#### Ricardo Rene SANDERS, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Vince CULLEN, Acting Warden, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 10-99009

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted May 11, 2017 Pasadena, California

Filed October 13, 2017

*784Verna J. Wefald (argued), Pasadena, California; William J. Genego, Santa Monica, California; for Petitioner-Appellant.

Dana Muhammad Ali (argued), Michael J. Wise, and A. Scott Hayward, Deputy Attorneys General; Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Los Angeles, California; for Respondent-Ap-pellee.

Before: MORGAN CHRISTEN, JACQUELINE H. NGUYEN, and PAUL J. WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

CHRISTEN, Circuit Judge:

Ricardo Rene Sanders appeals from the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Sanders was convicted of four counts of first-degree murder in 1982 stemming from his involvement in a robbery at a Bob’s Big Boy restaurant in December 1980. He is currently on death row in California.

The witnesses against Sanders at trial included four eyewitnesses and two informants. Sanders did not present an alibi; instead, he argued that the eyewitnesses incorrectly identified him as one of the gunmen and the police arrested the wrong person. Sanders’s trial counsel attacked the accuracy of the eyewitness identifications and the informants’ credibility through vigorous cross-examination. In his federal habeas petition, Sanders continues to attack both.

Sanders’s petition argues that the prosecution knowingly used perjured testimony from witnesses at his trial in violation of *Mooney v. Holohan,*294 U.S. 103, 55 S.Ct. 340, 79 L.Ed. 791 (1935), and *Napue v. Illinois,*360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959), and that the State failed to disclose material, exculpatory information as required by *Brady v. Maryland,*373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Sanders also argues that the prosecution improperly influenced two in-court identifications, failed to preserve exculpatory evidence and planted a jailhouse informant in a van with Sanders to obtain an incriminating statement from him. Finally, Sanders raises one ineffective assistance of counsel claim for the failure to move to suppress eyewitness identifications made at a lineup shortly after the crime occurred. Because we conclude that the California Supreme Court’s resolution of Sanders’s claims was not contrary to clearly established federal law nor based on an unreasonable determination of the *785facts, we affirm the district court’s denial of the petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

BACKGROUND

I. Facts

At around *2*a.m. on December 14, 1980, there was an armed robbery at Bob’s Big Boy restaurant on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, California.1 Two customers and nine employees were inside when two men forced their way into the restaurant, just as it was closing. Four of these individuals died as a result of injuries suffered during the course of the robbery. Four of the surviving witnesses identified Sanders at trial: Tami Rogoway, one of the customers; Michael Malloy, the night manager; Rhonda Robinson, a waitress;2 and Ismael Luna, a busboy.3

Night manager Malloy was in the office preparing to count money from the cash register when the cook, Derwin Logan, told Malloy that the two remaining customers wanted to be let out. As the door opened, two robbers shoved their way inside. The robbers did not wear masks or otherwise cover their faces. The taller of the two men (allegedly Sanders) said, “It’s a jack. It’s a stickup.” He grabbed the keys and the shorter robber (allegedly co-defendant Franklin Freeman Jr.) hit one of the employees on the head with the butt of his shotgun.

The taller robber took Malloy, Rogoway, Logan, and David Burrell, the other customer, to the back of the restaurant and ordered them to lie on the floor in a hallway outside of a walk-in freezer and the office. He asked for the manager and Mal-loy stood up. The taller robber ordered Malloy to give him the money in the safe, which amounted to roughly $1,300. Some of the coins were wrapped in Bank of America coin wrappers.

The taller robber then told Malloy, Ro-goway, Logan, and Burrell to “get up off the floor ... We are going to the back. You’re going to get hurt.” He directed them into the freezer, where the employee who had been hit with the rifle was lying on the floor unconscious. The rest of the employees were waiting there as well. The taller robber said: “I want watches, wallets, and jewelry.” Malloy gathered the items in a bucket, and handed' it to the taller robber. No one resisted, but some people pleaded for the robbers not to hurt them. The robbers ordered everyone to turn around to face the wall and kneel. The two men then fired their guns into the backs of the group until they ran out of ammunition. Then they closed the freezer door and left. .

Inside the freezer people lay piled on top of each other and on the floor. One of the customers and two employees were dead. Ismael’s father, Cesario Luna, who was also a restaurant employee, died several months later from complications related to a bullet wound in his brain. Night manager Malloy was shot in the right eye, which he lost. Rogoway, the other customer, suffered shotgun injuries to her back and spine, resulting in numbness on her right side and the periodic inability to *786walk. Two other employees sustained serious injuries, including Dionne Irvin, a waitress. The three remaining victims— Ismael Luna, Robinson, and Logan—were physically unharmed.

*A, The Initial Investigation*

Later that day, the police showed many of the eyewitnesses photographs from the West Los Angeles Division CRASH book,4 which contained photographs of suspected gang members in the West Los Angeles area. The book did not include photos of Sanders or codefendant Freeman. Rogo-way, Robinson, and Logan all selected photograph No. 132 as the taller robber. Photograph No. 132 depicted a man named David Hall, a person who bore a striking resemblance to Sanders according to the state trial court.

, On' the -morning after the rotibery, the police interviewed several Bob’s Big Boy employees who were not.,at the restaurant during the robbery the night before. .The employees suggested that a former waitress, codefendant Carletha Stewart, may have been involved in the crime. Stewart and Sanders were dating at the time of the robbery and Freeman was Stewart’s cousin. None of the employees mentioned Sanders or Freeman as possible suspects.

Brenda Givens, a waitress at Bob’s Big Boy, worked with Stewart at the restaurant for several months. Givens provided a statement to the police about an encounter she had with Stewart in September 1980, when she ran into Stewart while visiting her boyfriend at Los Angeles County Jail.5

According to Givens, Stewart said that it was a “good thing” that the two women ran into each other “because they gonna rob Bob’s Big Boy tonight.” Stewart told Givens that she did not want Givens to get hurt, but did not say who specifically was going to rob the restaurant. At Sanders’s trial, Givens testified that two men were at the jail with Stewart on the day Stewart warned her about the robbery, but the men were not present for the conversation. Givens testified that she told the police about the two men when she was interviewed on December 14, but the men were not mentioned in her signed statement.6

On the same .day Givens saw Stewart at the jail, she reported for her evening shift at Bob’s Big Boy-and told four managers about her conversation with Stewart. Store manager Kim Clark and night manager Rodell Mitchell were among the managers to whom Givens reported. According to Givens, Stewart came to the restaurant that night with another man at around 11:30 p.m. Givens later learned the man’s name was Andre Gilcrest.

Givens testified that Stewart called her after leaving the restaurant with Gilcrest that evening. She asked what time Givens *787would be leaving and how many employees remained in the restaurant, and Givens answered that she did not know. Givens recalled staying until after the restaurant closed at 2 a.m. and remembered that Stewart knocked on the front do.or and window shortly after closing while employees were cleaning their assigned stations. The door was locked and Mitchell did not open the door. Stewart left before Givens went home.7

*B. Andre Gilcrest Implicated Sanders Shortly After the Crime*

Within days after the December 14 robbery, several other individuals came forward with information implicating Sanders. On December 20,1980, Andre Gilcrest went to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and gave a statement implicating Sanders, Stewart, and Freeman. Gilcrest was Stewart’s ex-boyfriend and he had been romantically involved with her on and off for about five years. According to Gilcrest, he went with Stewart to Bob’s Big Boy sometime before the robbery. Gil-crest could not recall the precise date of this nighttime visit, but, like Givens, he recalled that there had been another murder a few blocks away that night.

Gilcrest was given immunity and testified at Sanders’s trial. He' testified that before he and Stewart went to the restaurant on September 27, Stewart told him that Sanders and Freeman were going to rob Bob’s Big Boy that night. Gilcrest described going with Stewart to the restaurant between 11:30 p.m. and 12:30 a.m. to drink coffee because Stewart wanted to see how many people were working. Gil-crest testified that while they were there Stewart asked the waitresses which managers were working and how many people were still there. They left about fifteen minutes before closing and went to Stewart’s house. Gilcrest believed that the robbery would take place after they left, and he testified that he saw Sanders and Freeman at Stewart’s house later that night. Gilcrest saw Stewart talking to Sanders and Freeman in a blue Cadillac, and also saw Sanders show Stewart a sawed-off, short-barrel shotgun. According to Gil-crest, Freeman also had a short-barrel shotgun braced against his leg. Gilcrest testified that after Sanders and Freeman left, Stewart said that they had gone to rob Bob’s Big Boy. When they did not return within an hour, Stewart told Gil-crest that she was going to Bob’s Big Boy to find them. According to Gilcrest, Stewart did not find them at the restaurant, but Sanders called Stewart later that night to report that they did not go through with the robbery because thé manager did not come out. Gilcrest and Stewart did not discuss the robbery again.

Gilcrest heard about the December 14 robbery at Bob’s Big Boy the day after the crime and he told his younger brother about what had happened when he went to the restaurant with Stewart on September 27. The brother told their mother, and she confronted Gilcrest with the ultimatum that she would call the police if Gilcrest did not come forward. Gilcrest contacted the police roughly two days later.

*C. Sanders’s Arrest*

On December 22, 1980, roughly one week after the crime, the police arrested Sanders, Stewart, and Freeman. Sanders testified at a pretrial motions hearing that he did not resist, but police officers kicked *788and beat him with a shotgun during the course of the arrest. At trial the parties stipulated that X-rays of Sanders’s chest taken on December 24,1980, showed three fractured ribs and subcutaneous emphysema, which is a type of swelling below the skin.

The police also executed search warrants at Sanders’s, Stewart’s, and Freeman’s residences. They found a sawed-off shotgun, a full-length shotgun, and shotgun shells in Sanders’s bedroom, and additional shotgun rounds and an empty holster in his father’s bedroom. The police found another shotgun at Freeman’s father’s house, but the State’s ballistics expert acknowledged that he could not connect any of the guns or ammunition to the Bob’s Big Boy robbery. At Stewart’s residence, the police found $90 in $1 bills and rolls of coins in Bank of America wrappers. The money was not conclusively linked to the crime, and no jewelry or other personal property belonging to the victims was found.

*D. The December 23,1980 Lineup*

The LAPD held a lineup that included Sanders and Freeman on December 23, 1980, the day after their arrest. The lineup consisted of two lines: Lines 3 and 4.8 Sanders was Number 4 in Line 3 and Freeman was Number 3 in Line 4. The other men in Sanders’s line were of similar height, weight, build, and complexion to Sanders. They all had some facial ham. Sanders was the only one in his line with a Jheri curl hairstyle, but the suspects had similar length hair. Sanders was also the only person not wearing shoes. His feet were not visible in the videotape of the lineup. All of the men in the lineup were wearing long-sleeve shirts under their prison uniforms and Sanders’s injuries from the alleged police beating were not visible. Sanders was not represented by counsel at the lineup because counsel was not appointed until his arraignment, which took place the following day.

Three eyewitness employees attended the live lineup held December 23: Logan, Robinson, and Ismael Luna. Logan made an identification from each line, but selected neither Sanders nor Freeman. Robinson selected Sanders from Line 3, and wrote “positive” next to her identification on the lineup card, but she also noted that “No. 6 sounds like the robbers.” Luna tentatively selected Sanders from Line 3.

Night manager Malloy viewed a videotape of the lineup on December 23 because he arrived late. He selected Sanders from I Line 3, and wrote that he was “positive” about his choice in the remarks section of the lineup card. At trial, Malloy remembered writing “positive” on the card, but he also testified that the handwriting on the card did not look like his.

