## P. 1



# OAR Box 1128 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



# Document

Number: 

# 20 ) 11-1-19

8 Docket Number: 

# A-83-2 2

Printed 4/21/2008 11:07:11 AM Sheet 20 of 198

### Th e highest concentration s an

damajo r portio no f th e store dlea

dwer e associate dwit

hth e urba ncompartmen t an dare s adjacen

t t o high-us e rura

l roads

. Thes e area s shouldb e monitoredi nth e futur

e t o detec t change s inlea

dstorag e andconcentration s wit htim e an dwit hadditiona

l lea dinput , to deter

min e i f toxi c level s are reached

. Insec t foo dchain s andinsectivorou s bird s should als o b e closely monitoredi nhigh-lead-inpu

t areas . Aquati c system s shouldreceiv e close r examinatio n inthe future , a s sediment s are majo r meta l reser voirs

.

REFERENCE S I . O . L . RoHa , A . Ctnker , ] . Melta . Bi d B . B Ewkis . J . Envi ron. Syi . X'): 3 » (1972) . 1 E . N . Canfwril , E S . Jacobs . W . O . Lunz . Jr. . n d V . B . Liberi . Cyclin g an d Contro l o f Metals . 9 5 (1972) . 3 . U . S . FuM cHealth Service . Pubiicatk n No . 999-AP-l } (I9S5) . 4 . L . B . Tcppe rand L . S . Levin . UnhwrsHy o f Cincinnati . Col leg e o f MedTcme, Departmento f Environmental Health (I9T2) . 3 . T . J . Kneip . M . Eiaenbud . C . D . Strehlow . an d P . C . Freu denthal . J . AirPollut . Com . An . 20: 144 (1970) . « . J . M . CohKci . C . R

. Begeman . and K . Kinder . J . AirPoOU . Contr . All . I* 233 (1M9) . 7 . H . R . Bowman . J . G . Conway , and P . Aiara . Environ . Sci . Techncl.d : 53>(I972) .



### 13 4 P . R . Harrison . W . R . Mstson , an d J . W . Winchester. *,„

_ Environ . .5.613(1971) . J . L . Hudson , J . J . Stukel . an d R . L . Solomon . Annua, bvi ron. (1975 i n preta) . A . L . Page . T . J . Omle . an d M . S . JoaM . HOganfia . 41- 1 (1971) . H . S . Molto , R . H . Bainei , D . M . CMlko . an d C . K . Ho w Environ . Sci . Technd . 4:23 1 11970) . A . Ruhlin g an d O . Tyler . Bot . Notiser . 121:32 1 (196(1 . A . Suchdoller . Ber . de rSclweUeiische n Botannche n OeaaVachafl . 77:266(1967) . G . C . Marten and P . B . Hammond . Agron . J . 3R - 55 3 (1966) . A . Koik e an d K . Riebaflach . Natunvissemchaften . SI: XI (1964) . H . L . Canno n an d J . M . Bowles . Science . (37:76 3 (1977) . A . Haney , J.A . Carlton . G.L . Rolfe . RI . Acad . Sci . 67 n v 323(1974) . O.L . Rolfe . For . Sci . 2uJ) : 28 3 (1974) . H.W . Kreuger . N . W . Projec f 72-3 . Kmige rEntctvrnes , Cambridge , M

A (1972) . P.W . Price , BJ . Rathckc . an d D.A . Oentry . Environ . Entoroot3 (3): 370(1974) . B . P . Hunt . Mich . Dept . Coneerv . BnO. ban . Fish . Res . 4 I (1953) . M . J . CaJdwe

O an d R . V . Bovbjerg . Proc . Iow aAcad . Sd . 7i 461(1969) . C . L . Toner . Ohi o J . Sd . 2 2 4 1 (1921) . N . H . Stewart . Bull . U . S . Bur . Fun . 4 2 147(1926) . W . C . Kraatl . Ohi o J . Sd . 29(2) : > 6 (1928) . 9 . A . Forbe s and R . B . Richardson . Minors Laborator y o f National Histor y Survey , 2nd ed.(1920) . C . L . Huob s and G . P . Cooper . Cranbroo kInst . Sci . Bull. I I (1936) . J . S . Dinsmcre . Proc . low s Acad . Sd . 69 . 29 6 (1962) . R . D . Hoyt . Amer . Midi . Nat . W(l> : 22 6 (1970) . S . A . Forbes . Bull . Bl . St . Lab . Nat . Hist . 1(3) : llOSn) . 

### CHAPTE R



# TRANSPORT AN D DISTRIBUTIO N FRO M MININ G MILLING , AND SMELTIN G OPERATION S I N A FORES T

ECOSYSTE M

J . Chv/e tJennett*, Bobby O. Whuon, M » H. Lomhy. an d Kmftnfc r Departmento f

Civi l Engineerin t Umvexiity o f

Missouri-Ron * Ernst Bolter Dcpirtinen to f

Qeolof y University o f

MbsourlRotl i Ddbtrt D. HesuphSJ ProsYUt i Directo r- Bi n u\jorii**nt M Tric e Suostinoe s Resesrc b Cente r Universit y o f

Mluouri-Cohiinbi a NdrriL-CW e Divisio n o f

Lif e Scienc e University o f

Minoari-RoO a WtUhmH. Tranfe r Dt|ia i tmerito

f Elcctiic u Enfnieenn a Umvenit y o f

Missouri-RoO t 

# lill f I I VM 

# I3 

# 199 2 EP AA, R DOCKE T

HISTOR YAN D DEVELOPMEN T 

### Lea dwas first

discovere dinMissour

i by Frenc h fevdopers in170 1 an

dmine dfro mshallo w surfac e fcposits a s early a s 1720

. (t ] Sinc e tha t time produc

tio nha s increasedgradually , wit

hmost o f i t coming tornth e Ol dLeadBel

t i nMadisonan dSt

. Franci s counties , bot hi nsoutheas t

Missouri

. Exploration s b y th e St

. Jo e LeadCo

. (now St

. Jo e Mineral s Corp. ) discoverednew detoit s i

nWashingtonCount

y n dle dt o developmen

t o f th e India nCreek Division Min e i n1953

. (Thes e mine s are jus t nort hof , an d no t considere dt o b e par

t of , th e Viburnu

mTrend. ) I n195 5 St

. Jo e Co

. verifie

dinitia l lea dor e dis

-
, emerie s nea r Viburnum

. Thi s richlead-zinc deposit otend s approximately 4

0 m i du e sout hfro mViburn

- |* nan di s mor e or les s continuously mineralized fromawidt

ho f afe w hundre dt o afew thousand licet

. Th e lead-zinc or

e varie s fromlow to a

nex - | trwrdinaril y hig hgrade andha s prove nt o b e o f met , highe r qualit y tha nwa s forecas t

inth e initia

l operationprogram . Bot

hlea dan dzin c are primari

Tiamtt y chairman . Heparin*!. , o fCivi l Engineering . Syracus e Wversity . 

### l y recovere da s coproduct s o f (h e lea dore . f2 ] Thi s ne w lead-richare awa s namedth e Viburnu m Tren do r New LeadBel

t o f Missouri

. Th e geograph

ica l locationi s showni

nfigure 7- 1 along wit

hth e locatio no f mine s andone smelter

. Mos t o f thi s majo r minera l discover y i s onfedera

l land(Clar

k Nationa l Forest) , whichpresente dman y problem s i

n th e developmen

t o f majo r mining industrie s within th e multiple-us e progra

mo f th e U.S

. Fores t

Service

. Sinc e 197 0 th e Viburnu

mTren dor

Ne w Lea dBel t ha s rankedfirs

t i nth e worldinlea

dore production

. [3-5 ] Zin c ha s als o increase ds o tha t Missour i rank s secondi nth e nation , passin g bot hTennesse e and Colorado , andi s challenging New Yor k fo r first place

. Missour

i als o rank s fifthandseventh , respec tively , i nth e UnitedState s fo

r th e productio no

f sil

ve r andcopper . Th e hill y topography o

f th e are aconfine s dis

charge s fromth e mining andsmelterin g operation s i nseparat e strea msystems ; henc e pollutioneffects ca nb e determine dfo

r individua l mines , mills , and lea dsmelters

. Stream s tha

t flo w into th e are afro

m th e easter nedg e o f th e drainag e basin(Blac

k Rive r watershed) are no t

affectedb y either

th e minin

g developmen

t or populate dregion s ands o ca nb e use da s controls

. |6 | Th e foreste dOzarkia nterrai n 13 5 I



# r• I ST . LOW S T34 N

T53N

FIGUR E 7-1.—Locatio n o fft wViburnu m Tran d i n th » MM * LM d Bel t ofsoutheast Mhsouri . ha s adecide d effec to n win d direction , whic h affect s th e movemen to f

stac kemission s an d othe rpossibl e industrial and domesti csource s o f ai rpollution . Whil e th e prevailin g win d directio n i s fro m th e wes t an d south , th e rollin g terrai n make s itdifficul tt o determin e ai rpollutio n effect s o n th e foreste d o r cleare d area s nea rth e minin g an d smeltin g opera tions . Galen a(PbS ) i s th e principa l or e mined , wit h less e rquantitie s o f

sphalerit e (ZnS) , pyrit e (CuFeS) , an d silve rrecovere d a s economi ccoproducts . Geologi cally , th e lea d i s disseminate d throughou tth e Cambrian-ag e Bonneterr e formation , mostl y ado lomit e atdepth s rangin g fro m 70 0 t o 1,20 0 ft . Sinc e th e producin g formatio n als o serve s a s amajo raqui fer , mos tmine s mus templo y constan tpumpin g (rangin g fro m 3,00 0 t o 6,00 0 gal/min. ) t o preven t flooding. Thi s inflo wo f wate rha s reduce d min e dus t a s apotentia l problem , bu tth e min e wate rpumpe d t o th e surfac e contain s appreciabl e amount s o f fin e galen aan d associate d trac e metal s a s wel l a s spillag e fro m undergroun d repai ran d equipmen tmainte nanc e operations . Generally , th e or e i s crushe d undergroun d an d hoiste d t o th e surfac e i n ski p loaders . Wate ri s pumpe d fro m th e mine s t o th e surface , an d parto f i t i s use d i n th e millin g procedures . Chemica l reagent s ma y b e adde d t o separat e lead , zinc , o rcoppe rmin eral s fro m th e finely groun d roc kb y flotation. Th e remainin g min e wate ri s treate d i n larg e sedimenta tio n o rtailing s ponds . Th e lea d an d zin c(an d sometime s copper ) miner al s fro m th e flotation proces s ar e pumpe d int o thick ener s wher e th e concentrat e settles . Th e water , ex ces s flotation reagents , an d colloida l an d supercolloi 

