***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Significant New Alternatives Policy Program

Foam-Blowing Sector

Risk Screen on Substitutes for CFC-11, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-22 in Rigid Polyurethane 

and Polyisocyanurate Laminated Boardstock; Rigid Polyurethane Appliance, Commercial 

Refrigeration, Spray, and Slabstock; Integral Skin Polyurethane 

Substitute: Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene (SolsticeTM 1233zd(E))

This risk screen does not contain Clean Air Act (CAA) Confidential Business Information (CBI) 

and, therefore, may be disclosed to the public.

1. INTRODUCTION

Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are being phased out of production in response to a series of 

diplomatic and legislative efforts that have taken place over the past two decades, including the Montreal 

Protocol and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). The U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA), as authorized by Section 612 of the CAAA, administers the Significant New Alternatives 

Policy (SNAP) Program, which identifies acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for ODS in specific 

end-uses based on assessment of their health and environmental impacts. 

EPA’s decision on the acceptability of a substitute is based on the findings of a screening assessment of 

potential human health and environmental risks posed by the substitute in specific applications. EPA has 

already screened a large number of substitutes in many end-uses within all of the major ODS-using 

sectors, including refrigeration and air conditioning, solvent cleaning, foam blowing, aerosols, fire 

suppression, adhesives, coatings and inks, and sterilization. The results of these risk screens are presented 

in a series of Background Documents that are available in EPA's docket.

The purpose of this risk screen is to supplement EPA’s Background Document on the foam blowing 

sector (EPA 1994) (hereinafter referred to as the Background Document). This risk screen evaluates the 

potential use of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (also know as (E) 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-

ene and hereinafter referred to as SolsticeTM 1233zd(E)) as a substitute for CFC-11, HCFC-141b, and 

HCFC-22 in rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock; rigid polyurethane appliance, 

commercial refrigeration, spray, and slabstock; and integral skin polyurethane. Table 1 presents 

information on the proposed substitute. 

Table 1. Composition of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E)

Constituent Chemical Formula CAS Number Percent of Total

(by weight)a

trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene C3H2ClF3 102687-65-0 >99%

Potential Impurities (maximum concentration)
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The potential risks associated with use of foam blowing agents have been examined at length in the 

Background Document. The reader is referred to this reference for a detailed discussion of the 

methodologies used to conduct this risk screen. This risk screen addresses flammability risk and assesses 

the impact of potential releases of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) on the atmosphere and climate. Occupational 

exposure was modeled to ensure that manufacture and application of the proposed substitute in the 

proposed foam blowing end-uses does not pose unacceptable risk to workers. Lastly, general population 

exposure modeling was performed to ensure that the proposed substitute would not pose an unacceptable 

risk to the population at large. 

Section 2 of this report summarizes the results of the risk screen for the proposed substitute. The 

remainder of the report is organized into the following sections:

 Section 3: Atmospheric Assessment 

 Section 4: Flammability Assessment

 Section 5: Potential Health Effects

 Section 6: Occupational Exposure Assessment

 Section 7: General Population Assessment

 Section 8: Volatile Organic Compound Assessment 

 Section 9: References

2. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is recommended for SNAP approval as a foam-blowing agent in the following enduses: rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock; rigid polyurethane appliance, 

commercial refrigeration, spray, and slabstock; and integral skin polyurethane. EPA's risk screen indicates 

that the use of the proposed substitute will be less harmful to the atmosphere than the continued use of 

CFC-11, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-22. Given that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) 

(OSHA Category C or higher) and engineering controls (e.g., exhaust ventilation, vapor-in-air detection 

systems) will be used during installation, maintenance, and disposal activities, no significant toxicity risks 

to workers or the general population are expected. In addition, based on the characteristics of the 

proposed substitute and the proper precautions listed in the MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), the proposed 

substitute is not expected to present a significant flammability concern during manufacture or end-use 

(see Section 4). 

3. ATMOSPHERIC ASSESSMENT

This section presents an assessment of the potential risks to atmospheric integrity posed by the use of 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) in the foam blowing sector. The ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming 

potential (GWP), and atmospheric lifetime (ALT) of the proposed substitute are presented in Table 2. As 

compared to CFC-11 and HCFC-141b, and HCFC-22, SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is substantially less harmful 

to the ozone layer, has less climate impact, and a shorter atmospheric lifetime. . In addition, SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) also has lower climate impact and a shorter atmospheric lifetime than those predicted for other 

substitutes examined in the Background Document. SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) has a non-zero ODP, but at 

0.00024, this value is very small when considering continued used of HCFC-141b or HCFC-22. A recent 

report by Wang et. al. (2011) modeled the potential of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) to affect the amount of 

ozone in the global atmosphere. This report found that the release of all SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) , assuming 

it were substituted for all compounds it might replace and that the entire amount used were released, 

would have a statistically zero impact on global atmospheric ozone (less than 0.01% change in total 

column ozone).Thus, EPA believes that use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) would result in substantially less 

harm to the climate and ozone layer than the continued use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Table 2. Atmospheric Impacts of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) Compared to CFC-11, HCFC-141b, HCFC22, and HFC-134a

Refrigerant ODP GWP ALT

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) 0.00024-0.00034a,c 4.7-7

b,a 26 daysa

CFC-11 1.0 d 4,750e 45 yearse

HCFC-141b 0.12d 725e 9.3 yearse

HCFC-22 0.13d 1,810e 12 yearse

HFC-134a 0 1,430e 14 yearse

a Assuming emissions occur in the major regions of the world where blowing agents that HBA-2 might replace are significantly used. Wang et. 

al. (undated).

b Wang et. al. (2011)

c SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) SNAP Submission (Anonymous Submitter 2011b)

dWMO (2011)

e

IPCC 4th Assessment Report (Forster et al. 2007)

4. FLAMMABILITY ASSESSMENT

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is not flammable at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure, but can ignite 

when mixed with air under pressure and exposed to strong ignition sources; also, containers of SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) may rupture when exposed to heat (Anonymous Submitter 2011b). SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is not 

expected be used under pressure, but may be exposed to a potential source of ignition during roofing 

applications. During such applications, tar, which may be used to construct the roof, is applied at 

temperatures ranging from 330° F to 440° F. Due to tar’s flashpoint of ≥450°F, there is a risk of ignition 

under these conditions. In order to mitigate this risk, it is important to carefully monitor the temperature 

to prevent the tar from overheating or igniting.. In the case of roofing applications, containers of tar 

should be equipped with temperature control devices, and that personnel applying tar do so in stages. 

