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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

State of Nebraska, appellee, v. 

Alicia R. Campbell, appellant.

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed July 11, 2017. No. A-16-836.

1. Evidence: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same: An appellate court does not 

resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, or 

reweigh the evidence; such matters are for the finder of fact.

2. ____: ____. In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, the relevant question for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.

3. Sentences: Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion 

by the trial court.

4. Judgments: Words and Phrases. An abuse of discretion occurs when a 

trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, 

and evidence.

5. Investigative Stops: Motor Vehicles: Probable Cause. A traffic violation, no matter how minor, creates probable cause to stop the driver of 

a vehicle.

6. Constitutional Law: Investigative Stops: Motor Vehicles: Police 

Officers and Sheriffs. Under Fourth Amendment case law, it is reasonable for an officer to request that a driver sit in the patrol car during a 

traffic stop.

7. ____: ____: ____: ____. Once a motor vehicle has been lawfully 

detained for a traffic violation, the police officer may order the driver 

to get out of the vehicle without violating the Fourth Amendment’s proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

07/18/2017 01:10 AM CDT
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

8. Investigative Stops: Motor Vehicles: Police Officers and Sheriffs. It 

is reasonable and lawful for an officer, during a traffic stop, to request 

that a driver exit his or her vehicle.

9. Controlled Substances. A person possesses a controlled substance 

when he or she knows of the nature or character of the substance and of 

its presence and has dominion or control over it.

10. Controlled Substances: Evidence: Circumstantial Evidence: Proof.

Possession can be either actual or constructive, and constructive possession of an illegal substance may be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence.

11. Controlled Substances. To be guilty of possession of a controlled substance, the defendant must possess the controlled substance knowingly 

or intentionally.

12. Controlled Substances: Proof. Mere presence at a place where a 

controlled substance is found is not sufficient to show constructive 

possession. Instead, the evidence must show facts and circumstances 

which affirmatively link the accused to the marijuana and paraphernalia so as to suggest that he or she knew of it and exercised control 

over it.

13. Investigative Stops: Motor Vehicles. The fact that one is the driver of 

a vehicle, particularly over a long period of time, creates an inference of 

control over items in the vehicle.

14. Courts: Jurisdiction. While it is not a constitutional prerequisite for 

jurisdiction, the existence of an actual case or controversy is necessary 

for the exercise of judicial power.

15. Moot Question: Words and Phrases. A case becomes moot when 

the issues initially presented in the litigation cease to exist, when the 

litigants lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome of litigation, or when the litigants seek to determine a question which does not 

rest upon existing facts or rights, in which the issues presented are no 

longer alive.

16. Convictions: Sentences: Moot Question: Appeal and Error. An 

appeal from a criminal conviction is not moot, even though a sentence 

for a criminal conviction has been fully served, when the defendant is subjected to collateral consequences resulting from the criminal conviction.

Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: 

Andrew R. Jacobsen, Judge. Affirmed.

Joe Nigro, Lancaster County Public Defender, and Shawn 

Elliott for appellant.
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Joe Meyer 

for appellee.

Moore, Chief Judge, and Pirtle and Bishop, Judges.

Pirtle, Judge.

INTRODUCTION

Alicia R. Campbell appeals her convictions and sentences 

in the district court for Lancaster County for failure to obey a 

lawful order of the Nebraska State Patrol, possession of marijuana, and possession of drug paraphernalia. She challenges the 

sufficiency of the evidence for each offense and argues that her 

sentence for failure to obey a lawful order of the State Patrol is 

excessive. Based on the reasons that follow, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

On August 27, 2015, Nebraska State Patrol Trooper Kyle 

Gress was assigned to the traffic division and was working a 

targeted patrol along Highway 2 near Lincoln, Nebraska. He 

was in a marked patrol car and was in uniform. His primary 

duty was enforcing traffic laws. Around 5 p.m., he noticed a 

vehicle that appeared to be speeding. The posted speed limit 

was 65 miles per hour, and Gress estimated the vehicle was 

traveling about 80 miles per hour. He used the radar device in 

his patrol car and confirmed that the vehicle was speeding at 

79 miles per hour. He then initiated a traffic stop.

