[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 10 (Tuesday, January 16, 2024)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 2530-2554]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-27324]


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CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION

16 CFR Parts 1112, 1130, and 1243

[CPSC Docket No. 2023-0047]


Safety Standard for Infant Support Cushions

AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Danny Keysar Child Product Safety Notification Act, 
section 104 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 
(CPSIA), requires the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 
(Commission or CPSC) to promulgate consumer product safety standards 
for durable infant or toddler products. Under this statutory direction, 
the Commission is proposing a safety standard for infant support 
cushions. The Commission is also proposing to amend CPSC's consumer 
registration requirements to identify infant support cushions as 
durable infant or toddler products and proposing to amend CPSC's list 
of notices of requirements (NORs) to include infant support cushions.

DATES: Submit comments by March 18, 2024.

ADDRESSES: Comments related to the Paperwork Reduction Act aspects of 
the marking, labeling, and instructional literature requirements of the 
proposed rule should be directed to the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attn: CPSC Desk 
Officer, FAX: 202-395-6974, or emailed to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4d22243f2c123e382f20243e3e2422230d22202f6328223d632a223b"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="2e41475c4f715d5b4c43475d5d4741406e41434c004b415e00494158">[email protected]</span></a>.
    Other comments, identified by Docket No. CPSC-2023-0047, may be 
submitted electronically or in writing, as follows:
    Electronic Submissions: Submit electronic comments to the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal at: https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the 
instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit through this 
website: confidential business information, trade secret information, 
or other sensitive or protected information that you do not want to be 
available to the public. CPSC typically does not accept comments 
submitted by email, except as described below.
    Mail/Hand Delivery/Courier/Confidential Written Submissions: CPSC 
encourages you to submit electronic comments by using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal. You may, however, submit comments by mail, hand 
delivery, or courier to: Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product 
Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; 
telephone: (301) 504-7479.
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name 
and docket number for this proposed rulemaking. CPSC may post all 
comments without change, including any personal identifiers, contact 
information, or other personal information provided, to: 
www.regulations.gov. If you wish to submit confidential business 
information, trade secret information, or other sensitive or protected 
information that you do not want to be available to the public, you may 
submit such comments by mail, hand delivery, or courier, or you may 
email them to: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#8ceffcffefa1e3ffcceffcffefa2ebe3fa"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f99a898a9ad4968ab99a898a9ad79e968f">[email protected]</span></a>.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to: https://www.regulations.gov, insert the 
docket number, CPSC-2023-0047, into the ``Search'' box, and follow the 
prompts.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Stefanie Marques, Ph.D., Project 
Manager, Directorate for Health Sciences, U.S. Consumer Product Safety 
Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850; email: 
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#11627c70636064746251726162723f767e67"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="fe8d939f8c8f8b9b8dbe9d8e8d9dd0999188">[email protected]</span></a>; telephone: (301) 987-2581.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background and Statutory Authority

    Section 104(b) of the CPSIA requires the Commission to (1) examine 
and assess the effectiveness of voluntary consumer product safety 
standards for durable infant or toddler products, in consultation with 
representatives of consumer groups, juvenile product manufacturers, and 
independent child product engineers and experts and (2) promulgate 
consumer product safety standards for durable infant and toddler 
products. 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(1). The Commission must continue to 
promulgate standards for all categories of durable infant or toddler 
products ``until the Commission has promulgated standards for all such 
product categories.'' 15 U.S.C. 2056a(b)(2).
    The Commission is issuing this notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) 
to establish a consumer product safety rule for infant support cushions 
to further implement section 104 of the CPSIA.\1\ The proposed rule 
defines an ``infant support cushion'' as ``an infant product that is 
filled with or comprised of resilient material such as foam, fibrous 
batting, or granular material or with a gel, liquid, or gas, and which 
is marketed, designed, or intended to support an infant's weight or any 
portion of an infant while reclining or in a supine, prone, or 
recumbent position.'' This includes infant pillows, infant loungers, 
nursing pillows with a lounging function, infant props or cushions used 
to support an infant for activities such as ``tummy time,'' and other 
similar products.
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    \1\ On November 29, 2023, the Commission voted (4-0) to publish 
this notice of proposed rulemaking, with an amendment proposed by 
Commissioner Trumka. Commissioners Trumka and Boyle issued 
statements in connection with their votes, available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/2023-11-29-Commission-Meeting-Minutes-Infant-Support-Cushions-NPR-Decisional.pdf?VersionId=9Y0qjnS2A74SHa932SzV9txWDIaMddXU.
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    CPSC staff identified at least 79 reported fatalities involving 
infant support cushions from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 
2022, as well as 125 nonfatal incidents or reports involving these 
products within the same time period. There were 17 deaths in 2020, and 
at least 17 more in the potentially incomplete data from 2021. More 
than 80 percent of the fatalities associated with these products 
involved infants three months old and younger. In more than 60 percent 
of the fatalities, the official cause of death was either asphyxia or 
probable asphyxia, and these incidents typically involved use of an 
infant support cushion placed in or on a sleep-related consumer product 
such as an adult bed, futon, crib, bassinet, play yard, or a on a 
couch. For the nonfatal incidents, the most common circumstances 
involved an infant falling from an infant support cushion placed on a 
raised surface such as a bed or a sofa or the threat of asphyxia or 
entrapment.
    This proposed rule addresses the risk of death and injury 
associated with

[[Page 2531]]

infant support cushions primarily due to suffocation, entrapment, and 
fall hazards. The proposed rule would address positional asphyxiation 
hazards by requiring that all surfaces be sufficiently firm that they 
are unlikely to conform to an infant's face and occlude the airways, 
and by setting a maximum incline angle that would prevent hazardous 
positioning of an infant's head and neck along the surfaces of the 
product. The proposed rule would set a side angle requirement that 
addresses the risk of entrapment between the sidewall and the occupant 
support surface. It addresses fall hazards by effectively limiting 
sidewall height to discourage caregivers from mistakenly believing 
these products to be safe for unattended infants. The proposed rule 
also requires a strongly worded, conspicuous, and permanent on-product 
warning.
    Consistent with section 104(b)(1)(A) of the CPSIA, CPSC consulted 
with manufacturers, retailers, trade organizations, laboratories, 
consumer advocacy groups, consultants, and the public to develop this 
rule, including through participation in the juvenile products 
subcommittee meetings of ASTM.\2\ Currently, however, no voluntary or 
mandatory safety standard for infant support cushions exists to address 
the hazards posed by these products.
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    \2\ CPSC formally began the consultation process for this 
rulemaking in December 2021, via a letter from CPSC staff requesting 
that ASTM form a working group to develop a voluntary standard to 
reduce the risk of death and injury from hazards associated with 
infant pillow products, including nursing pillows. In response, ASTM 
formed two subcommittees intended to develop two separate voluntary 
standards: the F15.16 Infant Feeding Supports subcommittee, intended 
to develop a standard for nursing pillows; and the F15.21 Infant 
Loungers subcommittee. CPSC staff has been actively participating in 
both ASTM subcommittees to develop voluntary standards that address 
hazards associated with these products.
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    Infant support cushions are a durable infant or toddler product 
under section 104(f) of the CPSIA. Section 104(f)(1) defines the term 
``durable infant or toddler product'' as ``a durable product intended 
for use, or that may be reasonably expected to be used, by children 
under the age of 5 years.'' 15 U.S.C. 2056a(f)(1). Section 104(f)(2) of 
the CPSIA provides a non-exhaustive list of product categories within 
the definition of ``durable infant or toddler products.'' Although 
infant support cushions are not specifically listed in section 
104(f)(2), they are ``durable infant or toddler products'' because (as 
explained in Part II, below) they are: not disposable; have a useful 
life of up to several years and often are used by multiple children 
successively; are similar to other durable infant and children's 
products such as crib mattresses and sling carriers; and are primarily 
intended to be used by children five years old or younger.
    Section 104(d) of the CPSIA requires manufacturers of durable 
infant or toddler products to establish a product registration program 
and comply with CPSC's rule for product registration cards, 16 CFR part 
1130. The Commission proposes to amend part 1130 to include infant 
support cushions in the list of durable infant or toddler products that 
must comply with these product registration requirements. See 16 CFR 
1130.2(a).
    Manufacturers of children's products also must comply with product 
registration requirements, as well as testing and certification 
requirements for children's products that are codified in 16 CFR parts 
1107 and 1109. Section 14(a)(3) of the Consumer Product Safety Act 
(CPSA) requires the Commission to publish an NOR for the accreditation 
of third party conformity assessment bodies (test laboratories) to 
assess conformity with a children's product safety rule to which a 
children's product is subject. The proposed rule would be a children's 
product safety rule that requires issuance of an NOR.

II. The Product Category

A. Infant Support Cushions

    Infant support cushions include products that support an infant for 
lounging, meaning reclining or lying in a supine, prone, or recumbent 
position. Infant products within this category may or may not contain 
infants with perimeter walls. Most infant support cushions on the 
market today are filled with cushy foam or soft fibrous batting, 
covered by flexible fabric. Some infant support cushions are marketed 
for use in a crib or other infant sleep product, notwithstanding 
warnings from the Commission and others, including the American Academy 
of Pediatrics (AAP), that soft objects, such as pillows and excess 
bedding, should not be placed in an infant's sleep environment.
    Illustrative pictures of infant support cushions can be found in 
Tab C of staff's briefing package for this proposed rule.\3\ A non-
exhaustive list of examples of infant support cushions includes:
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    \3\ Staff Briefing Package: Staff's Draft Proposed Rule for 
Infant Support Cushions (November 8, 2023) (Staff's NPR Briefing 
Package), available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Briefing-Package-Notice-of-Proposed-Rulemaking-Safety-Standard-for-Infant-Support-Cushions.pdf?VersionId=rA60lesWHddS1.wrk_EvV00xeX75dsFc.
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    <bullet> head positioner pillows;
    <bullet> flat baby loungers;
    <bullet> crib pillows;
    <bullet> wedge pillows for infants;
    <bullet> infant sleep positioners, unless regulated by the Food and 
Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices;
    <bullet> stuffed toys marketed for use as an infant support 
cushion;
    <bullet> infant ``tummy time'' or ``lounging'' pillows, whether 
flat or inclined;
    <bullet> multi-purpose pillows marketed for both nursing and 
lounging;
    <bullet> anti-rollover pillows with or without straps that fasten 
the pillow to the infant;
    <bullet> infant ``self-feeding'' pillows that hold a bottle in 
front of the face of a reclining or lying infant;
    <bullet> pads and mats; and
    <bullet> accessory pillows and other padded accessories, often 
marketed for use with an infant car seat, stroller, or bouncer, but not 
sold with that product and therefore not included in the mandatory 
safety standard for those products.
    These in-scope products would be required to meet the performance 
standards of this rule. To avoid potentially duplicative or conflicting 
obligations, however, the scope of products that would be subject to 
this proposed rule does not include durable infant products that are 
already regulated by the Commission and included in the list of 
products at 16 CFR 1130.2(a).
    Illustratively, the following products are not infant support 
cushions within the scope of this proposed rule:
    <bullet> Pillows not marketed or intended for use by infants, such 
as adult bed and throw pillows;
    <bullet> nursing pillows if subject to Commission's proposed 
nursing pillow rule 88 FR 65865 (Sept. 26, 2023) if that rule is 
finalized, unless they are also marketed for lounging;
    <bullet> crib and play yard mattresses that are in scope of the 
play yard and crib mattress standard in 16 CFR part 1241;
    <bullet> purely decorative nursery pillows, such as those 
personalized with a baby's name and birthdate, that are not for infant 
use;
    <bullet> stuffed toys (unless they meet the definition of an infant 
support cushion in this proposed rule);
    <bullet> padded seat liners that are sold with a rocker, stroller, 
car seat, infant carrier, swing, highchair, or bouncer that are 
specifically designed to fit that product; and
    <bullet> sleeping accommodations, which are regulated under the 
Commission's infant sleep product rule at 16 CFR part 1236.