Foaming applications should be coordinated with tarring applications to ensure that risks are reduced. By 

keeping SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) away from all sources of ignition and high heat and adhering to the other 

precautions listed in the proposed substitute’s MSDS, SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) does not pose a significant

flammability risk.

In addition, SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is expected to be incorporated into a typical polyurethane or 

polyisocyanurate foam formulation consisting of up to 15% flame retardants and other materials such that 

the final concentration of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) in the manufactured foam is generally expected to be 

between 10% and 25% of the entire formulation by weight, further reducing flammability risk. By 

following the proper precautions specified by the proposed substitute’s MSDS, it is unlikely that 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) will pose a significant flammability risk.

5. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS

To assess potential health risks from exposure to this proposed substitute, the submitter developed an 

acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 300 ppm1for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) (Anonymous Submitter 2012a). 

The AEL represents the maximum 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) at which a worker can be 

exposed regularly without adverse effects. 

 

1An AEL of 1,000 ppm was independently developed for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) based on review of available toxicity studies (see 

Appendix A). However, as the AEL value of 300 ppm determined by the submitter is more conservative, for purposes of this risk 

screen, 300 ppm was used to evaluate the potential occupational exposures.
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

According to the MSDS, exposure to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) may be harmful by ocular or dermal 

absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. Exposures of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) to the eyes will cause serious eye 

irritation and may cause frostbite. In case of ocular exposure, the MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E)

recommends that person(s) should immediately flush the eyes, including under the eyelids, with water for 

15 minutes; should frostbite occur, the water should be lukewarm, not hot. Medical attention should be 

sought if irritation develops or persists. Exposures of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) to the skin may cause 

irritation or frostbite. In the case of dermal exposure, the MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) recommends 

that person(s) should immediately wash the affected area with water and remove all contaminated 

clothing; should frostbite occur, bathe (do not rub) the affected area with lukewarm, not hot, water. If 

water is not available, cover the affected area with a clean, soft cloth. Medical attention should be sought 

if irritation develops or persists. 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) vapors are heavier than air and cause suffocation by reducing oxygen available for 

breathing, causing asphyxiation in high concentrations. If person(s) are exposed to high concentrations, 

the person(s) will likely not realize that he/she is suffocating, but may experience central nervous system 

effects, such as drowsiness and dizziness. If SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is inhaled, person(s) should be 

immediately removed and exposed to fresh air. The MSDS recommends that if breathing is difficult, 

person(s) should be given oxygen, provided a qualified operator is present, and medical attention be 

sought. SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is not likely to be hazardous by ingestion; however, in case of ingestion, 

the MSDS recommends having the person(s) drink a cup of water, if fully conscious, and consulting a 

physician immediately. Do not induce vomiting without medical advice. EPA’s review of the human 

health impacts of this proposed substitute is contained in the public docket for this decision. 

The potential health effects of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) are unlikely to occur when following good industrial 

hygiene practices and the PPE and engineering control (e.g., ventilation) recommendations outlined in the 

MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) and Sections 6 and 7 of this risk screen.

6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

This section presents estimates of potential occupational exposures to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), which is 

anticipated to occur during application of spray foam and manufacture of blown foam. To ensure 

manufacture and application of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) for the proposed foam blowing end-uses do not 

present a risk to workers, occupational exposure modeling was performed for the proposed substitute. 

Limited data are available regarding employee exposures to blowing agents for the proposed foam types. 

The submitter, however, was able to provide monitoring data on potential exposures in typical settings for 

HFC-245fa. Due to their similar physical properties (i.e., boiling point, vapor pressure, heat of 

vaporization, and molecular weight), EPA believes that using HFC-245fa as a surrogate provides a 

reasonable estimate of potential air concentrations of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) (see Table 3). 

Table 3. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) and HFC-245fa Analog

Parameter SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) Proposed 

Substitute HFC-245fa Analog

Boiling Point 66F 62.4F

Vapor Pressure 16 PSIA (at 68 C) 18 PSIA (at 68 C)

Heat of Vaporization 83.4 Btu/lb (at bp) 84.6 Btu/lb (at bp)

Molecular Weight 130.5 134

Potential occupational exposures to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) at foam manufacture and spray foam 

application were modeled based on the HFC-245fa monitoring data, and found not to present a 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

significant risk to workers, as described in the following sections. 

6.1.Occupational Exposure at Manufacture

Using the surrogate HFC-245fa monitoring data provided by the submitter on boardstock and bunstock, 

appliance foam and laminated boardstock manufacture, maximum potential exposures to SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) were modeled for employees involved in the manufacture of foam. Table 4 presents highest 

exposure concentrations modeled for each foam type, based on the HFC-245fa surrogate data. 

