[Cite as In re Estate of Shaffer, 2019-Ohio-234.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 LUCAS COUNTY 

In re Estate of Joseph I. Shaffer Court of Appeals No. L-17-1128 

 

 Trial Court No. 2015 EST 1856 

 

 DECISION AND JUDGMENT

 Decided: January 25, 2019 

* * * * * 

 Zachary Norman, pro se. 

 Paul E. Croy, Sarah J. Corney and Kayla L. Henderson, 

 for appellee. 

* * * * * 

 SINGER, J.

{¶ 1} Appellant, Zachary Norman, appeals from the November 4, 2016 judgment 

of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, which denied appellant’s 

application to probate a purported will of Joseph I. Shaffer, who died July 20, 2015, at the 

age of 87. For the reasons which follow, we reverse. 
2.

{¶ 2} On appeal, appellant asserts the following assignments of error: 

 1. The judgment entry holding that 2 witnesses are required to sign 

a will, under R.C. 2107.24 – Treatment of document as will 

notwithstanding noncompliance with statute – is contrary to the law. 

 2. The decision that the document Joseph I. Shaffer wrote was not 

intended to be his will is both contrary to the law and to the evidence. 

 3. Procedural errors during the application process and the 

September 9, 2016, hearing deprived a full opportunity for Joseph I. 

Shaffer’s will to be admitted. 

 4. The magistrate’s decision that voided a request under R.C. 

2107.15 is inappropriate. 

{¶ 3} This case arises out of the probate court’s denial of appellant’s July 19, 2016 

application to admit to probate a 2006 document as the will of the decedent pursuant to 

R.C. 2107.24. The decedent’s will executed August 11, 1967, had already been admitted 

to probate on September 15, 2015, pursuant to R.C. 2107.03. At the hearing on 

appellant’s application the following evidence was admitted. 

{¶ 4} Juley Norman testified how she and her son, appellant, developed a close 

relationship to the decedent. Norman first met the decedent when he treated her husband 

who was very ill. The decedent had a Ph.D. in psychology and was a specialist in sleep 

medicine. Norman and her husband owned a company and the decedent was also of 

assistance to the company during the husband’s illness because of the decedent’s 
3.

statistical expertise. Later, Norman, who also did consulting work for physician 

practices, was retained by the decedent to assist him in forming a physician group and 

became more involved in his business. 

{¶ 5} Norman, her son, and the decedent eventually became very close after 

Norman’s husband died. The decedent began to refer to Norman as “his meaningful 

other.” Although they maintained separate households approximately two miles apart, 

Norman testified she and the decedent called each other throughout the day, spent their 

evenings and religious holidays together, traveled together, and looked after each other 

until his death in 2015. Norman also testified she went with the decedent to doctor 

appointments, was involved in his business, worked with him on special work projects, 

and attended meetings with appellant’s accountants and attorneys. 

{¶ 6} Norman further testified the following events giving rise to the document at 

issue which was executed on the evening of December 22, 2006, when the decedent was 

approximately 78 years old. After having dinner together, the decedent called Norman 

because he was not feeling well and could not decide whether he should go to the 

hospital. Norman and appellant immediately went to the decedent’s home and found he 

looked well. 

{¶ 7} The decedent decided to go to the hospital after talking to his physician. 

Before leaving, however, he asked appellant to get him some paper. On the notecard he 

was given, the decedent wrote the document at issue, signed it, and gave it to Norman. 

The decedent read it out loud to Norman and asked her what she thought. The decedent 
4.

told appellant to keep the document for his mother. The decedent was then taken to the 

hospital where he stayed for two days. He had elevated glucose levels and required a 

heart catheterization because of elevated enzyme levels. 

{¶ 8} The 2006 document states as follows: 

Dec 22, 2006/My estate is not/completely settled/All of my Sleep Network/ 

Stock is to go to/Terry Shaffer./Juley Norman for/her care of me is 

to/receive 1/4 of my estate/Terry is to be the/executor./This is my will./ 

/s/ Joseph I Shaffer 

{¶ 9} Norman further testified the decedent asked appellant a few weeks later if 

appellant had put the “will” in a safe place. Norman questioned the decedent whether it 

was necessary to have a notary. The decedent declared it was fine based on his 

understanding of what others had done in his home state of Pennsylvania where his prior 

will had been executed. In 2014, Norman and the decedent were in the process of 

preparing their estate plans and again the decedent asked appellant if he had the “will.” 

