, w e rem an d f

o r en try o f a co rrected j u d g m en t.

T e n n

. R

. A p p

. P

. 3 A p p e a l a s o f R i g h t ; J u d g m e n t s o f t h e C r i m i n a l C o u r t A f f i r m e d

a n d R e m a n d e d f

o r E n t r y o f C o r r e c t e d J u d g m e n t

A LA N E

. G LE N N

, J

. , d e l i v e r e d t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t

, i n w h i c h J O S E P H M

. T IP T O N

, P

. J

. , a n d

T H O M A S T

. W O O D A LL

, J

. , j o i n e d

.

S t e p h e n M

. W a l l a c e

, D i s t r i c t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r ; R i c h a r d A

. T a t e

, A s s i s t a n t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r

( o n a p p e a l ) ; a n d B r a d S p r o l e s

, K i n g s p o r t

, T e n n e s s e e ( a t t r i a l )

, f o r t h e a p p e l l a n t

, J a m e s

P a r k e r

, a k a “ S e l f

. ”R o b e r t E

. C o o p e r

, J r

. , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l a n d R e p o r t e r ; B r e n t C

. C h e r r y

, S e n i o r C o u n s e l ; H

.

G r e e l e y W e l l s

, J r

. , D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ; a n d J a c k L e w i s C o m b s

, J r

. a n d T e r e s a A

.

N e l s o n

, A s s i s t a n t D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y s G e n e r a l

, f o r t h e a p p e l l e e

, S t a t e o f T e n n e s s e e

.

O P I N I O N

F A C T S

T h is case arises o u t o f th ree co n tro lled d ru g tran sactio n s th at to o k p lace o n F eb ru ary

2

, M arch 1 1

, an d A p ril 1 9

, 2 0 0 5

, b etw een an u n d erco v er p o lice o f f icer, a c o n f

i d e n tial

in f o rm an t, an d th e d ef

en d an t in K in g sp o rt.

A t trial, O f

f icer M ark Jo h n so n w ith th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at

in 2 0 0 5

, h e w as w o rk in g in th e d ep artm en t’s V ice U n it. A s p art o f a d ru g erad icatio n ef f o rt,

O f f icer Jo h n so n w o u ld “b e g iv en a s u m o f m o n ey

, [ h e w o u ld ] g o o u t an d try to p u rch ase

co cain e o r p ills o r w h atev er [ h e] co u ld f ro m p eo p le in th e K in g sp o rt area.” O f f icer Jo h n so n

p artn ered w ith a co n f

id en tial in f

o rm an t.

O n F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5

, O f f icer Jo h n s o n w a s e q u ip p ed w ith a b o d y w ire an d v id eo

reco rd in g d ev ice; g iv en a su m o f p rev io u sly p h o to co p ied m o n ey ; an d m et w ith th e in f o rm an t

w h o b eliev ed th at O f

f icer Jo h n so n w as also a co n f id en tial in f

o rm an t. O f

f icer Jo h n so n an d

th e in f o rm an t th en emb ark ed to f in d so m eo n e f

ro m w h o m to p u rch ase d ru g s. O f f icer

Jo h n so n n o ted th at o th er o f f i c ers search ed b o th h im an d th e in f o rm an t an d th eir v eh icle

b ef o re th ey lef t an d u p o n th eir retu rn

.

O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e in f

o rm an t d r o v e to th e R iv erv iew co m m u n ity w h ere th ey

en co u n tered th e d ef

en d an t. O f

f icer Jo h n so n to ld th e d ef

en d an t, “I w an t 4 0 ,” w h ich w as th e

ap p ro p riate w ay to in d icate th at h e w an ted to p u rch ase $ 4 0 o f crack co cain e. A f ter so m e

d iscu ssio n

, th e d ef

en d an t g av e O f

f icer Jo h n so n an am o u n t o f crack co cain e o u t o f a b ag

. Wh en O f f icer Jo h n so n ask ed f

o r m o re, th e d ef

en d an t g av e h im so m e m o re f ro m th e sam e

b ag

. O f f icer Jo h n so n saw th e b ag an d e s t i ma t e d th at h e receiv ed ab o u t o n e-f o u rth o f th e

to tal co n ten ts o f th e b ag

. D u rin g th e en co u n ter, O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e d ef

e n d a n t w ere

“f ace to f ace,” less th an eig h t in ch es ap ar t

, a n d O f f i cer Jo h n so n w as ab le to see th e

d ef en d an t’s en tire f

ace. In co u rt, O f

f icer Jo h n so n id en tif

ied th e d ef

en d an t as th e p erso n w h o

so ld h im th e d ru g s.

O f f icer Jo h n so n testif

ied th at af

ter th ey m ad e th e p u rch ase, h e an d th e in f o rma n t

retu rn ed to th e secu re lo catio n w h ere th ey tu rn ed o v er th e d ru g s to O f f icer S ean C h am

b ers.

A v id eo reco rd in g o f th e F eb ru ary 2 tran sactio n w as p lay ed f o r th e j u ry

. T h e d ay af

ter th e

tran sactio n

, D etectiv e C lif f F erg u so n h ad O f

f icer Jo h n so n v iew a p h o to g rap h ic lin eu p o f six

-2-in d iv id u als f ro m w h ich O f

f icer Jo h n so n id en tif

ied th e d ef

en d an t as th e p erso n w h o so ld h im

th e d ru g s.

O f f icer Jo h n so n testif

ied th at o n M arch 1 1

, 2 0 0 5

, af ter b ein g eq u ip p ed as b ef

o re, h e

an d th e in f

o rm an t set o u t to m ak e an u n d erco v er d ru g b u y an d ag ain m ad e co n tact w ith th e

d ef en d an t. O f

f icer Jo h n so n b o u g h t $ 1 0 0 w o rth o f crack co cain e f ro m th e d e f

e n d an t an d

retu rn ed to th e secu re lo catio n w h ere h e tu rn ed th e d ru g s o v er to O f f icer C h am

b ers. D u rin g

t h e t r a n s a ctio n

, th e d ef

en d an t sto o d at th e p assen g er sid e w in d o w o f th e v eh icle O f f ice r

Jo h n so n w as d riv in g

, so th ey w ere ap p ro x im ately f o u r f eet ap art. In co u rt, O f

f icer Jo h n so n

id en tif ied th e d ef

en d an t as th e p erso n w h o so ld h im th e d ru g s. A v id eo reco rd i n g o f th e

M arch 1 1 tran sactio n w as p lay ed f o r th e j u ry

. O f

f icer Jo h n so n said th at D etectiv e F erg u so n

sh o w ed h im a p h o to g rap h ic lin eu p th e sam e d ay o f th e tran sactio n f ro m w h ich h e id en tif

ied

th e d ef en d an t as th e p erso n w h o so ld h im th e d ru g s.