B. Market Description

    Most types of new infant support cushions are sold online, 
including from

[[Page 2532]]

general online retailers, online sites for ``big box'' stores, online 
baby products sites, and online marketplaces for hand-crafted items. A 
few types of infant support cushions, however, are also available from 
brick-and-mortar baby specialty stores and general retail stores, 
particularly crib pillows and baby loungers. Prices for new infant 
support cushions average roughly $30 and range from less than $15 for a 
simple head positioner pillow or crib pillow to more than $250 for a 
lounger with a removable cover or a large stuffed toy marketed for 
sleep. Several thousand manufacturers and importers, including hundreds 
of handcrafters and direct foreign shippers, supply infant support 
cushions to the U.S. market. See Staff's NPR Briefing Package, Tab E.
    Infant support cushions may be re-used for multiple children or 
sold for use after an infant outgrows the product. Commission staff 
observed that used infant support cushions are widely available on 
secondary marketplaces such as eBay and Mercari. In June 2023, for 
example, staff found listings on Mercari for used changing pads, large 
stuffed toys marketed for infant sleep, crib wedge pillows, baby neck 
pillows, baby sleep positioners, baby loungers, baby sleep mats, baby 
``pillow chairs,'' infant ``self-feeding'' pillows, baby/toddler bean 
bag chairs, and crib pillows.

C. Infant Cushion/Pillow Ban

    In 1992, pursuant to the Commission's authority under the Federal 
Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), 15 U.S.C. 1261-1278, the Commission 
issued a ban on certain infant cushions and pillows filled with foam, 
plastic beads, or other granular material. 57 FR 27912 (June 23, 1992). 
That ban prohibits ``infant cushions,'' ``infant pillows,'' and similar 
articles that are:
    <bullet> made with a flexible fabric covering;
    <bullet> loosely filled with granular material, including but not 
limited to, polystyrene beads or pellets;
    <bullet> easily flattened;
    <bullet> capable of conforming to the body or face of an infant; 
and
    <bullet> intended or promoted for use by children under one year of 
age.

16 CFR 1500.18(a)(16). This proposed rule for infant support cushions 
does not change the FHSA ban. That ban was limited to products with the 
specific hazard presented by loosely filled granular material such as 
polystyrene beads or pellets, and those products will continue to be 
banned under the FHSA. Infant support cushions that are not subject to 
the ban are within the scope of this proposed rule and would be 
required to comply with the performance requirements of this proposed 
rule.\4\
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    \4\ An exemption to the infant pillow ban applies to Boston 
Billow nursing pillows and substantially similar nursing pillows 
that are designed to be used only as nursing aids for breastfeeding 
mothers. 16 CFR 1500.86(a)(9). The exemption applies specifically to 
the FHSA ban and is not applicable to this proposed rule or to the 
proposed standard for nursing pillows.
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III. Incident Data and Hazard Patterns

    CPSC staff searched the Consumer Product Safety Risk Management 
System (CPSRMS) \5\ and National Electronic Injury Surveillance System 
(NEISS) \6\ databases for fatalities, incidents, and concerns 
associated with infant support cushions and involving infants up to 12 
months old, reported to have occurred between January 1, 2010, and 
December 31, 2022. Tab A of Staff's NPR Briefing Package describes the 
incident and hazard patterns associated with infant support cushions.
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    \5\ CPSRMS is the epidemiological database that houses all 
anecdotal reports of incidents received by CPSC, ``external cause''-
based death certificates purchased by CPSC, all in-depth 
investigations of these anecdotal reports, as well as investigations 
of select NEISS injuries. CPSRMS documents include hotline reports, 
online reports, news reports, medical examiner's reports, death 
certificates, retailer/manufacturer reports, and documents sent by 
state and local authorities, among others.
    \6\ NEISS is a statistically valid surveillance system for 
collecting injury data. NEISS is based on a nationally 
representative probability sample of hospitals in the U.S. and its 
territories. Each participating NEISS hospital reports patient 
information for every emergency department visit associated with a 
consumer product or a poisoning to a child younger than five years 
of age. The total number of product-related hospital emergency 
department visits nationwide can be estimated from the sample of 
cases reported in the NEISS. See https://www.cpsc.gov/Research-Statistics/NEISS-Injury-Data.
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    Commission staff identified 79 fatal incidents and 125 nonfatal 
incidents and consumer concerns reported to CPSC from 2010-2022. Of the 
125 non-fatal reports. 22 consisted of emergency-department-treated 
injuries, three involved hospital admissions, 46 reports involved no 
injury, and for 52 reports the disposition was either unknown or 
unspecified. Table 1 provides the distribution of fatal incidents by 
year.

[[Page 2533]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.012

    Table 2 summarizes the number of reported fatalities related to 
infant support cushions for victims 12 months and younger by age in 
months and by gender. As reflected in Table 2, 80 percent of the 
fatalities with a known age were infants in the zero to three month age 
range. Among the 76 fatalities for which the sex is known, half were 
male and half were female.

  Table 2--Infant Support Cushion-Related Fatalities for Victims Ages 12 Months and Younger and Sex: 2010-2022
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                                                    Total (% of     Male (% of     Female (% of    Unknown (% of
                 Age (In months)                      total)          total)          total)          total)
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Total...........................................       79 (100%)        38 (48%)        38 (48%)          3 (4%)
1...............................................        26 (33%)        12 (15%)        14 (18%)               0
2...............................................        19 (24%)        10 (13%)         9 (11%)               0
3...............................................        18 (23%)         8 (10%)        10 (13%)               0
4...............................................          7 (9%)          4 (5%)          3 (4%)               0
5...............................................          3 (4%)          1 (1%)               0          2 (3%)
6...............................................          1 (1%)               0          1 (1%)               0
7...............................................          2 (3%)          1 (1%)          1 (1%)               0
8...............................................               0               0               0               0
9...............................................               0               0               0               0
10..............................................          1 (1%)          1 (1%)               0               0
11..............................................          1 (1%)          1 (1%)               0               0
12..............................................               0               0               0               0
Unknown.........................................          1 (1%)               0               0          1 (1%)
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Source: CPSRMS and NEISS databases. Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding; the years 2021-2022 are
  considered incomplete.

    The official cause of death reported by the medical examiner in the 
majority of the 79 reported fatalities 49 (62 percent) was asphyxia or 
probable asphyxia; 13 (17 percent) were determined to be due to sudden 
unexpected infant death (SUID) events; 12 (15 percent) had an 
undetermined cause of death; and for five (six percent), no medical 
examiner's report was available. Nearly all reported fatalities (75 of 
79) involved placement of the infant support cushion on another sleep-
related consumer product. For the remaining four fatalities, the 
placement of the infant support cushion was either undetermined or 
unknown.
    In the 125 nonfatal incidents associated with infant support 
cushions that involved children ages 12 months and younger and occurred 
between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2022, three infants were 
admitted to the hospital and 22 infants were reported to have been 
treated and released from an emergency department. In 52 of these 
nonfatal incidents, the severity of the injury was unspecified or 
unknown, and in 46 of the incidents no injury was reported. Table 3 
summarizes the disposition of the nonfatal incident reports associated 
with infant support cushions and victims ages 12 months and younger.

[[Page 2534]]



Table 3--Infant Support Cushion-Related Nonfatal Reports by Severity for
              Victims Ages 12 Months and Younger: 2010-2022
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                                                           Total reports
                        Severity                           (% of total)
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Total Non-Fatal Reports.................................      125 (100%)
Hospital Admissions.....................................          3 (2%)
Emergency Department Treated............................        22 (18%)
Left without being seen.................................          1 (1%)
Seen by a Medical Professional..........................          1 (1%)
Unspecified/Unknown.....................................        52 (42%)
No Injury Reported......................................        46 (37%)
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Source: CPSRMS and NEISS databases. Percentages may not add to 100 due
  to rounding; the years 2021-2022 are considered incomplete.

    For the 46 reports for which no injury was reported, many of the 
descriptions in the incident reports indicated the potential for 
serious injury or death. Staff's analysis of the narratives associated 
with these incident reports indicated that in 29 reports (23 percent) 
of the incidents, an infant support cushion occupied by an infant had 
been place on an elevated surface (such as an adult bed or couch) and 
the infant had fallen off; 27 (22 percent) specified threatened 
asphyxia; and 17 incidents (14 percent) involved various types of 
rashes caused by the product. Table 4 summarizes the hazard patterns 
for infant support cushion-related nonfatal incidents.

   Table 4--Infant Support Cushion-Related Non-Fatal Reports by Hazard
        Pattern for Victims Ages 12 Months and Younger: 2010-2022
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                                                         Number of non-
                                                        fatal reports (%
                                                            of total)
                         Event                         -----------------
                                                         Children (0 to
                                                           12 months)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fall..................................................          29 (23%)
Threatened Asphyxia...................................          27 (22%)
Rash..................................................          17 (14%)
Limb Entrapment.......................................            1 (1%)
Mold..................................................            1 (1%)
Choking...............................................            1 (1%)
Near Strangulation....................................            1 (1%)
Vomiting..............................................            1 (1%)
Consumer Complaints...................................          47 (38%)
                                                       -----------------
Total Non-Fatal Reports...............................        125 (100%)
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Source: CPSRMS and NEISS databases. Percentages may not add to 100 due
  to rounding; the years 2021-2022 are considered incomplete.

    Staff, based on review of nonfatal incident and report data, 
identified falls and threatened asphyxia as the two major nonfatal 
hazard patterns associated with infant support cushions. In the case of 
falls, the reports revealed that in most incidents infant support 
cushions had been placed on elevated surfaces including adult beds and 
couches. The injuries associated with falls include concussions, facial 
injuries, and scalp injuries.
    In the case of threatened asphyxia, the narratives described 
scenarios of infants being rescued after being found hanging partially 
or completely off of the infant support cushion with their mouths and 
noses obstructed, with their heads wedged between sleep positioner side 
cushions, or having rolled to a face-down position that put them at 
risk of an obstructed airway.

