Movement of Regulated 

Articles From Citrus 

Greening and Asian 

Citrus Psyllid Quarantine 

Zones 

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Marketing and 

Regulatory 

Programs 

Animal and 

Plant Health 

Inspection 

Service 

Environmental Assessment 

October 2007 
Movement of Regulated 

Articles From Citrus Greening 

and Asian Citrus Psyllid 

Quarantine Zones 

Environmental Assessment 

October 2007 

Agency Contact: 

Stephen Poe 

Senior Operations Officer 

Emergency and Domestic Programs 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

4700 River Road, Unit 134 

Riverdale, MD 20737 

__________________________________________________________ 

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__________________________________________________________ 

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others not mentioned. USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of 

any product mentioned. Product names are mentioned solely to report 

factually on available data and to provide specific information. 

__________________________________________________________ 

This publication reports research involving pesticides. All uses of pesticides 

must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they 

can be recommended. 

__________________________________________________________ 

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, 

desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied 

properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended 

practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.
Table of Contents 

I. Purpose and Need................................................................. 1 

A. Introduction...................................................................... 1 

B. Purpose and Need........................................................... 2 

II. Alternatives ........................................................................... 3 

A. No Action ......................................................................... 3 

B. Proposed Action.............................................................. 4 

III. Environmental Consequences............................................. 5 

A. No Action ......................................................................... 5 

B. Proposed Action............................................................ 11 

IV. Other Environmental Considerations................................ 13 

A. Endangered Species Act .............................................. 13 

B. Executive Orders........................................................... 13 

V. Agencies, Organizations, and Individuals Consulted...... 15 

VI. References........................................................................... 16 

Appendix A: Federal Domestic Quarantine Order: 

Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) 

Appendix B: Federal Domestic Quarantine Order: Citrus 

Greening Disease (CG) and Asian Citrus 

 Psyllid (ACP) 
I. Purpose and Need 

A. Introduction 

Citrus greening (CG), also known as huanglongbing, is considered to be 

one of the most serious citrus diseases in the world. CG is a bacterial 

disease that attacks the vascular system of plants. The bacteria are 

phloem-limited and cause yellow shoots, blotchy mottling and chlorosis, 

reduced foliage, and tip dieback of citrus plants. It greatly reduces 

production, destroys the economic value of the fruit, and can kill trees. 

Once infected, there is no cure for a tree with citrus greening disease. In 

areas of the world where citrus greening is endemic, citrus trees decline 

and die within a few years and may never produce usable fruit. CG is 

widespread in Asia, Africa, and the Saudi Arabian Peninsula. It has been 

reported in Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was first detected in the United States in 

Miami-Dade County, Florida, in 2005, and now has been confirmed in 

28 counties in Florida. 

CG is transmitted by two insect vectors in the family Psyllidae Diaphorina 

citri Kuwayama, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), and Trioza erytreae (del 

Guercio), the African citrus psyllid. It can also be transmitted by grafting, 

by dodder, and possibly by seed. ACP can cause economic damage to 

citrus in groves and nurseries by direct feeding. Both adults and nymphs 

feed on young foliage, depleting the sap and causing galling or curling of 

leaves. High populations feeding on a citrus shoot can kill the growing 

tip. More importantly, this psyllid is able to transmit an endocellular 

bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes citrus greening 

disease. ACP is currently present in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam 

and several counties in Texas. The African citrus psyllid is not known to 

be present in the United States. 

On September 16, 2005, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) issued a Federal 

order to impose restrictions on the interstate movement of all CG host 

plant material and ACP host plant material from quarantined areas in 

Florida in order to prevent the artificial spread of CG and of ACP. APHIS 

subsequently updated the restrictions by issuing a revised Federal order on 

May 3, 2006 (DA#2006–19, 5/3/06) (see appendix A). This action was 

necessary due to the continuing spread of both CG and ACP. Since that 

time, infestations of CG have been confirmed in a total of 28 counties in 

Florida. ACP has now been confirmed throughout the States of Florida 

and Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and several counties in Texas. APHIS is, 

therefore, issuing a new Federal order that updates and replaces all 

previous versions of the Federal order regarding quarantines to prevent the 

dissemination of CG and/or ACP. 

1 
B. Purpose and Need 

APHIS is the Federal agency with the authority and responsibility for 

taking actions to exclude, prevent, eradicate, and/or control plant pests, 

including citrus greening disease, under the Plant Protection Act (7 United 

States Code (U.S.C.) 7701 et seq.). APHIS has been delegated the 

authority to administer this statute and has promulgated Quarantines and 

Regulations (7 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 319) which regulate 

the importation of commodities and means of conveyance to help protect 

against the introduction and spread of harmful plant pests. APHIS and the 

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) have 

imposed regulations governing the movement of certain material from 

infested counties in Florida. Even with these actions, CG has continued to 

expand its range within the State of Florida, and ACP has been found 

throughout Florida and in other areas of the United States and Territories, 

creating a greater range than had been anticipated. In order to protect the 

domestic citrus industry, including the individual farmers who comprise 

the base of that industry, APHIS must act quickly to expand the Federal 

order. 

In September 2005, APHIS prepared an environmental assessment (EA) to 

analyze and evaluate potential environmental effects resulting from the 

proposed CG control program. On October 5, 2005, APHIS issued a 

Notice of Availability of a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for 

the EA concerning the Citrus Greening Control Program in Florida 

nurseries. The EA was subsequently revised and finalized, and a FONSI 

issued in January 2006. 

This EA analyzes the environmental impacts anticipated from the 

implementation of a new Federal order for the domestic quarantine of 

citrus greening disease and ACP. The new Federal order contains the 

same chemical treatments as those evaluated in the January 2006 EA. 

There is now scientific evidence showing that Murraya paniculata and 

related species are hosts of CG, as well as ACP. Previously, Murraya 

paniculata was regulated only as a host of ACP. This current Federal 

order will add Murraya spp. to the CG host list. The main difference in 

the new Federal order is the expansion of the quarantine area and the 

distinction made between CG and ACP quarantine areas. Due to the 

serious and destructive nature of citrus greening disease, it is necessary to 

expand the number of counties in Florida from which the movement of 

plants that are hosts of CG is present in order to prevent the further spread 

and infestation. It is also necessary to expand the areas quarantined due to 

the presence of ACP so that host plants can be treated and inspected 

before being moved interstate. 