Gress testified that once the vehicle stopped, he approached 

it on the passenger side. He testified that he does this for safety 

reasons when making stops, because it keeps him away from 

the traffic side of the vehicle. As he approached the vehicle, 

he noticed that the windows had a dark tint and that the 

passenger-side window was partially open. Gress thought this 

was unusual because most people roll the window down all the 

way when he approaches a vehicle. There was an adult male 

in the front passenger seat, later identified as Devin James, 

and Campbell’s 5-year-old daughter was in the back seat. 

Gress asked Campbell for her driver’s license and registration. 
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

Campbell gave Gress her driver’s license and tried to locate 

her registration.

Almost immediately upon Gress’ approaching the vehicle, 

James became involved and began talking over Campbell and 

Gress. James began video recording the stop on his cell phone 

by placing it at the window, which interfered with Gress’ view 

of the driver. There was also a rescue unit in the area with 

its siren on, which made it difficult for Gress to communicate with Campbell. Gress testified that as a result of these 

circumstances, he was having difficulty hearing and seeing 

Campbell. He asked Campbell to exit her vehicle and walk 

back to his patrol car so he could conduct the traffic stop. 

Gress walked over to the driver’s side of Campbell’s vehicle 

to make sure she exited safely. However, Campbell remained 

in her vehicle.

Gress stayed on the driver’s side of the vehicle and asked 

her again to exit her vehicle so he could conduct the traffic 

stop. Gress stated that he did not recall telling Campbell the 

reason for the traffic stop, even though she asked him why 

she had been stopped. Campbell did not get out of her vehicle. 

Gress told her multiple times that she needed to exit her vehicle, but she did not comply. She asked for Gress’ supervisor to 

come to the location, and Gress stated that he had already tried 

to contact him. During this exchange, James repeatedly stated 

that Campbell was not going to get out of the vehicle. James 

continued talking over Gress and continued video recording 

the events, as well as narrating the video. James stated that he 

was transmitting the video through a “live-streaming app” on 

his cell phone. This caused Gress concern, and he told James 

to stop recording because it was an “officer safety issue.” 

Gress testified that due to James’ actions, he could not communicate with Campbell. He testified that he felt James was 

trying to control the situation by not permitting him to speak 

to Campbell.

Gress told Campbell that he was giving her a lawful order 

to get out of her vehicle and that if she did not comply, she 

would be arrested. Campbell did not comply with Gress’ order. 
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

Gress told her she was under arrest and needed to exit the 

vehicle. Campbell still refused to get out of her vehicle.

Gress next tried to reach into the vehicle through the 

driver’s-side window, which was partially down, to unlock the 

door which Campbell had previously locked. A struggle ensued 

when he did so, and Gress ended up breaking the driver’sside window of the vehicle. He then tried reaching into the 

vehicle through the same window opening again. As a result 

of the struggle and broken glass, Gress had cuts on both of his 

arms. Gress subsequently disengaged from the struggle, backed 

away from the vehicle, and waited for other officers to arrive. 

Campbell exited the vehicle after two other troopers, including Gress’ supervising officer, arrived on scene. Campbell and 

James were both arrested and taken into custody.

After Campbell and James were arrested, police conducted 

an inventory search. The search uncovered marijuana and several items of drug paraphernalia.

The State filed an information charging Campbell with 

seven counts: (1) assault of an officer in the third degree, (2) 

failure to obey a lawful order of the State Patrol, (3) speeding, 

(4) failure to use a child passenger restraint, (5) no valid registration, (6) possession of marijuana, and (7) possession of drug 

paraphernalia. Campbell pled not guilty to the charges.

A jury trial was held on counts 1, 2, and 5, and a bench trial 

was held on counts 3, 4, 6, and 7. At the jury trial on counts 1, 

2, and 5, Gress testified, giving his account of the traffic stop 

as set forth above. During the testimony of Gress, the State 

offered and the court received into evidence the video of the 

traffic stop taken by the camera on Gress’ cruiser.

Campbell testified in her own defense. She admitted that 

Gress told her to exit her vehicle and come back to his cruiser 

and that she did not comply. She testified that she did not get 

out of her vehicle because she was afraid. She stated that she 

was afraid because Gress did not tell her the reason for the stop 

when she asked him multiple times, he refused to look at her 

proof of insurance that she was trying to show him on her cell 

phone, and he disapproved of James’ recording the stop. She 
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

stated that based on those actions, she did not know what his 

intentions were. Campbell further testified that she is a rape 

victim and that based on her prior trauma, she was afraid of 

going back to Gress’ cruiser with him. She also testified that 

she was concerned for her safety because Gress put his hand on 

his gun a few times during the traffic stop. Because of her fear, 

she told Gress to have his supervisor come to the scene and 

then she would exit her vehicle. She testified that she wanted 

the supervisor present to ensure her safety and to have a witness to the interactions between her and Gress.

