IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-1689

Filed November 8, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

NICHOLE MICHELLE HOSKINS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Steven P. Van Marel, 

District Associate Judge.

Nichole Hoskins appeals her conviction for forgery. AFFIRMED.

Agnes Warutere of Warutere Law Firm P.L.L.C., Ankeny, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Joshua A. Duden, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., Tabor, J., and Vogel, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2023).
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BOWER, Chief Judge.

Nichole Hoskins appeals her conviction for forgery. Upon our review, we 

affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

In January 2022, Hoskins applied for rental and utility assistance through a

COVID-19 pandemic relief program administered by the Planning and Housing 

division of the City of Ames. As part of this application, Hoskins was required to 

provide supporting documentation showing she had either been diagnosed with 

COVID-19 or her work hours had been reduced as a result. To show she had 

contracted COVID-19, Hoskins submitted an “After Visit Summary” from a 

supposed January 2022 medical appointment. Upon review of the summary, 

investigators with the Ames Police Department determined the document had 

been forged. There were numerous inconsistencies: medical information was 

clearly copied and pasted from outside sources, and Hoskins’ contact information 

and marital status were incorrectly reported. Additionally, investigators reached 

out to the named medical provider, which reported Hoskins had not been seen at 

the facility on the date she claimed.

After interviewing Hoskins, the State filed a trial information charging her 

with one count of forgery and one count of tampering with records. A jury found 

her guilty on both counts. Hoskins appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the 

evidence to support her forgery conviction.

II. Standard of Review

We review the sufficiency of the evidence for correction of errors at law. 

See State v. Lacey, 968 N.W.2d 792, 800 (Iowa 2021). “Under this standard, the 
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court is highly deferential to the jury’s verdict. We will affirm the jury’s verdict when 

the verdict is supported by substantial evidence.” Id. Evidence is substantial if it 

may convince a rational person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt. Id. In making this determination, we view the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences that can be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the State. Id. 

The question is whether the evidence supports the finding the jury made, not 

whether it would support a different finding. Id.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In determining whether Hoskins was guilty of forgery, the jury was instructed 

as follows:

1. On or about January 18 and 24, 2022[,] Nichole Hoskins 

transferred a writing affecting legal relationships.

2. Nichole Hoskins’ act made the writing affecting legal 

relations appear to be a copy of an original when no original existed;

and

3. Nichole Hoskins specifically intended to defraud or injure 

the Planning and Housing division of the City of Ames.

See Iowa Code § 715A.2 (2022) (defining forgery). The jury found the State had 

proven all elements of forgery. On appeal, Hoskins challenges whether a medical 

record is a “writing” affecting a “legal relationship” and therefore whether 

substantial evidence exists to support her conviction.

Specifically, Hoskins argues the summary she provided was “merely a 

supplement that was requested once the initial application had been submitted,” 

and “a common sense reading [of Iowa’s forgery statute] would imply” the statute 

only applies to “the transfer of a deed or title, or a legal document of that nature.” 

This argument directly contradicts the text of the statute.
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Iowa Code chapter 715A clearly encompasses a much larger swath of 

documents than Hoskins contends. As the State correctly notes, section 715A.1(6)

broadly defines “writing” to include “printing or any other method of recording 

information, and includes money, coins, tokens, stamps, seals, credit cards, 

badges, trademarks, and other symbols of value, right, privilege, or identification.”

Here, the summary clearly qualifies as a “printing or other method of recording 

information.” “Forgery is an aggravated misdemeanor if the writing purports to be 

a will, deed, contract, release, commercial instrument, or any other writing or other 

document evidencing, creating, transferring, altering, terminating, or otherwise 

affecting legal relations.” Iowa Code § 715A.2(2)(b).

Hoskins also claims that no legal relationship existed between herself and 

the city because she merely submitted an application form for rental assistance.

Hoskins mistakenly argues that there can be no legal relationship between herself 

and the city because no “contract” was formed between them. Contract theory is 

an inappropriate vehicle for her arguments, as no contract is at issue in this case. 

A grantor-grantee relationship was established by Hoskins at the time she 

submitted her application for rental assistance. The summary was a critical part 

of that relationship to determine whether Hoskins was eligible to receive the funds 

for which she was applying. Cf. State v. Dickman, 75 A.3d 780, 790–92 (Conn. 

App. Ct. 2013) (finding that a medical certificate containing a physician’s putative 

signature, which identified the date the defendant could return to work from 

medical leave due to injury, was an instrument that affected defendant’s legal right 

or interest in workers’ compensation benefits, supporting a conviction of seconddegree forgery). Here, a reasonable jury could infer from the totality of the 
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circumstances that Hoskins intended to defraud the city by submitting the forged 

summary.

1

Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the State, substantial 

evidence supports Hoskins’ conviction for forgery. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

1 Hoskins argues that she cannot be found guilty of forgery because she did not 

successfully defraud the city. However, a conviction of forgery does not require 

success, only that a party intend to defraud. See, e.g., State v. Bolds, 55 N.W.2d 

534, 536 (Iowa 1952).