O f f icer Jo h n so n t e s t i f

i e d t h at o n A p ril 1 9

, 2 0 0 5

, h e w as eq u ip p ed as o n th e o th er

o ccasio n s, an d h e an d th e in f o rm an t en co u n tered th e d ef en d an t at a p re-arran g ed lo catio n

, M &M M ark et, w h ich w as o n th e co rn er o f E ast C en ter S treet an d E astm an R o ad

, acro ss th e

street f ro m th e D o b y

n s-B en n ett H ig h S ch o o l co m p lex

. O n th is o ccasio n

, th e d ef en d an t

sto o d at th e p assen g er sid e w in d o w an d d i r e c t e d th e in f o rm an t to g et o u t o f th e car an d

retriev e a p lastic b ag o f crack co cain e f ro m u n d er a p ack o f cig arettes in th e cen ter co n so le

o f t h e d ef

en d an t’s car. Wh en th e in f o rm an t retu rn ed

, h e g av e th e p ack ag e to O f f ice r

Jo h n so n

, an d O f

f icer Jo h n so n g av e th e d ef en d an t $ 1 0 0

. O f

f icer Jo h n so n an d th e in f

o rm an t

retu rn ed to th e secu re lo catio n w h ere O f f icer Jo h n so n tu rn ed th e d ru g s o v er t o O f f i c er

C h am b ers. A v id eo reco rd in g o f th e A p ril 1 9 tran sactio n w as p lay ed f o r th e j u ry

.

On c r o ss-ex am in atio n

, O f f icer Jo h n so n testif

ied th at h e h ad n o t h ad an y d ealin g s w i t h

th e d e f e n d a n t p r io r to th e F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5 tran sactio n

, n o r h ad h e h ad an y d ealin g s w ith

an y o n e w ith a street n am e o r n i c k n a me o f “S elf .” O f f icer Jo h n so n ack n o w led g ed th at

b etw een F eb ru ary an d A p ril 2 0 0 5

, h e w as in v o lv ed in ap p ro x im ately 1 0 0 u n d erco v er d ru g

tran sactio n s in v o lv in g sev eral d if f eren t sellers.

C o rp o ral K ev in K elly w ith th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at h e w as

assig n ed to th e P ro p erty an d E v id en ce U n it an d , as su ch , w as resp o n sib le f o r tran sp o rtin g

ev id en ce to an d f

ro m th e T en n essee B u reau o f I n v e s t ig atio n (“T B I”) lab in K n o x v ille f o r

an aly sis. C o rp o ral K elly id en tif ied an en v elo p e o f ev id en ce th at h e p ack ag ed an d sealed o n

F eb ru ary 4

, 2 0 0 5

. H e tran sp o rted th e en v elo p e to th e T B I lab an d recei v e d it b ack

. C o rp o ral K elly id en tif

ied an en v elo p e o f ev id en ce th at h e p ack ag ed an d sealed o n M arch 1 7

, 2 0 0 5

. H e tran sp o rted th e en v elo p e to th e T B I lab an d receiv ed it b ack

. C o rp o ral K elly also

id en tif ied an en v elo p e o f ev id en ce h e p ack ag ed o n A p ril 2 2

, 2 0 0 5

. H o w ev er, th at en v elo p e

w as tran sp o rted to th e T B I lab b y S erg ean t D av id M o o re w i t h t h e K in g sp o rt P o lice

-3-D ep artm en t, an d C o rp o ral K elly lo g g ed it in to ev id en ce w h en it w as receiv ed b ack

.

S erg ean t M o o re testif

ied th at h e “b ack e d u p ” C o rp o ral K elly in th e ev id en ce ro o m

in 2 0 0 5

. H e ex p lain ed th at h e essen tially f u n ctio n ed as a co u rier, tak in g ev id en ce to th e T B I

lab in K n o x v ille, an d w as n o t in v o lv ed in th e p ack ag in g o f ev id en ce.

Jak e Wh ite, G eo g rap h ic In f o rm atio n S y stem s (“G IS ”) M an ag er f o r th e C ity o f

K in g sp o rt, w as accep ted as an ex p ert in c a r t o g r ap h y

. Wh ite testif ied th at h e w as f

am iliar

w ith th e statew id e G IS b ase m ap p in g p ro g ram an d

, u sin g th at p ro g ram

, g en erated a m ap o f

sp ecif ic areas o f S u lliv an C o u n ty

. Wh ite stated th at E x h ib it 3

, a m ap p rep ared b y so m eo n e

in h is o f f ice, sh o w ed a red b o u n d ary lin e aro u n d th e p ro p erty o f D o b y n s-B en n ett H ig h

S ch o o l an d a sh ad ed red area sh o w in g a 1 0 0 0

- f e et b u f f er aro u n d th e D o b y

n s-B en n ett

p ro p erty

. Wh ite testif

ied th at M &M M ark et, lo cated at 1 5 7 1 N o rth E astm an R o ad

, w as

id en tif ied o n th e m ap w ith a b o ld y ello w lin e an d a “p u ll o u t b o x .” Wh ite stated th at b ased

o n h is ex p ertise an d train in g

, it w as h is o p in io n th at M &M M ark et w as lo cated w ith in 1 0 0 0

f eet o f th e real p ro p erty

o f D o b y n s-B en n ett H ig h S ch o o l.

T y ler F lem in g

, D irecto r o f S tu d en t S erv ices f o r th e K in g sp o rt C ity S ch o o ls, testif ied

th at h e w as f

am iliar w ith all th e city sch o o ls in th e C ity o f K in g sp o rt an d th at D o b y n s

B en n ett H ig h S ch o o l w as an o p eratin g p u b lic seco n d ary sch o o l in th e m o n th s o f F eb ru ary

, M arch

, an d A p ril 2 0 0 5

. F lem in g id en t i f i ed o n th e m ap

, E x h ib it 3

, th e areas co n sistin g o f

sch o o l p ro p erty

in A p ril 2 0 0 5

.

D etectiv e C lif

f F erg u so n w ith th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t V ice U n it testif ied

th at O f f icer Jo h n so n

, th e co n f

id en tial in f

o rm an t, an d th eir v eh icle w ere all search ed b ef o re

leav in g to m ak e a d ru g p u rch ase. O f f icer Jo h n so n w as also o u tf itted w ith a b o d y w ire an d

v id eo reco rd in g d ev ice. O n F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5

, O f f icer Jo h n so n an d an in f

o rm an t w ere sen t

to th e R iv erv iew area o f K in g sp o rt “to p u r c h a s e n a r c o t i cs o f f o f an y b o d y o n th e street.”

D etectiv e F erg u so n w as n o t ab le to v isu ally w itn ess th e tran sactio n , b u t h e listen ed o n th e

b o d y w i r e

. T h e n ex t d ay

, D etectiv e F erg u so n w atch ed th e v id eo o f th e tran sactio n an d

reco g n ized th e d ef

en d an t as th e seller. D etectiv e F erg u so n h ad co m e in to co n tact w ith th e

d ef en d an t “a lo t in th e p ast

. . . 1 2 o r 1 3 y ears.” D etectiv e F erg u so n p rep ared a p h o to g rap h ic

lin eu p

, w h ich h e sh o w ed to O f f icer Jo h n so n an d O f

f icer Jo h n so n m ad e an id en tif icatio n

.

