Japanese Beetle Program Manual
Some processes, equipment, and materials described in this manual may be patented. Inclusion in this 

manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented invention in 

the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS 

does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any 

third party for patent infringement.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the 

basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, 

parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or 

part of any individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases 

apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of 

program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 

720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil 

Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or 

(202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

When using pesticides, read and follow all label instructions.

New Edition Issued 2022
06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Manual TOC-1

Japanese 

Beetle Manual

Contents

Figures LOF-1

Tables LOT-1

Acknowledgments 1-1

Introduction 1-1

General Information 2-1

Airport Monitoring and Classification 3-1

Control Measures 4-1

Compliance Agreements and Management 5-1

Appendix A

Forms A-1

Glossary Glossary-1

Index Index-1
TOC-2 Japanese Beetle Manual 06/2022-01
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual LOF-1

Japanese 

Beetle Manual

Figures

Figure 2-1 Japanese Beetle Larva 2-6

Figure 2-2 V-Like Arrangement of Spines on the Raster 2-7

Figure 2-3 Diagram of the Japanese Beetle Life Cycle 2-8

Figure 2-4 Single Adult Japanese Beetle 2-9

Figure 2-5 Photograph Showing the Foretibia of Males and Females with 

Distinctive Differences 2-10

Figure 4-1 Example of a Cargo Exclusion Device 4-3

Figure A-1 Example of Completed PPQ Form 519, Compliance 

Agreement A-2

Figure A-2 Example of Completed PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement 

Stipulations A-3

Figure A-3 Example of PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification

 A-5

Figure A-4 Example of PPQ Form 250, Airport Clearance or Safeguard 

Order A-6

Figure A-5 Example Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record 

(JBAIR) A-7
Figures

LOF-2 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual LOT-1

Japanese 

Beetle Manual

Tables

Table 1-1 How to Use Decision Tables 1-6

Table 1-2 Reporting Issues With or Suggestions for the Japanese Beetle 

Manual 1-8

Table 2-1 Preferred Japanese Beetle Hosts 2-3

Table 2-2 Nonpreferred Hosts and Nonhosts for Japanese Beetle 2-4

Table 2-3 Size of First, Second, and Third Larval Instars 2-6

Table 2-4 Description of Third Instar Larvae 2-7

Table 2-5 Characteristics of Male and Female Adult Japanese 

Beetles 2-10

Table 3-1 Sequential Sampling Table for Treatment Decisions on Second 

Instars in Turfgrass 3-6

Table 3-2 Regulated Airport Report 3-12

Table 3-3 Deregulation of an Airport Report 3-13

Table 4-1 Organisms Used for Biocontrol of Japanese Beetle 4-6
Tables

LOT-2 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02
06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual Acknowledgments-1

Japanese 

Beetle Program 

Acknowledgments

Cover page Japanese beetle photograph is courtesy of Gerald Holmes, 

Strawberry Center, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org.

Cover page exclusion device photograph is courtesy of Phillip Lewis, APHIS–

PPQ–Science and Technology, Forest Pest Methods Laboratory.
Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01
4/2023-03 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 1-1

Chapter

1

Introduction

Contents

APHIS Mission 1-1

PPQ Mission 1-1

Japanese Beetle Policy 1-1

Protected States 1-2

Japanese Beetle Program Manual Tasks 1-2

Scope 1-3

Users 1-3

Related Documents 1-4

Conventions 1-4

Using the Manual 1-8

APHIS Mission

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is an Agency within 

the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Our mission is to protect 

the health and value of America’s agriculture and natural resources.

PPQ Mission

APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) safeguards agriculture and 

natural resources from the risks associated with the entry, establishment, or 

spread of animal and plant pests and noxious weeds. Japanese beetle (JB) 

(Popillia japonica) is one such pest capable, if not controlled, of causing 

economic damage to U.S. agriculture and natural resources.

Japanese Beetle Policy

The primary objective of the JB Program is to protect the agriculture and 

natural resources of the Western United States by preventing the humanassisted spread of the JB from the Eastern United States on aircraft. This 

manual will help APHIS–PPQ personnel, State and county cooperators by 

outlining the policies and procedures necessary to protect the Western States 

from the accidental transportation of JB on aircraft.
Introduction

Protected States

1-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4/2023-03

Protected States

Nine Western States requested protection from JB infestation. These States are 

known as the “protected States.” They are:

Arizona

California

Colorado

Idaho

Montana

Nevada

Oregon

Utah

Washington

Japanese Beetle Program Manual Tasks

Specifically, this manual will address the following tasks:

Determining the risk at JB-infested airports

Issuing and canceling Emergency Action Notifications (EANs)

Monitoring airports in JB-free areas

Monitoring airports in protected States

Treating aircraft and cargo

Treating grounds

Using compliance agreements (CAs)

This manual is to be used with other manuals, directives, and the Code of 

Federal Regulations (CFR) (7 CFR § 301.48).

U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan

The National Plant Board adopted the U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle 

Harmonization Plan on August 19, 1998 (most recent revision June 20, 2016). 

This plan establishes procedures for the free movement of JB host 

commodities, such as nursery stock. The plan is periodically revised in order to 

incorporate new technologies and new procedures.
Introduction

Scope

4/2023-03 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 1-3

For more information on the plan, visit the U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle 

Harmonization Plan website.

Scope

The manual is organized into the following chapters:

Chapter 1—Introduction on page 1-1

Chapter 2—General Information on page 2-1

Chapter 3—Airport Monitoring and Classification on page 3-1

Chapter 4—Control Measures on page 4-1

Chapter 5—Compliance Agreements and Management on page 5-1

Appendix A—Forms on page A-1

Glossary—Glossary on page Glossary-1

Index—Index on page Index-1

Users

The primary users of this manual may include the following:

APHIS–PPQ field personnel who are:

Cooperating under Compliance Agreements (CAs)

Monitoring airports

Supervising PPQ officers

State and county personnel who are:

Cooperating under CAs

Monitoring airports

Airport personnel who are:

Applying pesticides

Cooperating under CAs

Monitoring airports
Introduction

Related Documents

1-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4/2023-03

Related Documents

The following documents may supplement this manual:

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): 7—Parts 300 to 309—published by 

the Office of the Federal Register (National Archives and Records 

Administration) at the United States Government Printing Office. This 

CFR guide contains information on the JB in Subpart 301.48

Plant Protection Act (PPA)—the Plant Protection Act of June 20, 2000, 

which modernized and streamlined the plant quarantine laws and replaced 

the previous legislation. Information is in 7 USC 7701-36, with sections 

14, 15, 23, 24, and 31 addressing specific issues

U. S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan—the National Plant 

Board working with USDA–APHIS–PPQ and the American Nursery and 

Landscape Association developed the U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle 

Harmonization Plan. This plan establishes procedures for the free 

movement of JB host commodities.

Treatment Manual published by USDA–APHIS–PPQ, contains accepted 

treatments for various commodities including aircraft (T409)

Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner’s Handbook—program 

Aid No. 81-25-003 published by USDA–APHIS, is designed for 

homeowners in the infested Eastern States.

Conventions

The conventions used in this manual are as follows.

Advisories

Advisories are used throughout this manual to bring important information to 

your attention. Carefully review each advisory. The definitions coincide with 

the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), with the goal of making the 

warnings easy to recognize and understand1 and are in the format shown below.

! DANGER

Danger Table message is used in the event of imminent risk of death or serious 

injury

1 TCIF Guideline, Admonishments (Safety-Related Warning Message), TCIF-99-021 Issue 1, p.4.

! WARNING

Warning Table message is used in the event of possible risk of serious injury.
Introduction

Conventions

4/2023-03 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 1-5

Boldface

Boldface type is used to emphasize important words throughout this manual. 

These words include, but are not limited to: cannot, do not, does not, except, 

lacks, must, neither, never, nor, not, only, other than.

Bullets

Bulleted lists indicate that there is no order of priority to the information being 

listed.

Change Bar

A black change bar in the left margin is used to indicate a change appearing on 

a revised page.

Contents

Every chapter has a table of contents listing only the first- and second-level 

headings within the chapter.

Control Data

Control data is located at the top and bottom of each page to help users keep 

track of where they are in the manual and be aware of updates to specific 

chapters, sections, appendixes, etc., in the manual. At the top of the page is the 

chapter title and first-level heading for that page. At the bottom of the page is 

the transmittal number (month/year-number), manual title, and page number. 

To track revisions, use the control data.

Decision Tables

Decision tables are used throughout the manual. The first and middle columns 

in each table represent conditions, and the last column represents the action to 

be taken after all conditions listed for that row are considered. Begin with the 

column headings and move left to right, and if the condition does not apply, 

then continue one row at a time until you find the condition that does apply. 

Refer to Table 1-1 for guidance on using decision tables.

! CAUTION

Caution Table message is used for tasks involving minor to moderate risk of injury.

NOTICE

Notice Table message is used to alert a reader of important information or Agency 

policy.

SAFETY

Safety Table message is used for general instructions or reminders related to safety.
Introduction

Conventions

1-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4/2023-03

Examples

Examples are used to clarify a point by applying it to a real-world situation. 

Examples always appear in boxes as a means of visually separating them from 

the other information contained on a page.

Footnotes

Footnotes comment on or cite a reference to text and are referenced by number. 

The footnotes used in this manual include general text footnotes, figure 

footnotes, and table footnotes.

General text footnotes are located at the bottom of the page.

When space allows, figure and table footnotes are located directly below the 

associated figure or table. However, for multipage tables or tables that cover 

the length of a page, footnote numbers and text cannot be listed on the same 

page. If a table or figure continues beyond one page, the associated footnotes 

will appear on the page following the end of the table or figure.

Heading Levels

Within each chapter and section there may be up to four heading levels. The 

first-level heading is indicated by a horizontal line across both left and right 

columns with the heading language across the left and right columns directly 

underneath. The body text after a first-level heading is located inside the 

margined text area, one line after the heading language. The second- and thirdlevel headings are inside the margined text area with the body text following 

underneath. The fourth-level heading is inside the margined text area followed 

by a period and leading into the text.

Hypertext Links (Highlighting) to Tables, Figures, and 

Headings

Tables, figures, and headings are cross-referenced in the body of the manual. 

These appear in blue hypertext in the online manual.

Table 1-1 How to Use Decision Tables

If you: And if the condition 

applies: Then:

Read this column cell and 

row first

Continue in this cell TAKE the action listed in this 

cell

Find the previous condition 

did not apply, then read this 

column cell

Continue in this cell TAKE the action listed in this 

cell

EXAMPLE Examples are graphically placed boxes within the text as a means of 

visually separating information from other information contained on 

the page. Examples will always appear in a box.
Introduction

Conventions

4/2023-03 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 1-7

Indentions

Entry requirements which are summarized from CFRs, import permits, or 

policies are indented on the page.

Italics

The following items are italicized throughout this manual.

Cross-references to headings

Publication names

Scientific names of commodities

Numbering Scheme

A two-level numbering scheme is used in this manual for pages, tables, and 

figures. The first number represents the chapter. The second number represents 

the page, table, or figure. This numbering scheme allows for easier updating 

and adding pages without having to reprint an entire chapter. Dashes are used 

in page numbering to differentiate page numbers from decimal points.

Transmittal Number

The transmittal number contains the month, year, and consecutively-issued 

number (beginning with -01 for the first edition and increasing consecutively 

for each update to the edition). The transmittal number is only changed when 

the specific chapter, section, appendix, glossary, table, or index is updated. If 

no changes are made, then the transmittal number remains unchanged. The 

transmittal number only changes for the entire manual when a new edition is 

issued or changes are made to the entire manual.

EXAMPLE Refer to Reporting Issues With or Suggestions for the Japanese 

Beetle Manual on page 1-8 to determine where to report problems 

with this manual.

EXAMPLE 05/2022-05 is the transmittal number for this update and is located in 

the control data on the pages in this chapter.

05 is the month the update was issued

2022 is the year the update was issued

05 is the edition number (the new edition was 01, and there have 

been 4 updates)
Introduction

Using the Manual

1-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4/2023-03

Using the Manual

Review the Table of Contents (TOC) of this manual to get a feel for the scope 

of covered material. Use the TOC in each chapter (miniTOC) to find the 

needed information. If the TOC or miniTOC are not specific enough, turn to 

the Index on page Index-1 to find the topic and corresponding number.

Manual Updates

The PPQ Manuals Unit issues and maintains the manuals electronically on the 

Manuals Unit website. The online manuals contain the most up-to-date 

information. Revisions to the manual are distributed via the APHIS 

Stakeholder Registry to anyone, government employees and external 

stakeholders, who have subscribed to receive Japanese Beetle Manual updates. 

To subscribe, register at this APHIS Stakeholder Registry website.

Ordering Additional Manuals and Revisions

Although using the online manuals is the preferred method, APHIS employees 

may order hard copies of manuals from the APHIS–MRP–Business Services, 

Acquisition & Asset Management, Printing, Distribution, Mail, Copier 

Solutions (PDMCS). Visit PDMCS for detailed information and printing costs. 

The Manuals Unit is not responsible for printing costs.

Table 1-2 Reporting Issues With or Suggestions for the Japanese Beetle Manual

If you: Then:

 Are unable to access the online 

manual

 Have a suggestion for improving 

the format (layout, spelling, etc.)

CONTACT PPQ Manuals Unit at PPQ.IRM. 

ISMU.Manuals.Feedback@usda.gov.

 Disagree with a policy, procedure

 Have an urgent situation requiring an immediate response

CONTACT the PPQ National Policy Manager at 

foday.conteh@usda.gov.
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 2-1

Chapter

2

General Information

Contents

Economic Importance 2-1

First Detection 2-1

Distribution 2-2

East of the Mississippi River 2-2

West of the Mississippi River 2-2

Distribution in Canada 2-2

Distribution in Asia 2-2

Hosts and Nonhosts 2-3

Preferred Hosts 2-3

Nonpreferred Hosts and Nonhosts 2-4

Life Cycle 2-5

Egg Stage 2-5

Larval Stage 2-6

Pupal Stage 2-8

Adult Stage 2-8

Economic Importance

The Japanese beetle (JB) is a highly destructive plant pest that causes extensive 

damage to more than 300 different agricultural and ornamental plants. The 

larvae (grubs) feed on grass roots and damage lawns, golf courses, and 

pastures. Adult JB prefer foliage, flowers, and fruits. Population size varies 

considerably and may be sporadic from year to year due to weather conditions 

and other factors. Once established, JB infestations can be costly to control 

with insecticides or biological methods.

