# Patent

## Title
Peptides binding to the dimer interface of thymidylate synthase for the treatment of cancer

## Abstract

Provided are peptides that bind to the thymidylate synthase protein, in particular to human thymidylate synthase (hTS) protein, for the treatment of cancer. Further provided are peptides that can bind at a binding site located at the interface of thymidylate synthase protein. These peptides range from 3 to 10, preferably 4-8 amino acids and have a sequence that binds to each subunit of the thymidylate synthase dimer at the level of dimer interface, stabilizing the dimeric inactive form of the thymidylate synthase enzyme. In addition, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including these compounds as active agents, and uses thereof for the treatment of cancer and to reverse or/and be active in cancer drug resistance.

## Background
This is a National Phase Application filed under 35 U.S.C. §371 as a national stage of PCT/IB2009/055439, filed on Dec. 1, 2009, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to peptides binding to the thymidylate synthase protein, in particular to human thymidylate synthase (hTS) protein, for the treatment of cancer.
Cancer is a disorder in which a population of cells has become, in varying degrees, unresponsive to the control mechanisms that normally modulate proliferation-differentiation balance. Cancer cells display uncontrolled growth (growth and division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood).
The Sequence Listing submitted in text format (.txt) on Jun. 1, 2012, named “seql.txt”, (created on Thursday, May 31, 2012, 34.3 KB), is incorporated herein by reference.
Therapeutic agents used in clinical cancer therapy can be categorized into several groups, including, alkylating agents, antibiotic agents, antimetabolic agents, biologic agents, hormonal agents, and plant-derived agents. The explosion of knowledge regarding the biology of cancer has led to the identification of several new molecular targets for drug development both to meet the increasing therapeutic requirements and to overcome drug resistance. Nevertheless, several difficulties hinder satisfactory headway.
In particular, therapeutic treatment outcomes rely on the type of cancer and the genetic predisposition of the patient. Moreover, the narrow therapeutic index of cytotoxic drugs and the appearance of drug resistance mean recurrence of disease or unfavorable prognosis for patients. Several cancers, like ovarian cancer for example, are life-threatening pathologies because of the rapid development of drug resistance, in particular to platinum derived drugs, which constitute the largest class of anti-cancer drugs in the clinic and the most important one in terms of treatment.
An alternative and particularly interesting approach to cancer therapy is controlling the enzymatic activity of target proteins in malignant cells. The inhibition of the enzymes involved in the formation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide precursors, for example, causes DNA-RNA synthesis impairment and consequently, cell growth is compromised, in particular rapidly dividing cancer cells are affected. However, this therapeutic approach is hampered by: 1) the cross resistance of platinum drugs and 2) the resistance mechanism that arises owing to down-modulation of the expression of several of the enzymes involved in the possible metabolic routes of nucleotides/folates metabolism. For these reasons, novel candidates with a new mechanism of action against this pathway can be of success in reversing drug resistance and providing new therapeutic approaches.
As said before, nucleotide metabolism depends on several pathways and consequently, inhibition of some enzymes can be circumvented by one or more alternative routes. A noteworthy exception is the Thymidylate synthase (TS) enzyme, a “bottleneck” enzyme that provides the only way of adding a methyl group to the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring in the de novo synthesis of thymidine. Since thymidine is the only nucleotide precursor specific to DNA, TS is an excellent target for anticancer drugs but, to achieve thymidylate deprivation leading to growth arrest and cell death, the levels of TS catalytic activity must be reduced significantly.
In the Thymidylate synthesis cycle (see FIG. 2), dietary folate is reduced to dihydrofolate, which is further reduced by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase to tetrahydrofolate, using the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a hydrogen source. Tetrahydrofolate is then converted to methylenetetrahydrofolate by the enzyme serine transhydroxymethylase, which uses vitamin B6 as a cofactor. The methylene-group-carrying cofactor, methylenetetrahydrofolate, then provides both a methylene group and reducing activity, to convert dUMP to dTMP by the action of the thymidylate synthase enzyme. Thymidylate synthase activity is a two-stage process, firstly involving, as just discussed, deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) binding to a receptor site; this favours the binding of N-5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate. The second step involves transferring the folate's one carbon group to the uridine ring, yielding deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and dihydrofolate. dTMP is subsequently phosphorylated by a kinase to dTDP and dTTP, one of the bases for DNA synthesis (see FIG. 2).
The human Thymidylate synthase enzyme is a dimer of two identical subunits. The dimeric protein is characterized by a molecular weight ranging from 60 to 75 kDa depending on the organism source and is very stable and shows a dissociation constant (Kd) of 100 nM. The interface is highly conserved and almost 50% of the interface residues are invariant/almost invariant. Within the cell environment the human TS concentration varies in the range of 50-200 nM during the cell cycle. Several reports show that TS protein also binds to its mRNA and to a number of mRNAs in vitro, including c-myc, bcl-2 and p53. The biological meaning of these ribonucleoproteic complexes remains mainly unknown, but it suggests that in addition to its role as a catalytic protein, it participates in the regulation of synthesis of other proteins involved in cell cycle, DNA repair and transcription. Recently it has been reported that increased levels of TS transcriptional factor E2F-1 improve TS expression and consequently contribute to the activation of oncogenic factors acting indirectly as tumor inducers. These data demonstrate that increased levels of TS are not only responsible for drug resistance, but as a major drawback, counteract the efficacy of the enzymes, thus favoring the progress of the malignancies.
E. Chu and co-workers (Nucleic Acid Research, 1996, Vol. 24, No. 16 p. 3222-8) have studied in detail the TS pathway related to the feedback regulation of TS expression. In the proposed model, the TS protein in its unbound form interacts with TSmRNA and mRNA sequences encoding for several proteins, thus acting as a translational inhibitor. This model explains an important resistance mechanism developed towards TS inhibitors used in anticancer chemotherapy, because it is evident that the inhibitor bound complex induces an over expression of the TS protein as a late response, thus lowering the efficacy of the drug. Moreover, the dimer-monomer equilibrium of all the different TS isoforms and the related proteic conformational changes play a key role in the catalysis. Indeed, they allow the correct alignment of the reactants, contribute to catalysis by positioning a general acid near the methyl transfer site, and force bound substrates into strained conformations, which activate atoms on the substrate or co-factor.
A recent study by Berger S. H. et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2004, Vol 1696, 15-22) highlights the presence of different human TS conformational states, pre-existing with respect to the catalytic reaction (see FIG. 3). In the “active” conformation, the catalytic Cys-195 is positioned in the active site while, in the “inactive” conformation, it is at the subunit interface. In particular, the inactive dimeric form (AAi) is in equilibrium with the active unbound form (AAa) and a ternary complex (AAL, L is for ligand), which is the bound form. The active conformation of human TS binds substrates and carries out its catalytic function. Structurally, active human TS shows the catalytic Cys-195 positioned in the active site and has region 107-128 (small domain) folded, while inactive conformation of human TS binds four phosphate ions, is not a catalyst and its 107-128 region (small domain) is unfolded and disordered in crystals.
Moreover, the active conformation exists in an open form, as shown by the X-ray crystal structures obtained so far. The inactive dimeric form is unstable towards degradation, while the ternary complex is more stable to degradation, and this property prolongs the life of the protein and its regulatory function modulating TS intracellular concentration. The native protein exists in apparent equilibrium between the two conformational states, while TS-inhibitor-bound enzyme assumes the active conformation. The native protein has been reported to bind its own mRNA and several other mRNAs, but the bound structure loses its RNA binding activity and stabilizes TS to turnover. In particular, through a translational auto regulation mechanism involving TS protein binding to its own mRNA on two distinct regions, TS protein controls its own cellular expression level.
Deeper knowledge of the TS biology has suggested the existence of a monomeric form of TS in equilibrium with its dimeric form. Binding studies on the interaction of peptides taken from the complete sequence of Homo sapiens TS (hTS) with the TSmRNA sequence suggested that the protein domain for binding to the regulatory sequences on TSmRNA is located at the interface of the two monomers. A complex equilibrium is present at the intracellular level and each molecular form shows different functions. Some studies have been made on the process of unfolding/refolding of the obligate homodimer TS of Lactobacillus casei (LcTS). Three synthetic peptides corresponding to the interface regions of LcTS were identified and tested for their ability to function as inhibitors by modifying the quaternary structure of the enzyme.
Allegra C. and co-workers (Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 297, 2002, 24-31 and relative WO02/072753) have recently suggested the existence of a monomeric form of TS in equilibrium with its dimeric form and this balance defines cell sensitivity to TS inhibitors.
Using a separate series of overlapping 17-mer peptides spanning the length of both the human and Escherichia coli TS sequences, six potential domains located in the homodimeric interface region of the TS protein that bind TSmRNA have been identified. Studies on the interaction of these peptides with the TSmRNA sequence have demonstrated that the hTS domain involved in the binding to regulatory sequences on TSmRNA is located at the monomer interfaces of the hTS dimeric form. The access of macromolecules like RNA to the interface region between two monomeric subunits is limited, suggesting that the protein interacts with its own mRNA when it is in a monomeric form. Indeed a monomeric form of TS protein exists in solution despite the well-established fact that the enzyme is an obligate dimer for its catalytic function.
Summarising the results of Berger and Allegra, it seems that a monomeric inactive conformation responsible for binding mRNA should exist. However, further studies are needed in order to describe the first equilibrium drawn in FIG. 3 in detail: it is not clear whether the monomeric form seen by Allegra and co-workers is active or inactive or whether the dimeric inactive form seen by Berger and co-workers is formed by the inactivation of the dimeric active form or by the dimerisation of two inactive monomers.
However, the data presented by Allegra and Berger explain in part the mechanism of action of several TS inhibitors currently used in chemotherapy that are exclusively substrate analogues that compete with the substrate, bind to the active site and stabilize human TS active conformations forming the human TS dimeric active bound conformation (AAL). This binding inhibits the enzyme and slows down its degradation. Nevertheless, it is known that TS (dimeric) active (bound) conformation cannot bind mRNA and, consequently, using an excess of TS substrate or inhibitors leads to repression of protein binding to mRNA, resulting in increased translational efficiency and ultimately drug resistance due to increased levels of TS protein.
These observations clearly mean that the classical active site inhibition cannot cause a prolonged and sufficiently persistent down-regulation of the DNA synthesis pathway and therefore alternative approaches of inhibition of this protein are needed to produce the effect of down-regulating the cancer cells and driving them towards cell death.
The technical problem faced by the present invention is that of providing inhibitors of Thymidylate synthase (TS) protein, in particular human TS protein for use in the treatment of cancer as alternatives to existing anticancer drugs.
Another problem faced by the present invention is that of providing anticancer drugs able to reverse cancer resistance to known anticancer medicaments.
The above problems have been solved by the authors of the present invention that have found that small peptides binding to the TS dimer interface are able to inhibit TS, through a “non-canonical” way. The authors have found that said peptides are able to treat cancer and to reverse cancer resistance to known anticancer medicaments, either when administered alone or in combination with known anticancer drugs.