D etectiv e F erg u so n testif ied th a t o n M arch 1 1

, 2 0 0 5

, O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e

in f o rm an t w ere d riv in g o n S ev ier S treet w h en th e in f o rm an t relay ed o v er th e w ire th at th ey

saw th e in d iv id u al th ey h ad p u rch ased co cain e f r o m o n F eb ru ary 2

. D etectiv e F erg u so n

in f o rm ed th em to g o b ack an d attem p t to m ak e an o th er p u rch ase f r o m t h e in d iv id u al.

O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e in f

o rm an t th en m et w ith th e d ef en d an t at th e co rn er o f O ak S treet

an d E ast S ev ier S treet. D etectiv e F erg u so n w as “q u ite th e d istan ce aw ay ” f ro m th e m eetin g

-4-sp o t, b u t h e w as f am iliar w ith th e ty

p e an d co lo r o f v eh icle th e d ef en d an t d ro v e an d saw it

f ro m “a d istan ce aw ay .” H e co u ld n o t m ak e o u t th e seller’s f ace b u t said th at “[ i] t ap p eared

to b e th e sam e statu re” as th e d ef en d an t. D etectiv e F erg u so n o b serv ed th e seller ap p ro ach

th e p assen g er sid e o f O f

f icer Jo h n so n ’s v eh icle an d h eard th e co n v ersatio n o n th e w ire. T h e

seller th en retu rn ed to h is v eh icle, an d O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e in f

o rm an t so o n th ereaf

ter m et

w ith th e o th er o f

f icers an d tu rn ed o v er th e crack co c a i n e

. D e t e c tiv e F erg u so n stated th at

au d io an d v id eo reco rd in g s w ere tak en o f th e tran sactio n . T h e sam e d ay

, O f f icer Jo h n so n

rev iew ed an o th er p h o to g rap h ic lin eu p f ro m w h ich h e id en tif

ied th e d ef

en d an t.

D etectiv e F erg u so n t e s t i f i ed th at p rio r to th e tran sactio n o n A p ril 1 9

, 2 0 0 5

, h e h ad

th e in f o rm an t call th e d ef

en d an t an d p rearran g e a d eal o v er th e p h o n e. T h ey ag reed to m eet

at M &M M ark et at th e in tersectio n o f N o rth E astm an R o ad an d E ast C en ter S treet, d irectly

acro ss th e street f

ro m th e D o b y

n s-B en n ett H ig h S ch o o l ten n is co u rts. D etectiv e F erg u so n

w as at a n earb y lo catio n an d o b serv ed th e d ef en d an t’s v eh icle p ark ed o n th e n o rth sid e o f

th e b u ild in g

. D etectiv e F erg u so n s a w t h e d ef en d an t w alk o u t o f th e m ark et to w ard h is

v eh icle. D etectiv e F erg u so n said th at h e w as clo se en o u g h to see th e d ef en d an t’s f ace an d

id en tif ied h im in co u rt. Wh en th e d ef en d an t ex ited th e m ark et, O f f icer Jo h n so n an d th e

in f o rm an t, w h o w ere p ark ed o n th e so u th sid e o f th e b u ild in g

, d ro v e to th e n o rth sid e o f th e

b u ild in g w h ere th e d ef

en d an t’s v eh icle w as p ark ed

. T h e tran sactio n to o k p lace o u tsid e o f

D etectiv e F erg u so n ’s lin e o f sig h t, b u t h e h eard th e tran sactio n o v er th e au d io w ire.

O n cro ss-ex am in atio n

, D etectiv e F erg u so n ack n o w led g ed th at h e d id n o t k n o w if th e

d ef en d an t h ad a street n a me

. H e testif ied reg ard in g telep h o n e co n v ersatio n s p rio r to th e

M arch 1 1 tran sactio n th at h e co u ld o n ly h ear th e in f o rm an t’s en d o f th e co n v ersatio n w ith

th e seller, d u rin g w h ich th e in f o rm an t ref

erred to th e seller as “S elf .” D etectiv e F erg u so n

sta t e d t h a t h e w a s to o f

ar aw ay to see th e seller’s f ace d u rin g th e M arch 1 1 tran sactio n

. H o w ev er, h e co u ld id e n t i f y t h e seller’s v eh icle b u t w as n o t ab le to g et a licen se p late

n u m b er.

O f f icer S ean C h am

b ers w ith th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at h is m ain

ro le in th e case w as to retriev e th e ev id en ce f ro m O f f icer Jo h n so n af

ter th e p u rch ases w ere

m ad e, tak e it to th e ev i d e n c e r o o m

, an d co m p lete th e n ecessary p ap erw o rk

. O f f icer

C h am b ers stated th at h e w as at th e p red eterm in ed lo catio n f o r th e search o f O f

f icer Jo h n so n

b ef o re an d af ter th e F eb ru ary 2 tran sactio n

, an d th e p ro p er p ro ced u res w ere f o llo w ed

. A f

ter

th e tran sactio n

, h e o b tain ed f ro m O f f icer Jo h n so n a “tan su b stan c e t h a t w a s w rap p ed in

n o th in g an d it [ w as] a lo t o f cru m b s o n th at d ate.” H e id en tif ied E x h ib it 1 2 as th e su b stan ce

h e retriev ed f

ro m O f f icer Jo h n so n

. O f

f icer C h am

b ers f ield -tested th e su b stan ce, an d it w as

p o sitiv e f o r th e p resen ce o f co cain e. H e ex p lain ed h o w h e p ack ag ed an d sealed th e co n ten ts

in an en v elo p e an d p laced th e su b stan ce in to ev id en ce at th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t.

-5-O f

f icer C h am

b ers testif

ied th at a sim ilar p ro ced u re to o k p lace w ith reg ard to th e

M arch 1 1 tran sactio n

. H e w as ab le to o b serv e “a p o rtio n o f w h at w as g o in g o n ” b u t co u ld

n o t id en tif

y an y o n e. H e h eard th e tran sactio n o v er th e w ire as it tran sp ired

. A f terw ard s, h e

to o k in to cu sto d y f

ro m O f f icer Jo h n so n a p lastic b ag th at co n tain ed a tan -co lo red su b stan ce,

id en tif ied as E x h ib it 1 3

. A g ain

, O f f i c e r C h am

b ers f ield -tested th e su b stan ce, an d it w as

p o sitiv e f o r th e p resen ce o f co cain e. H e th en p ack ag ed an d sealed th e su b stan ce an d p laced

it in to ev id en ce at th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t.

