United States Department of Agriculture

Marketing and Regulatory Programs

 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

1

Approval and Oversight of Privately Owned Avian Import Quarantine Facilities in the 

United States

1. Purpose and Background

This guidance describes the procedures for Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

(APHIS) approval and oversight of privately owned avian quarantine facilities. APHIS

regulates the approval of privately owned quarantine facilities for imported animals. These 

facilities must have adequate safeguards to securely hold, monitor, and test (as applicable)

quarantined animals; limit entry and egress to authorized personnel; and prevent the 

transmission of disease agents into or from the facility.

This guidance applies to privately owned facilities used to quarantine, with exceptions, any 

commercial import shipment of avian animals (including eggs for hatching). The exceptions 

are commercial import shipments of ratites, zoo-type avian animals bound for zoos, avian 

animals intended for research, and eggs for hatching of any of these. 

In association with a cooperative service and trust fund agreement, APHIS personnel must 

inspect and approve a proposed quarantine facility for imported commercial birds or poultry 

(and eggs for hatching) before its initial use and before each subsequent use to ensure it is 

in good repair and meets standards. Procedures for completion of a cooperative service and 

trust fund agreement are further outlined in VSG 5510.1, “Procedures for Processing 

Cooperative Service and Other Agreements for Privately Owned Quarantine Facilities for 

Commercial Birds, Poultry and any Avian Eggs for Hatching.”

This guidance represents the Agency’s position on this topic. It does not create or confer 

any rights for or on any person and does not bind the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA) or the public. The information it contains may be made available to the public. VS 

employees may not deviate from the directions provided herein without appropriate 

justification and supervisory concurrence.

2. Document Status

A. Review date: March 31, 2020. 

B. This guidance replaces VSM 591.31, which is rescinded.

3. Reason for Reissuance 

This is a new document. 
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

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4. Authority and References

A. Authorities (Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)):

• 7 CFR 371.4

• 9 CFR 71.10

• 9 CFR 93.100

• 9 CFR 93.106

• 9 CFR 93.209

• 9 CFR 93.210

B References

• VSG 5510.1, “Procedures for Processing Cooperative Service and Other Agreements 

for Privately Owned Quarantine Facilities for Commercial Birds, Poultry, and any Avian 

Eggs for Hatching.”

• VSG 13403.1; “Cleaning and Disinfecting Avian Quarantine Facilities Following 

Outbreaks of Communicable Avian Diseases.”

• VSG 13410.1, “Disease Testing and Sampling Requirements for Live Poultry and Birds 

(and Hatching Eggs of Poultry, Birds, and Ratites) During Entry Quarantines.”

5. Audience 

VS employees, other Federal and State agencies, and members of the public.

6. Guidance

A. Application

Facilities seek APHIS approval as privately owned avian import quarantines through 

facility owners or operators (or their agents). An applicant seeking approval of an avian 

import quarantine facility must submit a written application to the National Director, 

Animal Import Centers (NDAIC).

1) The application must include:

a. The applicant or facility’s full name and mailing address.

b. The facility owner's name and address, if different.

c. The facility operator's name and address, if different.

d. The facility's street address (or other information that identifies the physical 

location of the facility).

e. Blueprints or detailed drawings of the proposed facility.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

3

f. A description of the financial resources available for the construction, operation, 

and maintenance of the facility.

g. The average and maximum number of avian animals, or eggs for hatching, to be 

quarantined.

h. Expected frequency of shipments to the quarantine facility.

i. Plans for handling, care, and feeding of the avian animals from the port of entry 

to the quarantine facility.

j. Plans should also include the typical expected transportation routes and types.

k. A contingency plan for the necropsy and disposal of avian animals or eggs for

hatching held in the facility that may not hatch or die after hatching.