Rogoway and- Irvin were both injured in the robbery and unable to attend the December 23 lineup, but they watched the videotape of it on January 2, 1981 after they were discharged. Rogoway’s and Irvin’s lineup cards were lost sometime after February 1981 and Rogoway gave conflicting testimony at Sanders’s preliminary hearing and trial with respect to whether she selected anyone from the lineup. At the preliminary hearing, Rogoway testified that she did not choose anyone, but at trial she watched the videotape again and stated that she selected Sanders on January 2. After watching the videotape at trial, she said she was “pretty certain”, about the identification when she selected Sanders on January 2. Irvin also selected Sanders after viewing the videotape, but she did *789not testify at trial because the court declared her incompetent to do so.

*E. Bruce Woods Implicated Stewart After the Arrest*

In late December, Bruce Woods came forward with information after seeing a newspaper article about the robbery. Woods was in county jail on a pending burglary charge. According to Woods, he was riding in a ear with Stewart and a mutual friend in August 1980, when Stewart asked the friend if he would like to make some money by robbing Bob’s Big Boy. The friend replied, “Are you crazy?” and the conversation ended. Woods explained that he met Stewart through the mutual Mend and had seen her five or she times before this conversation took place.

*F. Information and Preliminary Hearing*

Sanders, Stewart, and Freeman were charged with four counts of first-degree murder, six counts of robbery, two counts of attempted robbery, seven counts of assault with a deadly weapon, and one count of conspiracy to commit robbery.9 The State alleged that the defendants committed the murders under the special circumstances of multiple murder and felony-murder robbery.

All seven surviving eyewitnesses testified at Sanders’s and Stewart’s joint preliminary hearing held over the course of five days on March 20 and March 23-26, 1981.10 The prosecution asked five of the eyewitnesses—Malloy, Rogoway, Robinson, Luna, and Logan—to identify Sanders in court. Sanders was seated behind a blackboard while the witnesses testified. The blackboard was removed at the end of each witness’s testimony, and the witnesses were asked whether they recognized Sanders. Malloy unequivocally said that he recognized Sanders as the taller robber. Rogoway also testified that she could positively identify Sanders as the taller robber.

Robinson, Luna, and Logan were far less certain. Robinson could not identify Sanders. She testified that she did not know whether Sanders was one of the robbers nor whether he even looked like the person she selected at the December 23 lineup. Luna similarly testified that Sanders did not “seem to be” one of the robbers, and that he was “not really sure” whether Sanders was the man he selected. Logan testified that Sanders was “a very good likeness,” but he “couldn’t identify him positively.”11

Givens, Mitchell, Gilcrest, and Woods all testified about their interactions with Stewart leading up to the robbery. Gilcrest positively identified Sanders, but the others were not asked to do so. Woods testified over the course of two days while still in custody fdr the pending burglary charge. On March 20, Woods ancj Sanders were transported back to jail in the same van even though Woods was in protective custody and was supposed to be kept away from Sanders. Woods had not met Sanders before the van ride.

Roughly one-week after the preliminary hearing, Woods informed two officers that *790Sanders had threatened him in the van. Woods recounted the threat in his testimony at Sanders’s trial, describing that Sanders told him not to testify against the defendants because Stewart was young, and because, if convicted, Sanders would get “the gas.” Woods also testified that Sanders indicated “they” knew where Woods lived, and that Woods’s family would “get involved” if Woods talked.

*G.*, *Sanders’s Trial*

The three codefendants were tried separately.. Sanders’s trial was held first, beginning in May 1982 and lasting for roughly three months. The case was prosecuted by Deputy District Attorney Harvey Giss. Sanders was represented by Leslie. Abramson.

. The State’s case consisted primarily of eyewitness accounts; testimony from Givens, Mitchell, and Gilcrest about -the events of September 27, 1980; Bruce Woods’s testimony about his. August 1980 encounter with Stewart and their mutual friend; and the physical evidence found at Sanders’s and Stewart’s homes. Four eyewitnesses, identified Sanders at trial with varying degrees of certainty. Malloy, was, the State’s first witness, and he identified Sanders as the taller robber without, .hesitation. Rdgoway also identified Sanders as. the taller robber. Robinson identified Sanders as one of the robbers, but admitted that she was unable to identify him at the preliminary hearing. When Luna was. asked if there was anyone in the courtroom who was present on the night of the robbery, he answered “I think he’s there in front of that lady,” and pointed to Sanders.

The defense attacked Gilcrest’s and Woods’s credibility and the accuracy of the eyewitness identifications, pointing out inconsistencies in their testimony and emphasizing the lack of physical' evidence from the crime scene. Defense counsel also questioned the evidence found at Sanders’s and Stewart’s homes because it was not conclusively linked to the crime.

After deliberating for four days, the jury convicted Sanders of all charges: The penalty phase started on August 25,1982 and lasted for four days, After two-and-a-half days of deliberations, the jury recommended a death sentence. The court imposed a death sentence on December 3, 1982.12

II. Post-Trial Jailhouse-Informant Scandal

*A. The Scandal*

Six years after Sanders’s trial, a scandal erupted in Los Angeles surrounding the use, of jailhouse informants in criminal prosecutions. In October 1988, Leslie White demonstrated to the Los Angeles Sheriffs Department how he and other informants . had obtained information “about defendants they had never met” to fabricate claims that they heard confessions while in jail. *Gonzalez v. Wong,*667 F.3d 965, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011) (W. Fletcher, J., concurring in part). White explained that he was one of several prisoners who gave bogus testimony about such confessions in order to get better deals in their own cases, and for other privileges. *Id.*at 1005 (9th Cir. 2011). A grand jury was empaneled to look into the improper use of informant testimony by the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office. *Id.*The *791grand jury issued a 150-page report painting “a harrowing picture of the role of jailhouse informants in the Los Angeles County criminal justice system during this period” and noted the “appalling number of instances of perjury or other falsifications to law enforcement” by informants. *Id.*at 1005-06. The report found that informants were given numerous benefits for their fabricated confessions, such as being transferred to jails perceived to be-more desirable. *Id.*at 1007.

The District Attorney’s Office reviewed all cases from the previous ten years in which: (1) a jailhouse informant testified as a witness for the State “at a preliminary hearing or trial to admissions or confessions made by a defendant.to the informant while the informant and the defendant were in custody together;” or (2) Leslie White testified as a witness for the State on any subject matter. Leslie White did not testify at Sanders’s trial, but he was romantically linked to one of the eyewitnesses who did, Tami Rogoway.

*B. Leslie White’s Connection to Eyewitness Tami Rogoway*

Roughly one month before jury selection started for Sanders’s trial, Deputy District Attorney Giss testified at a discovery hearing about a connection between Tami Ro-goway and Leslie White. Giss testified that White forwarded a letter that had been written by a prospective defense witness and prison inmate, Richard Quine. The letter was addressed to Quine’s girlfriend, Gina Gutierrez. Gutierrez was Rogoway’s friend and it was through these mutual acquaintances that Rogoway met White. In his letter, Quine offered himself as a fake informant against codefendant Freeman. In relevant part, the letter stated:

> I need you [Gina] to tell Tami that I can help her out on putting Freeman away..., Ask her if she is going to court on him. still, and if so, all she has to do is tell me about his case, then call the D.A. and tell him she knows someone that Freeman told he did what he is in jail for....

Giss testified that White told him about Quine’s offer to give false testimony about five months before the discovery hearing, and that the prosecution planned to produce a tape recording of its follow up interview with White because the interview might be relevant to defense efforts to impeach Tami Rogoway. Defense counsel Abramson expressed, concern that White might have tampered with witnesses. Giss responded, under oath, “Leslie White was never used as an agent of the police,” and the prosecution “never made a deal with him, never offered anything, never asked for anything.”

The state trial court ruled that defense counsel could only question Tami Rogoway about Richard Quine, Leslie White, and the letter offering false testimony against Freeman if Quine- was first called to testify. Neither Quine nor White 'were 'called. On May 15⁄8 1982, roughly two weeks after Sanders’s trial started, White signed an affidavit stating that: (1) he had no knowledge adverse to the defense in the Bob’s Big Boy case; (2) he received no statements about the case from Sanders or Freeman; (3) everything he knew about the case' he learned from his ex-girlfriend Tami Rogoway; (4) he had not been asked by the prosecution to solicit information from Sanders or Freeman; and (5) he was hot “an informant in any capacity.” Police notes from a contemporaneous interview with White indicate he-told the police that both Sanders and Freeman approached him in prison and asked him'to' testify that Rogoway said she did not know who shot her on.the night of the robbery. White’s May 15, 1982 affidavit made no mention of *792Sanders and Freeman approaching White in prison.

On March 13, 1989, White testified as a defense expert on' the use of jailhouse informants in an unrelated state court case, *People v. Marshall.**13***In that testimony, White claimed that in 1981 a Deputy District Attorney who was not involved with the Bob’s Big Boy case arranged for White to be transferred from Chino State Prison to Long Beach City Jail, where White was released on regular weekend furloughs. Furlough orders—signed by a judge not involved in the Bob’s Big Boy case—corroborate that White was released from jail repeatedly for long weekends between October and December 1981.

In the *Marshall*case, White testified that he gave information to the prosecution in the Bob’s Big Boy case during the period he was receiving furloughs. He characterized his involvement as “basically behind the scenes in the sense [that Giss] was asking me to do certain things on the street and in jail I was doing—I would collect the results.” White also testified in the *Marshall*case that he was romantically involved with one of the eyewitnesses in the Bob’s Big Boy prosecution, that Deputy District Attorney Giss knew that White was “having sexual relations” with Rogo-way, and that over the course of his three month relationship with Rogoway, he told her false information from other jailhouse informants that was detrimental to Sanders and Freeman, but he did not know what Rogoway did with the information.

On August 8,1989, White again testified about his relationship with Rogoway, this time before the grand jury investigating the jailhouse-informant scandal. He stated that his relationship with Rogoway started before his furloughs from the Long Beach City Jail, that he met Rogoway through Gutierrez and Quine, and that he corresponded with Rogoway while he was at Chino State Prison. White claimed that after he was transferred to Long Beach City Jail, he was allowed to have contact visits with Rogoway. He also1 testified that Giss was aware of the situation, and that Giss told him “to keep [his] mouth shut about the relationship.” According to White, Giss- asked him to find out anything he could related to Quine or other defense witnesses, and asked White for any letters Quine sent to Gutierrez.

III. Procedural History

In September 1995, while Sanders’s case was pending on automatic appeal, Sanders filed a state habeas corpus petition in the California Supreme Court. The California Supreme Court affirmed Sanders’s conviction and death sentence in November 1995. *People v. Sanders,*11 Cal.4th 475, 46 Cal.Rptr.2d 751, 905 P.2d 420 (1995). In February 1996, the California Supreme Court summarily denied Sanders’s state habeas petition on the merits, and Sanders’s conviction became final on October 7, 1996, when the United States Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari. *See Sanders v.*California, 519 U.S. 838, 117 S.Ct. 115, 136 L.Ed.2d 66 (1996).

Sanders timely filed a federal habeas petition in the Central District of California raising forty-five claims. In 1998 and 1999, the district court dismissed roughly half his claims in response to dispositive motions filed by the State. None of the claims dismissed in those orders are before this court on áppeal.

In December 1999, Sanders filed a motion for an evidentiary hearing on seven*793teen of the eighteen claims that are at issue in this appeal.14 The district court denied Sanders’s motion for an evidentiary hearing and ruled that the seventeen claims before this court did not have a “colorable basis.” In January 2002, Sanders filed a motion to vacate the order denying his request for an evidentiary hearing or, alternatively, to reconsider. The parties had fully briefed this motion by May 23, 2002, but the case was transferred several times and the district court did not rule on it until October 20, 2009. The motion was denied. On May 6, 2010, the district court denied Sanders’s federal habeas petition in its entirety, issued a final judgment, and denied a certificate of appealability as to all claims.

