1

Filed 11/30/22 In re A.A. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re A.A., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

S.A. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

E079407

(Super. Ct. No. RIJ2000519)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dorothy McLaughlin,

Cheryl C. Murphy, Judges and Walter H. Kubelun, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. 

Const., art. VI, § 21.) Conditionally reversed and remanded with directions.

Konrad S. Lee, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant S.A.

William D. Caldwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant A.M. Sr.
2

Minh C. Tran, County Counsel, Teresa K.B. Beecham and Julie K. Jarvi, Deputy 

County Counsels for Plaintiff and Respondent.

I.

INTRODUCTION

S.A. (Mother) and A.M. Sr. (Father) appeal from the juvenile court’s order 

terminating parental rights to their child A.A.

1

 The parents argue that the Riverside 

County Department of Public Social Services (DPSS) failed to discharge its duty of 

initial inquiry under state law implementing the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 

(ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.), and therefore the matter must be conditionally 

reversed. DPSS asserts that substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings 

that ICWA did not apply and that any error was harmless.

We conclude that DPSS prejudicially erred by failing to comply with its duty of 

initial and continuing inquiry under ICWA-related state law. (Welf. & Inst. Code,2

§ 224.2, subd. (b).) Accordingly, we conditionally reverse the order terminating parental 

rights and remand the matter for further ICWA inquiry.

1

 A.A.’s sister M.M. is not a subject to this appeal.

2

 All future statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless 

otherwise stated.
3

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Mother and Father were in a long-term, unmarried relationship and had three 

children. A.A. was born in November 2021, M.M. in April 2020, Ad.A. in June 2019. 

They resided together with the maternal great grandmother and the maternal uncle. 

Mother and Father had a history with DPSS dating back to November 2019 and an 

unresolved history of abusing controlled substances, specifically fentanyl. The children 

remained in the parents’ care while DPSS investigated allegations relating to caretaker 

incapacity/absence and neglect. In September 2020, while Mother was pregnant with 

A.A., the parents left Ad.A. unattended. Ad.A. had access to fentanyl pills and died as a 

result of fentanyl poisoning despite emergency measures to revive him. Father and 

Mother were arrested for, and charged with, child endangerment/ willful cruelty to a child 

and murder.

M.M. was taken into protective custody in September 2020 and placed in a foster 

home. M.M. was declared a dependent of the court and reunification services were 

bypassed/denied to the parents. On September 4, 2020, as to M.M., the juvenile court 

found that ICWA did not apply.3 Mother and Father’s parental rights as to M.M. were 

eventually terminated in October 2021, and M.M.’s foster parents desired to adopt her. 

3

 DPSS’s reports in M.M.’s case do not indicate what efforts DPSS made in 

inquiring of relatives as to M.M.’s Indian status.
4

On June 17, 2022, the juvenile court terminated the dependency and jurisdiction as to 

M.M.

Mother gave birth to A.A. in November 2021 while Mother was incarcerated. 

A.A. was detained and placed in the same home as her sister M.M. At the time of A.A.’s 

detention, Mother was 19 years old and Father had just turned 22. As part of a “nobonding rule” for incarcerated parents, Mother was not allowed to have contact with A.A. 

Mother asked that A.A. be placed with the maternal great-grandmother, S.R., or a 

maternal great-aunt. Father also wanted A.A. placed with the maternal greatgrandmother. S.R., however, declined placement of the baby due to her old age and her 

home’s lack of suitability for an infant. A maternal cousin reached out to DPSS to 

inquire as to A.A.’s possible placement, stating that she was interested in caring for the 

baby.

On November 19, 2021, DPSS filed a petition on behalf of A.A. pursuant to 

section 300, subdivisions (b) (failure to protect) and (g) (no provision for support). In the 

petition, the social worker noted that both parents were asked about the child’s Indian 

status on November 16, 2021, and both gave no reason to believe that the child was or 

may be an Indian child. DPSS thus reported in its detention report that ICWA did not 

apply.

The detention hearing was held on November 22, 2021. Neither parent was 

present as they had not been transported from local custody. The juvenile court formally 

detained A.A. from parental custody, found that ICWA did not apply, and continued the 
5

matter to November 24, 2021 so that the parents could be present. The court’s minute 

order of the detention hearing also indicates the court found that DPSS had conducted a 

sufficient inquiry regarding whether the child may have Indian ancestry.