Campbell also testified that during the encounter, she used 

her cell phone to call the 911 emergency dispatch service, at 

which point she perceived Gress to become upset. She admitted that the 911 dispatch officer told her that she should exit 

the vehicle, but that she was too afraid to do so given all that 

had occurred.

James also testified in Campbell’s defense, and his video 

recording of the events was admitted into evidence.

At the close of the State’s case in the jury trial, the district 

court sustained Campbell’s motion for a directed verdict as 

to count 5, no valid registration. The jury acquitted Campbell 

of count 1, assault of an officer in the third degree, but found 

her guilty of count 2, failure to obey a lawful order of the 

State Patrol.

The bench trial on counts 3, 4, 6, and 7 was held after the 

other counts had been submitted to the jury. Sgt. Michael 

Grummert of the State Patrol testified for the State. As part of 

his job, he had received training on how to detect controlled 

substances, including marijuana, and had experience in doing 

so. He testified that he was familiar with what marijuana looks 

like and how it smells. He had also been trained in how marijuana is ingested.

Grummert conducted an inventory search of the vehicle 

after Campbell was arrested. He testified that during the 

search, he found a brown purse which contained a marijuana 

grinder, rolling papers, a marijuana pipe, and a small baggie of marijuana. Grummert testified that in his opinion, the 
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

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substance in the baggie was in fact marijuana. The purse was 

located on the back seat of the vehicle, behind the front passenger seat. Grummert testified that the purse appeared to 

be “a female’s purse” and noted that Campbell was the only 

adult female in the vehicle at the time of the stop. Grummert 

also found rolling papers, a second marijuana grinder, and a 

purple cylinder containing marijuana in what he described as a 

“brown leather carpet bag.” This bag was located on the middle of the passenger seat. Grummert testified that the rolling 

papers, grinders, and pipe are used for ingesting marijuana. 

Finally, Grummert located a black leather bag on the back seat 

behind the driver’s seat which contained a black cylinder with 

marijuana residue and alcohol.

After the bench trial, the district court found Campbell 

guilty of count 3, speeding; count 6, possession of marijuana; 

and count 7, possession of drug paraphernalia. The court found 

Campbell not guilty of count 4, failure to use a child passenger restraint.

The district court subsequently sentenced Campbell to 7 

days in jail on count 2, failure to obey a lawful order, and 

ordered her to pay fines for the other infractions.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Campbell assigns that the trial court erred in (1) finding 

there was sufficient evidence to convict her of failure to obey a 

lawful order of the State Patrol, (2) finding there was sufficient 

evidence to convict her of possession of marijuana, (3) finding there was sufficient evidence to convict her of possession 

of drug paraphernalia, and (4) imposing an excessive sentence 

on her conviction for failure to obey a lawful order of the 

State Patrol.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[1,2] In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, 

whether the evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same: An appellate court does 

not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility 
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

of witnesses, or reweigh the evidence; such matters are for 

the finder of fact. State v. Draper, 295 Neb. 88, 886 N.W.2d 

266 (2016). The relevant question for an appellate court is 

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt. Id.

[3,4] An appellate court will not disturb a sentence imposed 

within the statutory limits absent an abuse of discretion by 

the trial court. State v. Draper, supra. An abuse of discretion 

occurs when a trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that 

are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against 

justice or conscience, reason, and evidence. Id.

ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of Evidence—

Failure to Obey 

Lawful Order.

Campbell first argues that the evidence was insufficient to 

convict her of failure to obey a lawful order of the State Patrol. 

Campbell was convicted of violating Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-2008 

(Reissue 2014), which states: “Any person who fails or refuses 

to obey any lawful traffic direction or any lawful order of the 

superintendent or any of the subordinate officers or employees 

of the Nebraska State Patrol . . . shall be deemed guilty of a 

Class III misdemeanor.”