IV. International Standards for Infant Support Cushions

    The Commission is aware of two international standards, both 
British, that contain performance requirements that address suffocation 
and asphyxiation hazards associated with infant pillows. BS 1877-
8:1974, Specification for Domestic bedding--Part 8: Pillows and 
bolsters for domestic use (excluding cellular rubber pillows and 
bolsters) (BS 1877-8:1974) and BS 4578:1970, Specification for Methods 
of test for hardness of, and for air flow through, infants' pillows (BS 
4578:1970). The scope of BS 1877-8:1974 includes both adult and cot 
pillows (infant pillows), and recommends that cot pillows be filled 
firmly enough to prevent infants' heads from sinking into the products 
and that the pillow covering not be loose enough to be drawn into an 
infant's mouth. BS 1877-8:1974 has requirements for cot pillow size, 
filling, and covering. Cot pillows must be 58 x 38 cm (23 x 15 inches) 
and their covering must be of open construction to allow air 
permeability. Both the filling and covering must meet performance 
requirements described in BS 4578:1970 for ``hardness'' (i.e., 
firmness) and air permeability.
    The hardness test in BS 4578:1970 requires that a 100 mm diameter 
probe be placed in the center of the product with 10 newtons (N) of 
force for one minute. BS 1877-8:1974 requires that displacement of the 
pillow when the force is applied shall not exceed 25 percent of the 
thickness. Staff assesses that the proportional approach used in this 
standard allows thicker pillows to have a greater displacement than 
thinner pillows, which does not sufficiently protect against the 
suffocation and asphyxia hazards associated with infant support 
cushions because that greater displacement could allow the product to 
obstruct the infant's airways.

V. Boise State University Contractor Report

    CPSC awarded a contract to Boise State University (BSU) for infant 
biomechanics and suffocation research and consultancy services. This 
research included an analysis of the risk of injury or death to infants 
associated with the use of nursing pillows and infant support cushions 
during activities such as feeding, nursing, sleeping, propping, and 
lounging. See Staff's NPR Briefing Package, Tab C.
    BSU delivered its final report on June 30, 2022 (the BSU Final 
Report).\7\ The BSU Final Report provides recommendations and 
conclusions related to the performance and design of infant support 
cushions, including the following.
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    \7\ Mannen, E.M., Davis, W., Goldrod, S., Lujan, T., Siddicky, 
S.F., Whitaker, B., & Carroll, J. (2022). Pillows Product 
Characterization and Testing. Prepared for the U.S. Consumer Product 
Safety Commission under contract no. 61320620D0002, task order no. 
61320621F1015. Available at: https://www.cpsc.gov/content/Pillows-Product-Characterization-and-Testing.
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    Firmness Testing. The BSU Final Report recommends that all infant 
support cushions be required to undergo firmness testing because 
products that lack firmness are more likely to conform around an 
infant's nose and mouth and present a suffocation hazard. The report 
recommended testing all infant pillows for firmness using a three-inch 
diameter, anthropometry-based hemispheric probe that is geometrically 
similar to, and sized to represent the breadth of, an infant's face. 
The report recommends that the probe should be applied to the product 
at three locations: the location of maximum thickness, the location of 
minimum thickness, and a subjective location of interest (i.e., another 
soft location most likely to result in failure). The force required to 
displace the probe one inch into the product at each location must 
exceed 10 N. Meeting this requirement would mean that the product has 
firmness comparable to crib mattresses.
    Airflow Testing. The BSU Final Report recommends that products that 
do not pass firmness testing be required to pass an airflow test. 
Passing the airflow test would mean that the product has airflow 
characteristics comparable to current mesh crib liners, which the BSU 
researchers concluded would mitigate the suffocation hazard. However, 
the report recommends against requiring that airflow testing for 
products that pass the BSU Final

[[Page 2535]]

Report's proposed firmness testing, because a firm product is unlikely 
to form a seal around an infant's nose and mouth.
    Sagittal-Plane Testing. BSU developed prototype sagittal-plane 
testing devices to allow for more comprehensive assessments of infant 
positioning in and on infant support cushions.\8\ The BSU Final Report 
recommends further research to determine appropriate worst-case 
positions for testing and to set threshold values for acceptable body 
positions that would not negatively impact infant breathing.
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    \8\ The sagittal plane is an anatomical plane that runs 
vertically through the human body, dividing it into left and right 
sections. It can be thought of as viewing the human body in profile.
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    Tab C of Staff's NPR Briefing Package contains staff's summary of 
how the Commission's proposed rule reflects the conclusions and 
recommendations of the BSU Final Report.

VI. ASTM's Working Draft Standard

    There are no published U.S. voluntary standards for infant support 
cushions. ASTM is working toward a voluntary standard for infant 
loungers under Subcommittee F15.21 on Infant Carriers, Bouncers, and 
Baby Swings.\9\ In the draft voluntary standard, an ``infant lounger'' 
is a product ``with a raised perimeter, a recess, or other area that is 
intended to be placed on the floor and to provide a place for an infant 
to sit, lie, recline, or rest, while supervised by an adult.'' That 
draft definition would govern only a subset of the products covered by 
this proposed rule, which includes infant positioners, nursing products 
with dual use for lounging, infant cushions, and other infant pillow-
like products, as well as the infant loungers being considered by ASTM. 
Staff has been working with ASTM to develop performance requirements 
intended to address the primary hazards associated with infant 
loungers, but to date ASTM has not issued a ballot on a standard for 
infant loungers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See Staff's NPR Briefing Package, Tab B. This ASTM standard 
is still in draft form and has not completed the full consensus 
process to be an approved standard and the draft language is subject 
to change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ASTM's draft voluntary standard includes general requirements 
typically found in other ASTM juvenile product standards, such as 
requirements addressing lead content, small parts, hazardous sharp 
edges or points, and toy accessories that are attached to, removable 
from, or sold with the products. The ASTM draft also specifies that if 
the lounger can be converted to another product it shall comply with 
the applicable requirements of that product's standard. The general 
requirements of the draft infant lounger standard also state that the 
sidewall height of the product shall be less than four inches when 
measured according to the sidewall height measurement test method 
specified in the draft standard. The draft voluntary standard further 
includes the following performance requirements:
    <bullet> Stability: The product shall not tip over and shall retain 
the CAMI dummy \10\ when tested in all manufacturers' use positions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ CAMI (Civil Aeromedical Institute) dummies, which are 
designated ASTM test devices, are based on child anthropometric data 
and come in multiple sizes. ASTM's working draft references the six-
month-old size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    <bullet> Infant Restraints: The product shall not have a restraint 
system.
    <bullet> Fabric/Mesh Integrity: This requirement is intended to 
address product integrity issues such as seam failures and material 
breakage.
    <bullet> Bounded Openings: This requirement is intended to address 
potential entrapment hazards associated with openings in the product.
    <bullet> Occupant Support Surface: This requirement is intended to 
address the thickness of, dimensions of, and potential gaps in the 
occupant support surface.
    <bullet> Occupant Support Surface Firmness: This requirement uses 
an eight-inch diameter, disc-shaped ``firmometer'' probe and requires 
that there shall be no point where the feeler arm of the device, which 
hangs over the edge of a disc, comes in contact with the occupant 
support surface.
    <bullet> Sidewall Firmness: The top of the sides of the product 
cannot be displaced more than one inch when a three-inch diameter 
hemispheric probe is applied to the product with 10 N of force.
    <bullet> Side Angle and Deflection: To address potential entrapment 
hazards at the intersection of the side wall and occupant support 
surface, the angle between the sidewall and the occupant support 
surface of the infant support cushion shall be greater than 90 degrees.
    The draft voluntary standard also includes marking, labeling, and 
instructional literature requirements, such as warning the consumer on 
the product about not using the product for sleep or naps, only using 
the product when the occupant baby is supervised, only using the 
product on the floor, keeping soft bedding out of the product, not 
using the product on raised surfaces, and not using the product to 
carry or move an infant. The draft standard requires the warnings to be 
``permanent'' and ``conspicuous.''
    The product's instructions must, among other requirements, indicate 
the manufacturer's recommended maximum weight, height, age, 
developmental level, or combination of these attributes for any infant 
using the product, as well as any limitation on use of the product by a 
child for any specific unintended use.

VII. Description of the Proposed Mandatory Standard for Infant Support 
Cushions \11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See Staff's NPR Briefing Package, Tab C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address established risks of death and injury associated with 
infant suffocations, asphyxiations, entrapments, and falls, and as 
section 104 of the CPSIA requires, the Commission is issuing this 
proposed rule to establish mandatory performance and labeling 
requirements for infant support cushions.
    The text of the proposed rule is based on an evaluation of incident 
data associated with infant support cushions, the ASTM working draft 
standard for infant loungers that is under development, and the 
recommendations of the BSU Final Report. The proposed rule is 
summarized below and explained in more detail in Tabs C and F of 
Staff's NPR Briefing Package.

A. Scope and Definitions

    Section 1243.1 of the proposed rule explains that the rule would 
apply to infant support cushions, including infant positioners, nursing 
products with a dual use for lounging, infant loungers, infant props, 
or cushions used to support an infant for activities such as ``tummy 
time,'' and other infant pillow-like products. It would exclude, 
however, products already regulated by other Commission mandatory 
standards for durable infant products, which are listed in 16 CFR 
1130.2(a). The proposed rule would apply to all infant support cushions 
manufactured after the effective date of the rule.
    Section 1243.2 of the proposed rule defines ``infant support 
cushion'' as ``an infant product that is filled with or comprised of 
resilient material such as foam, fibrous batting, or granular material 
or with a gel, liquid, or gas, and which is marketed, designed, or 
intended to support an infant's weight or any portion of an infant 
while reclining or in a supine, prone, or recumbent position.''
    The scope of ``infant support cushions'' is intended to encompass 
the products described in Part II above.
    As noted previously, this proposed definition of ``infant support 
cushions'' includes, but is not limited to, the infant

[[Page 2536]]

loungers that would be subject to ASTM's draft voluntary standard. The 
proposed rule would define ``infant lounger'' as ``an infant product 
with a raised perimeter, a recess, or other area that provides a place 
for an infant to recline or to be in a supine, prone, or recumbent 
position.'' Because, however, incident data show that the suffocation, 
asphyxiation, and fall hazards this rule seeks to address are posed by 
other infant pillow-like products, in addition to those with a raised 
perimeter or recess, the proposed broader definition more effectively 
addresses the hazards posed by these products. For example, the 
proposed rule would apply to ``infant positioners,'' defined as a 
product intended to help keep an infant in a particular position while 
supine or prone.
    As discussed above, ASTM is working concurrently on developing 
voluntary standards for both ``infant feeding supports'' and ``infant 
loungers.'' The draft ASTM standards address hazards posed by ``dual 
use'' products intended to be used both to feed an infant and to 
support a lounging infant by requiring such products to comply with 
both standards. Adopting ASTM's approach, the proposed rule would apply 
to nursing pillows with a dual use for lounging, while excluding those 
nursing pillows that are solely intended to be used for nursing or 
feeding, along with other products already regulated by other 
Commission mandatory standards for durable infant products.
    The Commission invites public comment on the scope of the proposed 
rule, including whether it addresses all products that pose the 
identified hazards and whether it is sufficiently clear and 
administrable. For example, the Commission invites public comment on 
whether it is appropriate to subject ``dual use'' products to both the 
proposed nursing pillow rule and the proposed infant support cushion 
rule (assuming that both are finalized), and what nursing products 
should be considered ``dual use.''