O f f icer C h am

b ers testif ied th at a sim ilar p ro ced u re to o k p lace w i t h reg ard to th e A p ril

1 9 tran sactio n

. O f

f icer C h am

b ers w as p resen t d u rin g th e su rv eillan ce an d m o n ito rin g o f th e

tran sactio n an d w as ab le to g et th e licen se p late n u m b er, Q C T 5 3 7

, f

r o m th e su sp ect’s

v eh icle. T h e reg istratio n listed th e d ef en d an t as th e o w n er o f a v eh icl e w i t h th at licen se

p late n u m

b er. A f ter th e tran sacti o n w as co m p lete, O f f icer C h am

b ers to o k a su b stan ce,

id en tif ied as E x h ib it 1 4

, in to cu sto d y f ro m O f f icer Jo h n so n

. A g ain

, O f

f icer C h am

b ers f ield

tested th e su b stan ce, an d it w as p o sitiv e f o r th e p resen ce o f co cain e. H e th en p ack ag ed an d

sealed th e su b stan ce an d p laced it in to ev id en ce at th e K in g sp o rt P o lice D ep artm en t.

S p ecial A g en t Jaco b Wh ite, a f o ren sic scien tist w ith th e T B I C rim e L ab in K n o x v ille,

w as accep ted as an ex p ert in th e f ield o f d ru g id en tif

icatio n

. A g en t Wh ite testif ied th at h e

an aly zed th e su b stan ce in E x h ib it 1 2 in F eb ru ary 2 0 0 5 an d d eterm in ed th at it w eig h ed 0 .3

g ram s an d co n tain ed co cain e b ase.

S p ecial A g en t C lay

to n H all w ith th e F o ren sic C h em istry U n it o f th e T B I C rim e L ab

in K n o x v ille w as accep ted as an ex p ert in th e f ield o f d ru g id en tif

icat i o n

. A g en t H all

testif ied th at h e an aly

zed th e su b stan ce in E x h ib it 1 3 in M arch 2 0 0 5 an d d eterm in ed th at it

w eig h ed 0 .7 g ram s an d co n tain ed co cain e b ase.

S p ecial A g en t C eleste Wh ite, a f o r e n s i c s cien tist w ith th e T B I C rim e L ab in

K n o x v ille, w as accep ted as an ex p ert in th e f ield o f d ru g id en tif

icatio n

. A g e n t Wh ite

testif ied th at sh e an aly

zed th e su b stan ce in E x h ib it 1 4 in A p ril 2 0 0 5 an d d eterm in ed th at it

w eig h ed 0 .5 g ram s an d co n tain ed co cain e b ase.

A f ter th e co n clu sio n o f th e p ro o f

, th e j u ry co n v icted th e d ef en d an t, as ch arg ed

, o f th e

F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5 sale o f less th an 0 .5 g ram s o f co cain e; th e F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5 d eliv ery o f less

th an 0 .5 g ram s o f co cain e; th e F eb ru ary 2

, 2 0 0 5 p o ssessio n o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e

w ith in ten t to sell o r d eliv er; th e M arch 1 1

, 2 0 0 5 sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e; th e

M arch 1 1

, 2 0 0 5 d eliv ery o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e; th e A p ril 1 9

, 2 0 0 5 sale o f 0 .5

g ram s o r m o re o f

co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f

eet o f a sch o o l; an d th e A p ril 1 9 , 2 0 0 5 d eliv ery o f

0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f

co cain e w ith in 1 0 0 0 f

eet o f a sch o o l.

-6-A N A L Y S IS

I. S u f f icien cy o f

th e E v id en ce

T h e d e f e n d a n t a r g u e s t h a t t h e j u r y v e r d i c t w a s c o n t r a r y t o t h e l a w a n d t h e e v i d e n c e

,

t h e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o s u s t a i n h i s c o n v i c t i o n s

, a n d t h e e v i d e n c e a t t h e t r i a l

p r e p o n d e r a t e s a g a i n s t t h e g u i l t o f t h e d e f e n d a n t i n f

a v o r o f h i s i n n o c e n c e

. T h e s e c h a l l e n g e s

a r e e s s e n t i a l l y a s i n g u l a r c h a l l e n g e t o t h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g e v i d e n c e

. I n

c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s i s s u e

, w e a p p l y t h e r u l e t h a t w h e r e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g e v i d e n c e

i s c h a l l e n g e d

, t h e r e l e v a n t q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v i e w i n g c o u r t i s “ w h e t h e r

, a f t e r v i e w i n g t h e

e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e p r o s e c u t i o n

, a n y r a t i o n a l t r i e r o f f a c t c o u l d h a v e

f o u n d t h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” J a c k s o n v

. V i r g i n i a

,

4 4 3 U

. S

. 3 0 7

, 3 1 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; s e e a l s o T e n n

. R

. A p p

. P

. 1 3 ( e ) ( “ F i n d i n g s o f g u i l t i n c r i m i n a l

a c t i o n s w h e t h e r b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t o r j u r y s h a l l b e s e t a s i d e i f t h e e v i d e n c e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o

s u p p o r t t h e f

i n d i n g s b y t h e t r i e r o f f

a c t o f g u i l t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” ) ; S t a t e v

. E v a n s

,

8 3 8 S

. W

. 2 d 1 8 5

, 1 9 0

- 9 2 ( T e n n

. 1 9 9 2 ) ; S t a t e v

. A n d e r s o n

, 8 3 5 S

. W

. 2 d 6 0 0

, 6 0 4 ( T e n n

. C r i m

.

A p p

. 1 9 9 2 )

. T h e s a m e s t a n d a r d a p p l i e s w h e t h e r t h e f i n d i n g o f g u i l t i s p r e d i c a t e d u p o n d i r e c t

e v i d e n c e

, c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e

, o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f d i r e c t a n d c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e

.

S t a t e v

. M a t t h e w s

, 8 0 5 S

. W

. 2 d 7 7 6

, 7 7 9 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 0 )

.

A l l q u e s t i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e c r e d i b i l i t y o f w i t n e s s e s

, t h e w e i g h t a n d v a l u e t o b e g i v e n

t h e e v i d e n c e

, a n d a l l f

a c t u a l i s s u e s a r e r e s o l v e d b y t h e t r i e r o f f a c t

. S e e S t a t e v

. P a p p a s

, 7 5 4

S

. W

. 2 d 6 2 0

, 6 2 3 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 8 7 )

. O u r s u p r e m e c o u r t s t a t e d t h e r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s

r u l e :

T h i s w e l l

- s e t t l e d r u l e r e s t s o n a s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n

. T h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d t h e j u r y

s e e t h e w i t n e s s e s f

a c e t o f a c e

, h e a r t h e i r t e s t i m o n y a n d o b s e r v e t h e i r d e m e a n o r

o n t h e s t a n d

. T h u s t h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d j u r y a r e t h e p r i m a r y i n s t r u m e n t a l i t y o f

j u s t i c e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w e i g h t a n d c r e d i b i l i t y t o b e g i v e n t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f

w i t n e s s e s

. I n t h e t r i a l f

o r u m a l o n e i s t h e r e h u m a n a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e t o t a l i t y

o f t h e e v i d e n c e c a n n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d w i t h a w r i t t e n r e c o r d i n t h i s C o u r t

.

