J-A24008-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

KHALIYFA NEELY 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1910 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 23, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0009418-2017

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 23, 2023

Khalifya Neely (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of sentence of 

twenty to forty years of incarceration, entered following his convictions for 

homicide in the third degree for the murder of De’Vonn Pickett, aggravated 

assault against Eric Reese, and possession of an instrument of crime. We 

affirm.

Pickett died as the result of multiple stab wounds following an altercation

in the early morning hours of February 18, 2015, outside Che’s Bar, located 

in the West Mount Airy section of Philadelphia. Pickett had been drinking in 

the bar with Eric Reese, Marcus Kincy, Detrick Lowman, and Devon Doram. 

Pickett, Reese, and Kincy worked in the music industry and were in

Philadelphia rehearsing for an upcoming tour with Nicki Minaj. Lowman was 

also employed in the music business and knew the three men. He was living 
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in Philadelphia and the four decided to meet and catch up with each other. 

Lowman’s cousin, Devon Doram, joined them.

The five men initially met at another bar, Cavanaugh’s. At some point, 

the group decided to visit Che’s Bar, partly because the bartender, Travia 

Allen, knew several of the men, including Reese. Allen and Reese had known 

each for two or three years and had a romantic relationship. N.T., 2/24/20, 

at 56. Allen and Reese tended to get together when they were in the same 

town. Id. at 57. Allen was also friends with Appellant, who was drinking at 

Che’s that evening, along with Anthony Torain and Pierce Boykin. Allen and 

Appellant had been friends since around 2000 and the two had a “friends with 

benefits” relationship. N.T., 2/19/20, at 107-08. Appellant also met up at 

Che’s with another woman, Kenra Taylor.

At some point in the evening, the former owner of Che’s arrived and 

caused a disruption when she went behind the bar to serve herself free drinks. 

As a result of this incident, the owner decided to close the bar down for the 

evening. Video surveillance established that Appellant and his friends left 

before Pickett and his group. 

The details vary as to who said what outside, but it is undisputed that a 

melee broke out between the two groups of men, and that Reese and Pickett 

were stabbed during the altercation. According to Reese, after the owner 

closed the bar down, he and the rest of his group returned to Lowman’s

vehicle. N.T., 2/24/20, at 26. He texted Allen to ask if she was okay, and 
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she replied that she would be outside soon. Id. at 27. He went to escort 

Allen to her vehicle, as he wanted “to make sure she was okay after seeing 

what happened behind the bar.” Id. at 28. Reese heard Pickett ask Allen, 

“Sis, are you good? Are you okay?” Id. at 30. Reese followed Allen to her 

car, and Reese “got halfway in” the passenger side. Id. at 32. He heard 

someone say, “Fuck you mean is she good?” Id. He walked back into the 

street. At this point, everyone from his group except Doram was there, along 

with Appellant, Boykin, and Torain. Id. at 34. Reese saw Appellant throw the 

first punch, targeting Pickett. Reese, who was next to Pickett, saw the two 

men square up to fight. Id. at 37. Reese saw Boykin “walk[ing] as if he’s 

about to jump in. I turn around. I hit him.” Id. He and Boykin, who he was 

able to identify because Boykin was the only one of the men wearing glasses, 

then fought. The two “pretty much were throwing fists” and Boykin managed 

to put Reese in a headlock. Id. at 39. Both men ended up tussling on the 

ground. At some point Reese “felt like I was getting kicked, maybe four[,] ... 

five times.” Id. at 42. He felt this sensation on his “whole left side, and then 

in the middle of my back toward my right.” Id. at 43.

Reese believed that Lowman picked him up shortly thereafter. He saw 

Pickett on the ground and observed blood through his clothes. As he 

attempted to talk to Pickett, “Boykin ... starts coming after [him].” Id. at 46. 

Boykin chased him, and Reese became lightheaded and slowed. Id. at 47. 

Boykin approached Reese and accused him of sucker punching him; Reese 
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replied that he did not want any problems and struck Boykin to defend Pickett. 

Reese did not see Boykin with a knife at any point. Id. at 47-48. Boykin told 

him, “When I catch you, you dead like your cousin.” Id. at 48. Reese started 

to run away, and Lowman pulled up in his car and picked up Reese. Id. 

Boykin was walking towards the car when they left. Id. at 49.

Lowman testified that he ended up tussling with Torain. N.T., 2/25/20, 

at 31. The two did not engage much physically. It ended when a woman 

yelled “[y]our friend is on the ground.” Id. at 35. He and Torain let go of 

each other, and Lowman thought that Pickett may have been knocked 

unconscious. He told Dorman to get the car. He and Dorman then put Pickett 

in the car. Id. at 40. He recalled Marcus Kincy jumping in the car at some 

point, and then picking up Reese. Id. He saw a man near Reese, whom he 

recognized as “the person that [Reese] was tussling with.” Id. 

Kincy testified that he ran down an alley during the melee. He returned 

to the area about a minute later and saw Pickett on the ground. N.T., 2/20/20, 

at 139. Some fighting was still going on, and he “heard someone say 

something about going to ... get a gun.” Id. at 144. That was one of the 

reasons he, Lowman, and Doram put Pickett in the car and drove to Einstein 

Hospital. Id. At approximately 2:42 a.m., Officer Thomas Dempsey arrived 

at Einstein Hospital concerning two stabbing victims. Id. at 84. Staff 

informed him that Pickett died at 2:45 a.m. Id. at 89.
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The police initially arrested Boykin and charged him with murder, in part 

because Kincy identified Boykin as the man who stabbed both Reese and 

Pickett. Kincy testified that he assumed Boykin did so, based on seeing “the 

guy with the glasses start[] swinging” on Pickett, and when he returned to the 

scene and saw Pickett on the ground, he assumed that Boykin was 

responsible. Id. at 211. Additionally, police searched Boykin’s home and 

found a small amount of Reese’s blood on Boykin’s jacket. Boykin was held 

for trial following a preliminary hearing. Approximately eighteen months later,

with his trial date three days away, he met with representatives of the District 

Attorney’s office and implicated Appellant as the murderer. Boykin ultimately 

pled guilty to one count of aggravated assault for his role in fighting Reese. 