Table 4. Maximum Modeled Occupational Exposures to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) During Foam 

Manufacture

End-Use Maximum Modeled Instantaneous 

Exposure Concentration (ppm)

Boardstock and Bunstock 302a 

Appliance Foam 256b

Laminated Boardstock <1

aConcentrations of HFC-245fa in this 4-trial boardstock and bunstock report ranged from <1 ppm (the detection 

limit) to 795 ppm, with the majority of measurements recording the detection limit. The highest concentrations 

were obtained from one manufacturing facility and were considered not to be commercially acceptable. Thus, it is 

believed that with proper facility management, these concentrations would not be reached. The SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) concentration reported here (i.e., 302 ppm) is modeled based on the maximum reported HFC-245fa 

concentration that a person could reasonably be expected to be exposed to for the boardstock and bunstock 

scenario. 

bThe highest concentration cited in this report on appliance foam exposure HFC-245fa concentrations was 5,549 

ppm, however, this reading was from a vent hole—a point that would not be accessible to workers, and hence not 

relevant. The SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) concentration reported here (i.e., 256 ppm) is modeled based on the maximum 

reported HFC-245fa concentration that a person could reasonably be expected to be exposed to for the appliance 

foam scenario. 

Based on the toxicity data for the proposed substitute, the modeling indicates that worker exposure 

concentrations could reach 302 ppm during manufacture of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) blown foam, which is 

slightly above the AEL established by the submitter for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E). The concentrations 

reported, however, are based on instantaneous readings, and are not time-weighted over an 8-hour period. 

Given that 302 ppm was calculated from the maximum exposure concentration recorded that a person 

could reasonably be expected to be exposed to, and that exposure concentrations over the time duration 

were significantly lower than maximum recorded value, it is extremely unlikely that concentrations of 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) would reach or exceed the AEL over an 8-hour time-weighted average. Although 

exposure data were not available for the manufacture of integral skin foam and slabstock foam, which are

estimated to have the greatest first year losses (see Table 5), the actual loss at manufacture associated with 

integral skin foam and slabstock foam is anticipated to be higher than boardstock and appliance foam, but 

less than spray foam (discussed in Section 6.2); the majority of losses are anticipated to occur after 

manufacture, during processing (Jeffs 2012). For slabstock, this would include cutting of the foam, and 

for integral skin foams, this would include removing the foam from its molds. However, the resulting 

occupational exposure during these activities is not anticipated to present a significant concern (Jeffs 

2012). Further, since the modeled instantaneous concentrations for spray foam application are less than 

the 8-hour AEL for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), it is unlikely that the time-weighted concentrations during 

manufacture and processing of integral skin foam and slabstock would result in concentrations beyond the 

acceptable occupational exposure limit. 

During manufacture and use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), engineering controls should be in place, such as 

vapor-in air detection systems. Adequate ventilation should always be established during any use, 

handling, or storage of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E). In addition, an eye wash and safety shower should be near 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

the manufacturing facility and ready for use. In general, use of OSHA Category C or higher PPE is 

recommended, such as respiratory protection (a NIOSH-approved positive-pressure supplied-air respirator 

is recommended where there is insufficient ventilation; self-contained breathing apparatuses should be 

used for rescue and maintenance work in storage tanks), chemical splash goggles or face shield, 

impervious gloves, and chemical-resistant boots and clothing (Anonymous Submitter 2011b, OSHA 

1994). Contaminated clothing is not to leave the workplace and must be cleaned before reuse

(Anonymous Submitter 2011b).

During handling of liquid SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) blowing agent for manufacture of blown foam, there is 

also risk of generation of toxic decomposition products such as hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and 

carbonyl halides when liquid SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is exposed to fires or temperatures greater than 250°C. 

Containers of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) should not be allowed to contact open flames, glowing metal 

surfaces, or electrical heating elements. 

EPA believes that because proper handling guidelines are followed in accordance with good industrial 

hygiene and manufacturing practices and the MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), as described above, 

manufacture of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) foam does not present a significant risk to workers.

6.2.Occupational Exposure at Spray Foam Application

In addition to occupational exposure during manufacture of blown foam, there is also potential for 

occupational exposure to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) during rigid polyurethane spray foaming operations, 

which typically occurs on the site of installation, outside of a manufacturing facility. To ensure SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) does not present a risk during spray foam application, modeling was again performed for the 

proposed substitute using the HFC-245fa monitoring data provided by the submitter as a surrogate. Using 

the HFC-245fa surrogate data provided, the maximum possible exposure for employees involved in the 

use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) for spray foams was calculated to be 291 ppm, which is less than the AEL of 

300 ppm.

Although 291 ppm is close to the AEL for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), the surrogate data provided is based on 

instantaneous readings and are not time-weighted over an 8-hour period. Given that 291 ppm was 

calculated from the maximum exposure concentration and that exposure concentrations over the time 

duration were significantly lower than maximum recorded value, concentrations of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E)

would not reach or exceed the AEL over an 8-hour time-weighted average. Further, the submitter has 

indicated that use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) in the spray foam end-use is anticipated for use only by trained 

personnel or industrial applications. As such, personnel utilizing SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) in this end-use 

should ensure that blowing agent losses are minimized and that adequate ventilation is in place. EPA 

believes that because proper handling guidelines are followed in accordance with good industrial hygiene 

and manufacturing practices and the MSDS for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) for the 

spray foam end-use does not present a significant risk to workers.

7. GENERAL POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

This section screens potential risks to the general population from exposure to releases of SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E), specifically acute exposures when used in spray foam, and chronic exposures when released 

from foams. Because the proper safety precautions, as listed in the remainder of this section, are followed, 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is not expected to cause a significant impact on human health in the general 

population when used for foam end-uses. 

7.1 Acute Exposure to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) at Spray Foam Application

There is potential for general population exposure to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) during rigid polyurethane 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

spray foaming operations when performed in buildings with occupants. To ensure that these instances do 

not present a risk to the general population, EPA recommends that the contractors consult the building 

management prior to commencing foam-blowing activities. The contractor should also ensure that 

building occupants are made aware that foam-blowing is about to occur and should suggest the occupants 

leave the premises until foam-blowing is complete.