B o l i n v

. S t a t e

, 2 1 9 T e n n

. 4

, 1 1

, 4 0 5 S

. W

. 2 d 7 6 8

, 7 7 1 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ( c i t i n g C a r r o l l v

. S t a t e

, 2 1 2

T e n n

. 4 6 4

, 3 7 0 S

. W

. 2 d 5 2 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) )

. “ A j u r y c o n v i c t i o n r e m o v e s t h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f

i n n o c e n c e w i t h w h i c h a d e f e n d a n t i s i n i t i a l l y c l o a k e d a n d r e p l a c e s i t w i t h o n e o f g u i l t

, s o t h a t

o n a p p e a l a c o n v i c t e d d e f e n d a n t h a s t h e b u r d e n o f d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e i s

i n s u f f i c i e n t

. ” S t a t e v

. T u g g l e

, 6 3 9 S

. W

. 2 d 9 1 3

, 9 1 4 ( T e n n

. 1 9 8 2 )

.

T h e d e f e n d a n t d o e s n o t c h a l l e n g e t h a t d r u g t r a n s a c t i o n s t o o k p l a c e

, t h e a m o u n t o f

c o c a i n e s o l d o r d e l i v e r e d

, o r t h a t o n e t r a n s a c t i o n o c c u r r e d w i t h i n 1 0 0 0 f e e t o f a s c h o o l

. H e

-7-o n l y a r g u e s t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o e s t a b l i s h h i s i d e n t i t y a s t h e p e r p e t r a t o r o f

t h e o f f e n s e s a n d

, w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f 0

. 5 g r a m s o r m o r e o f c o c a i n e w i t h i n t e n t

t o s e l l o r d e l i v e r

, t h a t “ t h e r e c o r d i s v o i d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a m o u n t o r c o n t e n t s o f t h e s m a l l

b a g t h a t O f

f i c e r J o h n s o n t e s t i f

i e d t o [

. ] ”

V i e w i n g t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e S t a t e

, w e c o n c l u d e t h a t a

r a t i o n a l t r i e r o f f

a c t c o u l d h a v e f

o u n d t h e d e f

e n d a n t g u i l t y b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t o f t h e

o f f e n s e s

. O f

f i c e r J o h n s o n t e s t i f

i e d t h a t h e

, i n a n u n d e r c o v e r c a p a c i t y

, p u r c h a s e d c r a c k

c o c a i n e f r o m t h e d e f

e n d a n t o n F e b r u a r y 2

, M a r c h 1 1

, a n d A p r i l 1 9

, 2 0 0 5

. O n e a c h o f t h e

o c c a s i o n s

, O f

f i c e r J o h n s o n a n d t h e d e f e n d a n t w e r e i n c l o s e p h y s i c a l p r o x i m i t y

– d i s t a n c e s

o f e i g h t i n c h e s a p a r t o n F e b r u a r y 2 t o t h r e e o r f o u r f e e t a p a r t d u r i n g t h e o t h e r e n c o u n t e r s

.

A f t e r t h e F e b r u a r y a n d M a r c h t r a n s a c t i o n s

, O f f i c e r J o h n s o n i d e n t i f

i e d t h e d e f

e n d a n t a s t h e

s e l l e r f r o m a p h o t o g r a p h i c l i n e u p

. O f f i c e r J o h n s o n i d e n t i f

i e d t h e d e f

e n d a n t a s t h e s e l l e r i n

c o u r t

. D e t e c t i v e F e r g u s o n

, w h o h a d k n o w n t h e d e f e n d a n t f o r m o r e t h a n t w e l v e y e a r s

,

r e c o g n i z e d t h e d e f

e n d a n t o n t h e v i d e o r e c o r d i n g o f t h e F e b r u a r y 2 t r a n s a c t i o n

. O f f i c e r

C h a m b e r s w a s a b l e t o g e t a l i c e n s e p l a t e n u m b e r f r o m t h e v e h i c l e d r i v e n b y t h e s e l l e r d u r i n g

t h e A p r i l 1 9 t r a n s a c t i o n

, a n d t h e v e h i c l e w a s r e g i s t e r e d t o t h e d e f e n d a n t

. M o r e o v e r

, t h e

v i d e o r e c o r d i n g s o f e a c h o f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s w e r e p l a y e d f o r t h e j u r y f

o r i t t o a s s e s s t h e

s e l l e r ’ s i d e n t i t y

. T h i s e v i d e n c e w a s m o r e t h a n s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e j u r y t o c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e

d e f e n d a n t w a s p e r p e t r a t o r o f t h e o f f e n s e s

.

A s t o t h e d e f

e n d a n t ’ s a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e r e w a s n o p r o o f w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a m o u n t o r

c o n t e n t s o f t h e b a g g i v i n g r i s e t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f 0

. 5 g r a m s o r m o r e o f c o c a i n e w i t h i n t e n t

t o s e l l o r d e l i v e r c o n v i c t i o n

, w e l i k e w i s e c o n c l u d e t h a t i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e

S t a t e

, t h e e v i d e n c e w a s s u f f i c i e n t

. O f

f i c e r J o h n s o n t e s t i f

i e d t h a t h e a p p r o a c h e d t h e

d e f e n d a n t o n F e b r u a r y 2 a n d a s k e d t o p u r c h a s e $ 4 0 o f crack co cain e. A f ter so m e d iscu ssio n

, th e d ef en d a n t g av e O f

f icer Jo h n so n an am o u n t o f crack co cain e o u t o f a b ag

. O f f icer

Jo h n so n ask ed f

o r m o re, an d th e d ef

en d an t g av e h im so m e m o re f ro m th e sam e b ag

. O f

f icer

Jo h n so n saw th e b ag f

ro m w h ich th e d ef

en d an t retriev ed th e su b stan ce an d estim ated th at

th e p o rtio n h e receiv ed am o u n t e d t o a b o u t o n e

- f o u r t h o f t h e t o t a l c o n t e n t s o f t h e b a g

.

S p e c i a l A g e n t W h i t e a n a l y z e d a n d w e i g h e d t h e s u b s t a n c e p u r c h a s e d b y O f f i c e r J o h n s o n a n d

d e t e r m i n e d t h a t i t w a s 0

. 3 g r a m s o f c o c a i n e b a s e

. F r o m t h i s e v i d e n c e

, a r a t i o n a l t r i e r o f f a c t

c o u l d r e a s o n a b l y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e s u b s t a n c e i n t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s b a g c o n t a i n e d c o c a i n e a n d

t h a t i t w e i g h e d m o r e t h a n 0

. 5 g r a m s

.