Boykin testified that he threw the first punch at Pickett but missed. N.T., 

2/25/20, at 215. Reese then punched him and the two started fighting. Id.

at 218. During the ensuing fight, he saw Appellant facing Pickett, and 

observed Appellant thrusting his arm once or twice. Id. at 225-26. Boykin 

saw a “glimmer” in Appellant’s hand, and Pickett buckled and fell to the 

ground. Id. at 227. Appellant then ran over to break up Pickett and Reese, 

yelling at Reese to “[g]et off him.” Id. at 230. Boykin stated that Appellant 

stabbed Reese. Id. 
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The Commonwealth apparently learned from Boykin1that Appellant had 

called after the attacks and said that he would be going to Abington Hospital. 

Heather Abebe, a physician’s assistant at Abington Hospital, testified that she 

treated Appellant on February 18, 2015. The triage form indicated that 

Appellant arrived at 3:07 a.m. Id. at 141. Appellant stated he had been 

drinking and tried to slash his girlfriend’s tires with a knife. Id. at 142-43. 

Ms. Abebe observed a large gash over Appellant’s knuckle, at the base of his 

index finger on his right hand. Id. at 143. She testified that the injury was 

consistent with a knife folding over on the top part of Appellant’s hand. Id.

at 172. Appellant’s blood was found near the location where Pickett was 

stabbed. N.T., 2/24/20, at 258-59. 

Appellant’s first jury trial resulted in a mistrial after the jury could not 

reach a unanimous verdict. Boykin did not testify at the second trial at issue 

here, and the trial court permitted the Commonwealth to read in his testimony 

from the first trial. 

Following his convictions, Appellant filed post-sentence motions, which 

were denied. Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal and complied with the 

court’s order to file a concise statement. The trial court filed its opinion, and 

the matter is now ready for our review. Appellant raises the following issues:

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1 During its opening argument, the Commonwealth explained that Boykin told 

“the Commonwealth certain things that we then corroborated. ... [W]e didn’t 

know that at that point, we got the records from Abington.” N.T., 2/19/20, at 

44-45. 
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1. Was the evidence insufficient to convict Appellant of Murder in 

the 3rd Degree and related charges for the killing of De[’]Von 

Pickett, and Aggravated Assault and related charges as to the 

stabbing of Eric Reese as there was insufficient evidence to prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant killed Mr. Pickett and 

stabbed Mr. Reese?

2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion by not finding the 

guilty verdicts entered against ... Appellant were against the 

weight of the evidence?

3. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by granting the Commonwealth’s 

[m]otion to [a]dmit the [p]rior [t]estimony of Pierce Boykin by 

finding that he was unavailable as defined by Pa.R.E. 804(a)?

4. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by not granting a mistrial after 

learning that a deliberating juror performed her own research into 

facts which were not presented into evidence?

5. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by denying Appellant’s [m]otion to 

[r]econsider [s]entence when the sentencing hearing, which 

permitted participation by members of the victims’ family via 

Zoom, was ‘live-streamed’ on various social media platforms, 

permitting multiple unidentified individuals to participate in the 

hearing and to publicly comment on Appellant’s case and demand 

an excessive sentence?

Appellant’s Brief at 3-4.

Appellant’s first claim is that the evidence was insufficient to support all

convictions. Our standard of review is well-settled: 

We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, and 

all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, support 

the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Where there is 

sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every element 

of the crime has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, the 

sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

The evidence established at trial need not preclude every 

possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, 

part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the 

province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute our 

judgment for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s burden 
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may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and any doubt 

about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact finder 

unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter 

of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined 

circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super. 2012).

Appellant does not challenge the elements of any of the crimes. Instead, 

he argues that “[t]he evidence presented ... with regards to who actually 

stabbed Mr. Pickett and Mr. Reese is simply contradictory to such a degree 

that no reliable verdicts could have been reached.” Appellant’s Brief at 27-

28. Appellant does not cite any caselaw. The principle that Appellant invokes 

was cogently summarized by our Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. 

Farquharson, 354 A.2d 545 (Pa. 1976): 

Traditionally under our system of jurisprudence, issues of 

credibility are left to the trier of fact for resolution. While there 

may be some legitimacy for a trial court, who has also observed 

the witnesses as they testified, to consider the weight of the

evidence and to that extent review the jury’s determination of 

credibility, there is surely no justification for an appellate court, 

relying solely upon a cold record, to exercise such a function.

. . . .

This concept, however, must be distinguished from an equally 

fundamental principle that a verdict of guilt may not be based 

upon surmise or conjecture. Following this principle, courts of this 

jurisdiction have recognized that where evidence offered to 

support a verdict of guilt is so unreliable and/or contradictory as 

to make any verdict based thereon pure conjecture, a jury may 

not be permitted to return such a finding.

Id. at 550 (citations omitted). 

This is not one of those rare situations where the jury could not 

rationally conclude that Appellant was the perpetrator. The fight outside Che’s 
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was assuredly chaotic, and the eyewitnesses offered differing accounts of 

what, if anything, happened in the bar before Tavia Allen left. There were 

also competing versions of who said what outside, as well as who threw the 

first punch. Appellant lists reasons to doubt the testimony of seven witnesses. 