# I

dal mineral s ar e the n discharge d a s amilling cftta * Th e concentrat e Is vacuu m dried and transporte d to smelter s fo rfinal conversio n t o metal . A I\T* « mine-mil l productio n flowcharti s illustrated i n r» ur e 7-2 . Th e wate ran d tailing s wast e from th e nuntn g mi nullin g operation s ar e discharge d int o settlemen tmd treatmen tlagoons , generall y known as Ushnji ponds . Dam s fo rth e pond s are usually comtruii d fro m tailing s (generall y 20 0 mes h m size) , whic h r t centrifuge d int o fine an d coars e fraction s durin j d u or e concentratio n process . Afte rth e dam s ar tct » structed , th e taiHng s an d othe rliquid wastes a t» traduce d upstrea m unti l th e lagoo n i s effecrnv h filled. Th e lagoon s serv e a s settlin g basins fo ri- t residual tailing s t o biologicall y degrade an y <pr « organi creagent s discharge d fro m th e millin

g pn x ess . Figure 7- 3 i s aproductio n flowchar tdrpkr ^ atypical moder n smeltin g operatio n wit h vmo » type s o f emissio n controls . Pollutio n Source s Figur e 7- 4 summarize s potential'source s fo rer * ronmental contaminatio n b y heav y metal s sssoriaa * wit h (h e developmen to f amajo rlead minin

g repo s Th e mos tobviou s sourc e o f lea d emission s h * » smelte rowne d b y th e AMA X Lead Co . H»_3B » mai n stac kdischarge s abaghous e effluen tminim i 28. 5 Ib/ h o f tota l particulate s undernorma l open s m g conditions ; 5. 1 Ib/

h i s particulate lead . Le a* viou s source s o f

lea d nea rth e smelte rar e rt« *> calle d fugitiv e source s suc h a s truc k" J TM*? J transporto f

or e concentrate s and windblow n es j fro m metal concentrat e pile s (containin g u p < ° " Wa

t M-T»pici l mlr«wnll l productio n ho wchart . (Court wo fAMA XLM d Co. ) nfta y inductio n "° * churl . __ _

-13 8 

## is, :

mu ti

# ts'£ 

# m

JaaajmwnUodCo . o

t Mhamr t < * M.-Smafler-reflnar

y productio

n flo wchart . (Courtes y ofAMA

XLM d Co. ) _1S7_ . ' v tLE W COM:, a r ROA D O R RAI L TO SMELTE R O R STORAG E

TRANSPOR T In ROA D O R RAI L TO OTtC R SHELTER

S AN O OTHE R ECOSYSTEM

S FINISHE D META L PRODUCT

S FIGUR E 7-4.—Source , o fttsc a metal s I n th a environmen t of th e Ne wLea d Ber

t o t southeaster n Missour i
percen tlea d b y weight) . B y comparin g particl e siz e distributions . Purushothama n IT ) ha s theorize d tha t thes e ar e th e ftialo rsource s o f lea d deposite d withi n abou t3 mi o f

th e smelter . A tgreate rdistances , th e stac kemission s ar e th e prim e contributor s o f lea d t o th e soil . Othe rsource s o f

lea d an d trac e metal s release d t o th e environmen tinclude : [8 1 (1 ) Min e water . Mos tmine s mus tremov e fro m th e operational level s wate rtha ti s generall y rich i n dissolve d CO2 , carbonates , mino rhy drauli can d oi l pills , unuse d blastin g materials , an d finel y groun d rock . Som e formation s (no t i n th e Ne wLea d Belt ) may hav e pyrite s i n th e ore ; dependin g o n th e amoun tpresent , the y ma y produc e aci d condition s an d concomitan t hig h level s o f

dissolve d metals . (2 ) Mill waters . Thes e water s includ e finel y groun d gangu e (roc kcontainin g n o ore) , unre covere d minerals , exces s organi cmillin g re agents , an d dissolve d an d suspende d heavy ' metals . <3 ) Tailings . Thi s gangu e material represent s th e larges tvolum e o f

soli d waste s an d i s use d t o construc tth e tailing s dams ; i tcontain s widel y varyin g amount s o f

lead , zinc , etc . Th e tailing s ar e finely groun d (les s tha n 20 0 mesh ) an d ma y blo wont o th e soi l o rwas h int o streams . (4 ) Concentrates . Thes e materials , containin g ap proximatel y 7 0 percen tlea d b y weight , no t onl y blo wont o soi l an d plants , bu tma y als o b e washe d awa y t o th e soi l an d streams . 13 8 Transpor ti n ope n vehicle s an d railroa d car s aid s i n disseminatin g thes e materials . (5 ) Smelte remissions . I n additio n t o th e stac kan d fugitiv e emission s fro m blowin g concentrate s an d dust s fro m th e sinterin g operations , bqux j waste s fro m lagoon s an d aci d neutralizatio n system s ma y inadvertentl y contai n heavy rottals . I n th e Ne wLea d Belt , th e smelte roperation s ar e unusua l i n thatbot h Hqui d an d air . born e waste s frequentl y contai n anornalou i amount s o f

cadmium . Thi s element , normall y presen ti n th e or e i n minut e quantities , i tan . parentl y concentrate d durin g th e smelt TM process . Thi s rapi d an d continuin g industrial developmen t i n arural fores tecosyste m ha s presente d auniqu e opportunit y t o studyin g t th e transpor tand distributio n o f lea d an d associate d trac e metal s from minus milling , an d smeltin g operations . [9-10 ] Researc h int o th e variou s ecosyste m compartment s a s relate d t o lea d i n air , soil , vegetation , an d wate rha adetermine d backgroun d values , establishe d natura l Duelines , an d evaluate d th e lea d minin g an d smellin j industrie s a s source s o f trac e metal s i n th e environment . Ill ] LEA D I N TH E AI R Th e distributio n o f

heavy-meta l bearin g particle s emitte d int o th e atrnospher e fro m lea d mining an d smeltin g operation s form s abasi s fo restimating Ih e transpor to f

heav y metal s t o othe rcomponents o f th e tota l ecosystem . Investigation s o f th e atmospher

i ctranspor tan d distributio n o f lea d i n th e Ne wLea

) Bel tInvolve d thre e specifi cobjectives : (1 ) t o determin e th e strength s o f th e stationar y and mobd t emissio n source s o f

particulat e lea d an d othe rheav y metal s i n th e smelte rarea ; (2 ) t o characteriz e d c particulat e lea d emission s fro m th e stack , particulat e lea d i n th e air , an d windblow n particulat e lead ; an d (3 ) t o determin e th e short-rang e distributio n o f particulat e heav y metal s i n ai ran d o n th e ground . Sourc e Strengt h an d Characterizatio n Th e source s o f

particulat e lea d an d othe rheav y metal s i n th e AMA X smelte rare afal l int o two categories . First , th e process-oriente d stationar y sources—i n thi s case , th e 20 0 f tmai n stac krectivrra

) effluen tgase s fro m abaghous e attache d t o the Has t furnace . I n additio n t o th e blas tfurnac e off-gases , th e baghous e receive d th e wea koff-gase s fro m th e sinte rmachine . Th e secon d categor y i s th e industria l source s (mobile ) suc h a s truckin g an d railroad operations , expose d pile s o f proces s materials , dus to n th e ground , an d spillag e aroun d th e smelter . A samplin g stud y t o determin e particulate loadire j an d siz e distributio n i n th e stac kga s involve d thre e test s ru n unde rnorma l smelte roperations . Th e Result s ar e show n i n tabl e 7- 1 i n term s o f particulat e loadin g an d emissio n rates . Th e averag e mas s errd V sio n rat e o f

heavy-meta l bearin g particulates «* • 28.4 5 Ib/h ; particulat e lea d amounte d t o 4.6 6 Ib/ h o r 117 3 1/7 1 11/1 3 Aewa e TABLE 7-1. -
Psrticulate s Ct/DSCF " 0.012 2 0.024 0 0.011 1 0.015 8 Ib/

h 20.8 7 38.6 9 25.8 0 28.4 3 'tack particulate emltttont pom AM

A X lead metierundernormal

operating conditions

Les d Gr/DSC F 0.002 9 0 002 6 0.O02 I 0.002 S IWt

i 4.9 S 4.1 8 4.8 5 4.6 6 Zin c

&/DSC F 0.0002 7 0.0001 6 0.0002 1 0.0002 1 Emissio n rate *

Ib/ h 0.4 7 0.33 9 0.49 5 0.43 5 Coppe r

Cr/DSC F B.IX10- 1 8.3x10 " 3.2x10- * 7.2X10- " Ib/

h 0.014 0 0.013 4 0.012 0 0.013 1 Cadmium

Ct/DSC F Ib/

h 0.0001 1 0.19 3 0.0001 0 0.15 7 0.0001 2 0.28 1 0.0001 1 0.21 0 Pro**** : •infe rma c hin t an d bi n I furnac e op« fattorn . To t poin t I 3 btctiotu e outk t flue . Btphoua e recctvo d ilnte r machin e an d Wit t furnac e off-fw n only . Th t ibita r machin e «ron » case s a n j f fI n a n act d plan t fo t SO , recovery . ^Grains pe rdrj r itindar d f t V tf percentb y weigh to f

particulates . A ttb e sam e oe , particulate zinc , copper , an d cadmiu m wer e bcharge d a trate s o f

0.435 , 0.01 3 an d 0.2 1 Ib/h , npectWely. Althoug h th e ambien tlevel s an d depo rtio n rate s o f

settleabl e particulat e cadmiu m wer e aatantiy lowe rtha n thos e o f particulat e copper , t cemissio n rate wa s almos t2 0 time s highe rtha n ti l o f copper . Ther e ar

e tw o reason s fo rth e hig h missio n rat e o f particulat e cadmium . First , lea d or e ntcentrat e fro m th e Ne wLea d Bel tcontain s aver y Mgf aconcentratio n (93 0 Mg/g) o f cadmium ; [12 ] i n nstconcentrate s th e Z n t o C d rati o un aaroun d JO , bu tth e Ne wLea d Bel trati o i s close rt o 100 . xxondly , coppe rwa s foun d t o b e associate d wit h article s o f 7 ji m mas s media n diamete r MMD) . Suc h particle s are mor e efficientl y remove d oth e baghous e tha n cadmium , whic h wa s attache d Bparticle s o f 1 p m MMD . Th e relative amount s o f copper , an d cadmiu m i n th e stac karassion s • n approximatel y 1(10 , 1/400 , an d 1/2 0 o f lead , Rspectively. Th e particulat e emission s fro m th e stac kwer e tenderized wit h a n Anderso n in-stac kcascad e qactor . (tabl e 7-2 ) Approximtel y 2 5 percen to f th e articulat e lead , zinc , and cadmiu m wa s associate d •il h 0.7 4 ur n particles ; i n th e cas e o tparticulat e opper , however , abou tone-hal f o f th e amoun twa s concentrate

d i n particle s greate rtha n 8 jim . Thi s •Best s tha tagreate rpercentag e o f th e particulat e coppe rwoul d b e removed b y th e baghouse , whil e a m o f th e particulat e cadmiu m woul d escap e (roug h th e stack . Th e siz e distributio n o f th e heav y metal-bearin g particulate s i s show n i n figure 7-5 . Approximatel y 9 0 percen to f

th e particulat e lead , zinc , an d cadmiu m wa s les s tha n 1 0 t o 2 0 Mm , wit h aMM D o f