The following description of the invention is done with reference to the attached figures in which:
FIG. 1 shows the amino-acid sequence of the histidine-tagged human thymidylate synthase (ht-hTS); the 12-residue histidine tag added at the N-terminus of the hTS sequence is indicated in gray; the residues involved in the peptide binding and the catalytic Cys residues are underlined; the sequence of the construct is shifted by 12 units with respect to that of the holoenzyme (TS); the sequence numbering reported in the present application refers to the sequence of FIG. 1, where residue #1 is the Met starting the sequence MRGSHHH;
FIG. 2 shows the known Thymidylate synthase cycle;
FIG. 3 shows a model of the known equilibrium described for human TS, based on experimental data; A is the monomeric form, AAi is the dimeric inactive form, AAa is the dimeric active form, AAL,open is the dimeric bound open form and AAL,closed is the dimeric bound closed form;
FIG. 4 shows the Lineweaver-Burk inhibition plot of the peptide corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 24.
FIG. 5 shows the inhibitory activity (IC50 values) of the peptides of the invention against human TS;
FIG. 6 shows the X-ray complex of the peptide corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 24 bound to human TS;
FIG. 7 shows the ovarian cancer cell growth inhibition plot of the peptides SEQ ID NO: 1, 24 and 44 using a peptide delivery system;
FIG. 8 shows the ovarian cancer cell growth inhibition plot of peptide SEQ ID NO: 24 using a peptide delivery system.



The present invention relates to peptides comprising or consisting essentially of from 3 to 10 amino acids, preferably from 4 to 8 amino acids, able to bind at a site located at the Thymidylate synthase (TS) dimer interface.
The peptides inhibit TS through a new mechanism of action involving peptides binding to a newly identified TS binding site, located in the dimer interface region, and thereby stabilizing the TS inactive conformation. This newly identified binding property provides a tool to inhibit TS enzyme, retaining the TS translational repression function, in particular on its own mRNA, and avoiding cancer drug resistance due to high TS expression following classical TS inhibitor treatments in cancer.
The inventors have demonstrated that the peptides bind at a previously unidentified site that is located at the interface between the two TS monomers, stabilising the inactive form of TS, through crystal structure determination of a complex between TS and a peptide (see FIG. 6). This X-ray crystal structure clearly shows that the peptide binds in an allosteric site thus reducing the TS activity, without large changes in the conformation of TS.
Accordingly, the peptides of the invention are useful in the treatment of cancers in which TS protein plays a central role. They can also be employed to reverse cancer resistance to known chemotherapeutic agents.
As used herein, the wording “Thymidylate synthase protein/enzyme (TS)” refers to human Thymidylate synthase (hTS). The sequence of histidine-tagged human thymidylate synthase (ht-hTS) is reported in FIG. 1 and in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO: 186.
The binding site of the peptide, as found in the crystal structure of hTS, spans the cleft located at the interface of the two hTS subunits defined by loops 149-172 and 183-204 of both A and B subunits. The cleft comprises Cys192 and is close to the catalytic Cys207 (the loops and the Cys residues are underlined in FIG. 1).
The peptides can be administered either alone or in conjunction with known anticancer drugs.
The peptides of the present invention can also be useful to treat, or reverse resistance to common anticancer drug of malignancies chosen in the group consisting of: solid tumor, hematological malignancy, carcinoma, neuroblastoma and melanoma.
A solid tumor is preferably a tumor of the head, neck, lung, breast, colon, prostate, bladder, rectum, brain, gastric tissue, bone, ovary, thyroid or endometrium.
Preferably, a hematological malignancy is leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma.
Preferred embodiments of a carcinoma include bladder carcinoma, renal carcinoma, breast carcinoma or colorectal carcinoma.
Further examples of malignancies that can be treated with the peptides of the invention include that of the head, neck, bladder, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, stomach, cervix, thyroid and skin, including squamous and basal cell carcinoma, and other dermal malignancies; hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage, including leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma non-Hodgkins lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, Burketts lymphoma and multiple myeloma; tumors of mesenchymal origin, including fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma; other tumors including melanoma, seminoma, teratocarcinoma, neuroblastoma and glioma; tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, and schwannomas; and other tumors, including, xeroderma pigmentosum, keratoacanthoma, seminoma, thyroid follicular cancer and teratocarcinoma.
Other examples of cancers that can be treated with the compounds of the invention are selected from the group consisting of: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), T-cell lymphomas or leukemias, (e.g. cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoma associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)) as well as acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma, multiple myeloma, mesothelioma, childhood solid tumors, brain neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, glioma, Wilms' tumor, bone cancer and soft-tissue sarcomas, common solid tumors of adults such as head and neck cancers (e.g. oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g. prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular), lung cancer (e.g. small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and other skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of both ulcerating and papillary type, stomach cancer, brain cancer, liver cancer, adrenal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, medullary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. Also included are pediatric forms of any of the cancers described herein. Also included are all forms of cancer that have displayed resistance to all currently used drugs.
The most preferred pathology treated with the peptides of the invention is ovarian cancer.
Therefore, the peptides are preferably used to inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth and treat ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer is a severe pathology threatening women's lives because of the late diagnosis and of the rapid development of drug resistance to different drugs, in particular to platinum-derived drugs. Cross-resistance of platinum drugs with classical drugs targeting the folate pathway is limiting the access to therapy.
The peptides of the invention represent medicaments with a new mechanism of action against the folate pathway that are effective to reverse ovarian cancer cell resistance to common anticancer drugs, preferably platinum derived drugs, more preferably cisplatin.
For the treatment of ovarian cancer and/or to recover sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell to known anticancer medicaments, the peptides of the invention can be administered, to a patient in need thereof, with or without other chemotherapeutic agents.
For example, the peptides can be used for combination therapy of ovarian cancer together with platinum drugs to reduce drug resistance and provide more effective anti-cancer therapy.
In another embodiment, the peptides of the invention comprise or consist essentially of from 3 to 10, preferably from 4 to 8 amino acids, wherein the sequences of said peptides are chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-185.
The sequences of the invention have been compiled according to the international standard WIPO standard ST.25; the sequence listings have been developed with the program Patent-In 3.3.
The sequences of the invention and their respective sequence ID numbers are listed in the following Table 1:











Sequence ID



Number
AA Sequence







SEQ ID 1
DFIHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 2
Ac-DFIHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 3
DFIHTLGD-NH2


 


SEQ ID 4
Ac-DFIHTLGD-NH2


 


SEQ ID 5
AFIHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 6
DAIHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 7
DFAHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 8
DFIATLGD


 


SEQ ID 9
DFIHALGD


 


SEQ ID 10
DFIHTAGD


 


SEQ ID 11
DFIHTLAD


 


SEQ ID 12
DFIHTLGA


 


SEQ ID 13
FIHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 14
IHTLGD


 


SEQ ID 15
HTLGD


 


SEQ ID 16
DFIHTLG


 


SEQ ID 17
DFIHTL


 


SEQ ID 18
DFIHT


 


SEQ ID 19
FIHTL


 


SEQ ID 20
IHTLG


 


SEQ ID 21
LKYVWNPL


 


SEQ ID 22
LKYVCNPL


 


SEQ ID 23
VKYVSQSI


 


SEQ ID 24
LSCQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 25
ASCQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 26
LACQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 27
LSAQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 28
LSCALYQR


 


SEQ ID 29
LSCQAYQR


 


SEQ ID 30
LSCQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 31
LSCQLYAR


 


SEQ ID 32
LSCQLYQA


 


SEQ ID 33
SCQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 34
CQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 35
QLYQR


 


SEQ ID 36
LSCQLYQ


 


SEQ ID 37
LSCQLY


 


SEQ ID 38
LSCQL


 


SEQ ID 39
SCQLY


 


SEQ ID 40
CQLYQ


 


SEQ ID 41
LSSQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 42
DRTVDMVS


 


SEQ ID 43
QGALQVLS


 


SEQ ID 44
YVVNSELS


 


SEQ ID 45
AVVNSELS


 


SEQ ID 46
YAVNSELS


 


SEQ ID 47
YVANSELS


 


SEQ ID 48
YVVASELS


 


SEQ ID 49
YVVNAELS


 


SEQ ID 50
YVVNSALS


 


SEQ ID 51
YVVNSEAS


 


SEQ ID 52
YVVNSELA


 


SEQ ID 53
VVNSELS


 


SEQ ID 54
VNSELS


 


SEQ ID 55
NSELS


 


SEQ ID 56
YVVNSEL


 


SEQ ID 57
YVVNSE


 


SEQ ID 58
YVVNS


 


SEQ ID 59
VVNSE


 


SEQ ID 60
VNSEL


 


SEQ ID 61
IHHLSLDR


 


SEQ ID 62
IHHVTLQG


 


SEQ ID 63
CQLYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 64
AQLYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 65
CALYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 66
CQAYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 67
CQLAQRSG


 


SEQ ID 68
CQLYARSG


 


SEQ ID 69
CQLYQASG


 


SEQ ID 70
CQLYQRAG


 


SEQ ID 71
CQLYQRSA


 


SEQ ID 72
QLYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 73
LYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 74
YQRSG


 


SEQ ID 75
CQLYQRS


 


SEQ ID 76
CQLYQR


 


SEQ ID 77
CQLYQ


 


SEQ ID 78
QLYQR


 


SEQ ID 79
LYQRS


 


SEQ ID 80
SQLYQRSG


 


SEQ ID 81
TVDMVSSP


 


SEQ ID 82
ALQVLSRS


 


SEQ ID 83
QFYVVNSE


 


SEQ ID 84
VNSELSCQ


 


SEQ ID 85
SELSCQLY


 


SEQ ID 86
LCQFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 87
ACQFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 88
LAQFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 89
LCAFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 90
LCQAYVVN


 


SEQ ID 91
LCQFAVVN


 


SEQ ID 92
LCQFYAVN


 


SEQ ID 93
LCQFYVAN


 


SEQ ID 94
LCQFYVVA


 


SEQ ID 95
CQFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 96
QFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 97
FYVVN


 


SEQ ID 98
LCQFYVV


 


SEQ ID 99
LCQFYV


 


SEQ ID 100
LCQFY


 


SEQ ID 101
CQFYV


 


SEQ ID 102
QFYVV


 


SEQ ID 103
LSQFYVVN


 


SEQ ID 104
ETVKIHHL


 


SEQ ID 105
EALEIHHV


 


SEQ ID 106
PPCHA


 


SEQ ID 107
PPSHA


 


SEQ ID 108
GGTVR


 


SEQ ID 109
RWAMG


 


SEQ ID 110
DDRTGTGT


 


SEQ ID 111
LLACPWPW


 


SEQ ID 112
VVARAGAG


 


SEQ ID 113
VDQ


 


SEQ ID 114
QLV


 


SEQ ID 115
NVL


 


SEQ ID 116
DDR


 


SEQ ID 117
LLS


 


SEQ ID 118
VVS


 


SEQ ID 119
RIIMC


 


SEQ ID 120
RIIMS


 


SEQ ID 121
SYYYT


 


SEQ ID 122
SDDHA


 


SEQ ID 123
VRK


 


SEQ ID 124
QSF


 


SEQ ID 125
DPL


 


SEQ ID 126
SVFGMQ


 


SEQ ID 127
SHKPYV


 


SEQ ID 128
RYEAHL


 


SEQ ID 129
WNPRDL


 


SEQ ID 130
TLGSLE


 


SEQ ID 131
PIWSIK


 


SEQ ID 132
DDRRIIMC


 


SEQ ID 133
DDRRIIMS


 


SEQ ID 134
LLSSYYYT


 


SEQ ID 135
VVSSDDHA


 


SEQ ID 136
RDWRKGKH


 


SEQ ID 137
IICWCCGV


 


SEQ ID 138
NWGGCIKR


 


SEQ ID 139
RGCRTCVC


 


SEQ ID 140
CWGMDCRD


 


SEQ ID 141
CRKRIDWW


 


SEQ ID 142
CCRGGFII


 


SEQ ID 143
DCDCIGEW


 


SEQ ID 144
WRDIYGCW


 


SEQ ID 145
RIRRWRRI


 


SEQ ID 146
GDKKGDRV


 


SEQ ID 147
LRKCRRDD


 


SEQ ID 148
RIGRGICR


 


SEQ ID 149
GGGGKILW


 


SEQ ID 150
GCDWGKHR


 


SEQ ID 151
EWKERWGW


 


SEQ ID 152
IWIGWDGW


 


SEQ ID 153
WIRDGVGG


 


SEQ ID 154
RGKCWCCR


 


SEQ ID 155
RDWCCFGR


 


SEQ ID 156
CKCDMWKW


 


SEQ ID 157
RDGVWRCE


 


SEQ ID 158
WDIRDWFW


 


SEQ ID 159
CCCCRWWA


 


SEQ ID 160
GWKWCIWC


 


SEQ ID 161
GRVIICGK


 


SEQ ID 162
FHGDRHIR


 


SEQ ID 163
CERRDIDK


 


SEQ ID 164
GVILRIDC


 


SEQ ID 165
HWWWGFCW


 


SEQ ID 166
NVWVRRIR


 


SEQ ID 167
CGRWPGGC


 


SEQ ID 168
WCRWWFWG


 


SEQ ID 169
IKILGWDW


 


SEQ ID 170
WGWGILKR


 


SEQ ID 171
WCVWIRRY


 


SEQ ID 172
DGGWCRGI


 


SEQ ID 173
WGRINWRF


 


SEQ ID 174
RRMCWLRG


 


SEQ ID 175
RRGWVIIP


 


SEQ ID 176
GGFDVDDD


 


SEQ ID 177
IPCKWRGC


 


SEQ ID 178
ILDRCRWD


 


SEQ ID 179
WCRGGCFC


 


SEQ ID 180
CRDKVWGG


 


SEQ ID 181
GIKRWFIR


 


SEQ ID 182
ICVRIVCI


 


SEQ ID 183
CFIFIGWL


 


SEQ ID 184
IKWCGGVK


 


SEQ ID 185
CDCIRGGR


 