APHIS cooperated with State and county officials to develop regulations and 

guidelines to control the artificial spread of JB from infested Eastern States to 

the protected Western States. The cooperative Federal and State regulatory 

programs have been operating for many years.

First Detection

The JB was first found in the United States in 1916 near Riverton, New Jersey. 

In 1918, the USDA and New Jersey authorities attempted to exterminate the 

pest. However, they were not able to eradicate the pest because the infestation 

was well established, their control measures were marginally effective, and 

only limited funding was available.
General Information

Distribution

2-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Since then, JB has spread throughout most of the States east of the Mississippi 

River. Because of the possibility of artificial spread by aircraft, it is a major 

threat to the agriculture and flora of the Western United States.

Distribution

East of the Mississippi River

At present, JB occurs throughout most of the United States east of the 

Mississippi River. For the current distribution, refer to the National 

Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS).

West of the Mississippi River

Many States west of the Mississippi River do not have JB populations. Several 

States immediately west of the Mississippi River are generally infested 

(Arkansas, Iowa, and Missouri) and some are only partially infested (Kansas, 

Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas). 

The Program’s goal is to eradicate JB infestations in protected and uninfested 

States. Those States that are unable to eradicate JB, typically use integrated 

pest management (IPM) techniques to keep populations below economically 

damaging levels.

Distribution in Canada

Areas regulated for JB in Canada include:

1. Southwestern portion of Quebec Province south of Montreal

2. Southeastern Ontario Province along the shores of the St. Lawrence River

3. Southwestern Ontario Province in the area bounded by Lake Huron, Lake 

St. Clair, and Lake Erie. This area includes the western shore of Lake 

Ontario. 

A complete listing of infested regional municipalities and a map are located at 

the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) website.

Distribution in Asia

Although native to Japan, JB is found in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) 

as well as most of Southeast Asia and parts of Russa.
General Information

Hosts and Nonhosts

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 2-3

Hosts and Nonhosts

Larvae feed on the roots and underground stems of plants, particularly grasses.

Adult Japanese beetles (JBs) are gregarious general feeders on leaves, flowers, 

and fruits. Preferred hosts include small fruits, tree fruits, garden crops, 

ornamental shrubs, vines, and trees. Studies indicate adult JB feed on over 300 

species of plants representing 79 families.

Preferred Hosts

Refer to Table 2-1 for a list of preferred hosts.

Table 2-1 Preferred Japanese Beetle Hosts (page 1 of 2)

Scientific name: Common name:

Abutilon hybridum Chinese-lantern

Acacia baileyana Cootamundra wattle

Acer palmatum Japanese maple

Acer plantoides Norway maple

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse chestnut

Alcea rosea Hollyhock

Althaea spp. Althaea

Arbutus unedo Strawberry tree

Bauhinia variegata Orchid tree

Betula populifolia Gray birch

Castanea dentata American chestnut

Ceanothus griseus Carmel ceanothus

Citrus sinensis Orange

Cydonia oblongas Common quince

Eucalyptus sideroxylon Red ironbark

Fremontodendron californicum Common flannel bush

Glycine max Soybean

Grewia caffra Lavender starflower

Hibiscus syriacus Rose-of-sharon

Juglans nigra Black walnut

Lagerstroemia indica Common crape myrtle

Larix occidentalis Western larch

Malus domestica Apple

Nandina domestica Heavenly bamboo

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper

Platanus acerifolia London planetree

Podocarpus macrophyllus Yew pine

Polygonum spp. Smartweed
General Information

Hosts and Nonhosts

2-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Nonpreferred Hosts and Nonhosts

Although adult beetles feed on over 300 species of plants, they feed sparingly 

or not at all on many cultivated plants. Some plants are rarely or never fed on 

such as evergreens, common grains, most truck and field crops, and many of 

the common ornamental flowers.

When beetles are abundant, plant damage may be avoided by using species that 

are immune or seldom attacked by the insect.1

Refer to Table 2-2 for a list of nonpreferred hosts and nonhosts.

Populus nigra Italian poplar

Prunus spp. Cherry

P. domestica Plum

P. persica Peach

Punica granatum Flowering pomegranate

Quercus palustris Pin oak

Rosa spp. Rose

Rubus spp. Raspberry

Sassafras albidum Sassafras

Sorbus americana American mountain-ash

Tilia spp. Linden

Ulmus americana American elm

U. procera English elm

Vitis spp. Grape

Zea mays1 Maize

Zinnia elegans Zinnia

1 The adults seriously injure corn by eating the silk, which interferes with pollination and kernel formation.

Table 2-1 Preferred Japanese Beetle Hosts (page 2 of 2)

Scientific name: Common name:

1 Fleming, W.E. (1976) USDA Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 1545).

Table 2-2 Nonpreferred Hosts and Nonhosts for Japanese Beetle (page 1 of 2)

Plant group: Specific plants:

Small fruits American cranberry, black huckleberry, European gooseberry, northern dewberry, northern 

gooseberry

Orchard fruits Pear, persimmon

Truck and garden crops Artichoke, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cantaloupe, cauliflower, celery, onion, cucumber, 

eggplant, endive, carrot, pea, radish, kale, leek, lettuce, muskmelon, parsley, parsnip, 

peanut, potato, pumpkin, red pepper, rutabaga, salsify, spinach, summer squash, sweet 

potato, tomato, turnip, watermelon

Field crops Barley, buckwheat, hops, millet, oats, rye, timothy, tobacco, vetch, wheat
General Information

Life Cycle

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 2-5

Life Cycle

There is usually 1 generation of JB each year, but a percentage of the grubs 

may take 2 years to mature, especially in wet, cold soils. A diagram of a typical 

life cycle is shown in Figure 2-3. However, temperature and moisture influence 

the development of life stages. As a result, life stage development will vary 

from year to year at a given locality. Additionally, geography and latitude 

within a particular State can significantly impact the beetle’s life cycle.

Egg Stage

Female JB burrows into the soil to a depth of about 3 inches to lay eggs. The 

eggs are deposited singly and only a few are laid at a time. Egg laying is 

intermittent and a female usually deposits 40 to 60 eggs during its lifetime.

Ornamental herbs Adam’s needle yucca, ageratum, American columbine, American germander, American 

pennyroyal, American water lily, American wormseed, anise, baby’s breath, balsam, 

bearded iris, begonia, blue flas-indigo, brown-eyed Susan, butterfly violet, caladium, 

carnation, catnip, Chile avens, Chinese lantern-lant, Christmas-rose, chufa, cockscomb, 

bamboo, cosmos, coneflower, coralbells, cornflower, dogtooth violet, dusty-miller, Easter lily, 

European columbine, evergreen candytuft, false-dragonhead, fern, flowering tobacco, 

forget-me-not, foxglove, fringed iris, gaillardia, goldenglow, ground-myrtle, gysophila, hardy 

larkspur, hyssop, Iceland poppy, Japanese iris, Japanese spurge, lance coreopsis, lily, lilyof-the-valley, mignonette, mountain-bluet, motherwort, mullein, nasturtium, New England 

aster, oriental poppy, oswego-tea, oxeye daisy, Pacific bleeding heart, pampas grass, pansy, 

perennial pea, petunia, phlox, portulaca, purple loosestrife, pyrethrum, sedum, skydrop 

aster, small white aster, snapdragon, southern maidenhair, spearmint, speedwell, 

spiderwort, strawflower, sweetpea, sweet scavbious, sweet violet, sweet-William, tawny 

daylily, tiger lily, verbena, Virginia dayflower, wave aster, white-top, white turtlehead, wild 

bergamot

Ornamental shrubs and 

vines

American bittersweet, American bladdernut, American elder, American holly, azalea, 

beautyberry, border forsythia, Canada yew, Carolina allspice, Catawba rhododendron, 

Chinese azalea, Chinese holly, Chinese redbud, climbing euonymus, climbing hydrangea, 

coralberry, English holly, English ivy, European cranberry bush, firethorn, gardenia, 

groundsel-bush, Japanese holly, Japanese honeysuckle, lantana, lilac, matrimony vine, 

mock orange, mountain-laurel, panicle hydrangea, Persian lilac, pinxter bloom, privet, 

rosebay rhododendron, smooth hydrangea, snowberry, swamp azalea, sweet autumn 

clematis, torch azalea, tube clematis, weeping forsythia, winged euonymus, winterberry, 

winter honeysuckle, witch hazel

Trees ailanthus, American arborvitae, American hazelnut, American sweetgum, Atlantic whitecedar, balsam fir, black locust, block oak, Bolleana poplar, boxelder, butternut, Canada yew, 

Chinese juniper, common juniper, common smoke tree, cryptomeria, Douglas fir, English 

yew, flowering dogwood, hemlock, Hinoki-cypress, Japanese pagodatree, Japanese yew, 

laurel magnolia, Lawson white cedar, maidenhair tree, mimosa, northern red oak, Norway 

spruce, oriental arborvitae, post oak, red ash, red maple, red mulberry, saucer magnolia, 

Sawara-cypress, scarlet oak, Scotch pine, shagbark hickory, silver maple, southern 

magnolia, southern red oak, tuliptree, Virginia pine, western yew, white ash, white oak, white 

poplar

Table 2-2 Nonpreferred Hosts and Nonhosts for Japanese Beetle (page 2 of 2)

Plant group: Specific plants:
General Information

Life Cycle

2-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Larval Stage

The eggs hatch in approximately 2 weeks and the larvae (grubs) begin feeding 

on the roots of grass and other plants. During the summer, the grubs feed 

within the upper 4 inches of soil. However, during late fall, they work 

downward in the soil to a depth of 8 to 10 inches to overwinter. In the spring, 

the grubs move upward and resume feeding on grass roots.

The full-grown larvae are about 1 inch long and usually lie in the soil in a 

curled position. Refer to Figure 2-1 to view an example of a larva.

Description of First, Second, and Third Instar Larvae

A micrometer eyepiece can be used to measure the length of the instar and the 

width of the head capsule; the measurements in Table 2-3 serve as a guide for 

identifying the different larval stages.

Figure 2-1 Japanese Beetle Larva1

1 Photo courtesy of the USDA–Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.

Table 2-3 Size of First, Second, and Third Larval Instars

First instar: Second instar: Third instar:

Length of instar 10.5 mm 18.5 mm 32 mm

Width of head 1.2 mm 1.9 mm 3.1 mm
General Information

Life Cycle

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 2-7

Refer to Table 2-4 for detailed characteristics of the third larval instar.

The distinct V-like arrangement in two rows of short dark spines of the 

underside of the raster is sufficient to distinguish the JB from other soildwelling scarab beetles.

Table 2-4 Description of Third Instar Larvae

Description: Characteristics:

Form C-shaped

Surface of head  Epicranial arm is not conspicuous

 Epicranial stem is a fine, dark, impressed line

 Front with a short, vague, longitudinal, median impression in apical third; at each side of this is a 

row of five punctures diverging toward the middle bend of the epicranial arm

 Smooth, shining

Color of head Pale, dull yellow

Raster  Medially, two conspicuous, divergent rows of shorter, straight spines in V-form

 Numerous coarse, rather long, scattered, brown, hooked spines

 Numerous rather long, yellowish hairs located at the sides and end of the tenth segment

 Six or seven spines in each row

Anal slit Transverse, arcuate

Vestiture  Entire grub with rather long, scattered brown hairs

 Dorsal convexities of first six abdominal segments clothed with fine, short, brown spines

Habitat In soil, primarily under turf

Figure 2-2 V-Like Arrangement of Spines on the Raster1

1 Illustration courtesy of University of Massachusetts Amherst, Center for Agriculture, Food, 

and the Environment.
General Information

Life Cycle

2-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Pupal Stage

When full grown, the grubs move slightly deeper in the soil and form an 

earthen cell to pupate. A prepupal stage is followed by a pupal stage that lasts 7 

to 17 days. The grubs enter the pupal stage about 2 weeks before adult 

emergence.

Adult Stage

Newly emerged adults may remain in the pupal cell for 2 to 14 days before 

emerging from the soil. During the warm summer months, adult JB live above 

the ground. 

The onset of adult emergence is primarily influenced by soil temperature. In 

the Southern United States, adult JB can emerge in May and in New England, 

emergence can begin in July. In Eastern North Carolina, JB begin to emerge 

from the soil in mid-May, while further north in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 

adult JB emerge during June. Typically, peak adult JB activity occurs 4 to 6 

weeks after the first adult beetles emerge. Refer to the Spatial Analytic 

Framework for Advanced Risk Information Systems (SAFARIS) website for 

accurate and real-time phenology degree-day maps of adult JB emergence.

Beetles fly only during the day and are especially active on warm, sunny, calm 

days. Often gregarious, they feed mostly on the upper surfaces of leaves 

exposed to the sun. When feeding on the leaves, the beetles chew out the parts 

between the veins giving the leaves a “lace like” or “skeletonized” appearance.

Refer to Figure 2-3 for a diagram of the life cycle.

Figure 2-3 Diagram of the Japanese Beetle Life Cycle1

1 Illustration courtesy of the USDA–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); illustrated by APHIS employee Joel Floyd.
General Information

Life Cycle

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 2-9

Description of Adults

Adult JB are 10 to 12 millimeters (mm) long; their color is shiny metallic green 

with coppery-brown elytra (wings). The beetles can readily be recognized by 

the presence of 6 small patches of white along each side and the back of the 

abdomen just under the edges of the elytra. Refer to Figure 2-4 for a picture of 

an adult JB.

Characteristics of Male and Female Adults

A hand lens is helpful when determining the gender of beetles in the field; with 

practice, this can be done with the unaided eye.

The gender of adults can easily be determined by the shape of the foretibia and 

tarsi. For males, the apical tibial spur terminates in a sharp point; for females, 

the apical tibial spur is elongated and more rounded. In males, it is shorter and 

stouter, with the first segment about as long as wide; for females, the tarsi are 

somewhat longer and slenderer, with the first segment elongated and about 

equal in length to the next two or three segments combined. For males, the 

tarsus inserts near the apex of the tibia, while insertion of the tarsus is closer to 

the midpoint of the tibia in females. 