 

2 
This EA has been prepared consistent with the National Environmental 

Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321, et seq.) and APHIS’ NEPA 

implementing procedures (7 CFR part 372). We are providing a 30-day 

public comment period for response to this EA. (Please send any 

comments to Stephen Poe, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 

Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Road, Unit 134, Riverdale, 

MD 20737.) 

Since CG is a highly injurious citrus disease, and ACP is harmful both as 

the insect vector of the disease and as a significant citrus pest in its own 

right, APHIS has determined that it may be necessary to immediately 

address both the disease and the associated insect pest. This will be 

accomplished by the restriction of hosts of CG from areas where the 

disease is present, and the regulation and treatment of plants that are hosts 

of the psyllid from those areas where the insect is present and may be 

spread through the movement of infested nursery stock. Therefore, 

APHIS may have to begin the expanded CG regulatory program in Florida 

immediately and issue a FONSI for the EA before the comment period on 

the EA concludes. Nevertheless, all comments received on the EA will be 

evaluated and responded to after the comment period has ended. 

II. Alternatives 

A. No Action 

Under the no action alternative, the current Federal order (see appendix 

A) would remain in effect and would be limited to all of Broward, Martin, 

Miami-Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach Counties, and portions of Collier, 

DeSoto, Hendry, Sarasota, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. 

Under the current Federal order, there is no distinction between CG and 

ACP quarantine areas. Host plants for both CG and ACP are considered 

regulated articles. Any plant that is a CG host and within the quarantine 

area is prohibited from movement outside the quarantine area. Only plants 

that are ACP but not CG hosts can move out of the quarantine area under a 

compliance agreement. 

Persons or firms engaged in growing, handling, or moving regulated 

articles are required to enter into compliance agreements in order to move 

regulated articles. The compliance agreements require that all regulated 

articles must be treated with a drench containing imidacloprid as the active 

ingredient 30 days prior to shipping, and the regulated article must be 

treated with a foliar spray with a product containing either acetamiprid, 

chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active ingredient 10 days prior to 

movement. In addition, the regulated articles must be inspected and found 

free of ACP within 72 hours prior to shipping. 

3 
All movement of regulated articles is subject to a limited permit that does 

not allow the distribution of regulated articles into citrus-producing States 

or Territories including Alabama, American Samoa, Arizona, California, 

Louisiana, Northern Marianas Islands, those portions of Texas not 

quarantined for ACP, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. 

B. Proposed Action 

Under the proposed action, the new Federal order (see appendix B) would 

replace the existing Federal order. The new Federal order distinguishes 

between CG and ACP quarantined areas. Any person engaged in the 

business of growing or handling ACP-host plants for interstate movement 

must enter into a compliance agreement with APHIS to facilitate the 

interstate movement of ACP-host plants. 

The Federal order prohibits CG-host plants and plant parts including, but 

not limited to, nursery stock, cuttings, budwood, and seed (but not fruit), 

from being moved interstate from areas quarantined due to the presence of 

CG (28 counties in Florida); however, plants, budwood, cuttings, or other 

live plant parts of ACP-host plants that are not CG-host plants will be 

allowed to move interstate under certain restrictions. The Federal order 

(see appendix B) specifies which areas are designated as CG-quarantined 

areas and which host plants are eligible for movement from those areas. 

All ACP-host plants and plant parts (including CG-host plants and ACP 

seeds) can be moved from the ACP-quarantined area under certain 

conditions. The complete list of ACP-quarantined areas and the ACP-host 

plants are specified in the Federal order (see appendix B). 

The following are the conditions required to move ACP-host plants from 

CG- or ACP-quarantined areas: 

• All regulated articles except curry leaves— 

o Must be treated with a drench containing imidacloprid as 

the active ingredient 30 days prior to shipping; AND 

o Must be treated with a foliar spray containing either 

acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active 

ingredient 10 days prior to movement. 

o Must be inspected and found free of ACP within 72 hours 

prior to shipping; AND 

o The shipments must be accompanied by the statement 

“Limited Permit: Not for distribution in AL, AZ, CA, LA, 

portions of TX not quarantined for ACP, and American 

Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands of the 

United States” on a plastic or metal tag attached to each 

plant, or on the box or container if the plant is sealed in 

plastic or in a case of plant parts. In addition, this 

4 
statement must be displayed on the outside of any shipping 

containers used to transport these plants, and to the bill of 

lading or other shipping documents. 

• Curry leaves— 

o Must be fumigated with methyl bromide at rates and times 

described in the T101-n-2 schedule. 

III. Environmental Consequences 

Under both the no action and the proposed action, the chemical treatments 

are the same. The main difference in the two alternatives is the expansion 

of the quarantine zone under the preferred alternative. In addition, the 

preferred alternative adds ACP-quarantine areas. Furthermore, the 

preferred alternative allows for a methyl bromide treatment for plant host 

material that is intended for consumption. The environmental effects from 

the quarantine and chemical treatments are described below under each of 

the alternatives. 

A. No Action 

Under the no action alternative, the current Federal order would be remain 

in place and APHIS would not expand the quarantine zone. Under the 

current Federal order, interstate movement of nursery stock outside a 

quarantine zone must be conducted under a compliance agreement 

requiring chemical treatment, inspection, and limited permit. 

The current CG-quarantine area includes all of Broward, Martin, MiamiDade, Monroe, and Palm Beach Counties, and portions of Collier, DeSoto, 

Hendry, Sarasota, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida (see appendix A). The 

2006 Federal order did not distinguish between CG- and ACP-quarantine 

areas. 

1. Quarantine 

Area 

Since the May 2006 Federal order, CG has spread to 28 counties within 

Florida. Without increasing the CG-quarantine area and establishing the 

ACP-quarantine area, there is a heightened chance that CG will spread to 

other citrus-producing areas through the interstate movement of nursery 

stock. 

As mentioned before, CG is a serious disease to citrus trees. Once a tree is 

infected, it cannot be cured. CG greatly reduces production, destroys the 

economic value of the fruit, and can kill trees. If CG establishes in other 

States and/or Territories, significant pesticide use by individuals and 

organizations would be required to try to control ACP and, thus, the 

spread of citrus greening. Such increased pesticide usage may cause 

substantial environmental impacts that could greatly exceed those limited 

environmental impacts under the new Federal order. 