2) Review of application

a. The NDAIC or designee will review the application, and if complete, will forward it 

to other personnel in the APHIS Veterinary Services National Import Export 

Services (NIES) sector, Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response Services 

(SPRS) sector, or both for additional review and concurrence. The NDAIC or 

designee, in consultation with other NIES or SPRS personnel, will determine if 

APHIS has resources available to support the quarantine. If the application is 

incomplete, APHIS will contact the applicant for further information.

b. The NDAIC or designee will write to the applicant regarding the application 

review result. The applicant will receive an estimate of user fees it may incur in 

the approval process.

c. If the application is in order, the NDAIC or designee will contact the applicant to

schedule an APHIS inspection of the facility. APHIS personnel will inspect the 

facility using the checklist for facility approval attached to this guidance.

d. The facility should meet the criteria listed in the following sections and as 

referenced in the accompanying checklist.

B. Physical Requirements 

1) The facility site must be within the immediate metropolitan area of the port of entry 

and at least 1/2 mile from any other locations of avian animals.

2) The shipments must be transported from the port of entry so as to mitigate the risk of 

disseminating disease to domestic poultry. The facility operator will submit a 

transport plan to the NIES or SPRS personnel who will manage the quarantine for 

review and approval before the shipment arrives at the port of entry.
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3) Construction of avian import quarantine facilities

a. The facility must be a single, self-contained building in good repair.

b. Floors and ceilings must be of solid construction materials. Surfaces in

containment areas should be durable and impervious to fluids.

c. All construction materials in contact with avian animals must be able to withstand

repeated cleaning and disinfection.

d. All openings to the outside must be double-screened. Interior screens may be

metal or nylon mesh and must be intact. Exterior screens must be metal mesh 

and separated from interior screens by at least 3 inches.

e. The quarantine containment area must be of sufficient size to prevent

overcrowding.

f. The water supply to the quarantine containment area must be adequate for

cleaning as well as for animal maintenance.

g. Wastewater or other liquid wastes must drain to a municipal or septic waste

treatment system and may not be discharged untreated to the exterior of the 

quarantine facility.

h. Access to the avian animal/hatching egg containment areas must be from within 

the building. Containment areas must not be directly connected to any areas 

exterior to the building, but must have a safety or buffer zone incorporated into 

any entrances from the exterior to limit the possibility of escape of any 

quarantined animals. Tamper-proof hasps and hinges on doors in which the pins 

cannot be removed are required for exterior doors leading into the facility and 

any other doors leading into bird containment areas.

i. The facility must comply with local ordinances for emergency exiting.

j. Indoor heating and ventilation systems must be adequate in design and capacity 

to control the ambient temperature, humidity, and odors at levels that are not 

injurious to quarantined animals or APHIS personnel.

k. Lighting must be adequate for APHIS inspections.

l. The feed and bedding storage areas must be kept vermin- and moisture-free.

m. Space must be designated as an office for recordkeeping.

n. The facility must contain a dedicated necropsy or sample collection area. A 

separate room must be available with refrigerated storage space for carcasses 

retained for laboratory examination.
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C. Biosecurity. The facility must have:

1) Adequate equipment and supplies to keep the facility clean and sanitary and to 

control pests.

2) A sufficient stock of disinfectant authorized in 9 CFR 71.10 (or otherwise authorized 

by APHIS) to disinfect the entire facility.

3) A separate area for washing equipment.

4) At least one unisex shower, for use by one individual at a time, or two walk-through 

showers, one for men and one for women, with an anteroom on either side of each 

for clothes storage and changing, at the entrance to the area of the facility involved in 

quarantine containment and necropsy (the dirty side of the showers). A receptacle to 

collect clothing worn on the dirty side of the showers must be present in the dirty-side

anteroom of each shower. Showers must be kept clean; the facility must have a 

Standard Operating Procedure to help ensure this. Clean laundry, including towels 

and coveralls, must be available on the clean side of the showers.

5) A water supply to quarantine containment areas adequate for cleaning and animal 

maintenance. APHIS highly recommends an emergency water supply.

6) A way to dispose of quarantine waste that prevents release of pathogens to the 

environment, such as incineration or other APHIS-approved method. Alternatively, 

facility staff can bag and store waste on the premises until the end of the quarantine. 