{¶ 10} Norman also testified that despite the decedent’s education and business 

dealings, and the fact that he had developed an extensive business after his wife’s death, 

he had never updated his 1967 will prior to 2006. She testified the decedent did not like 

to talk about death and had never probated his wife’s estate. She believed that the 

decedent would not have talked to an attorney about changing his will because it would 

have raised the issue of probating his wife’s estate, which he wanted to avoid. Norman 
5.

also testified that the decedent did not tell every advisor all of his business and liked to 

make his own decisions. 

{¶ 11} Norman also testified that shortly before the decedent’s death, Norman 

believed he was in good health because the doctor told the decedent he was doing well 

despite his ailments and the decedent continued to exercise and work. Likewise the 

decedent did not believe death was imminent because he was postponing a complicated 

cataract surgery. 

{¶ 12} After the decedent’s funeral, his son, Terry Shaffer, attempted to talk to 

Norman about whether the decedent had completed his estate planning. She testified she 

was emotionally unable to discuss the matter with Shaffer at that time and it was also 

customary not to do so in their religion, but she agreed to meet later. Meanwhile, she 

consulted with an attorney who advised she not discuss the 2006 document at that time. 

Norman felt uncomfortable with that advice and told the decedent’s sons that she had 

something, but she could not discuss it. Her attorney took several months to review the 

document and then advised her to speak to other attorneys. She spoke to several 

attorneys who advised she could have a claim against the estate or could file the 2006 

document as a will. Since the estate attorney had not returned phone calls from her 

attorney, she filed a claim against the estate on January 19, 2016, in order to protect her 

claim. After the claim was denied, she decided not to pursue it. 
6.

{¶ 13} The court did not allow appellant to testify because he was acting pro se. 

The court questioned appellant enough to determine that he removed the 2006 document 

from a safety deposit box on July 18, 2016. 

{¶ 14} Shaffer testified that he and his father started a company with another 

person in 1983. Prior to that Terry worked with his father at a sleep disorder clinic. 

Shaffer believed that if his father was going to prepare a will, he would have discussed 

the matter with Shaffer. He further testified that he reviewed his father’s financial 

records and saw several checks payable to Juley Norman or Norman Associates. 

{¶ 15} Opposing counsel objected to appellant cross-examining Shaffer because 

appellant was not a licensed Ohio attorney. Appellant argued he was the applicant and 

was acting pro se. After a discussion off the record, the court sustained counsel’s 

objection and questioned Shaffer directly. Shaffer asserted he became aware of the 2006 

document shortly before it was filed and his father never spoke of it despite having had 

other conversations about estate planning. 

{¶ 16} Following the hearing, the magistrate, in a November 4, 2016 decision, 

found the 2006 document was not properly executed under R.C. 2107.03 and, therefore, 

could not be admitted to probate under that statute. Furthermore, the magistrate found 

that the 2006 document did not satisfy the requirements of R.C. 2107.24 even though the 

document was handwritten and signed by the decedent and the veracity of the witnesses 

to the document and surrounding circumstances appeared truthful. The magistrate found 

that clear and convincing evidence had not been admitted to establish that the document 
7.

was intended to be the decedent’s will because: 1) the decedent had not referenced his 

prior will in the 2006 document or to the witnesses, 2) the language of the 2006 

document is contradictory because the decedent wrote his estate was not completely 

settled and yet he devised “all” of his property; 3) the decedent prepared the document 

while he was in the midst of a health crisis and may not have been able to form a clear 

intent; 4) Norman questioned the decedent as to the validity of the document as a will and 

yet no one at the hospital was asked to witness the 2006 document; 5) the 2006 document 

did not mention the decedent’s other son or indicate how the remainder of the decedent’s 

estate would be distributed. 

{¶ 17} Finally, the magistrate held that R.C. 2107.24 does not revoke the 

requirements of R.C. 2107.03 of attestation and subscription. Therefore, R.C. 2107.24 is 

intended to provide for admission of nonconforming wills due to an inadvertent mistake 

in execution or unusual circumstances warranting a remedy rather than cases where the 

testator was ignorant of the law. 