II. S en ten cin g

-8-T h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n d u c t e d a s e n t e n c i n g h e a r i n g a f t e r w h i c h i t m e r g e d t h e a l t e r n a t e 1

d e l i v e r y c o u n t s i n t o t h e s a l e c o u n t s a n d sen ten ced th e d ef en d an t to six y ears f

o r sale o f

co cain e, eig h t y ears f

o r p o ss e s s i o n o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w ith in ten t to sell o r

d eliv er, eig h t y ears f

o r sale o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e, an d tw en ty -f iv e y ears f

o r sale

o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w it h i n 1 0 0 0 f eet o f a sch o o l. T h e co u rt o rd ered th at th e

d ef en d an t’s sen ten ce o n th e co n v ictio n f o r sale in a sch o o l zo n e b e serv ed co n secu tiv ely to

th e o th er sen ten ces, w h ich w ere to b e serv ed co n cu rren tly w ith each o th er. T h e co u rt n o ted

th at th e j u ry h ad im

p o sed f in es o n all o f th e co n v ictio n s, an d it su sp en d ed th e f in es ex cep t

in co u n t six

, th e sch o o l zo n e sa l e

, w h ich w as a $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 f in e. T h e co u rt also d en ied

altern ativ e sen ten cin g o n th e co n v ictio n s f o r w h ich t h e d ef

en d an t w as elig ib le b ased o n a

f in d in g th at co n f

in em en t w as n ecessary to p ro tect so ciety b y restrain in g a d ef en d an t w ith a

lo n g h isto ry o f crim in al co n d u ct an d th at m easu res less restrictiv e th a n c o n f in em en t h ad

b een ap p lied u n su ccessf

u lly to th e d ef

en d an t.

W h e n a n a c c u s e d c h a l l e n g e s t h e l e n g t h a n d m a n n e r o f s e r v i c e o f a s e n t e n c e

, i t i s t h e

d u t y o f t h i s c o u r t t o c o n d u c t a d e n o v o r e v i e w o n t h e r e c o r d w i t h a p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t “ t h e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n s m a d e b y t h e c o u r t f r o m w h i c h t h e a p p e a l i s t a k e n a r e c o r r e c t

. ” T e n n

. C o d e

A n n

. § 4 0

- 3 5

- 4 0 1 ( d ) ( 2 0 0 6 )

. T h i s p r e s u m p t i o n i s “ c o n d i t i o n e d u p o n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e s h o w i n g

i n t h e r e c o r d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e n t e n c i n g p r i n c i p l e s a n d a l l r e l e v a n t f a c t s a n d

c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. ” S t a t e v

. A s h b y

, 8 2 3 S

. W

. 2 d 1 6 6

, 1 6 9 ( T e n n

. 1 9 9 1 )

. T h e p r e s u m p t i o n d o e s

n o t a p p l y t o t h e l e g a l c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t i n s e n t e n c i n g t h e a c c u s e d o r t o

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s m a d e b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t w h i c h a r e p r e d i c a t e d u p o n u n c o n t r o v e r t e d f a c t s

.

S t a t e v

. B u t l e r

, 9 0 0 S

. W

. 2 d 3 0 5

, 3 1 1 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 4 ) ; S t a t e v

. S m i t h

, 8 9 1 S

. W

. 2 d

9 2 2

, 9 2 9 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 4 ) ; S t a t e v

. B o n e s t e l

, 8 7 1 S

. W

. 2 d 1 6 3

, 1 6 6 ( T e n n

. C r i m

.

A p p

. 1 9 9 3 )

, o v e r r u l e d o n o t h e r g r o u n d s b y S t a t e v

. H o o p e r

, 2 9 S

. W

. 3 d 1

, 9 ( T e n n

. 2 0 0 0 )

.

H o w e v e r

, t h i s c o u r t i s r e q u i r e d t o g i v e g r e a t w e i g h t t o t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

c o n t r o v e r t e d f

a c t s a s t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e f a c t s i s p r e d i c a t e d u p o n t h e

w i t n e s s e s ’ d e m e a n o r a n d a p p e a r a n c e w h e n t e s t i f y i n g

.

I n c o n d u c t i n g a d e n o v o r e v i e w o f a s e n t e n c e

, t h i s c o u r t m u s t c o n s i d e r ( a ) a n y

e v i d e n c e r e c e i v e d a t t h e t r i a l a n d / o r s e n t e n c i n g h e a r i n g

, ( b ) t h e p r e s e n t e n c e r e p o r t

, ( c ) t h e

p r i n c i p l e s o f s e n t e n c i n g

, ( d ) t h e a r g u m e n t s o f c o u n s e l r e l a t i v e t o s e n t e n c i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s

, ( e )

t h e n a t u r e a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o f f e n s e

, ( f ) a n y m i t i g a t i n g o r e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s

, ( g )

a n y s t a t i s t i c a l i n f

o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d b y t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e o f t h e c o u r t s a s t o T e n n e s s e e

s e n t e n c i n g p r a c t i c e s f

o r s i m i l a r o f

f e n s e s

, ( h ) a n y s t a t e m e n t s m a d e b y t h e a c c u s e d i n h i s o w n

b e h a l f

, a n d ( i ) t h e a c c u s e d ’ s p o t e n t i a l o r l a c k o f p o t e n t i a l f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o r t r e a t m e n t

.

T e n n

. C o d e A n n

. § § 4 0

- 3 5

- 1 0 3

, - 2 1 0 ; S t a t e v

. T a y l o r

, 6 3 S

. W

. 3 d 4 0 0

, 4 1 1 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

.

T he def end ant wai ved his ex pos t fa ct o pro te ct ion s and el ect ed to be sen te nce d unde r the pro visio ns 1

of the 200 5 amendments to th e Se nte nci ng Act.

-9-2 0 0 1 )

. T h e p a r t y c h a l l e n g i n g t h e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t h a s t h e b u r d e n o f

e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e i s e r r o n e o u s

. T e n n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0

- 3 5

- 4 0 1

, S e n t e n c i n g

C o m m i s s i o n C m t s

. ; A s h b y

, 8 2 3 S

. W

. 2 d a t 1 6 9

.

A . S en ten ce L en g th

I n i m p o s i n g a s p e c i f

i c s e n t e n c e w i t h i n a r a n g e

, a t r i a l c o u r t “ s h a l l c o n s i d e r

, b u t i s n o t

b o u n d b y ” c e r t a i n a d v i s o r y s e n t e n c i n g g u i d e l i n e s

, i n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e “ m i n i m u m s e n t e n c e

w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f p u n i s h m e n t i s t h e s e n t e n c e t h a t s h o u l d b e i m p o s e d ” a n d t h a t “ [ t ] h e

s e n t e n c e l e n g t h w i t h i n t h e r a n g e s h o u l d b e a d j u s t e d

, a s a p p r o p r i a t e

, b y t h e p r e s e n c e o r

a b s e n c e o f m i t i g a t i n g a n d e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s [

. ] ” T e n n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0

- 3 5

- 2 1 0 ( c ) ( 1 )

, ( 2 )

.

T h e w e i g h i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s m i t i g a t i n g a n d e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s i s “ l e f

t t o t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s

s o u n d d i s c r e t i o n

. ” S t a t e v

. C a r t e r

, 2 5 4 S

. W

. 3 d 3 3 5

, 3 4 5 ( T e n n

. 2 0 0 8 )

.