On November 24, 2021, Father and Mother filed an ICWA-020 Parental 

Notification of Indian Status (ICWA-020) form. Both Mother and Father signed and 

declared under penalty of perjury that none of the options on the form applied. 

Specifically, they declared that (1) neither they nor the child was or may be a member of, 

or eligible for membership in, a tribe; (2) none of their lineal ancestors were members of 

a tribe; (3) neither they nor the child was a resident or was domiciled on a reservation, 

rancheria, Alaska Native village, or other tribal trust land; (4) the child was not or had 

been a ward of a tribal court; and (5) neither parent nor the child possessed an Indian 

identification card indicating membership or citizenship in an Indian tribe.

At the continued detention hearing held on November 24, 2021, Mother’s counsel 

informed the court that Mother had no Native American heritage. Father’s attorney 

informed the court that Father indicated he had no American Indian ancestry. The 

juvenile court did not specifically inquire of Mother and Father as to their Native 

American ancestry, but noted that “[n]either parent is aware of any American Indian 

ancestry.”

In its jurisdictional/dispositional report, DPSS indicated that ICWA “does not 

apply” and that on November 22, 2021, at the detention hearing, the juvenile court 

“determined that [ICWA] does not apply to this proceeding.” On December 20, 2021, 
6

both parents denied having any Native American ancestry. Mother reported that the 

maternal grandmother had passed away in 2019, that she had a good relationship with her 

siblings and the maternal grandfather who was incarcerated, and that she spoke with her 

siblings on the telephone at least once a week. Father disclosed that he had a good 

relationship with the paternal grandmother and his siblings, and a complicated 

relationship with the paternal grandfather. The parents wanted A.A. placed with 

Mother’s friend/maternal cousin K.S. or the maternal aunt, Y.R. However, in December 

2021, Mother stated that she did not know K.S. well but that her grandmother told her to 

give A.A. to K.S. due to K.S. not being able to have children of her own.

On December 27, 2021, the juvenile court authorized the assessment of maternal

aunt Y.R. for placement. DPSS made contact with maternal aunt Y.R., but she requested 

that her name be removed from the placement process. Mother also suggested that her 

paternal cousins be considered for placement. The social worker called the paternal 

cousins on seven different days, but they did not answer any of the phone calls and the 

social worker was unable to leave messages due to their voicemail being full. The social 

worker eventually made contact with the paternal cousins on January 27, 2022, but the 

cousins were not in a position to care for A.A.

The jurisdictional/dispositional hearing was held on February 24, 2022. Both 

parents were present, as well as the paternal grandmother, A.G., and the paternal greatgrandmother, E.C. Father’s counsel requested that DPSS assess the paternal grandmother 

and the paternal great-grandmother for placement of A.A. The juvenile court determined 
7

that DPSS had conducted a sufficient inquiry regarding whether the child may have 

Indian ancestry. The court then found that A.A. was not an Indian child and that ICWA 

did not apply. The parents waived their constitutional rights, and the court sustained the 

petition as amended, assumed jurisdiction, and removed A.A. from the physical custody 

of the parents. The court also declared A.A. a dependent of the court and denied 

reunification services to the parents.

A.A. continued to reside with her sibling M.M. The foster parents/prospective 

adoptive parents desired to adopt both A.A. and M.M. and provide them with a stable, 

loving home. A.A. and the prospective adoptive parents had formed a reciprocal bond 

and attachment and all of A.A.’s physical, emotional, and developmental needs were 

being met by the prospective adoptive parents.

On June 23, 2022, the juvenile court authorized DPSS to assess a non-related 

extended family member, J.P., and the “grandmother” for possible placement of A.A.

4

 

The social worker spoke with the grandmother on June 30, 2022, regarding her taking 

placement of A.A. The grandmother indicated that she was unable to provide care for 

A.A. and that her living conditions were not ideal for the child.

4

 The court’s minute order of the June 23, 2022 status review hearing indicates 

DPSS to assess the “maternal grandmother” for placement. However, DPSS’s July 19, 

2022 status review report states: “The Court ordered the Department to assess the 

NREFM, Ms. P[.] and the paternal grandparents for possible placement of the child.” 