SEQ ID 186
MRGSHHHHHHGSMPVAGSELPRRPLP


(ht-hTS;
PAAQERDAEPRP


FIG. 1)
PHGELQYLGQIQHILRCGVRKDDRTGTGT



LSVFGMQARYSLRDEFPLLTTKRVFWKGV



LEELLWFIKGSTNAKELSSKGVKIWD



ANGSRDFLDSLGFSTREEGDLGPVYGFQW



RHFGAEYRDMESDYSGQGVDQLQRVIDTIKT



NPDDRRIIMCAWNPRDLPLMALPPCHALCQFYVVN



SELSCQLYQRSGDMGLGVPFNIASY



ALLTYMIAHITGLKPGDFIHTLGDAHIYLNH



IEPLKIQLQREPRPFPKLRILRKVEKIDD



FKAEDFQIEGYNPHPTIKMEMAV









Among the peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1-185 more preferred are those that show an inducible secondary structure.
More preferably the peptides are chosen among the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 1-23, SEQ ID NO: 24-43, SEQ ID NO: 44-62, SEQ ID NO: 63-82, SEQ ID NO: 83-85, SEQ ID NO: 86-105, SEQ ID NO: 106-109, SEQ ID NO: 110-112, SEQ ID NO: 113-115, SEQ ID NO: 116-118, SEQ ID NO: 119-122, SEQ ID NO: 123-125, SEQ ID NO: 126-128, SEQ ID NC: 129-131, SEQ ID NO: 132-135 and SEQ ID NO: 136-185.
In a preferred embodiment, the peptides of the invention comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86.
A preferred peptide is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 24.
The peptides can also be chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4; these peptides are derivatives of peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, in which amino-, carboxyl- and amino+carboxyl ends, respectively, are modified by acetylation and amidation.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12.
SEQ ID NO: 5 to 12 are obtained from alanine scanning of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In a further embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of from 5 to 8 amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20.
SEQ ID NO: 13-20 are derived from progressive shortening of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23.
SEQ ID NO: 21-23 are complement or reverse complement peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25-31 and SEQ ID NO: 32.
SEQ ID NO: 25-32 are obtained from alanine scanning of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of from 5 to 8 amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 33-39 and SEQ ID NO: 40.
SEQ ID NO: 33-40 are obtained from progressive shortening of SEQ ID NO: 24.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42 and SEQ ID NO: 43.
SEQ ID NO: 41 is obtained from cysteine substitution with serine of SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO: 42-43 are complement and reverse complement peptides of SEQ ID NO: 24, respectively.
In an alternative form, the peptides of the invention comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 45-51, and SEQ ID NO: 52.
SEQ ID NO: 45-52 are obtained from alanine scanning of SEQ ID NO: 44.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of from 5 to 8 amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 53-59 and SEQ ID NO: 60.
SEQ ID NO: 53-60 are obtained from progressive shortening of SEQ ID NO: 44.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 61 and SEQ ID NO: 62.
SEQ ID NO: 61-62 are complement and reverse complement peptides of SEQ ID NO: 44, respectively.
In an alternative form, the peptides of the invention comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 64-70, and SEQ ID NO: 71.
SEQ ID NO: 64-71 are obtained from alanine scanning of SEQ ID NO: 63.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of from 5 to 8 amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 72-78 and SEQ ID NO: 79.
SEQ ID NO: 72-79 are obtained from progressive shortening of SEQ ID NO: 63.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 81 and SEQ ID NO: 82.
SEQ ID NO: 80 is obtained from cysteine substitution with serine of SEQ ID NO: 63 and SEQ ID NO: 81-82 are complement and reverse complement peptides of SEQ ID NO: 63, respectively.
In an alternative form, the peptides of the invention comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 87-93, and SEQ ID NO: 94.
SEQ ID NO: 87-94 are obtained from alanine scanning of SEQ ID NO: 86.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of from 5 to 8 amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 95-101 and SEQ ID NO: 102.
SEQ ID NO: 95-102 are obtained from progressive shortening of SEQ ID NO: 86.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 105.
SEQ ID NO: 103 is obtained from cysteine substitution with serine of SEQ ID NO: 86 and SEQ ID NO: 104-105 are complement and reverse complement peptides of SEQ ID NO: 86, respectively.
The peptides of the invention can also comprise or consist of five amino acids with a sequence chosen in the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 106-109; or comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among SEQ ID NO: 110-112; or comprise or consist of three amino acids with a sequence chosen among SEQ ID NO: 113-118 or SEQ ID NO: 123-125; or comprise or consist of five amino acids with a sequence chosen among SEQ ID NO: 119-122; or comprise or consist of six amino acids with a sequence chosen among SEQ ID NO: 126-131; or comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among SEQ ID NO: 132-135.
In another embodiment, the peptides comprise or consist of eight amino acids with a sequence chosen among the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 136-185.
In a further embodiment, at least two of the above peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1-185 are bound through at least a covalent bond to give “cross-linked” peptides that are useful in the treatment of cancer and to reverse cancer drug resistance.
For example, SEQ ID NO: 1 can be bound to SEQ ID NO: 126, through at least a covalent bond, to give a “cross-linked” peptide.
Other examples of such “cross-linked” peptides are: SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 63; SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 80; SEQ ID NO: 24-SEQ ID NO: 86; SEQ ID NO: 24-SEQ ID NO: 103; SEQ ID NO: 103-SEQ ID NO: 119; SEQ ID NO: 103-SEQ ID NO: 120; SEQ ID NO: 86-SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 86-SEQ ID NO: 120.
The peptides having the above sequences can be used to treat cancer, especially ovarian cancer. The peptides can also be employed to reverse drug resistance to known anticancer medicines, in particular to platinum derived drugs.
The peptides described herein can be used also to target other Thymidylate synthase proteins, preferentially Thymidylate synthase of Escherichia coli (EcTS), Enterobacter faecalis (EfTS), Pneumocistis carinii (PcTS) or Criptococcus neoformans (CnTS).
The identity, homology and diversity degree between the sequences of Thymidylate synthase of these organisms and the human one, have been evaluated using commercially available algorithms, and as shown in Table 3, the found values are highly significant.