H e r e

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t e n h a n c e d t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s s e n t e n c e s b a s e d o n h i s h i s t o r y o f

c r i m i n a l c o n v i c t i o n s o r b e h a v i o r i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e n e c e s s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

r a n g e

, s e e T e n n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0

- 3 5

- 1 1 4 ( 1 )

, n o t i n g t h a t h e h a d t h r e e p r i o r d r u g

- r e l a t e d

c o n v i c t i o n s

, f

o u r b a d c h e c k c o n v i c t i o n s

, a n d c o n v i c t i o n s f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f a n i l l e g a l w e a p o n

a n d p o s s e s s i o n o f a f

i r e a r m

. T h e c o u r t a l s o n o t e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t a d m i t t e d p r i o r u s e o f

m a r i j u a n a a n d c o c a i n e

. T h e c o u r t o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t h a d a s u s t a i n e d i n t e n t t o

v i o l a t e t h e l a w i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s d i s c h a r g e d f r o m s u p e r v i s i o n o n a n e i g h t

y e a r s e n t e n c e f

o r a c o c a i n e

- r e l a t e d c o n v i c t i o n

, t h e n f i f t e e n d a y s l a t e r w a s a r r e s t e d a g a i n f o r

p o s s e s s i o n o f c o c a i n e

.

T h e c o u r t a l s o e n h a n c e d t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s s e n t e n c e s b a s e d o n h i s p r e v i o u s f a i l u r e t o

c o m p l y w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f a s e n t e n c e i n v o l v i n g r e l e a s e i n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y

. S e e i d

. § 4 0

-

3 5

- 1 1 4 ( 8 )

. T h e c o u r t o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s o n p r o b a t i o n f o r a 1 9 9 0 c o c a i n e

r e l a t e d o f

f e n s e i n N e w J e r s e y w h e n h e c o m m i t t e d a c o c a i n e

- r e l a t e d o f f e n s e i n B l o u n t

C o u n t y

. F u r t h e r m o r e

, t h e c o u r t n o t e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s p l a c e d o n s u p e r v i s e d p r o b a t i o n

i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 3 f

o r t h e B l o u n t C o u n t y o f f e n s e

, a n d h i s p r o b a t i o n w a s r e v o k e d f o r a

v i o l a t i o n i n M a y 1 9 9 5

. A f t e r t h e d e f

e n d a n t w a s l a t e r r e l e a s e d o n p a r o l e

, h i s p a r o l e w a s

r e v o k e d

.

T h e t r i a l c o u r t a d d r e s s e d t h e m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r s a n d f

o u n d t h a t n o n e a p p l i e d

. T h e

c o u r t a l s o a d d r e s s e d n o n

- s t a t u t o r y m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r s

, s u c h a s r e m o r s e

, w o r k h i s t o r y

, s e l f

r e h a b i l i t a t i v e e f

f o r t s

, a n d v o l u n t a r y c o n f e s s i o n o f g u i l t

, f

i n d i n g n o n e

. H o w e v e r

, t h e c o u r t

f o u n d a s a n o n

- s t a t u t o r y m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r t h a t t h e d e f

e n d a n t h a d r e c e i v e d a n h o n o r a b l e

d i s c h a r g e f

r o m t h e A r m y

.

-10-T h e d e f e n d a n t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e l e n g t h o f h i s s e n t e n c e i s i n a p p r o p r i a t e b e c a u s e i t i s

“ o u t s i d e o f w h a t t h e T e n n e s s e e S e n t e n c e P r a c t i c e r e p o r t s t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e s h o u l d h a [ v e ]

b e e n [

. ] ” H o w e v e r

, t h e d e f e n d a n t f a i l e d t o e l a b o r a t e o n t h i s a l l e g a t i o n o r e x p l a i n h o w t h a t

e n t i t l e s h i m t o r e l i e f

. T h e d e f e n d a n t a l s o a r g u e s t h a t h i s s e n t e n c e o n t h e s a l e i n a s c h o o l z o n e

c o n v i c t i o n w a s i n e s s e n c e a l r e a d y e n h a n c e d b y v i r t u e o f T e n n e s s e e C o d e A n n o t a t e d s e c t i o n

3 9

- 1 7

- 4 3 2 ( b ) ( 1 )

. H o w e v e r

, h e f a i l e d t o p r o v i d e a u t h o r i t y f o r t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t T e n n e s s e e 2

C o d e A n n o t a t e d s e c t i o n s 3 9

- 1 7

- 4 3 2 a n d 4 0

- 3 5

- 1 1 4 a r e m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e

, n o r h a s o u r

r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d s u c h a u t h o r i t y

.

T h e r e c o r d s h o w s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s e n t e n c i n g p r i n c i p l e s

a n d a l l r e l e v a n t f

a c t s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. T h e c o u r t c o n d u c t e d a t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s o f t h e

m i t i g a t i n g a n d e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s

, a n d t h e e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s t h a t i t f

o u n d a r e s u p p o r t e d

b y t h e r e c o r d

. T h e d e f

e n d a n t i s n o t e n t i t l e d t o r e l i e f

.

B . C o n secu tiv e S en ten cin g

T h e d ef en d an t ch allen g es th e trial co u rt’s im p o sitio n o f co n secu tiv e sen ten ces. H e

seem in g ly arg u es th at co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g w as in ap p ro p riate b ecau se th e co u rt u sed h is

crim in al reco rd to b o th en h an ce h is sen ten ce an d as a b asis f o r co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g an d

b ecau se “all o f th e cases w ere in v o lv in g th e sam e co n f id en tial in f

o rm an t an d p o lice o f

f icer,

[ an d ] all o ccu rred w ith in a sh o rt p erio d o f tim e[ .] ”

T en n essee C o d e A n n o tated sectio n 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b ) p ro v id es th at a trial co u rt m ay

, in

its d iscretio n

, o rd er sen ten ces to ru n co n secu tiv ely if it f in d s an y o n e o f th e f

o llo w in g criteria

b y a p rep o n d eran ce o f

th e ev id en ce:

(1 ) T h e d ef

en d an t is a p ro f

essio n al crim in a l w h o h as k n o w in g ly

d ev o ted th e d ef

en d an t’s lif

e to crim in al acts as a m aj o r so u rce o f liv elih o o d ;

(2 ) T h e d ef

en d an t is an o f

f en d er w h o se reco rd o f c rim in al activ ity is

ex ten siv e;

. . . .

T he Drug- Fre e Scho o l Zo n e A c t p r ovides

, “A viola ti on of § 39- 17- 417

. . . tha t occ urs on the 2

grounds or fa ci li ti es of any sch ool or wit hin one tho usa nd fe et (1, 000') of the re al pro per ty tha t compris es

a publ ic

. . . sec onda ry sch ool

. . . sha ll be p u n i s h e d o n e ( 1 ) c l ass if ic at ion higher tha n is pro vided in §

39- 17- 417( b)-(i) fo r s uch viola ti on.”