At such times, with negative test results, facility personnel can dispose of the 

garbage at the operator’s discretion. If the facility includes an incinerator, it must be 

located in a separate building on the premises. If the incinerator is on a local site 

away from the quarantine facility, an APHIS representative must oversee all transfer 

of materials to the incinerator. Such transfers must be made in a biosecure manner 

to prevent release of pathogens to the environment during transport, in accordance 

with all applicable local, State, and Federal regulations. Note: APHIS-operated 

incinerators are not for private use.

D. Security. The facility must:

1) Be kept locked at all times when facility personnel are not onsite.

2) Display visible Quarantine Area signs indicating that visitors are prohibited.

3) Provide APHIS with phone numbers for contact persons, at least one of whom can 

be reached at any time.

4) Use a security system adequate to review or deter unauthorized entry and the 

escape of quarantined animals. Examples of such systems include fences, guards, 

and video cameras.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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5) Either have a working television-type monitoring system for the containment 

quarantine areas or a window sufficient to provide a full view of the containment area 

(except for clothes-changing and showering areas).

6) Immediately report any breaks or suspected breaks in security to supervising APHIS 

personnel. Any quarantined animals that escape from the facility must also be 

reported immediately.

7) Record an initial count of animals entering the quarantine, using actual numbers for 

small consignments, or listing the inventory numbers on shipping documents for 

larger consignments (this should only be done when obtaining an actual number may 

be injurious to animal health). The facility must reconcile the initial count against a 

final count made under APHIS supervision prior to release of the animals from 

quarantine. The count should factor in all mortalities occurring during quarantine.

The NDAIC or designee will assign a veterinary medical officer or other APHIS 

personnel to monitor activities in the facility. APHIS personnel will also be responsible for 

applying, breaking, and recording of APHIS seals used at all entrances, as further set 

forth in E.1).

E. APHIS Oversight of Operations

1) APHIS representatives will be present for the arrival of the avian animals or hatching 

eggs at the facility and will seal the facility when entry activities have been completed 

and all facility personnel have exited. Subsequently, until the shipment has been 

released, facility personnel will not enter the facility unless APHIS representatives 

are present to unseal the facility, monitor the activities of the personnel, and, once all 

personnel have exited, reseal the facility. In addition:

a. APHIS representatives will visit the quarantine daily from day 1 through day 16 of 

the minimum 30-day quarantine period to review security and biosecurity,

account for daily deaths, and collect samples, according to VS Guidance

13410.1. Additional visits will occur based on:

1. Operator request.

2. Animal husbandry needs.

APHIS user fees apply for these activities.

b. Between day 17 and the date of release, APHIS representatives will visit the 

quarantine at least once every 5 days to review security and biosecurity and 

inspect the animals. Additional visits will occur based on:

1. Operator request.

2. Animal husbandry needs.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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c. Any additional access requested by the facility operator must be coordinated with 

APHIS in advance to ensure appropriate sealing or re-sealing.

2) APHIS oversight of personnel (facility personnel and visitors)

a. Visitors may not access the quarantine containment area unless APHIS 

representatives have approved the visit or are present.

b. All personnel with access must sign an agreement stipulating that they will follow 

the terms of the cooperative service agreement (see VS Guidance 5510.2 for 

further information) and any related instructions from APHIS representatives 

pertaining to quarantine operations.

c. All personnel, except veterinary practitioners providing emergency care, must 

sign an affidavit before entering the quarantine area stating they will not have 

contact with any other birds or poultry during the quarantine period and for an 

additional 3 days afterward. Visitors must adhere to all biosecurity standards in 

effect at the facility when entering and leaving the facility.

3) Sanitary practices. APHIS must ensure that facility personnel carry out the following:

a. All equipment used to maintain the quarantine should only be used for this 

purpose. All equipment within the facility must be cleaned and disinfected before 

use.

b. Vehicles must be cleaned and disinfected before entering or leaving locations 

within any quarantined area.

c. Any area that has held quarantined avian animals or hatching eggs must be 

cleaned and disinfected after use under the supervision of an APHIS 

representative before a new lot may enter the area.

d. The operator must provide clean protective clothing and footwear for anyone 

granted access to the facility before entry into the quarantine area.

e. The operator is responsible for the proper cleaning and disposal of soiled and 

contaminated clothing used in the facility.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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f. Anyone granted access to the quarantine area must:

1. Shower before entering and when leaving the quarantine containment areas.

2. Wear clean protective work clothing and footwear provided by the operator.

3. Wear disposable gloves when handling sick animals.

See VS Guidance 13403.1 for further information.