{¶ 18} Appellant objected to the magistrate’s findings of fact and decision. In an 

April 25, 2017 judgment, the probate court rejected the objections and adopted and 

approved the magistrate’s decision. Appellant appeals. 

{¶ 19} Appellant argues in his first assignment of error that the trial court erred in 

holding that two witnesses were required to sign a will under R.C. 2107.24. Appellee 

contends appellant misreads the language of the judgment entry. 
8.

{¶ 20} In its April 25, 2017 judgment entry approving and adopting the 

magistrate’s decision, the trial court stated, “the document asserted to be a Will by 

application, on 7/19/2016 appears to be signed by the testator, but is not witnessed in 

writing (See attached copy), as required by RC 2107.24.” 

{¶ 21} We agree that the language of the opinion could be read to state R.C. 

2107.24 requires witnesses to a document to be admitted as a will must have signed the 

document. However, it is clear that the probate court intended to state the lack of witness 

signatures is one basis upon which a document could fall within the parameters of R.C. 

2107.24 because the court recited the statute in full and applied the proper clear and 

convincing evidence standard. Therefore, no prejudice resulted to appellant. 

{¶ 22} Appellant also argues, and appellee concedes, that the probate court 

erroneously cited R.C. 2107.24(B), rather than R.C. 2107.24(A), as the basis for its 

standard of clear and convincing evidence. Nonetheless, we agree with appellee that the 

probate court applied the correct law and the erroneous citation did not prejudice 

appellant. Therefore, we find appellant’s first assignment of error not well-taken. 

{¶ 23} We address the remaining assignments of error out of order. In his third 

assignment of error, appellant argues that he was denied a full opportunity to present his 

case. 

{¶ 24} First, he argues the probate court erred in issuing an interlocutory decree 

denying admission of the 2006 document to probate as this order was unnecessary. 
9.

{¶ 25} R.C. 2107.18 requires that the probate court admit to probate a will which 

appears facially valid and properly executed or, after the court hears the testimony of the 

witnesses to the will, finds the execution of the will complied with the law. “[A]dmission 

of a will to probate establishes a rebuttable presumption of the validity of the will and its 

execution.” Mastro v. Glavan, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2010-A-0044, 2011-Ohio-3628, 

¶ 46. However, if the probate court determines the will is not entitled to be admitted to 

probate, R.C. 2107.181 requires that the probate court issue an interlocutory order 

denying admission and proceed to conduct a hearing on the admissibility of the will. 

{¶ 26} R.C. 2107.24 governs documents purported to be a will which are 

acknowledged as not in compliance with the statutory formalities of R.C. 2107.03. The 

statute mandates a hearing to determine if the document can be treated as a will and be 

admitted to probate. Therefore, we agree there is no need for an interlocutory order 

denying admission to probate prior to the R.C. 2107.24 hearing. Nonetheless, we find the 

issuance of the interlocutory order did not prejudice appellant. 

{¶ 27} Second, appellant argues the probate court erred in not allowing appellant 

to give his direct testimony because he was acting pro se as the proponent of the 2006 

document. 

{¶ 28} R.C. 2107.24(A) requires that the proponent to the document to be treated 

as a will must establish, “by clear and convincing evidence,” three facts before the 

probate court can admit the will as a validly-executed will. R.C. 2107.27(B) provides 

that “the proponents and opponents of the will shall cause witnesses to the will, and any 
10. 

other witnesses that have relevant and material knowledge about the will, to appear 

before the court to testify.” The statute clearly permits the proponent to the will to 

examine witnesses. The statute does not provide for a right to cross-examine the 

witnesses. In re Estate of Bohrer, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA95-01-001, 1995 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 4480, *15 (Oct. 9, 1995); In re Estate of Ayres, Franklin P.C. No. 86431, 1940 

Ohio Misc. LEXIS 430, *5 (Feb. 7, 1940) (applying G.C. 10504-37, predecessor to R.C. 

2107.27). However, the probate court has the discretion to allow cross-examination, 

Bohrer; Ayres, and when permitted, both parties should have the same opportunity to 

cross-examine the witnesses. 