7.2 Chronic Exposure to SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) during Lifetime Foam-Blowing Agent Releases

There is the potential for chronic general population exposures to foam-blowing agents during the lifetime 

of the foam in which they are used, because these agents can slowly leak from the foam over time. As a 

result, in locations where persons are regularly present for extended periods, such as a home or apartment, 

the persons could be exposed to very low levels of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) over time. Based on the foam 

blowing end-uses proposed for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E), the maximum annual rate of release of SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E) during the lifetime of the foam (i.e., after manufacture and before disposal) is anticipated to be 

2.5%, resulting in very minimal exposure concentrations. In addition, the submitter has also provided 

modeling of potential emissions based on the proposed substitute’s diffusion coefficient, and estimated an 

average SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) concentration of 1.6 ppm within the first two days of a home insulated with 

spray foam, reducing to 0.008 ppm on average during the foam lifetime (10-20 years). Due to the low 

toxicity of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) and minimal expected release, EPA believes that such exposures do not 

pose a significant toxicity risk, and thus, SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is not expected to cause a significant 

impact on human health in the general population when used as a foam blowing agent in the proposed 

end-uses.

8. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND ASSESSMENT

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) has not been exempted as a volatile organic compound (VOC) under the CAA (40 

CFR 51.100(s)), and as such, emissions of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) should be controlled. EPA has received 

a petition to exempt this compound from the definition of VOC for purposes of regulations in state 

implementation plans for local air quality because of low photochemical reactivity that would result in 

insignificant impacts on ground-level ozone; however, SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) continues to be regulated as 

a VOC for that purpose unless and until EPA issues a final rule exempting it. 

An assessment was performed to compare the annual VOC emissions from use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E)

in the foam blowing end-uses in one year to other anthropogenic sources of VOC emissions. Assuming 

the submitter’s maximum annual production of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) for all proposed foam blowing 

sector end-uses is entirely released, approximately 245 MT of VOCs would be emitted. This is 

approximately equal to 2.0x10-3percent of all anthropogenic VOC emissions in the U.S.2 

While these emissions may be significant, release of total production for all foam blowing end-uses is 

extremely unlikely to occur. Thus, an additional analysis was performed to determine likely annual VOC 

emissions from use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) in the foam blowing sector. Table 5 summarizes leak 

estimates and market penetrations from the Vintaging Model for the proposed foam blowing end-uses.

 

2 Based on the 2010 annual total VOC emissions for the U.S. (EPA 2011).
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Table 5. Foam Release Rates and Market Penetrations by End-Use

Foam End-Use Operating 

Leak Rate First Year Lossa

Disposal 

Loss Lifetime (yrs) Annual Release Rateb Market Share

Integral Skin Foam 2.50% 95% 0% 2 50% 0.2%

PU and PIR Rigid –

Boardstock 1% 6% 44% 50 2% 40.6%

PU Rigid – Commercial 

Refrigeration 0.25% 6% 90.25% 15 7% 1.3%

PU Rigid – Appliance 0.25% 3.75% 39.88% 14 3% 9.4%

PU Rigid – Slabstock 0.75% 37.50% 51.25% 15 7% 0.9%

PU Rigid – Spray 1.50% 15% 1% 56 2% 11.6%

Source: Vintaging Model (v4.4_3.23.11).

a First year losses include losses at manufacture and other production steps that occur prior to end-use.

bCalculated as Leak Rate + (First Year Loss + Disposal Loss)/Lifetime

Assuming that use of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) is distributed according to existing market share for each 

proposed foam end-use, and the annual release rates for each of those end-uses, 0.3 MT of VOCs would 

be expected to be released into the atmosphere. This amount is approximately 2.3x10-6 percent of all 

anthropogenic VOC emissions. In addition, the end-uses with the greatest annual release rate are 

reasonably expected to occur indoors in a manufacturing or disposal facility, which would have 

engineering controls in place (e.g., exhaust ventilation, vapor-in-air detection systems, and carbon 

adsorption systems) such that actual quantities of SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) emissions would be less than the 

quantity calculated in this assessment. Further, EPA notes that C3-C6 hydrocarbons such as 

cyclopentane, other alternatives sometimes used in the same end uses, are also VOCs. Thus, use of 

SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) would not necessarily result in greater impacts on local air quality than other 

available options. As the calculated emissions from these analyses are several orders of magnitude 

smaller than other anthropogenic sources of VOC emissions, EPA believes that through the use of 

standard industry practices, the environmental impacts of these VOCs are not considered a significant 

concern.
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

9. REFERENCES

Anonymous Submitter 2011a. Response to Incomplete SNAP Submission for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E). 

October 20, 2011.

Anonymous Submitter 2011b. SNAP Submission to EPA for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E). May 13, 2011. 

Anonymous Submitter 2012a. SolsticeTM 1233zd(E) Material Safety Data Sheet. February 28, 2012.

Anonymous Submitter. 2012b. Response to A Few More Questions on Foam Uses for SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E). February 6, 2012.

Anonymous Submitter. 2012c. Response to Incomplete SNAP Submission for SolsticeTM 1233zd(E). 

January 31, 2012. 

EPA 1994. Significant New Alternatives Policy Technical Background Document: Risk Screen on the 

Use of Substitutes for Class I Ozone-depleting Substances: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. 

Stratospheric Protection Division. March, 1994.

EPA 2011. National Emissions Inventory Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data. Accessed 23 December 

2011. Updated October 2011. Available at: 

<http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html#tables>

Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. 

Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland. 2007. Changes 

in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007:The Physical 

Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. 

Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

ICF International. 2012. Determination of an Acceptable Exposure Limit (AEL) for SolsticeTM 

1233zd(E). Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. January 23, 2012.