Allen “did not testify to seeing anyone with a knife, nor did she specifically 

state she saw Appellant assault anyone.” Appellant’s Brief at 28. Taylor “did 

not give any specific testimony” regarding the fight. Id. Devon Doram 

likewise did not see anyone stab the victims. Id. at 29. Kincy initially 

identified Boykin as the man who fought Pickett, which contradicts Reese’s 

account. Id. at 28. Additionally, Reese did not see a knife or any stabbing. 

Appellant also points out that Reese testified to Boykin chasing Reese and 

telling him he would be dead, which “indicate[s] that he (Boykin) knew that 

Pickett was fatally injured[.]” Id. Lowman denied seeing Appellant near 

Reese. Finally, Boykin claimed that he only struggled with Reese, but he pled 

guilty to one count of aggravated assault. Id. at 29. Boykin also had Reese’s 

DNA on his clothing. 

We agree with the Commonwealth that Appellant’s arguments attempt 

to portray the evidence in the light most favorable to him. See

Commonwealth’s Brief at 10. For instance, it is true that Allen did not testify 

that she saw Appellant attack anyone. However, jurors are free to credit the 

testimony as they see fit. Commonwealth v. Hill, 210 A.3d 1104, 1112 (Pa. 

Super. 2019) (“It is within the province of the fact-finder to determine the 

weight to be accorded to each witness’s testimony and to believe all, part, or 
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none of the evidence.”). The jurors could rationally conclude that Allen was 

not forthright in her testimony. She claimed to experience “blackouts” about 

what happened during the rest of the night. N.T., 2/19/20, at 161-62. The 

Commonwealth obtained her phone records from that evening, which showed 

a seventeen-minute phone call at 3:02 a.m., and several phone calls between 

herself and Appellant between 2:35 a.m. and 5:48 a.m. Id. at 176-81. Allen 

stated that she did not remember any of these calls or what she discussed. 

By focusing only on inferences in his favor, Appellant minimizes the 

evidence, both direct and circumstantial, establishing that he struck Pickett 

and Reese. First, Boykin implicated Appellant as stabbing both victims, and 

specifically identified seeing a “glimmer” as Appellant made a stabbing motion. 

Boykin obviously had a motive to implicate Appellant, and the jury received 

the corrupt and polluted source instruction. That is a credibility determination 

that was properly for the jury to make. In any event, Boykin’s testimony is 

supported by other evidence circumstantially connecting Appellant to the 

stabbings. First, Reese, who had the best opportunity to observe Boykin’s 

actions, was adamant that Boykin never fought Pickett. Reese was presented 

with his prior testimony given at Boykin’s preliminary hearing, wherein he 

stated that Boykin never fought Pickett. N.T., 2/24/20, at 155-56. He also 

stated at the preliminary hearing that he never saw Boykin with a knife and 

that Boykin had him in a headlock throughout. Id. at 155. Second, Appellant 

fled the scene and sought treatment at Abington Hospital, and had a hand 

injury consistent with a knife.
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We add that the trial court, which observed the lengthy proceedings and

had a firsthand view of the video surveillance, wrote in its opinion that the 

video shows all actors except Appellant and Pickett: 

The security video shows Ms. Allen coming out of the building and 

Eric Reese going over to her to escort her to her vehicle. Words 

are exchanged between the two groups. Some pushing and 

shoving leads to swinging and fighting. Pierce Boykin swings at 

Pickett and misses, and then Eric Reese punches Boykin. 

Fighting goes on until they realize [Pickett] has been stabbed and 

has fallen to the ground and is dying. The video accounts for 

everyone during the altercation except the decedent and 

[Appellant], who are out of frame. The video then shows Reese 

on top of Boykin when [Appellant] comes over to get Reese off his 

friend. Reese [is] stabbed and [A]ppellant then runs off and 

jumps in his car and drives off.

Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 12/10/21, at 3-4.

Given the short timeframe involved, the fact that Appellant and Pickett 

are off camera supplies circumstantial evidence that Appellant was the only 

person realistically capable of stabbing Pickett. Taken together, the evidence 

supports a rational inference that Appellant stabbed both Pickett and Reese. 

This is not one of the rare situations in which the verdict must have been the 

product of pure conjecture.

Appellant’s second claim challenges the weight of the evidence. This 

claim is simply a repackaging of the first claim, as demonstrated by Appellant’s 

argument in support. “The same arguments set forth above, in Appellant’s 

sufficiency claim, are raised here and incorporated in his weight claim.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 30-31. Thus, our rejection of the foregoing claim 

effectively resolves this claim as well.
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A motion for new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary 

to the weight of the evidence, concedes that there is sufficient 

evidence to sustain the verdict. Thus, the trial court is under no 

obligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

verdict winner. An allegation that the verdict is against the weight 

of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. A 

new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the 

testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have 

arrived at a different conclusion. A trial judge must do more than 

reassess the credibility of the witnesses and allege that he would 

not have assented to the verdict if he were a juror. Trial judges, 

in reviewing a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the 

evidence do not sit as the thirteenth juror. Rather, the role of the 

trial judge is to determine that “notwithstanding all the facts, 

certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them 

or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.”

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751–52 (Pa. 2000) (footnote 

and citations omitted). On appeal, our review is “distinct from the standard 

of review applied by the trial court[.]” Commonwealth v. Clay, 64 A.3d 

1049, 1055 (Pa. 2013). We do not review the underlying weight of the 

evidence question. Instead, we examine the judge’s exercise of discretion in 

ruling on that claim. Id. The trial court determined that the verdict did not 

shock its conscience, and the analysis set forth above applies here. We find 

no abuse of discretion. 