B. General Requirements

    The proposed rule includes many of the general requirements 
included in the ASTM draft standard for infant loungers to address 
sharp edges or points, small parts, and lead in paints. It also 
requires that toy accessories that are attached to, removable from, or 
sold with the products comply with 16 CFR part 1250, which establishes 
a mandatory safety standard for toys, as well as requirements for the 
permanency of labels and warnings. However, while ASTM's draft standard 
for infant loungers would allow a maximum sidewall height of four 
inches, the Commission is concerned that this height may give consumers 
the mistaken impression that an infant can safely be left unattended in 
or on the product. For that reason, the proposed rule addresses the 
positional asphyxia hazard with a maximum incline requirement that 
effectively sets a lower limit on sidewall height, rather than the 
maximum side height requirement currently favored by ASTM. The 
Commission invites public comment on side height limit and incline 
angle requirements.

C. Proposed Performance Requirements

1. Firmness
    The Commission's proposed firmness requirements and associated test 
methods are consistent with those applicable to crib mattresses and 
more stringent than those currently included in ASTM's draft standard 
for infant loungers. As explained in Tab C of Staff's NPR Briefing 
Package, based upon the findings and recommendations in the BSU Final 
Report as well as staff's analysis of the incidents and hazard patterns 
associated with facial occlusion into infant support cushions, the 
proposed rule requires firmness testing at three locations: the 
occupant support surface, the sidewall, and the intersection of the 
occupant support surface with the sidewall, as follows:
a. Occupant Support Surface (OSS) Firmness
    The proposed rule includes a firmness test for the occupant support 
surface \12\ that is based on the BSU Final Report, with modifications 
to improve the test methodology. The firmness test is intended to 
reduce the likelihood that the OSS can conform to an infant's face and 
cause suffocation. The proposed rule requires that OSS firmness be 
tested using the three-inch diameter hemispheric probe developed by 
BSU, rather than the eight-inch firmometer probe in the ASTM draft 
standard. The three-inch probe is more consistent, in both size and 
shape, with the size and dimensions of an infant's head, enabling it to 
more accurately detect any material deformations and surface features 
that an infant's face may come in contact with on an infant support 
cushion. In addition, staff's testing showed that an eight-inch disc 
probe may not be as accurate as a three-inch hemispheric probe when 
used on certain models of infant support cushions with smaller 
dimensions or an OSS surface that is not completely flat, so that the 
eight-inch firmometer cannot fit well enough in the product to provide 
accurate measurement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ The proposed rule uses ASTM's draft definition of an infant 
support cushion's ``occupant support surface'' or OSS as ``the area 
that holds up and bears the infant or any portion of the infant.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To meet the proposed rule's firmness requirement, the force 
required to displace the probe one inch into the OSS test location (as 
well as the two other test locations) must exceed 10 N (about 2.25 
pounds), which indicates product firmness that is at least comparable 
to a crib mattress. Figure 1, below, illustrates the firmness test 
being applied to the OSS of an infant support cushion.
BILLING CODE 6355-01-P

[[Page 2537]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.013

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.014

BILLING CODE 6355-01-C
    Because an infant's head or face may rest on the sidewall of a 
product, as well as on the product's OSS, the proposed rule includes 
firmness requirements for any product sidewall. While the ASTM working 
draft also requires firmness testing of sidewalls, the proposed rule 
requires testing a minimum of four sidewall locations, including the 
location of maximum sidewall height, and requires that the test 
locations include at least one location most likely to fail, rather 
than requiring that sidewalls be tested in six-inch increments around 
the product as stated in ASTM's draft. The differences from ASTM in 
testing protocol are intended to provide more accurate testing for both 
smaller head pillows and larger lounger products.
b. Intersection of OSS With Sidewall
    To address the hazard of suffocation when an infant's face is 
surrounded on two sides by the OSS and a sidewall, the proposed rule 
includes firmness requirements based on testing the angle at which the 
two surfaces intersect, to ensure sufficient firmness to prevent the 
product from conforming to the infant's mouth or face and obstructing 
airways. It requires testing of firmness with the three-inch 
hemispherical probe positioned to bisect the angle formed where the two 
surfaces intersect, as shown in Figure 2.

[[Page 2538]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.015

    The proposed rule's firmness requirements for the OSS/Sidewall 
intersection are similar to those in ASTM's draft standard.
2. Sidewall Angle
    The proposed rule, like ASTM's draft, requires that the angle 
formed between the product's OSS and any sidewall be greater than 90 
degrees to reduce potential entrapment hazards between the sidewall and 
the occupant support surfaces. The proposed rule requires a slightly 
different methodology for measuring this angle than does ASTM's draft. 
While ASTM's draft requires that this angle be measured with a 
protractor or similar tool at four-inch intervals along the product's 
interior, the proposed rule specifies assessing this angle with the 
cylindrical side of the three-inch probe, with a 10 N force applied to 
the probe. The probe, which is designed to simulate the size and shape 
of an infant's head, is used to determine whether there is any contact 
between the sidewall and the probe's side when the ``face'' of the 
probe is pressed against the OSS/sidewall intersection. If there is 
such contact, indicating an entrapment risk, that indicates that the 
angle is less than 90 degrees and the product would fail. Conversely, 
if there is no contact between the sidewall and the side of the probe, 
the angle is greater than 90 degrees and the product meets this 
requirement.
3. Maximum Incline Angle
    The proposed rule, like ASTM's draft, requires that any incline of 
the OSS of an infant support cushion not exceed 10 degrees. This 
requirement is consistent with incline test of CPSC's Safety Standard 
for Infant Sleep Products, 16 CFR part 1236, and the ban of inclined 
sleepers for infants in the Safe Sleep for Babies Act, 15 U.S.C. 2057d, 
and similarly it addresses the hazards associated with inclined sleep 
products.
    The proposed rule, however, differs from ASTM's maximum incline 
angle requirements and test procedures in order to improve test 
consistency across all infant support cushion products and to address 
additional locations of potential inclined lounging, reclining, and 
sleep. The three ways in which the proposed rule modifies ASTM's 
proposed testing protocol are: (1) setting a maximum incline angle that 
applies not only to all of a manufacturer's recommended use positions, 
but also to all other infant cushion surfaces that can feasibly support 
an infant's head, including, for example, the angle from any sidewall 
to the OSS or from the sidewall to the floor; (2) use of a newborn 
hinged weight gauge, rather than an infant gauge; and (3) positioning 
the gauge differently throughout testing. Figure 3 below, shows the use 
of a hinged weight gauge to measure the incline on an infant support 
cushion with a sidewall. The proposed rule requires use of a newborn 
hinged weight gauge, rather than the heavier infant gauge specified in 
the ASTM draft, because infant support cushions are commonly used for 
newborns, who are at higher risk of suffocation.

[[Page 2539]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.016

4. Sidewall Height
    The proposed rule limits the height of any sidewall of an infant 
support cushion, as does ASTM's draft. However, the proposed rule 
addresses the hazards associated with relatively high sidewalls in a 
manner that is more closely tailored to the hazards, and applies to all 
of the products that fall within the scope of the proposed rule. These 
hazards are that caregivers may judge that an infant support cushion 
with relatively high sidewalls can safely contain an infant without 
supervision and is suitable for use on top of an adult bed or in a crib 
notwithstanding any contrary warnings, and that high sidewalls can 
cause hazardous positioning of the infant's neck when an infant's head 
is placed on top of the sidewall while their body is on a lower surface 
either inside or outside of the product. See Staff's NPR Briefing 
Package, Tabs B and C. While ASTM's draft sets a four-inch limit on 
sidewall height, the proposed rule addresses these hazards by limiting 
the maximum incline angle and provides testing protocols based on the 
type of product (for example, lounger-type products or head cushions). 
Using the test methodology prescribed in the proposed rule, sidewall 
heights, for products that have sidewalls, would be limited to 
approximately 1.9 inches.
    The Commission invites public comments on the proposed rule's 
method for addressing hazards posed by sidewall heights via measurement 
of maximum incline angle and what methodology would most effectively 
address the identified fall and positional asphyxia hazards.

D. Warning and Instructional Requirements

    Compared to the performance requirements described above, warnings 
are less effective in eliminating or adequately reducing exposure to 
hazards associated with infant support cushions. Nevertheless, 
prominent and well-designed warnings can provide consumers with 
important information about the hazards associated with these products 
and appropriate behaviors to avoid the hazards. Thus, the proposed rule 
includes requirements for on-product warnings that address the primary 
hazards associated with infant support cushions.
    The proposed rule includes warning content and format requirements 
similar to those in the ASTM draft standard. Figure 4 shows the warning 
statements and format that would be required on infant support 
cushions:

[[Page 2540]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.017

    The proposed rule, like ASTM's draft, requires on-product warning 
labels to be ``conspicuous,'' defined as ``visible, when the product is 
in each manufacturer's recommended use position, to a person while 
placing an infant into or onto the product.'' Also, like ASTM's draft, 
the proposed rule requires such warning labels to be ``permanent,'' 
with permanence requirements based on ASTM's draft but better 
addressing the potential for consumers to attempt to remove on-product 
warning labels. The draft ASTM warning label for infant loungers 
indicates that the product should only be used on the floor, ``with 
baby face-up on back.'' This proposed rule would adopt ASTM's draft 
language. However, this proposed rule for infant support cushions 
includes products that can be used for ``tummy time,'' for which 
infants are on their stomach. The Commission invites public comments in 
answer to the following questions: Should manufacturers have 
flexibility to remove or change the ``with baby face-up on back'' 
language in the warning label? If so, in what circumstances?
    The proposed rule incorporates by reference American National 
Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and 
Labels, which includes requirements related to safety alert symbol use; 
signal word selection; warning panel format, arrangement, and shape; 
color requirements for each panel; and letter style. The Commission 
specifically references the warning format requirements published in 
sections 6.1-6.4, 7.2-7.6.3, and 8.1. See Staff's NPR Briefing Package, 
Tab D, 80-81.
    In addition to on-product warnings, the ASTM draft standard 
includes basic warning requirements for instructional literature that 
are the same as those in ASTM's draft.