TABLE 3







Criptococcus
Entero-
Esche-
Pneumo-



neoformans
bacter
richia
cistis



TS
faecalis TS
coli TS
carinii TS





















Human
% Identity
57
42
45
56


TS
% Homology
70
54
60
70



% Diversity
7
21
15
9









Peptides as described herein may comprise residues of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or any combination thereof.
Amino acids may be from natural or non-natural sources, provided that at least one amino group and at least one carboxyl group are present in the molecule.
The peptides of the invention may also contain one or more rare amino acids (such as 4-hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine) and/or derivatives of common amino acids, such as amino acids having the C-terminal carboxylate esterified (e.g. benzyl, methyl or ethyl ester) or amidated and/or having modifications of the N-terminal amino group (e.g. acetylation or alkoxycarbonylamino), with or without any of a wide variety of side chain modifications and/or substitutions (e.g., methylation, benzylation, t-butylation, tosylation, alkoxycarbonylamino etc.).
Preferred derivatives include amino acids having an N-acetyl group (such that the amino group that represents the N-terminus of the linear peptide is acetylated) and/or a C-terminal amide group (i.e. the carboxy terminus of the linear peptide is amidated)
The peptides of the invention can comprise residues other than common amino acids chosen in the group consisting of penicillamine, tetramethylene cysteine, pentamethylene cysteine, mercaptopropionic acid, pentamethylene-mercaptopropionic acid, 2-mercaptobenzene, 2-mercaptoaniline, 2-mercaptoproline, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, aminoadipic acid, m-aminomethylbenzoic acid and diaminopropionic acid. The peptides can be coupled to protein carrier molecules in order to facilitate delivery thereof to target cells in vitro (including ex vivo) and in vivo (Cellular Drug Delivery: Principles and Practice, edited by Lu, D. R. and Oie, S., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2004).
For example, small regions (e.g., 9-16 amino acids) of proteins called protein transduction domains (PTDs) and cell penetrating peptides (CPP) possess the ability to traverse biological membranes through protein transduction (Barnett, E. M. et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci, 2006, 47:2589-2595; Schwarze S. R. et al., Science, 1999, 285(5433): 1569-1572; Wadia, J. S, and Dowdy, S. F., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2005, 57(4): 579-596; Wadia, J. S, and Dowdy, S. F., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol, 2002, 13(1) 52-56; Ho A. et al., Cancer Research, 2001, 61:474-477; Futaki et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2001, February, 276(8):5836-5840; Cao G. et al., J. Neuroscl, 2002, 22(13): 5423-5431; Becker-Hapk, M. et al, Methods, 2001, 24:247-256; Snyder, E. L. and Dowdy, S. F., Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 2001, 3:147-152; Lewin, M. et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2000, 18:410-414; Tung, C H. et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2002, 10:3609-3614; Richard, J. P., et al., J. Biol. Chem., Oct. 30, 2002, epub ahead of print).
Transduction can occur in a receptor- and transporter-independent fashion that appears to target the lipid bilayer directly.
Proteins (peptides) and compounds that are linked to PTDs (e.g., covalently) have the capability to traverse outer cell membranes.
Preferably, the delivery peptide is a trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) peptide or an Antennapedia (ANTP) peptide, or a derivative thereof.
PTDs can be linked to the peptides of the subject invention for transport across the cell membrane. One well characterized PTD is the human immunodeficient virus (HIV)-I Tat peptide (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,604; 5,747,641; 5,674,980; 5,670,617; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,122). Peptides such as the homeodomain of Drosophila antennapedia (ANTP) and arginine-rich peptides that display similar properties can be employed.
VP22, a tegument protein from Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-I), also has the ability to transport proteins across a cell membrane, and may be coupled to the peptides of the invention.
Furthermore, some protein carrier molecules, such as PTDs, may be used to promote efficient delivery of genetic material to cells in vitro (including ex vivo) or in vivo (see, for example, Eguchi A. et al., J. Biochem., 2001 276(28): 26204-26210; Torchilin, V. P. et al., PNAS, 2001, 98(15): 8786-9791).
Such molecules can be coupled to viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors for delivery of nucleic acids encoding peptides such as those of the invention (Lehmusvaara S. et al, BioTechniques, 2006, 40(5): 573-576). TAT-based polyplexes can also been utilized, and should be particularly beneficial in cases that require surface presentation of membrane-active or cell-specific targeting peptides (Manickam D. S. et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 2005, 102:293-306). An example of synthetic vectors that can be used for delivery of the peptides of the invention or nucleic acids encoding the peptides are liposomes.
The delivery of peptides and/or coupled-peptides, as above mentioned, can be realized using transfection reagents, preferably.
Accordingly, in another aspect the present invention relates to polynucleotides comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the peptides of the invention. Polynucleotides can be administered to cells or subjects and expressed in place of the peptides themselves when it is the case.
The invention also provides genetic constructs comprising a polynucleotide sequence of the invention. Genetic constructs of the invention can also contain additional regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers and, optionally, selectable markers.
In an embodiment, host cells that have been genetically modified with a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide of the invention are administered to a subject to treat a proliferation disorder and/or to reduce the growth of malignant cells. The polynucleotide is expressed by the host cells, thereby producing the peptides within the subject. Preferably, the host cells are allogenic or autogenic to the subject.
In another embodiment, a targeting agent may also be linked to a peptide of the invention to facilitate targeting to one or more specific tissues.
As used herein, a “targeting agent” may be any substance (such as a compound or cell) that, when linked to a peptide of the invention enhances the transport of the peptide inhibitor to a target tissue, thereby increasing the local concentration of the inhibitor.
Targeting agents include antibodies or fragments thereof, receptors, ligands and other molecules that bind to cells of, or in the vicinity of, the target tissue. Known targeting agents include serum hormones, antibodies against cell surface antigens, lectins, adhesion molecules, tumor cell surface binding ligands, steroids, cholesterol, lymphokines, fibrinolytic enzymes and those drugs and proteins that bind to a desired target site.
For certain embodiments, it may be beneficial to also, or alternatively, link a drug to a peptide of the invention. As used herein, the term “drug” refers to any bioactive agent intended for administration to a human or non-human mammal to prevent or treat a disease or other undesirable condition. Drugs include hormones, growth factors, proteins, peptides and other compounds.
The peptides according to the invention can be administered by various well known routes, including oral, rectal, intragastrical, intracranial and parenteral administration (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, intradermal, subcutaneous), and similar administration routes. Parenteral administration and particular intravenous administration, preferably by depot injection, is preferred. Depending on the route of administration different pharmaceutical formulations are required and some of those may require that protective coatings are applied to the drug formulation to prevent degradation of a compound of the invention in, for example, the digestive tract.
Thus, preferably, a compound of the invention is formulated as a syrup, an infusion or injection solution, a tablet, a capsule, a capslet, lozenge, a liposome, a suppository, a plaster, a band-aid, a retard capsule, a powder, or a slow release formulation. Preferably, the diluent is water, a buffer, a buffered salt solution or a salt solution, and the carrier is preferably selected from the group consisting of cocoa butter and vitebesole.
Particularly preferred pharmaceutical forms for the administration of a compound of the invention are forms suitable for injectionable use and include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
In all cases the final solution or dispersion form must be sterile and fluid.
Typically, such a solution or dispersion will include a solvent or dispersion medium, containing, for example, water-buffered aqueous solutions, e.g. biocompatible buffers, ethanol, polyol, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, suitable mixtures thereof, surfactants or vegetable oils.
A compound of the invention can also be formulated into liposomes, in particular for parenteral administration. Liposomes provide the advantage of increased half life in the circulation, if compared to the free drug and a prolonged more even release of the enclosed drug. Sterilization of infusion or injection solutions can be accomplished by any recognized techniques including the addition of preservatives like anti-bacterial or anti-fungal agents (e.g. parabene, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid or thimersal). Further, isotonic agents, such as sugars or salts, in particular sodium chloride may be incorporated in infusion or injection solutions. Production of sterile injectable solutions containing one or several of the compounds of the invention is accomplished by incorporating the respective compound, in the required amount, in the appropriate solvent with various ingredients as specified above, followed by sterilization.
To obtain a sterile powder the above solutions are vacuum-dried or freeze-dried as necessary. Preferred diluents of the present invention are water, physiological acceptable buffers, physiological acceptable buffer salt solutions or salt solutions. Preferred carriers are cocoa butter and vitebesole. Excipients which can be used with the various pharmaceutical forms of a compound of the invention can be chosen from the following list:
a) binders, such as lactose, mannitol, crystalline sorbitol, dibasic phosphates, calcium phosphates, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and the like;
b) lubricants, such as magnesium stearate, talc, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oil, leucine, glycerides and sodium stearyl fumarates;
c) disintegrants, such as starches, croscaramellose, sodium methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, alginic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
Other suitable excipients can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, published by the American Pharmaceutical Association.
It is to be understood that depending on the severity of the disorder and the particular type which is treatable with one of the compounds of the invention, as well as on the respective patient to be treated (e.g. the general health status of the patient, etc.) different doses of the respective compound are required to elicit a therapeutic or prophylactic effect. The determination of the appropriate dose lies within the discretion of the attending physician. It is contemplated that the dosage of a compound of the invention in the therapeutic or prophylactic use of the invention should be in the range of about 0.1 mg to about 1 g serum per kg body weight.
However, in a preferred use of the present invention a compound of the invention is administered to a subject in need thereof in an amount ranging from 1.0 to 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably ranging from 10 to 200 mg/kg body weight, preferably ranging from 50 to 150 mg/kg body weight, preferably ranging from 90 to 100 mg/kg body weight. The duration of therapy with a compound of the invention will vary, depending on the severity of the disease being treated and the condition and idiosyncratic response of each individual patient.
As is known in the art, the pharmaceutically effective amount of a given composition will also depend on the administration route. In general the required amount will be higher, if the administration is through the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. by suppository, rectal, or by an intragastric probe) and lower if the route of administration is parenteral (e.g. intravenous). Typically, a compound of the invention will be administered in ranges of 50 mg to 1 g/kg body weight, preferably 100 mg to 500 mg/kg body weight, if rectal or intragastric administration is used, and in ranges of 10 to 100 mg/kg body weight, if parenteral administration is used.