In his third issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erroneously

permitted the Commonwealth to read in the testimony of Pierce Boykin from 

the mistrial. Former testimony is an exception to the rule against hearsay, 

provided that the declarant is unavailable. Pa.R.E. 804(b)(1). The Rules of 

Evidence state the qualifying conditions for deeming a witness as unavailable. 

Pa.R.E. 804(a). The provision applicable in this case states that a witness is 
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unavailable if the declarant “is absent from the trial or hearing and the 

statement’s proponent has not been able, by process or other reasonable 

means, to procure ... the declarant’s attendance, in the case of a hearsay 

exception under Rule 804(b)(1)[.]” Pa.R.E. 804(a)(5)(A). There is a 

constitutional component at issue as well, as Boykin’s statements are clearly 

testimonial. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004) (“Whatever 

else the term covers, it applies at a minimum to prior testimony at a 

preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and to police 

interrogations.”). Thus, the Commonwealth was required to establish that 

Boykin was unavailable. Id. (“Where testimonial evidence is at issue, 

however, the Sixth Amendment demands what the common law required: 

unavailability and a prior opportunity for cross-examination.”). In

Commonwealth v. Melson, 637 A.2d 633 (Pa. Super. 1994), this Court 

explained the principles applicable to this type of claim:

The test for availability under the Sixth Amendment is broad: a 

witness is unavailable if the prosecution has made a good faith 

effort to introduce its evidence through the live testimony of the 

witness and, through no fault of its own, is prevented from doing 

so. Ohio v. Roberts, [448 U.S. 56, 74 (1980)] (the “ultimate 

question is whether the witness is unavailable despite good-faith 

efforts undertaken prior to trial to locate and present that 

witness”)[.] 

Id. at 637. “The length to which the prosecution must go to produce the 

testimony is a question of reasonableness.” Id. at 638.

The facts surrounding the Commonwealth’s efforts to present Boykin 

were established at two points during the trial. First, on February 19, 2020, 
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one day before trial was set to begin, the trial court stated that the 

Commonwealth filed a motion, apparently informally as it was not docketed,

seeking the admission of Boykin’s testimony. The Commonwealth stated that 

it wanted a ruling for purposes of what information it could discuss in opening 

statements. Appellant objected, citing the right to confront his accusers and 

the right to a fair trial. N.T., 2/19/20, at 4. Appellant argued that Boykin was 

not unavailable as contemplated by the law. The Commonwealth

acknowledged that it “must prove that ... a good-faith effort was made on the 

part of the prosecution to produce the witness[.]” Id. at 8. The 

Commonwealth represented that “several detectives” as well as the assistant 

district attorneys prosecuting the case “over the course of the last two 

months” had attempted to find Boykin. Id. at 8-9. Boykin’s attorney “made 

abundantly clear to the Commonwealth that he was not going to be 

cooperating with the Commonwealth’s case this time around.” Id. at 9. 

That was the very first statement that he made through that 

attorney, and he continued to make that through the attorney. 

He continued to tell that to his probation officer, who is, again, an 

officer of the court, over, over, and over, that he was not going 

to. The probation officer told him he would be in violation. 

Indeed, this Court on this case ... in the past two weeks has issued 

a material witness petition, with some of that same information, 

understanding that Mr. Boykin was purposefully absenting himself 

from this proceeding and refusing to cooperate.

Id. at 9-10. The Commonwealth also stated that it would “continue to” try to 

locate Boykin. Id. at 11. The trial court granted the motion, permitting the 

Commonwealth to mention Boykin’s testimony in its opening.
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On February 24, 2020, the parties discussed some potential jury 

instructions, including instructions as to why Boykin was absent. The court 

stated, “Boykin is not showing because why? I’m not privy to that.” N.T.,

2/24/20, at 7. The Commonwealth stated, “[A]t some point, we will put 

detectives up to talk about their efforts in trying to find him.... There has to 

be some testimony unless there’s some stipulation by you, and we can read 

that into the record.” Id. at 8. Appellant agreed to stipulate, and the trial 

court instructed the parties to work out a stipulation. Id. Boykin’s prior 

testimony was then read into the record on February 26, 2020. Immediately 

following that testimony, Appellant informed the court that the parties 

“worked out a stipulation with regard to Mr. Boykin.” N.T., 2/26/20, at 83. 

The Commonwealth then read the following to the jury: 

Ladies and gentlemen, there’s been a stipulation by and between 

counsel that Pierce Boykin cannot be located. Despite numerous 

attempts by Homicide Detectives Graf, Morton, Scally, and 

Livewell, Boykin has not been located at this time.

Mr. Boykin’s probation officer Mark Firm (ph) has given the 

Commonwealth his address. Mr. Firm also told Mr. Boykin about 

the court date and to honor the subpoena. Probation Officer Firm 

has also spoken to Boykin’s father, who he lives with, about the 

court date and subpoena.

Detective Morton has personally gone to the listed property for 

Mr. Boykin several times, day and night, and has not found Mr. 

Boykin. He has left subpoenas at that residence.

Counsel for the D.A.’s Office has called Mr. Boykin numerous times 

regarding the subpoenas and trial dates. Counsel for the D.A.’s 

Office has also informed Mr. Boykin’s personal attorney about the 

subpoena and trial date. 
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Detective Morton has also checked all area hospitals and morgues 

for Mr. Boykin, with negative results. 

Id. at 84-85.