Jeffs, Mike. Personal communication between ICF International and Mike Jeffs. April 24-26, 2012. 

OSHA. 1994. General description and discussion of the levels of protection and protective gear. 1910.120 

App B. Last updated August 22, 1994. Available at:

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9767

Wang D., Olsen S., Wuebbles D. Undated. “Three-Dimensional Model Evaluation of the Global 

Warming Potentials for tCFP.” Department of Atmospheric Sciences. University of Illinois, 

Urbana, IL. Draft Report. 

Wang D., Olsen S., Wuebbles D. 2011. “Preliminary Report: Analyses of tCFP’s Potential Impact on 

Atmospheric Ozone.” Department of Atmospheric Sciences. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 

September 26, 2011. 

WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 2011. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, 

Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 52, 516 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 

2011.
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Appendix A:

Determination of an Acceptable Exposure Limit (AEL) 

for Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene

Recommended AEL: 1,000 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average)

Basis and Endpoints: NOAEC: 4,000 ppm (no significant cardiac histopathology

observed at this concentration)

Critical Study: 90-day inhalation toxicity study in the rat (Muijser H., 2011)

Protocol: Whole-body inhalation, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks 

Concentrations: 0; 4,000; 10,000; 15,000 ppm

NOAEC3: 4,000 ppm (identified by independent pathologist’s report 

[Engelhardt, 2011])

NOAEC [HEC4]: 4,000 ppm x 6 hr/8 hr = 3,000 ppm

Uncertainty Factors: 3 – animal to human extrapolation

I. Introduction

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene has been proposed as a replacement for PFCs, HCFCs, 

HFCs and other halogenated compounds. It is intended for several end-uses, including as a foam 

blowing agent, a refrigerant in chillers, a solvent for cleaning in equipment and aerosol cans, and 

a carrier solvent in adhesives, coatings, and inks. Several studies assessing the potential toxicity

of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene have been conducted and include the following: 14-

day, 28-day, and 90-day inhalation study in rats, developmental inhalation studies in rats and 

rabbits, a cardiac sensitization assay in beagle dogs, and genotoxicity studies in bacteria and 

mammalian cells in culture. The results of these studies are discussed in the following sections 

to inform an assessment of the potential health risks from human exposure to the study

compound in the intended end use.

II. Summary of Toxicity Studies

The toxicological studies reviewed for the determination of acceptable exposure limit for trans1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene are summarized below in Table 1. Subclinical effects in the 

heart (monocyte infiltration) associated with inhalation exposure to trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-

 

3 No Observable Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC)

4 Human Equivalent Concentration (HEC)
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

trifluoropro-1-ene were considered to be the most sensitive human health effects for derivation 

of an AEL; therefore inhalation studies are described and discussed in detail. The remaining 

studies are considered supporting studies.

Table 1. Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene Toxicological Studies 

Inhalation Studies Doses NOAEL/ NOAECa Effects

4-hour acute (nose-only, 

rat)

96,000, 156,000

and 120,000 ppm

LC50, 120,000 ppm 

(combined sexes)

Mortality at 96,000 ppm for 

some animals.

Tremors at all exposures.

14-day (whole body, rat) 0, 2,000, 7,500, and

20,000 ppm

2,000 ppm (study rpt.)

7,500 (peer review)b

Min. focal mononuclear cell 

infiltrate (heart)

28-day with 14-day 

recovery (nose-only, rat)

0, 2,000, 4,500, 7,500,

and 10,000 ppm

4,500 ppmc(study report)

10,000 ppm (peer review)

Increased serum K+ in 7,500-

ppm males; reversible 

changes in hematology/clinical 

chemistry parameters

90-day study (noseonly, rat)0, 4,000, 10,000 and 

15,000 ppm

<4,000 (study rpt.) 

4,000 ppm (peer review)

Min. focal mononuclear cell 

infiltrate (heart)

Rat fetotoxicity 0, 4,000, 10,000, and 

15,000 ppm 10,000 ppm Dilated urinary bladders in the fetuses

Rabbit fetotoxicity 0, 2,500, 10,000, and 

15,000 ppm 15,000 ppm No adverse effects noted

Cardiac sensitization, 

dog

25,000, 35,000, and 

50,000 ppm Negative at 25,000 ppm Tremors present during 

exposure 35,000 ppm

Supporting Studies Doses NOAEL/ NOAECa Effects

In vitro bacterial reverse 

mutation assay

Max concentration of 

905,000 ppm NA Negative

In vivo unscheduled 

DNA synthesis 0, 7,500, and 10,000 ppm NA Negative

In vitro chromosomal 

aberration assay 469, 783, or 1,305 μg/mL NA Negative

In vivo micronucleus 

test (rats)

0, 2,000, 4,500, 7,500, 

and 10,000 ppm NA Negative

In vivo micronucleus 

test (mice) 0, 50,000 ppm NA Negative

aAll values NOAEL/NOAEC unless otherwise reported; NA- not applicable

bNOAEC values were revised in a pathology peer review report (Engelhardt, 2011)

cNOAEC identified in study report based on clinical chemistry, not histopathology results

NOAEL = No observed adverse effect level (commonly used for oral or dermal exposures)

NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration (commonly used for inhalation exposures)

III. Development of the AEL for Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene

Several repeated dose inhalation studies assessing the toxic potential of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro1-ene were available for development of an AEL. The NOAEC of 4,000 ppm from the 90-day inhalation 

study was chosen as the point of departure for derivation of an AEL for trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro1-ene as this was the study with the longest exposure duration with an identifiable NOAEC.