VIII. Proposed Amendment to 16 CFR Part 1112 To Include NOR for Infant 
Support Cushions

    Products subject to a consumer product safety rule under the CPSA, 
or to a similar rule, ban, standard, or regulation under any other act 
enforced by the Commission, must be certified as complying with all 
applicable CPSC-enforced requirements. 15 U.S.C. 2063(a). Certification 
of children's products subject to a children's product safety rule must 
be based on testing conducted by a CPSC-accepted third-party conformity 
assessment body. 15 U.S.C. 2063(a)(2). The Commission must publish an 
NOR for the accreditation of testing laboratories as third party 
conformity assessment bodies to assess conformity with a children's 
product safety rule. 15 U.S.C. 2063(a)(3). The proposed standard for 
infant support cushions would be a children's product safety rule that 
requires the issuance of an NOR.
    The Commission's rules, at 16 CFR part 1112, establish requirements 
for accreditation of third party conformity assessment bodies to test 
for conformance with a children's product safety rule in accordance 
with section 14(a)(2) of the CPSA. Part 1112 also lists the NORs that 
the CPSC has published. The Commission proposes to amend part 1112 to 
include the Safety Standard for Infant Support Cushions in the list of 
children's product safety rules for which the CPSC has issued NORs.
    Laboratories applying for acceptance as a CPSC-accepted third party 
conformity assessment body to test to the new standard are required to 
meet the third party conformity assessment body accreditation 
requirements in part 1112. When a laboratory meets the requirements as 
a CPSC-accepted third party conformity assessment body, the laboratory 
can apply to the CPSC to have the Safety Standard for Infant Support 
Cushions included in its scope of accreditation as reflected on the 
CPSC website at: www.cpsc.gov/labsearch.

IX. Product Registration Rule Amendment

    In addition to requiring the Commission to issue safety standards 
for durable infant or toddler products, section 104 of the CPSIA 
directed the Commission to issue a rule requiring that manufacturers of 
durable infant or toddler products establish a program for consumer 
registration of those products. 15 U.S.C. 2056a(d). Section 104(f) of 
the CPSIA defines the term ``durable infant or toddler product'' as ``a 
durable product intended for use, or that may be reasonably expected to 
be used, by children under the age of 5 years,'' and lists 12 distinct 
product categories. 15

[[Page 2541]]

U.S.C. 2056a(f). The product categories listed in section 104(f)(2) of 
the CPSIA represent a non-exhaustive list of durable infant or toddler 
product categories. Infant support cushions are not included in the 
statutory list of durable infant or toddler products.
    In 2009, the Commission issued a rule implementing the consumer 
registration requirement. 74 FR 68668 (Dec. 29, 2009) (establishing 16 
CFR part 1130). As section 104(d) of the CPSIA directs, the consumer 
registration rule requires each manufacturer of a durable infant or 
toddler product to provide a postage-paid consumer registration form 
with each product; keep records of consumers who register their 
products with the manufacturer; and permanently place the 
manufacturer's name and certain other identifying information on the 
product.
    When issuing the consumer registration rule, the Commission 
identified six additional products as durable infant or toddler 
products: children's folding chairs; changing tables; infant bouncers; 
infant bathtubs; bed rails; and infant slings. 74 FR 68669. The 
Commission explained that the specified statutory categories are not 
exclusive, and that the Commission is charged with identifying the 
product categories that are covered. ``Because the statute has a broad 
definition of a durable infant or toddler product but also includes 12 
specific product categories,'' the Commission noted, ``additional items 
can and should be included in the definition, but should also be 
specifically listed in the rule.'' Id. at 68670.
    The Commission proposes in this NPR to amend part 1130 to include 
``Infant Support Cushions'' as durable infant or toddler products. 
Infant support cushions are a category of ``durable infant or toddler 
product'' for purposes of CPSIA section 104 because they: (1) are 
intended for use, and may be reasonably expected to be used, by 
children under the age of five years; (2) are products similar to other 
products listed in section 104(f)(2), such as crib mattresses and sling 
carriers; and (3) are commonly resold or ``handed down'' for use by 
other children over a period of years.

X. Incorporation by Reference

    The proposed rule incorporates by reference ANSI Z535.4-2011, 
American National Standard for Product Safety Signs and Labels and ASTM 
D3359, Standard Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test. In 
accordance with regulations of the Office of the Federal Register 
(OFR), 1 CFR part 51, Part VII.D of this preamble summarizes ANSI 
Z535.4-2011. ASTM D3359 covers procedures for assessing the adhesion of 
relatively ductile coating films to metallic substrates by applying and 
removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.
    Both standards are reasonably available to interested parties in 
several ways. By permission of ANSI, the ANSI standard can be viewed as 
a read-only document during the comment period on this NPR, at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/DQVJYMK. To download or print the standard, 
interested persons may purchase a copy of ANSI Z535.4-2011 from ANSI 
via its website, https://www.ansi.org, or by mail from ANSI, 25 West 
43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, telephone: (212)-642-4900. 
By permission of ASTM, this ASTM standard can be viewed as a read-only 
document during the comment period on this NPR, at: https://www.astm.org/cpsc.htm. To download or print the standard, interested 
persons may purchase a copy of ASTM D3359 from ASTM, through its 
website, https://www.astm.org, or by mail from ASTM International, 100 
Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box 0700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. 
Alternatively, interested parties may inspect a copy of the standards 
at CPSC's Office of the Secretary by contacting Alberta E. Mills, 
Commission Secretary, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 
East-West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; telephone: (301) 504-7479; 
email: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c9aab9baaae4a6ba89aab9baaae7aea6bf"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="1c7f6c6f7f31736f5c7f6c6f7f327b736a">[email protected]</span></a>.

XI. Effective Date

    The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) generally requires that the 
effective date of a rule be at least 30 days after publication of the 
final rule. 5 U.S.C. 553(d). The Commission proposes an effective date 
of 180 days after publication of the final rule in the Federal 
Register, such that the requirements of the rule would apply to all 
infant support cushions manufactured after that date. This amount of 
time is typical for rules issued under section 104 of the CPSIA. It is 
also the period that the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association 
(JPMA) typically allows for products in their certification program to 
shift to a new standard once that new standard is published. Therefore, 
juvenile product manufacturers are accustomed to adjusting to new 
standards within this time. A 180-day effective date should also be 
sufficient for manufacturers to comply with this rule because the 
proposed requirements do not demand significant preparation by testing 
laboratories. For example, no new complex testing instruments or 
devices would be required to test infant support cushions for 
compliance with the proposed rule. The Commission invites comments, 
particularly from small businesses, that provide specific data 
addressing whether the proposed 180-day effective date period is 
appropriate.

XII. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601-612) requires 
that agencies review a proposed rule's potential economic impact on 
U.S. small entities, including small businesses. Section 603 of the RFA 
generally requires that agencies make an initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis (IRFA) available to the public for comment when the NPR is 
published. The IRFA must describe the impact of the proposed rule on 
small entities and identify significant alternatives that accomplish 
the statutory objectives and minimize any significant economic impact 
of the proposed rule on small entities. Staff prepared an IRFA for this 
rulemaking that appears at Tab E of the Staff's NPR Briefing Package. 
We summarize the IRFA below.

A. Reasons and Legal Basis for the NPR

    Part I of this preamble describes the reasons and legal basis for 
this NPR. As discussed in Parts VII-IX of this preamble, and detailed 
in Tab B of Staff's NPR Briefing Package, the proposed rule sets out 
mandatory requirements for infant support cushions to address the 
suffocation, entrapment, and fall hazards associated with these 
products; adds infant support cushions to the list of products for 
which a registration card is required; and adds infant support cushions 
to the list of durable infant products for which an NOR is required.

B. Small Entities to Which the Proposed Rule Would Apply

    As explained in Tab E to Staff's NPR Briefing Package, Commission 
staff has identified more than 2,000 suppliers of infant support 
cushions to the U.S. market, including manufacturers, importers, and 
foreign direct shippers. The majority of these suppliers are small 
businesses.

C. Impact of the Proposed Rule on Small Manufacturers and Importers

    Most in-scope products on the market will require redesign to meet 
the requirements in the proposed rule, and redesign costs would be 
potentially significant for a substantial number of small firms, 
particularly small-volume home crafters, for the first year that a rule 
is effective. Staff considers a ``significant'' impact to be at least 
one

[[Page 2542]]

percent of annual revenue, which is consistent with the regulatory 
flexibility analyses of other federal agencies. With an estimated 2,000 
models to be redesigned, the total cost of redesign to the industry in 
the first year could be up to $27 million. However, as discussed in Tab 
E of Staff's Briefing Package, suppliers may be able to cover these 
costs by implementing modest retail price increases which would reduce 
the rule's impact on individual small entities. For example, a firm 
supplying 5,000 infant support cushions per year could cover the entire 
cost of redesign by raising the retail price by $2.70.
    If issued, a final rule would require all manufacturers and 
importers of infant support cushions to meet additional third party 
testing requirements under section 14 of the CPSA. As specified in 16 
CFR part 1109, entities that are not manufacturers of children's 
products, such as importers and wholesalers, may rely on the 
certificates of compliance provided by others. However, manufacturers 
could pass on at least some of the cost of testing for compliance to 
U.S. importers and wholesalers.
    Third party testing costs for infant support cushions are estimated 
to be $500 to $1,000 per model. The annual cost of samples for testing 
is estimated at around $100, bringing the overall annual testing cost 
to an estimated $600 to $1,100 per model. The costs of testing per 
model would be similar for suppliers of all sizes, although larger 
firms may be more likely to qualify for volume discounts. As with 
redesign costs, these testing costs could largely be covered by modest 
retail price increases.
    The hand crafters of infant support cushions with the smallest 
sales volumes may not have sufficient sales volume to cover these costs 
and may exit the market. However, consumers would likely not experience 
a significant loss of utility as there are many different products 
available from different suppliers.

D. Other Federal Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With 
the Proposed Rule

    The Commission has not identified any federal rules that duplicate, 
overlap with, or conflict with the proposed rule.

E. Alternatives Considered To Reduce the Impact on Small Entities

    The Commission considered the following alternatives to the 
proposed rule to reduce the impact on small businesses. The Commission 
requests comments on these alternatives and other alternatives that 
could reduce the potential burden on U.S. small entities.
1. Not Establishing a Safety Standard
    The Commission considered not establishing a safety standard for 
infant support cushions. While this alternative would result in no 
regulatory impact on small entities, deaths and injuries from the use 
of infant support cushions would likely continue to occur at similar 
rates as those observed during the period from 2010 through 2022. In 
2020 alone, there were 17 fatalities involving infant support cushions. 
Another 17 fatalities have been recorded in the potentially incomplete 
data for 2021. See Staff NPR Briefing Package, Tab A.
2. Delay To Await Publication of a Voluntary Standard
    The Commission considered delaying the draft proposed rule to allow 
possible publication of a voluntary standard. Although this alternative 
would delay any impact on small businesses, it would also allow the 
hazard to continue indefinitely, as there is no clear date at which 
ASTM or any other voluntary standards organization will adopt a 
relevant standard, nor any assurance that a voluntary standard, if 
published, would be complied with by industry or adequately address the 
identified hazards.
3. Earlier or Later Effective Date
    The Commission is proposing an effective date 180 days after 
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register. An earlier 
effective date would achieve the safety benefits of the rule more 
quickly, but it would also increase the burden on small businesses to 
quickly redesign and test their products. In addition, a significantly 
earlier effective date could result in temporary shortages of infant 
support cushions due to a potential lack of availability of testing 
laboratory resources.
    The Commission is not proposing a later effective date, which would 
somewhat reduce burdens on small suppliers, because 180 days has 
generally been sufficient time for suppliers to come into compliance 
with durable infant or toddler product rules. Additionally, six months 
from the change in a voluntary standard is the period that JPMA uses 
for its certification program, so compliant manufacturers are used to 
this time frame to comply with a modified standard. Testing 
laboratories should have no difficulty preparing to test to the 
proposed new mandatory standards within a 180-day period.