As a prefatory matter, Appellant argues that the trial court erred 

because the Commonwealth failed to present any evidence. “No testimony 

was taken by the [t]rial [c]ourt as to Boykin’s whereabouts.” Appellant’s Brief 

at 32. The Commonwealth bore the burden of establishing that Boykin was 

unavailable. Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 74-75 (“The ultimate question is 

whether the witness is unavailable despite good-faith efforts undertaken prior 

to trial to locate and present that witness. As with other evidentiary 

proponents, the prosecution bears the burden of establishing this predicate.”). 

However, Appellant stipulated to the testimony that would have been 

presented. While this stipulation was prepared after the trial court had already

granted the motion and was read into the record after Boykin testified, in 

context we discern no error in permitting the stipulation to be entered at that 

time. The Commonwealth sought an anticipatory ruling before opening 

statements out of an abundance of caution, anticipating that Boykin would not 

appear. The Commonwealth noted that it would continue to try and locate 

Boykin in the interim, and his testimony was read into the record one week 

later. When Boykin failed to appear, the parties agreed on a stipulation. 

Of course, the fact that Appellant stipulated to the testimony does not 

equate to a stipulation that those efforts satisfied the applicable legal 

standard. The remaining question is thus whether the trial court abused its 

discretion in determining that these efforts established that Boykin was 
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unavailable in the constitutional sense.

2

 In resolving this claim, we note that 

the Commonwealth is not required to take every potential measure. In

Commonwealth v. Douglas, 737 A.2d 1188 (Pa. 1999), the appellant 

asserted that the police should have established video surveillance inside the 

housing project where the witness lived. The Douglas Court determined that 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the Commonwealth 

made a good faith effort to locate a witness despite the lack of surveillance. 

Police officers took several measures, including

repeatedly searching at his apartment, at his mother’s apartment, 

at a number of bars he was known to frequent, at his girlfriend’s 

house, and elsewhere. The police also contacted McLaurin’s 

mother, his sister, his girlfriend, his neighbors, the security 

officers at the housing project, and others to try to find McLaurin, 

all to no avail. Notwithstanding the lack of surveillance at the 

housing project, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its 

discretion in finding that the Commonwealth made a good faith 

effort to locate McLaurin. 

Id. at 1195–96. 

Douglas cited Commonwealth v. Wayne, 720 A.2d 456 (Pa. 1998), 

which rejected a claim similar to Appellant’s present contention that the 

Commonwealth did not act reasonably because it had advance knowledge that 

Boykin did not intend to appear. The appellant in Wayne did not claim that 

the efforts undertaken were not thorough in themselves, but that those 

____________________________________________

2 We note that the trial court did not make any explicit findings concerning 

whether these efforts qualified as a good faith effort under the circumstances, 

concluding only that “Mr. Boykin was unavailable.” TCO at 15. The

Commonwealth cited the correct principles of law when arguing the motion, 

and we therefore conclude that the trial court made the required finding.
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“efforts should have begun more than four days prior to ... trial. [Wayne]

argues that the Commonwealth knew that [the witness] might not be 

available, thus they were under an obligation to act with greater tenacity in 

securing his presence.” Id. at 467. The Court disagreed. “The 

Commonwealth is held to making a reasonable effort to secure the witness’s 

presence, not to being omniscient regarding the potential for a witness to 

leave the jurisdiction.” Id. In Commonwealth v. Blair, 331 A.2d 213 (Pa.

1975), cited with approval by Wayne, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 

stated that the Commonwealth need not “establish that the witness has 

disappeared from the face of the earth; it demands that the Commonwealth 

make a good-faith effort to locate the witness and fail.” Id. at 215.

Appellant directs our attention to McCandless v. Vaughn, 172 F.3d 

255 (3d Cir. 1999), a decision granting habeas relief based on the 

Commonwealth’s failure to establish that a witness was unavailable.

3

 In that 

case, police found a victim who had been killed by gunfire. An eyewitness told 

police that he had heard gunshots coming from a garage rented by 

McCandless. The witness had seen the victim crash through a garage door. 

He then saw a man, later identified as John Barth, running from the garage, 

then returning to help another man remove a collapsed garage door from a 

____________________________________________

3 McCandless involves an application that was filed prior to the 1996 

amendments to the federal habeas corpus statute. After the 1996

amendments, a federal court cannot grant relief unless the state decision 

“resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 

Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). 
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Chevrolet. That other man then fled the scene in the Chevrolet, and

McCandless owned a Chevrolet like the one observed by the witness. 

Police arrested Barth for murder. Barth then implicated McCandless and 

another man. Prosecutors agreed to “(i) facilitate his release on bail, and (ii) 

at the successful conclusion of the case, drop the charges against him” if Barth 

cooperated and his information could be corroborated. Id. at 259. At a 

preliminary hearing, Barth testified that McCandless shot the victim. After the 

hearing, Barth disappeared and did not appear at trial. The Commonwealth 

was permitted to read in Barth’s preliminary hearing testimony. The Superior 

Court concluded that the Commonwealth sufficiently established that Barth

was unavailable. 

A panel for the Third Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals 

reversed, concluding that the Commonwealth failed to establish that Barth 

was constitutionally unavailable. The McCandless Court stated that the 

reasonableness of the Commonwealth’s efforts “must be evaluated with a 

sensitivity to the surrounding circumstances and the defendant’s interest in 

confronting the absent witness.” Id. at 266. “McCandless’s interest in 

confrontation with Barth could not have been higher.” Id. The prosecution 

sought the death penalty, and Barth was the only eyewitness to the shooting

and provided the only substantial evidence implicating McCandless. Nor was 

Barth an impartial witness, as he had been charged with murder and agreed 

to testify in exchange for his release and later dismissal of charges.
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The panel then addressed the Commonwealth’s efforts to secure Barth’s 

presence at trial. A detective “testified that he told other police officers to 

keep an eye out for Barth and that he personally looked for him when he was 

in Barth’s neighborhood ‘on other business.’” Id. at 267. But “he made no 

effort to locate Barth during the two months prior to ... trial.” Id. Another 

detective “slipped a subpoena under the door” of Barth’s house, and 

questioned a grocer and a neighborhood youth regarding Barth’s 

whereabouts. Less than a week before trial, that detective spoke with a 

neighbor who said that Barth’s wife was at the shore. Nobody sought to 

contact Barth’s father, mother, or siblings. A third detective visited the Barth 

residence one week before trial. Barth’s wife and “a man he assumed to be 

Barth’s brother” said they had no knowledge of Barth’s whereabouts. Id. 

