#### Karine GEVORKYAN, Arthur Bogoraz, Inna Moldaver, and Sam Moldaver, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Ira JUDELSON, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 15-3249-cv

August. Term, 2016

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: September 14, 2016

Question Certified: November. 14, 2016

Certified Question Answered: June 27, 2017

Decided: July 28, 2017

Andrew Lavoott Bluestone, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellants Karine Ge-vorkyan, Arthur Bogoraz, Inna Moldaver, Sam Moldaver.

Kyle B. Watters, Kyle B. Watters, PC, Bayside, NY, for Defendant-Appellee Ira Judelson,*

Before: Jacobs, Parker, and Livingston, Circuit Judges.

*

 Attorney Jonathan Svetkey authored Defendant-Appellee’s brief on appeal and argued before us. Attorney Svetkey withdrew as Defendant-Appellee’s counsel on July 12, 2017, and Attorney Watters filed a notice of appearance the same day.

Per Curiam:

On November 14, 2016, we certified the following question to the New York Court of Appeals.

> Whether an entity engaged in the “bail business,” as defined, in. [New York Insurance Law (“NYIL”)] § 6801(a)(1), may retain its-“-premium or compensation,” as described in NYIL § 6804(a), where a bond. posted pursuant to NYCPL § 520.20 is . denied at a bail-sufficiency hearing conducted pursuant to NYCPL § 520.80, and the criminal defendant that is the subject of the bond is never admitted to bail.

*Gevorkyan v.*Judelson, 841 F.3d 584, 589 (2d.Cir. 2016),1 In certifying this question, we noted that “the resolution of this question will determine the1 outcome ■■ of this appeal,” because if “New York law -does not permit a bail bond agent to retain its premium following the- rejection of a bail package- at a sufficiency hearing, the district court would be reversed.” *Id.- -*

The New York Court of Appeals has now answered our certified- question. *See Gevorkyan v. Judelson,*29 N.Y.3d 452, — N.Y.2d -, 80 N.E.3d 999, 2017 WL 2742192 (June 27, 2017). The Court con-*58eluded that New York Insurance Law “prohibits a bail bond surety from retaining a premium when the criminal defendant is not released on bail,” and that a bail bond surety’s retention of a premium under such circumstances contravenes the “insurance law principle that premium follows risk.” *Id.,*— N.Y.2d at —, 80 N.E.3d at 1004, 2017 WL 2742192, *4.

The Court of Appeals’ ruling requires that we reverse the judgment of the district court. As we previously noted, the district court rested its conclusion that Ju-delson could retain his premium exclusively on principles of contract interpretation. It did so because it found that existing New York precedent was “not dispositive” of the present issue. App’x at 37. The Court of Appeals has now made clear the principle of New York law that decides this issue: because Bogoraz was never admitted to bail, New York Insurance Law precludes Judelson from retaining the premium. This prohibition applies regardless of the terms of the parties’ contract because, under New York law, contractual provisions that contravene applicable laws in ways that harm the public policies underlying those laws are unenforceable. *See Village Taxi Corp. v. Beltre,*91 A.D.3d 92, 99-100, 933 N.Y.S.2d 694 (2011) (citing, *inter alia, Galbreath-Ruffin Corp. v. 40th & 3rd Corp.,*19 N.Y.2d 354, 364, 280 N.Y.S.2d 126, 227 N.E.2d 30 (1967)). The Court of Appeals has now clearly opined that a bail bondsman’s retention of a premium after the denial of bail violates New York law and runs afoul of an important public policy underlying New York Insurance Law. Accordingly, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND the case with instructions to enter judgment in favor of appellants.

1

. We assume familiarity, with our certification opinion.