The AEL was calculated in the following manner:

4000 ppm x (6/8) ÷ 3 = 1000 ppm
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

A human equivalent concentration (HEC) was determined by adjusting the NOAEC of 4,000 ppm by the 

ratio of rat exposure duration per day to that of an occupational worker (6 hours/8 hours). The guidelines 

for developing Reference Concentration (RfC) values (U.S. EPA, 1994) were followed, which obviated 

the need to apply a full uncertainty factor (UF) of 3 for pharmacokinetic differences between rats as the 

animal model of study and humans (a UF of 3 for pharmacodynamic [PD] differences between the two 

species has been applied). Because subchronic studies are typically used to develop AEL values, an 

additional UF was not added to account for study duration. Similarly, the database is considered 

comprehensive, and no additional UF was added to account for database limitations. 

IV. Inhalation Studies for Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene

Four-Hour Acute Inhalation Study

In an acute 4-hour nose-only inhalation study, male and female Crl:SD (outbred) rats (5/sex) were 

exposed to three different concentrations of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (purity 99.99%) and 

observed for 14 days post-exposure (when possible) (van Triel, 2009). In the first group (Group A), 

animals were exposed to 100,000 ppm trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene. Because of the low 

toxicity observed, a second group (Group B) of 5/sex were exposed to a target concentration of 125,000 

ppm, that actually reached 156,000 ppm due to technical difficulties; all animals died during exposure. A 

third group (Group C) of 5 animals/sex were then exposed to a target concentration of 120,000 ppm in an 

effort to provide more data to identify the LC50. 

One female from Group A died on the first day of the recovery period. Other animals, male and female, 

showed clinical signs during recovery, but did not die prematurely. Necropsy did reveal gray discolored 

lungs in these animals, which was coincident with petechiae in some cases. Three males and two females 

of Group C died during exposure. Necropsy of these animals revealed reddish lung, with some also being 

enlarged. In two female animals of group B, red spots were also found on the thymus. In animals 

sacrificed on schedule following recovery, no other abnormalities were found. The combined-sex LC50

was reported as 120,000 ppm.

Fourteen-Day Inhalation Study

In a dose-range-finding inhalation study, Crl:CD(SD) rats (5/sex/group) were exposed via whole body 

inhalation to 0, 2,000, 7,500, or 20,000 ppm trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.9% pure) (Staal, 

2008). Exposures were for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, in a 2-week period (10 total exposure days). Clinical 

signs, body weights and food consumption data were collected. Blood samples were drawn at the end of 

each week for hematology and clinical chemistry analyses. Gross necropsies were performed on all 

animals following the last exposure, and organs were collected and weighed; select organs, including the 

respiratory tract, were processed and analyzed histologically. 

The only clinical sign reported during exposure was restlessness, particularly in the highest concentration; 

the effect resolved after 15 minutes of exposure. Test-compound exposure did not induce changes in 

body weights or food consumption. Regarding changes in hematology, the study author noted an increase 

in prothrombin time in females at 20,000 ppm, and an increase in absolute and relative numbers of 

monocytes and absolute number of neutrophils in males at 20,000 ppm. Increases in serum liver enzymes 

(ALAT5and ASAT in males at 20,000 ppm) were not confirmed by any changes in liver histopathology, 

and were thus considered not toxicologically relevant. Histology revealed multifocal mononuclear cell 

infiltrates, identified by the study laboratory in animals at 7,500 and 20,000 ppm. However, following an 

independent pathological review of the histology slides of the heart tissues (Engelhardt, 2011), many of 

 

5 ALAT, alanine transaminase; ASAT, aspartate transaminase
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

the lesions originally identified by the study laboratory as ‘very slight’ or ‘slight focal myocardial 

mononuclear cell infiltrate’ were downgraded to being ‘not remarkable’ or were noted to be located only 

in the apex of the heart. According to the reviewing pathologist, lesions in the apex and/or adjacent 

portions of the right and left ventricles and interventricular septum of the heart in rats with such lesions 

are “typical of rodent spontaneous cardiomyopathy”. Given the revised heart data, the reviewing 

pathologist increased the NOAEC to 7,500 ppm from the original NOAEC of 2,000 ppm identified by the 

study laboratory. ICF accepts the revised value as reasonable, given the expertise of the reviewing 

pathologist.

Four-Week Inhalation Study

In a longer-term, nose-only, multi-exposure study, five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 6 

hrs/day, 5 days/week in a 28-day period (e.g., 20-21 exposure days) to the following nominal 

concentrations of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.9% pure): 0, 2,000, 4,500, 7,500, and 

10,000 ppm (Staal, 2009). Additional groups of 5/sex were exposed to either 0 or 10,000 ppm in an 

identical fashion, followed by a 14-day recovery period. The following parameters were measured in 

accordance with harmonized guidelines for this repeat-exposure study: clinical signs and mortality, food 

consumption and body weights, hematology and clinical chemistry, gross necropsy, organ weights, and 

histopathology of select organs.

The study compound did not induce any changes in clinical signs or mortality, food consumption, body 

weights, urinalysis parameters, gross necropsy, or organ weights. In contrast to the histopathological 

findings from the 14-day study, no mononuclear cell infiltration was noted in cardiac tissue or any other 

selected organ. An increase in the relative number of basophils was observed in males at 10,000 ppm, 

which resolved in the 14-day recovery period. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters were limited to 

decreased creatinine in males at 10,000 ppm, which also was resolved at the end of the recovery period; 

and an increase in serum potassium in males at both 7,500 and 10,000 ppm, which were still slightly 

elevated after recovery, although not statistically significant. The study authors identified a NOAEC of 

4,500 ppm, arguing that the increased potassium levels at exposure concentrations of 7,500 and 10,000 

ppm were related to treatment. The pathologist who performed the peer review of the cardiac 

histopathology slides for this study identified a NOAEC of 10,000 ppm, based on the confirmed absence 

of compound-induced subcellular damage to cardiac tissue. ICF concurs with the reviewing pathologist, 

and would add that although the increased potassium level observed at ≥7,500 ppm may be indicative of 

subclinical cardiotoxicity, it cannot be attributed to the test compound alone, and may also be attributed to 

spontaneous cardiomyopathy. The NOAEC for this study is set, therefore, at 10,000 ppm.