Additional testimony from a representative of the pretrial services unit 

discussed their efforts to locate Barth. The McCandless Court summarized 

the efforts as follows:

The government supported a bail reduction that allowed Barth to 

gain his freedom. After two failures to appear, two bench 

warrants and two rearrests, it sought no alteration in conditions 

of his bail. In early May of 1982, three months before trial, Barth 

failed to appear for the third time and a bench warrant was issued. 

Follow-up calls by Barth’s pre-trial services officers established 

that Barth could not be expected to voluntarily cooperate. As of 

mid-May, two and a half months prior to trial, it is fair to say that 

Barth’s presence at trial would not be assured unless the 

prosecution took affirmative action to secure it. Its response to 

this situation over the next ten weeks can only be described as 

casual.
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Id. at 268. The McCandless Court made a legal finding that, in effect, 

determined the Commonwealth acted in bad faith:

Given Barth’s crucial role in the prosecution’s case, we are left 

with the firm conviction that the prosecution’s efforts to assure 

Barth’s presence would have been far less casual had the shoe 

been on the other foot. If the prosecution had not had Barth’s 

preliminary hearing testimony and had needed Barth’s presence 

at trial, we are confident that the resources and effort devoted to 

finding him prior to trial would have been greater than they in fact 

were.

Id. at 267. 

We decline to make the same type of bad faith finding here. 

McCandless is not binding on this Court, Martin v. Hale Prod., Inc., 699 

A.2d 1283, 1287 (Pa. Super. 1997), and the case merely represents a holding 

that the necessarily fact-intensive inquiry of what is reasonable under the 

circumstances was not met in that case. See also United States v. Smith,

928 F.3d 1215, 1228 (11th Cir. 2019) (finding that the government made a 

good-faith, reasonable effort to obtain witness; “we do know from the 

Supreme Court that there is no brightline rule for reasonableness, and that a 

reasonableness inquiry necessarily is fact-specific and examines the totality 

of the factual circumstances of each particular case.”). The Commonwealth’s 

efforts here were not as deficient as in McCandless, where the prosecution 

apparently never informed Barth of the trial date. Here, in contrast, Boykin 

was apparently aware of his obligation to appear. The Commonwealth 

admittedly could have offered more detail regarding what efforts its detectives 

took to find Barth during the trial; the stipulation’s recitation that four 
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detectives made “numerous attempts” to locate Boykin tells us next-tonothing. However, the stipulation states that Boykin’s probation officer spoke 

to Boykin’s father, who lived with Boykin, and informed him of the court date 

and subpoena. A detective personally visited Boykin’s listed property several 

times, and informed Boykin’s attorney of the trial date and subpoenas. A 

material witness warrant was issued shortly before trial. The Commonwealth 

did not act as casually as the prosecutors in McCandless.

Appellant posits that the latter point cuts both ways, in that the 

Commonwealth admitted that it knew well in advance of trial that Boykin did 

not intend to appear. We agree that this is pertinent. See McCandless, 172 

F.3d at 268 (“[C]alls by Barth’s pre-trial services officers established that 

Barth could not be expected to voluntarily cooperate. As of mid-May, two and 

a half months prior to trial, it is fair to say that Barth’s presence at trial would 

not be assured unless the prosecution took affirmative action to secure it.”). 

But Appellant does not argue that the Commonwealth was mandated to jail 

Boykin. In this regard, we note that Rule of Criminal Procedure 522 permits 

the detention of witnesses, including material witnesses. The Comment 

indicates that “a witness may be released on his or her own recognizance 

conditioned upon the witness’ written agreement to appear as required.” 

Comment, Pa.R.Crim.P. 522. In other words, Boykin’s own liberty interests 

are relevant, and in the absence of focused arguments on this point, we are 

unprepared to hold that, as a matter of law, the Commonwealth was required 

to arrest Boykin at some undefined point in time prior to trial. The 
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Commonwealth made efforts to have Boykin appear at trial, Boykin appeared 

to have been made aware of the subpoena, and the stipulation indicates that 

officers attempted to execute the material arrest warrant. Cf. Hardy v. 

Cross, 565 U.S. 65, 71 (2011) (“We have never held that the prosecution 

must have issued a subpoena if it wishes to prove that a witness who goes 

into hiding is unavailable for Confrontation Clause purposes[.]”). The trial 

court did not conclude that the Commonwealth acted in bad faith and the 

concomitant legal conclusion that Boykin was unavailable is supported by the 

record.