4) Handling of avian animals/hatching eggs in quarantine. APHIS personnel must 

ensure the facility handles animals and eggs in the following manner:

a. Avian animals/hatching eggs quarantined 

1. Each shipment must be placed in the facility on an “all-in-all-out” basis. 

APHIS may allow sequential shipments (up to the stipulated holding capacity)

to enter a quarantine facility, but the quarantine period begins with entry of 

the first shipment and extends until the last shipment has been in the facility 

for at least 30 days and all of the avian animals in the quarantine are eligible 

for release.

2. Shipments of avians that were on the same plan, but destined for different 

Federal quarantines, must have negative test results before either quarantine 

has ended. If the shipments belong to different importers, APHIS must make 

each importer aware of the exposure on the plan and the date the 

quarantines end, if more than 30 days apart.

3. Avian animals resulting from eggs that have hatched during the quarantine 

will remain in quarantine for at least 30 days after hatching.

4. The operator must provide sufficient bedding and vermin-free, unspoiled 

feed.

5. Facility personnel must point out to the APHIS representatives any losses, 

suspected illness, or deaths of avian animals observed. APHIS 

representatives will store (or direct facility personnel to store) carcasses in an 

onsite refrigerator for later removal or disposal if circumstances are such that 

they cannot be removed from the facility immediately. Eggs that have not 

hatched at the end of a hatching cycle must be destroyed under APHIS 

supervision.

6. Avian animals that die en route from the port of arrival to the facility must be 

refrigerated on arrival and made available to APHIS for examination and 

determination of cause of mortality.
 United States Department of Agriculture

Marketing and Regulatory Programs

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 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

9

7. All quarantined avian animals or eggs for hatching will be subjected to tests

as deemed necessary by APHIS to determine health or disease status and at 

the importers’ expense.

8. Psittacine type birds will receive a medicated feed ration containing minimally 

1 percent chlortetracycline (CTC) with no more than 0.7 percent calcium for 

the entire quarantine period. The APHIS office overseeing the quarantine 

may waive this requirement.

9. APHIS may extend a quarantine period as needed to determine the health 

status of the animals involved before their release.

b. Non-poultry avians may be vaccinated during an approved quarantine with an 

APHIS-approved vaccine and administered by a licensed veterinarian under 

APHIS supervision. Vaccines to prevent Newcastle disease or avian influenza 

cannot be used unless specifically authorized by APHIS in writing.

F. Facility Recordkeeping

1) The facility operator must keep a daily log of personnel entering and exiting the 

facility.

a. For psittacine birds: Within 7 days of entry into the quarantine, the facility must 

identify birds using a leg band (or another approved identification system) coded

to the date and location of the quarantine facility.

b. The facility operator must keep all records related to the quarantine for at least

12 months after the release of the animals. The APHIS office overseeing the 

quarantine may waive this requirement.

1. The facility operator must make these records available to APHIS on request.

2. The facility must maintain a daily log as approved by an APHIS 

representative. The facility operator must use the log to account for any 

mortalities, hatchings, or other quarantine events. The operator must also list 

all laboratory specimens removed from the facility. 

G. APHIS’ Granting or Denial of Approval 

1) APHIS will determine whether to approve or deny approval for a facility after 

inspecting the facility, using the attached checklist.

a. If the facility meets the criteria in this guidance for APHIS approval, the NIES 

Associate Deputy Administrator or designee must sign the cooperative service 

agreement (see VS Guidance 5510.2) before the facility can be used. The 

original signed agreement should remain with the NDAIC (or designate), with 

copies sent to the operator.
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b. If the criteria for approval in this guidance are not met, APHIS will deny approval.

1. APHIS will write to the operators regarding any violations or other compliance 

issues noted during the inspection that would bar approval.

2. APHIS will give the operator a written timeframe to correct any violations or 

compliance issues and receive APHIS approval.