5 
Although ACP is a vector of citrus greening, ACP by itself is a pest to 

citrus trees; however, because ACP spreads CG quickly in an area, it is 

important to limit the spread of ACP in order to control CG. 

Under the no action alternative, any plants, budwood, cuttings, or other 

fresh or live plant parts (except seed and fruit) of ACP hosts must be 

treated with a drench containing imidacloprid as the active ingredient 

30 days prior to movement, as well as with a foliar spray with a product 

containing either acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active 

ingredient 10 days prior to movement. The State of Florida, where most 

citrus-producing nurseries are located, will require as of January 1, 2008, 

all citrus nursery stock and other hosts of CG (including Murraya 

paniculata) to be propagated inside of insect-resistant enclosures that 

would exclude nontarget wildlife, thus, essentially eliminating impacts to 

nontarget wildlife in Florida. Only ACP-host plants that are not CG-host 

plants are eligible for movement. All CG-host plants within the CGquarantine area are prohibited from interstate movement. 

2. Chemical 

Control 

a. Drench Treatment 

Imidacloprid is applied through the soil to treat the roots of the plant 

according to label directions. The product is intended to reach the root 

system and be absorbed into the tree. These treatments will be confined in 

a nursery setting, and will have limited to no impacts in surrounding areas. 

The product must be used according to label directions, restrictions, and 

precautions. A risk assessment was completed on human health and 

nontarget species for the use of the chemical treatments for the Citrus 

Greening Program in September 2005. The conclusions of the risk 

assessment are summarized below (USDA, 2005). 

Human Health

Imidacloprid is a systemic, chloro-nicotinyl insecticide chemically related 

to the tobacco toxin nicotine. The mode of toxic action is unique and 

works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect’s 

nervous system. Specifically, imidacloprid causes a blockage in a type of 

neuronal pathway (nicotinergic) that is more abundant in insects than in 

warm-blooded animals. Because of their molecular shape, size, and 

charge, nicotine and nicotinoids fit into receptor molecules in the nervous 

system that normally receive the molecule acetylcholine. This molecule 

carries nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another, or from a nerve cell 

to the tissue that a nerve controls. Imidacloprid overstimulates the nerve, 

ultimately resulting in the insect’s paralysis and eventual death. Since this 

nicotinergic site of action is more prevalent in insects than in higher 

organisms, the pesticide is selectively more toxic to insects. Signs and 

symptoms of exposure in humans include fatigue, twitching, cramps, and 

6 
muscle weakness, including the muscles for breathing. Imidacloprid is not 

considered carcinogenic by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA). The application of this pesticide is limited to treatments of nursery 

stock. Imidacloprid is the least toxic of the systemic program pesticides. 

None of the routine or extreme exposure scenarios pose unacceptable risks 

to workers or applicators. Moreover, required protective gear and safety 

precautions further ensure that no adverse effects to program workers are 

expected (USDA, 2005). 

Nontarget Organisms

The program use of imidacloprid for treatment of nursery stock is unlikely 

to impact most nontarget wildlife. Imidacloprid is moderately to severely 

toxic to birds including, but not limited to, American robin, northern 

mockingbird, European starling, red-winged blackbird, and house 

sparrow. The area affected by the pesticide will be limited to nurseries 

and should only affect a limited number of birds, if any at all. Although 

imidacloprid is nontoxic to fish, it is highly toxic to aquatic insects. 

Adherence to label and program application restrictions should preclude 

any drift or runoff to water. Terrestrial invertebrates will have a high 

mortality rate; however, it is unlikely to exceed that of other pesticides 

currently in use in nurseries (USDA, 2005). 

Environmental Quality

Any effects of imidacloprid to the quality of the air, soil, and water will be 

of no consequence and of limited time duration. Imidacloprid is 

moderately soluble in water and will dissipate quickly. It is absorbed by 

soil particles and has low mobility. Imidacloprid is readily taken up by 

plants and translocated; however, the program treatments are not expected 

to result in any bioaccumulation hazards (USDA, 2005). 

b. Foliar Treatment 

Under the no action alternative, ACP-host plants, budwoods, and cuttings 

must be treated with a foliar spray 10 days prior to movement. The foliar 

spray consists of the product being applied to the leaves of the tree. The 

Federal order specifies that the foliar spray contain acetamiprid, 

chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active ingredient. The treatments will 

be contained within the nursery, thus, limiting the environmental effects in 

surrounding areas. The product must be used according to label 

directions, restrictions and precautions. A risk assessment was completed 

on human health and nontarget species for the use of the chemical 

treatments for the Citrus Greening Program in September 2005. The 

conclusions of the risk assessment are summarized below (USDA, 2005). 

 

7 
(1) Acetamiprid

Human Health

Acetamiprid is a systemic, chloro-nicotinyl insecticide chemically related 

to the tobacco toxin nicotine. The mode of toxic action is unique and 

works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect’s 

nervous system. Specifically, acetamiprid causes a blockage in a type of 

neuronal pathway (nicotinergic) that is more abundant in insects than in 

warm-blooded animals. Because of their molecular shape, size, and 

charge, nicotine and nicotinoids fit into receptor molecules in the nervous 

system that normally receive the molecule acetylcholine. This molecule 

carries nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another, or from a nerve cell 

to the tissue that a nerve controls. Acetamiprid overstimulates the nerve, 

ultimately resulting in the insect’s paralysis and eventual death. Since this 

nicotinergic site of action is more prevalent in insects than in higher 

organisms, the pesticide is selectively more toxic to insects. Signs and 

symptoms of exposure in humans include fatigue, twitching, cramps, and 

muscle weakness, including the muscles for breathing. Acetamiprid is 

classified as an “unlikely” human carcinogen by EPA (EPA, 2002). 

The application of acetamiprid is limited to treatments of nursery stock. 

None of the routine or extreme exposure scenarios pose unacceptable risks 

to workers or applicators. Moreover, required protective gear and safety 

precautions further ensure that no adverse effects to program workers are 

expected. 

Nontarget Organisms

The program use of acetamiprid for treatment of nursery stock is unlikely 

to impact most nontarget wildlife. Acetamiprid is moderately toxic to 

birds and mammals (EPA, 2002; Kingtai Chemical Co., 2006); however, 

the area affected by the pesticide will be limited to nurseries and should 

only affect a limited number of birds, if any at all. Although it is nontoxic 

to fish, it is slightly to highly toxic to certain aquatic invertebrates (EPA, 

2002). Adherence to label and program application restrictions should 

preclude any drift or runoff to water. Some terrestrial invertebrates 

(particularly some insects) will have a high mortality rate; however, it is 

unlikely to exceed that of other pesticides currently in use in nurseries. 