Sanders timely appealed and this court' granted a certificate of appealability on eighteen claims pertaining to Sanders’s guilt-phase trial. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo the district court’s denial of Sanders’s habeas corpus petition. *Hurles v. Ryan,*752 F.3d 768, 777 (9th Cir. 2014). The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AED-PA) governs his petition. Under AEDPA, a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus only if the state court’s decision on the merits:

> (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

> (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); *see also Glebe v. Frost,*— U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 429, 430, 190 L.Ed.2d 317 (2014). As contemplated by AEDPA, “clearly established Federal law ... is the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court renders its decision.” *Lockyer v. Andrade,*538 U.S. 63, 71-72, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A summary denial from the California Supreme Court is an adjudication on the merits for AEDPA purposes. *See Harrington v. Richter,*562 U.S. 86, 98, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011); *Cullen v. Pinholster,*563 U.S. 170, 187, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011) (“Section 2254(d) applies even where there has been a summary denial.”). “Under California law, the California Supreme Court’s sum-' mary denial of a habeas petition on the merits reflects that court’s determination that ‘the claims made in th[e] petition do not state a prima facie case entitling the petitioner to relief.’ ” *Pinholster,*563 U.S. at 188 n.12, 131 S.Ct. 1388 (alterations in original) (quoting *In re Clark,*5 Cal.4th 750, 21 Cal.Rptr.2d 509, 855 P.2d 729, 741-42 (1993)). In evaluating a state habeas petition, the California Supreme Court “generally assumes the allegations in the petition to be true, but does not accept wholly conclusory allegations, *People v. Duvall,*9 Cal.4th 464, 37 Cal.Rptr.2d 259, 886 P.2d 1252, 1258 (1995), and will also ‘review the record of the trial ... to assess the merits of the petitioner’s claims.’ ” *Id.*(quoting *Clark,*21 Cal.Rptr.2d 509, 855 P.2d at 742).

Because the California Supreme Court summarily dismissed Sanders’s petition, he can satisfy “§ 2254(d)(1) only by showing that ‘there was no reasonable ba*794sis’ for the California Supreme Court’s decision.” *Pinholster,*563 U.S. at 187-88, 131 S.Ct. 1388 (quoting *Richter,*562 U.S. at 98, 131 S.Ct. 770). This court “must determine what arguments or theories ... could have supported] the state court’s decision; and then it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of [the Supreme] Court.” *Id.*at 188, 131 S.Ct. 1388 (first alteration in original) (quoting *Richter,*562 U.S. at 102, 131 S.Ct. 770).

Section 2254(d)(2) provides state prisoners an avenue for relief only when the state court’s determination of the facts was “not merely wrong,” but objectively unreasonable. *See Taylor v. Maddox,*366 F.3d 992, 999 (9th Cir. 2004). Relief under § 2254(d)(2) is proper only if the panel is “convinced that an appellate panel, applying the normal standards of appellate review, could not reasonably conclude that the finding is supported by the record.” *Id.*at 1000.

DISCUSSION

I. *Mooney-Napue*Claims Relating to the Four Eyewitnesses

Sanders first argues that the four eyewitnesses who identified him at trial—Mal-loy, Rogoway, Robinson, and Luna—each provided material, false testimony in violation of his- constitutional rights to a fair trial and due process under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.15 The clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing these claims is *Mooney v. Holohan,*294 U.S. 103, 55 S.Ct. 340, 79 L.Ed. 791 (1935), and *Napue v. Illinois,*360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959).

Under *Mooney,*“a conviction obtained through the use of false evidence, known to be such by representatives of the State, must fall under the Fourteenth Amendment.” *Napue,*360 U.S. at 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173 (describing *Mooney,*294 U.S. at 112-13, 55 S.Ct. 340). *Napue*held that the “same result obtáins when the State, although not soliciting false evidence, allows it to go uncorrected whén it appears.” *Id.*To demonstrate a constitutional violation under *Mooney-Napue,*Sanders must show: “(1) the testimony (or evidence) was actually false, (2) the prosecution knew or should have known that the testimony was actually false, and (3) the false.testimony was material.” *Reis-Campos v. Biter,*832 F.3d 968, 976 (9th Cir. 2016), *cert. denied,*— U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 1447, 197 L.Ed.2d 658 (2017) (quoting *Jackson v. Brown,*513 F.3d 1057, 1071-72 (9th Cir. 2008)).16

*A. Tarni Rogoway*1⁄8 *Allegedly False Testimony*

In claims 1 and 2 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders alleges that the prosecution suborned perjury and knowingly presented false identification in Tami Rogo-way’s trial testimony. Oh appeal, Sanders no longer uses the word “suborn,” but continues to maintain that the prosecution knew or should have known Rogoway’s identification testimony was false.. Rogo-way was one of the two customers at the restaurant on'the night of the robbery. *795She testified at trial that she observed the taller, robber for roughly eleven seconds over the course of the robbery: three seconds when he first entered through the front door and another eight seconds while she was in the freezer. Sanders argues that Rogoway’s testimony was false because: (1) her identification testimony changed over time; and (2) she was allegedly unable to identify Sanders until after the prosecution arranged for jailhouse informant Leslie White to be released from jail on illegal furloughs and White, persuaded Rogoway to lie about her ability to identify Sanders.

*1. Changes in Rogoway’s Identification Testimony Over Time*

In the immediate aftermath of the crime, while Rogoway was still .in the hospital, she selected photograph No. 132 from the CRASH book (the photo of the man named David Hall) as the taller robber. She initially stated that No. 132 *“looked like*the tall suspect,” but, upon further questioning, she stated that No. 132 *“was*the tall suspect.” (Emphasis added). By the time of Sanders’s trial, Ro-goway could not remember whether she selected anyone from the CRASH book. Rogoway was given morphine for- pain during the initial stage of her treatment, and likely was taking morphine when she viewed the CRASH book.

Rogoway did not attend the live lineup on December 23, 1980 because she was still hospitalized, but she viewed a video-tepe of the lineup on January. 2, 1981. The lineup card she used to record her impressions was lost sometime after February 1981 and she gave conflicting testimony at Sanders’s preliminary hearing and trial about whether she selected anyone when she watched the videotape. At the preliminary hearing, Deputy District Attorney Giss asked a series of questions about *Freeman’s*preliminary hearing and lineup, and then asked “Now, you never picked anyone out of any video tape line-ups; is that correct?” Rogoway answered: “I don’t believe so.” Her response was consistent with the uncontested fact that she did not select Freeman from the lineup. At the end of Rogoway’s testimony, the blackboard was moved so that it no longer blocked Sanders, and Giss asked whether Rogoway could positively identify him as “one of the two individuals involved with the incident that evening.” She answered, “Yes.... Hé was there.”

Outside the .presence of the jury, the court held a California Evidence Code section 402 hearing regarding the loss of Ro-goway’s lineup card.17 Officer Wesselink testified that he was present on .January 2 when Rogoway viewed the videotape, that he was responsible for collecting her lineup card and that he recalled Rogoway selected Sanders. Detective Jacques also testified that he recorded Rogoway’s selection in the police log after seeing the lineup card, and similarly recalled that Rogoway picked Sanders. The police log states “videotape of lineups shown to Rogoway and Irvin at [Policé Administrative Building], Both picked Sanders. Neither picked Freeman.” Rogoway testified at the 402 hearing that she selected someone from one of the two lines as the teller robbpr.

During trial; Rogoway watched the videotape ' of the lineup again and testified that she selected Sanders as the taller robber when she originally saw the tape on January 2, 1981. She further stated that she was “pretty certain” about the identifi*796cation on January 2. In the courtroom, before the jury, she identified Sanders as the taller robber.

The record shows that Rogoway’s in-court identifications of Sanders, at his preliminary hearing and at trial, did not change. She testified inconsistently about whether she selected anyone at the video lineup, but Wesselink’s and Jacques’s testimony at the 402 hearing suggests that it is more likely that she misunderstood Giss’s question at the preliminary hearing than that she gave false, or even inconsistent, testimony. Giss asked Rogoway whether she ever selected anyone at the lineups after asking her a series of questions about Freeman’s preliminary hearing and video lineup. According to the police log, she did not make a selection. The state court could have reasonably determined that Rogo-way’s identification testimony did not change and that Rogoway thought Giss was only inquiring whether she selected Freeman from a lineup. More to the point, in order to prevail on these Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment claims, Sanders would have to show that Rogoway gave *false*testimony, not just that she testified inconsistently over time. This he did not do.

*2. Leslie White’s Impact on Rogoway’s Identification Testimony*

Sanders argues that Rogoway changed her identification testimony due to Leslie White’s influence during illegal furloughs. This argument fails because it does not account for Rogoway’s identification of Sanders at his preliminary hearing, *before*she began her relationship with White. The furloughs took place between October and December 1981. White testified that his relationship with Rogoway lasted for three months coinciding with the period when he was at the Long Beach City Jail in the fall of 1981. There is no evidence in the record that Rogoway had any interactions with White prior to the time she viewed the lineup on January 2, 1981, or before her identification of him at the preliminary hearing in March 1981. At a sidebar during Sanders’s trial, Deputy District Attorney Giss told the court that Rogo-way’s visit to Chino State Prison with Gina Gutierrez—which led to her introduction to Leslie White—took place some time after Sanders’s preliminary hearing.

White testified before the grand jury investigating the jailhouse-informant scandal that he told Rogoway false, detrimental information about Sanders during his furloughs, but this could not have influenced the preliminary hearing testimony she had already given, and her identification of Sanders at the preliminary hearing was consistent with her identification of him at trial. Sanders has not shown that Rogoway *changed*her identification of Sanders, or that White could have influenced her pretrial identification of Sanders.

The state court also could have reasonably rejected this *Mooney-Napue*claim because Sanders did not show the prosecution knowingly offered false testimony. Sanders points to a note obtained from the District Attorney post-trial pursuant to the Public Records Act and argues that Giss knowingly allowed Rogoway to give false testimony. The handwritten note, allegedly authored by Giss, states: “Les had a conjugal visit with Tami. One regular visit (no forms—police escort).” At best, the note shows that the prosecution was aware of the relationship between White and Rogo-way, but that much is clear; Giss testified about the relationship at the pretrial discovery hearing on February 24, 1982. It does not indicate that the prosecution knew, or even suspected, that Rogoway’s identification testimony was false.

It is also possible the state court reasonably determined that Rogoway’s identifica*797tion testimony was not pivotal in the context of the State’s overall case because Michael Malloy’s eyewitness testimony was much stronger. Malloy was the night manager on duty at the time of the robbery and he had a much longer opportunity to observe the taller robber while removing money from the safe and collecting the victims’ wallets, watches, and jewelry. Mal-loy testified at trial that he “got a good three minute look” at the taller robber while they were in the office getting money from the safe, and that he stared at the robber for roughly half that time. Malloy never wavered in his identification of Sanders and he was a more prominent part of the state’s case, testifying over the course of eight days. The prosecutor also relied heavily on Malloy’s testimony during closing argument. It would not have been unreasonable for the state court to decide that the jury would have convicted Sanders, even without Rogoway’s testimony, based solely on the strength of Malloy’s identification.

*B. Michael Malloy’s Allegedly False Testimony*

In claim 8 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders contends that Michael Malloy’s trial testimony about how he knew to go to the December 23, 1980 lineup was false. Sanders points to an alleged inconsistency between Malloy’s trial testimony and a deposition he gave after Sanders’s trial, in a civil lawsuit Tami Rogoway filed against Bob’s Big Boy restaurant. The district court ruled that the deposition testimony did not contradict Malloy’s trial testimony and that Sanders failed to prove Malloy’s trial testimony was false. We agree with both rulings.

In Sanders’s trial, Malloy was asked a series of questions about what he knew before he went to the December 23 lineup:

> Abramson: Had you heard before you were told that you were going to go downtown to identify anybody, had you heard that there were suspects arrested and in custody for the incident?

> Malloy: No, I didn’t.

> Abramson: Did a policeman call you and tell you you had to go downtown to try to identify somebody?

> Malloy: I don’t recall.