I t o 1. 5 ion. However , th e (particulate coppe rha d aMM D o f 7pm , with 2 5 percen tlarge rtha n 12Mm. Generally , particle s wit h a n equivalen tsiz e o f 1 0 t o 2 0 jim , dependin g upo n thei rdensity , ar e consid ere d t o hav e suc h smal l settlin g velocitie s tha tthe y ten d t o remai n suspende d fatth e atmospher e fo rlon g period s o ttim e an d henc e ar e subjec tt o long-rang e rathertha n short-rang e transpor tan d dispersion . Assurnin g th e averag e densit y o tlead-bearin g par ticle s t o b e 1 0 g/crrp . the n settlin g velocit y woul d b e affecte d b y th e particl e diamete runde ragive n se to f conditions . I n short-rang e transpor to f lead . I tca n b e assume d tha tgravitationa l sedimentatio n wi n b e negligibl e fo rparticle s wit h settlin g velocitie s « I cm/sec . (13 ) Hage' s dat a(14 1 o n th e settlin g velocit y o f smoot h spherica l particle s wit h adensit y o f 5 g / cm ' ar e give n b y Vande rHove n [13 ] a s afunctio n o f particl e diamete ran d altitude , forticicsiz e wa s reported t o b e th e dominan tfacto raffectin g it s ve locity . Accordingly , particle s wit h diameter s o f les s tha n 1 0 M

m ar e no taffecte d significantl y b y gravita tional settling . Windblow n dus ti n th e smelte rare awa s characte r ize d wil h a n Anderso n nonviabl e sample ran d alumi nu m foi l collectio n plate s a talocatio n expose d t o truckin g activities . Ti n samplin g wa s carrie d ou tfo r 4. 5 h atI ft'/min . Th e result s ar e summarize d i n ta bl e 7-3 . TABL E 7.2.-ftrttrl e ffsStro/fteer vinennlDeart^fAsrrgculrr f emttraM U from a primary lead

tmetterttack 

# > * o 1 1 

# ) 4 1 

# < 1 •da p tot ECD '

Otfn l 12. 7 8. 0 3. 3 3.7 5 2.3 3 1.2 0.7 4 0.4 9 Lead '

S4 0 30 5 36 5 2S S 33 5 72 0 1, 2 35 66 5 38 0 Amoun tcollecte d (of ) Zin c 3 3 3 9 2 7 2 6 3 0 6 4 10 8 7 2 7 1 Cadmhu

n 1 4 1 5 1 2 9 I I 2 1 4 7 3 3 2 6 Coope r

4. 5 4. 3 3. 7 3 0. 7 1 1.2 1 0 Lead '

10. 8 10. 1 7. 3 3. 3 6. 6 14. 4 24. 6 13. 3 7. 6 Percento f

tota l mas s Zin c 7. 4 1. 3 5. 7 5. 5 6. 4 I3. S 21 9 15. 3 1 5 Cadmhun

7. 4 8 6. 4 4. 9 5. 9 11. 2 2 5 17. 6 13. 6 Coppe r

2 3 2 3 18. 9 15. 3 3. 6 S. I 6 5. 1 0 'Correcte d affectiv e cutof fdtemete r e t S O percen t Impactio n efficiency . '>'f.|l4| . 

### 13 S% Greate rTha n B O 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0

2 0 » 4 0 S

O C O TO D

O 9 0 9 9 969 9 Cumulativ e Weigh t % Let t Tha n State d Sit e

flQUR E 74.—S) » dlstiltMiUo n o ^
Mor e than 9 0 percen to f th e windblow n particulat e lea d wa s associate d wit h particle s greate rtha n 3. 3 /im , whil e almos tequa l amount s o f particulat e cop pe rwer e concentrate d i n eac h particl e cut-of f siz e rangin g fro m 0.4 3 t o I I nm. Th e particulat e lea d concentratio n decrease d fro m 40. 3 t o 0. 8 ^g/m' ; par ticulat e coppe rlevel s had tw o peak s o f 3. 8 Mg/m' . Apparently , th e dust s generate d b y th e truckin g ac tivities , a s wel l a s thatresuspende d b y th e wind , ar e significan tcontributor s t o th e hig h level s o f lea d an d othe rheav y metal s observe d i n th e surroundin g area . Th e particl e siz e distributio n o f lea d an d coppe rIn th e fugitiv e emission s i s presente d i n figur e 7-6 . Onl y two-third s o f

th e particulat e lea d (wit h aMM D of 9 .urn ) wer e les s than 11 u m i n diameter ; however , approximatel y 83 percen to f th e particulat e coppe r (MM D = 3. 5 um) coul d b e attribute d t o particle s o f 1 1 M m diamete ro rless . Transport an d Distributio n o fSettleabl e Particulat e Heav

y Metal s Th e transpor tan d distributio n o f settleabl e putt

* culat e lea d an d othe rheav y metal s wer e determine d b y field measurement s with,twent y dustfal l station s i n a n area3 m

i b y 3 m i surroundin g th e smelter , (fig . 7-7 ) A s expected , th e depositio n rate fo rsettleabk particulat e lea d decrease d wit h distanc e in eac h directio n fro m th e stack . Th e tota l depositio n rat e i n an y directio n wa s afunctio n o f th e pevailin g wind. Th e transpor to f

settleabl e particulat e zinc , copper , and cadmiu m followe d th e sam e trend as th e particulat e lea d excep ttha tth e depositio n rates o f Zn , Cu , an d C d wer e approximatel y 10 , 20 , an d 10 0 times , respectively, lowe rtha n tha to f lead . Th

a give s 8 cadmium-to-coppe rrati o o f abou t0.20 . Thi

s compare s wit h th e cadmium-to-coppe rrati o i n stac k emission s o f

abou t20 ; thu s th e cadmhim-to-copper rati o i n th e settleabl e particulate s i s several order s
TABL E 7-1,-ChtTittertxertonofwtmJbloHtt fftigtttPt) particulate heavy metab tn the vicinity of a primary lead

tmetter' Stag e 0

Backu p nite i Oim )

1 1 7 4. 7 3. 3 2. 1 0.6 5 0.4 3 Amoun t collecte d (jig )

Lea d 30 8 26 8 14 8 12 8 4 6 6 0 0 I S Coppe r

2 9 2 9 2 9 2 4 2 4 2 9 2 9 1 9 6 Percen t o ftota l mat t

Lea d 33. 3 29. 2 1 6 1 13. 9 3 0. 7 0 0 1. 6 Coppe r

13. 3 13. 3 13. 3 I I 1 1 13. 3 13. 3 8. 7 1 8 Concentratio n Oaj/n' l

Lea d 40. 3 35 19. 5 16. 7 6 0. 8 0 0 1. 9 Copce

t 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1

' Zin c en d cadmiu m value * wer e I m en d henc e er e no t repotted . 'Correcte d effectiv e evi l of fdiametc fa t SO percen t Impactln n tfYlctencr . 

### 14 0 Z O 9 0 4 0 9 0 6 0 T

O Cwrxjlotrv e Weigh t % Let * Tha n State d Siz e GUR E 7-6—Si » distributio n o fwlndbtow n particulat e lea d 4 coppe raroun d a primar y lea d smelter . I inignftud

e lower , suggestin g tha tfugitiv e source s »th e majo rcontributor s rathe rtha n stac kenris ua . j Th e directiona l distributio n o f settleabl e perticu tf tzinc , copper , an d cadmiu m indicate d agai n tha t 'smiling wind s wer e responsibl e fo rhighe rdeposi pt rate s a tth e south , east , an d northwes tstation s a s compare d wit h th e wes tstations . Th e proximity o f th e Magmon tMin e tailing s pon d di d no tincreas e th e depositio n rate s atth e 1 and 1.2 5 mi stations . Th e settleabl e particulat e lead , zinc , copper , an d cadmiu m reache d backgroun d value s o f abou t55 , 9 , 3 , an d 0. 3 mg/m2-mo , respectively , atadistanc e o f 1. 5 mi fro m th e smelter . Th e radial distributio n o f settleabl e particulat e lea d aroun d th e AMA X Smelte ri s show n a s iso pleth s i n figure 7-8 . Th e isopleth s wer e obtaine d b y usin g th e geometri cmea n value s o f th e depositio n rat e a teac h station . (13 ) I n summary , transportatio n activitie s Inheren tt o th e smeltin g industry , combine d wit h meteorologica l condition s tha tcaus e intermitten tan d unpredictabl e amount s o f

fugitiv e dust s are majo rfactor s i n th e accumulatio n o f

heav y meta l particulate s withi n tb e smelte rarea . Beyon d th e smelte rboundary , th e loadin g o f

settleabl e particulate s drop s t o lo wye t significan tvalues . Transpor to f

Ambient , Suspended , Particulate , Heav y Metal s Th e transpor to f

ambient , particulat e lead , an d -othe rheav y metals , ma y bes tb e considere d a s bot h short * an d long-range . Short-rang e transpor ti s du e t o th e rapi d settlin g o f large rparticulates , whil e smalle rparticle s remai n suspende d i n th e atmos pher e an d ar e transporte d ove rlonge rdistances .

F*A E 7-7.—Locatio n o l d r monitorin g station s aroun d a pott y lea d smelter . FIGUR E 7-8—Aadla fdistributio n o fsettleabl e parttcutat * lea d aroun d a primar y lea d smelter .

- M1 „



### - 

### " 0 1 t n3 6 3 4 3 2 3 0 2 8 2 6 2 4 2 2 T=2 0 0 * I 8 

# I, . g S ' « u 

## 3 « 1 0 s s 4 2 n wrWomtrn

Geo . Mea n klifsBrTBun .



# .

• 

# ' t» ) ( ) M a o fBiweekl y Sample *

<29 J i g » p a 

### e

s

Oistonc a fro m Stack , thousand s fas t RGUR E 7-9.—Shor

t rang * transpor

t ofambien t lead . 