Acetamiprid is only moderately toxic to bees (EPA, 2002). Acetamiprid 

does not pose any risks of bioaccumulation in fish or organic sediments 

(EPA, 2002). 

Environmental Quality

Any effects of acetamiprid to the quality of the air, soil, and water will be 

of no consequence and of limited time duration. Acetamiprid is highly 

8 
soluble in water and will dissipate quickly (Kingtai Chemical Co., 2006). 

It is absorbed by soil particles; however, is readily degraded by aerobic 

soil metabolism (EPA, 2002; Kingtai Chemical Co., 2006). The low 

application rate and rapid degradation preclude any potential for soil 

mobility (EPA, 2002). Acetamiprid is readily taken up by plants and 

translocated; however, the program treatments are not expected to result in 

any bioaccumulation hazards due to rapid degradation (Kingtai Chemical 

Co., 2006). 

(2) Chlorpyrifos 

Human Health

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide that can cause neurotoxic 

effects. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos occurs primarily through the 

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity which permits the 

transmission of nerve impulses across the nerve synapse. Signs and 

symptoms of low doses include localized effects, such as nosebleeds, 

blurred vision, and bronchial constriction, and systemic effects, such as 

nausea, sweating, dizziness, and muscular weakness. At higher doses the 

signs and symptoms include irregular heartbeat, elevated blood pressure, 

cramps, and convulsions. Chlorpyrifos is not considered carcinogenic 

based upon studies acceptable to EPA (USDA, 2005). 

The application of chlorpyrifos is limited to treatment of nursery stock; 

therefore, the only individuals that may be affected by the use of this 

insecticide are the nursery workers and the occupational workers who 

apply the pesticide. Several chlorpyrifos scenarios (such as backpack 

applicators, hydraulic rig applicators, and ground personnel) do exceed the 

maximum acceptable exposure but pose no evident risk to human health 

(Regulatory Reference Value or RRV) when proper safety precautions are 

taken and protective gear is worn; however, this elevated risk is not lifethreatening. Protective gear and safety precautions required by label 

adherence and standard program operating procedures are designed to 

ensure that no adverse effects to program workers are expected (USDA, 

2005). 

Nontarget Organisms

The program use of chlorpyrifos for treatment of nursery stock is unlikely 

to impact most nontarget wildlife. Chlorpyrifos has a moderate toxicity to 

mammals when consumed. It can be moderately toxic to birds, and 

severely toxic to some individual bird species; however, mammals and 

birds will generally not be in the affected area at the time of spraying. 

Symptoms of non-fatal exposure to birds include cholinesterase 

depression, weight loss, reduced egg production, and reduced hatchling 

survival. It is severely toxic to terrestrial invertebrates, such as 

9 
earthworms and worker honeybees; however, this effect is not uncommon 

to other pesticides which are currently being used in nurseries. 

Chlorpyrifos can be severely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; 

however, the label forbids direct application to water. Residues from drift 

or runoff are not anticipated to pose substantial risks to these species 

(USDA, 2005). 

Environmental Quality

Any effects of chlorpyrifos to the quality of the air, soil, or water will be 

of no consequence and of limited time duration. Chlorpyrifos can persist 

in soil and water for several months under certain conditions; however, the 

persistence is generally only for a month or less. This is dependent on the 

organic content of the soil; nevertheless, chlorpyrifos can remain in silt 

which can runoff or drift to surface waters. Potential bioaccumulation in 

aquatic organisms could be of concern if applications have much drift to 

water bodies. Residues may persist on treated vegetation; however, it is 

not anticipated to pose bioaccumulation hazards (USDA, 2005). 

(3) Fenpropathrin

Human Health

Fenpropathrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which affects the 

nervous system. It is a moderate skin irritant and eye irritant. Signs and 

symptoms of exposure can include muscle contractions, tremors, ataxia, 

and nerve paralysis at moderate to high levels of exposure. Fenpropathrin 

is not considered carcinogenic by EPA (USDA, 2005). 

The application of this pesticide is limited to nursery stock. Potential 

pesticide exposures are limited to nursery workers and the occupational 

workers who apply the pesticide. Backpack spray application and 

hydraulic rig applications, for the extreme exposure scenario, are the only 

scenarios that exceed the RRV. The extreme exposure scenario presumes 

that the worker will be exposed to higher quantities of the pesticide when 

that individual is not following safety protocols or wearing protective 

gear. Protective gear and safety precautions required by label adherence, 

and standard program operating procedures are designed to ensure that no 

adverse effects to program workers are expected (USDA, 2005). 

Nontarget Organisms

The program use of fenpropathrin for treatment of nursery stock is 

unlikely to impact most nontarget wildlife. The toxicity of fenpropathrin 

is moderate to mammals, and has a slight oral toxicity to birds and 

terrestrial stages of reptiles and amphibians. There is a high risk for 

exposed shrews and bats; however, given the limited use in this program, 

10 
shrews and bats are unlikely to be located in the affected area. It is highly 

toxic to most aquatic organisms; nevertheless, aquatic organisms will most 

likely not be affected because the limited area of application within the 

nursery should not pose any risk of drift or runoff to waters which contain 

aquatic organisms. Terrestrial invertebrates will have a high mortality 

rate; however, this is unlikely to exceed that of other pesticides currently 

in use in the nurseries (USDA, 2005). 

Environmental Quality

Any effects of fenpropathrin to the quality of the air, soil, or water will be 

of no consequence and of limited time duration. Fenpropathrin has low 

water solubility; however, fenpropathrin can be persistent in water for up 

to 245 days. It adheres to soil particles easily and generally is not 

persistent for more than 2 weeks. Residues on treated vegetation are also 

of short persistence (USDA, 2005). 

B. Proposed Action 

Under the proposed action, APHIS will issue a new Federal order (see 

appendix B) expanding the current CG quarantine to include 28 counties 

in Florida. Shipping of CG-host plants from the CG-quarantine area will 

be prohibited; however, ACP-host plants that are not hosts of CG will be 

allowed to move interstate under certain conditions. 