F. Impact on Testing Labs

    The proposed rule should not have a significant adverse impact on 
testing laboratories. Laboratories will not need to acquire complex or 
costly testing instruments or devices to test infant support cushions 
for compliance, and laboratories will decide for themselves, based on 
expected demand for their testing services, whether to offer testing 
services for infant support cushion compliance.

XIII. Environmental Considerations

    Certain categories of CPSC actions normally have ``little or no 
potential for affecting the human environment'' and therefore do not 
require an environmental assessment or an environmental impact 
statement. Safety standards providing requirements for consumer 
products come under this categorical exclusion. 16 CFR 1021.5(c)(1). 
The proposed rule for infant support cushions falls within the 
categorical exclusion.

XIV. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed rule contains information collection requirements 
that are subject to public comment and review by the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 
(PRA; 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521). In this document, pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 
3507(a)(1)(D), we set forth:
    <bullet> a title for the collection of information;
    <bullet> a summary of the collection of information;
    <bullet> a brief description of the need for the information and 
the proposed use of the information;
    <bullet> a description of the likely respondents and proposed 
frequency of response to the collection of information;
    <bullet> an estimate of the burden that shall result from the 
collection of information; and
    <bullet> notice that comments may be submitted to the OMB.
    Title: Safety Standard for Infant Support Cushions.
    Description: The proposed rule would require each infant support 
cushion within the scope of the rule to meet the rule's performance and 
labeling requirements. It would require suppliers to conduct third 
party testing to demonstrate compliance and provide the specified 
warning label and instructions. These requirements fall within the 
definition of a ``collection of information,'' as defined in 44 U.S.C. 
3502(3).
    Description of Respondents: Persons who manufacture or import 
infant support cushions.

[[Page 2543]]

    Estimated Burden: We estimate the burden of this collection of 
information as follows:

                                                       Table 7--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Number of       Frequency of     Total annual      Hours per       Total burden
                            Burden type                                respondents        response        responses         response          hours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Labeling and instructions..........................................           2,000                1            2,000                2            4,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While some infant support cushion products currently have labels, 
all of these products would have to meet the specific labeling 
requirements and instructions specified in the proposed rule, which 
provides the text and graphics for the required labels and 
instructions. Specialized expertise in graphics design would not be 
required to develop the warnings and instructions. Most reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements in this proposed rule would be new for all 
suppliers.
    CPSC estimates there are 2,000 entities that would respond to this 
collection annually, the majority of which would be small entities. We 
estimate that the time required to create and/or modify labeling and 
instructions is about two hours per response. Therefore, the estimated 
burden associated with this collection is 2,000 responses x one 
response per year x two hours per response = 4,000 hours annually.
    We estimate the hourly compensation for the time required to 
respond to the collection is $37.88 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
``Employer Costs for Employee Compensation,'' June 2023, Table 4, total 
compensation for all sales and office workers in goods-producing 
private industries: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_09122023.pdf. Therefore, the estimated annual cost of the 
collection is $151,520 ($37.88 per hour x 4,000 hours = $151,520).
    Based on this analysis, the proposed standard for infant support 
cushions would impose a burden to industry of 4,000 hours at a cost of 
$151,520.
    Comments. CPSC has submitted the information collection 
requirements of this proposed rule to OMB for review in accordance with 
PRA requirements. 44 U.S.C. 3507(d). CPSC requests that interested 
parties submit comments regarding information collection to the Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB (see the ADDRESSES section 
at the beginning of this NPR). Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A), the 
Commission invites comments on:
    <bullet> whether the collection of information is necessary for the 
proper performance of CPSC's functions, including whether the 
information will have practical utility;
    <bullet> the accuracy of CPSC's estimate of the burden of the 
proposed collection of information, including the validity of the 
methodology and assumptions used;
    <bullet> ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the 
information to be collected;
    <bullet> ways to reduce the burden of the collection of information 
on respondents, including the use of automated collection techniques 
when appropriate and other forms of information technology; and
    <bullet> the estimated burden hours associated with label 
modification, including any alternative estimates.

XV. Preemption

    Section 26(a) of the CPSA, 15 U.S.C. 2075(a), provides that when a 
consumer product safety standard is in effect and applies to a product, 
no state or political subdivision of a state may either establish or 
continue in effect a standard or regulation that prescribes 
requirements for the performance, composition, contents, design, 
finish, construction, packaging, or labeling of such product dealing 
with the same risk of injury unless the state requirement is identical 
to the federal standard. Section 26(c) of the CPSA also provides that 
states or political subdivisions of states may apply to the Commission 
for an exemption from this preemption under certain circumstances. 
Section 104(b) of the CPSIA refers to the rules to be issued under that 
section as ``consumer product safety rules.'' Therefore, if finalized, 
the preemption provision of section 26(a) of the CPSA would apply to 
this rule for infant support cushions.

XVI. Request for Comments

    The Commission seeks public comment on all aspects of the proposed 
rule. In particular, the Commission seeks comments on the scope of the 
proposed rule, with respect to both in scope and out of scope products, 
including comments on whether the proposed definition of ``infant 
support cushion'' is sufficient to include all infant support cushions 
that are not subject to the FHSA infant pillow ban, 16 CFR 
1500.18(a)(16). The Commission would also welcome comments on the 
wording of proposed warning label as well as on whether the on-product 
warning label requirement included in the proposed rule should be 
applied to replacement covers for infant support cushions in addition 
to the cushions themselves. In addition, the Commission invites public 
comment on the proposed limit on sidewall height and whether the 
proposed rule's incline angle requirements provide appropriate 
protection against positional asphyxiation. The Commission also seeks 
comment on whether an anti-stockpiling provision should be included 
and, if so, whether the Commission should include an anti-stockpiling 
provision comparable to the one proposed in the recent SNPR for 
portable generators at 88 FR 24346, 24372 (Apr. 20, 2023). Finally, the 
Commission requests comments on the proposed effective date and the 
costs of compliance with, and testing to, the proposed rule.
    Submit comments in accordance with the instructions in the 
ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this NPR.

List of Subjects

16 CFR Part 1112

    Administrative practice and procedure, Audit, Consumer protection, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Third party conformity 
assessment body.

16 CFR Part 1130

    Administrative practice and procedure, Business and industry, 
Consumer protection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

16 CFR Part 1243

    Consumer protection, Imports, Incorporation by reference, Infants 
and children, Labeling, Law enforcement, Pillows, Toys.

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Commission proposes 
to amend chapter II of title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations as 
follows:

[[Page 2544]]

PART 1112--REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO THIRD PARTY CONFORMITY 
ASSESSMENT BODIES

0
1. The authority citation for 16 CFR part 1112 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority:  Pub. L. 110-314, section 3, 122 Stat. 3016, 3017 
(2008); 15 U.S.C. 2063.

0
2. Amend Sec.  1112.15, as proposed to be amended at 88 FR 65865 (Sept. 
26, 2023), by:
0
a. Removing the semicolons at the ends of paragraphs (b)(1) through (9) 
and (11) through (27), (b)(28)(v), (b)(29)(iv), (b)(30)(iv), and 
(b)(31)(ii) and adding periods in their place;
0
b. Adding periods at the ends of paragraphs (b)(32)(ii)(A) through 
(KK); and
0
c. Adding paragraph (b)(57).
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  1112.15  When can a third party conformity assessment body apply 
for CPSC acceptance for a particular CPSC rule and/or test method?

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (57) 16 CFR part 1243, Safety Standard for Infant Support Cushions.
* * * * *

PART 1130--REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSUMER REGISTRATION OF DURABLE INFANT 
OR TODDLER PRODUCTS

0
3. The authority citation for 16 CFR part 1130 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 2056a, 2065(b).

0
4. Amend Sec.  1130.2, as proposed to be amended at 88 FR 65865 (Sept. 
26, 2023) and 88 FR 73551 (Oct. 26, 2023), by:
0
a. Removing the semicolons at the ends of paragraphs (a)(1) through 
(16) and adding periods in their place;
0
b. Removing ``; and'' at the end of paragraph (a)(17) and adding a 
period in its place; and
0
c. Adding paragraph (a)(21).
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  1130.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (21) Infant support cushions.
* * * * *
0
5. Add part 1243 to read as follows:

PART 1243--SAFETY STANDARD FOR INFANT SUPPORT CUSHIONS

Sec.
1243.1 Scope, purpose, application, and exemptions.
1243.2 Definitions.
1243.3 General requirements.
1243.4 Performance requirements.
1243.5 Test methods.
1243.6 Marking and labeling.
1243.7 Instructional literature.
1243.8 Incorporation by reference.

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 2056a.


Sec.  1243.1  Scope, purpose, application, and exemptions.

    (a) Scope and purpose. The consumer product safety standard in this 
part prescribes requirements to reduce the risk of death and injury 
from hazards associated with infant support cushions, as defined in 
Sec.  1243.2. This includes but is not limited to infant positioners, 
nursing products with a dual use for lounging, infant loungers, and 
infant props or cushions used to support an infant. All infant support 
cushions must be tested according to the requirements of Sec.  1243.5 
and comply with all requirements of this part.
    (b) Application. All infant support cushions manufactured after 
[effective date of the final rule], are subject to the requirements of 
this part.
    (c) Exemptions. Products subject to another standard listed in 16 
CFR 1130.2(a) are exempt from this part. Nursing pillows that also meet 
the definition of infant lounger, however, are not exempt from this 
part.


Sec.  1243.2  Definitions.

    Conspicuous means visible, when the product is in each 
manufacturer's recommended use position, to a person while placing an 
infant into or onto the product.
    Infant lounger means an infant product with a raised perimeter, a 
recess, or other area that provides a place for an infant to recline or 
to be in a supine, prone, or recumbent position.
    Infant positioner means a product intended to help keep an infant 
in a particular position while supine or prone.
    Infant support cushion means an infant product that is filled with 
or comprised of resilient material such as foam, fibrous batting, or 
granular material or with a gel, liquid, or gas, and which is marketed, 
designed, or intended to support an infant's weight or any portion of 
an infant while reclining or in a supine, prone, or recumbent position.
    Occupant support surface (OSS) means the area that holds up and 
bears the infant or any portion of the infant.
    Seat bight line means the intersection of the seat back surface 
with the seat bottom surface.


Sec.  1243.3  General requirements.