{¶ 29} Furthermore, pro se litigants are to be treated the same as represented 

litigants. Cox v. Dayton Pub. Schools Bd. of Edn., 147 Ohio St.3d 298, 2016-Ohio-5505, 

64 N.E.3d 977, ¶ 6. Under R.C. 2107.24, the proponent has the burden to establish the 

document should be treated as a will. Therefore, we find that as a proponent of and a 

witness to the will, appellant should have been allowed to testify or, if necessary to 

control the proceedings, the probate court should have examined appellant regarding the 

execution of the 2006 document. 

{¶ 30} However, we do not find appellant was prejudiced in this case because he 

was able to present the evidence necessary to establish the circumstances surrounding the 

execution of the 2006 document through Norman’s testimony. Appellant has not shown 

that cross-examination of Shaffer would have added any relevant evidence because he 

was not a witness to the execution of the 2006 document or that appellant’s testimony 
11. 

would had added additional, relevant evidence. Therefore, we find appellant’s third 

assignment of error not well-taken. 

{¶ 31} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant first argues the trial court erred 

in voiding a bequest to Norman pursuant to R.C. 2107.15 in a proceeding to admit the 

will to probate pursuant to R.C. 2107.24. Alternatively, he argues R.C. 2107.15 is not 

applicable to a document admitted as a will under R.C. 2107.24. 

{¶ 32} Appellee argues that the probate court did not void the bequest to Norman. 

We disagree. The probate court made a specific conclusion of law that listing Norman as 

a beneficiary under the will on Form 1.0, Surviving Spouse, Children, Next of Kin, 

Legatees and Devisees must be stricken because R.C. 2107.15 required the bequest to be 

voided because she is a necessary witness to and beneficiary under the 2006 document/ 

will. Therefore, we find we must address the question of law presented. 

{¶ 33} The right to dispose of one’s property at death is a limited statutory right 

controlled solely by the General Assembly. Kluever v. Cleveland Trust Co., 173 Ohio St. 

177, 179, 180 N.E.2d 579 (1962); In re Miller: Brandon v. City Natl. Bank & Trust Co., 

160 Ohio St. 529, 117 N.E.2d 598 (1954), paragraphs two and three of the syllabus. Both 

R.C. 2107.03 and 2107.15 were designed by the General Assembly to work together to 

protect against the diversion of the decedent’s estate from those who would take it under 

the statutes of descent and distribution except where the decedent clearly and deliberately 

expressed a contrary intention. If a person wishes to dispose of his or her property in a 

manner contrary to the statutes of descent and distribution, the person must do so in a will 
12. 

that fulfills the requirements of R.C. 2107.03. Irwin v. Jacques, 71 Ohio St. 395, 409, 73 

N.E. 683 (1905). R.C. 2107.03 requires that a valid will be 

in writing, * * * signed at the end by the testator or by some other person in 

the testator’s conscious presence and at the testator’s express direction, 

* * * attested and subscribed in the conscious presence of the testator, by 

two or more competent witnesses, who saw the testator subscribe, or heard 

the testator acknowledge the testator’s signature. 

{¶ 34} When a will is presented to the probate court it must determine, as a matter 

of law, whether a prima facie case in favor of the validity of the will has been made (i.e., 

the will was executed according to law) and, therefore, must be admitted to probate even 

if the evidence is conflicting or there is evidence indicating fraud or forgery. Wolfrum v. 

Wolfrum, 2 Ohio St.2d 237, 241, 208 N.E.2d 537 (1965); In re Will of Elvin, 146 Ohio St. 

448, 66 N.E.2d 629 (1946), syllabus. The validity of the will can only be challenged in a 

R.C. 2107.71 will contest action. Id. at 452-453. Admission of the will to probate is 

“prima-facie evidence of the attestation, execution, and validity of the will” in a R.C. 

2107.71 will contest action and establishes “a rebuttable presumption of the validity of 

the will and its execution.” Mastro, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2010-A-0044, 2011-Ohio3628, at ¶ 46. Accord Jackson v. Estate of Henderson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93231, 

2010-Ohio-3084, ¶ 30. 