If a person is known to be at risk of developing a disorder treatable with a compound of the invention, a prophylactic administration of the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be possible. In these cases the respective compound of the invention is preferably administered in the above outlined preferred and particular preferred doses on a daily basis. Preferably, between 0.1 mg to 1 g/kg body weight once a day, preferably 10 to 200 mg/kg body weight. This administration can be continued until the risk of developing the respective disorder has lessened.
In most instances, however, a compound of the invention will be administered once a disease/disorder has been diagnosed. In these cases it is preferred that a first dose of a compound of the invention is administered one, two, three or four times daily. Preferably the administration is discontinued for one day, one week or one month and then repeated until the symptoms of the respective disease are no longer worsening or improving.
The peptide compounds of the invention are synthesized using methods well known in the art, including recombinant DNA methods and chemical synthesis.
Chemical synthesis may generally be performed using standard solution phase or solid phase peptide synthesis techniques, in which a peptide linkage occurs through the direct condensation of the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxy group of the other amino acid with the elimination of a water molecule. Peptide bond synthesis by direct condensation, as formulated above, requires suppression of the reactive character of the amino group of the first and of the carboxyl group of the second amino acid. The masking substituents must permit their ready removal, without inducing breakdown of the labile peptide molecule.
In solution phase synthesis, a wide variety of coupling methods and protecting groups may be used (see Gross and Meienhofer, “The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology,” Vol. 1-4; Academic Press, 1979; Bodansky and Bodansky, “The Practice of Peptide Synthesis,” 2d ed. (Springer Verlag, 1994)).
In addition, intermediate purification and linear scale up are possible. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that solution synthesis requires consideration of main chain and side chain protecting groups and activation method.
In addition, careful segment selection is necessary to minimize racemization during segment condensation. Solubility considerations are also a factor. Solid phase peptide synthesis uses an insoluble polymer for support during organic synthesis. The polymer-supported peptide chain permits the use of simple washing and filtration steps instead of laborious purifications at intermediate steps. Solid-phase peptide synthesis may generally be performed according to the method of Merrifield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1963, 85:2149, which involves assembling a linear peptide chain on a resin support using protected amino acids. Solid phase peptide synthesis typically utilizes either the Boc or Fmoc strategy, which are well known in the art.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that, in solid phase synthesis, deprotection and coupling reactions must go to completion and the side-chain blocking groups must be stable throughout the synthesis. In addition, solid phase synthesis is generally most suitable when peptides are to be made on a small scale.
Acetylation of the N-terminal can be accomplished by reacting the final peptide with acetic anhydride before cleavage from the resin. C-amidation is accomplished using an appropriate resin such as methylbenzhydrylamine resin using the Boc technology.
The peptides disclosed herein may be modified by attachment of a second molecule that confers a desired property upon the peptide, such as increased half-life in the body, for example, pegylation.
Covalent attachment of a molecule or solid support may generally be achieved by first reacting the support material with a bifunctional reagent that will also react with a functional group, such as a hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl, ketone or amino group, on the modulating agent. A preferred method of generating a linkage is via amino groups using glutaraldehyde. A peptide may be linked to cellulose via ester linkages. Similarly, amide linkages may be suitable for linkage to other molecules such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin or other support materials.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Human TS Inhibition by Peptide
a) Peptides Synthesis:
Peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1-185 are synthesized through the classical Fmoc automated protocol. The purification of peptides was done by reverse phase HPLC with U.V. detection at 220 nm. The level of purity of the product was >95%. Each purified peptide was systematically analysed through mass spectrometry. The peptides were further purified before use to eliminate the trifluoroacetic acid.
b) Protein Cloning and Purification:
Human Thymidylate synthase was purified from the E. coli BL21 strain DH5α transformed with pQE80L, which contains the complete coding sequence for the human Thymidylate Synthase (hTS) tagged with a histidine tail. Purification involved sequential chromatography on Ni Sepharose Fast Flow resin column and HiTrap desalting column, both from GE Healthcare.
c) Enzyme Kinetics:
Peptidic Inhibitor Enzymatic Inhibition Assay.
hTS enzyme ( ̃300 nM) has been incubated in MilliQ water for one hour at 25° C. in presence of a fixed concentration of the following inhibitors: SEQ ID NO: 1-18, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 103. After that the reaction mixture volume was doubled by addition of TES buffer. Subsequently, mTHF and dUMP were added at a final concentration of 60 μM and 120 μM, respectively; the reaction has been monitored through UV absorbance at 340 nm for 180 seconds.
Final concentration of the inhibitors was 100 μM.
Peptidic Inhibitor Ki Value Determination Vs dUMP.
hTS enzyme ( ̃300 nM) has been incubated in MilliQ water for one hour at 25° C. in presence of dUMP at increasing concentrations and of a fixed concentration of the following inhibitors: SEQ ID NO: 1-18, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 103. After that the reaction mixture volume was doubled by addition of TES buffer. Subsequently, mTHF was added at a final concentration of 60 μM; the reaction has been monitored through UV absorbance at 340 nm for 180 seconds.
Final concentrations of dUMP were 10.725, 21.45, 42.90, 85.80, 171.60 and 203.77 μM while concentrations of the inhibitors were 0, 50 and 100 μM.
Peptidic Inhibitor Ki Value Determination Vs mTHF.
hTS enzyme ( ̃300 nM) has been incubated in MilliQ water for one hour at 25° C. in presence of mTHF at increasing concentrations and of a fixed concentration of the following inhibitors: SEQ ID NO: 1-18, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 103. After that the reaction mixture volume was doubled by addition of TES buffer. Subsequently, dUMP was added at a final concentration of 120 μM; the reaction has been monitored through UV absorbance at 340 nm for 180 seconds.
Final concentrations of mTHF were 9.64, 19.28, 41.76, 80.31 and 118.86 μM while concentrations of the inhibitors were 0, 50 and 100 μM.
d) Results:
Kinetic experiments were performed to study the inhibition properties of the peptides. The specificity of the peptide binding was evaluated by testing the interaction of SEQ ID NO: 1-18, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 80, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86, SEQ ID NO: 103 with hTS. hTS is inhibited by all of the tested peptides showing Ki in the range of 3 μM-400 μM where SEQ ID NO: 1 showed Ki of 30 μM. The analysis of the kinetic data indicate a mixed type inhibition in the case of peptides SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 63 and SEQ ID NO: 86, while SEQ ID NO: 1 shows a competitive inhibition pattern ((see FIG. 4 for SEQ ID NO: 24 as an example)
In FIG. 5, the IC50 (concentration of the peptide that reduces the enzyme activity to 50%) of the mentioned peptides have been reported. These results have shown clearly that a few shorter peptides (with a 4 residues length) maintain the activity of the longer 8-mer peptides. The peptide sequences are part of a beta-hairpin loop in the structure of hTS. To investigate if and which type of secondary structure the peptides may adopt in the unbound state in aqueous solution and if there was a relationship between the propensity to assume a secondary structure and their activity, the authors of the present invention have first studied computationally the conformational properties of the peptides. In molecular dynamics simulations, all the octapeptides were flexible and mostly unstructured though displaying some tendency towards helical structures. Subsequently, circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the peptides have been measured in water and in the presence of different percentages (0-100%) of the α-helix structure inducer, 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol (TFE). The results reveal a correlation between the intrinsic propensity of the peptides to assume secondary structure (α-helix, β-sheet, β-hairpin, PPI) and their activity as hTS inhibitors. Only those peptides that inhibit hTS adopted a secondary structure. The inhibitory peptides displayed a range of secondary structure types, suggesting that the contribution of a structured unbound conformation may be to reduce the entropy penalty associated with binding to hTS.
Example 2
Docking Study to Determine the Binding Sites of Peptides, Including SEQ ID NO: 24
To investigate how the peptides bind to TS, we used computational docking techniques to dock several peptides, including SEQ ID NO: 24, to the protein. The protein was modelled in active and inactive conformations and in monomeric and dimeric forms. In apo-hTS, the active site was identified as a possible binding site for the peptides. Docking poses were also found at the dimer interface for both the monomeric and dimeric forms. In the former case they were close to Y213 or R175 and R176. In the latter case, they were near the position of the peptide identified crystallographically (Example 5) or in a crevice on the other side of the dimer interface.
Example 3
Effects of Peptides on Cisplatin-Sensitive and -Resistant Cell Lines
a) Cell Lines:
The 2008 cell line was established from a patient with serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary and the cisplatin (cDDP)-resistant C13* subline, about 15-fold resistant to cDDP, was derived from the parent 2008 cell line. The human ovarian carcinoma A2780/CP cells are 12-fold resistant to cDDP and derived from the parent A2780 cell line. Cells were grown as monolayers in RPMI 1640 medium (Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Lonza, Verviers, Belgium) and 50 μg/ml gentamycin sulfate. Cultures were equilibrated with humidified 5% CO2 in air at 37° C.
b) Cell Growth Assay
Cells were seeded into 24-well plates and allowed to attach overnight. Peptides were delivered into cells by means of a peptide delivery system, following the procedures indicated by the manufacturer. On selected days, after removal of the tissue culture medium, cell growth was determined by a modification of the crystal violet dye assay. The extracted dye was proportional to cell number. Percentage of cytotoxicity was calculated by comparing the absorbance of exposed to non-exposed (control) cultures (see FIG. 7-8)
c) TS Catalytic Assay:
Cells were seeded into 60 mm plates and allowed to attach overnight. Peptides corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 44 were delivered into cells by means of the peptide delivery system, following the procedures indicated by the manufacturer. Cells in an exponential growth phase were then harvested and treated for TS catalytic assay, conducted essentially according to a previously reported method, determining the catalytic activity of TS by measuring the amounts of 3H release from [5-3H]dUMP during its TS catalyzed conversion to dTMP. Briefly, the assay consisted of enzyme suspensions in assay buffer (lysis buffer without Triton X-100), 650 μM 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate in a final volume of 50 μl. The reaction was started by adding [5-3H]dUMP (1 μM final concentration, specific activity 5 mCi/mol), incubated for 60 min at 37° C., and stopped by adding 50 μl of ice-cold 35% trichloroacetic acid. Residual [5-3H]dUMP was removed by the addition of 250 μl of 10% neutral activated charcoal. The charcoal was removed by centrifugation at 14,000×g for 15 min at 4° C., and a 150-μl sample of the supernatant was assayed for tritium radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting in the liquid scintillator analyzer Tri-Carb 2100 (Packard). For each cell line, linearity of [5-3H]dUMP conversion with respect to amount of protein and time was established. Protein content in the various assays was estimated by the method of Lowry et al.