-11-(4 ) T h e d ef en d an t is a d an g ero u s o f

f en d er w h o se b e h a v i o r in d icates

little o r n o reg ard f

o r h u m an lif

e, an d n o h esitatio n ab o u t co m m ittin g a crim e

in w h ich th e risk to h u m an lif e is h ig h [ .]

T en n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b ) (2 0 0 6 ). T h ese criteria are stated in th e altern ativ e;

th eref o re, o n ly o n e n eed ex ist to su p p o rt th e ap p ro p riaten ess o f co n secu ti v e s e n t en cin g

. Wh en a trial co u rt b ases co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g u p o n its classif icatio n o f th e d ef

en d an t as

a d an g ero u s o f

f en d er, it is req u ired to m ak e f u rth er f in d in g s th at th e ag g reg ate len g th o f th e

d ef en d an t’s sen ten ce reaso n ab ly relates to th e sev er i t y o f h is o f f en ses an d is n ecessary to

p ro tect th e p u b lic f

ro m f u rth er crim in al co n d u ct o f th e d ef en d an t. S tate v

. L an e, 3 S .W.3 d

4 5 6 , 4 6 0 -6 1 (T en n . 1 9 9 9 ); S tate v . Wilk erso n , 9 0 5 S .W.2 d 9 3 3 , 9 3 7 -3 8 (T en n . 1 9 9 5 ).

In co n sid erin g th e S tate’s req u est to sen ten ce th e d ef en d an t co n secu tiv ely , th e trial

co u rt n o ted th at th e d ef

en d an t d id n o t h av e an y real em p lo y m en t h isto ry b u t d eterm in ed th at

th ere w as n o t en o u g h ev id en ce f o r it to f in d th at th e d ef

en d an t w as a p ro f

essio n al crim in al

w h o h ad k n o w in g ly d e v o t e d h i s l i f e to crim in al acts as a m aj o r so u rce o f liv elih o o d

. S ee

T en n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b )(1 ). H o w ev er, th e co u rt d iscu ssed th e d ef en d an t’s crim in al

reco rd an d f

o u n d th at h e h ad an ex ten siv e reco r d o f c r i mi n a l activ ity

. S ee id

. § 4 0 -3 5

-

1 1 5 (b )(2 ).

T h e co u rt als o c o n s i d ered w h eth er th e d ef en d an t w as a d an g ero u s o f f en d er. In

ad d ressin g th is co n sid eratio n

, th e co u rt o b serv ed th at sellin g d ru g s w as n o t n ecessarily “in

an d o f itself

” a d an g ero u s activ ity b u t w as a d an g ero u s activ ity b ecau se th e “in d iv id u als w h o

u se d ru g s o f

ten tim es n eed

. . . m o n ey to b u y th o se d ru g s. T h ey en d u p co m m ittin g crim es

in o rd er to b e ab le to o b tain th o se d ru g s.” T h e co u rt co n tin u ed th at b ased o n th e d ef en d an t’s

p attern o f co m mi t t i n g o f f en ses sh o rtly af

ter b ein g released f

ro m cu sto d y an d /o r w h ile o n

p ro b atio n o r p aro le, th e d ef en d an t w as “g o in g to co n tin u e to sell d ru g s u n less h e’s p u t in a

p o sitio n w h ere h e’s n o t g o in g to b e ab le to d o th at.” T h e co u rt m ad e th e ad d ed f in d in g s th at

an ex ten d ed sen ten ce w as n ecessary to p ro tect th e p u b lic ag ain st f u rth er crim in al co n d u ct

o f th e d ef en d an t an d reaso n ab ly related to th e sev erity o f th e o f f en se g iv en th e d ef

en d an t’s

co n tin u ed p o ssessio n an d sellin g o f co cain e an d

, in th is case, o n e time “ r i g h t acro ss th e

street f ro m a h ig h sch o o l[ .] ”

T h is co u rt h as p rev io u sly u p h eld a trial co u rt’s im p o sitio n o f co n secu tiv e sen ten ces

o n th e d an g ero u s o f

f en d er b asis w h ere th e d ef en d an t w as in v o lv ed in th e sale o f co cain e.

S ee S tate v

. D arry l H u b b ard

, N o

. W2 0 0 8 -0 2 4 3 7 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 1 0 WL 1 6 1 0 5 1 9

, at * 5 -6

(T en n

. C rim

. A p p

. A p r. 1 9

, 2 0 1 0 ). H o w ev er, w e n eed n o t ad d ress th e p ro p riety o f th e trial

co u rt’s f in d in g th e d ef

en d an t a d an g ero u s o f

f en d er in th is case b ecau se th e trial co u rt

p ro p erly acted in its d iscretio n in o rd erin g co n secu tiv e sen ten ces b ased o n a f in d in g th at th e

d ef en d an t h ad an ex ten siv e reco rd o f crim in al activ ity

. T h e p resen ten ce rep o rt sh o w s th at,

-12-in ad d itio n to th e n u m b er o f ch arg es in th e p resen t case, th e d ef en d an t h ad th ree p rio r d ru g

related co n v ictio n s, f

o u r co n v ictio n s f

o r v io latin g th e b ad ch eck law

, an d co n v ic t i o n s f o r

u n law f u l p o ssessio n o f a w eap o n an d p o ssessio n o f a p ro h ib ited w eap o n

. We n o te th at th is

co u rt h as h eld th at a trial co u rt m ay co n sid er th e o f f en ses f o r w h i ch a d ef

en d an t is b ein g

sen ten ced in d eterm in in g w h eth er th e d ef en d an t h as an ex ten siv e reco rd o f crim in al activ ity

f o r co n secu t i v e sen ten cin g p u rp o ses. S ee S tate v

. D ary l A d rian B en j am in In g ram

, N o

. W2 0 0 2 -0 0 9 3 6 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 0 3 WL 7 2 1 7 0 4

, at * 3 ( T e n n

. C rim

. A p p

. F eb

. 2 6

, 2 0 0 3 ),

p erm

. to ap p eal d en ied (T en n

. S ep t. 2

, 2 0 0 3 ). M o reo v er, w e are aw are o f n o au th o rity

, n o r

h as th e d ef

en d an t p ro v id ed an y

, f

o r h is p ro p o sitio n th at h is crim in al reco rd co u ld n o t b e u sed

f o r b o th en h an cem en t an d co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g

. T h e r e c o rd su p p o rts th e sen ten ces

im p o sed b y th e trial co u rt, an d th e d ef en d an t is n o t en titled to relief

.

C O N C L U S IO N

B ased o n th e f

o reg o in g au th o rities an d reaso n in g

, w e af f irm th e j u d g m en ts o f th e trial

co u rt. H o w ev er, th e j u d g em en t in co u n t sev en in co rrectly id en tif ies th e d ef

en d an t’s

co n v ictio n f

o r d eliv ery o f 0 .5 g ram s o r m o re o f co cain e w i t h i n 1 0 0 0 f eet o f a sch o o l as a

C lass B f elo n y ; th eref

o re, w e rem an d f

o r en try o f a co rrected j u d g m en t.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A L A N E

. G L E N N

, J U D G E

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