{¶ 35} When a witness subscribes, or signs, a testator’s will in the presence of the 

testator, the witness is attesting that he saw the testator sign the will or heard the testator 
13. 

acknowledge his signature. Whitacre v. Crowe, 2012-Ohio-2981, 972 N.E.2d 659, ¶ 13 

(9th Dist.); Estate of Snell v. Kilburn, 165 Ohio App.3d 352, 361, 2005-Ohio-7076, 846 

N.E.2d 572, ¶ 35 (7th Dist.) (written attestation clause is not required). The Ohio 

Supreme Court has applied R.C. 2317.01 to define who can serve as a “competent 

witness” at the time of the execution of the will as anyone “except those of unsound 

mind, and children under ten years of age who appear incapable of receiving just 

impressions of the facts and transactions respecting which they are examined, or of 

relating them truly.” Rogers v. Helmes, 69 Ohio St.2d 323, 326, 432 N.E.2d 186 (1982), 

quoting Blankner v. Lathrop, 169 Ohio St. 229, 230, 159 N.E.2d 229 (1959), overruled in 

part on other grounds in Rogers at 327. 

{¶ 36} Neither R.C. 2317.01 nor 2107.03 prohibit a person named as an heir under 

will from serving as a “competent witness” to the execution of the will. Id. Instead, the 

General Assembly provided in R.C. 2107.15, a “purging” statute, as follows: 

 If a devise or bequest is made to a person who is one of only two 

witnesses to a will, the devise or bequest is void. The witness shall then be 

competent to testify to the execution of the will, as if the devise or bequest 

had not been made. If the witness would have been entitled to a share of 

the testator’s estate in case the will was not established, the witness takes so 

much of that share that does not exceed the bequest or devise to the 

witness. The devisees and legatees shall contribute for that purpose as for 

an absent or afterborn child under section 2107.34 of the Revised Code. 
14. 

This statute requires that a devise or bequest to a witness must be voided in order for the 

witness to be a “competent witness” to testify regarding the execution of the will at the 

time of probate. Rogers at 327-329; Restatement of the Law 3d, Property: Wills and 

Other Donative Transfers, Section 3.1, Comment o (2003) (the requirement of a 

disinterested attesting witness was carried over from the English Statute of Frauds of 

1677). The significance of R.C. 2107.15 is that it prevents an entire will from being 

declared invalid because of a devise or bequest to one of the witnesses to the will. 

{¶ 37} Pursuant to R.C. 2107.60, a different process validates an oral will. The 

statute requires an oral will be “reduced to writing and subscribed by two competent 

disinterested witnesses.” (Emphasis added). Therefore, at the time of execution, the 

witness to an oral will cannot have any interest under the will. Vrooman v. Powers, 47 

Ohio St. 191, 24 N.E. 267 (1890), paragraph two of the syllabus. Even a later 

renunciation of any interest would be ineffective to save the oral will. Id. R.C. 2107.15 

is not applicable to an oral will because a “disinterested” witness was required at the time 

of the execution of the will. Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus (applying former 

“[s]ection 5925 of the Revised Statutes, which provided: ‘If a devise or bequest is given 

to a person who is a witness to the will, and the will cannot otherwise be proved than by 

the testimony of such witness, the devise or bequest shall be void.’”). 

{¶ 38} We now turn to the issue of whether R.C. 2107.15 is applicable to a 

document to be treated as a will under R.C. 2107.24. R.C. 2107.24(A) provides: 
15. 

 (A) If a document that is executed that purports to be a will is not 

executed in compliance with the requirements of section 2107.03 of the 

Revised Code, that document shall be treated as if it had been executed as a 

will in compliance with the requirements of that section if a probate court, 

after holding a hearing, finds that the proponent of the document as a 

purported will has established, by clear and convincing evidence, all of the 

following: 

 (1) The decedent prepared the document or caused the document to 

be prepared. 

 (2) The decedent signed the document and intended the document to 

constitute the decedent’s will. 

 (3) The decedent signed the document under division (A)(2) of this 

section in the conscious presence of two or more witnesses. As used in 

division (A)(3) of this section, “conscious presence” means within the 

range of any of the witnesses’ senses, excluding the sense of sight or sound 

that is sensed by telephonic, electronic, or other distant communication. 

{¶ 39} Appellant argues R.C. 2107.24 does not require the witnesses to be 

“competent witnesses,” and, therefore, R.C. 2107.15 does not apply to a R.C. 2107.24 

will. Instead, he argues, the General Assembly deliberately left off the phrase 

“competent witnesses” in R.C. 2107.24 to protect a testator’s intent over statutory 
16. 

formalities and that the “clear and convincing evidence” standard ensures the validity of 

the document to be treated as a will. We agree. 