    (a) Hazardous sharp edges or points. There shall be no hazardous 
sharp points or edges as defined in 16 CFR 1500.48 and 1500.49 before 
or after the product has been tested.
    (b) Small parts. There shall be no small parts as defined in 16 CFR 
part 1501 before testing or presented as a result of testing.
    (c) Lead in paints. All paint and surface coatings on the product 
shall comply with the requirements of 16 CFR part 1303.
    (d) Toys. Toy accessories attached to, removable from, or sold with 
an infant pillow, as well as their means of attachment, shall comply 
with the applicable requirements of 16 CFR part 1250.
    (e) Side height. The maximum side height for the product, measured 
from the OSS-body or test base, as appropriate, to the top of the 
sidewall, shall not exceed the maximum of the side heights determined 
in Sec.  1243.5(d)(8).
    (f) Removal of components. When tested in accordance with Sec.  
1243.5(k), any removal of components that are accessible to an infant 
while in the product or from any position around the product shall not 
present a small part, sharp point, or sharp edge as required in 
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
    (g) Permanency of labeling and warnings. (1) Warning labels, 
whether paper or non-paper, shall be permanent when tested in 
accordance with Sec.  1243.5(b)(1) through (3).
    (2) Warning statements applied directly onto the surface of the 
product by hot stamping, heat transfer, printing, wood burning, or any 
other method shall be permanent when tested in accordance with Sec.  
1243.5(b)(4).
    (3) Non-paper labels shall not liberate small parts when tested in 
accordance with Sec.  1243.5(b)(5).
    (4) Warning labels that are attached to the fabric of the product 
with seams shall remain in contact with the fabric around the entire 
perimeter of the label when the product is in all manufacturer-
recommended use positions and when tested in accordance with Sec.  
1243.5(b)(3).
    (h) Convertible products. If the infant support cushion can be 
converted into another product for which a consumer product safety 
standard exists, the product also shall comply with the applicable 
requirements of that standard.


Sec.  1243.4  Performance requirements.

    (a) Restraint. The product shall not include a restraint system.
    (b) Seam strength. When tested in accordance with Sec.  1243.5(j), 
fabric/mesh seams and points of attachment shall not fail such that a 
small part, sharp point, or sharp edge is presented, as required in 
Sec.  1243.3(a) and (b).

[[Page 2545]]

    (c) Bounded openings. When tested to Sec.  1243.5(c), all 
completely bounded openings that exist in the front, sides, or back of 
the occupant lounging area, or that are created when an accessory is 
attached to the product, shall not allow complete passage of the small 
head probe unless it allows the complete passage of the large head 
probe.
    (d) Maximum incline angle. The maximum incline angle shall not 
exceed 10 degrees when tested in accordance with Sec.  1243.5(d).
    (e) Firmness--(1) Occupant support surface firmness. When the 
three-inch diameter (figure 1 to this paragraph (e)(1)) hemispherical 
head probe is applied according to the test method for occupant support 
surface firmness, Sec.  1243.5(f), the force required for a one-inch 
displacement shall be greater than 10 N.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.018

    (2) Sidewall firmness. When the three-inch diameter hemispherical 
head probe is applied according to the test method for sidewall 
firmness, Sec.  1243.5(g), the force required for a one-inch 
displacement shall be greater than 10 N.
    (3) Firmness at intersection of sidewall and occupant support 
surface. When the three-inch diameter hemispherical head probe is 
applied according to the test method for firmness at the intersection 
of sidewall and occupant support surface, Sec.  1243.5(h), the force 
required for a one-inch displacement shall be greater than 10 N.
    (f) Sidewall angle. Sidewall angle shall be greater than 90 degrees 
when determined according to the sidewall angle determination, Sec.  
1243.5(i).


Sec.  1243.5  Test methods.

    (a) Test conditions. Condition the product for 48 hours at 23 
[deg]C <plus-minus>2 [deg]C (73.4 [deg]F <plus-minus>3.6 [deg]F) and a 
relative humidity of 50% <plus-minus>5%.
    (b) Permanence of labels and warnings. (1) A paper label (excluding 
labels attached by a seam) shall be considered permanent if, during an 
attempt to remove it without the aid of tools or solvents, it cannot be 
removed, it tears into pieces upon removal, or such action damages the 
surface to which it is attached.
    (2) A non-paper label (excluding labels attached by a seam) shall 
be considered permanent if, during an attempt to remove it without the 
aid of tools or solvents, it cannot be removed or such action damages 
the surface to which it is attached.
    (3) A warning label attached by a seam shall be considered 
permanent if it does not detach when subjected to a 15-lbs (67-N) pull 
force applied in any direction using a 3 4-inch diameter clamp surface.
    (4) Adhesion test for warnings applied directly onto the surface of 
the product.
    (i) Apply the tape test defined in Test Method B, Cross-Cut Tape 
Test of ASTM D3359 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  1243.8), 
eliminating parallel cuts.
    (ii) Perform this test once in each different location where 
warnings are applied.
    (iii) The warning statements will be considered permanent if the 
printing in the area tested is still legible and attached after being 
subjected to this test.
    (5) A non-paper label, during an attempt to remove it without the 
aid of tools or solvents, shall not be removed or shall not fit 
entirely within the small parts cylinder defined in 16 CFR part 1501 if 
it can be removed.
    (c) Head entrapment test. For all applicable openings, rotate the 
small head probe (figure 2 to this paragraph (c)) to the orientation 
most likely to fail and gradually apply an outward force from the 
occupant lounging area of 25 lbs (111 N). Apply the force to the probe 
in the direction most likely to fail within a period of 5 seconds and 
maintain it for an additional 10 seconds. If the small head probe can 
pass entirely through the opening in any orientation, determine if the 
large head probe (figure 3 to this paragraph (c)) can be freely 
inserted through the opening.

[[Page 2546]]

Figure 2 to Paragraph (c)--Small Head Probe
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.019

Figure 3 to Paragraph (c)--Large Head Probe
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.020

    (d) Maximum incline test. (1) Equipment shall include:
    (i) Digital protractor with accuracy +/- 1 degree;
    (ii) Hinged weight gauge-newborn, requirements for part masses and

[[Page 2547]]

assembly (figure 4 to this paragraph (d)(1)(ii));
BILLING CODE 6355-01-P

Figure 4 to Paragraph (d)(ii)--Hinged Weight Gauge-Newborn, 
Requirements for Part Masses and Assembly
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.021

    (iii) Hinged weight gauge-newborn, requirements for part dimensions 
(figure 5 to this paragraph (d)(1)(iii)); and

[[Page 2548]]

Figure 5 to Paragraph (d)(1)(iii)--Hinged Weight Gauge-Newborn, 
Requirements for Part Dimensions
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.022

BILLING CODE 6355-01-C
    (iv) A test base that is horizontal, flat, firm, and smooth.
    (2) If applicable, place the product in the manufacturer's 
recommended highest seat back angle position intended for lounging.
    (3) If applicable, place the hinged weight gauge-newborn in the 
product and position the gauge with the hinge centered over the seat 
bight line and the upper plate of the gauge back. Place a digital 
protractor on the upper torso/head area lengthwise and measure the 
incline angle.
    (4) Place the head/torso portion of the newborn hinged weight gauge 
on the product according to the manufacturer's recommended use position 
with the seat portion of the gauge, depending on the product design, 
allowed to lay freely on the product or on the test base (figure 6 to 
this paragraph (d)(4)).

Figure 6 to Paragraph (d)(4)--Test Fixture Configuration To Measure 
Incline Angle on an Infant Support Cushion Product

[[Page 2549]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.023

    (5) Move and rotate the newborn hinged weight gauge the minimum 
amount necessary such that the head/torso portion rests on an OSS that 
could foreseeably support an infant's head, and place the head/torso 
portion of the gauge according to all situations that apply:
    (i) In tests on products with an OSS for the infant's body, align 
the top edge of the head/torso portion of the gauge to coincide with a 
plumb line to the outermost edge of the OSS-head.
    (ii) In all tests, place the seat portion of the gauge on the test 
base, adjust the newborn gauge to the greatest incline angle in which 
the top edge of the gauge maintains contact with the top surface of the 
product.
    (6) If a product's seating bight area prevents reasonable 
positioning of the head/torso portion to the outermost edge, then 
position the seat portion of the newborn hinged weight gauge as far 
forward as possible towards the outermost edge and allow the head/torso 
portion of the gauge to rest on the product.
    (7) Place a digital protractor lengthwise on the head/torso portion 
of the gauge and measure the incline angle.
    (8) Remove the newborn gauge and determine the side height at the 
incline angle location, measured from the OSS-body or test base, as 
appropriate, to the top of the OSS-head.
    (9) Measure the incline angle at the manufacturer's recommended use 
location(s), at feasible locations such as perpendicular to the 
recommended use location(s), and at least one location likely to fail 
in which the newborn gauge seat is supported on the test surface.
    (10) Determine the maximum incline angle from the incline angle 
measurements.
    (e) Firmness test setup. (1) Equipment shall include:
    (i) Force gauge with accuracy +/- 0.05 N (0.01 lbs).
    (ii) Distance gauge with accuracy +/- 0.01 inches (0.03 cm).
    (2) Align the axis of the three-inch head probe (figure 1 to 
paragraph (e)(1) of Sec.  1243.4) with a force gauge and parallel to a 
distance measurement device or gauge.
    (3) Use a lead screw or similar device to control movement along a 
single direction.
    (4) Support the firmness fixture to a test base such that the head 
probe does not deflect more than 0.01 inches (0.025 cm) under a 10.0 N 
(2.24 lbs) load applied in each orientation required in the test 
methods.
    (f) Occupant support surface firmness test method. Perform the 
following steps to determine the occupant support surface firmness of 
the product as received from the manufacturer. See figure 7 to this 
paragraph (f).
    (1) Orient the axis of the three-inch head probe perpendicular to 
the surface of the product at each test location that is oriented 
greater than five degrees relative to the test base or align the axis 
of the probe perpendicular to the test base (vertically) at each test 
location that is oriented equal to or less than five degrees to the 
test base.
    (2) The first test location shall be at the location of maximum 
thickness of the surface being tested, perpendicular to the test base.
    (3) Lay the product, with the occupant support surface facing up, 
on a test base that is horizontal, flat, firm, and smooth.
    (4) Prevent movement of the product in a manner that does not 
affect the force or deflection measurement of the product surface under 
test. Provide no additional support beneath the product.
    (5) Advance the probe into the product and set the deflection to 
0.0 inches when a force of 0.1 N (0.02 lbs) force is reached.
    (6) Continue to advance the head probe into the product at a rate 
not to exceed 0.1 inch per second and pause when the force exceeds 10.0 
N (2.24 lbs), or the deflection is equal to 1.00 inches (2.54 cm).
    (7) Wait 30 seconds. If the deflection is less than 1.00 inches and 
the force is 10.0 N or less, repeat the steps in paragraphs (f)(6) and 
(7) of this section.
    (8) Record the final force and deflection when the deflection has 
reached 1.00 inches or when the force has exceeded 10.0 N.
    (9) If the maximum thickness of the OSS is greater than 1.0 inches 
(2.54 cm), perform additional tests, space permitting, at the geometric 
center of the OSS, at four locations along the product's longitudinal 
and lateral axes therefrom, 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) towards center from the 
intersection of the sidewall and OSS, and at one location most likely 
to fail.
    (10) Repeat the occupant support surface firmness tests on any 
other occupant support surface and in all intended and feasible 
configurations that could affect an occupant support surface, such as 
the folding or layering of parts of the product.