Yet, this same July 19, 2022 status review report notes: “On June 30, 2022, I spoke with 

the maternal grandmother regarding taking placement of her granddaughter.” The 

reporter’s transcript of the June 23, 2022 hearing merely states “grandmother.” Thus, the 

record is unclear as to whether DPSS spoke with the paternal grandmother or the 

maternal grandmother, despite Mother claiming her mother had passed away in 2019.
8

On July 19, 2022, at the section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court found that A.A. 

was likely to be adopted and terminated parental rights. Mother and Father thereafter 

timely filed their respective notice of appeal.

III.

DISCUSSION

Mother and Father contend that the juvenile court and DPSS failed to comply with 

their duty of initial inquiry with respect to ICWA. They thus argue the evidence did not 

support the court’s findings that ICWA did not apply. They further assert that the error 

was prejudicial and urge us to reject the requirement that a parent must make an 

affirmative showing of prejudice. Mother lists several relatives who were known to 

DPSS but no ICWA inquiry was made of them.

DPSS “concedes that the record does not affirmatively show that relatives who 

were readily available were asked about Native American ancestry in the family,” but 

argues this court should affirm the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA did not apply 

based on the record. DPSS initially asserts that the parents forfeited this issue for failing 

to object in the court below. Alternatively, DPSS contends substantial evidence supports 

the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA did not apply, the court did not abuse its 

discretion when it found that a sufficient inquiry had been made, and that any error was 

harmless.

Preliminarily, we decline to find the parents forfeited the ICWA issue for failing to 

object below. In general the forfeiture doctrine does not bar complaints on appeal 
9

concerning the application of ICWA. (In re Alice M. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1189, 

1195.) The inquiry and notice requirements of ICWA serve the interests of the Indian 

tribes “‘“irrespective of the positions of the parents” and cannot be waived by the parent.’ 

[Citation.] A parent in a dependency proceeding is permitted to raise ICWA notice issues 

not only in the juvenile court, but also on appeal even where, as here, no mention was 

made of the issue in the juvenile court.” (In re Justin S. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 1426, 

1435.)

“ICWA establishes minimum federal standards that a state court must follow 

before removing Indian children from their families. (In re T.G. (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 

275, 287.) California law implementing ICWA also imposes requirements to protect the 

rights of Indian children, their families, and their tribes. (See §§ 224-224.6; In re 

Abbigail A. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 83, 91 [‘persistent noncompliance with ICWA led the 

Legislature in 2006 to “incorporate[] ICWA’s requirements into California statutory 

law”’].) An Indian child is any unmarried person under 18 who ‘is either (a) a member of 

an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological 

child of a member of an Indian tribe.’ (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); see § 224.1, subd. (b).).” 

(In re Ricky R. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 671, 678.)

“‘“‘Federal regulations implementing ICWA . . . require that state courts “ask each 

participant in an emergency or voluntary or involuntary child-custody proceeding 

whether the participant knows or has reason to know that the child is an Indian child.” 

[Citation.] The court must also “instruct the parties to inform the court if they 
10

subsequently receive information that provides reason to know the child is an Indian 

child.”’”’ [Citations.] ‘State law, however, more broadly imposes on social services 

agencies and juvenile courts (but not parents) an “affirmative and continuing duty to 

inquire” whether a child in the dependency proceeding “is or may be an Indian child.”’” 

(In re J.C. (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 70, 77 (J.C.).)

As discussed in In re Austin J. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 870, 883 and In re D.S.

(2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1048-1049, California law imposes a duty of initial inquiry 

in every case, and a duty of further inquiry when there is reason to believe a child may be 

an Indian child under the ICWA. The department’s initial duty of inquiry at the 

beginning of a child welfare proceeding includes “asking the child, parents, legal 

guardian, Indian custodian, extended family members, others who have an interest in the 

child, and the party reporting child abuse or neglect, whether the child is, or may be, an 

Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (b); see J.C., supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at p. 77.) Extended 

family members include adults who are the child’s stepparents, grandparents, siblings,

brothers-or sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and first or second cousins. (25 

U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c).) The court must inquire at each party’s first 

appearance, whether any participant in the proceeding “knows or has reason to know that 

the child is an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (c).) Part of the initial inquiry also includes 

requiring each party to complete California Judicial Council form ICWA-020, Parental 

Notification of Indian Status. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(2)(C).)
11

When there is reason to believe that an Indian child is involved in a proceeding, 

further inquiry is required. (In re Austin J., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 883; In re D.S., 

supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1048-1049; In re A.M. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 303, 321-

323.) The law requires further inquiry only “‘when “the court, social worker, or 

probation officer has reason to believe that an Indian child is involved [or, under Cal. 

Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(4), ‘may be involved’] in a proceeding. . . .”’” (In re J.S.

(2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 678, 686.) “‘When that [“reason to believe”] threshold is reached, 

the requisite “further inquiry” “includes: (1) interviewing the parents and extended 

family members; (2) contacting the Bureau of Indian Affairs and State Department of 

Social Services; and (3) contacting tribes the child may be affiliated with, and anyone 

else, that might have information regarding the child’s membership or eligibility in a 

tribe.”’” (Ibid.; accord, J.C., supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at p. 78) Thus, there are two types of 

inquiry the social service agency is required to conduct: an initial inquiry, which is 

always required, and a further inquiry, which is required only when the agency has reason 

to believe an Indian child is or may be involved in the proceeding. Finally, if the further 

inquiry “‘“‘results in a reason to know the child is an Indian child, then the formal notice 

requirements of section 224.3 apply.’”’” (J.C., supra, at p. 78.)

The duty to provide formal notice arises only if DPSS or the court “knows or has 

reason to know that an Indian child is involved.” (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3, subd. 

(a); In re Austin J., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at pp. 883-884.) Federal regulations define the 
12

grounds for reason to know that an Indian child is involved (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(c)(1)-

(6)), and state law conforms to that definition (§ 224.2, subd. (d)(1)-(6)).

“‘“‘The juvenile court must determine whether proper notice was given under 

ICWA and whether ICWA applies to the proceedings.’” [Citation.] “If the court makes a 

finding that proper and adequate further inquiry and due diligence as required in [section 

224.2] have been conducted and there is no reason to know whether the child is an Indian 

child, the court may make a finding that [ICWA] does not apply to the proceedings, 

subject to reversal based on sufficiency of the evidence.”’” (J.C., supra, 77 Cal.App.5th 

at p. 78.)

Here, DPSS acknowledges the record does not affirmatively show that relatives 

who were readily available were asked about the child’s Native American ancestry. 

Moreover, the record indicates that the juvenile court failed to inquire of Mother and 

Father personally when they first appeared at the November 24, 2021, continued 

detention hearing. Furthermore, the record in A.A.’s sibling’s case does not show what 

efforts DPSS made in inquiring of readily available relatives. Hence, we find that the 

juvenile court erred in determining ICWA did not apply when it failed to ensure adequate 

initial inquiries had been made. Although DPSS inquired of the parents, the court failed 

to ensure that DPSS inquired of the extended relatives that were readily available. The 

record indicates DPSS was aware of the following relatives: presumably the maternal 

grandmother, the maternal grandfather, the maternal great-grandmother, the maternal 

aunt and uncle, the maternal great aunt, the paternal grandmother, the paternal great-
13

grandmother, and paternal cousins. However, neither DPSS nor the court asked them 

about potential Indian ancestry.

The social services agency is obligated “to make a meaningful effort to locate and 

interview extended family members to obtain whatever information they may have as to 

the child’s possible Indian status.” (In re K.R. (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 701, 709.) The 

juvenile court “has a responsibility to ascertain that the agency has conducted an 

adequate investigation and cannot simply sign off on the notices as legally adequate 

without doing so.” (Ibid.) Because the court and DPSS failed to discharge its duty of 

initial inquiry required under section 224.2, there is insufficient evidence to support the 

court’s determination that ICWA was inapplicable to the case. (See § 224.2, subds. (b), 

(c), (e); In re K.R., supra, at p. 709 [“[O]nce there is sufficient information to believe that 

the children might be Indian children within the meaning of ICWA and the California 

statutes, ‘responsibility for compliance’ with those statutes ‘falls squarely and 

affirmatively’ on both the social services agency and the court.”]; accord, In re Darian R.

(2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 502, 509.)