Appellant’s fourth claim concerns the fact that one of the jurors admitted 

to independently examining the weather conditions for the evening of the 

murder. On the morning of February 28, 2020, the court officer found 

notebooks belonging to two separate jurors. N.T., 2/28/20, at 4. The court

examined the material and then brought in both jurors to confirm that the 

material was “only a recap of what they heard[.]” Id. at 5. The first juror 

confirmed that the notebook was just a summary and denied conducting any 

other research. Id. The second juror also confirmed that the notebook 

contained a summary of witness testimony. Id. at 9. The court asked if the 

juror did “any research ... that would involve anything other than the testimony 

you heard in this courtroom.” Id. The juror responded, “I looked at the 

weather.” Id. Specifically, the juror “looked at the high and the low 

temperature that day.” Id. The juror confirmed that this research did not 

have any bearing on their ability to assess the evidence presented and agreed 
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to decide the case based only on the evidence presented. Id. at 10. The 

attorneys declined the court’s opportunity to ask any follow-up questions. Id. 

Appellant then made a motion for mistrial. The judge denied the request 

based on the juror’s answers and the fact that the independent research was 

limited to “the weather conditions on the day in which the event occurred.” 

Id. at 11.

Appellant contends that “prejudice must be presumed” when a juror 

conducts independent research. He cites three cases involving removal of 

jurors: Commonwealth v. Marrero, 217 A.3d 888 (Pa. Super. 2019); 

Commonwealth v. Rush, 162 A.3d 530 (Pa. Super. 2017); and 

Commonwealth v. Smith, 206 A.3d 551 (Pa. Super. 2019). These cases 

are inapposite. 

In Marrero, a juror informed the trial court that another juror made 

remarks concerning “the concept of facing trial before ‘a jury of your peers,’”

with the juror saying that “none of us are [sic] his peers.” Marrero, 217 A.3d

at 889 (bracketing in original). The reporting juror construed this as “possibly 

referring to [a]ppellant’s Latino heritage.” Id. The trial court questioned the 

juror, who explained that the comment referenced the disparity in age. Id.

at 890. The court deemed the juror’s explanation credible and declined to 

discharge the juror, and this Court found no abuse of discretion. 

In Rush, the appellant was charged with, inter alia, torture of a police 

dog, for stabbing a police dog that later died due to the wound. The canine’s 

handler cried during the playback of a 911 call, which included his police dog 
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barking in the background. One of the jurors began crying as well. During a 

break, the appellant asked that the juror be removed on the basis that her

crying “causes me to question whether she can decide this case impartially[.]”

Rush, 162 A.3d at 539. The trial judge declined, explaining that it was not 

clear why the juror cried. “I ... cry at weddings and funerals of people I don’t 

know, because I respond to other people’s sorrow. So the fact that the officer 

cried on the stand may have triggered that[;] we don’t know.” Id. The court 

stated that “the law presumes that the jury will be able to follow the 

instructions given,” and the judge stated that the closing instructions will 

remind the jurors to decide “based on the evidence” and not due to emotional 

considerations. Id. This Court found no abuse of discretion by the trial judge, 

noting that appellant “did not ask that the juror be questioned,” and “offered 

nothing more than speculation about [the juror]’s possible bias or influence 

on the rest of the jury.” Id. Accordingly, the appellant failed to “meet his 

burden to show that the jury was not impartial.” Id. 

The Marrero and Rush cases both involve whether the trial court 

abused its discretion in declining to discharge a juror prior to the jury entering 

its verdict, whereas here the question is whether Appellant was entitled to a 

mistrial. Appellant has not cited any case involving a mistrial as opposed to 

seeking the juror’s removal. The cases are therefore of little help to Appellant 

in that both suggest that a request for removal was the appropriate remedy. 

Moreover, similar to the appellant’s failure in Rush to ask the court to question 

the juror, Appellant did not ask the juror what bearing her research had on 
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her view of the case, if any, and it is unknown whether the juror shared the 

information with her fellow jurors. Nor did the juror indicate whether this 

piece of information contradicted anything presented at trial. Thus, neither 

case is helpful.4

The Commonwealth’s citation to Commonwealth v. Szakal, 50 A.3d 

210 (Pa. Super. 2012), is closer to the mark as it involved a post-sentence

motion for a new trial based on alleged juror impartiality. There, the juror

informed the appellant’s counsel that he felt coerced into finding the appellant 

guilty of second degree homicide and stated that during deliberations “he 

asked his daughter to locate jury instructions for first, second and third degree 

murder on the internet and read them to him.” Id. at 223. The Szakal Court

explained that jurors are generally barred from testifying about what 

happened during deliberations, but there is an exception for “testimony of 

extraneous influences which might have affected (prejudiced) the jury during 

their deliberations.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Messersmith, 860 

A.2d 1078, 1085 (Pa. Super. 2004)). “Extraneous influence” is defined by 

information “not provided in open court or vocalized by the trial court via 

instructions.” Id. In the case of a “potentially prejudicial extraneous 

____________________________________________

4 The Smith case involved the trial court granting the Commonwealth’s motion 

to discharge a juror during trial, based on its discovery that the juror had 

previously been adjudicated delinquent of indecent assault, which was the 

crime at issue in Smith. The panel concluded that the trial court did not abuse 

its discretion in discharging the juror. It is unclear what relief would have 

been available if the panel had determined that the court erred. 
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influence,” then a three-prong test is applied to determine if there was a 

“reasonable likelihood of prejudice[.]” Id. 

Szakal is arguably of minimal value as it too does not suggest that 

mistrial is a proper remedy. Appellant acknowledges that the cases he cites 

are not on point but suggests that his case presents an even stronger basis 

for relief because the juror admitted to violating the court’s prior orders not 

to conduct independent research. Putting aside the fact that it is unknown 

whether the juror shared the information she learned with the other jurors, as 

Appellant declined to ask any questions of the juror when given the 

opportunity, Appellant offers no reason why, at minimum, he would not be 

required to show a reasonable likelihood of prejudice as in Szakal. Instead, 

he merely argues that “prejudice must be presumed.” Appellant’s Brief at 41. 