### The short-rang e transpor

t o f th e ambien

t lea dwa s monitoredwit

hfiv e high-volum

e station s within 6,00 0 f t o f the smelte

r stac k a s showni

nfigur e 7-9

. Bi-weekl y sample s wer

e collecte dwit

h8 in

. b y 1 9 in. , Type A , glas s fiber

filters fro mJun e 197

2 t o Jun e 1974

. High-volum

e cascade sampling was als o done to evaluat

e th e characteristic s o

f th e particu

late lea dan dothe r heav y metals

. Th e concentrationo

f ambien t particulate zin c wa s ofte nequa l t o or les s tha nth e blan

k valu e o f th e glas s fibe r filter, i nspite o f th e fact tha t sample s wer e take nfo r a2 4 hperiod

. [13 ] Thi s wa s correct

edb y usin g Whatma n4 1 cellulose , filters wit

halow zinc content
. The short-rang e transpor

t o f ambien t suspende d particulate lea

dindicatedtha

t th e lea dlevel deTABLE "i-A.-Short-range transport of ambient impended particulate copperond

cadmium around

a primary lead

tmetter Distanc e fro m etac k(ft ) Ge o Me w Concentratio n Oig/m* )

Copper Ma xMi n Ge o Mea

n Ma xM m 1,14 0 0.2 5 2. 3 0.0 2 3.87 5 0.0 7 0.7 5 0.0 1 4,25 0 0.0 3 0. 5 0.0 1 5.25 0 0.0 3 0.1 8 0.0 1 5,75 0 0.0 5 0. 4 0.0 1 

### 142 0.1 1 6.6 8 0.0 1 0.0 2 0.3 4 0.0 1 0.03 1.68 3.0 1 0.0 2 2.2 9 0.0 1 0.04 0. 7 0.0 1 % Greater Tha n 1 9 t S 9

S 9 0 6 0 T

O 6 0 S O 4 0 3 0

2 0 S O 4 0 90 8 0 70 bmetothr t Weigh t % Le « Tha n State

d Six* FIGURE,7-10.—Siz e distributio n o fambien t particulate heav y metal s nea ra primar

y lea d smelter . 63 0 ft SS E o fstack . 

### crease dwit

hdistance , ranging fro

m6. 4 Mg/rr

Pt t 1,14 0 fee t t o I Mg/m

3 

### a t I m . fro mth e smelte

r stack

. However , th e maximu

mlevel s varie dfro

m31.5 t o 13. 8 Mg/m

3 

### depending upo nwin

dspeedan

ddirec

tion

. Th e short-rang e transpor

t o f ambien t suspende d particulate cadmiumandcopper i s show ni ntabl e 7

- 4

. The lead-to-coppe

r rati o wa s about

2 5 a t th e neares t locatio nfro

mth e stac k

an dabout 3 0 a t th e far

thes t point

. The lead-to-cadmiumrati o was abou t 6 0 closer t o th e stac k

andabout

4 0 a t th e mor e distan t location

. Th e physica

l characterizatio no

f ambien t partjeo

late lea dan dother heavy metal s wa s achieve dwit h ahigh-volum

e particl e sizing hea

danda12 in

. diam

ete r glas s fiber

collectio ndis c a

t 2 0 ft'/min

. Sample

s wer e collectedfo

r 4 8 to 72 ht o obtainsufficien t amount s o

f heavy metal s fo

r analysis

. Figures 7-1

0 an d7-1 1 show th e siz e distributio no f ambien t heav y metal-bearing particulate s at 63 0 and1,42

5 fee t SS E an dENE , respectively , o

f th e AMA X smelte r stack

. Th e MM D o f th e lead-bearing aerosol s variedfro m7 t o 1 1 Mm , an dtha t o f particulate coppe

r range dbe

l t Greate r Tha n _»t« f ( s to eoro«o904 0 9 0 » t o s » i



# I ' I 

# I A

t 142 3 ft . CM C o f



## -i— i to &"f

e4oso« b ftt o fth rttV * Cumulativ e Weigh t % Let t Tha

n State d Sit e Figure 7-11.—Size distributio n o fambien t partlcutat

e has* * metal s nea ra primar

y lea d smelter , 1.42S f

t EN E o fstack . 4 3 Je t Plat a No . FGUR E 7-12.—Relative concentratio n ot ambien t pertieulat e Sev y metal s as a functio n o fparticl e size . 63 0 tt SS E o f 

# r

men 1. 6 an

d2. 5 ,um . Thes e size s correlate wit h bas e fo r windblowndust

showninfigure 7-6 , con jtrmin g tha t th e heav y metal s are o

f windblownori

m. I nth e cas e o

f ambien t zin c andcadmium , about | B t o 6 5 percent o f th e aerosol s wer

e large r than7 m , wit haMM D o f 2 to 4 Mm

. Th e siz e clas s distributio no f heav y metal s wa s watoate di nterm s o

f relativ e concentratio na s a functio no f particl e size , (figs , 7-1 2 an d7-13 ) Thi s Tp e o f representatio nbring s ou t som e interestin g point s tha t are no t eviden t fromth e particl e siz e dis

tributio ncurve s show

ni nfigure s 7- 9 and7-10

. Th e wbien t lead , zinc , an

dcadmiumwer

e concentrate d o7ju nan dles s tha n1. 1 M mparticles ; however , th e mbien t coppe r wa s mostl

y associate dwit

hparticle s es s tha n1. 1 M mindiameter

. Jet Mot * No . noufl E 7-13.—fte*attv » concentratio n ofambien t particulat e heav y metal s as a functio n ofpetita e size , 1.42 5 f t EN E o f stack . 

### Th e ambien

t concentration s o

f heavy-meta

l parti

culate s determine dwit

hth e high-volum

e impactor closer to th e smelte

r stac k are presente dintabl e 7-5

. Th e concentratio no

f heavy settleabl e particulate s andth e decreas e i

nheavy meta

l concentratio nwit

h increasing distanc e couldb e attribute dt o th e chang e i nth e win ddirectio nover

aperio do

f 4 8 h

. CONCLUSION S 

### Basedo ndat apresente dan ddiscusse dabove , severa l conclusion s canb e draw nconcernin g th e distributio no

f settleabl e particulate s andsuspende d particle s o f lea dan dother heav y metal s du e t o emis

sion s fro mleadminin

g andsmelting operation s in th e Ne w LeadBel

t area . I t shoul db e emphasize d tha t the lea dindustr y ha s utilize dthes e dat at o chang e o r improv e th e variou s operation s andCOO

TABL E l-S.-AmMent

particulatt

heavy metalleweh as obtained by htgh-vobme tmpactae From Mac

kConcenuatto n (wg/m* ) Stmptht g perio d DiManr e (ft > Doectto n Zin c CopperCadmiu m

tar 12-15.197 3 M y 9-11,197 3 63 0 1.42 5 SS E

EN E 18.6 8

8.6 3 1.7

4 0.6 4 1. 1

0.B 6 Oi l

0.0 8 

### 14 3tro l man y ofth e problem s noted i n th e researc h findings . Th e conclusion s are : (1 ) Durin g th e perio d ofstudy , th e majo r source s o flead an d othe r heav

y metal s withi n I m i o f th e AMA Xsmelte rwer e th e fugitive dusts : thes e cause d th e depositio n ofsettleabl e parti culate lea d i n exces

s of2 g/m2-m o i n th e smelte rarea . Numerou s change s hav e bee n mad e t o alleviate thes

e conditions . (2 ) Th e particulate emission s fro m th e smelte r stac k wer e o fsignificanc

e i n th e long-rang e (greate r tha n 1 mi ) heavy-meta l deposition . (3 ) Th e short-rang e ambien t suspende d particulat e lead an d cadmiu m concentration s reached lev el s o f3 2 an d 6. 7 *g/m J i n EN E an d NN W directions , respectively .

LEA D IN SOI L Soi l an d geochcmica ! studie s wer e carrie d out t o (I ) determin e th e exten t and . characteristic s ofsoi l pollutio n pattern s produced b y th e variou s smeltin g an d minin g activities , (2 ) determin e th e chemica l an d mineralogfca l characteristics ofth e pollutant s emitte d fro m variou s sources , (3)_assess th e rela tive importanc

e ofth e individua l pollutio n sources , an d (4 ) determin e th e geochemica l behavio ran d mobility ofpollutin g heav y metals . Th e seve n activ

e lead mine

s an d thei r associated mill s i n Th e NewLead Bel t ar e potentia l pollutio n source s throug h windblow n materia l fro m stored ore concentrates and , to a lesse r extent , tailings . On e lea d smelte r ofth e AMA XLead Co . o fMissour i i s located i n th e district , wit h a secon d smelter , ASAR CO . about 2

8 m i l o Ih e southeast . Bot h smelter s started operatio n i n 1968 . Samplin g an d Analysi s Mos t ofth e study area i s heavil y foreste d wit h oa k an d loca l stands ofpine . Sinc e earl y dat a [16 ] indicated tha

t heav y metal s accumulate i n th e decayin g lea

flitte rwit h onl y mino r amounts reach in g th e underlyin g minera l soil , emphasi s was placed o n th e collectio n an d analysi s ofth e organi c hori - ; zons . Th e sample

s o fleaflitte r fro m soi l profiles wer e described accordin g t o a propose d internationa l system fo r th e descriptio n ofsoi l horizons . 117 ] Th e followin g abbreviation s ar e use d fo rth e variou s samples : W . Oa k = leave s take n directl y fro m whit e oa k tree s O f- partl y decompose d leaflitte r O h = well-decomposed leaflitter , usuall y mor e tha n I yea r ol d O = undistinguishabl e leaflitte r Soi l sample

s wer e classified accordin g t o thei r depth . Crass sample

s wer e collecte d fro m scattered pastures i n th e vicinity ofth e smelters . Thes e sample s wer e subdivided int o "standin g grass " an d "malte d grass. " Th e vegetatio n wa s drie d a

t 100° C an d the n groun d i n a Wile y min . Th e soi l sample s wer e als o 14 4 drie d a t 10CP C an d passe

d throug h a n 8

0 mrt h (0.17 1 m ) siev

e t o remov

e pebbles . Mos

t o fih e sample s were analyze d fo r read , zinc , copper, an d cadmiu m b

y atomi c absorptio n spectroscopy . Considerabl e variatio n wa s foun d i n the hravy

meta l concentration s ofreplicate sample s fro m hea

£ il y contaminated areas , (tabl e 7-6 ) Thi s wa s du e t o th t natur e o fth e leafmaterial s rathe r tha n th e analytica l techniques , an d i t emphasize s th e nee

d fo r a rela

. tivel y large numbe r ofsamples . I t i s quite likel y tha i th e heavy-meta l particulate s ar e no t uniforml y di

v tributed withi n th e litte r layers . I t i s als o difficult l

o sampl e specifi c organi c horizon s withou t som e mii in g fro m adjacen t layers . I n addition , heavy-meta l particles ma

y be partiall y removed o r concentrate d i n certai n parts ofsample s durin g collectio n an

d preparatio n fo r analysis . These sam e factor s wer e als o eviden t i n gras

s samples . Backgroun d Concentration s Soi l sample

s fro m 12

5 station s coverin g mos t c f th e Ne wLea d Bel t d o no

t indicat e th e natura l occur

. rence o fabnorma l heavy-meta l concentration s i n th e soil s o fth e district . Hig h concentration s ca n alway s
TABL E 7-6. - Variation bl