3. APHIS will re-inspect the facility at the end of the allotted period. If the facility 

has not corrected the violations or compliance issues to the satisfaction of the 

APHIS inspector or if the facility continues to fail to meet approval criteria, the 

facility will not be approved for use as a quarantine facility.

2) Suspension or revocation of APHIS approval

a. APHIS may suspend a facility’s approval if either of the following occurs:

1. The facility is found not in compliance with the regulations or this guidance.

2. The facility fails to prevent, contain, or eliminate an outbreak of a 

communicable avian disease.

b. APHIS will specify a time period for the operator to correct the deficiency or 

deficiencies that lead to the suspension. If the operator does not take sufficient 

remedial action by the end of the time period, APHIS will change the suspension 

to a revocation.

c. APHIS should coordinate suspension or revocation of approval for existing 

facilities through a discussion led by the NDAIC (or designate) and other APHIS

personnel.

d. Any APHIS suspension or revocation of facility approval must be documented in 

writing and come from the NDAIC (or designate) to the operator of the facility.

e. APHIS will oversee operations at any facility that loses approval. The operator 

will incur all additional costs, including the costs of any extension of quarantine 

length resulting from the revocation, if applicable.

3) Before APHIS suspends or withdraws facility approval, the NDAIC (or designate) will

write to or tell the operator (followed by a written communication) of the reasons for 

the proposed action. If the operator disagrees with the proposed action, he or she 

can write to request a hearing to contest the matter.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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4) APHIS may withdraw approval of an existing facility at any time before a final 

determination in a hearing if APHIS determines such action is necessary to protect 

animal health or the public health, interest, or safety. This withdrawal will continue in 

effect pending completion of the hearing and any judicial review, unless APHIS 

orders otherwise.

5) In addition to withdrawing approval for the reasons provided in this section, APHIS 

will also automatically withdraw approval when the operator of any approved facility 

notifies the NDAIC (or designate) in writing that the facility is no longer in operation.

6) APHIS can arrange to provide alternative quarantine services for a shipment of 

commercial birds, poultry, or hatching eggs, if the facility’s operator is negligent. In 

such cases, APHIS may dispose of a shipment or take other measures to recoup 

APHIS expenses. The operator can request in writing from APHIS a copy of an 

inspection report that determined any negligence.

H. Re-Inspections

A. A privately owned avian import quarantine facility must undergo a separate APHIS 

inspection and re-approval for each shipment of avian commodities, or after any 

outbreak of disease at the facility, to document:

a. Adequate cleaning and disinfection between shipments.

b. Continual adherence to APHIS approval criteria.

B. If a facility has experienced an outbreak of an infectious disease, affected animals 

have been depopulated, and/or the facility has been cleaned and disinfected, it may 

not be re-inspected and approved for subsequent use until the guidelines in VS 

Guidance 13403.1 regarding disease outbreaks are met.

I. Facility Operator Request for Variances

1) Applicants or facility operators may seek a variance to the requirements in this 

guidance by requesting one from the NDAIC in writing at least 30 days before any 

avian animals or hatching eggs covered under a specific cooperative service

agreement are scheduled to arrive at the facility. APHIS will only grant variances for 

justifications it finds acceptable.

2) During emergencies such as power failures or natural disasters, APHIS may at its 

discretion grant permission for the importer or facility operator to break intact USDA 

seals and enter the facility. However, even under these circumstances, quarantined 

animals or hatching eggs may not be removed from the facility during quarantine

unless specifically approved in advance by APHIS personnel. Every effort will be 

made to have an APHIS inspector present even during these emergencies.
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

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7. Inquiries

Please direct any inquiries to:

APHIS Veterinary Services, National Center for Import Export Services (NIES) Animal 

Permitting and Negotiation Services, phone: (301)-851-3300, option 2; email: 

VS.Live.Animals.Import.Permits@aphis.usda.gov.