[[Page 2550]]

Figure 7 to Paragraph (f)--Test Configuration for Occupant Support 
Surface Firmness Test
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.024

    (g) Sidewall firmness test method. For sidewalls, perform the steps 
in paragraphs (f)(1) through (8) of this section to determine the 
sidewall firmness of the product as received from the manufacturer and 
then perform the following:
    (1) Perform a minimum of four additional tests, located at 
intervals not to exceed six inches along the entire top perimeter of 
the sidewall, starting from the maximum side height location, and at 
one additional location most likely to fail.
    (2) Repeat the sidewall firmness test in all the intended or 
feasible configurations that could affect the sidewall firmness, such 
as the folding or layering of parts of the product.
    (h) Intersection of sidewall and occupant support surface firmness. 
Perform the following steps to determine the intersection firmness of 
the product as received from the manufacturer (figure 8 to this 
paragraph (h)).
    (1) Orient the axis of the three-inch head probe perpendicular to 
the sidewall perimeter at an angle from horizontal that bisects the 
angle determined in sidewall angle determination with the axis directed 
at the intersection of the occupant support surface and the sidewall.
    (2) The first test location shall be at the location of maximum 
product thickness parallel to the test base.
    (3) Perform the steps in paragraphs (f)(3) through (8) of this 
section.
    (4) Perform a minimum of four additional tests, located at 
intervals not to exceed six inches along the entire inside perimeter of 
the intersection of the sidewall and OSS, and at one additional 
location most likely to fail.
    (5) Repeat the intersection of sidewall and occupant support 
surface firmness test in all the intended or feasible configurations 
that could affect the intersection firmness, such as the folding or 
layering of parts of the product.

Figure 8 to Paragraph (h)--Test Configuration for Intersection of 
Sidewall and Occupant Support Surface Firmness

[[Page 2551]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.025

    (i) Sidewall angle determination. Perform the following steps to 
determine if the angle between the sidewall and OSS is 90 degrees or 
less, or to measure the angle above 90 degrees. See figure 9 to this 
paragraph (i).
    (1) Orient the three-inch (7.62 cm) diameter hemispherical head 
probe vertically and place it over the OSS with the cylindrical surface 
of the probe tangent to the intersection of the sidewall and the OSS. 
Advance the probe into the product until a downward force of 10 N (2.2 
lbs) force is reached.
    (2) After 30 seconds, determine whether the sidewall is in contact 
with the cylindrical side of the three-inch head probe. If the sidewall 
contacts the cylindrical part of the probe, the sidewall angle is equal 
to or less than 90 degrees.
    (3) For sidewall angles greater than 90 degrees, calculate the 
sidewall angle as 90 degrees plus the measured angle between the 
cylindrical side of the three-inch head probe and the sidewall.
    (4) Determine a minimum of four sidewall angles at locations not to 
exceed six inch (15.2 cm) intervals along the intersection of the 
sidewall and OSS.
    (5) Measure the angle with a protractor or gauge placed to the 
depth of and in contact with the cylindrical side of the three-inch 
probe side and the sidewall.

Figure 9 to Paragraph (i)--Test Fixture Configuration for Sidewall 
Angle Measurement
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.026

    (j) Seam strength test method. (1) Equipment shall include:
    (i) Clamps with 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) diameter clamping surfaces 
capable of holding fabric and with a means to

[[Page 2552]]

attach a force gauge. See figure 10 to this paragraph (j)(1), or 
equivalent.
    (ii) A force gauge, accuracy +/-0.5 lbs (1.1 N).

Figure 10 to Paragraph (j)(1)--Seam Clamp
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.027

    (2) Clamp the fabric of the infant support cushion on each side of 
the seam under test with the 0.75 inches clamping surfaces placed not 
less than 0.5 inches (1.2 cm) from the seam.
    (3) Apply a tension of 15 lbs (67 N) evenly over five seconds and 
maintain for an additional 10 seconds.
    (4) Repeat the test on every distinct seam and every 12 inches (15 
cm) along each seam.
    (k) Removal of components test method. (1) For torque and tension 
tests, any suitable device may be used to grasp the component that does 
not interfere with the attachment elements that are stressed during the 
tests.
    (2) Gradually apply a four lbs-inch (0.4 N-m) torque over five 
seconds in a clockwise rotation to 180 degrees or until four lbs-inch 
has been reached. Maintain for 10 seconds. Release and allow component 
to return to relaxed state. Repeat the torque test in a 
counterclockwise rotation.
    (3) For components that can reasonably be grasped between thumb and 
forefinger, or teeth, apply a 15 lbs (67 N) force over five seconds, in 
a direction to remove the component. Maintain for 10 seconds. A clamp 
such as shown in figure 11 to this paragraph (k)(3) may be used if the 
gap between the back of the component and the base material is 0.04 
inches (0.1 cm) or more.

Figure 11 to Paragraph (k)(3)--Tension Test Adapter Clamp
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.028

Sec.  1243.6  Marking and labeling.

    (a) General markings. Each product and its retail package shall be 
marked or labeled clearly and legibly to indicate the following:
    (1) The name, place of business (city, state, and mailing address, 
including zip code), and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
distributor, or seller.
    (2) A code mark or other means that identifies the date (month and 
year as a minimum) of manufacture.
    (3) The marking or labeling in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this 
section are not required on the retail package if they are on the 
product and are visible in their entirety through the retail package. 
When no retail packaging is used to enclose the product, the 
information provided on the product shall be used for determining 
compliance with paragraphs (a)(1) and

[[Page 2553]]

(2) of this section. Cartons and other materials used exclusively for 
shipping the product are not considered retail packaging.
    (b) Permanency. The marking and labeling on the product shall be 
permanent.
    (c) Upholstery labeling. Any upholstery labeling required by law 
shall not be used to meet the requirements of this section.
    (d) Warning design for product. (1) The warnings shall be easy to 
read and understand and be in the English language at a minimum.
    (2) Any marking or labeling provided in addition to those required 
by this section shall not contradict or confuse the meaning of the 
required information or be otherwise misleading to the consumer.
    (3) The warnings shall be conspicuous and permanent.
    (4) The warnings shall conform to ANSI Z535.4-2011 (incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  1243.8) sections 6.1-6.4, 7.2-7.6.3, and 8.1, with 
the following changes.
    (i) In sections 6.2.2, 7.3, 7.5, and 8.1.2, replace ``should'' with 
``shall.''
    (ii) In section 7.6.3, replace ``should (when feasible)'' with 
``shall.''
    (iii) Strike the word ``safety'' when used immediately before a 
color (for example, replace ``safety white'' with ``white'').

    Note 1 to paragraph (d)(4)(iii):  For reference, ANSI Z535.1, 
American National Standard for Safety Colors, provides a system for 
specifying safety colors.

    (5) The safety alert symbol and the signal word ``WARNING'' shall 
be at least 0.2 inches (five mm) high. The remainder of the text shall 
be in characters whose upper case shall be at least 0.1 inches (2.5 
mm), except where otherwise specified.

    Note 2 to paragraph (d)(5):  For improved warning readability, 
typefaces with large height-to-width ratios, which are commonly 
identified as ``condensed,'' ``compressed,'' ``narrow,'' or similar 
should be avoided.

    (6) The message panel text should have the following layout:
    (i) The text shall be left-aligned, ragged-right for all but one-
line text messages, which can be left-aligned or centered. See figure 1 
to this paragraph (d)(6) for examples of left-aligned text.

Figure 1 to Paragraph (d)(6)--Examples of Left-Aligned Text
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.029

    The text shown for these warnings is filler text, known as lorem 
ipsum, commonly used to demonstrate graphic elements.

    Note 3 to paragraph (d)(6)(i):  Left-aligned means that the text 
is aligned along the left margin, and in the case of multiple 
columns of text, along the left side of each individual column.

    (ii) The text in each column should be arranged in list or outline 
format, with precautionary (hazard avoidance) statements preceded by 
bullet points. Multiple precautionary statements shall be separated by 
bullet points if paragraph formatting is used.
    (7) An example warning in the format described in this section is 
shown in figure 2 to this paragraph (d)(7).

Figure 2 to Paragraph (d)(7)--Example of Warning

[[Page 2554]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP16JA24.030

    (e) Warning statements. Each product shall address the warning 
statements shown on figure 13 to paragraph (d)(7) of this section, at a 
minimum.

    Note 4 to paragraph (e):  ``Address'' means that verbiage other 
than what is shown can be used as long as the meaning is the same or 
information that is product-specific is presented.

Sec.  1243.7  Instructional literature.

    (a) Instructions shall be provided with the product and shall be 
easy to read and understand and shall be in the English language at a 
minimum. These instructions shall include information on assembly, 
maintenance, cleaning, and use, where applicable.
    (b) The instructions shall address the following additional 
warnings:
    (1) Read all instructions before using this product.
    (2) Keep instructions for future use.
    (3) Do not use this this product if it is damaged or broken.
    (4) Instructions shall indicate the manufacturer's recommended 
maximum weight, height, age, developmental level, or combination 
thereof, of the occupant for which the infant support cushion is 
intended. If this product is not intended for use by a child for a 
specific reason, the instructions shall state this limitation.
    (c) The cautions and warnings in the instructions shall meet the 
requirements specified in Sec.  1243.6(d)(4) though (6), except that 
sections 6.4 and 7.2-7.6.3 of ANSI Z535.4--2011 need not be applied. 
However, the signal word and safety alert symbol shall contrast with 
the background of the signal word panel, and the cautions and warnings 
shall contrast with the background of the instructional literature.

    Note 1 to paragraph (c):  For example, the signal word, safety 
alert symbol, and the warnings may be black letters on a white 
background, white letters on a black background, navy blue letters 
on an off-white background, or some other high-contrast combination.

    (d) Any instructions provided in addition to those required by this 
section shall not contradict or confuse the meaning of the required 
information or be otherwise misleading to the consumer.


Sec.  1243.8  Incorporation by reference.

    Certain material is incorporated by reference into this part with 
the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) 
material is available for inspection at the U.S. Consumer Product 
Safety Commission and at the National Archives and Records 
Administration (NARA). Contact the U.S. Consumer Product Safety 
Commission at: the Office of the Secretary, U.S. Consumer Product 
Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; phone 
(301) 504-7479; email: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#72110201115f1d0132110201115c151d04"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="d5b6a5a6b6f8baa695b6a5a6b6fbb2baa3">[email protected]</span></a>. For information on the 
availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations or email <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e78195c98e8994978284938e8889a789869586c9808891"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="fa9c88d49394898a9f998e939594ba949b889bd49d958c">[email protected]</span></a>. The 
material may be obtained from the following sources:
    (a) American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd 
Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA; phone: (212) 642-4900; 
website: www.ansi.org (https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards/nema.aspx).
    (1) ANSI Z535.4-2011, American National Standard for Product Safety 
Signs and Labels, approved October 20, 2017; approved for Sec.  1243.6.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (b) ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box CB700, West 
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959; phone: (800) 262-1373; website: 
www.astm.org.
    (1) ASTM D3359-23, Standard Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by 
Tape Test, approved [TBD]; approved for Sec.  1243.5.
    (2) [Reserved]

Alberta E. Mills,
Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission.
[FR Doc. 2023-27324 Filed 1-12-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6355-01-P


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