heery mead

content ofduptkate led Utter10flayer) and

toa templet

(0-1 pt depth)' Z n

Averag e 70,00 0 Rang e 34.00O45.0O 0 Standar d derialki n 16/42 3 Ot-les r titte rCig/g ) 1.46 0 1.40 0 1,80 0 1.53 0 1.24 0 1.280 1.400 1,36 0 1.43 4 1.240-1.80 0 174. 4 1.40 0 1.21 0 1.50 0 1.12 0 920 I. I 1 0 I .MO 1.22 0 1,20 1 920-140 0
Sog . 0 to I tn . dept h (jig/g ) 3.20 0 1.26 0 2.16 0 1.02 0 1.21 0 58 0 154 0 1.86 0 Averag e 1.663 Rang e 580-3.20 0 Standar d deviatio n 812. 4 20 0 12 5 16 0 130 10 0 13 0 15 0 14 5 14 3 100-20 0 4 5 208 0

t . Sampl e oolfecte d erjthb i I m 1 locate

d 0.2 5 nt i northeas

t o r tmelter . 40-7 0 8O-I0 0 35-5 0 50-10 0 15-2 0 35-5 0

50-7 0 12-1 7 25-6 0 10-2 0 6- 8

8-1 1 3- 6 5- 7 1.5- 4 0.7- 1

0.9- 1 J < 0 J <0J-I. 6 <0 J TABL E 1-1.-Estimated

background

concentrattont

of heery metals 25to SO ml from AMAX

smelter

purler Of dat a O h «aUngrre« s intdpt n 4lstina i 80 e i relate d t o potentia l pollutio n sources . Th e backorjtt d concentration s reporte d i n tabl e 7-7 ar e st d o n sample

s collecte d at a distance of2 5 t o 3 0 i fro m th e AMA Xsmelter . n d Distributio n I n Soi l Profile s Analysi s o fsoi l profile s fro m oa k forest s i n th e entit y o fth e smelters , whic h hav e bee n operatin g t m 4 t o 7 years , indicate s that mos t ofth e lea d r J otherheav

y metal s are stil l i n th e leaflit r . Onl y Ih e lo p I in . ofth e underlyin g minera l soil s low s elevated level s i n areas ofheav y contamina nt. The concentration s oflea d usuall y approac h i reac h backgroun d a

t depth s o f2 t o 3 in . (tables •an d 7-9) Thu s jfdat a fro m soi l sample s belo w t lea flitte rwer

e use d alone , bot h th e intensit y an d TABLE l'O.-Heary metals tn tot! profiles 0.2 ml from AMAX

smelter

1(0.2 5 ht „ pine needles , u s lea flitter) 110.2 3 in. , sol ) * oa k Wlitter) 4.Z 3 bl. sou M l in . so

O M n . soi l lie . lo g lie . toi l <b.<oll Z n W l >

39.00 0 3.20 0 84 0 33 0 2 0 <2 0 <2 0 1.85 0

1.33 0 IS O 8 0 6 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 2.20 0

76 0 10 0 35 2 0 <I 0 <I 0 <1 0 It exten t o fth e pollutio n pattern s woul d be seri osi y underestimated . I n contrast , elevate d level s er e foun d t o a dept h ofsevera l inche s i n soi l sam r s take n fro m profile s withou t a cove rofleaffit Mtabte7-I0)[l8 ] Wributlo n Pattern s o fLea d Nea r Smelter s Sinc e th e distributio n pattern s o flea d aroun d th e n smelter s diffe r i n severa l respects , th e results are fscusse d separately . TABLE 1-9.-Heary metals tn tod profiles 0J ml from AM

A X smelter In (nVg ) •fulle r (0. 5 In. ) «Jin . .ol ] 184.5 in . so

O il.Ota . mi l > la . soi l 740 0 38 0 <2 0 <2 0 33 0

10 0 5 0 3 0 15 0

3 0 1 0 <I 0 <I 0 AMA XSmelter : Soi l sample s were collecte d alon g si xsamplin g lines radiatin g fo ra distance of2 5 t o 3 0 m i fro m th e smelter . Thes e lines generall y followe d highways , bu t th e sample s were collecte d a

t leas t 1,000 ft fro m paved an d well-travele d roads . Th e area showin g elevate d lea d concentration s i n th e leaf litte ri s slightl y elongated t o th e nort h an d sout h fro m th e smelter , whic h agree s wit h th e prevailin g win d directions . A

t a distance ofabout 1/4 . m i fro m th e smelte rth e lead concentratio n i n th e O h laye ri s betwee n 30,00 0 an d 60,00 0 egfg , wit h some sample s a s hig h a s 130,000 ug/g . A t a distance of0. 5 mi , th e lea d concentratio n i s i n th e rang e of20,00 0 t o 45.00 0 Mg/ g an d the n drops sharpl y fo rabou t 5 mi . Figure 7-1 4 show

s th e distributio n oflead , afte r5 t o 6 year g ofsmelte roperation , fo ra distance of3 0 mi . Th e oldes t well-decompose d leaflitte r(Oh ) contain s Ih e highes t lea d concentrations . However , eithe rthe ) recen t leaflitte r(0 0 o rleave s collecte d fro m tree * woul d be suitabl e t o establis h th e exten t ofth e pol lutio n pattern , especiall y i freave s ar e collecte d just prio rt o annua l defoliation , thu s allowin g 'maximu m tim e fo rderjosilion . I t i s interestin g i n thi s contex t t o compar

e th e dis tributio n pattern s ofzinc , copper , an d cadmiu m wit h lead . Cadmiu m an d coppe rreac h backgroun d con centration s at 1 5 an d 1 0 mi . respectively, fro m th e TABL E 7-10 . -Heary metals In toll profits wtthoufeom of leaf litterlocated

0.23 mlfrom AMAX

tmelter Pb Z n O l

toa/l ) 00.2 5 rn . so

U 0.25-0. 5 in . to

O 0.5 1 in . soi l l-2oi . soi l 2- 3 tn . io n 3- 4 In . soi l 4.30 0 SO O 33 0 10 0 14 0 16 0 60 0

7 0 3 0 5 0 5 0 S O 14 0

1 0 1 0 <I 0 <I 0 <I 0 smelter , whil e zin c rarely show s elevate d values i n leaflitte rbeyon d 5 rr d fro m th e source . Thu s nei the rcopper , cadmium , no respeciall y rinc coul d be use d a s indicator s oflea d pollutio n patterns . Th e difference s i n exten t an d intensity ofth e distribu tio n pattern s o fth e fou rheav y metal s ar

e onl y par

tiall y du e t o thei rrelative cencentration s i n th e source (stac k

emission) . Fo rinstance , zin c i s emit te d fro m th e smelte ri n highe rconcenrratron s tha n eithe rcadmiu m o rcopper . I t appear s tha t th e solu bilitie s ofIh e heavy-meta l particle s an d thei r subsequen t geochemica l mobilitie s are o fgreate rimport ance . Figure 7-1 5 show

s th e distributio n oflea d i n pasture gras s nort h ofth e smelter . Backgroun d concen tration s see m t o b

e reached a

t a distance ofabou t 1 0 mi . As expected . Ih e highes t lea d concentration s ar e i n th e matte d gras

s rathe rt n i n th e standin g grass . ASARC O Srnettfr : Th e distributio n patter n o flea d i n leaflitte raroun d thi s smelte ri s strongl y elongated t o th e nort h an d south . Backgroun d concentration s t o th e nort h an d sout h are reache d at 8 t o 1 0 m i fro m th e smelte ran d a t abou t 5 m i t o th e eas t an d west . Th e pronounced elongatio n ofth e pollute d area

_14 S

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s UeeM e tio » Siaa e (eawe l RGUR E 7-t 4—Lea d I n Oa k Lea l Litte r NN Wo t AMA XSmelter .

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# • i 1 1 Dittanc t tra m Smart * (man ) FIGUR E 7-15—Lea d i n Gras s Sample s Collecte d Nort h o f AMA XSmelte r I n Apri l 1S74 . i s probabl ycause d b y th e locatio n o fth e smelterm a dee p north-sout h trendin g valley , as wel l a s b yth e prevailin g win d directions . I n comparison , th e distri butio n patter n fo rcadmiu m i s simila ri n exten t t o lead , whil e thos e o fcoppe ran d especiall yzin c tn muc h les s extensive . Th e distributio n o flea d t o th e nort h o fth e smelte r i s show n i n figur e 7-16 . Contrar yt o th e distributio n o flea d aroun d th e AMA Xsmelter , th e concentration s o flea d nea rth e ASARC O smelte ri s generall y highe ri n th e mor e recent , partl ydecompose d lea flitte r(O flayer ) tha n i n th e olde rO h horizon . Pollutio n b y Minin g an d Transpor t Activitie s Pollutio n o flea flitte rb y minin g activitie s (esset v tiall yhandlin g o for e concentrat e an d storag e o ftail ings ) doe s no t appea rt o b e as seriou s a s that from smelte remissions . Sample s take n alon g thre e samplin g line s fo r a distanc e o fabou t 4 m i fro m a min e indicat e tha t som e lea flitte rsample s withi n I mil e ma ycontai n lea d concentration s o fsevera l hundre d thousan d micrograms/gram . A t greate rdistances , a s wel l a s i n manysample s clos e t o th e mine , th e concentration s ar e a t backgroun d levels . Transpor t o for e concentrat e i n ope n truck s an d railroa d car s doe s contribut e hig h lea d concentration s t o th e environmen t fo r a distanc e o fu p t o 50 0 ft . Dat a fo r lea flitte rnea ra highwa yar e show n i n figur e 7-17 . Majo rpollutio n (i n exces s o f50 0 Mg/g ) i s generall yrestricte d t o a distanc e o f20 0 f t fro m th e transpor t routes . Railroa d transpor t appear s t o b e 1 les s significan t sourc e tha n highwa ytrucking . Thi s aspec t o flea d pollutio n i s discusse d i n mor e detai l elsewher e i n th e chapter . Natur e an d Mobilit yo fMeta l Pollutant s Nea r Smelter s Lea d smelter s hav e tw o potentia l poflutio n sources : emissio n throug h th e stacks an d fugitiv e sources , suc h as store d or e concentrat e an d dus t blow n fro m contaminate d soi l i n th e smelte ram . Identificatio n o fth e relativ e contribution s fro m thes e source s i s o fmajo rinteres t sinc e th e ultimat e objectiv e o fpollutio n researc h i s t o hel p reduc e o r eliminat e th e causes . Fo r instance , reducin g stac k emissio n a t grea t expens e woul d obviousl yno t fulfil l thi s goal , shoul d th e majo rsourc e b e fugitiv e dusts . Th e proble m o fsourc e identificatio n appears rathe r simpl e an d straightforwar d sinc e th e tw o source s consis t o fmaterial s tha t diffe rt o som e exten t i n thei rchemica l an d mineralogica l compositions . However , experienc e ha s show n tha t th e proble m i s les s easil ysolve d tha n migh t b e expected . Paniculat e matte rtha t leave s th e stack s i s difficul t an d expensiv e t o collect . However , baghous e dus t i s probabl ysimila ri n mineralog yan d chemica l composition , a n assumptio n supported b y th e comparison s o fsmal l amount s o fparticulate s collecte d fro m th e tw o sources . Lea d compound s i n baghous e dus t have bee n identifie d b y X-ra ydiffractio n a s PbSO*. PbO-PbS0 4 , an d metalli c lead . I n addition , th e dus t U o d I n LM fUtte r