Figure 2-4 Single Adult Japanese Beetle1

1 Photo courtesy of the USDA–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), “Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner’s Handbook.”
General Information

Life Cycle

2-10 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Refer to Table 2-5 for a summary of these characteristics.

The photograph in Figure 2-5 illustrates the differences between male and 

female adults.

Table 2-5 Characteristics of Male and Female Adult Japanese Beetles

Males: Females:

 Foretarsus

Shorter and stouter

 Foretarsus

Longer and more slender

 Insertion of foretarsus

Close to apex of tibia

 Insertion of foretarsus

Closer to midpoint of tibia

 First tarsal segment

About as long as wide

 First tarsal segment

Two to three times as long as wide

 Apical spur of foretibia

Short and pointed

 Apical spur of foretibia

Elongated and rounded

Figure 2-5 Photograph Showing the Foretibia of Males and Females with 

Distinctive Differences1

1 Photo courtesy of Bruce Gill, Centre for Plant Quarantine Pests, Canadian Food Inspection 

Agency (CFIA), Ottawa, Canada.
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-1

Chapter

3 Airport Monitoring and 

Classification

Contents

Goal of Airport Monitoring 3-2

Helpful Tools 3-2

Goal of Airport Classification 3-2

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas 3-3

Trapping Adult Beetles 3-3

Larval Surveys 3-5

Adult Visual Surveys 3-6

Detections on Aircraft 3-7

Reports from Infested and Partially Infested Areas 3-8

Reporting Monitoring Information 3-8

Reports at the End of the Season 3-8

Determining Risk at Infested Airports 3-8

Determine the Risk at a JB-Infested Airport Using Three Criteria 3-8

Determine Which Specific Areas, Carriers, Aircraft and Containers Are at 

Risk 3-10

Using the Risk Criteria for Decision Making 3-11

Potential High-Risk Airports 3-11

Using the Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities 3-11

Issuing the EAN 3-11

Regulated Airport Report 3-12

High-Risk Flights 3-12

Unscheduled Flights 3-12

Arranging Control Measures at Regulated Airports 3-12

Failure to Comply With an EAN 3-13

Military Cooperation 3-13

Revoking the EAN 3-13

Reporting the Deregulation of an Airport 3-13

Monitoring and Managing Airports in Protected States 3-14

Using the JBAIR 3-14

Communicating with Infested States with the JBAIR 3-14

The Role of the SPRO of Protected States 3-14

The Role of the SPHD of the Originating Airport 3-15

Response of Protected States to Live JB Finds 3-15

Responding to Interceptions from Regulated Airports 3-15

Responsibilities of Protected States 3-16

Responding to Interceptions from Unregulated Airports or Carriers 3-16
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Goal of Airport Monitoring

3-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Monitoring and Managing Airports in JB-FREE Areas Outside of Protected 

States 3-16

Available Methods 3-17

Goal of Airport Monitoring

The goal of airport monitoring is to estimate the level of risk and likelihood 

that Japanese beetle (JB) will enter aircraft by evaluating three factors:

1. The extent of JB activity (i.e., flying adults) near aircraft operating areas

2. The size of the JB population at the airport

3. The risk of JB entry into aircraft and transport to JB-free areas

Remember that aircraft operating areas include passenger boarding, luggage 

handling, and cargo loading areas. 

These factors assessed together by agriculture officials represent the probable 

risk of JB transportation on aircraft to the protected States from the airport. The 

officials use the factors to determine the classification of the entire or a section 

of the airport as regulated or unregulated. The classification then dictates the 

type of safeguards and treatments required for airport operations.

Helpful Tools

The APHIS–Japanese Beetle website can serve as a helpful tool for personnel 

involved in monitoring JB populations at infested airports in the East and 

noninfested airports in the “protected States.”

Goal of Airport Classification

The goal of airport classification is to classify airports in the JB-infested area 

into either a regulated or nonregulated status. This classification into regulated 

and nonregulated airports is based on the threat the individual airports pose to 

the JB-free areas. In the JB-free area, nine Western States have protected 

status, they are Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

Oregon, Utah, and Washington.

Regulated airports in the JB-infested areas under quarantine should be those 

airports where the beetle is likely to enter aircraft and be transported to JB-free

areas. APHIS will issue an Emergency Action Notification (EAN) to inform 

airport personnel when the airport is to be regulated. APHIS inspectors can 

cancel an EAN to return a regulated airport to nonregulated status.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-3

Nonregulated airports in the JB-infested areas under quarantine should be 

those airports where the beetle is not likely to enter aircraft and be transported 

to JB-free areas.

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

In JB-infested areas, under the direction of the State Plant Health Director 

(SPHD), authorized inspectors (either PPQ officers or designees) will survey 

JB populations to determine the potential risk at each airport using one or more 

of the following methods:

1. Trapping Adult Beetles on page 3-3

2. Larval Surveys on page 3-5

3. Adult Visual Surveys on page 3-6

Trapping Adult Beetles

Trapping adults is a valuable monitoring method that provides a population 

estimate at the time when the risk of live adult transport on aircraft is most 

likely. Within a single season, these captures can determine when adult 

emergence begins, peaks, and ends; and if performed over several seasons, th 

trapping may indicate population trends within the airport.

Number of Traps

To monitor adult JB emergence at infested airports with flights to JB-free

areas, place 4 to 8 traps per airport. Upon first JB capture, remove all traps and 

place at least 1 mile from the airport environs so as not to attract beetles to the 

airport operating area.

Trap Types

Dual-lure traps, containing both food and pheromone lures, are most effective 

in attracting adults. The trap and lure procurement database can be used to 

request traps and lures. Contact your regional trap and lure program manager 

for details.

If only a food-type lure is used, it should be “PEG,” which is a combination of 

phenyl ethyl propionate, eugenol, and geraniol in a ratio of 3:7:3. Using the 

food-type lure alone is not recommended.

Commercially prepared, sustained-release dispensers are available to disperse 

the pheromone lure for 75 to 100 days. Neither trap color nor size is a factor in 

trapping adults. Traps are usually yellow; however, white and green traps are 

equally effective.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

3-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Trap Placement

Trap placement is critical. Place traps to meet the following criteria:

All-day sun (or at least midday sun)—traps placed in direct sunlight are 

twice as effective as those placed in the shade.

Near, but not adjacent to, host plants. Trap placement should be 3 to 7 

yards from favored trees, shrubs, and vines. Do not place traps 

immediately adjacent to tall, bushy plants or other objects that could 

interfere with dissemination of the lure. Refer to Preferred Japanese 

Beetle Hosts on page 2-3 for a list of common names of host plants.

Place traps so the bottom is approximately 22 inches above ground level. 

Traps baited with a pheromone attractant and PEG were most effective 

when placed at this height.

Trap Examination

At a minimum, examine traps three times per week during JB flight period to 

ensure they are operative, as well as to remove all contents and clean the trap. 

Save suspected JB for identification and discard all other insects. Never reuse 

traps without inspecting for the presence of dead or live beetles. In areas of 

high JB populations, traps may need to be inspected more often, daily if 

necessary.

At the end of the monitoring (or control) season, store traps in a dry location. 

They may be stored either assembled or disassembled. Thoroughly clean traps 

before storage.

Trap Removal

When a high-risk situation exists according to the three risk criteria (1) JB 

adults observed flying near aircraft-operating area; 2) high JB population; 3) 

and the potential for transport to JB-free area in the west), remove traps 

following the first detection.

NOTICE

When placing traps, never put traps closer than 1 mile to aircraft-operating areas. 

Above all, never put traps only near aircraft-operating areas. Traps near aircraftoperating areas will only attract beetles into the aircraft-operating areas, creating 

entry problems where none existed.

NOTICE

If the airport is in a State involved in invasive species surveys, consider examining 

the traps for nontarget exotic species. If an airport receives flights from around the 

world, an additional examination for exotic species may be a valuable part of an 

exotic species detection program.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-5

When a low-risk situation exists at an airport (beetles are not likely to enter 

aircraft in an aircraft-operating area), traps can remain in place throughout the 

monitoring period. In this situation, traps can be checked less frequently 

depending on the weather.

Larval Surveys

Larval surveys are most often conducted to determine the most common life 

stage and the population level. They may be used alone or in combination with 

traps. As such, they are an invaluable tool used to determine whether pesticide 

applications or biological controls are necessary.

When to Conduct Larval Surveys

Surveys should be conducted in the spring before adult emergence and in the 

fall following the JB flight season. Furthermore, if turf damage indicates many 

larvae in the soil, conduct a survey.

During the spring and fall, larvae consume the fibrous roots of the turf. This 

gives it a soft, spongy surface that can be readily observed by a trained 

inspector. Severely damaged turf caused by the damage from larvae, as well as 

bird and animal feeding, can usually be rolled back like a rug. Because other 

scarab larvae produce similar damage as JB, identification of the responsible 

larvae is crucial.

Sampling Protocol

To estimate JB population density and determine potential treatment methods, 

identification must be swift and accurate. Refer to Table 3-1 for a sequential 

sampling plan. The required number of samples is determined by the 

cumulative total from the initial samples.

The sequential sampling plan in Table 3-1 is for second instar populations 

only. In New England, researchers determined that JB populations will be 

almost completely second instar by the end of August (about 1 month after the 

midpoint of the adult flight period; adjust timing for your location as 

necessary).

Each sample consists of 1 square foot of turf collected and examined for larvae 

to a depth of 4 to 5 inches. The time required to examine 1 sample is brief, 

around 15 minutes.

Control of the second instars is recommended when the average larval count is 

greater than 3 per square foot. When the count is less than 1 per square foot, 

control is not required. If only 1 larva is observed, additional sampling should 

be conducted.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

3-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Using Table 3-1, discontinue sampling when the cumulative number of larvae 

falls within the category of “Treatment NOT required” using the 5% error rate 

column, if possible.

Adult Visual Surveys

Adult visual surveys are commonly used to determine the level of the beetle 

population in aircraft-operating areas. A minimal level of monitoring requires 

visual surveys of aircraft-operating areas in airports that were regulated in any 

of the last 3 years.

To coordinate visual surveys with the most optimum periods, use traps to 

detect the onset and peak of emergence. As an alternative, use surveys of 

various preferred hosts.

Table 3-1 Sequential Sampling Table for Treatment Decisions on Second Instars 

in Turfgrass

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF LARVAE

Number of 

samples

10% error rate 5% error rate

Treatment NOT 

required

Treatment 

required

Treatment NOT 

required

Treatment 

required

1 *

* Decision cannot be reached.

6 * 7

2 * 8 1 9

3 1 9 * 11

4 3 11 1 13

5 4 13 3 14

6 6 15 5 16

7 8 16 6 18

8 10 18 8 20

9 11 20 10 21

10 13 22 12 23

11 15 23 13 25

12 16 25 15 26

13 18 27 17 28

14 20 28 18 30

15 22 30 20 32

16 23 32 22 33

17 25 34 24 35

18 27 35 25 37

19 29 37 27 39

20 30 39 29 40
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Airport Monitoring in Infested Areas

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-7

Peak Emergence Period

Adult beetles begin to emerge in May in southern localities, later in northern 

localities. Peak adult activity occurs 4 to 6 weeks after emergence starts. For an 

accurate near real-time prediction of adult emergence, refer to Spatial Analytic 

Framework for Advanced Risk Information Systems (SAFARIS) to find and 

print phenology maps for your State.

Frequency of Visual Surveys

During the peak emergence period, perform visual surveys three to five times 

weekly, depending on the weather.

Duration of the Survey

Each visual survey at an aircraft-operating area should last at least 15 minutes 

and be conducted under conditions favorable for beetle activity. If high 

numbers of adults are flying near aircraft, longer and more frequent surveys 

may be necessary.

Time, Humidity, and Temperature

Adults fly only in the daytime. Critical times to observe beetles associated with 

aircraft are daylight hours on warm, sunny, and calm days. Typically, peak 

beetle activity and captures occur between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m., when air 

temperatures are at their highest. Trapping has shown that 45% of beetle 

activity occurs between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Although captures were 

spread out over most of the afternoon, the greatest number of captures occurred 

between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. Fewer than 5% of the beetles were captured 

after 5:00 p.m. or before 9:00 a.m.

Beetles typically fly on clear days when the temperature reaches about 70 °F 

and relative humidity is below 60%. Often, but not always, temperatures above 

95 °F or relative humidity above 60% stop or reduce flights of the adults. In 

Louisville, KY, flights did occur when the temperature was near 100 °F and the 

relative humidity was 70%. When Japonilure (an attractant placed in traps) was 

used alone, about 70% of the captures occurred between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 

p.m. and peak capture was at noon.

Rain and the Visual Survey

If possible, conduct visual surveys the day after a rainstorm, because adult 

emergence typically increases following a rain event.

Detections on Aircraft

Airport monitoring using traps, larval surveys, and/or visual surveys may not

detect a high-risk situation. A single interception at an airport in a JB-free area 

may potentially indicate a high-risk situation at the originating airport.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Determining Risk at Infested Airports

3-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Therefore, when beetles are found on aircraft in the JB-infested area and 

those aircraft are scheduled to go to JB-free areas, a high-risk situation likely 

exists. That is why it is essential that the State Plant Regulatory Official 

(SPRO) complete a Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR) (refer 

to Figure A-5 on page A-7) and inform the National Operations Manager 

(NOM). Next, the NOM will immediately inform the SPHD of the originating 

State and possibly airport personnel.

Reports from Infested and Partially Infested Areas

Enter information from JB partially infested States into the National 

Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS).

When monitoring information indicates a threatening condition, weekly 

reports are necessary. Even if a threatening condition is not present, bimonthly 

reports of emergence and population levels at infested airports are essential to 

aid protected States in developing more stringent inspection and mitigation 

measures.

Reporting Monitoring Information

In addition to weekly reports during the JB flight period (June–September), 

enter monitoring information using NAPIS.

Reports at the End of the Season

After traps are removed for the season, information on New State Records 

(NSR) and New County Records (NCR) will be entered into NAPIS.

Determining Risk at Infested Airports

Determine the Risk at a JB-Infested Airport Using Three 

Criteria

1. Population size

2. Proximity to aircraft operating areas

3. Aircraft-associated detections in protected States

JB population size

Evaluate if the beetle population is at a high-risk level. Is the population high 

enough to place aircraft or cargo at risk at the airport being evaluated? Highrisk aircraft are those scheduled to fly to a protected State and may have been 

exposed or had cargo exposed to a JB infestation.