> Abramson: Well, how did you know you had to go down?

> Malloy: I believe someone called me, but I don’t know when.

> Abramson: Okay, Apart from when, do you know who?

> Malloy: No, I can’t—no, I don’t.

Three years after Sanders’s trial, Malloy was asked at his deposition when he first talked to anyone from Bob’s Big Boy after the crime:

> Attorney: When did anybody from Bob’s talk to you after this incident?

> Malloy: I believe after I got out of the hospital.

> Attorney: Who did you talk to?

> Malloy: David Lind.

> Attorney: Where?

> Malloy: I went in a lineup. I went downtown to a lineup....

> Attorney: Is that the first time you saw Dave Lind after this incident was at the lineup?

> Malloy: At the lineup.

> Attorney: Did he talk to you about the incident?

> Malloy: No. He just told me I was coming downtown for a lineup, identify the guys.

> Attorney: He called you and asked you if you would come down to the lineup?

> Malloy: LAPD called me.

> Attorney: What did Dave Lind—

> *798Malloy: Escorted me down.

In short, Malloy testified at Sanders’s trial that he could not remember who called to tell him to come to the December 23 lineup, and at his deposition he testified that the LAPD called him and David Lind, the Director of Safety and Security for Bob’s Big Boy, escorted him to the lineup.

Whether Malloy’s recollection was accurate or not, the fact that he later recalled being contacted by LAPD about attending the lineup does not come close to demonstrating that his trial testimony was false or that the prosecution' knew, or should have known, that it was wrong. Nor does Sanders explain how this detail calls into question Malloy’s identification of' Sanders at the video lineup, much less his in-court identification. The state court could.have reasonably decided that Sanders failed to prove any of the three *Mooney-Napue*elements with respect to Malloy’s testimony. .

*C. Rhonda Robinson’s Allegedly False Testimony*

In claim 6 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders maintains that Rhonda Robinson’s trial testimony was false because it was inconsistent with testimony she gave at a hearing in Freeman’s ease about whether she had seen a photograph of .Sanders and Stewart before Freeman’s preliminary hearing, Rhonda Robinson was a Bob’s Big Boy waitress. The shorter robber ordered her to lay on the floor in the kitchen before she was told to enter the freezer. She testified at trial that she observed the taller robber for three to four seconds in the freezer. The district court correctly ruled that there was “no conflict between Robinson’s testimony at Petitioner’s trial and her testimony at Freeman’s trial.” ■

During the December 1981 search of Sanders’s apartment, the police s,eized a carnival photograph of Sanders and Stewart holding fake guns. .The- trial court initially ruled that the photograph was inadmissible, but after a detective who participated in the search mentioned it during his testimony, the defense introduced the photograph and the court admitted it into evidence. Defense counsel also called Richard Price, who took the photograph, to.testify that in December 1980 he managed a photographic studio' near an amusement park where people could pose with props and costumes. Price testified that Sanders and Stewart posed for such a photograph with a replica gun and a toy gun as a gag.

In an effort to undermine the reliability of Robinson’s identification testimony, defense counsel questioned whether Robinson and other witnesses saw the gag photo while they were waiting to testify at Freeman’s February 1981 preliminary hearing. The photograph was apparently in a blue notebook inside a cardboard evidence box. Defense counsel Abramson asked Robinson whether she remembered seeing a blue notebook while she was waiting to testify at Freeman’s preliminary hearing, and Robinson answered, “I don’t remember.” Abramson then asked whether she remembered “any of the witnesses going through any notebooks or making comments about any photographs,” to which Robinson answered “Yes.” After a sidebar about a hearsay objection', Abramson inquired whether Robinson remembered the other witnesses “mentioning Ricky Sand-erses] name” or “suggesting that Ricky Sanders was one of the guys who did this thing.” Robinson again answered “Yes.” The transcript of the sidebar discussion suggests that Abramson asked these questions to explore whether Robinson identified Sanders at trial because she heard other witnesses say . that he was one of the robbers, but Robinson was not. asked whether she saw ,the photograph itself.

*799At a hearing in Freeman’s trial held pursuant to California Evidence Code section 402, Robinson was again asked about what happened while she was waiting to testify at Freeman’s preliminary hearing. Robinson said she remembered seeing a cardboard box and that she remembered people looking inside the box. She could not recall who, “but someone opened the notebook, and [the witnesses] saw a photo.” Robinson further testified that it was a blue notebook, and that it contained a photograph of Sanders and a girl “standing together holding a gun.”

The only inconsistency between Robinson’s testimony at Sanders’s trial and Robinson’s testimony at the hearing held during Freeman’s case concerns whether she recalled seeing the blue notebook; Robinson did not deny seeing the photograph at either proceeding, and the'fact that she remembered seeing the notebook at Freeman’s evidentiary hearing does not show that she lied at Sanders’s trial.

Sanders maintains that the prosecution knew Robinson lied about her memory of the notebook because the police showed the photograph to her. But the only evidence he cites to support this argument is Robinson’s testimony at Freeman’s eviden-tiary hearing, and it only establishes that the police had Robinson wait in the same room with the evidence box and notebook. There is no evidence the prosecution had reason to doubt the testimony Robinson actually gave, that she did not recall the blue notebook. Nor does Sanders explain how Robinson’s memory about the blue notebook might have made a material difference to the jury. She testified at Sanders’s trial that other witnesses made comments about a photograph while they were waiting to testify at Freeman’s preliminary hearing, but she was not asked whether she saw. the photograph nor whether the photograph had any impact on her identification of Sanders. As discussed in more detail below, Robinson had already identified Sanders in person, at the December 23,1980 lineup. The state court could have reasonably determined that Sanders failed to-support any of the three *Mooney-Na-pue*elements with respect to Robinson’s testimony.

*D. Ismael Luna’s Allegedly False Testimony*

In claim 11, Sanders asserts that Ismael Luna admitted at Freeman’s trial that he testified falsely about his ability to distinguish black people and his ability to identify Sanders. Ismael Luna was a busboy at Bob’s Big Boy, and his father died several months after the crime as a result of injuries he sustained during the robbery. The district court ruled that Luna’s testimony was neither perjurious nor material. We agree with the district court. Luna’s identification of Sanders was always qualified and the jury heard him testify at Sanders’s trial that he had difficulty identifying black people.

Luna tentatively selected Sanders from Line 3 at the December 23, 1980 lineup. He wrote on his lineup card, “It seems to be No. 4.” At Sanders’s preliminary hearing, Luna testified that Sanders did not “seem to be” one of the robbers, and that he was “not really sure” whether Sanders was the man he selected at the lineup. He acknowledged that Sanders looked like the man he selected, but with “a little more hair.” At Sanders’s trial, Luna was asked “to look in this courtroom and see if you see one of the two men in this room that was there that night.” Luna responded, “Well, I think he’s there in front of that lady,” and pointed to Sanders. But on cross-examination Luna admitted, “in general, young black men tend to look a lot alike” to him. He said that the man he selected at the lineup looked like the taller *800robber, while Sanders now looked more like the shorter robber, and he could not say for sure whether Sanders was the same man he selected at the lineup. In her closing argument, defense counsel emphasized that Luna admitted “all black men basically look alike to him.”

During Freeman’s trial, Luna was again asked about his selection of Sanders at the lineup. He testified, “it was kind of difficult to identify the black person,” and admitted: “It is very difficult for me to identify black people due to the fact that I don’t live with black people.” Although his testimony at Freeman’s trial more explicitly stated that Luna had trouble identifying black people, it does not demonstrate that the uncertain testimony he gave at Sanders’s trial was false. The state court could have reasonably determined that Luna’s testimony was neither perjurious nor material because he was consistently uncertain. Sanders does not point to any evidence that the prosecution knew or suspected that Luna’s identification testimony was false.

Because Sanders failed to prove that any of the eyewitnesses provided material, false testimony or that the prosecution knew they committed perjury, we hold that the state court’s rejection of Sanders’s *Mooney-Napue*claims relating to Rogo-way, Malloy, Robinson, and Luna was neither contrary to clearly established federal law nor objectively unreasonable. We affirm the district court’s denial of Sanders’s habeas petition with respect to these claims.

II. *Mooney-Napue*Claims Relating to Rodell Mitchell and Bruce Woods

Sanders also argues that the prosecution knowingly used material, false testimony from two non-eyewitnesses—Rodell Mitchell and Bruce Woods—in violation of *Mooney-Napue.*This argument encompasses claims 20 and 22.

*A. Rodell Mitchell’s Allegedly False Testimony*

Rodell Mitchell was one of the Bob’s Big Boy managers whom Brenda Givens told about her encounter with Stewart at the Los Angeles County Jail. In claim 20, Sanders maintains that Mitchell lied when he claimed that he responded by calling the police and filing an internal incident report. Sanders points to deposition testimony from Detective Stallcup, who participated in the initial investigation of the robbery, and a declaration David Lind gave in Tami Rogoway’s civil suit, to demonstrate that Mitchell’s trial testimony was false. The district court correctly ruled that Sanders’s argument was “con-clusory,” and that it did not establish that Mitchell gave false testimony.

At Sanders’s trial, Mitchell testified that he called the police after Givens told him about her conversation with Stewart. According to Mitchell, he called the police about fifteen to twenty minutes before the police arrived to ask about a different murder that took place near the restaurant that night. He told the police about his conversation with Givens in his phone call, and pointed out Stewart and Gilcrest to them when they visited the restaurant. Mitchell testified that he called the police more than once and they came to the restaurant multiple times that night. He also said he mailed an incident report to David Lind, head of security for Bob’s Big Boy, sometime after September 27, 1980. David Lind denied receiving such a report.

During Rogoway’s civil lawsuit, a police detective testified that he checked logs maintained by the sergeant who served as LAPD Watch Commander on September 27,1980, and found no record of any report of an impending robbery. He explained *801that a “robbery call” would have been a “high priority” and “procedure would have been to have something done” such as setting up immediate surveillance of the location and eventually confronting any individuals believed to be involved.

The declaration David Lind submitted in the civil suit stated that he had not received an incident report regarding the Stewart robbery threat, and that store manager Kim Clark—as opposed to night manager Rodell Mitchell—would have been the correct employee to file such a report. But according to Lind, this was also not the type of incident that would have triggered a reporting requirement because Bob’s Big Boy only required managers to report incidents occurring on restaurant premises. Stewart allegedly told Givens about her plans to rob the restaurant at the county jail.

Neither the detective’s testimony nor David Lind’s declaration show that Mitchell testified falsely at Sanders’s trial. At most, this record demonstrates that the prosecution. was aware of Mitchell’s and Lind’s conflicting accounts about the incident report. Nor has Sanders shown how Mitchell’s testimony was material. Givens’s report.about her conversation with Stewart at the county jail was corroborated by Givens’s trial testimony and the stipulation concerning what Kim Clark would say if called to testify. Stewart’s visit to the restaurant on the night of September 27 was corroborated by Givens’s and Gilcrest’s trial testimony. Whether Mitchell called the police or filed an incident report were not important facts, and the jury was aware of the inconsistency between Mitchell’s and Lind’s version of events. The state court reasonably denied the *Mooney-Napue*claim'related to Mitchell’s testimony.

*B. Bruce Woods’s Allegedly False Testimony*■

Bruce Woods was the jailhouse informant who testified at Sanders’s and Stewart’s joint preliminary hearing about Stewart’s August 1980 attempt to solicit their mutual friend to rob Bob’s Big Boy. In claim 22, Sanders contends that Woods provided material, false testimony at Sanders’s trial about statements Sanders allegedly made to. Woods in a van after the preliminary hearing, including Sanders threatening Woods’s family.