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fLitte rNort h ot ASARC O Smelte r 

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d (tost ) *3UR E 7-17.—Lea d I n Lea fLitte rnea r Highwa

y 72 . a n Oro j'mcHn g Route Eas

t o t Reynolds . o fth e AMA Xsmelte rcontain s approximatel y3 0 percen t W» S a s th e predominan t lea d compound . Tir e amoun t o t Pb S i n th e baghous e dus t o fASARC O i s les s tha n 5 percent . Th e chemica l compositio n o f baghous e dust i s typicall yi n th e rang e o fS O t o 6 0 percen t lead . I t o 1 3 percen t zinc . 0.2 5 t o 1 3 percen t copper , an d 0. 5 t o 6 percen t cadmium . Fugitiv e source s ar e essentiall ylead-or e concen trate s wit h Pb S as th e majo rminera l an d a composi tio n o fabou t 7 0 t o 7 5 percen t rea d an d 0.0 3 t o I percen t cadmium . Fugitiv e sources , therefore , consis t predominantl yo fPb S wit h a ver yhig h Pb:C d rati o (abou t 1.000:1) . whil e th e Fb:C d rati o i n smelte r emissio n i s muc h rowe r(abou t 20:1) . Also , th e bag hous e dust , especiall ya t th e ASARC O smelter , con tain s ver ylittl e FbS . I t migh t b e expected , therefore , tha t area s wit h a hig h Pb S conten t an d a hig h Pb.C d rati o receiv e fallou t fro m fugitiv e sources , whil e a lo wPb S an d lo wPb:C d rati o woul d indicat e stac k emission s a s th e majo rsource . Unfortunately , th e availabl e result s ar e les s tha n conclusiv e o n thi s point . Concentratin g lea d compound s fro m soi l o r lea flitte rfo rquantitiv e X-ra yanalysi s i s difficult . I n addition , thi s metho d i s no t ver ysuitabl e nea rth e AMA Xsmelte rbecaus e o fth e hig h Fb S conten t o f th e baghous e dust . Us e o fth e Pb:C d rati o alon g a detaile d samplin g tin e nort h o fth e AMA Xsmelte r wa s o flimite d success . Th e Pb:C d rati o range s fro m 17 5 t o 27 5 fo ra distanc e o fabou t 0. 5 m i fro m th e smelter . Fro m 0. 5 t o 8 m i th e rati o range d fro m 10 0 t o 175 : fro m 8 t o 3 0 mi . th e rang e wa s fro m 6 0 t o 100 . Base d o n thes e results , a tentativ e conclusio n 14 7woul d b e thatfugitiv e source s ar e asignifican tcon tributo rfo radistanc e o f a tleas t3,00 0 ft . Thi s con clusio n s i supporte d b y th e occasiona l microscopi c observatio n i n soil s o f

thi s are ao f

materia l thatap pear s t o b e slag . Th e reaso n thatth e Pb:C d rati o doe s no tdearl y delineat e th e relativ e significanc e o f th e differen t source s become s mor e obviou s whe n th e solubilitie s o f th e heav y meta l compound s ar e considered . Fo r example , solubilit y studie s o f baghous e dus t(tabl e 7 - 11 ) indicat e thatcadmiu m i s mor e solubl e tha n th e othe rthre e heav y metals , especiall y lea d an d cop per . Thi s coul d increas e th e Pb:C d rati o i n th e lea f litter . Ongoin g studie s als o demonstrat e (tabl e 7-12 ) tha tth e natural water-solubl e organi c(humic ) acid s presen ti n th e decayin g lea f litte rsignificantl y in creas e th e solubilit y o f lead , zinc , an d coppe rcom pounds . I n addition , th e variou s lea d compound s hav e differen tsolubilities , Pb S bein g onl y slightl y solubl e whil e PbSO4.PbOPbSO4.-an d metalli cP b ar e much more soluble , (tabl e ,7-12 ) Experiment s wit h ion-sensitiv e electrode s indicat e thatlea d an d coppe rbecom e strongl y complexe d an d zin cweakl y complexe d b y th e organi cacids . A talo wp H (abou t 4.5) . cadmiu m remain s primaril y i n th e ioni cstate . I n thei rcomplexe d state , th e heav y metal s ar e les s easil y adsorbe d o n soil s o rprecipitated , thu s becom in g bot h mor e mobil e an d easil y removed . [19 ] Th e pathway s o f

dissolve d heav y metal s ar e no tye tfull y understood . However , considerabl e amount s ar e remove d b y runof

f durin g heav y rains , apoin tdis cusse d elsewher e i n this chapter . Analyse s o f runof f wate rafte raperio d o f drynes s reveale d u p t o 50 0 fig/ 1 lead , 4,80 0 M&f

l emc , flhd I94^g/ 1 cadmiu m afte r filtratio n throug h a0.4 5 pm mill.por e filter . A s th e resul to f thes e differen tSolubilitie s an d probabl e subsequen tmobilities , th e Pb:C d rati o i n th e lea f lit te rchanges , an d tt$ i s enriche d compare d wit h othe rlea d compounds . I n thi s context , th e difference s i n pollutio n pat tern s o f th e AMA X an d ASARC O smelter s ar e o f interest . Th e muc h lesse rexten tan d intensit y o f pol lutio n aroun d th e tatte ri s partiall y cause d b y suc h factor s a s lowe rproductio n an d difference s i n th e treatmen to f

or e concentrat e an d baghous e dust . However , difference s i n th e mineralog y o f th e tw o stac ksource s ma y als o hav e amajo rinfluence . Stac kemission s a tAMA X contai n ahig h percentag e TABL E 7- 1 ..-Solubility of lead compound! tn water(H t O) and natural organic adds (OA)* TABL E 7- 1 Z.y-Sotubaity of lead compounds m and natural organic acids (OA) '

AMA X (mai n baghoase

) ASARC O (blas t furnace ) ASARC O (sinte r plant) O

A H, 0 O A H, 0 O A H, 0 P b
16. 6 4. 8 30. 0 4. 2 17. 6 10 J Z n C

o Cd (percen t sotnbfc

) 61. 4 13. 6 38. 6 3. 1 30. 0 18. 1 4. 2 3S. 8 <3. 3 33. 8 12. 9 57. 8 <S. O 62. 6 2. 8 71. 8 <l. n 68. 8 'Conditions : p

H 3.B.SOm(dt m I

n 10 0 ml,4 0 n.O A -0.0 1 ptrc*nt . 

### 14 8 PbSO . PbO-PbSO , Pb S P b H t O

'Conditions : 0.0 3 g nmpte , 10 0 n p H 5.5,34(1 . I O A (0.0 1 pernor) o r H.O ,

o f rathe rinsolubl e PbS , thu s permittin g abuildu p o f lea d aconsiderabl e distanc e (10 . t o 2 0 mi ) fro m th e smelte rwher e th e depositio n rat e i s small . In contrast , emission s fro m ASARC O consis tlargely o f th e mor e solubl e lea d compounds , an d 1 0 m i nort h o f th e smelte rth e rat e o f depositio n ma y b e exceed e d b y th e rat e o f

solutio n an d subsequen tremova l o f lead . If thes e conjecture s ar e -correct , the n th e are a aroun d th e smelte rtha treceive s heav y metal fallou t Is actuall y large rtha n thatcurrentl y showin g elevate d soi l lea d values . Also , changin g operational procedure s i n smelter s t o eliminat e emissio n of insolubl e lea d compound s suc h a s Pb S woul d perhaps resul ti n les s extensiv e an d intensiv e soi l pollution . A l th e sam e time , releas e o f mor e solubl e lea

d compound s woul d probably resul ti n highe rheav y meta l pollutio n o f

stream s durin g period s o f runoff . Effect s o fMeta l Mobilit y o n Lea fUtte r an d Biomas s t h e effect s o f

th e Increase d mobilit y of heav y metals , a s afunctio n o f humi cacid s H

i th e lea f titter an d soil , ar e bein g jointl y investigate d b y the Universit y o f

Missouri-Roll aan d th e Oa kRidg e Nationa l Laboratory . (20 1 Thi s wor kwa s bein g don e on th t Crooke d Cree kwatershed , locate d nea rth e cente r o f th e Viburnu m Tren d i n th e Ne wLea d Belt . Th a watershe d als o form s th e basi s fo rth e developmen t an d verificatio n o f

aunifie d mode l o f

tb e transpor

t o f element s b y atmospheri can d hydrolog kprocess es . 121 ) Th e hig h solubilit y o f cadmiu m wit h respectto lea d i s o f

particula rconcer n sinc e ther e ar e indication s thatC d ma y b e movin g int o th e minera l soi l horizon s mor e rapidl y tha n H> . Cadmiu m i s mor e toxi ct o plant s an d microbia l organism s tha n lead , an d it s ultimat e effec tma y b e adisruptio n of som e norma ) ecosyste m functions . Watso n (22

J ha s characterize d th e fitterhorizo n atselecte d site s o n Crooke d Cree kaccordin g t o biomass , macronutrien tstatus , an d heav y niea d concentrations . Sh e foun d asignifican tdecreas e i n th e biomas s o f

th e O 2 litte rhorizo n wit h mcreasin i distanc e fro m th e smelter . Ove rth e sam e mg e o f sites , th e O i laye rremain s relativel y constant . Concentration s o f

Cd . Pb , Cu , an d Z n follo wexpecte d logarithmi cdecrease s i n concentratio n wit h increasin g distanc e fro m th e smelter . Th e effec to n th e O

2 horizo n biomas s appear s t o b e du e t o areductio n i n th e rat e o f decornpcailioo ajtjcrobia l an d arthropo d activity . Thes e decon v sin g organism s ar e completel y missin g withi n V 4 o f the smelter . Ther e ha s als o bee n som e altera i n th e turnove rrate s o f macronutrients , som e retaine d i n th e litte rwhil e othe rhav e leache d tan the system . Th e caus e o f thi s ha s no tbee n Wertnined , bu tth e long-tim e consequenc e coul d b e (depletio n o f essentia l nutrients , wit h acorrespond - • I decreas e i n fores tproductivity .