NOTICE

At the first find of a beetle infestation in a county or State, enter a NCR or a NSR into 

NAPIS.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Determining Risk at Infested Airports

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-9

To ascertain the previously mentioned risk criteria at your airport, you will 

collect specific information related to each one of these risk factors, which will 

be discussed in more detail in the next section.

Operating areas

Consider the second criterion: are aircraft in aircraft-operating areas or cargo 

likely to become infested? Generally, JB population numbers alone are not 

sufficient to cause an airport (or portion of an airport) to be regulated. A JB 

population may be isolated from the aircraft-operating area. However, JB host 

plants and grassy areas growing close to either the airport, terminal, or hangers 

can increase risk.

Survey data should influence the decision-making process at each airport. If 

records indicate increasing JB population and the other risk criteria are met, a 

high-risk situation usually exists. However, each airport possesses unique 

factors and agriculture officials may have to make a judgment call. Light 

populations typically represent a lower risk. Regardless of beetle numbers, 

entry into an aircraft is likely if adult JB fly near or rest on the aircraft’s 

exterior surfaces, boarding ladders, or similar items. This situation should be 

considered high risk. If a 15-minute visual survey, conducted under optimal 

conditions around an aircraft-operating area finds two or more live adults, 

aircraft infestation is highly likely.

NOTICE

IMPORTANT POINT: The detection of beetles at an origin airport, or in the immediate vicinity, is not in itself sufficient reason to declare the airport under quarantine, 

nor does it mean it is now a high-risk regulated airport.

Three criteria must be met:

1. The airport must be subject to regulation and beetles must be closely associated 

with aircraft that are loading, unloading, or parking during critical times (7:00 a.m. to 

8:00 p.m.) throughout the JB flight period (June–September).

2. The beetles must present a danger of gaining entry to the interior of the aircraft, 

either by direct flight or by hitchhiking on passengers’ clothing or cargo.

3. Flights must be destined to protected States.

If these criteria are met, the airport, or section of the airport, will be considered high 

risk. As such, the airport will receive a “regulated status” and be required to comply 

with 7 CFR 301.48 to safeguard protected Western States.

NOTICE

A large JB population with a high probability of aircraft or cargo infestation according 

to the risk criteria will necessitate airport regulation.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Determining Risk at Infested Airports

3-10 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Detections in Protected States

Consider the third criterion: are infested aircraft arriving in protected States? A 

single beetle interception in any protected State (or in any JB-free area) 

indicates a potential high-risk situation at the originating airport or at a 

previous stopover airport(s); therefore, regulation at a high-risk infested airport 

should be considered. Refer to Monitoring and Managing Airports in Protected 

States on page 3-14 for information on responding to a detection in protected 

States.

Determine Which Specific Areas, Carriers, Aircraft and 

Containers Are at Risk

Use the risk criteria in Determine the Risk at a JB-Infested Airport Using 

Three Criteria on page 3-8 to determine the risk from various factors.

Aircraft at high-risk times versus aircraft at low-risk times

Carriers

Containers stored outdoors

Containers stored indoors

Individual aircraft operating areas

Other factors

Evaluate Mitigating Measures

If one or more high-risk factors have been identified, evaluate all mitigating 

measures that, either alone or in combination, would reduce each factor and the 

overall risk. Examples of mitigating measures include:

Keeping all at-risk aircraft closed whenever possible

Moving at-risk aircraft and cargo operations to a low-risk section of the 

airport

Reducing JB populations in the airport and in surrounding areas

Rescheduling aircraft loading and flight times to low-risk times

Using excluders whenever an at-risk aircraft is opened

These examples and other mitigating measures are discussed in detail in 

Control Measures on page 4-1.

Prompt application of one or more mitigating measures may allow an airport to 

remain unregulated.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Using the Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-11

Complete an Emergency Action Notification (EAN), If Necessary

If an airport or a carrier needs to be regulated to prevent the beetles being 

transported to protected States, complete an EAN. Refer to Using the 

Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities on page 3-11 for 

more information on the EAN and other required activities.

Aircraft scheduled to fly to a protected State; and

Aircraft is either exposed to infestation by JB or is carrying cargo exposed 

to infestation

The detection of beetles at an origin airport or in the immediate vicinity is not 

in itself sufficient reason to declare the airport under quarantine, nor is treated 

as a high-risk regulated airport.

Using the Risk Criteria for Decision Making

The State Plant Health Director (SPHD) of the regulated State will review the 

situation at the airport using an evaluation based on the three criteria. Based on 

this review the SPHD can decide to regulate all or part of the airport.

Potential High-Risk Airports

High-risk aircraft departing during the peak JB daily flight period (June –

September) and between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. may require safeguarding 

and treatment. PPQ officers should collect the flight numbers and airlines of 

these aircraft for monitoring purposes.

Using the Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities

If aircraft going to protected States are likely to be infested, the JB National 

Operations Manager (NOM), the SPHD or a designee, may designate any 

airport within a quarantined State as a regulated airport. The high probability 

of JB-infested aircraft spreading the beetle to protected States justifies this 

regulation.

Issuing the EAN

After determining an airport is high risk and must be regulated, the SPHD (or a 

designee) will immediately complete and issue an EAN (PPQ Form 523) to the 

following individuals:

NOTICE

High-risk aircraft include any aircraft with a destination anywhere in the protected 

States; even if the aircraft has intermediate stops in other airports along the way to 

the destination, it is still considered high risk. Obtain flight information from these aircraft during beetle emergence.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Using the Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities

3-12 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Official in charge of the airport

Officials in charge of the airlines sending aircraft during daylight hours to 

the protected States

The SPHD will provide a copy of the EAN to the JB Program NOM.

Regulated Airport Report

When an airport is regulated, the Program NOM will inform all interested 

parties by circulating a report like the one in Table 3-2 by email.

SPHDs responsible for regulated airports will inform their Associate Executive 

Director through the NOM of all actions taken. If additional actions are 

necessary, the SPHDs will notify the NOM.

High-Risk Flights

When an airport is regulated, the SPHD (or a designee) must obtain schedules 

listing all high-risk flights. The high-risk flights are usually those departing 

during daylight hours (between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.) for protected States; 

however, high-risk flights may depart at other times. The SPHD (or a designee) 

will then provide these schedules to the JB Program NOM for distribution to 

APHIS personnel and State Plant Regulatory Officials (SPROs) in the 

protected States.

This feedback system of communication between the “protected States” and 

the “infested States” is necessary to coordinate safeguarding and treatment 

options as well as to track where flights originated.

Unscheduled Flights

For all unscheduled commercial and military flights, the SPHD of the 

originating airport will notify the personnel or SPRO at the destination airport 

at least 1 hour before departure. The SPHD at the originating airport may omit 

the 1-hour notification requirement on a case-by-case basis per 7 CFR 301.48-

4(d).

Arranging Control Measures at Regulated Airports

To protect JB-free areas, the SPHD of the regulated airport must implement 

control measures such as: 

Electing to treat aircraft with an approved insecticide if unable to modify 

loading times and areas (this option is for large carriers)

Table 3-2 Regulated Airport Report

Name of Airport:

Date regulated/time: Date—00:00 hours

Date deregulated/time: Date—00:00 hours
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Using the Emergency Action Notification (EAN) and Other Activities

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-13

Loading aircraft in an area with less exposure to adult JB

Removing or treating JB host plants

Replacing landscaping with nonhost plants

Rescheduling aircraft loading and departure times to the evening or night 

when JB activity is low

Treating JB larvae with insecticides or using a biological control agent

Failure to Comply With an EAN

An airport or airline that does not comply with the requirements of an EAN 

may be issued a violation notice (PPQ Form 518) by a PPQ officer.

Military Cooperation

Authorization for military cooperation is contained in the Defense 

Transportation Regulations (DTRs):

DTR 4500.9-R, Part II, Chapter208 (Packaging and Handling); and 

DTR Part V, Chapter 505 (Agricultural Cleaning and Inspection 

Requirements)

If a SPHD has any difficulty in obtaining cooperation, they will contact the 

Commanding Officer and reference the above provisions.

Revoking the EAN

When successful safeguards have been enacted that reduce the JB risk to 

aircraft, PPQ officers (or their designees) will inform the SPHD, who may then 

cancel the EAN and return the airport to nonregulated status. The SPHD will 

then complete Block 16 of the EAN, Action Taken. Copies of the updated EAN 

will be supplied to all affected airline and airport officials.

The SPHD responsible for the recently deregulated airport will inform the 

NOM of the EAN revocation. The NOM will notify the JB Program National 

Policy Manager (NPM) via email of the status change.

Reporting the Deregulation of an Airport

It is the NPM’s responsibility to inform all program staff, as well as update and 

distribute the list of regulated and nonregulated airports via the Deregulation of 

an Airport Report (refer to Table 3-3 below). This report is published on the JB 

Program website and available to all affected stakeholders.

Table 3-3 Deregulation of an Airport Report

Name of Airport:

Date regulated/time: Date—00:00 hours

Date deregulated/time: Date—00:00 hours
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Monitoring and Managing Airports in Protected States

3-14 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Monitoring and Managing Airports in Protected States

To maintain a JB-free status, flights arriving in protected States, particularly 

those originating from regulated airports, are monitored through careful 

inspection of all interior parts of the aircraft and its cargo. All JB that are 

found, whether live or dead, must be recorded on the Japanese Beetle Aircraft 

Inspection Record (JBAIR) and communicated to the SPHD of both the 

receiving and originating airports.

Using the JBAIR

When inspecting flights from infested airports, the JBAIR is used to record 

data. The complete JBAIR will specify the total number, condition, and 

specific locations of beetles found on the infested aircraft. Refer to Japanese 

Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR) on page A-7 for an example of a 

JBAIR. 

Reports will be available for PPQ, State, and industry personnel. The reports 

will enable PPQ, State, and industry personnel to evaluate:

How effective exclusion procedures are

How effective pesticide treatments are

Communicating with Infested States with the JBAIR

These JBAIRs, available to PPQ, State, and industry personnel, are an essential 

recordkeeping tool that evaluates the potential effectiveness of safeguarding 

and exclusion procedures, including treatments in the infested States. 

Therefore, it is essential when live JBs are found that all protected States not 

only complete the form, but also immediately contact the NOM and SPHD of 

the originating airport. Additionally, the JBAIR should be entered into the 

Integrated plant Health Information System (IPHIS) database so all impacted 

parties can access the information.

The Role of the SPRO of Protected States

When beetles are intercepted at an airport in protected States, and the origin of 

the aircraft is from an infested airport, the SPRO of the protected State is 

responsible for sending the JBAIR and immediately notifying the following 

individuals:

NOM

SPHD of the originating airport

NOTICE

The JBAIR website requires ArcGIS credentials.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Monitoring and Managing Airports in Protected States

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-15

The Role of the SPHD of the Originating Airport

Within 24 hours, the SPHD at the originating airport will determine if a highrisk situation exists by following the steps in the section Determining Risk at 

Infested Airports on page 3-8.

The SPHD responsible for the originating airport will immediately inform the 

NOM. The NOM will inform the SPRO responsible for the receiving airport of 

actions taken (monitoring results and/or mitigating measures implemented).

If the aircraft upon which the interception was made transited two or more 

airports within the JB-infested States and the origin of the beetle cannot be 

verified, the SPRO at the receiving airport must notify the SPHDs responsible 

for all the transited airports. The SPHDs responsible for the transited airports 

will follow the previously mentioned steps to determine which of the transited 

airports are high risk.

Response of Protected States to Live JB Finds

When live beetles are found in protected States, the SPRO (or a designee) 

responsible for the receiving airport may take one or more of the following 

safeguarding actions:

Closing the infested aircraft and treating it or its cargo at a later 

destination

Issuing an State equivalent of an EAN

Monitoring unloading activities

Terminating all unloading activities

Treating the infested aircraft and/or cargo immediately

Generally, the SPRO responsible for the receiving airport (or a designee) will 

issue an EAN or Hold Notice and the aircraft will be treated.

Responding to Interceptions from Regulated Airports

Interceptions of dead or moribund beetles on aircraft from regulated airports 

are to be expected because of the pesticide treatments. Finding live beetles in 

aircraft from regulated airports and carriers is an indication that safeguarding 

procedures were not correctly followed or were not completely effective. If 

such is the case, within 24 hours, the SPHD at the originating airport will 

determine the effectiveness of the safeguarding procedures by considering the 

following and similar questions:

Are all mitigating procedures being used correctly?

Are treatments being applied correctly?
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Monitoring and Managing Airports in JB-FREE Areas Outside of Protected States

3-16 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Are treatments effective when used correctly?

How effective are the mitigating procedures being used?

After completing the determination, the SPHD responsible for the originating 

airport under quarantine or the regulated carrier will immediately inform the 

SPHD responsible for the receiving airport of the actions taken (determination 

results and mitigating measures implemented).

When live beetles are found, the SPRO responsible for the receiving airport (or 

a designee) may take all appropriate action to safeguard the receiving airport. 

For example, the SPRO may issue an EAN to treat or re-treat an aircraft or any 

of the actions described above.

Responsibilities of Protected States

Clear communication between infested States and protected States, along with 

regulatory controls and sharing data, is the key to preventing JB from 

spreading.

More specifically, to foster cooperation within the JB Program, a protected 

State is encouraged to:

Maintain a parallel intrastate quarantine for the beetle, if applicable

Participate in bimonthly conference calls during the JB season to receive 

and provide updates on Program activities

Share their State’s data on JB distribution based on current surveys

Responding to Interceptions from Unregulated Airports or 

Carriers

Interceptions of beetles on aircraft from unregulated airports or carriers is an 

indication that a high-risk situation probably exists and that regulation in the 

JB-infested area is necessary. If so, the SPRO of the receiving airport will issue 

an EAN or Hold Notice outlining the specific safeguarding or treatment 

actions required in accordance with 7 CFR 301.48.