In support of the claim that Woods’s testimony was false, Sanders points to “the grand jury findings about the widespread practice of using jailhouse informants, the sheer improbability that. Sanders would have made incriminating . admissions to Woods, and the evidence of other misconduct.” The state court reasonably denied this claim because Sanders did not support the claim that Woods lied or that the prosecution knew his testimony was false. We affirm the district court’s denial of Sanders’s habeas petition with respect to the Mitchell and. Woods *Mooney-Napue*claims.

III. *Brady*Claims

Sanders next argues that the prosecution violated *Brady v. Maryland,*373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), by failing to disclose material, exculpatory impeachment evidence about five trial witnesses: Tami Rogoway, Michael Malloy, Andre Gilcrest, Gilcrest’s mother, and Brenda Givens.18

Under *Brady,*“the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment.” 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. “Evidence favorable to *802the accused” includes evidence that would help the defendant impeach a witness. *Giglio v. United States,*405 U.S. 150, 154-55, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972). In *United, States v. Bagley,*the Supreme Court “held that regardless of request, favorable evidence is.material, and constitutional error results from its suppression by the government, ‘if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'” *Kyles v. Whitley,*514 U.S. 419, 433-34, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (quoting *United States v. Bagley,*473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985) (Blackmun, J.)). To establish a *Brady*violation, Sanders must show: “(1) the evidence at issue is favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory or because it is impeaching; (2) the evidence was suppressed by the government, regardless of whether the suppression was willful or inadvertent; and (3) the evidence is material to the guilt or innocence of the defendant.” *United States v. Sedaghaty,*728 F.3d 885, 899 (9th Cir. 2013).

With respect to materiality, “[t]he question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have, received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” *Kyles,*514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555. Suppressed evidence must be considered “collectively, not item by item.” *Id.*at 436, 115 S.Ct. 1555.

*A. Failure to disclose that the prosecution obtained illegal furloughs and conjugal visit's for Leslie White so that White could persuade Tami Rogoway to falsely identify Sanders at trial'*

In claim 3, Sanders argues that the prosecution failed to disclose evidence that Leslie White was released from the Long Beach City Jail on illegal furloughs to have sex with Tami Rogoway and persuade her to testify falsely. Sanders contends, that this. evidence could have been used to impeach Rogoway’s identification testimony because Rogoway was unable to identify Sanders uhtil after her “secret liaisons” with White. To support this claim, Sanders points to the same evidence cited in support of his claim that the prosecution knowingly used Rogoway’s false identification testimony at trial.

*1. The prosecution disclosed the Rogoway-White relationship*

As a preliminary matter, defense counsel was aware of the relationship between Rogoway and White because Deputy District Attorney Giss testified to its.existence at the pretrial discovery hearing held on February 24, 1982. At the evidentiary hearing about the loss of Rogoway’s lineup card, Abramson informed the court that she intended to cross-examine Rogoway about whether she knew Quine and White, and whether she had discussed her identification of Freeman with them. The court expressed concern about suggesting to the jury that Rogoway had attempted to procure perjured testimony against Freeman without any concrete proof, but expressed its willingness to convene a hearing outside the presence of the jury in which Quine and White could be' questioned. Abramson indicated that she intended to call Quine as a witness during the defense part of the case, but ultimately chose not to call Quine or White.

*2. Sanders failed to prove that White was an*agent: *of the prosecution*

Sanders acknowledges that the prosecution disclosed the Rogoway-White relationship at the pretrial discovery hearing, *803but argues that the prosecution did not disclose that it obtained illegal furloughs and conjugal visits for Leslie White so that the prosecution could use White as an agent to influence Rogoway’s identification testimony. This argument assumes: (1) that White had a conjugal visit with Rogo-way before Sanders’s trial; (2) that White was working as an agent of the prosecution in the months leading up to Sanders’s trial; and (3) that Rogoway changed her identification of Sanders after she became involved with White.

At the pretrial discovery hearing, Giss did not testify about the conjugal visit mentioned in the handwritten note obtained from the District Attorney because the note had not yet been produced. The handwritten note states, “Les had a conjugal visit with Tami. One regular visit (no forms—police escort).” The note is dated “2-17-82” at .the top of the page, but then refers to something that happened on “12-12-82” in the first paragraph of text. Thus, it is not clear whether the note was written before the pretrial discovery hearing on February 24,1982 or after Sanders’s guilt- and penalty-phase trials had concluded. The court sentenced Sanders on December 3,1982.

Giss did not mention furloughs at the pretrial discovery hearing, but he did testify that “Leslie White was never used as an agent of the police,” and the prosecution “never made a deal with him, never offered anything, never asked for anything.” To support his theory that the prosecution obtained the furloughs for White and used White as an agent, Sanders points to White’s testimony before the grand jury investigating the jailhouse-informant scandal in 1989, seven years after Sanders’s trial, and the testimony he gave as a defense expert in *People v. Marshall,*which also took place in 1989.

Before the grand jury and in *Marshall,*White explained that Deputy District Attorney Andrew Diamond, who was not involved with the Bob’s Big Boy case, arranged for White to be transferred to the Long Beach City Jail so that White could have regular weekend furloughs between October and December 1981. According to White, a state court judge not. involved in Sanders’s case signed the furlough orders. White testified that he gave information to the prosecution in the Bob’s Big Boy case during this period. He described his involvement as “basically behind the scenes in the sense [that Giss] was asking me to do certain things on the street and in jail I was doing—I- would collect the results.” White testified that Giss asked him to find out anything he could related to Quine-or other defense witnesses.'

White also testified about his relationship with Rogoway. He recalled that the relationship started before he was transferred to the Long Beach City Jail, continued during the furloughs, and lasted for three months. White testified that Giss knew White was “having sexual relations” with Rogoway, and told White “to keep [his] mouth shut about the relationship.” White also testified that he told Rogoway false information that was detrimental to the defense during their relationship, but that he'did not know what Rogoway did with the information. ’

White did not mention any conjugal visits with Rogoway or that he ever attempted to persuade Rogoway to change her identification testimony for Sanders’s trial, but he did contradict Giss’s pretrial testimony about whether the prosecution used White as an agent.

The state court could have reasonably decided to credit Deputy District Attorney Giss’s sworn testimony that hé did not use White as an agent over the testimony of a jailhouse informant who admitted to pro*804viding false evidence on numerous occasions. Furthermore, as discussed, Sanders fails to account for the evidence that Rogo-way identified Sanders at the lineup and in court at the March 1981 preliminary hearing, before White claims their relationship started and before there is any record of him obtaining his furloughs from the Long Beach City Jail. Sanders’s assertion that Rogoway changed her identification of Sanders as a result of her relationship with White is speculative and it ignores her earlier identifications. The state court could also have reasonably determined that the evidence was not material due to the relative weakness of Rogoway’s testimony compared to Malloy’s identification. Defense counsel thoroughly cross-examined Rogoway, exposing inconsistencies in her testimony about Sanders, and Abram-son chose not to call Quine or White to try to further impeach Rogoway. On. this record, we cannot say the state court unreasonably denied Sanders’s *Brady*claim pertaining to Rogoway.

*B. Failure to disclose that David Lind told Michael Malloy to “identify the guys” before the December 23, 1980 lineup*

In claim 7 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders contends that the prosecution failed to disclose that David Lind told Malloy “that the right suspects had been arrested and he should go down and identify them.” Sanders argues that David Lind was a de facto prosecution agent, and that Malloy' testified at a deposition in Tami Rogoway’s civil suit that Lind told him to identify the suspects before the December 23 lineup.19 The district court concluded that Sanders: (1) failed to prove that Lind was an agent of the prosecution or that the prosecution otherwise had knowledge of Lind’s pre-lineup statement; (2) failed to show how his statement was unnecessarily suggestive; and (3) failed to establish materiality under *Brady.*We affirm.

Sanders maintains that Lind was a de facto prosecution agent because he sat at the prosecution’s counsel table during the preliminary hearing, cooperated with the LAPD investigation, and assisted with transporting Bob’s Big Boy employees to and from the courthouse. Sanders also emphasizes that Deputy District Attorney Giss wrote a letter to Bob’s Big Boy after the trial praising Lind and thanking Bob’s Big Boy for Lind’s assistance “with the details and logistics” of the trial. Although Sanders' cites to Supreme Court cases holding that the Fourth Amendment applies when the government uses private citizens to conduct searches, he does not cite to any established Supreme Court authority for the proposition that a citizen qualifies as a member of the prosecution team for *Brady*purposes based on the type of role David Lind played in the Bob’s Big Boy case. Sanders also mischar-acterizes the deposition testimony Malloy gave in Rogoway’s civil suit. Roughly three years after Sanders’s guilt-phase trial, Malloy gave deposition testimony in which he said that Lind “escorted” him to the lineup and told Malloy to go “downtown for a lineup, identify the guys.” When read in context, Malloy’s testimony suggests that Lind simply explained that a police lineup was going to occur, not that he instructed Malloy to make a selection. The state court could have reasonably determined that Sanders did not show that Lind *805made any improperly suggestive statements to Malloy that could have been used to impeach Malloy’s identification.

Even assuming Lind’s statement amounted to a “mandate to identify the suspects,” as Sanders argues, Sanders does not explain how this statement suggested to Malloy that he should select Sanders. In *United States v. Bovman,*this court rejected the defendant’s argument that a lineup was unnecessarily suggestive because the witnesses “knew that suspects were in custody and they should make a pick.” 215 F.3d 951, 965-66 (9th Cir. 2000). The court explained that the defendant’s “fear that the lineups were impermissibly suggestive because witnesses knew that the suspects were in custody [was] misplaced” because “it stands to reason that there *is*a suspect at the lineup stage.” *Id,*at 966. The court noted that the police told the witnesses “they need not make an identification if they were not confident” before the lineup. *Id.*

When Malloy arrived at the police station on December 23,1980, he was shown a videotape of the lineup because he was too late to attend the live lineup. In the video, officers provided preliminary instructions to the witnesses, including: “If you cannot identify anyone, please so indicate.” Although their instruction did not explicitly state that the witnesses need not identify anyone if they were not confident, the state court could have reasonably determined that the officers’ instruction communicated as much, and cured any suggestion conveyed by Lind’s comment. The state court’s denial of Sanders’s *Brady*claim was not unreasonable.

*C. Failure to disclose that Andre Gil-crest and his mother were promised reward money in exchange for their testimony*

In claim 18, Sanders contends that the prosecution failed to disclose that Andre Gilcrest and his mother were tacitly or explicitly promised a $10,000 reward in exchange for their testimony. As Stewart’s ex-boyfriend and an early informant in the case, Gilcrest told the police that Stewart confided in him on September 27, 1980, about Sanders’s and Freeman’s plan to rob the restaurant. Both Gilcrest and his mother testified at Sanders’s trial.

Bob’s Big Boy restaurant and its parent company, the Marriott Corporation, offered a $10,000 reward, “in exchange for information leading to the apprehension, arrest and final conviction of the person, or persons, responsible for” the Bob’s Big Boy robbery. In a December 16, 1980 letter notifying the LAPD about the reward, thé Marriott Corporation stated: “The final determination as to whom shall be eligible to receive all, or part, of the aforesaid reward shall be made by the Police Department of the City of Los Angeles.” Neither the Marriott Corporation nor the LAPD have any record of who received the reward, but an April 25, 1995 letter from the Los Angeles City Attorney to 'Sanders’s current counsel states that Deputy District Attorney Giss said “that he thought reward money was paid to Andre and his mother and to one of the victims ... well after the trial was over.” The district court correctly ruled that Sanders failed to show the prosecution promised Gilcrest money or suppressed any information about the reward.

First, Sanders points to Giss’s notes, handwritten on a discovery motion in Freeman’s trial, as evidence that the prosecution promised Gilcrest the reward. The notes state: “Reward of $10,000 no [sic] are promised anything except Gilcrest talks of $.” If anything, the notes suggest that the prosecution did not promise any witness the reward, but that Gilcrest expressed an interest in it.