Attachment:

Checklist for Privately owned Avian Quarantine Facilities
 United States Department of Agriculture

Marketing and Regulatory Programs

 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

13

USDA APHIS Veterinary Services

Privately Owned Avian Quarantine Facility Approval 

Checklist

(Includes Approval Criteria for Facilities Housing Commercial Birds or Poultry Eggs for

Hatching)

Please complete each item.

1. Name and Address of 

Facility (include Zip 

Code)

2. Name and Address of 

Facility Operator

Task/ Area Inspected Acceptable/ 

Unacceptable

( A or UA)

Remarks

Location

3. Location is within the 

immediate metropolitan 

area of the port and at 

least half a mile from 

location of other avian

animals.

Construction

4. Facility is single, selfcontained building in 

good repair.

5. Construction is of 

materials that are 

impervious to fluids and 

can withstand repeated 

cleaning and disinfection.

6. All openings to the 

outside prevent entry of 

vermin or other animals.

7. Quarantine containment 

area(s) is (are) of 

sufficient size for 

shipment.

8. Heating, ventilation and 

/or air conditioning 

systems control the 
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

14

ambient temperature, 

humidity, and odors to 

acceptable levels.

9. Lighting is adequate for 

VS inspections.

10. Feed and bedding storage 

area is vermin- and 

moisture-free.

11. Designated office is 

available for use by 

APHIS or facility 

personnel.

12. Water supply to 

containment areas is 

adequate for animal 

maintenance and for 

cleaning.

Biosecurity

13. All equipment used in 

quarantine containment 

areas is dedicated to only 

that use.

14. Clean reusable or 

disposable protective 

clothing (e.g., coveralls, 

boots, hats, gloves) is 

provided on clean side of 

showers for all who need 

to enter quarantine 

containment areas.

15. A protocol for 

implementing facility 

biosecurity is available.

16. Area for washing 

equipment is adequate.

17. A separate showering area 

for personnel entering or 

leaving quarantine 

containment areas is 

provided, with room for 

change of clothes and 

receptacle for dirty 

clothes/ towels on the 

quarantine side (this is 

required for commercial 

bird facilities and is 
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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highly recommended for 

poultry/ hatching egg 

facilities).

18. Footbaths with 

disinfectant are present at 

all entries/ exits to 

quarantine containment 

areas.

19. A disposal plan for wastes 

and other materials is 

acceptable (via incinerator 

or other approved method 

on the premises OR 

facility provides adequate 

biosecure holding 

capacity until the end of 

quarantine).

Security

20. Facility has adequate 

locks provided to be used 

at all times.

21. Facility displays visible 

signs that indicate 

“Quarantine” status and 

that prohibit unauthorized 

visitors.

22. Operator has provided 

APHIS with 24-hour 

contact phone number.

Phone number:

23. An acceptable security 

system is installed and 

operational.

Personnel

24. Statements from 

authorized employees 

(stipulating non-contact 

with other avians until 72 

hours after quarantine has 

ended) are maintained for 

APHIS review.

25. Agreements by authorized 

personnel to follow 

cooperative service 

agreement are maintained 

for APHIS review.
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 VS Guidance 13401.1

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Handling of 

Birds/Poultry/Hatching Eggs

26. Litter in quarantine 

containment areas is 

vermin-free.

27. For psittacine birds: 

Facility has medicated feed 

ration containing 

minimally 1 percent

chlortetracycline (CTC) 

with no more than 0.7

percent calcium.

28. Mortality handling 

procedures were reviewed 

by APHIS and found

adequate.

Recordkeeping

29. Daily log (APHISapproved) is provided for 

use by all personnel and 

visitors.

30. For psittacine birds:

APHIS approved 

identification system – leg 

banding, or other system

Approval/ Disapproval of Facility

Based on my inspection, I recommend the facility be ( ) approved ( ) not approved

31. Signature of 

Veterinary Medical 

Officer

32. Title 33. Date 

USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services

__________________________________________________________

Print Name and Office Location
 United States Department of Agriculture

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 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

 Veterinary Services

 VS Guidance 13401.1

17

Acknowledgement of Receipt of Inspection Report

I hereby acknowledge receipt of this inspection report on the below listed date.

34. Signature of responsible 

official/operator at 

facility

35. Title 36. Date