NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LUCAS PABLO DOMINGO, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 18-70779

Agency No. A206-636-862

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted February 6, 2023**

Pasadena, California

Before: BOGGS,***IKUTA, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner, Lucas Pablo Domingo, a citizen and national of Guatemala, entered 

the United States without inspection as a 17-year-old unaccompanied minor. Pablo 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the 

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.

FILED

FEB 9 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 18-70779

Domingo sought asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the 

Convention Against Torture (CAT) on account of his membership in the particular 

social group of young men of indigenous descent who have resisted forced gang 

recruitment. 1 An immigration judge (IJ) denied his application because Pablo 

Domingo had not shown that his indigenous status was a motivating factor for the 

gangs’ actions, and therefore failed to show that such harm, and his fear of future 

harm, was inflicted on account of his membership in a particular social group. 

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed the 

IJ. 

Where the BIA issues its own decision, but also relies in part on the IJ’s

reasoning, we review both decisions. See Budiono v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1042, 1046 

(9th Cir. 2016). Factual determinations are reviewed under the substantial-evidence 

standard. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 

831 (9th Cir. 2022). Under this “highly deferential” standard of review, a court must 

affirm unless the petitioner shows that “‘the evidence not only supports . . . but 

1 Since he was an unaccompanied alien child, Pablo Domingo’s asylum claim 

was processed by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) 

pursuant to the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection 

Reauthorization Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044. USCIS conducted 

an assessment, found he was not eligible for asylum, and referred his case to the 

immigration court for adjudication of his asylum application. 
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compels’ reversal.” Pedro-Mateo v. INS, 224 F.3d 1147, 1150 (9th Cir. 2000) 

(quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992)). 

To qualify for asylum, a petitioner must show past persecution or a wellfounded fear of future persecution, based on one of five protected grounds, by either 

the government or forces the government is unable or unwilling to control. 

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). A nexus must be established between the persecution 

and the protected ground, and a grant of asylum is appropriate only if the protected 

ground is “one central reason” for the persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

The IJ made factual errors and the BIA adopted those errors in holding that 

Pablo Domingo suffered only one violent interaction with a gang attempting to 

recruit him: one beating from one gang attack. Pablo Domingo suffered from more 

troubling interactions with the gangs, although only one involved an attack on him 

personally. When he was only seven years old, his father was severely beaten and 

died at home from extensive brain trauma. His mother then left Guatemala for the 

United States. He was not bothered by gangs until two things happened: he reached

age 14, and he started attending middle school, which was not located in his village. 

While walking to school, Pablo Domingo was attacked and beaten by a gang with 

such severity that he required treatment at a medical clinic, and he stopped going to 

school because he was afraid. Then his cousin was kidnapped and killed by a gang

after his cousin’s father, Pablo Domingo’s uncle, was unable to pay a ransom. A 
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friend of Pablo Domingo’s was also kidnapped and killed. And, “[a]bout one week 

before he fled Guatemala, he was approached by a gang member who told him that 

if he came back to Guatemala, they would kidnap him.” 

All of this happened to Pablo Domingo between the ages of seven and 

seventeen. “Age can be a critical factor in the adjudication of asylum claims and 

may bear heavily on the question of whether an applicant was persecuted or whether 

she holds a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Hernandez-Ortiz v. Gonzales, 

496 F.3d 1042, 1045 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

“[A] child’s reaction to injuries to his family is different from an adult’s. The child 

is part of the family, the wound to the family is personal, the trauma apt to be 

lasting.” Ibid. 

The asylum officer, who initially interviewed him, properly took Pablo 

Domingo’s age and cultural background into account when considering his 

responses to past trauma and, in so doing, found his testimony to be credible. See 

Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims, 1998 WL 34336292 (INS). In contrast, 

the IJ stated that Pablo Domingo had “severe credibility issues” because “after the 

apparent severe beating . . . he just decided to remain in Guatemala.” In assessing 

asylum cases where the harm occurred to a petitioner or his family when he was a 

child, the BIA and IJ should recognize and distinguish between a child’s 

psychological response to trauma and that of an adult. See ibid. 
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Although the IJ and BIA may have mischaracterized the nature and extent of 

the harm suffered by Pablo Domingo, even if the harm is correctly characterized, it 

is not sufficient to compel a finding that Pablo Domingo’s harm was different from 

general gang violence. He failed to establish that one central reason that the gangs 

attacked him was because he was indigenous. The only evidence in the record 

relating to indigenous status as a basis for gang attacks is the United States 

Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Guatemala 

from 2013 through 2016. Those Country Reports indicate that gang members in 

Guatemala “direct harm against anyone and everyone perceived to have interfered 

with, or who might present a threat to, their criminal enterprises and territorial 

power.” Thus, while Pablo Domingo could have been attacked on account of being 

an indigenous young male, nothing compels such a finding. And, since Pablo 

Domingo did not meet his burden in establishing eligibility for asylum, he is unable 

to meet the higher burden of proof required under withholding of removal. See INS 

v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 429-30 (1984); Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 360 

(9th Cir. 2017).

The BIA and IJ also did not commit clear error in holding that Pablo 

Domingo’s fear of generalized gang violence and crime in Guatemala is insufficient 

to support protection under CAT. Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 

(9th Cir. 2010). He has failed to demonstrate that it is more likely than not that he 
6 18-70779

will experience torture if he returns to Guatemala and there is no evidence in the 

record that gang activity is committed by or at the instigation of the government of 

Guatemala or anyone acting in an official capacity, or anyone acting with the 

government’s consent or acquiescence. See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1067 

(9th Cir. 2021); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1).

The petition for review is DENIED.