Ninety-Day Inhalation Study

In a 90-day inhalation study, male and female Sprague-Dawley (Crl:CD[SD]) rats (10/sex/concentration) 

were exposed to trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.9% purity) via nose-only exposure at 

nominal vapor concentrations of 0, 4,000, 10,000, or 15,000 ppm for 6 hrs/day for 5 days/week for 13 

weeks, for a total of 65 exposure days (Muijser, 2011). Rats were observed twice daily for clinical signs 

of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality. Body weights and mean food consumption were recorded weekly. 

Ophthalmoscopic examinations were conducted at study initiation and during the last week of exposure. 

Blood samples and urine samples were taken just prior to or the last day prior to sacrifice at the end of the 

exposure period and were analyzed for hematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters 

consistent with harmonized guidelines. Gross necropsies were performed on all surviving animals after 

the scheduled exposure period, and select organs were removed, weighed, and prepared for 

histopathology. 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Mortality, Clinical Effects, Eye Effects, Food Consumption, Body Weights

Exposure to the study compound did not induce early mortality or any observed clinical abnormalities. In 

addition, exposure did not affect body weight gain, food consumption, or changes in eye condition.

Hematology/Clinical Chemistry

Effects on hematological parameters were limited. For example, exposure to the study compound had no 

effect on red blood cell parameters and affected white blood cells only by decreasing the relative number 

of lymphocytes in males at 15,000 ppm. Clinical chemistry effects were inconsistent between the sexes. 

Plasma of ASAT and ALAT were increased at statistically significant levels in males at 15,000 ppm, but 

not in females, while glucose and urea were increased in females at 10,000 and 15,000 ppm, but not in 

males. High-concentration females also exhibited significantly increased potassium and decreased 

triglyceride levels. No other changes in measured analytes were noted.

Organ Weights

A treatment-related decrease in absolute and relative heart weights was noted in male rats, which reached 

statistical significance at the highest concentration (15,000 ppm). In addition, relative liver weights in the 

males were significantly increased at the highest concentration, whereas by contrast, the relative liver 

weights of high-concentration females were significantly decreased. No other changes in organ weights 

were noted.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Findings

Exposure to trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene did not induce any changes in the appearance of 

organs or tissues in the bodies of rats evaluated following gross necropsy. In general, no compoundinduced effects were noted upon analyses of histopathology findings, with the exception of minimal 

multifocal mononuclear cell infiltrate in the heart. The study authors also identified inflammation 

occurring coincident with the infiltrates in some animals. The report of the peer review pathologist 

indicated that the vast majority of these findings were downgraded to categories of ‘not remarkable’ or 

were localized to the apex, the lower left ventricle, or the atrium. Again, because of the downgrading of 

incidences of infiltration reported in the original study, and the identification of some mononuclear 

infiltration as ‘spontaneous cardiomyopathy,’ the NOAEC was identified as the lowest exposure 

concentration of 4,000 ppm (the study authors reported the NOAEC as less than 4,000 ppm). ICF 

concurs, and as such, the NOAEC used in the determination of an AEL for trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-

trifluoropro-1-ene is 4,000 ppm.

Developmental Toxicity

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was evaluated in two developmental toxicity studies, one in rats 

and one in rabbits. 

Rat Prenatal Developmental Study

In the prenatal developmental study in rats (Waalkens-Berendsen and van den Hoven, 2011), groups of 24 

mated female Wistar (Crl:WI[WU]) rats were exposed 6 hrs/day to concentrations of 0, 4,000, 10,000 or 

15,000 ppm trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.9% pure) from gd 6 to gd 19. Health parameters 

measured during the in-life phase of the study included mortality, clinical signs, maternal body weight, 

and food consumption. A Caesarean section was performed following the gestation period, and females 

and fetuses were evaluated via gross necropsy, and for standard reproductive toxicity endpoints (e.g., 

gestation index, fecundity index, fetus sex ratio, number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, pre- and 

post-implantation loss, live and dead fetuses, and resorptions). Fetuses, placentas and reproductive 

organs were weighed, and fetuses were processed for soft tissue and skeletal abnormalities and 

malformations.
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Exposure to the study compound did not affect any of the measured parameters with the exception of the 

following: a statistically significant increase in the incidence of dilated urinary bladders was observed in 

the fetuses of the highest concentration group (15,000 ppm). Because the incidence of this anomaly 

increased with higher concentrations, it is considered treatment-related. No signs of maternal toxicity 

were noted at any concentration. The NOAEC for developmental effects is established at 10,000 ppm; 

the NOAEC for maternal toxicity is established at 15,000 ppm.

Rabbit Prenatal Developmental Study

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was further evaluated in a developmental study in the New 

Zealand white rabbit. Hoffman (2010) exposed 22 pregnant dams/group during organogenesis (gd 6 to gd 

28) to trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (~100% purity) via whole-body inhalation for 6 hrs/day at 

concentrations of 0, 2,500, 10,000 or 15,000 ppm. During the in-life phase of the study, the rabbits were 

observed for mortality, clinical signs, body weights, and food consumption. Following euthanasia of the 

dams at gd 29, the following parameters were measured: gross necropsy, number of corpora lutea and 

implantation sites, uterine and placental weights, fetus number (live), fetal weights (live only), sex ratio, 

external defects, soft tissue abnormalities, and skeletal abnormalities and state of ossification. 