It is undisputed that Gress was an employee of the State 

Patrol and that Campbell failed to obey Gress’ order. Campbell 

focuses her argument on the lawfulness of Gress’ order. She 

contends that his order was not lawful because he never 

informed her of the reason for the traffic stop and because 

he asked her to exit her vehicle less than a minute after he 

approached the vehicle. She argues that when Gress’ actions 

are examined as a whole, it is evident that she had good reason 

to believe that Gress was not acting lawfully, nor within the 

scope of his duties.
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STATE v. CAMPBELL

Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

The evidence shows that Gress asked Campbell to step out 

of her vehicle shortly after making contact. However, the timing of Gress’ initial order does not make the order unlawful. 

His initial request was made because James was interrupting Gress and was holding his cell phone up to the window, 

obstructing Gress’ view into the vehicle. There was also a 

rescue unit going by with its siren on, making it hard to communicate with Campbell.

At the time of Gress’ initial request to exit the vehicle, 

Campbell had no reason to question his authority. She was 

driving her vehicle 14 miles over the posted speed limit 

at the time she was stopped. Gress was in a marked patrol 

car and was in uniform. It was daylight at the time of the 

stop, and there was heavy traffic on Highway 2, where she 

was stopped.

When Gress moved to the driver’s side of the vehicle, he 

continued to order Campbell to exit her vehicle so he could 

conduct the traffic stop. Campbell refused to comply, and the 

situation escalated from there.

[5] In regard to Campbell’s contention that Gress’ order 

was unlawful because he did not tell her the reason for the 

traffic stop, she cites to no authority for her position and we 

find none. Gress stopped Campbell for speeding, a traffic violation, and therefore he had probable cause to stop her. See 

State v. Verling, 269 Neb. 610, 694 N.W.2d 632 (2005) (traffic violation, no matter how minor, creates probable cause to 

stop driver of vehicle). The fact that he did not tell her that 

she was stopped for speeding does not make his order to exit 

the vehicle unlawful.

We conclude that Campbell’s argument that Gress’ order 

was not lawful is without merit. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-2005(1) 

(Reissue 2014) gives all officers of the State Patrol, as peace 

officers, the power to enforce “the Nebraska Rules of the Road, 

and any other law regulating the registration or operation of 

vehicles or the use of the highways.” As previously stated, 

Gress executed a traffic stop of Campbell’s vehicle because 
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Campbell was speeding, a traffic violation. Campbell does not 

argue that the stop was unlawful. Gress was in uniform and 

was driving a marked patrol car at the time of the stop. Gress 

testified that he ordered Campbell out of her vehicle in order 

to complete the traffic stop because James was interfering with 

the stop. The video footage from Gress’ cruiser, as well as the 

video taken by James, corroborates Gress’ testimony. Gress 

asked or ordered Campbell to exit her vehicle multiple times, 

and he told her that if she did not comply, she would be violating a lawful order and would be arrested.

[6-8] Under Fourth Amendment case law, the Nebraska 

Supreme Court has held that it is reasonable for an officer 

to request that a driver sit in the patrol car during a traffic 

stop. See State v. Verling, supra. See, also, Pennsylvania v. 

Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 98 S. Ct. 330, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1977) 

(once motor vehicle has been lawfully detained for traffic 

violation, police officer may order driver to get out of vehicle 

without violating Fourth Amendment’s proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures). Therefore, it is reasonable 

and lawful for an officer to request that a driver exit his or 

her vehicle.

We conclude the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that Gress’ order was lawful and that Campbell refused to 

obey that lawful order. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to support a conviction for failure to obey a lawful order 

of the State Patrol.

Sufficiency of Evidence—

Possession of Marijuana 

and Possession of Drug 

Paraphernalia.

Campbell next assigns that there was insufficient evidence to convict her of possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. She makes the same argument 

in regard to both assignments of error, so we will address 

them together. Campbell argues that the evidence was insufficient, because James was in closer proximity to the purse 
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Cite as 24 Neb. App. 861

containing the baggie of marijuana and drug paraphernalia and 

had easier access to it. She also contends that her mere presence in the vehicle was not enough to find her guilty of the 

two offenses.

[9-11] A person possesses a controlled substance when he 

or she knows of the nature or character of the substance and 

of its presence and has dominion or control over it. State v. 