Monitoring and Managing Airports in JB-FREE Areas Outside of 

Protected States

This section addresses monitoring protocols at airports outside of protected 

States. Trapping at these airports is optional and the methods used are based on 

the availability of resources. When a beetle is intercepted, the SPHD (or 

designee) or the SPRO (or by a cooperative decision) determines how they 

should be monitored.
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Monitoring and Managing Airports in JB-FREE Areas Outside of Protected States

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 3-17

Available Methods

The following methods, alone or in combination, can be used for monitoring:

Conduct random inspections of high-risk (cargo) flights from regulated 

airports

Conduct random inspections of high-risk flights from unregulated airports 

within the quarantine area

Conduct a visual survey of the area where the beetle was initially trapped 

Increase the number of traps in areas where JB were previously captured
Airport Monitoring and Classification

Monitoring and Managing Airports in JB-FREE Areas Outside of Protected States

3-18 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4-1

Chapter

4

Control Measures

Contents

Control Measures 4-1

Exclude Beetles from High-Risk Aircraft 4-1

Reduce the Beetle Population Using Short- and Long-Term Controls 4-4

Treating Infested Aircraft and Cargo 4-7

Safety Procedures for Chemical Treatments 4-8

Safety Precautions for Aircraft 4-9

Control Measures

The goal of airport control measures is to prevent the Japanese beetle (JB) 

from entering aircraft destined to protected Western States.

Use the following methods, alone or in combination, to control beetles at 

infested airports:

1. Exclude Beetles from High-Risk Aircraft on page 4-1

2. Reduce the Beetle Population Using Short- and Long-Term Controls on 

page 4-4

3. Treating Infested Aircraft and Cargo on page 4-7

Exclude Beetles from High-Risk Aircraft

Beetles can be excluded using the following techniques:

Change aircraft-operating areas to areas less attractive to the beetle

Position aircraft with cargo doors in the shade rather than in the sun, 

which is less attractive to the beetle

Safeguard cargo and baggage (e.g., keep containers closed, store 

containers in enclosed areas, cover cargo containers with plastic wrap)

Schedule flights when the beetles are not flying (or fewer are flying)

Use exclusion devices to prevent beetles from entering the aircraft

Use physical barriers, such as enclosed walkways

Beetles often rest overnight on cargo pallets, cans (enclosed containers), and 

other devices for cargo handling; as a result, cargo stored outside for lengthy 

periods can become high risk. This is why it is essential to inspect all cargo 

prior to loading and practice safeguarding methods as outlined above.
Control Measures

Control Measures

4-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Exclusion Devices

In certain situations, exclusion devices, called “excluders,” will prevent the 

entry of beetles into aircraft. Excluders are enclosed compartments with an 

open side end designed to fit snugly against the surface of open aircraft hatches 

and doors to permit loading and unloading. Use exclusion devices whenever 

possible.

Because beetles tend to fly along the sunny side of a fuselage, they can often be 

excluded by the excluders. When the beetles encounter the excluders, they tend 

to drop below the open doors. Even if beetles enter the aircraft, the numbers 

entering will be greatly reduced.

Aircraft at regulated airports must be treated with an insecticide before 

exclusion devices can be used on open hatches and doors.

When exclusion devices are used, protect all openings in the aircraft from 7:00 

a.m. to 8:00 p.m.

Passenger Compartments

Examples of exclusion devices used for passenger compartments are enclosed 

walkways and bus-type vehicles for passenger loading and unloading. The 

portholes of exclusion devices fit tightly against the aircraft. 

When using exclusion devices for passenger boarding, thoroughly inspect all

areas within 10 feet of the doors on the aircraft. Pay special attention to the 

floor and windowsills, and remove any beetles found.

Cargo Areas

Effective exclusion devices have been developed for cargo aircraft by carriers 

faced with a beetle entry problem. These excluders are now the standard for 

handling these aircraft at high-risk airports. Refer to Figure 4-1 for an example 

of a cargo exclusion device.
Control Measures

Control Measures

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4-3

Figure 4-1 Example of a Cargo Exclusion Device1

1 Photograph courtesy of Phillip Lewis, APHIS–PPQ–Science and Technology, Forest Pest Methods Laboratory.
Control Measures

Control Measures

4-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Selecting Aircraft-Operating Areas

Certain aircraft-operating areas are much more likely to attract beetles than 

other locations. Therefore, whenever possible, avoid the following areas:

Close to feeding hosts for the adult beetles

Close to moist, grassy areas on light-textured soil favorable for egg laying 

and larval development

With a favored sunny exposure

If areas attractive to beetles are used for aircraft operations, especially during 

the hours of greatest activity (7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.), aircraft entries are likely. 

Positioning Aircraft

If possible, position aircraft so at least its doors are in the shade. Beetles prefer 

sunny locations and are more likely to enter if doors and hatches are exposed to 

the sun.

Standby Aircraft

The standby aircraft that replace aircraft on scheduled flights must be JB free. 

“Tail-swapping” is the term for the replacement of one aircraft by another. 

When “tail-swapping” occurs, the standby aircraft may require treatment and 

safeguarding to prevent beetle movement on aircraft.

Reduce the Beetle Population Using Short- and Long-Term 

Controls

The following methods will lower the beetle population:

Apply fast-acting insecticides to host plants to control adults

Apply insecticides to the soil for larval control

Destroy host plants and plant fewer desirable species as outlined in Table 

2-1 on page 2-3 and Table 2-2 on page 2-4

Use biocontrol agents such as those in Table 4-1

If the airport is in an agricultural area, request that farmers treat host 

plants during the beetle season

Initiating Control

Ideally, control will begin before a beetle population reaches a high-risk level 

requiring regulation; therefore, both short- and long-term solutions should be 

sought.

Long-term control solutions emphasize integrated pest management (IPM) 

practices that will keep the beetle population below the high-risk level. 

Examples include:
Control Measures

Control Measures

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4-5

Biocontrol agents, such as the fungal pathogen Ovavesicula, have proven 

very effective in reducing JB populations. For more information about 

biocontrol agents, visit USDA–APHIS–PPQ Forest Pest Methods (Otis) 

Laboratory website or contact the Lab at 508-563-0900

Landscape planning at the airport prevents planting host plants near 

aircraft-operating areas (refer to Table 2-1 on page 2-3 and Table 2-2 on 

page 2-4)

Short-term control solutions emphasize the quick reduction of a population at 

the high-risk level. Examples include:

Foliar treatment of hosts

Quick-acting soil insecticide

Replace host plants with nonhost plants

When designing a control program for JB, it is wise to seek advice from IPM 

consultants, entomologists, cooperative extension personnel, and other 

professionals. Carriers have hired consultants who develop IPM programs that 

emphasize exclusion and are suitable for specific airports.

Removal and Reduction of Host Plants

Removing host plants can rapidly reduce a JB population in the long term and 

minimize the beetle transportation risk of aircraft; however, this can result in 

aesthetic loss and impact the environment. Careful planning and planting 

nonpreferred hosts can offset the damage caused by removal, and quickly 

restore an area. Competition for sunlight and other resources by nonhost plants 

can prevent resprouting and reestablishing removed host plants.

Treatments for Airport Grounds

Airport grounds are treated for either larvae (grubs) or adults. Approved 

treatments include chemical and biological control in addition to removing or 

reducing host plants.

Treatment for Larvae

Chemical Control. The major advantage of treating larvae (grubs) in the soil by 

fast-acting chemicals is the destruction of the grubs before they become adults; 

however the practice is labor intensive and costly. Contact your local 

agricultural extension service for recommended chemicals.

Biological Control. The major advantage of biological control is the possibility of 

long-term reduction of the population to a nonthreatening level. However, 

significant long-term control may develop slowly or not at all.
Control Measures

Control Measures

4-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Refer to Table 4-1 for a list of organisms used for biocontrol of the larvae. The 

control success rate varies.

Treatment for Adults

Chemical Control. A major advantage to treating adults by fast-acting chemicals 

is a quick reduction in the population. Often, however, those destroyed are 

quickly replaced by newly immigrating or newly emerged adults following a 

treatment. For a list of recommended chemicals, contact your local cooperative 

extension office.

Biological Control. The Tachinid fly, Istocheta aldrichi, is a solitary internal 

parasitoid of the adult beetle. The female flies deposit up to 100 eggs during a 

2-week period. Usually laid upon the thorax of the female beetles, the eggs 

hatch into maggots that bore into and kill their hosts. In ideal situations, this fly 

can suppress adults before they can reproduce.

Ovavesicula papillae, a microsporidian (fungal pathogen), that targets the 

larval stage, has shown to be very effective in reducing adult JB populations in 

the long term.

Monitoring Results of Control Methods

To monitor the effectiveness of short- and long-term control methods, use one 

or more of the following:

Adult visual surveys 

Detections on aircraft arriving in the JB-free area

Detections on aircraft at the infested airport

Larval surveys 

Trapping 

Table 4-1 Organisms Used for Biocontrol of Japanese Beetle

Scientific name: Description:

Ovavesicula papillae Microsporidian, a fungal-like organism against grubs

B. thuringiensis tenebrionis (btt) Bt strain for the JB grub

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Nematode effective against JB grubs

Steinernema glaseri Nematode effective against JB grubs

Tiphia vernalis Small wasp parasitic on the JB grub

Isocheta aldrichi Tachinid fly, an internal parasitoid of the adult JB

NOTICE

Biocontrol agents against the larvae can be used in conjunction with those used to 

control adults.
Control Measures

Control Measures

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4-7

Refer to Airport Monitoring and Classification on page 3-1 for details on each 

of these monitoring results.

Treating Infested Aircraft and Cargo

Currently, the following insecticides are approved for use on infested aircraft:

10% d-phenothrin 

2% d-phenothrin + 2% permethrin (1-ShotTM)

Authorized by the Treatment Manual (T409-b-1), d-phenothrin is registered for 

use as an aerosol on aircraft in the 10% formulation (EPA registration number 

10308-21.) Callington 1-ShotTM, 2% d-phenothrin + 2% permethrin (EPA 

number 83795-1) is authorized as T409-b-3. Usually, application of these 

insecticides is either to passenger-carrying aircraft (when unoccupied) or 

loaded cargo aircraft (when unoccupied).

NOTICE

The application of the methods to control JB populations are unique to each airport. 

Those airports that are currently regulated, or were regulated in the past 3 years, are 

required under 7 CFR 301.48 to develop both short- and long-term strategies for 

managing JB populations. Moreover, it is prudent for all airports within JB-infested 

States to take a proactive approach to manage JB populations so that more stringent 

measures and regulations can be averted.

NOTICE

Before using any insecticide, read the instructions on the label.

! WARNING

d-phenothrin is for use by or under the direction of Federal/State personnel. Only

personnel trained by the USDA can apply this insecticide. If trained by the USDA, 

airline personnel can apply this insecticide.

NOTICE

These insecticides are also used if, upon inspection of arriving aircraft, two or more 

live JB are found in a protected State. For further information regarding applications, 

visit the Treatment Manual Chapter 2-12 Aerosols and Micronized Dusts, and T409-

b-1 and T409-b-3.
Control Measures

Safety Procedures for Chemical Treatments

4-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02

Timing an Insecticide Application

Under the following conditions, adult beetles usually do not fly; therefore, 

treating aircraft may not be necessary:

Cool days below 73 °F (23 °C)

Hot days above 104 °F (40 °C)

Rainy days

When arriving and leaving during the same night

Windy days

PPQ Form 250 Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order

After treating an aircraft, if the pilot at the destination airport requests a PPQ 

Form 250 Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order, issue it. If not requested, do 

not issue it.

Safety Procedures for Chemical Treatments

Ideally, training potential applicators should start before hazardous conditions 

exist. To protect the health of applicators’ and anyone who could be exposed, 

all pesticide applications must follow the recommended Federal and State 

labels and procedures.

For additional information and advice on safety procedures, visit USDA–

APHIS–PPQ Forest Pest Methods (Otis) Laboratory website or contact the Lab 

via telephone, FAX, or U.S. mail or commercial carrier at:

USDA–APHIS–PPQ

Forest Pest Methods (Otis) Laboratory

1398 West Truck Road

Buzzards Bay, MA 02542-1329

Tel: 508-563-0900

FAX: 508-563-0903

NOTICE

Although these represent conditions for not treating aircraft and cargo that is potentially infested, sometimes beetles deviate from established patterns and may fly on 

windy, hot, cold, or rainy days. Therefore, the State Plant Health Director’s (SPHD) 

(or a designee) decision of whether to treat at-risk aircraft or cargo should be based 

on sound data and each State’s unique needs. Moreover, protected States have the 

option of whether to treat an aircraft.
Control Measures

Safety Procedures for Chemical Treatments

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 4-9

Safety Precautions for Aircraft

Read the insecticide label before applying; deviation from these 

instructions can endanger your health and the health of others

Never eat or smoke while applying insecticides

Thoroughly wash your hands and face after applying insecticides, 

especially before eating, drinking, or smoking

Always wear long sleeves and pants

Collect empty containers and follow label regarding disposal

Never treat galleys or kitchen areas

If treating the passenger compartment, always delay serving food or 

beverages until after the treatment

Never apply any chemical treatment when passengers, crew, or animals 

are present

Take precautions when applying d-phenothrin aerosols; instruct 

applicators to seek fresh air immediately if they feel light-headed or 

dizzy when applying the aerosol

! DANGER

Seek fresh air immediately if you feel light headed or dizzy.
Control Measures

Safety Procedures for Chemical Treatments

4-10 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 02/2023-02
06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 5-1

Chapter

5 Compliance Agreements 

and Management

Contents

Definition of a Compliance Agreement 5-1

Using the Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Regulated Airports in JBInfested States 5-1

Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Receiving Airports in Protected States 

5-3

Operating Under a Compliance Agreement 5-3

Authorized Inspectors 5-3

Access for Authorized Inspectors 5-3

Recordkeeping and the Compliance Agreement 5-4

Legal Recourse for Noncompliance 5-4

Canceling a Compliance Agreement 5-4

Appealing a Compliance Agreement 5-4

Definition of a Compliance Agreement

A Compliance Agreement (CA) is a written agreement between APHIS and an 

individual in a business engaged in growing, handling, or moving regulated 

articles. In a CA for the Japanese Beetle (JB), an individual agrees to comply 

with the Federal JB regulations (7 CFR 301.48). Adherence to these provisions 

will reduce the risk of JB introduction into protected States.

In addition to governing the procedures for moving regulated articles from JBinfested States, CAs can also be used to monitor the JB status of airports in 

protected States receiving infested flights from regulated airports. These and 

other examples are discussed on the following pages.