The new Federal order will also create ACP-quarantine areas. Shipments 

of ACP-host plants from these quarantine areas will be allowed under 

certain conditions. The ACP-quarantine area will include the entire State 

of Florida, Hawaii, the Territory of Guam, the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico, and several counties in Texas. 

ACP-host plants and plant parts, except for curry leaves, will be treated 

with a drench of imidacloprid 30 days prior to movement and foliar 

treatment with acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin 10 days prior to 

movement. The product must be inspected and found free of any ACP 

72 hours prior to movement, and will not be allowed to move to any 

citrus-producing State per a limited permit. 

Curry leaves will be fumigated with methyl bromide prior to shipping 

interstate. The curry leaves will not require additional inspection and may 

be moved interstate to any location. The shipping container must indicate 

the origin of the material and indicate that it has been treated to eliminate 

ACP. 

The environmental effects in the expansion of the quarantine zone, the 

chemical treatments, and fumigation will be discussed in detail below. 

11 
The expansion of the current Federal order, to include 28 counties in 

Florida, will reduce the likelihood that CG will be spread through artificial 

means. The quarantines of entire counties, as opposed to listing partial 

counties, will eliminate any confusion that could arise under the 2006 

Federal order about when pesticides should be used. The 28 counties in 

Florida include all counties in the United States known to have CG. 

Under the proposed Federal Order, all CG-host material is prohibited from 

shipment outside the quarantine area. The preponderance of ornamental 

citrus and ACP-host plants is grown in southern Florida, which is under 

the CG quarantine or the ACP quarantine. The number of nurseries 

shipping CG-hosts plants interstate will be greatly reduced. It is estimated 

that about six nurseries in Florida and two in Texas, with perhaps one or 

two in Hawaii and Puerto Rico, would seek compliance agreements to ship 

CG- or ACP-host plants from the quarantine area. 

1. Quarantine 

Areas 

The addition of an ACP-quarantine area will further reduce the spread of 

ACP. ACP is a pest of citrus trees and it has the ability to spread CG if it 

encounters a tree infected with CG. The drench and foliar treatments, 

along with inspection required prior to movement of ACP-host plants and 

plant products from an ACP quarantine area, will limit the artificial spread 

of ACP, thus reducing the ability of CG to spread if introduced to a 

citrus-producing area. This could result in an increase of pesticide use in 

new areas quarantined for ACP; however, nursery production of ACP and 

CG hosts is far less in those States (Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico) than 

in Florida, and only a few nurseries would be expected to seek compliance 

agreements for shipping. 

The environmental effects from the use of the imidacloprid drench and the 

foliar treatment with acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin will be 

similar to those seen under the no action alternative. Although the 

quarantine area has been increased, there are a limited number of nurseries 

(estimated at less than 10) that would be expected to seek compliance 

agreements for interstate shipping of ACP-host plants and, thus, there will 

be limited increase in the amount of chemical treatments. 

2. Chemical 

Treatments 

Methyl bromide will be used to treat curry leaves to destroy any ACP that 

may be present. Methyl bromide is a substance classified by EPA, under 

the Clean Air Act, as a Class I ozone-depleting chemical. This ozone 

depletion is the primary issue of environmental concern related to 

fumigations with methyl bromide. The expected use of methyl bromide in 

fumigations of ACP-host material, under this quarantine, is expected to be 

very small, and will be well below any levels that could contribute 

measurably to ozone depletion. A thorough review of the potential effects 

of methyl bromide uses in fumigations on ozone depletion was originally 

presented in the final environmental impact statement (EIS) for 

3. Fumigation 

Treatment 

12 
Importation of Solid Wood Packing Material (August, 2003). This 

document has recently been updated and is titled Importation of Solid 

Wood Packing Material, Draft Supplement to the Final Environmental 

Impact Statement—February 2007 (USDA, 2007a). This EIS determined 

that the cumulative impact of methyl bromide from routine commodity 

treatments on ozone depletion is not expected to be consequential. 

IV. Other Environmental Considerations 

A. Endangered Species Act 

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act and its implementing regulations 

require Federal agencies to ensure that their actions are not likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species or 

result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. The 

potential for affecting endangered and threatened species exists only at the 

site where required pesticide treatments may occur, namely in nurseries. 

Therefore, APHIS intends to evaluate each nursery that may apply 

pesticides for ACP control under this Federal order to determine its 

potential for impacting endangered and threatened species and critical 

habitat. This is expected to be less than a total of 10 nurseries (6 in 

Florida and 2 in Texas). In addition, the State of Florida will require, as of 

January 1, 2008, all citrus nursery stock and other hosts of CG (including 

Murraya paniculata) to be propagated inside of insect-resistant enclosures 

that would exclude nontarget wildlife. If there is a potential to impact 

listed species or critical habitat, APHIS will consult with the U. S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service and/or National Marine Fisheries Service to insure 

that proper measures are taken to protect endangered and threatened 

species. Any conservation measures decided upon will be incorporated 

into the compliance agreements required by the nurseries. 

B. Executive Orders 

Consistent with Executive Order (EO) 12898, “Federal Actions to Address 

Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income 

Populations,” APHIS considered the potential for the proposed control 

measures to have any disproportionately high and adverse human health or 

environmental effects on any minority populations and low-income 

populations. APHIS has determined that the environmental and human 

health effects from the proposed applications are minimal and are not 

expected to have disproportionate adverse effects to any minority or lowincome populations. Protective gear and safety precautions, required by 

the label adherence and standard operating procedures, are designed to 

ensure that no adverse effects to program workers will be expected. 

Because it is only being applied inside commercial and ornamental 

13 
nurseries, there is very little to no potential for any effects from quarantine 

treatments that could affect minority or low-income populations. 

Consistent with EO 13045, “Protection of Children from Environmental 

Health Risks and Safety Risks,” APHIS considered the potential for 

disproportionately high and adverse environmental health and safety risks 

to children resulting from the proposed control measures. The proposed 

program applications to control ACP and, thus, CG are only made within 

commercial and ornamental nurseries; therefore, no exposure to children is 

expected to occur. It is the responsibility and obligation of the program 

pesticide applicators (either employees of the commercial plant nursery or 

those hired by the commercial plant nursery to do the pesticide 

applications) to ensure that the general public is not in or around areas 

being treated. This ensures that no exposure of the general public or 

children will occur during the application process. Protective gear and 

safety precautions, required by the label adherence and standard operating 

procedures, are designed to ensure that no adverse effects to program 

workers will be expected. The only possible exposure would be to the 

applicator and nursery workers and, then, only if they are not following 

the prescribed label use and safety directions (a label violation). 