{¶ 40} R.C. 2107.03 and 2107.15 operate together to enable the probate court to 

make a preliminary determination of whether or not the decedent died intestate. 

Generally, these types of probate statutes were based on the English Statute of Frauds of 

1677 and the Wills Act of 1837, both of which sought to set standards for assessing the 

prima facie validity of a will. Restatement of the Law 3d, Property: Wills and Other 

Donative Transfers, Section 3.1, Comment f (2003). The probate court, as a court of 

limited jurisdiction, does not have authority to act outside its statutory or constitutional 

authority. Dumas v. Estate of Dumas, 68 Ohio St.3d 405, 408, 627 N.E.2d 978 (1994), 

quoting Saxton v. Seiberling, 48 Ohio St. 554, 559, 29 N.E. 179 (1891). Therefore, if the 

testator’s written will does not meet the statutory requirements of R.C. 2107.03, the 

probate court is prohibited from admitting the will to probate and must distribute the 

estate pursuant to statutes of descent and distribution, irrespective of whether the 

testator’s intent to make a will was clear. 

{¶ 41} Along with R.C. 2107.03, the General Assembly enacted additional statutes 

to protect the testator’s intent over statutory formality and prevent injustices. R.C. 

2107.60 allows the admission of an oral will to probate under certain conditions. R.C. 

2107.15 prevents the entire will from being invalidated when a required witness also 

received a devise or bequest and the subsequent bias would prevent the witness from 
17. 

being credible to testify regarding the execution of the will. See Restatement of the Law 

3d, Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers, Section 3.3, Comment b (2003). 

{¶ 42} More recently, a trend toward less formality has been prompted by the rise 

in non-probate transfers, which do not require the same formalities as a will. Milligan, 

The Effect of a Harmless Error in Executing a Will: Why Texas Should Adopt Section 2-

503 of the Uniform Probate Court [sic], 36 St. Mary’s L. J. 787, 797 (2005). In 2006, the 

General Assembly enacted R.C. 2107.24 as a remedial, curative law to permit the probate 

court to treat a document which purports to be a will, but was not executed in the manner 

prescribed by R.C. 2107.03, to be treated as a properly-executed will. Mastro, 11th Dist. 

Ashtabula No. 2010-A-0044, 2011-Ohio-3628, at ¶ 38-41. R.C. 2107.24 shifts the focus 

from compliance with statutory formality to a factual determination of whether of the 

testator intended to create a will. Milligan, 36 St. Mary’s L. J. at 803; Glover, 

Minimizing Probate-Error Risk, 49 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 335, 346 (2016). 

{¶ 43} However, enactment of R.C. 2107.24 does not mean the probate court 

should abandon all compliance with the statutory formalities. Milligan, 36 St. Mary’s 

L. J. at 805. Instead, R.C. 2107.24 is designed to supplement R.C. 2017.03 to prevent 

injustice where there is “harmless error.” Milligan, 36 St. Mary’s L. J. at 803. Errors 

relating to the basic validity of the will, such as the need for a written instrument or the 

testator’s signature cannot be excused as harmless error. Id. at 804-805. 

{¶ 44} Regarding the application of R.C. 2107.15 to a R.C. 2107.24 document to 

be admitted as a will, we agree R.C. 2107.24 does not require the witnesses must be 
18. 

“competent” or “disinterested.” R.C. 2107.24 requires the probate court to weigh the 

evidence and determine the credibility of the witnesses to determine whether the 

proponent has established clear and convincing evidence that the decedent prepared the 

document, signed the document, intended the document to constitute his or her will, and 

the execution of the document was witnessed by two or more witnesses, which would 

require the document to be admitted to probate. See In re Estate of Pittson, 5th Dist. 

Stark No. 2008 CA 00014, 2009-Ohio-1862, ¶ 19; In re Jordan, 4th Dist. Pike No. 

08CA773, 2008-Ohio-4385, ¶ 9. Therefore, the purpose of the purging statute, R.C. 

2107.15, has been eliminated by the grant of authority to the probate court to evaluate the 

credibility of the interested witness and weigh the evidence. We find that if the probate 

court finds the testator truly intended to make a will, despite the failure to comply with 

the requirements of R.C. 2107.03 or the fact that a witness was also named as a 

beneficiary under the will, the court must admit the document to probate as a will. 