*806Second, the defense was well aware of the reward at the time of the trial. Gilcrest was cross-examined extensively about his motivations for coming forward and although he denied making a written request for the reward, he admitted that he may have verbally asked for it. He also conceded that he originally told the police he came forward “[f]or the money and being a. good citizen.” Based on this testimony, the state court could have reasonably determined that the prosecution did not suppress any information about the reward' or Gilcrest’s motives.

Sanders also cites to Giss’s later testimony at a suppression hearing in *People v. Garmanian,*and a Los Angeles County District Attorney manual on how to manage informants, as evidence of an implicit or express promise for the reward. In the *Garmanian*case, Giss acknowledged that informants are likely to'ask for “some quid pro quo,” and testified that “you couldn’t find an informant in this state that would [ ] say I’ve let him down.” The District Attorney manual warns: “If you alienate the informant, you run the' risk of his recanting the testimony you agreed to usé.” Neither Gilcrest’s statements nor the manual establish anything about this case and the state court did not unreasonably deny the *Brady*claim pertaining to Gil-crest, his mother, and the reward money.

*D. Failure to disclose that Givens received mental health-treatment after the robbery*

In claim 19 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders contends that he was denied due process and a fair trial based on the failure to disclose that Brenda Givens received mental health treatment after the robbery and before testifying at trial. Givens was the Bob’s Big Boy waitress whom Stewart warned about the robbery when the two ran into each other at .the Los Angeles County Jail. Givens was not at the restaurant on the night of the murders, but she testified at Sanders’s trial about the conversation she had with Stewart at the county jail, and Stewart’s .visit to the restaurant that night,

Sanders maintains that neither Givens nor the prosecution disclosed that Givens received psychiatric treatment, took medication, and was hospitalized before trial. He argues that he was deprived of the opportunity to question her about this treatment. He cites to both *Brady*and *Mooney-Napue*case law to support this argument. Regardless of how the issue is' fraihed, the state court reasonably denied this claim.

Sanders concedes that neither the prosecution nor the defense questioned Givens about her mental state or any treatment for it .at his trial. He relies on testimony Givens gave at a hearing during Freeman’s trial. There, she testified that she saw a psychiatrist' after the robbery but denied taking any medication or ever being hospitalized. She stated that she went to see Dr, Robert Kovan starting in March or April 1981, and met with him twice a month for about two months after suffering a miscarriage. Dr. Kovan gave a conflicting description of Givens’s treatment at Freeman’s trial. He stated that he first began treating her in November 1981, that she was hospitalized for a. few days in February 1982 due to extreme anxiety and depression, and that she was treated with antidepressants and sleeping medication while she was in the hospital. Dr. Kovan. also testified that the cause of Givens’s anxiety and depression was a combination of difficulties she was having at home with the man with whom she was living and the Bob’s Big Boy robbery. He did not recall her ever telling him about a miscai'riage.

The state court could have reasonably determined that Sanders failed to assert a *807*Mooney-Napue*violation because Givens did not testify about mental health treatment at his trial. The state court also could have reasonably concluded that Sanders failed to prove a *Brady*violation because he did not show that the prosecution knew about Givens’s mental health treatment before Freeman’s trial.

Even assuming the prosecution was aware that Givens received this treatment and withheld the information from defense, the state court could have reasonably determined that the suppression of this evidence did not undermine its confidence in the outcome of the trial. The issue at trial was the identity of the robbers, and Givens did not identify either of them. The testimony she did provide at Sanders’s trial was corroborated by Rodell Mitchell, who stated that she reported the conversation she had with Stewart at the county jail to' several managers at Bob’s Big Boy. The parties stipulated that Kim Clark would testify to the same effect. Mitchell and Gilcrest also' corroborated Givens’s testimony concerning Stewart’s visit to the restaurant that night. The state court had ample reason to deny this claim.

IV. Improper Influence on Robinson’s and Malloy’s In-Court Identifications

Sanders next maintains that the prosecution improperly influenced Rhonda Robinson’s and Michael Malloy’s in-court identifications by exposing them to the gag photograph of Sanders and Stewart holding fake guns before Freeman’s preliminary hearing in February 1981.20 The district court concluded “Malloy’s and Robinson’s identification testimony was not prejudiced by exposure to the photo because by that time they had already identified Petitioner from the lineup.” This claim was properly denied.

Sanders’s legal characterization of these claims has shifted over time from an improperly influenced identification claim to a *Brady*claim. In his state and federal habeas petitions, Sanders argued that the improperly influenced identifications violated his constitutional rights to a fair trial and due process. He cited *United States v. Wade,*388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967), and *Simmons v. United States,*390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968) as the clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing these claims.

In *Wade,*the Supreme Court held that a post-indictment lineup is a “critical stage of the prosecution”' at which the accused is entitled to counsel. 388 U.S. at 236-37, 87 S.Ct. 1926. In discussing the importance of pretrial lineups, the Court noted that a “major factor contributing to the high incidence of miscarriage of justice from mistaken identification has been the degree of suggestion inherent in the manner in which the prosecution presents the suspect to witnesses for pretrial identification.” *Id.*at 228, 87 S.Ct. 1926. *Simmons*held that “convictions based on eyewitness identification at. trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidenti-fication.” 390 U.S. at 384, 88 S.Ct. 967.

In *Neil v. Biggérs,*the Supreme Court distilled “general guidelines” from the cases governing “the relationship between súggestiveness and misidentification.” 409 U.S. 188, 198, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). *Biggers*emphasized that courts must determine, under the totality of the circumstances, whether an in-court identification was reliable even though a pretrial *808identification procedure was suggestive. *Id.*at 199, 93 S.Ct. 375. The Court outlined five factors “to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification,” including “the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witnesses] degree of attention, the accuracy of the witnesses] prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.” *Id.*at 199-200, 93 S.Ct. 375.

On appeal, Sanders frames these claims as *Brady*violations for the first time and asserts that the prosecution failed to disclose that Robinson and Malloy saw the gag photograph. He still cites to *Wade*and *Simmons*and argues that the fact that Robinson and Malloy saw the photograph constitutes exculpatory impeachment evidence because the photo was unnecessarily suggestive.

As explained in the discussion of the Robinson *Mooney-Napue*claim, Robinson was not asked at Sanders’s trial whether she saw the photograph of Sanders and Stewart holding fake guns. At a hearing held in Freeman’s case, she stated that she saw the photograph while waiting to testify at Freeman’s preliminary hearing in February 1981. Likewise, Malloy was not asked about the photograph during Sanders’s trial, but he testified at Freeman’s trial that he saw it while waiting to testify at the preliminary hearing. Neither Robinson nor Malloy saw who put the photograph in the room where the witnesses were waiting, nor who opened the blue notebook that contained the photograph, but they both testified that police officers escorted them to the room.

Assuming that the prosecution intentionally placed the gag photo in the room where the witnesses for Freeman’s preliminary hearing were waiting, it remains that both Robinson and Malloy identified Sanders at the December 23, 1980 lineup, roughly one week after the crime and two months before they saw the fake gun photograph at Freeman’s preliminary hearing.

Furthermore, the state court could have reasonably determined that Robinson’s and Malloy’s in-court identifications at trial, after they saw the fake gun photo, were reliable under the *Biggers*factors. Malloy had three opportunities to view the taller robber: (1) when the two robbers forced their way into the restaurant; (2) when Malloy removed the money from the safe; and (3) when Malloy handed the victims’ personal belongings to the taller robber in the freezer. In all, Malloy estimated that he had “a good three minute[s]” to view the taller robber. While Robinson had less of an opportunity to see the robbers, she was able to observe the taller robber for three to four seconds. Both Robinson and Malloy demonstrated a high level of cei'-tainty when they selected Sanders at the lineup shortly after the crime, and they were confident in their identifications at trial.

Assuming that Robinson’s and Malloy’s exposure to the gag photograph was exculpatory evidence that was not disclosed, Sanders has not demonstrated that it was material under *Brad/y*because Robinson and Malloy identified Sanders at the lineup before they saw the photo. The state court reasonably denied Sanders’s claims relating to Robinson’s and Malloy’s exposure to the fake gun photograph, and we affirm the district court’s denial of Sanders’s ha-beas petition with respect to these claims.

Y. *Mesarosh*Claim Relating to Gil-crest

In claim 17, Sanders maintains that Gil-crest’s testimony at Freeman’s trial revealed that “Gilcrest was a complete and *809total liar.” Stewart’s ex-boyfriend, Gilcrest was one of the first informants to implicate Sanders in the robbery and his trial testimony about his visit to Bob’s Big Boy with Stewart on- September 27 was critical to establishing the existence of a conspiracy. The district court analyzed this claim under *Mooney-Napue,*but Sanders has consistently cited *Mesarosh v. United States,*352 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 8, 1 L.Ed.2d 72 (1956) as the clearly established Supreme Court precedent for this claim.

In *Mesarosh,*the defendants were convicted of violating, the Smith Act for advocating the violent overthrow of the United States government. 352 U.S. at 3, 77 S.Ct. 8. When the case reached the Supreme Court on direct review, the Solicitor General informed the Court that one of the principal government witnesses had given false testimony in other similar proceedings, which raised serious doubt as to his veracity in the *Mesarosh*case. *Id.*at 4-7, 77 S.Ct. 8. In fact, the Solicitor General conceded that without the witness’s, testimony, the conviction of two of the five defendants could not stand. *Id.*at 10, 77 S.Ct. 8. The government suggested that the case be “remanded to the District Court for a full consideration of the credibility of the testimony” of the witness. *Id.*at 8, 77 S.Ct. 8. Instead, the Supreme Court reversed the judgments below and directed the lower court to grant the defendants a new trial. *Id.*at 14, 77 S.Ct. 8. The Court explained: “The dignity of the United States Government will not permit the conviction of any person on tainted testimony. This conviction is tainted, and there can be no other just result than to accord petitioners a new trial.” *Id.*at 9, 77 S.Ct. 8.

The Court deemed the situation in *Mes-arosh*“entirely different” from “a motion for a new trial initiated by the defense, ... presenting untruthful statements by a Government witness subsequent to the trial as newly discovered evidence affecting his credibility.” *Id.*at 9-10, 77 S.Ct. 8. One of the reasons cited by the Court was that the government questioned the credibility of its own witness based on testimony “in other proceedings in the same field of activity,” some of which was “positively established as untrue.” *Id.*at 10, 77 S.Ct. 8. The Supreme Court concluded it would be unreasonable to find the witness “testified truthfully in this case ..., yet concurrently appeared in the same role in another tribunal and testified falsely.” *Id.*at 13, 77 S.Ct. 8.

*Mesarosh*applies in “those .‘rare’ situations ‘where the' credibility of a key government witness has been “wholly discredited” by the witnesses] commission of perjury in other cases involving substantially similar subject matter.’ ” *United States v. Berry,*624 F.3d 1031, 1043 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting *United States v. Krasny,*607 F.2d 840, 845 (9th Cir. 1979)). We have granted habeas relief twice in factual circumstances that closely paralleled those found in *Mesarosh. See Williams v. United States,*500 F.2d 105 (9th Cir. 1974); *United States v. Chisum,*436 F.2d 645 (9th Cir. 1971). In both cases, the government’s case relied heavily on the testimony of narcotics agents who were subsequently charged with perjury and conspiracy to deprive a defendant of his civil rights “in. an investigation similar in nature and contemporaneous in time” to the investigation of the habeas petitioners. *See Williams,*500 F.2d at 106-08; *Chisum,*436 F.2d at 646-48.

This case is not one of the rare situations governed by *Mesarosh.*Sanders identifies, a series of inconsistencies between Gilcrest’s testimony at Sanders’s trial and Gilcrest’s testimony at Freeman’s trial but they are a far cry from testimony “in the same field of activity” that was *810“positively established as. untrue.” The first alleged inconsistency pertains to Gil-crest’s testimony, at Sanders’s trial that he went to the restaurant “just to drink coffee with [Stewart],” and that Stewart “wanted to go to see how many people [were] working that night.” At Freeman’s trial, Gil-crest testified that Stewart “wanted to see who all was going to work .that night or how many people [were] going to be there during closing,” and was then asked: ‘You have never told us this before, have you?” Gilcrest answered, “No,” apparently forgetting that he gave very similar testimony during Sanders’s trial.