Nonetheless, the failure here concerned the agency’s duty of initial inquiry, thus 

only state law is involved. (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 742 

(Benjamin M.).) “Where a violation is of only state law, we may not reverse unless we 

find that the error was prejudicial.” (Ibid.) As we recently held in Benjamin M., a failure 

to discharge the duty of initial inquiry is prejudicial, and we will therefore conditionally 

reverse, if “the record indicates that there was readily obtainable information that was 
14

likely to bear meaningfully upon whether the child is an Indian child.” (Id. at p. 744; 

[We concluded the department “failed its duty of inquiry by not asking ‘extended family 

members’ . . . whether there [was] reason to believe [the minor was] an Indian child.”]; 

compare In re Dezi C. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 769, 779, review granted Sept. 21, 2022, 

S275578 [“[A]n agency’s failure to conduct a proper initial inquiry into a dependent 

child’s American Indian heritage is harmless unless the record contains information 

suggesting a reason to believe that the child may be an ‘Indian child’ within the meaning 

of ICWA, such that the absence of further inquiry was prejudicial to the juvenile court’s 

ICWA finding.”]; contra In re M.B. (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 617, 629-630 [per se reversal 

where department and juvenile court failed their duties of ICWA inquiry].)5 Notably, the 

Benjamin M. standard does not require “proof of an actual outcome (that the parent may 

actually have Indian heritage).” (Benjamin M., supra, at pp. 743-744.) Rather, the 

missing information need only be relevant to the ICWA inquiry, “whatever the outcome 

will be.” (Id. at p. 744; see also In re Antonio R. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 421, 435 [“in 

5

 We acknowledge that Courts of Appeal have applied different standards of 

harmless error to defects occurring at the initial inquiry phase, even within the same 

appellate court. Several courts have reversed for defective initial inquiries whenever 

there is an “absence of an appellate record affirmatively showing the court’s and the 

agency’s efforts to comply with ICWA’s inquiry . . . requirements.” (In re N.G. (2018) 

27 Cal.App.5th 474, 484; see, e.g., In re A.R. (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 197, 203, 206-207; 

In re H.V. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 433, 438, fn. 4.) Other courts have deemed any defect 

harmless unless the parent makes an offer of proof or other assertion of Indian heritage 

on appeal (see, e.g., In re A.C. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 1060, 1065, 1070-1073), or unless 

the record contains information “suggesting a reason to believe that the child at issue may 

be an ‘Indian child’ within the meaning of ICWA” (In re Dezi C., supra, 79 Cal.App.5th 

at p. 779, review granted).
15

determining whether the failure to make an adequate initial inquiry is prejudicial, we ask 

whether the information in the hands of the extended family members is likely to be 

meaningful in determining whether the child is an Indian child, not whether the 

information is likely to show the child is in fact an Indian child”].)

We find the ICWA error was prejudicial. The record shows that DPSS had 

contact information for several maternal and paternal relatives who qualified as extended 

family members. The extended maternal and paternal family members thus were readily 

available, and their responses would “shed meaningful light on whether there is reason to 

believe” that the child is Indian child, whatever the outcome of the inquiry may be. 

(Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 744.) The record is unclear whether DPSS had 

contact information for all of the extended relatives. However, it appears DPSS made no 

attempts to obtain such information. As a result, we have no idea how difficult it would 

be to get it.6

Although the parents had continued to deny Native American heritage, there is no 

indication in the record to suggest Mother and Father were fully informed of their Indian 

heritage, especially in light of their young ages and substance abuse issues. In short, 

there is no good excuse for why DPSS did not seek this information, and good reason to 

believe the information would be relevant. Therefore, DPSS’s failure to obtain the 

information was prejudicial. As in In re M.B., supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at pages 629-630, 

6

 On remand, DPSS should make an attempt to obtain the extended relatives’ 

contact information.
16

the failure of DPSS and juvenile court to fulfill their statutory obligations under ICWA 

requires that we conditionally reverse and remand the matter for full compliance with

ICWA.