{¶ 45} Therefore, we agree with appellant that the bequest to Julie Norman was 

not required to be voided in order for her to testify as a witness to the execution of the 

2006 document. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is well-taken. 

{¶ 46} In his second assignment appellant argues the probate court’s finding that 

appellant had not presented clear and convincing evidence that the decedent intended the 

2006 document to be his will was contrary to the law and evidence. The probate court 

found in this case that it was undisputed the 2006 document was handwritten by the 

decedent, signed at the end by him, and his signature was witnessed by two individuals. 
19. 

The probate court also found it “did not doubt the veracity of the witnesses as to their 

description of the events of that day given their longstanding relationship.” Therefore, 

the sole issue was whether the decedent intended the document to be his will as required 

by R.C. 2107.24(A)(2). 

{¶ 47} On appeal, we must uphold the trial court’s findings pursuant to R.C. 

2107.24 if there is some competent, credible evidence to support them. Eastley v. 

Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 17-22; Pittson at ¶ 22, 

citing State ex rel. Celebrezze v. Environmental Ents., Inc., 53 Ohio St.3d 147, 154, 559 

N.E.2d 1335 (1990); Jordan at ¶ 9. 

{¶ 48} As with a will admitted under R.C. 2107.18, the issue at this stage is only 

whether the R.C. 2107.24 applicant can establish testamentary intent to permit admission 

of the document to probate as a will. Estate of Hand, 2016-Ohio-7437, 73 N.E.3d 880, 

¶ 8 (12th Dist.) (admission under R.C. 2107.24); In re Estate of Tyus, 5th Dist. Stark No. 

2006CA00348, 2007-Ohio-5814, ¶ 19 (admission under R.C. 2107.18). Testamentary 

intent to create a will (animo testandi) requires that, at the time of the execution of the 

document, the document language reflected at least some present desire to make a final 

testamentary statement of the testator’s wishes and include a disposition of property 

based only on the condition that it was effective upon the death of the testator. Hand at 

¶ 16, 37; In re Estate of Ike, 7 Ohio App.3d 87, 88, 454 N.E.2d 577 (3d Dist.1982); In re 

Estate of Rickels, 3d Dist. Paulding No. 11-03-09, 2003-Ohio-5125, ¶ 6; In re 

Rosenbaum Trust, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81213, 2003-Ohio-1830, ¶ 11. While no 
20. 

specific language is required to evidence testamentary intent, Underwood v. Rutan, 101 

Ohio St. 306, 310, 128 N.E. 78 (1920), “[a] clear, unambiguous expression of 

testamentary intent in the document raises a strong (but not irrebutable) presumption that 

the document was executed with testamentary intent.” Restatement of the Law 3d, 

Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers, Section 3.1, Comment g (2003). 

Evidence of testamentary intent in a R.C. 2107.24 hearing, however, can also be derived 

from extrinsic evidence. Hand at ¶ 34.

{¶ 49} There are two cases applying R.C. 2107.24 which are instructive. In the 

first, Tyus, at ¶ 17-19, the purported will which stated, “I give all my early [sic] goods,” 

was found to be the decedent’s will because the testator presented the document as his 

will and the witnesses believed the decedent knew what he was doing and was mentally 

competent. In the second case, Hand, ¶ 25-26, the purported will was not admitted to 

probate. In that case, the last paragraph at the end of a love letter stated: “As my last will 

and testament, I appoint you the primary beneficiary of all I have and all I have worked 

for * * *.” The appellate court found there was evidence to support the probate court’s 

denial of the application to probate because the decedent was familiar with the formalities 

of a will, had written similar love letters in the past, and after writing the letter stated he 

would legally create a will later. Id. at ¶ 38. 

{¶ 50} In the case before us, we begin by considering the language of the 2006 

document. The decedent himself wrote the document and stated, “This is my will,” and 

appointed an executor. These are clear and unambiguous expressions of testamentary 
21. 

intent to dispose of certain property at death. The decedent also stated “all of my Sleep 

Network Stock is to go to” Shaffer and that “Norman for her care of me is to receive 1/4 

of my estate.” While the decedent did not use the formal words of “give, devise, or 

bequeath,” the phrases used are dispositive in nature and reflect a testamentary intent. 