Second, Gilcrest was asked explicitly at freeman’s trial whether he was part of a plan or conspiracy with the people who told him they were going to rob Bob’s Big Boy, and whether he willingly joined such a plan. Gilcrest answered “yes.” When asked what he meant by that, Gilcrest stated: “I went to the restaurant with her to do the planning. I knew what was going down.” But Gilcrest also denied that he intended to take part in the robbery on September 27 and testified that he was not involved in the events of December 14.

Third, at Sanders’s trial, Gilcrest testified that he *may*have asked for the $10,000 reward, but at Freeman’s trial he unequivocally stated that he asked for the money.

Fourth, at Freeman’s trial, Gilcrest admitted that he often lied about his name to avoid getting in trouble and that he used a fake name for traffic tickets and to forge stolen money orders. Asked about his use of false names, Gilcrest testified that he did not have a “moral objection to lying to the police” or to Deputy District Attorney Giss, and admitted that he lied at Saridr ers’s and Stewart’s joint preliminary hearing about whether he wore glasses for farsightedness.

Gilcrest also admitted that he lied to the police in his initial statement about a conversation he allegedly had with Sanders, Stewart, and Freeman. He testified at Freeman’s trial that he had never spoken to Sanders, and that he made up the conversation because he “was nervous at the time.”

Finally, Sanders argues that Gilcrest may have lied about his income and employment when he testified at Freeman’s trial that he could make $10,000 in six months and that he made- “pretty good money.” After testifying that he did electrical work, painting, and plumbing “under somebody else’s license,” the court appointed an attorney to advise Gilcrest, and he thereafter refused to answer questions about his income and employment on the grounds of self-incrimination.

Gilcrest’s testimony at Freeman’s trial demonstrates that he lied on a number of occasions and had little hesitation about doing so. He was certainly much more forthcoming about his role in planning the failed robbery attempt at Freeman’s trial,21 but Gilcrest was also exposed as a liar at Sanders’s trial.

For example, Sanders’s defense counsel cross-examined Gilcrest about two letters that he sent to Stewart in jail after she was arrested. Defense counsel went through the letters line-by-line with Gil-crest, eliciting multiple admissions that the letters were replete with lies that Gilcrest told Stewart to make himself “look good.” In her closing argument at Sanders’s trial, defense counsel emphasized that the letters contained thirty-seven lies. Also during Sanders’s trial, defense counsel cross-*811examined Gilcrest extensively about his motivations for coming forward shortly after the crime, and argued in closing that Gilcrest was motivated by the reward money, by jealousy of Sanders’s relationship with Stewart, and by a desire to protect himself from being implicated in the crime.

The state court could have distinguished the present case from *Mesarosh*on at least three grounds. First,’unlike the witnesses in *Mesarosh, Williams,*and *Chi-sum,*Gilcrest was not a government agent. Second, Gilcrest’s testimony was only critical to the conspiracy conviction and it was corroborated, at least in part, by Givens’s and Mitchell’s testimony at Sanders’s trial.

Finally, the state court could have reasonably distinguished *Mesarosh*because Sanders’s jury had multiple reasons to doubt Gilcrest’s credibility, and their findings with respect to the overt acts of the conspiracy demonstrate that they did not believe all of what Gilcrest had to say. The jury found that Stewart went to the restaurant on September 27, 1980 “for the purpose of planning and facilitating a robbery,” and that she went to the restaurant “a second time to take Brenda Givens home.” Contrary to Gilerest’s testimony, the jury found that Stewart did *not*meet with Sanders and Freeman that night for the purpose of planning the robbery. This suggests that the jury may have only believed the parts of Gilcrest’s testimony that were corroborated by Givens and Mitchell. For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Sanders’s habeas petition with respect to the Gilcrest *Mesarosh*claim.

VI. Failure to Preserve Rogoway’s Lineup Card

In claim 13 of his federal habeas petition, Sanders contends that the prosecution failed to preserve Tami Rogoway’s lineup card in bad faith. Sanders bases this argument on Rogoway’s testimony at Sanders’s prelirninary. hearing that she did not pick anyone at the lineup, and the loss of her lineup card sometime after Freeman’s preliminary hearing. The clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing this claim is *California v. Trombetta,*467 U.S. 479, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984), and *Arizona v. Youngblood,*488 U.S. 51, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988).

Under *Trombetta,*the government’s failure to preserve evidence violates a defendant’s due process rights if the unavailable evidence “possess[ed] an exculpatory value that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed, and [is] of such a nature that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.” 467 U.S. at 489, 104 S.Ct. 2528. In *Youngblood,*the Supreme Court held that “unless a criminal defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.” 488 U.S. at 58, 109 S.Ct. 333. *“Youngblood’s*bad faith requirement dovetails with the first part of the *Trombetta*test: that the exculpatory value of the evidence be apparent before its destruction.” *United States v. Cooper,*983 F.2d 928, 931 (9th Cir. 1993). “The presence or absence of bad faith turns on the government’s knowledge of the apparent exculpatory value of the evidence at the time it was lost or destroyed.” *Id.*The district court ruled that this claim was not unreasonably denied because Sanders failed to show Rogo-way’s lineup card was lost in bad faith.

As discussed, the state court held a California Evidence Code section 402 hearing regarding the loss of Rogoway’s lineup card. Officer Wesselink and Detective Jacques testified' that they saw the card after the lineup, and that .it reflected that *812Rogoway selected Sanders. From the card, Detective Jacques recorded Rogoway’s selection in the police log.

Rogoway similarly testified at the 402 hearing and at trial that she attended the lineup and selected Sanders. Based on this testimony, the state court could have reasonably concluded: (1) that Sanders did not show the lineup card possessed an exculpatory value before it was lost; and (2) that Sanders was able to obtain comparable evidence of what the card indicated from witness testimony and the police log. The state court reasonably denied Sanders’s claim that the prosecution failed to preserve Rogoway’s lineup card in bad faith, and we affirm the district court’s ruling on this claim.

VII. *Massiah*Claim Relating to Bruce Woods

In claim 21, Sanders maintains that the prosecution planted Bruce Woods next to Sanders in a jailhouse van after Sanders’s preliminary hearing in order to obtain an incriminating statement from Sanders in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. This claim is based on the same evidence cited in support of the claim that Woods testified falsely. In brief review, Woods testified at Sanders’s and Stewart’s joint preliminary hearing about a conversation between Stewart and a mutual friend in August 1980, in which Stewart asked if the friend wanted to make some money by robbing Bob’s Big Boy. At Sanders’s trial, Woods testified about threatening remarks Sanders allegedly made on the way back to county jail after Sanders’s preliminary hearing. The clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing this claim is *Massiah v. United States,*377 U.S. 201, 84 S.Ct. 1199, 12 L.Ed.2d 246 (1964).

*Massiah*prohibits the government from “deliberately eliciting]” incriminating statements from a defendant after the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches. 377 U.S. at 206, 84 S.Ct. 1199. *United States v. Henry,*447 U.S. 264, 100 S.Ct. 2183, 65 L.Ed.2d 115 (1980) extended this prohibition to “the use of jailhouse informants who relay incriminating statements from a prisoner to the government.” *Randolph v. California,*380 F.3d 1133, 1143 (9th Cir. 2004) (describing *Henry,*447 U.S. at 270-71, 100 S.Ct. 2183). But “the Sixth Amendment is not violated whenever—by luck or happenstance—the State obtains incriminating statements from the accused after the right to counsel has attached.” *Maine v. Moulton,*474 U.S. 159, 176, 106 S.Ct. 477, 88 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). “[A] defendant does not make out a violation of that right simply by showing that an informant, either through prior arrangement or voluntarily, reported his incriminating statements to the police. Rather, the defendant must demonstrate that the police and their informant took some action, beyond merely listening, that was designed deliberately to elicit incriminating remarks.” *Kuhlmann v. Wilson,*477 U.S. 436, 459, 106 S.Ct. 2616, 91 L.Ed.2d 364 (1986).

To show that the State violated his Sixth Amendment rights by obtaining and using Woods’s testimony, Sanders must establish that Woods “was acting as an agent of the State when he obtained the information” and that Woods “made some effort to ‘stimulate conversations about the crime charged.’” *Randolph,*380 F.3d at 1144 (quoting *Henry,*447 U.S. at 271 n.9, 100 S.Ct. 2183). The district court ruled that this claim was reasonably denied because Sanders failed to show either element. We affirm.

Sanders relies on the grand jury’s findings about the widespread practice of using jailhouse informants and the “sheer *813improbability that Woods would have found himself seated next to Sanders by happenstance when there was a keep away order.” But unlike *Massiah*and *Henry,*there is no evidence that Woods’s conversation with Sanders was recorded or that Woods had agreed to report back to the government. *See Massiah,*377 U.S. at 203, 84 S.Ct. 1199 (informant allowed government agent tp install a radio transmitter in his car to transmit a conversation with the defendant); *Henry,*447 U.S. at 270, 100 S.Ct. 2183 (informant acted under government instructions and was paid for his services).

Woods testified at trial that he pleaded no contest to a burglary charge on February 23, 1981, roughly one month before Sanders’s and Stewart’s joint preliminary hearing, and he said that he entered his plea before he “ever had any kind of understanding with any law enforcement authorities worked out” related to the Bob’s Big Boy case. The parties stipulated at trial that Woods’s sentencing was held off until after he testified at the preliminary hearing. He was sentenced immediately after the hearing, and Giss informed the. sentencing judge that Woods was a witness in the Bob’s Big Boy case.

By the time of Sanders’s trial, Woods was no longer in jail and had moved to Alabama. The prosecution paid for Woods to fly back to Los Angeles to testify, but Sanders did not show that Woods stood to gain further benefit from testifying against Sanders; Woods had already finished serving his sentence for the burglary charge. Based on this record, the state court could have reasonably concluded that Sanders did not show that Woods agreed to serve as the prosecution’s agent.

There is also no evidence that Woods initiated the conversation with Sanders in the van or made any effort to elicit incriminating statements. Woods did not testify that he asked' Sanders any' questions or otherwise attempted to engage him in conversation. The state court reasonably denied Sanders’s *Massiah*claim.

VIII. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In. claim 14, Sanders alleges ineffective assistance of counsel for the failure to move to suppress the December 23, 1980 lineup. “The clearly established federal law for ineffective assistance of counsel claims, as determined by the Supreme Court, is *Strickland v. Washington,*466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).” *Andrews v. Davis,*866 F.3d 994, 1019 (9th Cir. 2017). To-prevail on this claim, Sanders must establish that his counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient and “the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” *Strickland,*466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

The “deficient performance” prong requires a defendant to show “that counsel’s representation fell below-an objective standard of'reasonableness” such that “counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” *Id.*at 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052. In evaluating counsel’s performance, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” *Id.*at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (internal quotation marks omitted). The “prejudice” prong requires a defendant to show “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” *Id.*at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

*814“Under [] AEDPA, the primary issue is whether the state court adjudication of the *Strickland*claims was objectively reasonable.” *Woods v. Sinclair,*764 F.3d 1109, 1131 (9th Cir. 2014); *see also Richter,*562 U.S. at 101, 131 S.Ct. 770. “The standards created by *Strickland*and § 2264(d) áre both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly so.” *Richter,*662 U.S. at 105, 131 S.Ct. 770 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).' Thus, even if a' federal court would find—on dé novo review—that the petitioner proved constitutionally deficient ’ performance under *Strickland,*“AEDPA requires that a federal court find the state court’s contrary conclusions [] objectively unreasonable before granting habeas relief.” *Woods,*764 F.3d at 1132.