Rocha, 295 Neb. 716, 890 N.W.2d 178 (2017). Possession can 

be either actual or constructive, and constructive possession of 

an illegal substance may be proved by direct or circumstantial 

evidence. Id. “To be guilty, the defendant must possess the 

controlled substance ‘knowingly or intentionally.’” Id. at 761, 

890 N.W.2d at 210.

[12] Campbell did not have actual possession of the marijuana and paraphernalia, so the question before us is whether 

there is sufficient evidence from which a trier of fact could 

reasonably infer that she was in constructive possession, i.e., 

that she was aware of the presence of the marijuana and 

paraphernalia and had dominion or control over it. See State v. 

Howard, 282 Neb. 352, 803 N.W.2d 450 (2011). Mere presence 

at a place where a controlled substance is found is not sufficient to show constructive possession. Id. Instead, the evidence 

must show facts and circumstances which affirmatively link 

Campbell to the marijuana and paraphernalia so as to suggest 

that she knew of it and exercised control over it.

[13] The purse was located on the back seat of the vehicle 

behind the passenger seat where James had been sitting. The 

purse contained the baggie of marijuana, as well as drug paraphernalia. The purse belonged to either Campbell or James, as 

they were the only two adults in the vehicle. When Grummert 

was asked if he was able to determine who the owner of 

the purse was, he testified that it appeared to be “a female’s 

purse” and that Campbell was the only adult female inside the 

vehicle at the time of the stop. Further, the fact that one is the 

driver of a vehicle, particularly over a long period of time, 

creates an inference of control over items in the vehicle. State 

v. Howard, supra. Campbell was driving at the time of the 
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stop, and the evidence showed that she and James had been in 

Kansas City, Missouri, before driving through Lincoln. They 

were on their way to Denver, Colorado, with California being 

their final destination. Campbell was apparently the owner of 

the vehicle as well, because she testified about looking for her 

registration for the vehicle when first pulled over.

When reviewing a criminal conviction for sufficiency of 

the evidence to sustain the conviction, the relevant question 

for an appellate court is whether, after viewing the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Howard, supra.

We conclude that the evidence, viewed in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to find Campbell 

guilty of both possession of marijuana and possession of drug 

paraphernalia. Her second and third assignments of error are 

without merit.

Excessive Sentence.

Campbell argues that her sentence for failure to obey a lawful order of the State Patrol is excessive. She claims that she is 

entitled to judicial relief in the form of a reduced jail sentence 

or probation. However, Campbell admits in her brief that she 

has already served the 7-day jail sentence.

[14,15] While it is not a constitutional prerequisite for 

jurisdiction, the existence of an actual case or controversy 

is necessary for the exercise of judicial power. Johnston v. 

Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., 270 Neb. 987, 709 N.W.2d 

321 (2006). A case becomes moot when the issues initially 

presented in the litigation cease to exist, when the litigants 

lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome of litigation, 

or when the litigants seek to determine a question which does 

not rest upon existing facts or rights, in which the issues presented are no longer alive. Id. Because Campbell has already 

served the jail sentence she is challenging, her claim that her 

sentence is excessive does not rest upon existing facts and 

she lacks a legally cognizable interest in the outcome of the 
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issue. Therefore, her assignment of error challenging her jail 

sentence is moot.

[16] We recognize that the Nebraska Supreme Court has 

held that an appeal from a criminal conviction is not moot, 

even though a sentence for a criminal conviction has been 

fully served, when the defendant is subjected to “collateral 

consequences” resulting from the criminal conviction. State v. 

Patterson, 237 Neb. 198, 204, 465 N.W.2d 743, 748 (1991). 

We do not find that this exception to the mootness doctrine is 

applicable in the present case.

For the sake of completeness, even if Campbell’s excessive 

sentence argument was not moot, the 7-day jail sentence is 

not excessive. The failure to obey a lawful order of the State 

Patrol is a violation of § 81-2008, a Class III misdemeanor, 

punishable by a maximum of 3 months’ imprisonment, a $500 

fine, or both. There is no minimum time for imprisonment. See 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-106 (Cum. Supp. 2014). Campbell was 

sentenced to 7 days in jail. Campbell’s sentence is within the 

statutory limits, and we find no abuse of discretion by the trial 

court in imposing a 7-day sentence.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to find 

Campbell guilty of failure to obey a lawful order of the State 

Patrol, possession of marijuana, and possession of drug paraphernalia. We determine that Campbell’s excessive sentence 

argument is moot and that even if it was not moot, it is without merit. Accordingly, Campbell’s convictions and sentences 

are affirmed.

Affirmed.