All values report the mean±S.E.M, unless otherwise indicated. Statistical significance was estimated by a two-tailed Student's t-test performed using Microsoft Excel Software; a difference was considered to be significant at *P<0.05 or **P<0.01.
d) Results:
In order to analyze the effects of the peptides on the TS enzyme from human cell lines, at first the authors of the present invention have chosen a cisplatin-sensitive human ovarian cancer cell line, 2008 cells, and its -resistant counterpart C13* cells. Therefore, the cell cultures have been transfected with peptides using a delivery system to verify peptide inhibitory properties. The results obtained showed that 48-h exposure to the maximum amount of peptide delivered by this system, corresponding at about 10 μM, reduced the TS activity of 2008 and C13* cells by 65% and 80%, respectively (data not shown)
Without transfection by the peptide delivery system, the peptides were very scantly cytotoxic against all cell lines and only at concentrations 10-15-fold higher. The results shown in FIG. 7 indicate that all the three peptides SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 44 at 10 μM significantly (*P<0.05, n=5) inhibited the growth of both sensitive 2008 and A2780 cells, as well as of resistant C13* and A2780/CP cells by about 50%; even if, SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO: 44 appeared particularly active against A2780 cells. The dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects of peptide SEQ ID NO: 24 is depicted in FIG. 8. As is evident, the lowest concentration of the peptide is active only against A2780 cell growth, whereas the other two concentrations were cytotoxic towards all cell lines already after 48-h exposure. Again, the effect was more evident in A2780 cells that were killed by about 75% following both 48 h and 72 h exposure. The same peptide caused approximately 50% cell growth inhibition of the other cell lines when compared to the respective untreated control cells.
These peptides were very helpful to identify a previously unexplored binding site that is located at the interface between the two monomers and to discover peptides with a new mechanism of action. The peptides provide an example of inhibitors with the ability to block the inactive form of the protein. The authors of the present invention observed that peptides, that showed an inducible secondary structure, were the same that demonstrated an effective binding and consistently proved an effective capacity to inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth. Some of the peptides tested showed the capacity to reverse the cisplatin drug resistance level when administered through appropriate delivery system. The approach followed was very effective in the identification of active and specific peptides that can cross the cell membrane through a specific mechanism. These compounds represent the important starting point for peptide optimization with in vivo effect.
Example 4
Thermodynamics and Specificity of the Peptides Binding to Human TS
a) Isothermal Titration Calorimetry:
The calorimetric experiments were performed on a MicroCalTM VP-ITC Microcalorimeter. Experiments were initiated by filling the reference cell with ca. 1.5 mL of MilliQ water and sample cell with ca. 1.5 mL of a hTS solution (10, 20 and 40 μM) in NaH2PO4 buffer. After all components of the instrument have reached thermal equilibrium to the desired experimental temperature, identical volumes for each injection of reactant were then injected into the sample titration cell. Injection volume was 10 μL and an equilibrium time of 4 min was allowed between each injection. Total injections number was 28. The heat effect arising from dissolution of the titrant was measured in a separate experiment where the titration cell was filled with buffer. These contributions to the observed heats of reaction were subtracted from corresponding total heats. The heat effect of the enzyme's dilution due to titrant injection was negligible in all cases.
8-mers peptides (SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 83, SEQ ID NO: 84, SEQ ID NO: 85 and SEQ ID NO: 86.) were dissolved in experimental buffer, at the desired concentration, the day before the experiment leaving them with magnetic stirring at 4° C., O/N. The day of experiment, peptide's solution was filtered with a 0.45 nm filter and the effective concentration was determined by UV measurement. Then, it was loaded in the injection syringe following instrument's instructions. Enzyme solution was filtered with a 0.45 nm filter and then degassed for 8 minutes under magnetic stirring. The solution was then loaded inside the sample cell of the instrument following instructions. After these procedures the injection syringe were positioned and titration started.
b) Results:
Isothermal Titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to study the thermodynamics and specificity of peptide's interaction with human TS. In particular the focus was on peptide of SEQ ID NO: 24 whose X-ray crystallographic structure was obtained. Data obtained from hTS titration with peptide of SEQ ID NO: 24 are consistent with a model that expects the presence of two different protein forms of which only one of them may interact with the peptide. This is the case of hTS which is known to show an equilibrium between active and inactive forms where the inactive form can be converted to active one in the presence of substrates. The model describes a two consecutive, non-identical, binding sites interaction; the first is enthalpically and mildly entropically driven while the second has a larger entropic contribution.
From data analysis, peptide of SEQ ID NO: 24 exhibited a Kd value of 1.51×10−7 M for the first binding site and 1.28×10−6 M for the second. The same interaction model has been confirmed for peptide of SEQ ID NO: 63.
The X-ray structure of the hTS-SEQ ID NO: 24 complex shows only one molecule bound in the interface binding site. This model is in agreement with the ITC thermodynamic description in which the first binding domain exerted an enthalpically driven interaction while the second a more entropically one. This second molecule may not crystallize due to the high entropic contribution that characterizes its thermodynamic binding profile.
Normally, the inactive form is converted to active form thanks to substrates. On the basis of nDSC data it has been supposed that the peptide binding stabilizes this inactive form, preventing its conversion and leading to the observed kinetic activity decrease.
Example 5
Crystallization of ht-hTS and the Complex ht-hTS-SEQ ID NO: 24
The histidine-tagged construct (ht-hTS) consists of the whole sequence of human TS with the MRGSHHHHHHGS sequence added at the N-terminus for a total of 325 amino-acid residues and MW=37114.45 Da. The ht-hTS molecule has a dimeric quaternary structure as indicated by gel-filtration chromatography and confirmed by the crystal structure determination.
The crystals of ht-hTS have been obtained in sitting drop set up from a 200 μM ht-hTS solution in 0.1 M HEPES at pH 7.5 and β-mercaptoethanol 20 mM. 3 μL of the above hTS solution have been mixed with 3 μL of a precipitant solution consisting of 20-25% saturated (NH4)2SO4 solution, 20 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.3.
Crystals of the hTS grow in about one week to the final dimensions of about 100×200×200 μm.
Crystals of the ht-hTS complex with the octa-peptide SED ID NO: 24 (LSCQLYQR; ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24) have been grown in sitting drop set up from the above ht-hTS solution incubated for 2 h at 4° C. with a 1 mM solution of the peptide SED ID NO: 24 in water using the same set up and the same precipitant solution. Crystals of the ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 complex appeared in 3-5 days and grew to final dimensions similar to the native crystals in about 3 weeks.
The ht-hTS and ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 crystals display the same habit and belong to the trigonal system.
Crystal data have been collected on crystals frozen at 100 K under a cold nitrogen stream upon addition to the crystals mother solution of 20% glycerol as cryoprotectant.
The data collection has been performed at ESRF (Grenoble) on beamlines ID 14-1 and ID 23-1 equipped with ADSC Q210 CCD detectors. The data have been collected by the rotation method using Δφ=1° over 180°, in order to achieve high redundancy, with crystal to detector distance of 265 mm. The crystals were stable on the beam over the data collection time (about 25′), and one crystal was used for each dataset. Final data collection statistics are shown in Table 2.
Structure Solution
The structure of ht-hTS was solved in the trigonal space group P3121 using the molecular replacement technique. The model used was that of a subunit of human TS crystallized in the low salt condition (PDB 1YPV) with all the water molecules omitted.
The asymmetric unit content consists of one subunit of the ht-hTS dimer which occupies a special position of point symmetry 2 with the molecule two-fold axis coincident with a crystallographic two-fold axis present in the cell. The correct orientation and translation of the molecule within the crystallographic unit cell was determined with standard Patterson search techniques, as implemented in the software MOLREP.
The program provided an evident solution for the positioning for the asymmetric unit content. The first 37 N-terminal residues present in the construct were not visible in the electron density map and are not part of our model; residues from 120 to 141 are non visible in the electron density map and are omitted from the model as well as the C-terminus last three residues.
The programs XtalView and Coot have been used for manual rebuilding of the model. The crystal structure of the ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 complex has been solved by molecular replacement by using MOLREP and ht-hTS as model. However, the formation of a 1:1 complex between the ht-hTS dimer and the peptide SED ID NO: 24 disrupt the two-fold symmetry of the molecule and lowers the space group symmetry from P3121 to P31 as later confirmed by the refinement. For ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 in P31, the asymmetric unit content consists of the whole ht-hTS dimer and of the SED ID NO: 24 peptide.
Structure Refinement
The initial models from molecular replacement have been subjected by an initial cycle of rigid body refinement followed by several cycles of conventional maximum-likelihood refinement as implemented in REFMAC5. Between the refinement cycles, the model was subjected to manual rebuild using XtalView and Coot. The program Coot has been used to model the SED ID NO: 24 peptide. Water molecules have been added in all cases by using the standard procedure within the ARP/wARP suite.
The refined model of ht-hTS consists of 263 amino acids, 91 water molecules and 2 sulphate anions from the crystallization solution. Inspection of the Fourier difference maps has shown that four out of the five cysteine residues present in hTS have reacted with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) to give covalent adducts. However, only for Cys211 a whole BME molecule is visible in the electron density map, while for Cys55, Cys192, Cys207 only a sulphur atom is detected and inserted in the model. The tendency of the hTS cysteine residues to react with BME has been previously observed.
The two sulphate anions are bound at the dimer interface by H-bonds to Arg187 and Arg197 in the same anion recognising site where the substrate dUMP binds.
The formation of a 1:1 complex between ht-hTS dimer and the SED ID NO: 24 peptide should vanish the two-fold symmetry present in the enzyme. In order to ascertain if the symmetry of the ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 crystal was effectively lowered to P31, we processed and refined the data in both P3121 and P31 space groups.
The structure in the space group P3121 was refined by modeling the peptide in two mutually excluding orientations (related by the two-fold axis) and using an occupancy factor of 0.50 for each orientation. On the contrary the peptide occupancy has been kept to 1.00 when performed in P31 although the refinement ends with high temperature factors (50-70% higher than the hTS atoms) indicating a some what lower occupancy for the SED ID NO: 24 peptide. The final R-cryst and R-free factors converged to of 0.24-0.28 respectively for the structure in P3121 compared to 0.20-0.25 obtained in the space group P31 when performing the same refinement steps. The lower values of these parameters indicate the correctness of the P31 space group for the complex.
In the final steps of the refinement ordered water molecules have been added to both ht-hTS and ht-hTS-SED ID NO: 24 structures by the procedure implemented within the ARP/wARP suite.
The stereochemical quality of the refined model was assessed using the program PROCHECK.