We disagree. The three-prong Messersmith test quoted by Szakal states 

that judges should consider whether the information “merely involves a 

collateral issue,” whether it involved information “they did not have before 

them at trial,” and whether the information “was emotional or inflammatory

in nature.” Messersmith, 860 A.2d at 1085. As the Commonwealth states, 

Appellant “does not even try to explain why the juror’s curiosity about the 

weather denied him of his right to a fair and impartial jury.” Commonwealth’s 

Brief at 19. Even if we accept that a mistrial could be granted under these 

circumstances in lieu of discharging the juror, the fact remains that Appellant’s 

rule would require judges to grant mistrials as a per se remedy. We fail to 
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see why courts should be required to take that drastic step even when the 

information learned, as here, appears to be largely inconsequential. 

Appellant’s final issue concerns the trial court’s use of technology to 

permit the parties to remotely participate in Appellant’s sentencing 

proceeding. The COVID-19 pandemic suspended rules generally barring the 

use of technology to conduct remote proceedings, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 119, and 

the trial court permitted parties to participate via Zoom. The trial court’s 

opinion states that it believed each side would gather their respective 

participants in a conference room, as Appellant did. The Commonwealth, 

however, distributed the Zoom link to individual persons. One of those 

recipients then distributed the link to others, and the sentencing proceeding 

was broadcast to other social media sites. This led to unknown participants 

using the chat functionality to offer comments during sentencing. TCO at 23. 

The trial court took responsibility for the mishap. “Clearly, the court 

erred in failing to adequately restrain individuals from obtaining the [Z]oom 

link and give others access to the proceedings.” Id. at 25. Simultaneously, 

the court made clear that it did not see the comments posted to the chat 

room, let alone consider them. “This court was not connected to the chat, but 

when it was brought to our attention that individuals were acting improperly, 

all were ordered to stop any messaging.” Id. at 23. 

Appellant contends that the trial court must have considered the 

comments. “Most importantly, the [c]ourt must have been impacted, not only 

by the large number of individuals who were present, unknown and 
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unidentified, but by the comments which were made by unknown individuals 

during the hearing.” Appellant’s Brief at 43. We agree with the 

Commonwealth that this claim challenges the discretionary aspects of his 

sentence. Those appeals are not as of right. 

When challenging the discretionary aspects of the sentence 

imposed, an appellant must present a substantial question as to 

the appropriateness of the sentence. Two requirements must be 

met before we will review this challenge on its merits. First, an 

appellant must set forth in his brief a concise statement of the 

reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal with respect to 

the discretionary aspects of a sentence. Second, the appellant 

must show that there is a substantial question that the sentence 

imposed is not appropriate under the Sentencing Code. That is, 

the sentence violates either a specific provision of the sentencing 

scheme set forth in the Sentencing Code or a particular 

fundamental norm underlying the sentencing process. We 

examine an appellant’s [Pa.R.A.P.] 2119(f) statement to 

determine whether a substantial question exists. Our inquiry 

must focus on the reasons for which the appeal is sought, in 

contrast to the facts underlying the appeal, which are necessary 

only to decide the appeal on the merits.

Commonwealth v. Christman, 225 A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 915 (Pa. Super. 2010)). 

Appellant does not include the required separate statement, but the 

Commonwealth has not raised an objection. Thus, we may overlook it. “[I]n 

the absence of any objection from the Commonwealth, we are empowered to 

review claims that otherwise fail to comply with Rule 2119(f).”

Commonwealth v. Bonds, 890 A.2d 414, 418 (Pa. Super. 2005). Turning 

to the substantial question component, Appellant’s allegation that the trial 

court must have considered the comments presents a substantial question. 
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See Commonwealth v. King, 182 A.3d 449, 454 (Pa. Super. 2018) (finding 

a substantial question where the appellant asserted that the court erred in 

considering impact victim testimony by the victim’s wife). 

However, Appellant’s claim fails because the trial court explicitly states 

that it did not consider the comments and, in fact, did not even read their 

contents. TCO at 25. Appellant’s claim that the trial court “must have”

considered the facts because it imposed the statutory maximum for homicide 

in the third degree is not a convincing argument. It cannot be the case that 

imposing the statutory maximum acts as a prima facie demonstration that the 

trial court must have considered improper material. 

To the extent that Appellant’s claim can be construed as a challenge to 

its legality, we note that Appellant’s claim is the opposite of the more common 

scenario in which a criminal defendant argues that a court erred by unlawfully 

excluding the public. See Commonwealth v. Jordan, 212 A.3d 91 (Pa. 

Super. 2019) (holding that right to public trial was violated when trial court 

excluded family members during voir dire). These errors may be deemed 

structural and, if so, require a new proceeding even if the error had no 

discernible impact. Id. at 103 (“The violation of the right to a public trial 

constitutes a structural defect, a specific type of constitutional error 

warranting a new trial without any showing of prejudice.”); see also Weaver

v. Massachusetts, --- U.S. ----, 137 S. Ct. 1899, 1910 (2017) (“The publictrial right also protects some interests that do not belong to the defendant. 
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After all, the right to an open courtroom protects the rights of the public at 

large, and the press, as well as the rights of the accused.”). That concept 

recognizes that the outcome from a new proceeding may well be the same, 

but the values protected by opening the proceedings to the public are served 

by ensuring that the process is carried out in the open. Appellant’s complaint 

that the proceeding was “too public” would not be remedied by a new, more 

restrictive sentencing proceeding. Whatever harms were caused by having 

the proceeding broadcast, the damage has already been done. Because the 

trial judge did not consider the comments of the public participants, there is 

no basis to order a new sentencing hearing. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 2/23/2023