Sanders argues that his trial counsel should have moved to suppress the lineup on two grounds: (1) Sanders was not represented by,counsel.at the lineup; and (2) the. lineup was impermissibly suggestive. The district court rejected both arguments, concluding that.Sanders’s right to counsel had not attached at the time of the lineup, and, the lineup was not impermissi-bly suggestive. We affirm.

*A. Right to Counsel at the Linewp*

 In *Kirby v. Illinois,*a plurality of the Supreme Court held that the “Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to., counsel attaches .only at or after the time that adversary, judicial proceedings have been initiated against [the defendant].” 406 U.S. 682, 688, 92 S.Ct. 1877, 32 L.Ed.2d 411 (1972). The Supreme Court confirmed this holding in a long .line of subsequent cases. *See United States v. Gouveia,*467 U.S. 180, 187-88, 104 S.Ct. 2292, 81 L.Ed.2d 146 (1984) (collecting cases). The. government may initiate judicial criminal proceedings “by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment,” *Kirby,*406 U.S. at 689, 92 S.Ct. 1877. Thus, while a defendant has a right to counsel at a post-indictment lineup, *see Wade,*388 U.S. at 236-37, 87 S.Ct. 1926, there is no clearly established right to counsel at a pre-charge lineup.

Sanders was arrested on December 22, 1980, but was not arraigned until December 24, the day after the lineup. Charges were not filed against him until March 18, 1981. Since Sanders’s right to counsel did not attach until after the lineup, it is unlikely that the court would have granted a motion to suppress on this basis. The state court could have reasonably determined that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress on this ground because an attorney is not ineffective for failing to file an unmeritorious motion. *Sexton v. Cozner,*679 F.3d 1150, 1157 (9th Cir. 2012).

*B. Impermissibly Suggestive*

It is always necessary to scrutinize any pretrial identification because the “Due • Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments forbids a lineup that is unnecessarily suggestive arid .conducive to irreparable mistaken identification.” *Kirby,*406 U.S. at 691, 92 S.Ct. 1877; *see also Simmons,*390 U.S. at 384, 88 S.Ct. 967. Sanders argues that the December 23 lineup was impermissibly suggestive because he was the only suspect with a Jheri curl hairstyle and not wearing shoes, and was conspicuously in pain from the police beating he suffered during his arrest.

Having examined the record carefully, we conclude that the state court could have reasonably determined that the lineup was not unnecessarily suggestive. The videotape and photograph of the lineup show that all six suspects were similar, in height, weight, build,. and complexion. They had similar hair color and all had *815some facial hair. Although Sanders was the only one with a Jheri curl, all the suspects had roughly the same length hair. The suspects appear to be in the same age ránge. They were dressed in identicál clothing, with the exception of their footwear. Two'of the suspects were wearing slippers, three were wearing tennis shoes, and Sanders was barefoot.

The record shows that the suspects’ feet are not visible in the videotape, so neither Michael Malloy nor Tami Rogoway saw that Sanders was barefoot when they selected him from the recorded lineup. The record does not make clear whether Sanders’s feet were visible to the witnesses who attended the live lineup, including Rhonda Robinson and Ismael Luna, but Detective Stallcup testified at trial that he did not “believe they could have seen [Sanders’s] feet,’’ based on the physical layout of the auditorium where the lineup was held. Detective Stallcup also testified that there was no evidence in the case suggesting that, the robbers were barefoot when they committed the crime.

Sanders had three fractured ribs and subcutaneous emphysema, which is a type of swelling below the skin, on the day of the lineup. Sanders’s argument that the lineup was impermissibly suggestive be-, cause he was conspicuously in pain from the alleged police beating also fails because the state court could have reasonably determined that he was not noticeably in pain. Sanders acknowledges that his clothing covered all of his injuries, but argues that when he was asked to repeat key phrases from the robbery, he had difficulty speaking up. He was instructed to speak louder several times and closed his eyes when he finally spoke loud enough. The video recording shows that four other suspects in the lineup were also instructed to speak louder and it is not clear whether Sanders closed his eyes in pain or in frustration at being asked to repeat himself. He moved somewhat more slowly than the other suspects, but did not appear to have difficulty walking.

On this record, the state court could have reasonably determined that the lineup was not unnecessarily suggestive and that a suppression motion would have been unlikely, to succeed. “The failure to raise a meritless legal argument does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” *Baumann v. United States,*692 F.2d 565, 572 (9th Cir. 1982). In light of the “doubly” deferential standard created Jby *Strickland*and § 2254(d), the state court could have reasonably concluded that Sanders failed to show his counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient. We affirm the district' court’s denial of Sanders’s habeas petition with respect to the ineffective assistance of coun'sel claim for the failure to move to suppress the lineup.

IX. Cumulative Error

Finally, in claim 27, Sanders ’contends that’ the cumulative effect of the guilt-phase errors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair and requires reversal of his convictions. Sanders is correct that “prejudice may result from the cumulative impact of multiple deficiencies,” *Woods,*764 F.3d at 1139 (quoting *Cooper v. Fitzharris,*586 F.2d 1325, 1333 (9th Cir. 1978)), but Sanders has not shown that there were multiple deficiencies in his guilt-phase trial.

The prosecution disclosed Tami Rogo-way’s relationship with notorious jailhouse informant Leslie White before trial, and the best. indication we have is that the relationship began several months after Rogoway identified Sanders at his preliminary hearing and at the December 23,1980 lineup. Sanders has not demonstrated that White was in a position to influence Rogo-*816way’s identification before the lineup or the preliminary hearing, and has similarly failed to prove that Rogoway’s lineup card had exculpatory value before it was lost.

Although Rhonda Robinson and Michael Malloy were exposed to the photograph of Sanders and Stewart holding fake guns, they both identified Sanders at the lineup two months before they saw the photo. Defense counsel was aware of the risk that they had seen the photograph at trial. At most, Robinson testified incorrectly about whether she saw the blue notebook that contained the photograph.

Whether or not Malloy incorrectly recalled who told him to attend the December 23 lineup, he had the best opportunity to observe the taller robber and he never wavered in his testimony identifying Sanders. David Lind’s statement to Malloy to attend the lineup to “identify the guys” did not suggest that Malloy should select Sanders. Ismael Luna’s identification was always weak and he 'admitted at both Sanders’s and Freeman’s trials that he had difficulty identifying black people.

Brenda Givens was not asked at Sanders’s trial whether she received mental health treatment after the robbery, and there is no evidence that the prosecution suppressed this information. Givens’s testimony about her conversation with Stewart at the county jail was corroborated by Rodell Mitchell’s testimony and the stipulation that, if called to testify, Kim Clark would have stated that he was also present when Givens told Mitchell about the robbery threat. Detective Stallcup’s deposition testimony and David Lind’s declaration in Rogoway’s subsequent civil suit do not demonstrate that Mitchell lied about calling the police or filing an incident report. The jury heard conflicting testimony from Mitchell, the police, and David Lind about the phone calls and the incident report, and had the opportunity to evaluate Mitchell’s credibility.

Andre Gilcrest’s testimony at Freeman’s trial demonstrates that he lied on many extraneous details, and had little compunction about lying. But he was also exposed as a liar with dubious motivations at Sanders’s trial, and it is clear that the jury did not accept all of his testimony. The facts of this case are distinguishable from *Mesar-osh.*Sanders offers only general evidence about the jailhouse-informant scandal to support his claim that the prosecution planted Bruce Woods in the jailhouse van to obtain incriminating remarks, and there is no evidence in the record that Woods was a government agent or took any action to solicit the threats from Sanders. Finally, the state court could have reasonably determined that defense counsel did not render deficient performance by failing to file a motion to suppress because such a motion was unlikely to succeed. Cumulative error does not require reversal of Sanders’s convictions.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Sanders’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

AFFIRMED.

1

. The following account of the crime is derived from *People v. Sanders,*11 Cal.4th 475, 46 Cal.Rptr.2d 751, 905 P.2d 420, 428-31 (1995).

2

. Rhonda Robinson was married after the crime occurred and changed her last name. This opinion refers to her as "Robinson” throughout for consistency.

3

.Ismael Luna's real name is Moreno Luna Cortez. He used his older brother's name to obtain employment at Bob’s Big Boy because he was too young to work at the restaurant. He revealed his real name partway through Sanders's guilt-phase trial. Because the witnesses at trial referred to him as "Ismael Luna,” this opinion does as well.

4

., "CRASH” stands for "Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums,” a gang repression unit at the Los Angeles Police Department’s West Bureau.

5

. Givens told a private investigator working for codéfendant Freeman that this encounter took place in the first two weeks of September, but she testified at Sanders’s trial that it happened the same day that another murder took place near the Bob’s Big Boy restaurant. This other murder took place a few blocks from Bob’s- Big Boy on September 27, 1980, around 9:15 p.m.

6

. Before Sanders's trial, Givens told a private investigator working for Freeman that Stewart was alone on the day that she warned Givens about the robbery, and that she saw Stewart at the jail with one man on a different day. She attended a lineup with Sanders and Freeman on December 23, 1980, and selected both. On the lineup card identifying Freeman, she wrote "I have seen him and Carletha both at the County Jail while I was visiting.” She did not write any similar comments on Sanders’s lineup card.

7

. Mitchell also testified at Sanders’s trial about Stewart’s visit to the restaurant with Gilcrest on September 27, 1980. The parties stipulated that if called to testify, store manager Kim Clark would have confirmed that he was present with Mitchell when Givens told them about her conversation- with Stewart at the Los Angeles County Jail.

8

. The police held a live lineup on December 19, 1980, before Sanders and Freeman were arrested, consisting of Lines 1 and 2. Sanders and Freeman were not included in either line.

9

. The information originally charged the defendants with three murders but it was amended to add a fourth murder count after Cesario Luna’s death.

10

. Freeman’s preliminary hearing occurred roughly one month earlier, in late February 1981.

11

.Jackson and Irvin testified about their experiences during the robbery, but were not asked to identify Sanders.

12

. Stewart pleaded guilty to four counts of first-degree murder in February 1983. She was sentenced to four concurrent terms of life with the possibility of parole, A jury found Freeman guilty of four counts of first-degree murder with special circumstances in December 1983. Freeman’s first penalty-phase trial ended in a hung jury; in March 1985, the second jury returned a verdict of life without the possibility of parole.

13

. The case’s docket number in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles is A954922.

14

. He did not request an evidentiary hearing on the claim that cumulative error during the guilt-phase trial requires the court to reverse his conviction.

15

. This argument encompasses five claims from his federal habeas petition: claims 1, 2, 6, 8, and 11.

16

. Sanders argues that he does not have to show that the prosecution knew or should have known,the testimony was false to prove a constitutional violation, but he does not cite any clearly established Supreme Court precedent for this point. Even if Sanders^ is not required to prove prosecutorial knowledge, his *Mooney-Napue*claims fail because he has not shown that any of the eyewitness testimony was false, as explained in detail below.

17

. California Evidence Code section 402(b) . permits a California trial court to ‘‘hear and determine the question of the admissibility of evidence out of the presence or hearing of the jury,...” .

18

. This argument encompasses claims 3, 7, 18, and 19.

19

. Sanders also relies on a statement by Der-win Logan, another restaurant employee, made outside the courtroom during Freeman’s trial. Allegedly, prior to ■ the lineup, Lind told Logan the police had arrested someone they believed committed the crime. Even assuming that this statement was true, it cannot be assumed that Lind said the same thing to Malloy.

20

. This argument encompasses claims 5 and *9.*

21

. Giss described Gilcrest as "everything we all despise and detest," "slippery,” "evasive,” "selfish,” "possibly immoral,” “an opportunist," and a "type of sleaze,” among other disparaging remarks, in his closing argument at Freeman’s trial.