Therefore, it was determined that no disproportionate effects to children 

are anticipated as a consequence of implementing the preferred alternative. 

14 
V. Agencies, Organizations, and 

Individuals Consulted 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Policy and Program Development 

Environmental Services 

4700 River Road, Unit 149 

Riverdale, MD 20737 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Emergency and Domestic Programs 

4700 River Road, Unit 134 

Riverdale, MD 20737 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Planning, Analysis, and Regulatory Coordination 

4700 River Road, Unit 156 

Riverdale, MD 20737 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Emergency and Domestic Programs 

Citrus Health Response Program 

920 Main Campus Drive; Suite 200 

Raleigh, NC 27606 

15 
VI. References 

EPA—See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Kingtai Chemicals Co., 2006. Insecticide—Acetamiprid. Kingtai 

Chemicals Co., Limited Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. Available online at 

http://www.kingtaichem.com/pro_i_ACETAMIPRID.htm. Last accessed 

on October 18, 2007. 

USDA—See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2005. Citrus Greening Eradication Program Pesticide 

Applications Human Health and Non-Target Species Risk Assessment, 

September 2005. USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, Maryland. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2007a. Importation of solid wood packing material, draft 

supplement to the final environmental impact statement—February 2007. 

USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, Maryland. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticide 

and Toxic Substances, 2002. Pesticide fact sheet. Acetamiprid. 

March 15, 2002. EPA, Arlington, Virginia.

16 
APPENDIX A 

FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER 

HUANG LONG BING (Citrus Greening) 
FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER 

HUANG LONG BING (CITRUS GREENING) 

The purpose and goal of this order is to prevent the spread of Candidatus Liberibacter 

asiaticus through regulatory authority provided by Section 412(a) of the Plant Protection 

Act of June 20, 2000, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 7712(a), which authorizes the Secretary of 

Agriculture to prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant, plant 

part, or article if the Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary 

to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States.

The Administrator of APHIS considers it necessary, in order to prevent the dissemination 

of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, to establish restrictions on the interstate movement 

of nursery stock from regulated areas in Florida as described in this Federal Order. 

Huanglongbing, (HLB), or citrus greening, a highly injurious disease of citrus caused by 

the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, was first detected in Miami-Dade 

County, Florida. On September 16, 2005, APHIS imposed restrictions on the interstate 

movement of all Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus host plant material, and Asian citrus 

psyllid (Diaphorina citri) host plant material, from within the quarantined area, in order 

to prevent the artificial spread of this disease (see attached memorandum to STATE AND 

TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS, DA#2005-30; also 

found at: 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/citrus_greening/pdf_files/spro2005-30.pdf) 

Regulated Articles: Hosts of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). 

The following hosts are prohibited to be shipped or moved outside the quarantine area, 

including all live plants, budwood, and cuttings of: Aeglopsis chevalieri, Balsamocitrus 

dawei, Calodendrum capense, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, × Citroncirus webberi,

Citrus spp., Clausena indica, C. lansium, Fortunella spp., Limonia acidissima,

Microcitrus australasica, Murraya koenigii, Poncirus trifoliata, Severinia buxifolia,

Swinglea glutinosa, Toddalia lanceolata and Triphasia trifolia.

Regulated Articles: Hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid, (Diaphorina citri). The 

following hosts for the insect vector require regulatory treatments before interstate 

movement is allowed outside the quarantine area. This includes all live plants, budwood, 

and cuttings of: Aegle marmelos, Afraegle gabonensis, Afraegle paniculata, Atalantia 

spp., Citropsis gilletiana, Citropsis schweinfurthii, Clausena anisum-olens, Clausena 

excavate, Eremocitrus glauca, Eromocitrus hybrid, Merrillia caloxylon, Microcitrus 

australis, Microcitrus papuana, Microcitronella, Murraya paniculata, Naringi crenulata,

Pamburus missionis, Toddalia asiatica, Vepris lanceolata, and Zanthoxylum fagara.

Movement is allowed to any state or territory except Alabama, American Samoa, 

Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Louisiana, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, 

Texas, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
2

Quarantined Area

All of Broward, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach Counties, and portions of

Collier, DeSoto, Hendry, Sarasota, and St. Lucie Counties, Florida. The location of 

quarantined areas may be found at: 

http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/chrp/greening/citrusgreening.html

Compliance Agreements

Persons or firms engaged in growing, handling, or moving regulated articles are required 

to enter into a compliance agreement in order to move regulated articles. A Federal 

compliance agreement with APHIS is required for interstate movement, and a State 

compliance agreement with FDACS is required for intrastate movement. In addition, 

they must agree to handle, pack, process, treat, and move regulated articles in accordance 

with this Federal Order; to use all permits and certificates in accordance with 

instructions; and to maintain and offer for inspection such records as may be required. 

Persons or firms under compliance agreements are responsible for treatments of all 

regulated articles for the control of psyllids. For treatments, they must use an 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved product labeled for use in nurseries 

and follow the product label; its applicable directions and; restrictions and precautions, 

including statements pertaining to Worker Protection Standards. Requirements for 

treatments include: 

• Chemical management of the Asian citrus psyllid on ornamental host plants in 

nurseries requires that all regulated articles must be treated with a drench 

containing imidacloprid as the active ingredient 30 days prior to shipping and 

be treated with a foliar spray with a product containing either acetamiprid, 

chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active ingredient 10 days prior to 

movement. Examples of EPA-approved products labeled for use in nurseries 

for psyllid control can be found at: 

http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/chrp/greening/citrusgreening.html

• All plants which have been treated in accordance with this agreement must be 

inspected and found free of the Asian citrus psyllid within 72 hours prior to 

shipping. 

• Shipments will either be certified by an authorized representative of FDACS 

or APHIS, or self-certified by persons under compliance agreements, with 

monitoring and auditing by FDACS or APHIS. 