{¶ 51} There was also extrinsic circumstantial evidence to consider which 

reflected testamentary intent: the decedent thought of writing the 2006 document as he 

was contemplating going to the hospital because of sudden illness; his estate had 

significantly increased after his wife had died and years after his original will had been 

executed; the decedent had some opposition to attorneys and probate; the decedent 

requested appellant keep the document in a safe place and twice questioned whether the 

document was safely stored; and the decedent proclaimed the 2006 document was a valid 

will according to his knowledge of the law. 

{¶ 52} When the document is read as a whole, with each individual clause read in 

the order transcribed, and with consideration of the surrounding circumstances, we find 

that the statement that “my estate is not completely settled,” indicates the decedent 

believed, prior to that time, he had not completely dealt with his estate and intended to do 

so at that moment with directive language. 

{¶ 53} In contrast, the probate court noted the circumstantial indications of a lack 

of testamentary intent. It noted that Norman questioned the validity of the will and never 

sought to have it properly attested and subscribed. We find Norman’s actions are 

irrelevant to the issue of decedent’s testamentary intent. 
22. 

{¶ 54} The probate court also noted that despite the fact that the decedent was 

highly educated, had previously executed a formal will, and had regular contact with 

attorneys, he never sought to execute a new formal will. Norman’s testimony explains a 

possible basis for the decedent’s behavior as well as the suddenness of the decision to 

create the 2006 document. Furthermore, the decedent’s subsequent behavior of ensuring 

the 2006 document was safe and acknowledging his belief that it was valid indicates 

testamentary intent. The fact that the decedent could have accomplished the same result 

in a statutory formal way does not indicate in this case that the decedent lacked 

testamentary intent in creating the 2006 document. Furthermore, appellee’s argument 

that the decedent never sought to make a later formal will is not relevant to the issue of 

whether the decedent had testamentary intent at the time he executed the 2006 document. 

{¶ 55} The probate court highlighted the fact that the 2006 document did not 

revoke the decedent’s prior will, mention the decedent’s other son, or dispose of all of the 

remainder of the decedent’s property. These actions, however, are not required to make a 

will; therefore, their absence alone does not demonstrate a lack of testamentary intent in 

this case. The exclusion of these items could reflect on the decedent’s testamentary 

capacity, but capacity is not at issue in this hearing. 

{¶ 56} The probate court also questioned the impact of the decedent’s illness at the 

time he executed the 2006 document. This is also an issue of testamentary capacity, not 

testamentary intent. Generally, a testator’s actions in the midst of a health crisis would 

be more indicative of testamentary intent to make a will than not. 
23. 

{¶ 57} Upon a review of all of the evidence, we find no evidence was admitted to 

support the probate court’s finding that appellant failed to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the decedent intended the 2006 document to be his will and, therefore, it 

should have been admitted to probate pursuant to R.C. 2107.24. 

{¶ 58} We also address the question of law addressed by the probate court as to 

whether R.C. 2107.24 is designed only for wills which were created to comply with R.C. 

2107.03 but failed for some reason and not for wills which were created with ignorance 

of the statutory requirements. R.C. 2107.24 simply addresses wills which do not meet the 

formal standards of R.C. 2107.03. The General Assembly could have, but did not, limit 

the reason for the failure to inadvertent mistakes in execution or unusual circumstances 

rather than mere ignorance of the law. Where the statutory language is clear and 

unambiguous, we need not consider the legislative history or circumstances under which 

it was enacted. State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio St.3d 276, 2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419, 

¶ 6. Thus, the statute must be applied to any purported will which was not executed in 

conformity with R.C. 2107.03. We find the finding of the probate court to the contrary 

unsupported by the law. 

{¶ 59} Appellant’s second assignment of error is found well-taken. 

{¶ 60} Having found that the probate court did commit error prejudicial to 

appellant and that substantial justice has not been done, the judgment of the Lucas 
24. 

County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, is reversed and remanded for 

proceedings consistent with this decision. Appellee is ordered to pay the costs of this 

appeal pursuant to App.R. 24. 

Judgment reversed. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

James D. Jensen, J. 

_______________________________ 

Christine E. Mayle, P.J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE 

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of 

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported 

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: 

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.