SUMMAR Y I Dat afro m a n intensiv e samplin g program indicat e b theavy pollutio n o f

soil s occur s fro m lead-smelt - 't% activitie s an d t o alesse rexten tfro m minin g an d tilling operations . Thi s ha s occurre d durin g th e 5 t o f year s o f a n estimate d 6 0 yea rperio d o f operatio n • th e Ne wLea d Belt . I Th e organi chorizon s are th e mos theavil y contam jnte d part s o f

soil-profile s i n th e surroundin g fores t isosystem . Excep twher e bar e soi l i s expose d t o fal W fro m emissions , onl y th e to p 1 in . o f th e miner k soi l show s elevate d level s o f lea d an d othe rheav y fetals. Thu s analyse s of soi l sample s alone , rathe r 'ta n lea f letter , woul d hav e resulte d i n aseriou s iderestimatio n o f

th e problem . Humi cacid s presen ti n th e lea f litte ran d soi l en tanc e th e solubilit y o f

heav y metal s m tb e decend o torde ro f Cd , Zn , Pb , an d Cu . Lea d compound s r e als o differentiall y solubl e i n thes e acid s wit h \KSOt th e mos tsolubl e an d Pb S th e least . Thes e fflerentia l solubilitie s influenc e bot h tb e exten tan d intensit y o f pollutio n patterns . A majoreffec to n tn tbiomas s o f th aO j litte rhor ror, occur s withi n V

i m i o f th e smelle rstac kan d wear s relate d t o a

n absenc e o f

decomposin g organism s withi n th e immediatel y affecte d area . Turnove rrate s an d pattern s o f macronutrient s hav e to bee n observed . Whil e th e long-ter m effect s o f thes e change s ar e currentl y amatte ro f conjecture , Ihe y coul d resul ti n nutrien tdepletio n an d adeclin e n productivit

y o f th e forest . LEA D I N VEGETATIO N 1 Plant s ar e ofte n excellen tindicator s o f certai n lavinmmental contaminant s du e t o thei rrapi d phy Ittoxi crespons e t o sulfu rdioxide , ozone , herbt looes , etc . Thei rrespons e t o othe rcontaminants , nc h a s toxi cheav y metals , ma y no tb e readil y visi - |bfc . However , analyse s o f thei rleaves , roots * o r othe rtissues ma y serv e a s indicator s o f thei rgeo Ithemica J environment . Hants , fo rinstance , requir e j 1 6 elements fo rnormal growth , 13 o f whic h com e | tra m th e soil . Plan ttissu e analyse s ma y sho wth e tresenc e o f man y time s thi s numbe ro f elements . Vegetatio n form s a

n importan tnod e an d lin ki n | to transpor

tan d distributio n syste m o f lea d enter a l th e environmen tfro m mining, mining , an d smelt in g processes . Th e residenc e tim e ma y b e quit e •har to rrelativel y long . Lea d deposite d o n th e ewe s o f tree s move s t o th e soi l syste m wit h annual lea f fal l o rma y b e washe d t o th e groun d b y rainfan . Leave s ma

y b e eate n b y herbivores , thu s introduc in g attendan tlea d int o natural foo d chains . Whe n deposite d o n forag e crops , lea d ma y b e ingeste d b y domesticate d animals . Deposit s o n leaf y vegetable s ma y b e directl y consume d b y humans . Plantroot s als o absor b lea d fro m th e soi l solution , an d i tma y b e transporte d an d store d i n othe rplan tparts . Lea d incorporate d i n th e wood y tissues o f atre e migh t remai n fo rmarr

y years . I n contrast , thati n th e edi bl e portio n o f

aradis h woul d b e transferre d t o an othe rnod e i n amatte ro f weeks . Lea d accumulation s o n o ri n plant s growin g nea r mines , mills , an d smelter s hav e cause d problem s i n man y countries . (25-25 ] I n Missouri , lea d poisonin g wa s diagnose d a s th e caus e o f deat h o f severa l hors e s pasture d i n th e vicinit y o f alea d tmelte rB

tClov er . Ther e is , therefore , a n obviou s nee d t o monito r vegetatio n fo rth e possibl e accumulation s o f lea d an d othe rheav y metals , especiall y i n th e vicinit y o f industria l operations . - - _ . . Th e distributio n o f

lea d i n vegetatio n o f

th e Ne w Lea d Bel tha s bee n investigate d i n thre e genera l areas : (1 ) Lea d deposite d o n th e leave s o f natural fores t vegetatio n nea rmines , mills , an d smelters . (2 ) Lea d deposite d o n vegetatio n alon g mai n hau l road s arid transpor troutes . (3 ) Lea d accumulate d b y vegetabl e crop s grow n i n area s wher e potentia l contaminatio n i s high . Lea d Accumulate d by Vegetatio n Nea rMines , Mills , an d Smelter s Industrial operation s i n th e Ne wLea d Bel tar e surrounde d b y forests . Th e accumulatio n o f lea d b y som e of th e importan toverstor y an d understor y • specie s wa s investigate d durin g th e summer s o f 1971-1973 . Thes e induce d whil e oa k(Qucrcu s a/b e L ) , pos toa k(QUerru s steBat* Wangenh.) , short-lea f pin e (flr'nu

s enctvnata Mill.) , an d drylan d blueberr y ( Vaccini m pallidum Ait.) . Pos toa kan d pin e foliag e wer e sample d intensive l y i n th e vicinit y o f

th e .AMAX smelter , whil e oa k an d blueberr y leave s wer e collecte d systematicall y ove ra1 2 m i b y 2 3 mi are athatinclude d mos to f th e Viburnum Tren d i n th e Ne wLea d Belt . Soi l sample s wer e als o take n a

tth e sam e locatio n a s th e whit e oa kand blueberr y foliage . Al l sample s wer e ana lyze d withou tprio rwashin g fo rlead , copper , cad mium , zinc , an d manganes e b y atomi cabsorptio n spectroscopy . Thu s unles s otherwis e stated , th e re sult s represen tinternal a s wel l a s surfac e accumula tion . Unusuall y hig h level s o f lea d wer e foun d i n an d o n leave s o f

pos toa kan d short-lea f pin e nea r(0. 5 mi o rless ) th e AMA Ksmelter , (tabi c7-13 ) Th e maximu m value s wer e 8,12 5 an d 11,75 0 ftg/ g fo rpos t oa kan d pine , respectively . Elevate d level s o f lea d wer e detecte d atdistance s greate rtha n 2 mi . Lea d accumulate d b y whit e oa kan d blueberr y fo liag e fro m th e 1 2 m

i b y 2 5 mi samplin g are ai s show n i n figures 7-1 8 an d 7-1 9 an d table s 7-1 4 an d 7 - 14 9 

### ; iTABL E l-M.-Concentratlon of lead tn leaves of

post oak (Qneren s stellate ) and needles of short4eaf

pine (Pimi s ediirrata) bt eternity of

lead smelteroperations

Dtstanc e rro

m smelte r(mO Lea

d concentratio n Qig/

g dr y weight ) Rang e o f Standar d value s Mea

n deviatio n Short-teaf pine Lead concentratio n Qig/ g dr y wcrtwl l Range o f Stanasi T value s Mea

n devenjo

a 0-O J 0J-1. 0 1.0-1. 5 50-1.58 0 IJ-2. 0 45*4 0 Mor e than 2. 0 18-1.36 0

23041.123 3.776.7 0 713.80 0 771.4 0

250.0 0 192.8 0 168.9 7 4.032. 2

777.3 6 273. 2 145. 8 222. 8 420-11.75 0

101-1.47 5 52-1,05 0 6241 2 2246 1 3.546.3 6

497.3 7 273.5 6 142.8 5 123.2 9 3.312.(3

366.5 1 2161 7 178.4 ) 125.4 ) TABLE 7-14 . -cbfteenrranto n of teed o rreeve s of

white oak (Quern s alba ) and teases of blueberry (Vacctntu m pallidum ) M rkottry of lead tmelteroperations

Lea d concentratio n (»g/ g dr y sretght) Blueberr y Lea d concentratio n (*ig/

g dr y weight ) Distanc e rro m smelter(mi ) Rang e o t value s Range o f value s Mea

n 2- 3 3 4 4- 5 5- 6 75.8-1.221. 0 374. 3

122.0 - 537. 0 299 0 7 39.8 - 155. 0 80. 1 4 28.2 - 276. 0 93. 0 1 0 23.5 - 228. 0 75. 6 1 2 26.0 - 121. 0 54. 5 9 141.W74. 0 495. 3 93.0-338. 0 203. 9 21.0-146. 0 76. 1 34.2-181. 0 68. 6 24.0-155. 0 •64. 3 29.0-101. 0 41. 6
1 n * numbero f

samples . 15 . I n tb e norther n hal f o f th e stud y area , th e tmelt e rwa s foun d t o b e th e primary sourc e o f contamina tion , althoug h th e influenc e o f mine s an d mill s i s evident , (figs . 7-1 8 an d 7-19 ) Additiona l vegetatio n an d soi l contaminatio n undoubtedl y resulte d fro m or e haulag e b y truckan d railroad . Th e Fletche rMin e an d mil l comple x wa s perhap s th e primary sourc e o f lea d contaminatio n i n th e souther n half

o f th e stud y area . Leade d moto rfue l an d truc ktoansportatton o f lea d or e wer e als o contributin g factors . Th e accumu latio n o f lea d by . vegetatio n wa s no ta s elevate d H i th e vicinit y o f

mine s an d mill s a s aroun d th e smelt er . Th e distance s atwhic h anomalou s level s o f lea d occu rwer e als o les s tha n i n th e vicinit y o f asmelt er . Th e amoun to f

lea d accumulate d b y whit e oa k leave s wa s slightl y highe rtha n tha taccumulate d b y blueberr y foliage . Thi s sligh tdifferenc e i s perhap s du e t o th e fac tthatth e blueberr y i s a n understor y specie s subjec tt o les s aeria l depositio n tha n (h e overstor y oaks . Elevate d level s o f

Cd , Cu . an d Z n (figs . 7-2 0 an d 7-21 ) wer e associate d wit h leave s i n th e vicinit y o f th e industria l operation s an d wer e correlate d wM t lea d levels . Manganes e level s wer e hig h (ove r3,00 0 Hgjg i n man y instances) , bu twer e no tcorrelate d wit h th e contaminatio n b y P b an d othe rheavy metals . Manganes e i s readil y availabl e fo ruptak e b y plant s i n th e aci d soil s o f th e area . Cadmium leve b range d fro m <0.5 0 t o 4. 0 jig/ g fo rth e SI 6 whit e oa k an d blueberr y lea f

samples . Hig h level s o f C d wer e foun d i n th e sample s o f leave s containin g hig

h kven o f Pb . In thes e hig h lea d samples , C d ranged fro m 0.2 3 t o 2. 4 jtg/g , wit h onl y afe wsample s greate r tha n 1 0 *ig/

g Lea d Contaminatio n Alon g Roadway s Numerou s studie s hav e show n tha tsoi l an d vegetatio n nea rhighway s contai n elevate d level s of lea d