Using the Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Regulated Airports 

in JB-Infested States

Controlling and monitoring JB populations at regulated, high-risk airports in 

aircraft departing from infested States and destined to protected States is the 

chief purpose of the provisions outlined in 7 CFR 301.48. Remember, airports 

receive a regulated status only when the following risk criteria are met: JB 

adults observed flying near an aircraft-operating area; high JB populations; and 

the potential for transport to a JB-free area in the west. 
Compliance Agreements and Management

Using the Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Regulated Airports in JB-Infested States

5-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

Those airports listed as unregulated in infested States should monitor and 

control JB risk to aircraft to avoid further regulation. For example, by applying 

integrated pest management (IPM) practices, airports in infested States can 

maintain JB population at manageable levels, thereby reducing the threat to 

aircraft and avoid a regulated status. These flights, too, should be inspected 

according to each State’s unique needs.

For a fillable copy of the Compliance Agreement PPQ Form 519, visit the 

USDA–APHIS forms library. Refer to Figure A-1 on page A-2 for an example 

of a completed form. The Compliance Agreement specifies the conditions 

under which monitoring will be conducted by asking the following questions:

Are infested flights leaving the airport? If so, are they destined to 

protected States? 

If aircraft/cargo require treatment, what are the specific procedures?

How will monitoring be conducted to safeguard aircraft from JB 

intrusion?

When will the monitoring start and stop?

Who will do the work?

How will this information be recorded?

How will the data be communicated and to whom?

How will the JB populations be controlled (chemical/biological) to 

minimize risk?

The following statements are examples of stipulations that may be included on 

page two of the CA to minimize the risk of artificial/accidental JB spread.

Aircraft may be re-treated in the protected State if two or more live 

beetles are discovered

All aircraft must be treated no more than 1 hour prior to loading

All areas around doors, hatches, and other openings must be inspected 

prior to removing exclusion devices—all doors and hatches must be 

closed immediately after the exclusion devices are removed

All cargo containers that have not been safeguarded in a protected area 

must be covered with plastic wrap

All openings of the aircraft must be safeguarded using exclusion devices, 

or similar devices, during the daylight hours of 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Compliance Agreements and Management

Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Receiving Airports in Protected States

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 5-3

All personnel must inspect their clothing for JB prior to entering the 

aircraft

All containers must be inspected for JB prior to and during the loading 

process

Compliance Agreement for Monitoring Receiving Airports in 

Protected States

Airports in protected States that receive flights from infested States, 

particularly those classified as regulated, must be carefully monitored for the 

presence of JB. The following questions will help to design a monitoring 

program.

How will monitoring be conducted?

When will the monitoring start?

Who will do the work?

What is the procedure if JB are found?

Who is contacted if JB are found?

Operating Under a Compliance Agreement

Authorized Inspectors

Authorized inspectors can be any APHIS employee or an individual authorized 

by APHIS to enforce the JB quarantine.

Access for Authorized Inspectors

An individual who enters into a CA (and employees or agents of that person) 

are required by 7 CFR 301.48 to provide authorized inspectors access to all 

areas where regulated materials are handled. Examples include:

Aircraft-operating areas in protected States where unloading and servicing 

(and possibly treatment) occur

Aircraft-operating areas at regulated airports where loading, unloading, 

servicing, and/or treatment of aircraft occur

Secured areas of airports

To allow authorized inspectors access to secured areas, procedures should be in 

place as soon as possible.
Compliance Agreements and Management

Operating Under a Compliance Agreement

5-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

Recordkeeping and the Compliance Agreement

Any individual who enters into a CA (and employees or agents of that person) 

must maintain records of all treatment and mitigation measures for 2 years and 

present these to authorized inspectors upon request.

Legal Recourse for Noncompliance

Title IV of the Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000, known as the Plant 

Protection Act (PPA), provides the authority to prohibit the interstate 

movement of plant pests (Section 411, Section 412). In addition, the PPA 

provides the authority to apply civil penalties for noncompliance. Refer to 

Section 424 for details.

Canceling a Compliance Agreement

If authorized inspectors determine that compliance was not satisfactory, they 

may cancel the CA using either oral or written communication. If the CA is 

canceled during a spoken discussion, within 20 days of cancellation the 

Authorized Inspector must write a letter confirming the oral cancellation and 

stating the reasons for the cancellation.

Appealing a Compliance Agreement

Within 10 days after receiving written notification of a cancellation, any person 

whose CA has been canceled may appeal the decision by writing to the APHIS 

Administrator. The appeal must provide evidence as to why they think the CA 

was wrongfully canceled. A hearing will be arranged by the APHIS 

Administrator to resolve the conflict.

As promptly as circumstances allow, a written appeal will be granted or denied 

specifying the reason for the decision. If it is canceled, it will remain so 

pending the next appeal.

NOTICE

Because gaining access to secured areas may take some time, preparation to obtain 

needed clearance should start as soon as possible. The State Plant Health Director 

(SPHD) should ensure employees obtain clearance for potential inspections before

the need arises.

NOTICE

If a CA is not in place (because of a refusal to sign or any other cause), an Emergency Action Notice (EAN) will be used, when needed, for regulatory purposes.
06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual A-1

Appendix

A Appendix A

Forms

Contents

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement A-1

PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification A-4

PPQ Form 250, Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order A-6

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR) A-7

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement

For a fillable copy of the Compliance Agreement PPQ Form 519, visit the 

USDA–APHIS forms library. Refer to Figure A-1 for an example of a 

completed form. An example of stipulations is located in Figure A-2.
Appendix A

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement

A-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

Figure A-1 Example of Completed PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement
Appendix A

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual A-3

Figure A-2 Example of Completed PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement Stipulations
Appendix A

PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification

A-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification

Use PPQ Form 523 (EAN) when either of the following conditions occur:

Condition 1: when a Japanese beetle (JB)-infested aircraft is intercepted at 

an airport in a JB-free State; or

Condition 2: when aircraft leaving an airport in a JB-infested area are 

likely to be JB infested

When the first condition occurs, use the EAN to obtain treatment of the 

infested aircraft. When the second condition occurs, use the EAN to regulate 

the airport. Refer to Figure A-3 for an example EAN.
Appendix A

PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual A-5

Figure A-3 Example of PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification
Appendix A

PPQ Form 250, Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order

A-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

PPQ Form 250, Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order

If requested by personnel at a destination airport, issue PPQ Form 250 to the 

pilot after treating an aircraft. However, if personnel do not request PPQ Form 

250, do not issue the document. 

For a fillable copy of the Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order PPQ Form 

250, visit the USDA–APHIS forms library.

NOTICE

This document is not accessible to non-APHIS employees.

Figure A-4 Example of PPQ Form 250, Airport Clearance or Safeguard Order
Appendix A

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR)

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual A-7

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR)

The JBAIR is a record used at receiving airports in protected States to 

document the interception of JBs on arriving flights.

Figure A-5 Example Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR)
Appendix A

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR)

A-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01
06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual Glossary-1

Japanese 

Beetle Program 

Glossary

Use this Glossary to find the meaning of specialized words, abbreviations, 

acronyms, and terms used in the Japanese Beetle Program. To locate where in 

the manual a given definition, term, or abbreviated is mentioned, refer to the 

Index on page Index-1. Abbreviation for Japanese beetle is “JB.”

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

adult stage. fourth and final life stage of the JB

adult visual surveys. used to determine the level of the beetle population in 

aircraft-operating areas. A minimal level of monitoring requires visual surveys 

of aircraft-operating areas in airports that were regulated in any of the last 3 

years.

Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order (PPQ Form 250). the document 

issued to the pilot after inspection and, possibly, treatment of an aircraft. 

Usually, this document is issued when requested by a destination airport in the 

JB-free area. If personnel at the destination airport do not request a PPQ Form 

250, the document is not issued. For an example of PPQ Form 250, Aircraft 

Clearance or Safeguard Order, visit page A-6.

aircraft-operating areas. areas of an airport in which one or more of the 

following activities occur:

Aircraft maintenance

Cargo handling

Luggage handling

Passenger boarding

APHIS. Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. An agency within the United 

States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The APHIS mission is to protect 

U.S. animal and plant resources

APHIS–PPQ Treatment Manual. contains accepted treatments for various 

commodities including aircraft (T409)
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-2 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide 31, Operation 

Washdown and Agricultural Inspection Preparation for Military 

Conveyances and Equipment. technical guide (TG) that describes 

procedures, outlines responsibilities, and defines requirements for preparing 

military conveyances (vehicles, vessels, aircraft), rolling stock, equipment, 

cargo, and unit and personal gear to comply with agricultural and public health 

pest exclusion requirements for movement of ships, aircraft, equipment, and 

personnel, particularly from locations outside the United States. Note that TGs 

are not policy documents; they provide best management practices and 

technical guidance for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) operations, pest 

management, natural resources, and other DoD communities. Accordingly, 

TGs should not be construed or referenced as policy.1

authorized inspector. any employee of APHIS (or any individual authorized 

by the APHIS Administrator) to enforce the JB quarantine

biocontrol agents. as the use of natural efficient strains of any microorganisms 

or modified organisms that reduce the incidence or severity of diseases caused 

by plant pathogens.2

biological control. the use of living organisms to control pests. A natural 

enemy such as a parasite, predator, or disease organism is introduced into the 

environment of a pest or, if already present, is encouraged to multiply and 

become more effective in reducing the number of pest organisms.3

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Canadian government agency 

dedicated to safeguarding food, animals and plants, which enhances the health 

and well-being of Canada's people, environment and economy.

chemical control. a variety of chemicals are available that have been designed 

to control plant diseases by inhibiting the growth of or by killing the diseasecausing pathogens. Chemicals used to control bacteria (bactericides), fungi 

(fungicides), and nematodes (nematicides) may be applied to seeds, foliage, 

flowers, fruit, or soil.4

1 “DTR Part V, Chapter 505 (Agricultural Cleaning and Inspection Requirements),” last modified May 

2022.

2 “Microbial Management of Plant Stresses,” 2021.

3 “Biological control,” Britannica Online Dictionary, accessed May 16, 2022.

4 “Chemical control,” Britannica Online Dictionary, accessed May 16, 2022.
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual Glossary-3

Code of Federal Regulation (CFR). Parts 300 to 309—published by the 

Office of the Federal Register (National Archives and Records Administration 

(NARA)) at the United States Government Printing Office (GPO). This CFR 

guide contains information on the JB in Subpart 301.48

Compliance Agreement (CA) (PPQ Form 519). a written agreement 

between APHIS and an individual in a business engaged in growing, handling, 

or moving regulated articles. In addition to governing the procedures for 

moving regulated articles form JB-infested States, CAs can also be used to 

monitor the JB status of airports in protected States receiving infested flights 

from regulated airports.

Defense Transportation Regulations (DTR). DTR 4500.9-R, Part II, Chapter 

208 (Packaging and Handling); document providing DoD general guidance on 

the handling of packaged material.5

egg stage. first life stage of the JB

elytra. hardened forewings of beetles that provide protection

Emergency Action Notification (EAN) (PPQ Form 523). a document that 

may be issued to hold articles or facilities, pending positive identification and/

or further instruction from the USDA–APHIS–PPQ Deputy Administrator. 

This document is issued by a PPQ inspector to notify an owner or agent of 

carrier, premises, and/or articles, to apply specific remedial measures to 

prevent the potential spread of a plant pest or disease. the official Federal 

authorization of hold6

EPA. refer to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on page 

Glossary-8

exclusion devices (excluders). designed to prevent or reduce the entry of JBs 

into aircraft during loading, unloading, and maintenance, excluders are a 

critical component of any JB management program. They will vary in size 

based on local environmental factors and facilities and they may be simple, 

such as netting (cloth or screen) covering the opening of an aircraft, or 

complex, such as a framed or covered structure.

first instar larvae. newly-hatched JB larvae; length of instar is 10.5 mm, 

width of head is 1.2 mm

5 “Chapter 208, Packaging and Handling,” DoD, last modified February 1, 2022.

6 APHIS–PPQ: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Emergency Response Manual (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing 

Office, 2010).
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-4 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

generally JB-infested States. Arkansas, Iowa, and Missouri

grubs. young form of an insect

high-risk aircraft. those aircraft scheduled to fly to protected States after 

probable exposure to infestation by the JB or carrying cargo probably exposed 

to infestation. Because high-risk aircraft may be infested, they are regarded as 

regulated articles.

infested State. those States in which surveys have found JB is established 

throughout the State or in a portion of the State.

instar. stage in the life of an arthropod (such as an insect) between two 

successive molts7

Integrated Plant Health Information System (IPHIS) Database. webbased application providing a single, standardized, and comprehensive data 

management system capable of supporting activities associated with domestic 

or emergency pest programs.8

Japanese beetle policy. to protect the agriculture and natural resources of the 

Western United States by preventing the human-assisted spread of the JB from 

the Eastern United States on aircraft.

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR). the form used by 

receiving airports to document the interception of JB on arriving flights.

Japanese beetle-FREE area. an area in which JB is not established. All

protected States are JB free (Note: there are JB-free areas not located in 

protected States).

Japanese beetle flight period. June through September

Japonilure. an attractant placed in JB traps

larvae. stage in the development of many animals, occurring after birth or 

hatching and before the adult form is reached9

JBAIR. refer to Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR) on page 

Glossary-4

7 “Instar,” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, accessed May 16, 2022.

8 “Integrated Plant Health Information System,” APHIS, accessed May 16, 2022.

9 “Larva,” Britannica Online Dictionary, accessed May 16, 2022.
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual Glossary-5

larval stage. second life stage of the JB

larval surveys. surveys most often conducted to determine the most common 

life stage and the population level; they may be used alone or in combination 

with traps

low-risk situation. beetles are not likely to enter aircraft in an aircraftoperating area

Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner’s Handbook. a program aid 

designed and published by USDA–APHIS for use by homeowners in the 

infested Eastern United States10

National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS). the informationmanagement system developed to handle data on endemic and exotic pests 

from regulatory officials and scientists in the State departments of agriculture, 

scientists from land-grant universities, and regulatory officials within APHIS. 