• Shipments will not be authorized for distribution to the following citrus 

producing states or territories: Alabama, American Samoa, Arizona, 

California, Guam, Hawaii, Louisiana, Northern Marianas Islands, Puerto Rico, 

Texas, or the Virgin Islands of the United States. 
3

State Certificate/Federal Limited Permit 

An inspector will issue a state certificate with a Federal limited permit stamp for the 

interstate movement of a regulated article if the inspector determines that the shipment 

has been treated in accordance with this Federal Order. State certificates without a 

Federal limited permit stamp will be used for intrastate movement of a regulated article. 
APPENDIX B 

FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER: 

CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (CG) 

and 

ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID (ACP) 
FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER: 

CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (CG) 

and 

ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID (ACP) 

The purpose and goal of this order is to prevent the spread of citrus greening disease (CG) also 

known as Huanglongbing disease of citrus, belonging to the genus Candidatus Liberibacter spp., 

and the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) through regulatory authority provided by Section 412(a) of 

the Plant Protection Act of June 20, 2000, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 7712(a), which authorizes the 

Secretary of Agriculture to prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant, 

plant part, or article if the Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to 

prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States.

The Administrator of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) considers it 

necessary, in order to prevent the dissemination of CG and/or ACP, to establish restrictions on 

the interstate movement of CG host material from quarantined areas in Florida and ACP host 

material from quarantined areas in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Guam as described 

in this Federal Order. 

Citrus greening disease, a highly injurious disease of citrus, was first detected in the United 

States in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 2005, and now has been confirmed in 28 counties in 

Florida. ACP is both a vector for the disease, and a pest of citrus in its own right. ACP is 

present in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and portions of Texas. 

On September 16, 2005, APHIS issued a Federal Order to impose restrictions on the interstate 

movement of all CG host plant material and ACP host plant material from quarantined areas in 

Florida in order to prevent the artificial spread of CG and of ACP. APHIS subsequently updated 

the restrictions by issuing an revised Federal Order on May 3, 2006 (DA#2006-19, 5/3/06). This 

action was necessary due to the continuing spread of both CG and ACP. Since that time, 

infestations of CG have been confirmed in a number of additional counties in Florida, and the 

ACP is now found extensively throughout the State of Florida, as well as in some counties in 

Texas, and in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Additional hosts of CG have also been 

confirmed. This Order updates and replaces all previous versions of the Federal Order regarding 

quarantines to prevent the dissemination of CG or ACP. 

This Federal Order imposes: (1.) A quarantine of portions of the State of Florida for CG, (2.) A 

quarantine of portions of the State of Texas for ACP, and (3.) Quarantines of the entire States of 

Florida and Hawaii, the entire Territory of Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, for 

ACP. The partial State quarantines of Texas (for ACP) and Florida (for CG) are contingent upon 

each State adopting parallel internal quarantines to provide equivalent controls on the movement 

of regulated articles from quarantined counties to non-quarantined counties within each State. 

Accordingly, the States of Florida and Texas must confirm prior to December 1, 2007, the 

establishment of an internal quarantine that parallels this Federal Order; otherwise it will be 

necessary to quarantine the entire State in order to prevent the spread of CG or ACP. The 

confirmation should be made in writing to the State Plant Health Director of the affected State. 
I. QUARANTINE FOR CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (CG)

1. Quarantined Areas. The following areas are quarantined due to the presence of CG: 

Florida: 

All of Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardy, Hendry, Highlands, 

Hillsborough, Indian River, Lee, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, 

Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Polk, Sarasota, Seminole, St. Johns, St. Lucie, and Volusia 

counties.

2. Restricted Articles. The following articles are hosts of CG and are prohibited from being 

moved interstate from areas quarantined due to the presence of CG: 

All plants and plant parts, including but not limited to nursery stock, cuttings, budwood, and 

seed (but excluding fruit), of: Aeglopsis chevalieri, Balsamocitrus dawei, Bergera (=Murraya) 

koenigii , Calodendrum capense, Citrofortunella microcarpa, × Citroncirus webberi, Citrus spp.,

Clausena indica, C. lansium, Fortunella spp., Limonia acidissima, Microcitrus australasica,

Murraya spp., Poncirus trifoliata, Severinia buxifolia, Swinglea glutinosa, Toddalia lanceolata, 

and Triphasia trifolia.

The Administrator may allow the interstate movement of restricted plants and/or nursery stock if 

it has been grown, produced, handled, treated, and transported in a manner that, in the judgment 

of the Administrator, prevents the restricted article from presenting a risk of spreading CG. 

Regulated plants and trees grown, produced, or maintained at a nursery or other facility located 

in a quarantined area that are not eligible for interstate movement under this Federal Order may 

be moved interstate only for immediate export. These regulated plants and trees must be 

accompanied by a limited permit issued in accordance with Section 3C (below) and must be 

moved directly to the port of export in accordance with the conditions of the limited permit, in a 

container sealed by APHIS. 

II. QUARANTINE FOR THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID (ACP) 

1. Quarantined Areas. The following areas are quarantined due to the presence of the ACP: 

Florida: All counties in Florida. 

Texas: 

Aransas, Atascosa, Bee, Bexar, Brazoria, Brooks, Caldwell, Cameron, Dimmit, Duval, Harris, 

Hidalgo, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Live Oak, Matagorda, Maverick, McMullen, 

Nueces, Refugio, San Patricio, Starr, Uvalde, Val Verde, Victoria, Waller, Washington, Webb, 

Willacy, and Zapata counties. 

Guam: All islands of the Territory of Guam. 

2
Hawaii: All islands of the State of Hawaii. 

Puerto Rico: The entire Commonwealth. 

2. Regulated Articles. The following are regulated articles based on the fact that they are plants 

or plant parts that are hosts of ACP. Regulated articles may only be moved interstate from areas 

quarantined due to the presence of the ACP in accordance with this Order: 

 A. From portions of Florida regulated for CG (Section I., 1. of this Federal Order), 

plants, budwood, cuttings, or other fresh or live plant parts, except seed and fruit of the following 

species which are hosts of ACP but not hosts of CG: Aegle marmelos, Afraegle gabonensis, A. 

paniculata, Atalantia spp., Citropsis gilletiana, C. schweinfurthii, Clausena anisum-olens, C. 

excavate, Eremocitrus glauca, Eromocitrus hybrid, Merrillia caloxylon, Microcitrus australis,

M. papuana x Microcitronella, Naringi crenulata, Pamburus missionis, Toddalia asiatica, 

Vepris lanceolata, and Zanthoxylum fagara. 