DPSS raises a number of arguments why remand is unnecessary under the 

different standards of harmless error, all of which we reject. They argue that under the 

standard we applied in In re A.C., supra, 65 Cal.App.5th 1060, which requires a parent to 

“‘make an affirmative representation of Indian heritage’ on appeal” (Id. at p. 1069, italics 

added), the parents are unable to demonstrate prejudice. But, as we explained in 

Benjamin M., we think that standard inappropriately shifts the burden of inquiry to the 

parents, to the detriment of potentially interested tribes. (See Benjamin M., supra, 70 

Cal.App.5th at p. 745.) They attempt to distinguish our case from Benjamin M. on the 

ground that “in the instant matter there is evidence from both parents about their lack of 

Native American ancestry” and “that none of their lineal ancestors were members of a 

tribe.” But as section 224.2, subdivision (b) makes clear, the parents are not the end of 

the inquiry and DPSS only inquired of the parents. They did not inquire of any maternal 

or paternal relatives. “By requiring the Department to inquire of a child’s extended 

family members as to the child’s possible Indian ancestry, the Legislature determined that 

inquiry of the parents alone is not sufficient.” (In re Antonio R., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 431.) “[T]he point of the statutory requirement that the social worker ask all relevant 

individuals whether a child is or may be an Indian child” is “to obtain information the 

parent may not have.” (In re Y.W. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 542, 556, italics added; see 
17

also In re J.C., supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at pp. 70, 78-80 [same]; In re Darian R., supra, 75 

Cal.App.5th at p. 509 [same]; In re H.V., supra, 75 Cal.App.5th at p. 438 [same].)

DPSS also cites opinions holding ICWA inquiry error harmless in the absence of 

some indication the parents’ disclaiming of Indian ancestry was unreliable. (See, e.g., In 

re Ezequiel G. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 984, 1015 [no prejudice when all parents 

“unequivocally denied Indian ancestry,” the mother identified no evidence suggesting 

any parents “might unknowingly be members of an Indian tribe,” and the evidence 

showed “[a]ll of the parents appear to have been in contact with their extended families”]; 

In re M.M. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 61, 72, review granted Oct. 12, 2022, S276099 [“There 

is nothing in the record indicating mother and father might have been unaware of having 

Indian ancestry.”]; In re Dezi C., supra, 79 Cal.App.5th at p. 786, review granted Sept. 

21, 2022, S275578 [no prejudice when mother and father both disclaimed Indian 

ancestry, they both “grew up with their biological family members,” and “[m]other points 

to nothing else in the juvenile court’s record indicating that she or father has any 

American Indian heritage”].) However, we are applying a different analysis of harmless 

error. Our approach assumes the parents’ representations that they lack Indian ancestry 

are not sufficiently reliable to support a finding of harmless error unless something else in 

the record corroborates them.

We are unmoved by DPSS’s arguments. We cannot reasonably infer Father and 

Mother asked their family members themselves before denying their Indian ancestry, as 

there is no evidence suggesting they did or did not. Absent some evidence suggesting 
18

Father and Mother already asked their family members, or that the information the family 

members have is unlikely to meaningfully bear on A.A.’s Indian status (one way or the 

other), DPSS is obligated to speak to them precisely because we cannot impute 

knowledge one family member has about their family to all family members. Moreover, 

it is not the parent’s duty to ask their relatives for this information, it is the department’s. 

Without more, DPSS cannot rely on the parent’s denials assuming they did the work for 

them—they must do the investigation themselves.

For these reasons, “[w]here the [d]epartment fails to discharge its initial duty of 

inquiry under ICWA and related California law, and the juvenile court finds ICWA does 

not apply notwithstanding the lack of an adequate inquiry, the error is in most 

circumstances, as here, prejudicial and reversible.” (In re Antonio R., supra, 76 

Cal.App.5th at p. 435.) Accordingly, we must conditionally reverse the order terminating 

parental rights. At a minimum, DPSS must contact the known extended family members 

to make the initial ICWA inquiry, and the juvenile court must determine whether DPSS 

has satisfied its ICWA duties and whether ICWA applies to A.A.

IV.

DISPOSITION

The order terminating parental rights is conditionally reversed and “remanded to 

the juvenile court for full compliance with the inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA 

and related California law and for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.” 

(In re M.B., supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 630.) Specifically, on remand, the juvenile court 
19

shall order the department to comply with the duty of initial inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (b)) 

and, if applicable, the duty of further inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (e)) and the duty to provide 

notice to the pertinent tribes (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3). If the court determines 

ICWA does not apply, the order terminating parental rights shall be reinstated. If the 

court determines ICWA does apply, the court shall proceed in conformity with ICWA 

and related California law.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

MILLER

Acting P. J.

FIELDS

J.