Located at Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN), the NAPIS Database 

contains information on the JB, one of many introduced pests tracked by the 

database. Selected information in the NAPIS Database can be used to produce 

current JB distribution maps.

national operations manager (NOM). person in charge of the national 

Japanese beetle program

NCR. refer to new county records (NCR) on page Glossary-5

new county records (NCR). data input into National Agricultural Pest 

Information System (NAPIS) on page Glossary-5 at the first find of a beetle 

infestation in a county

new state records (NSR). data input into National Agricultural Pest 

Information System (NAPIS) on page Glossary-5 at the first find of a beetle 

infestation in a State

10 “Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner’s Handbook,” USDA–APHIS, updated August 

2015.
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-6 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

nonpreferred hosts/nonhosts. plants that are rarely or never fed on such as 

evergreens, common grains, most truck and field crops, and many of the 

common ornamental flowers. When beetles are abundant, plant damage may 

be avoided by using species immune or seldom attacked by the insect11

nonregulated airports. airports in the JB-regulated area where JB is not

likely to enter aircraft and be transported to protected States (and other JB-free

areas)

NSR. refer to new state records (NSR) on page Glossary-5

partially JB-infested Sates. Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South 

Dakota, and Texas. 

Ovavesicula papillae. microsporidian, a fungal-like organism against grubs; 

targets the larval stage and has shown to be very effective in reducing adult JB 

populations in the long term

peak emergence period. adult beetles begin to emerge in May in southern 

localities, later in northern localities. Peak adult activity occurs 4 to 6 weeks 

after emergence starts.

PEG. a food-type lure using a combination of phenyl ethyl propionate, 

eugenol, and geraniol in a ratio of 3:7:3

phenology. the study of phenomena or happenings. It is applied to the 

recording and study of the dates of recurrent natural events (i.e., emergence of 

Japanese beetle populations) in relation to seasonal climatic changes

Plant Protection Act (PPA). from June 20,2000, modernized and streamlined 

the plant quarantine laws and replaced the previous legislation. Information is 

available in 7 USC 7701-36, with sections 14, 15, 23, 24, and 31 addressing 

specific issues

Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ). the operational program within 

APHIS responsible for preventing the spread of significant plant pests.

PPQ Form 250. refer to Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard Order (PPQ Form 

250) on page Glossary-1

PPQ Form 519. refer to Compliance Agreement (CA) (PPQ Form 519) on 

page Glossary-3

11 Fleming, W.E. (1976) USDA Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 1545.
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

06/2022-01 Japanese Beetle Program Manual Glossary-7

PPQ Form 523. refer to Emergency Action Notification (EAN) (PPQ Form 

523) on page Glossary-3

preferred hosts. JB are gregarious general feeders on leaves, flowers, and 

fruits; their preferred hosts include small fruits, tree fruits, garden crops, 

ornamental shrubs, vines, and trees. Studies indicate adult JB feed on over 300 

species of plants representing 79 families

protected States. the Western States free of JB: Arizona, California, 

Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. In 

cooperation with APHIS and using the authorization in 7 CFR 301.48, these 

nine protected States are taking action to remain free of JB.

pupal stage. third life stage of the JB

regulated airport. those airports, in the JB-infested area under quarantine, at 

which JB is likely to enter aircraft and be transported to JB-free areas; because 

of the threat to JB-free areas, these airports are “regulated” in that they must

adopt certain practices to protect the JB-free areas.

regulated articles. aircraft that are at or from regulated airports

sampling protocol. the procedure used to select units from a study population 

to be measured. The goal of the sampling protocol is to select units that are 

representative of the study population with respect to the attribute(s) of 

interest.

second instar larvae. second stage of hatched JB larvae; length of instar is 

18.5 mm, width of head is 1.9 mm

State Plant Health Director (SPHD). the APHIS–PPQ employee who has 

overall responsibility for Federal programs dealing with exotic and endemic 

pests. The SPHD works closely with personnel in the State department of 

agriculture.

State Plant Regulatory Official (SPRO). the authorized State official 

responsible for operating the State plant regulatory program.

third instar larvae. third stage of hatched JB larvae; length of instar is 32 mm, 

width of head is 3.1 mm

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). the Federal agency 

providing leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, and related issues.
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-8 Japanese Beetle Program Manual 06/2022-01

United States Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan. the National 

Plant Board working with USDA–APHIS–PPQ and the American Nursery and 

Landscape Association developed the U. S. Domestic Japanese Beetle 

Harmonization Plan. This plan establishes procedures for the free movement of 

JB host commodities12

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). the Federal agency 

leading the nation’s environmental, science, research, education, and 

assessment efforts.

12 “U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan,” National Plant Board, accessed May 16, 

2022.
02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual Index-1

Japanese 

Beetle Manual

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Index

A

Abutilon hybridum (Chinese Lantern)

preferred host 2-3

Acacia baileyana (cootamundra wattle)

preferred host 2-3

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple)

preferred host 2-3

Adam’s needle yucca

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

adult stage 2-8, 2-9

adult visual surveys 3-6

advisory conventions within manual 1-4

Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut)

preferred host 2-3

agertum 2-5

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 5-4

ailanthus

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

airport classification 3-2

airport monitoring 3-2

helpful tools 3-2

in infested areas 3-3

adult visual surveys 3-6

detections on aircraft 3-7

larval surveys 3-5

reporting monitoring information 3-8

reports at the end of the season 3-8

reports from infested and partially infested areas 3-8

trapping adult beetles 3-3

Alcea rosea (hollyhock)

preferred host 2-3

althaea (Althaea spp.)

preferred host 2-3

Althaea spp. (althaea)

preferred host 2-3

American arborvitaer

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American bittersweet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American bladdernut

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American chestnut (Castanea dentata)

preferred host 2-3

American columbine

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American cranberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

American elder

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American elm (Ulmus americana)

preferred host 2-4

American germander

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American hazelnut

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American holly

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American mountain-ash (Sorbus americana)

preferred host 2-4

American pennyroyalr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American sweetgum

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American water lily

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

American wormseed

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

(APHIS)

mission 1-1

anise

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

APHIS (refer to Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service) 1-1

apple (Malus domestica)

preferred host 2-3

Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree)

preferred host 2-3

Arizona

protected State 1-2

artichoke

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Asian Japanese beetle (JB) distribution 2-2

Atlantic white-cedar

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

authorized inspectors 5-3

azalea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

B

B. thuringiensis tenebrionis (btt)

biological control organism 4-6

baby’s breath

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

balsam

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

balsam fir

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

bamboo

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

barley

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4
Index

Index-2 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree)

preferred host 2-3

bearded iris

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

beautyberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

begonia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Betula populifolia (gray birch)

preferred host 2-3

biological control 4-5

black huckleberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

black locust

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

black walnut (Juglans nigra)

preferred host 2-3

block oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

blue flas-indigo

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

boldface conventions within manual 1-5

Bolleana poplar

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

border forsythia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

boxelder

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

brown-eyed Susan

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

brussels sprouts

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

buckwheat

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

bullets convention within manual 1-5

butterfly violet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

butternut

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

C

CA (refer to Compliance Agreement) 5-1

cabbage

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

caladium

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

California

protected State 1-2

Canada

Japanese beetle (JB) distribution 2-2

Canada yew

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cantaloupe

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

carmel ceanothus (Ceanothus griseus)

preferred host 2-3

carnation

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Caroline allspicer

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

carrot

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Castanea dentata (American chestnut)

preferred host 2-3

Catawba rhododendron

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

catnip

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cauliflower

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Ceanothus griseus (carmel ceanothus)

preferred host 2-3

celery

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

CFR (refer to Code of Federal Regulations) 1-4

change bars convention within manual 1-5

chemical treatment

for larvae 4-5

chemical treatments

safety protocols 4-8

cherry (Prunus spp.)

preferred host 2-4

Chile avens

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Chinese azalea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Chinese holly

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Chinese juniper

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Chinese lantern (Abutilon hybridum)

preferred host 2-3

Chinese lantern-lant

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Chinese redbud

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Christmas-rose

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

chufa

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Citrus sinensis (orange)

preferred host 2-3

climbing euonymus

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

climbing hydrangea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cockscomb

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

300 to 309 1-4

7 CFR 301.48 1-2

Colorado

protected State 1-2

common crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica)

preferred host 2-3

common flannel bush (Fremontodendron californicum)

preferred host 2-3

common juniper

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

common quince (Cydonia oblongas)

preferred host 2-3

common smoke tree

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

communicating with infested States 3-14
Index

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual Index-3

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Compliance Agreement (CA) 5-1, 5-2

appealing a 5-4

authorized inspectors 5-3

canceling a 5-4

for monitoring receiving airports in protected

States 5-3

for monitoring regulated airports in JB-infested

States 5-1

legal recourse for noncompliance 5-4

operating under a 5-3

recordkeeping 5-4

coneflowerr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

control data convention within manual 1-5

control measures 4-1

cootamundra wattle (Acacia baileyana)

preferred host 2-3

coralbells

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

coralberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cornflower

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cosmos

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cryptomeria

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

cucumber

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Cydonia oblongas (common quince)

preferred host 2-3

D

decision table conventions within manual 1-5

detections on aircraft 3-7

determining risk at infested airports 3-8

aircraft 3-10

areas 3-10

carriers 3-10

containers 3-10

detections in protected States 3-10

JB population size 3-8

operating areas 3-9

potential high-risk airports 3-11

dogtooth violet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Douglas fir

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

d-phenothrin 4-7

DTR 4500.9-R, Part II, Chapter 208 (Packaging

Handling) 3-13

DTR Part V, Chapter 505 (Agricultural Cleaning and

Inspection Requirements) 3-13

dusty-miller

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

E

EAN (refer to Emergency Action Notification) 3-11

Easter lily

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

economic impact 2-1

egg stage 2-5

eggplant

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Emergency Action Notification (EAN) 3-11

arranging control measures 3-12

failure to comply 3-13

high-risk flights 3-12

military cooperation 3-13

reporting deregulation of an airport 3-13

revoking 3-13

unscheduled flights 3-12

endive

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

English elm (Ulmus procera)

preferred host 2-4

English holly

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

English ivy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

English yew

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Eucalyptus sideroxylon (red ironbark)

preferred host 2-3

European columbine

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

European cranberry bush

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

European gooseberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

evergreen candytuft

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

examples convention within manual 1-6

excluders (refer to exclusion devices) 4-2

exclusion devices 4-2

F

false dragonhead

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

fern

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

fillable form 5-2

firethorn

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

first detection of Japanese beetle (JB) 2-1

first instar larvae 2-6

flowering dogwood

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

flowering pomegranate (Punica granatum)

preferred host 2-4

flowering tobacco

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

footnotes convention within manual 1-6

forget-me-not

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

foxglove

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Fremontodendron californicum (common flannel 

bush)

preferred host 2-3

fringed iris

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

G

gaillardia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

gardenia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5
Index

Index-4 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Glycine max (soybean)

preferred host 2-3

goldenglow

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

grape (Vitis spp.)

preferred host 2-4

gray birch (Betula populifolia)

preferred host 2-3

Grewia caffra (lavender starflower)

preferred host 2-3

ground-myrtle

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

groundsel-bush

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

gysophila

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

H

hardy larkspur

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

heading levels conventions within manual 1-6

heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica)

preferred host 2-3

hemlock

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

biological control organism 4-6

Hibiscus syriacus (rose-of-sharon)

preferred host 2-3

high-risk airports 3-11

high-risk flights 3-12

Hinoki-cypress

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

hollyhock (Alcea rosea)

preferred host 2-3

hops

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

preferred host 2-3

hyssop

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

I

Iceland poppy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Idaho

protected State 1-2

insecticide application 4-8

interceptions from regulated airports 3-15

interceptions from unregulated airports 3-16

Isocheta aldrichi

biological control organism 4-6

Italian poplar (Populus nigra)

preferred host 2-4

italics conventions within manual 1-7 J

Japanese beetle (JB)

arranging control measures 3-12

biological control of adults 4-6

biological control of larvae 4-5

biological control organisms

B.thuringiensis tenebrionis (btt) 4-6

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 4-6

Isocheta aldrichi 4-6

Ovavesicula papillae 4-6

Steinernema glaseri 4-6

Tiphia vernalis 4-6

chemical control of adults 4-6

chemical control of larvae 4-5

Compliance Agreement 5-1, 5-3

control measures 4-1

exclude beetles from high-risk aircraft 4- 1

insecticide application 4-8

reduce beetle population 4-4

treating infested aircraft and cargo 4-7

control methods

monitoring results 4-6

determining detections in protected States 3-

10

determining operating area at infested airport

3-9

determining population size 3-8

distribution 2-2

Asian 2-2

Canada 2-2

east of the Mississippi River 2-2

Republic of Korea 2-2

Russia 2-2

west of the Mississippi River 2-2

economic impact 2-1

first detection 2-1

life cycle 2-5, 2-8

adult stage 2-8, 2-9

egg stage 2-5

first instar larvae 2-6

larval stage 2-6

pupal stage 2-8

second instar larvae 2-6

third instar larvae 2-6, 2-7

military cooperation 3-13

nonpreferred hosts 2-4

nonpreferred hosts and nonhosts 2-4

policy 1-1

preferred hosts 2-3

program tasks 1-2

protected States 1-2

Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record

(JBAIR) 3-14

example of A-7

Japanese holly

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Japanese honeysuckle

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Japanese iris

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)

preferred host 2-3

Japanese pagodatree

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Japanese spurge

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Japanese yew

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

JBAIR (refer to Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection

Record) 3-14
Index

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual Index-5

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Juglans nigra (black walnut)

preferred host 2-3

K

kale

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Korea, Republic of

Japanese beetle (JB) distribution 2-2

L

Lagerstroemia indica (common crape myrtle)

preferred host 2-3

lance coreopsis

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

lantana

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Larix occidentalis (western larch)

preferred host 2-3

larval stage 2-6

larval surveys 3-5

laurel magnolia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

lavender starflower (Grewia caffra)

preferred host 2-3

Lawson white cedar

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

leek

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

lettuce

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

lilac

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

lily

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

lily-of-the-valley

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

linden (Tilia spp.)