 B. From portions of Florida not quarantined for CG, and from all other States or portions 

of states, Territories, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, quarantined for ACP, all plants, 

budwood, cuttings, or other fresh or live plant parts except seed and fruit of species that are hosts 

of ACP: Aegle marmelos, Aeglopsis chevalieri, Afraegle gabonensis , Afraegle paniculata, 

Atalantia spp., Balsamocitrus dawei, Bergera (=Murraya) koenigii, Calodendrum capense, X 

Citrofortunella microcarpa, X Citroncirus webberi, Citropsis schweinfurthii, Citrus spp, 

Clausena anisum-olens, Clausena excavata, Clausena indica, Clausena lansium, Eremocitrus 

glauca, Eremocitrus hybrid, Fortunella spp, Limonia acidissima, Merrillia caloxylon, 

Microcitrus australasica, Microcitrus australis, Microcitrus papuana, X Microcitronella 

‘Sydney’, Murraya spp, Naringi crenulata, Pamburus missionis, Poncirus trifoliata, Severinia 

buxifolia, Swinglea glutinosa, Toddalia asiatica, Toddalia lanceolata, Triphasia trifolia, Vepris 

lanceolata. Xanthoxylum fagara.

 

3. Requirements for Interstate Movement. In order to be eligible to move interstate from 

quarantined areas, regulated articles must meet the following requirements: 

A. Treatment. 

 

i. All regulated articles moving interstate from areas quarantined for the ACP must be 

treated using an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved product labeled for 

use in nurseries. Persons applying treatments must follow the product label, its 

applicable directions, and restrictions and precautions, including statements pertaining to 

Worker Protection Standards; and 

ii. All regulated articles must be treated with a drench containing imidacloprid as the 

active ingredient within 30 days prior to shipping and also be treated with a foliar spray 

with a product containing either acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, or fenpropathrin as the active 

ingredient within 10 days prior to movement. 

 

3
or, iii. In the case of fresh curry leaf (Bergera (=Murraya) koenigii) leaves intended for 

consumption, instead of the treatments specified in i. and ii., the leaves must be treated 

prior to the interstate movement in accordance with APHIS treatment schedule T101-n-2 

(methyl bromide fumigation treatment for external feeding insects on fresh herbs) at the 

times and rates specified in the treatment manual and safeguarded until export. This 

information can be found on page 5-2-28 of the treatment manual, located on line at: 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/ports/downloads/treatment_pdf

/05_02_t100schedules.pdf

B. Fresh fruit. While fresh fruit is not a regulated article under this Federal Order, fruit 

being moved interstate from areas quarantined for ACP to citrus producing areas where 

ACP is not present (Alabama, American Samoa, Arizona, California, Louisiana, Northern 

Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, those portions of Texas not quarantined due to the presence 

of ACP, and the Virgin Islands of the United States) must be cleaned using normal 

packinghouse procedures. This means that fruit moved in bulk containers to these areas 

for repacking or processing can not come directly from groves, but must go through the 

normal cleaning process at a packinghouse before it is moved.

C. Inspection. All regulated articles that have been treated as provided above must be 

inspected by an inspector and found free of the ACP within 72 hours prior to shipping. 

Inspection of curry leaf that is treated with methyl bromide fumigation will not be 

required since the treatment is considered to be effective in killing all life stages of ACP 

that might be present. 

D. Limited Permit. The regulated articles may not be moved to Alabama, American Samoa, 

Arizona, California, Louisiana, Northern Mariana Islands, those portions of Texas not 

quarantined due to the presence of ACP, and the Virgin Islands of the United States, and 

must be accompanied by a limited permit issued by an authorized representative of the 

State, Territory, Commonwealth, or APHIS, or by a person operating under compliance 

agreement as specified below. The statement "Limited permit: Not for distribution in AL, 

AZ, CA, LA, those areas in TX not quarantined due to the presence of ACP, American 

Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands of the United States" must be 

displayed on a plastic or metal tag attached to each plant, or on the box or container if the 

plant is sealed in plastic, or in the case of plant parts (leaves, cuttings, etc.) on the box or 

other container in which plant material is packed. In addition, this statement must be 

displayed on the outside of any shipping containers used to transport these plants, and the 

limited permit must be attached to the bill of lading or other shipping document that 

accompanies the plants. This labeling may not be used on plants or products that do not 

meet the requirements of this Order. 

Curry leaf (Bergera (=Murraya) koenigii) leaves intended for consumption that have 

been fumigated using methyl bromide in accordance with T101-n-2 as specified in 3. A. 

iii. may be moved to any state or area. The boxes or containers in which the treated 

leaves are moved interstate must be marked to indicate where the leaves were produced 

and must also indicate that the leaves have been treated in accordance with APHIS entry 

requirements. 

4
E. Compliance Agreements. Any person engaged in the business of growing or handling 

regulated articles for interstate movement may enter into a compliance agreement with the 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to facilitate the interstate movement of 

regulated articles in accordance with all of the requirements of this Federal Order and this 

specific subpart, subject to monitoring and audits by the State, Territory, Commonwealth, 

or APHIS regulatory official. Such persons must agree to handle, pack, process, treat, and 

move regulated articles in accordance with this Federal Order; to use all permits and 

certificates in accordance with instructions; and to maintain and offer for inspection such 

records as may be required. Compliance agreements may be arranged by contacting a 

local office of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (listed in local telephone directories), or by contacting the Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Domestic and Emergency 

Operations, 4700 River Road Unit 134, Riverdale, Maryland 20737–1236. 

Cancellation. Any compliance agreement may be cancelled orally or in writing by an 

inspector if the inspector finds that the person who entered into the compliance 

agreement has failed to comply with all of the requirements of this Federal Order and this 

specific subpart. If the person is given notice of cancellation orally, written confirmation 

of the decision and the reasons for it must be provided as promptly as circumstances 

allow. Any person whose compliance agreement is cancelled may appeal the decision in 

writing to the Administrator within 10 days after receiving the written notification. The 

appeal must state all of the facts and reasons upon which the person relies to show that 

the compliance agreement was wrongfully cancelled. The Administrator must grant or 

deny the appeal, in writing, stating the reasons for the decision, as promptly as 

circumstances allow. If there is a conflict as to any material fact, a hearing will be held to 

resolve the conflict. Rules of practice concerning the hearing will be adopted by the 

Administrator. 

5. Definitions 

Inspector. Any person authorized by the Administrator of APHIS to enforce the 

requirements of this Order. 

5