Exposure to the test compound did not affect any changes in any of the measured parameters of the 

exposed dams or the fetuses. Therefore, the NOAEC for both maternal and fetal toxicity is established at 

15,000 ppm in this rabbit developmental assay.

Cardiac Sensitization

In a muzzle-only, acute exposure study in young beagle dogs (Atterson, 2011), 6 male dogs were exposed 

successively to 25,000 ppm (2.5%), 35,000 ppm (3.5%) and 50,000 ppm (5%) trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-

trifluoropro-1-ene (99.978% pure) up to a maximum period of 33 minutes, with 48 hours of rest occurring 

in between exposure periods. Control (air) exposures occurred in the same dogs. For the cardiac 

sensitization, epinephrine challenge (bolus) injections, ranging from 2 to 8 μg/kg, were started 

approximately 5 minutes following the initiation of exposure and continued until termination of exposure. 

Only 2 of the 6 dogs were exposed to the highest trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene concentration, 

because behavioral responses (vocalization, injected sclera, excessive salivation, tremors, convulsions 

and/or reddened gums) prompted the termination of exposure; only one of the dogs at this concentration 

was given an epinephrine challenge.

No test-related deaths occurred in the study. Clinical findings similar to those at 50,000 ppm were noted 

after exposure to 35,000 ppm (tremors, injected sclera, reddened ears and excessive salivation). No signs 

of cardiac sensitization were noted at 25,000 or 35,000 ppm; however, the presence of ECG noise in two 

animals exposed to 35,000 ppm precluded the complete characterization of cardiac sensitization at this 

concentration. As noted previously, exposure was terminated at the highest concentration and assessment 

of cardiac sensitization was not possible at this level. Therefore, the results indicate that the study 

compound does not cause cardiac sensitization at 25,000 ppm.
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

V. Supporting Genotoxicity Studies for Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene

Reverse Mutation Assay

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was tested in an Ames bacterial reversion assay in Salmonella 

typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and E. coli strain WP2 uvrA

(Wagner et al., 2011). This assay measures the ability of the compound to induce either base pair or 

frame shift mutations in DNA in the presence or absence of S9 fraction from induced rat livers 

(metabolizing enzymes including mixed function oxidases). The study compound was analyzed for 

mutagenicity twice at concentrations ranging from 73,400 to 905,000 ppm at 25°C for either 24 or 48 

hours. Appropriate negative and positive controls were analyzed in the same assays. Mutagenicity was 

not induced in any strain, but toxicity was seen in all strains at the top two concentrations of 513,000 and 

905,000 ppm. A confirmatory assay was performed using slightly reduced exposure concentrations of 

17,200; 24,500; 73,400; 147,000; 196,000; 269,000; 513,000 and 905,000 ppm at 25°C. Cytotoxicity was 

observed at the top two concentrations, as in the previous assays. No positive responses were observed 

with strains TA98 and TA1537 in the absence of S9 activation and with strains TA98 and WP2uvrA in 

the presence of S9 activation. The compound is categorized as negative in this genotoxicity assay.

Unscheduled DNA Synthesis

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was tested for the ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis 

in liver hepatocytes isolated from male rats exposed to 7,500 and 10,000 ppm of the study compound in a 

28-day study (Staal, 2009). The control group was the same one used in the 28-day study and positive 

control animals were dosed with standard toxicants per harmonized guidelines. Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-

trifluoropro-1-ene did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis under the conditions used in the 28-day 

study, and is categorized as negative for this genotoxicity assay.

Micronuclei

Two studies were performed to assess the ability of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene to include 

micronuclei in bone marrow, as described below. 

Micronuclei Rat Study

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was tested for the ability to induce micronuclei in bone marrow 

cells isolated from male rats exposed to 0, 2,000, 4,500, 7,500 and 10,000 ppm of the study compound in 

a 28-day study (Staal, 2009). Appropriate positive control animals were dosed with standard toxicants 

per harmonized guidelines. The test compound did not induce chromosomal damage or induce 

micronuclei in the bone marrow under the conditions used in this study (the maximum concentration 

administered, 10,000 ppm is equivalent to >12,000 mg/kg, much higher than the 1,000 mg/kg limit dose 

recommended by EPA) and is judged negative for this genotoxicity assay.

Micronuclei Mice Study

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was tested in an independent assay for its ability to induce 

micronuclei in the bone marrow of male mice (de Vogel, 2009). Two groups of 10 male, albino mice 

(CD-1 strain, Charles River) were exposed for a single, nose-only, 4-hour exposure to trans-1-chloro3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.99% pure) at concentrations of 0, or 50,000 ppm. Five male mice were 

injected intraperitoneally with 0.75 mg/kg-bw of mitomycin C as a positive control for comparison. Bone 

marrow cells were isolated from half the exposure group at 24 hours and the remainder at 48 hours postexposure; bone marrow smears were prepared and analyzed for the presence of polychromatic and 

normochromatic erythrocytes and micronuclei in a manner consistent with established guidelines. The 

test compound did not induce micronuclei or any other form of chromosomal damage and was thus 

judged negative in this genotoxicity assay. 
***** Final - August 3, 2012 *****

Chromosomal Aberration

Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene (99.98% pure) was tested in a chromosomal aberration assay with 

human lymphocytes cultured in vitro (Pritchard and Damant, 2011). Human lymphocytes, isolated from 

whole blood samples provided by volunteers, were treated with trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene

for either 3 or 21 hours at doses of 469, 783, or 1,305 μg/mL in the presence or absence of metabolic 

activation (S9 from the livers of chemically-induced rats). Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropro-1-ene was 

determined to be negative in this genotoxicity assay, as the cells treated with trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-

trifluoropro-1-ene in all experiments did not cause an increase in the frequency of cells exhibiting 

structural chromosomal aberrations compared with negative controls at any concentration tested.

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