preferred host 2-4

London planetree (Platanus acerifolia)

preferred host 2-3

M

maidenhair tree

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

maize (Zea mays)

preferred host 2-4

Malus domestica (apple)

preferred host 2-3

manual

conventions 1-4

advisories 1-4

boldface 1-5

bullets 1-5

change bars 1-5

control data 1-5

decision tables 1-5

examples 1-6

footnotes 1-6

heading levels 1-6

italics 1-7

page numbering 1-7

transmittal numbers 1-7

ordering hard copies 1-8

related documents 1-4

CFR 7 parts 300 to 309 1-4

Plant Protection Act (PPA) 1-4

U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan 1-4

reporting issues with 1-8

scope of 1-3

updates for 1-8

users 1-3

using the 1-7, 1-8

matrimony vine

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

mignonette

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

military cooperation 3-13

millet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

mimosa

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

mock orange

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

monitoring and managing airports in JB-FREE areas outside protected States 3-16

available methods 3-17

monitoring and managing airports in protected

States 3-14

responding to interceptions from regulated airports 3-15

responding to interceptions from unregulated

airports 3-16

responsibilities 3-16

using Japanese Beetle Aircraft Inspection Record (JBAIR) 3-14

monitoring results of control methods 4-6

Montana

protected State 1-2

motherwort

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

mountain-bluet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

mountain-laurelr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

mulleinr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

muskmelon

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

N

Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo)

preferred host 2-3

nasturtiumr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Nevada

protected State 1-2

New England aster

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

noncompliance of Compliance Agreement (CA) 5-4

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Adam’s needle yucca 2-5

ailanthus 2-5

American arborvitae 2-5

American bittersweet 2-5

American bladdernut 2-5

American columbine 2-5

American cranberry 2-4
Index

Index-6 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

American elder 2-5

American germander 2-5

American hazelnut 2-5

American holly 2-5

American pennyroyal 2-5

American sweetgum 2-5

American water lily 2-5

American wormseed 2-5

anise 2-5

artichoke 2-4

Atlantic white-cedar 2-5

azalea 2-5

baby’s breath 2-5

balsam 2-5

balsam fir 2-5

bamboo 2-5

barley 2-4

bearded iris 2-5

beautyberry 2-5

begonia 2-5

black huckleberry 2-4

black locust 2-5

block oak 2-5

blue flas-indigo 2-5

Bolleana poplar 2-5

border forsythia 2-5

boxelder 2-5

brown-eyed Susan 2-5

buckwheat 2-4

burssels sprouts 2-4

butterfly violet 2-5

butternut 2-5

cabbage 2-4

caladium 2-5

Canada yew 2-5

cantaloupe 2-4

carnation 2-5

Caroline allspice 2-5

carrot 2-4

Catawba rhododendron 2-5

catnip 2-5

cauliflower 2-4

celery 2-4

Chile avens 2-5

Chinese azalea 2-5

Chinese holly 2-5

Chinese juniper 2-5

Chinese lantern-lant 2-5

Chinese redbud 2-5

Christmas-rose 2-5

chufa 2-5

climbing euonymus 2-5

climbing hydrangea 2-5

cockscomb 2-5

common juniper 2-5

common smoke tree 2-5

coneflower 2-5

coralbells 2-5

coralberry 2-5

cornflower 2-5

cosmos 2-5

cryptomeria 2-5

cucumber 2-4

dogtooth violet 2-5

Douglas fir 2-5

dusty-miller 2-5

Easter lily 2-5

eggplant 2-4

endive 2-4

English holly 2-5

English ivy 2-5

English yew 2-5

European columbine 2-5

European cranberry bush 2-5

European gooseberry 2-4

evergreen candytuft 2-5

false-dragonhead 2-5

fern 2-5

firethorn 2-5

flowering dogwood 2-5

flowering tobacco 2-5

forget-me-not 2-5

foxglove 2-5

fringed iris 2-5

gaillardia 2-5

gardenia 2-5

goldenglow 2-5

ground-myrtle 2-5

groundsel-bush 2-5

gysophila 2-5

hardy larkspur 2-5

hemlock 2-5

Hinoki-cypress 2-5

hops 2-4

hyssop 2-5

Iceland poppy 2-5

Japanese holly 2-5

Japanese honeysuckle 2-5

Japanese iris 2-5

Japanese pagodatree 2-5

Japanese spurge 2-5

Japanese yew 2-5

kale 2-4

lance coreopsis 2-5

lantana 2-5

laurel magnolia 2-5

Lawson white cedar 2-5

leek 2-4

lettuce 2-4

lilac 2-5

lily 2-5

lily-of-the-valley 2-5

maidenhair tree 2-5

matrimony vine 2-5

mignonette 2-5

millet 2-4

mimosa 2-5

mock orange 2-5

motherwort 2-5

mountain-bluet 2-5

mountain-laurel 2-5

mullein 2-5

muskmelon 2-4

nasturtium 2-5

New England aster 2-5

northern dewberry 2-4
Index

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual Index-7

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

northern gooseberry 2-4

northern red oak 2-5

Norway spruce 2-5

oats 2-4

onion 2-4

oriental arborvitae 2-5

oriental poppy 2-5

oswego-tea 2-5

oxeye daisy 2-5

Pacific bleeding heart 2-5

pampas grass 2-5

panicle hydrangea 2-5

pansy 2-5

parsley 2-4

parsnip 2-4

pea 2-4

peanut 2-4

pear 2-4

perennial pea 2-5

Persian lilac 2-5

persimmon 2-4

petunia 2-5

phlox 2-5

pinxter bloom 2-5

portulaca 2-5

post oak 2-5

potato 2-4

privet 2-5

pumpkin 2-4

purple loosestrife 2-5

pyrethrum 2-5

radish 2-4

red ash 2-5

red maple 2-5

red mulberry 2-5

red pepper 2-4

rhododendron 2-5

rosebay 2-5

rutabaga 2-4

rye 2-4

salsify 2-4

saucer magnolia 2-5

Sawara-cypress 2-5

scarlet oak 2-5

Scotch pine 2-5

sedum 2-5

shagbark hickory 2-5

silver maple 2-5

skydrop aster 2-5

small white aster 2-5

smooth hydrangea 2-5

snapdragon 2-5

snowberry 2-5

southern magnolia 2-5

southern maidenhair 2-5

southern red oak 2-5

spearmint 2-5

speedwell 2-5

spiderwort 2-5

spinach 2-4

strawflower 2-5

summers squash 2-4

swamp azalea 2-5

sweet autumn clematis 2-5

sweet potato 2-4

sweet scavbious 2-5

sweet violet 2-5

sweetpea 2-5

sweet-William 2-5

tawny daylily 2-5

tiger lily 2-5

timothy 2-4

tobacco 2-4

tomato 2-4

torch azalea 2-5

tube clematis 2-5

tuliptree 2-5

turnip 2-4

verbena 2-5

vetch 2-4

Virginia dayflower 2-5

Virginia pine 2-5

watermelon 2-4

wave aster 2-5

weeping forsythia 2-5

western yew 2-5

wheat 2-4

whilte poplar 2-5

white ash 2-5

white oak 2-5

white turtlehead 2-5

white-top 2-5

wild bergamot 2-5

winged euonymus 2-5

winter honeysuckle 2-5

winterberry 2-5

witch hazel 2-5

nonpreferred hosts and nonhosts for the Japanese

beetle (JB) 2-4

nonpreferred hosts for the Japanese beetle (JB) 2- 4

northern dewberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

northern gooseberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

northern red oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Norway spruce

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

O

oats

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

onion

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

orange (Citrus sinensis)

preferred host 2-3

orchid tree (Bauhinia variegata)

preferred host 2-3

Oregon

protected State 1-2

oriental arborvitae

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

oriental poppy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5
Index

Index-8 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

oswego-tea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Ovavesicula papillae

biological control organism 4-6

oxeye daisy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

P

Pacific bleeding heart

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

page numbering conventions within manual 1-7

pampas grass

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

panicle hydrangea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

pansy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

parsley

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

parsnip

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper)

preferred host 2-3

pea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

peach (Prunus persica)

preferred host 2-4

peanut

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

pear

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

perennial pea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

permethrin (1-Shot) 4-7

Persian lilacr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

persimmon

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

petunia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

phlox

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

pin oak (Quercus palustris)

preferred host 2-4

pinxter bloom

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Plant Protection Act (PPA) 1-4

Plant Protection and Quarantine (APHIS-PPQ)

mission 1-1

Platanus acerifolia (London planetree)

preferred host 2-3

plum (Prunus domestica)

preferred host 2-4

Podocarpus macrophyllus (yew pine)

preferred host 2-3

Polygonum spp. (smartweed)

preferred host 2-3

Populus nigra (Italian poplar)

preferred host 2-4

portulaca

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

post oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

potato

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

PPA (refer to Plant Protection Act) 1-4

PPQ (refer to Plant Protection and Quarantine) 1-1

PPQ Form 250, Aircraft Clearance or Safeguard

Order 4-8

example of A-6

PPQ Form 519, Compliance Agreement 5-2

example of A-1

PPQ Form 523, Emergency Action Notification

(EAN)

example of A-4

preferred host

Abutilon hybridum (Chinese lantern) 2-3

Acacia baileyana (cootamundra wattle) 2-3

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) 2-3

Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) 2-3

Alcea rosea (hollyhock) 2-3

Althaea spp. (althaea) 2-3

Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) 2-3

Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree) 2-3

Betula populifolia (gray birch) 2-3

Castanea dentata (American chestnut) 2-3

Ceanothus griseus (carmel ceanothus) 2-3

Citrus sinensis (orange) 2-3

Cydonia oblongas (common quince) 2-3

Eucalyptus sideroxylon (red ironbark) 2-3

Fremontodendron californicum (common flannel bush) 2-3

Glycine max (soybean) 2-3

Grewia caffra (lavender starflower) 2-3

Hibiscus syriacus (rose-of-sharon) 2-3

Juglans nigra black walnut) 2-3

Lagerstroemia indica (common crape myrtle)

2-3

Larix occidentalis (western larch) 2-3

Malus domestica (apple) 2-3

Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo) 2-3

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper

)

2-3

Platanus acerifolia (London planetree) 2-3

Podocarpus macrophyllus (yew pine) 2-3

Polygonum spp. (smartweed) 2-3

Populus nigra (Italian poplar) 2-4

Prunus domestica (plum) 2-4

Prunus persica (peach) 2-4

Prunus spp. (cherry) 2-4

Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate) 2-4

Quercus palustris pin oak) 2-4

Rosa spp.(rose) 2-4

Rubus spp.(raspberry) 2-4

Sassafras albidum (sassafras) 2-4

Sorbus americana (American mountain-ash)

2-4

Tilia spp.(linden) 2-4

Ulmus americana (American elm) 2-4

Ulmus procera (English elm) 2-4

Vitis spp.(grape) 2-4

Zea mays (maize) 2-4

Zinnia elegans (zinnia) 2-4

preferred hosts for the Japanese beetle (JB) 2-3

privet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5
Index

02/2023-02 Japanese Beetle Manual Index-9

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

protected States 1-2

Prunus domestica (plum)

preferred host 2-4

Prunus persica (peach)

preferred host 2-4

Prunus spp. (cherry)

preferred host 2-4

pumpkin

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate)

preferred host 2-4

pupal stage 2-8

purple loosestrife

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

pyrethrum

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Q

Quercus palustris (pin oak)

preferred host 2-4

R

radish

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

raspberry (Rubus spp.)

preferred host 2-4

recordkeeping 5-4

red ash

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon)

preferred host 2-3

red maple

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

red mulberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

red pepper

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

reducing beetle population 4-4

reporting monitoring information 3-8

reports at the end of the season 3-8

reports from infested and partially infested areas 3-

8

rhododendron

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Rosa spp. (rose)

preferred host 2-4

rose (Rosa spp.)

preferred host 2-4

rosebay

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)

preferred host 2-3

Rubus spp. (raspberry)

preferred host 2-4

Russia

Japanese beetle (JB) distribution 2-2

rutabaga

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

rye

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

S

salsify

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

sassafras (Sassafras albidum)

preferred host 2-4

Sassafras albidum (sassafras)

preferred host 2-4

saucer magnolia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Sawara-cypress

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

scarlet oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Scotch pine

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

second instar larvae 2-6

sedumr

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

sequential sampling table 3-6

shagbark hickory

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

silver maple

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

skydrop aster

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

small white aster

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

smartweed (Polygonum spp.)

preferred host 2-3

smooth hydrangea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

snapdragon

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

snowberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Sorbus americana (American mountain-ash)

preferred host 2-4

southern magnolia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

southern maidenhair

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

southern red oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

soybean (Glycine max)

preferred host 2-3

spearmint

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

speedwell

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

spiderwort

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

spinach

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Steinernema glaseri

biological control organism 4-6

strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo)

preferred host 2-3

strawflower

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

summer squash

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

swamp azalea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

sweet autumn clematis

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5
Index

Index-10 Japanese Beetle Manual 02/2023-02

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

sweet potato

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

sweet scavbious

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

sweet violet

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

sweetpea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

sweet-William

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

T

tawny daylily

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

third instar larvae 2-6, 2-7

tiger lily

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Tilia spp. (linden)

preferred host 2-4

timothy

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Tiphia vernalis

biological control organism 4-6

tobacco

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

tomato

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

torch azalea

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

transmittal numbers convention within manual 1-7

trapping adult beetles 3-3

treating infested aircraft and cargo 4-7

treatment

airport grounds 4-5

chemical, larvae 4-5

tube clematis

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

tuliptree

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

turnip

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

U

U.S. Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization

Plan 1-4

Ulmus americana (American elm)

preferred host 2-4

Ulmus procera (English elm)

preferred host 2-4

unscheduled flights 3-12

Utah

protected State 1-2

V

verbena

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

vetch

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)

preferred host 2-3

Virginia dayflower

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Virginia pine

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Vitis spp. (grape)

preferred host 2-4

W

Washington

protected State 1-2

watermelon

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

wave aster

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

weeping forsythia

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

western larch (Larix occidentalis)

preferred host 2-3

western yew

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

wheat

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-4

white ash

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

white oak

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

white poplar

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

white turtlehead

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

white-top

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

wild bergamot

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

winged euonymus

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

winter honeysuckle

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

winterberry

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

witch hazel

nonpreferred host and nonhost 2-5

Y

yew pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus)

preferred host 2-3

Z

Zea mays (maize)

preferred host 2-4

zinnia (Zinnia elegans)

preferred host 2-4

Zinnia elegans (zinnia)

preferred host 2-4