TABLE 2







Data collection and refinement statistics.


(The data in parentheses refer to the highest resolution shell)


DATA COLLECTION AND REFINEMENT STATISTICS










ht-hTS
t-hTS-SED ID NO: 24











Data collection statistics









X-ray source
ESRF ID14-1
ESRF ID23-1


Wavelength
0.934
0.934


(Å)


Data coll.
100
100


Temp. (K)


Space group
P312
P31


Cell
a = 96.20
a = 96.11


dimensions
b = 96.20
b = 96.11


(Å)
c = 82.47
c = 82.24


subunits/asu
1
2


Matthews
3.01
3.00


coeff. (Å3Da−1)


Solv. Cont (%)
59.20
59.01











Resolution
41.67-2.28
(2.40-2.28)
83.33-2.26
(2.38-2.26)


limits (Å)


Reflections
219644
(31723)
438289
(65562)


measured


Unique
20528
(2942)
39745
(5857)


reflections


Completeness (%)
100.0
(100.0)
99.8
(100.0)


Rsym (%)
6.4
(41.3)
7.1
(30.3)


Multiplicity
10.7
(10.8)
11.0
(11.2)


I/σI
24.0
(6.6)
25.9
(6.7)







Refinement statistics











R cryst (%)
19.6
(22.4)
20.0
(30.7)


R free (%)
23.6
(26.6)
25.0
(44.7)









Protein atoms
2130
4260


Ligand atoms
0
69


Water molecules
88
261


Average B
44.28
49.73


factor (Å2)


r.m.s.d. bond
0.023
0.032


lengths (Å)


r.m.s.d. bond
1.974
2.450


angles (°)

## Claims

1. A synthetic peptide comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6-7, SEQ ID NO: 9-10, and SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein the synthetic peptide binds at a binding site located in the dimer interface region of thymidylate synthase and has a total length of up to 10 amino acids.

2. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide stabilizes thymidylate synthase inactive conformation.

3. The synthetic peptide according to claim 2, wherein the peptide stabilizes thymidylate synthase inactive conformation while retaining thymidylate synthase's mRNA binding ability and related translational repression functions.

4. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the thymidylate synthase is human thymidylate synthase.

5. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the binding site spans a cleft located at the interface of the two TS subunits defined by loops 149-172 and 183-204 of both A and B subunits.

6. The synthetic peptide according to claim 5, wherein the cleft comprises Cys192 of subunits A and B.

7. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide has an inducible secondary structure.

8. A cross-linked synthetic peptide consisting of at least two synthetic peptides according to claim 1, the at least two peptides are bound through at least a covalent bond to give a cross-linked peptide.

9. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, further comprising an esterified or amidated C-terminal residue, and/or acetylated or alkoxycarbonylamino N-terminal residue, and/or methylated, benzylated, t-butylated, tosylated, or alkoxycarbonylamino amino acid residues.

10. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, further comprising a residue selected from the group consisting of penicillamine, tetramethylene cysteine, pentamethylene cysteine, mercaptopropionic acid, pentamethylene-mercaptopropionic acid, 2-mercaptobenzene, 2-mercaptoaniline, 2-mercaptoproline, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, aminoadipic acid, m-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and diaminopropionic acid.

11. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide is coupled to a protein transduction (PTDs) or a cell penetrating peptide (CPP).

12. The synthetic peptide according to claim 11, wherein the PTD or CPP is selected from the group consisting of trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) peptide, Antennapedia (ANTP) peptide, arginine-rich peptide, and VP22.

13. The synthetic peptide according to claim 1, wherein the peptide is coupled to an antibody, a serum hormone, a lectin, an adhesion molecule, a tumor cell surface binding ligand, a steroid, a cholesterol molecule, a lymphokine, a fibrinolytic enzyme, or a drug or a peptide that binds to a desired target site.

14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one synthetic peptide according to claim 1, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, further comprising at least one other anticancer drug.

16. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the synthetic peptide of claim 1.

17. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 16, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is coupled to viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors.

18. A genetic construct for the expression of a synthetic peptide according to claim 1, comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the synthetic peptide.

19. The genetic construct according to claim 18, further comprising one or more regulatory elements selected from the group consisting of a promoter and an enhancer.

20. A synthetic peptide comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-11, SEQ ID NO: 80, and SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein the synthetic peptide binds at a binding site located in the dimer interface region of thymidylate synthase and has a total length of up to 10 amino acids, and the synthetic peptide is esterified or amidated at the C-terminal residue, and/or acetylated or comprise an alkoxycarbonylamino at the N-terminal residue, and/or having methylated, benzylated, t-butylated, tosylated or alkoxycarbonylamino amino acid residues.

21. A synthetic peptide comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5-11, SEQ ID NO: 80, and SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein the synthetic peptide binds at a binding site located in the dimer interface region of thymidylate synthase and has a total length of up to 10 amino acids, and the synthetic peptide comprises a residue selected from the group consisting of penicillamine, tetramethylene, cysteine, pentamethylene cysteine, mercaptopropionic acid, pentamethylene-mercaptoproionic acid, 2-mercaptobenzene, 2-mercaptoaniline, 2-mercaptoproline, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, aminoadipic acid, m-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and diaminopropionic acid.

22. The genetic construct according to claim 18, further comprising a selectable marker.