TABL E V\i.-Concentration oflead In leaves ofwhite oak (Queren t•tba ) and leaves of blueberry (Viccintu m pallidum ) tn vkattty of Fletchermine and

mtV

Distanc e fro m roa d (mi ) 0- 1 1- 2 2- 3 3- 4 4 5 5-6 Whit e Oa k Lea d concentratio n (ug/

g dr y weight) Rang e o f value s 39. 0 16.5- 70. 0 20.0 - 26. 5 10.8 - 57. 7 12.5-124. 0 12. 5 36. 3 Mea n

39. 0 35. 9 22. 6 20. 7 29. 5 22. 6 n 

# , 6 6 1 0 1 5 I I Blueberr y Lea d concentratio n Goj/

g dr y wesgbt ) Rang e o f nlue s 39.0-132. 0 16.5 - 40. 0 16.5 - 27. 5 11.3 - 42. 3 5.8- 73. 9 5.9 - 24. 0 Mea

n • B5 J ' 25. 8 > 20. 6 1 20. 6 I I 27. 1 » 17. 7 1 1 i= n umbero f

tamp!** . 15 0 - l decreas e wit h increasin g distanc e fro m th e high l y 125-32 ) Som e o f

th e elevate d level s hav e bee n ^BKt} t o resul tfro m th e us e o f leade d moto r H ne wsourc e fo rroadsid e lea d deposit s ha s bee n Me d alon g th e highwa y o rrailroa d syste m i n th e
„ Lea d Belt , wher e larg e quantitie s o f lead , zinc , d sometime s coppe rconcentrat e are haule d b y rai l

, trac kt o th e smelters . Althoug h som e o f th e lea d otaitrat e i s smelte d nea rth e mine s an d mill s i n northwes tIro n County , amajo rportio n i s etthe r shippe d b y rail t o asmelte rnea rSt . Loui s o rhaule d b y truckan d smeltere d i n southeaster n Iro n County . Th e haulag e truck s ma y o rma y no tb e covered , an d th e combinatio n o f

ope n trucks , roug h roads , and win d result s i n considerabl e blowin g an d depositio n o f th e or e concentrat e o n roadsid e soil s an d vegeta tio n concer n abou tth e hazar d fro m open-truc khaul in g wa s heightene d whe n unusuall y hig h concentra tio n o f lead , copper , zinc , an d cadmiu m were.report LEA O M WHIT E OA KLEAVE S

•42. 6

"GIT O 7-ta.—Lea d I n whit e oa k leave s 1S 1

### 15 2 LEA D IN BLUEBERR Y LEAVE S

RGUR E 7-10—Lead I n blueberry earns . CADMIU M I N WHIT E OA KLEAVE S

fBUfi E 7-20.—Cadmiu m I n whit e oak reave* .



### 15 3CADMIU M I N BLUEBERR YLEAVE S

RGUR E 7-21.—Cadmiu m i n blueberr y I i n re d ceda r(Jimiperus vtnjpmana , L. ) foliag e ^ haulag e route s nea rCenterville . (33 ) Thes e er e though t t o reflec t vehicula r transpor t o flead arin g ores , rathe rtha n mineralize d rock . A n mten r t samplin g o fbot h soi l an d vegetatio n wa s initiat I t o determin e th e exten t t o whic h area s adjacen t

, th e highway s wer e bein g contaminate d b y th e sjjspor t o flea d concentrat e fro m mine s an d mill s i th e smelter . Th e mai n haulag e route s ar e show n i n figur e 7-22 . rfand vegetatio n sample s wer e take n a t approxi atet y 3 m i interval s beginnin g a t Glover . Contro l pnple s wer e collecte d southwar d (sample s 7 3 t o 80 ) [ th e southern-mos t min e o fth e Viburnu m Tren d i n Reynold s County , westwar d int o Den t Count y (sam ple s 12 7 t o 134 ) fro m th e smelte ran d min e nea r Bixb y (northwes t Iro n County) , an d nort h o fth e mai n truc k

route s (sample s 13 5 t o 142 ) int o Washing to n County . Th e are a traverse d b y th e truck s varie s fro m relativel y ope n cultivate d o r pastur e land s t o dens e oak-hickory-pin e forests . I n ope n areas , sample s o fsoi l an d vegetatio n wer e collecte d a t th e roadsid e an d a t distance s o f100 , 200 , 300 , an d 40 0 y d fro m th e roadway. I n densel y woode d areas , samplin g wa s limite d t o th e roa d right-of-wa y and , wher e possible , a t leas t 10 0 y d int o th e forest . Sinc e n o on e vegetatio n specie s wa s presen t a t al l sites , som e wer e collecte d durin g Jul y

•two * 

### WASHINGTO N COUNT

Y «>o.a .

'GW E 7-22.— A representatio n o

t level s oftoad l o vegetatio n ** g lea d or * truc k

routes (soli d lines ) an d contro l route s ** m lines) . •<7pp«.LEA 0 AMWESftMIU S » " 7-7 0 pp m LEA D m SMELTER S •>70ppmLEA 0 - > TRUC K ROUTE S © CONTRO L ROUT

E iiti\\ytrtxt\OOf^fra^\^rot3d 3r d symbol 30 0 yd a from m a roo d 15 5

T J

# i «

!



# I If 1 an d Augus t o f1970 : fal l fescu e (Festuca arundinacea xchreb). a domesticated forag e specie s tha t i s also extensivel y seede

d o n highwa

y rights-of-way; purpl e to p (Tridcns

flaws L. Hitch), a native gras s species ; an d drylan d blueberr

y (Vacdnium

pallidum). Purpl e to p wa s th e mos

t commo n species . Additiona l sam ple s wer e collecte d durin g th e summe r an d earl y fal l of197 1 alon g a serie

s oftransects at distance s of2 5 t o 1.00 0 ft fro m th e mai n roads . Lea d or e ha s bee n transported ove r most , hu t no t all , o fthese routes . Gras s plant s wer e severed approximatel y I tn . abov e th e soi l line , an d al l visibl e soi l particles wer e brushe d fro m th e bas

e ofth e plan t prio r t o analysis . Matur e leave s ofblueberries were take n fro m th e cente r one-third o fth e curren t season' s growth , whil e oa k

leave s wer e collecte d fro m branche s ap proximatel y 6 f

t abov e th e ground . Th e vegetatio n sample s wer e no t washe d prio r t o analyses . Soi l sample

s wer e collecte d t o a 6 in . dept h wit h a soi l auger . Soi l sample

s were extracte d wit h 0. 2 percen t aceti c aci d fo r2 h t o determin e availabl e lead . Tota l lea d value s wer e determine d by digestio n wit h concentrated nitri c acid . Analyse s ofvegetatio n sample s fro m th e truc k an d contro l routes ar

e give n i n tabl e 7-1 6 an d 7-17 . Lead concentration s associated wit h plant s alon g the hau l road s varie d markedl y amon g individua l sam plin g sites . Th e highes t level s wer

e i n sample

s col lecte d nea r smelters , mines , an d mill s an d alon g roug h area

s i n th e highwa

y surface tha

t cause d th e truc k transport

s t o bounce . Lea d conten t decreased rapidl y a s th e distance fro m th e roadwa y increased . TABLE 7-lt.-ConcentratIon of lead In vegetation along nn truck routes Distanc e fro m ma d right-of-wa y (yards) 1

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0

0 10 0

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 4 0 0 Lea d concentrstlo n Oig/ g dr y weight ) Ln w Mea n Al l Specie * 1. 0 1. 9 2 4 4. 8 4. 0 279. 7

34. 2 1 1 6 8. 5 6. 5 Blueberr y 7. 0 10. 4 98. 0

45. 0 Fe«u e 20. 0 4. 9 7. 3 1. 5 6. 9 Purpl e 1. 0 1. 9 2 4 4. 8 4. 0 341. 0

9. 6 10. 6 10. 0 8. 0 In p 344. 0 32. 0 12. 0 7. 6 5. 8 Hig h

4.350. 0 537. 0 35. 0 15. 0 9. 1

537. 0 172. 0

915. 0 14. 3 19. 0 15. 0 9. 1

4.350. 0 537. 0 35. 0 10. 1 8. 3 

# « '

8 0 S I 1 6 8 6

2 1 2 2

3 8 5 3 2

5 6 2 8 I I 5 4 1 n = numbe ro f.ample* . 15 6 TABLE I'M .-Concentration of

lead tn vegetation along control

routes
Drilanc e fro m roa d right-of-wa y (yards ) •Lea d concentratio n Qig/ g dr y wejuh n Ln wMea n Hig h „ • mc e fro m roa d Surf-way lyardi )

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 4 0 0 2 4

0.1 5 18. 1

8. 1 7. 2 3. 9 3. 9 49. 0

20. 0 12. 0 5. 8 5. 8

10. 0 0.1 5 17. 3

10. 7 49. 0

18. 0

10 0 20 0 30 0 4 0 0 18. 2 49. 0 7. 4 18. 0 7. 2 12. 0 3. 9 3. 9 'n=numbe t o fsample* .

- Lead .levels . were

_severa l time s highe ralong or e transpor t routes tha n o n contro l roads . Elevate d level s nea r contro l highway s probabl y reflected contaminatio n fro m leaded gasoline . Also , the Missour i Highway Departmen t occasionall y sprea d slag fro m th e smelter s o n highwa

y shoulders

, bu t thi s practice ha

s bee n discontinued . Level s i n plant s approached backgroun d level s beyon d 20 0 y d fro m th e roadway . Lea d added t o soi l i n a solubl e for m soon change s t o unavailabl e o rfixe d forms . I t wa s desirabl

e t o determin e whethe r ther e was a bette rcorrelatio n betwee n th e plan t level s an d solubl e lead , a s idicate d b y extractio n wit h 0. 2 percen t aceti c aci d fo r 2 h , o r betwee n plan t level s an d tota l lea d determine d b y digestio n ofth e soi l wit h concentrate d nitri c acid. Th e concentratio n o

fsolubl e o r theoreticall y availabl e lea d i n soil s alon g th e ore-truc k routes is show

n i n tabl e 7-1 8 an d alon g contro l routes i n tabl e 7-19 . Marke d differences wer e eviden t betwee n (h

e tntd t an d contro l routes nea r th e road , an d a severaMo M difference a

t greate r distances fro m th e road . Th e tota l lea d content s ofth e soi l are show n i n tabl e 7-2 0 fo r ore-truc k routes an d fo r contro l route s i n tabl e 7-21 . A 10-fol d differenc e wa s eviden t in TABLE 1-1%.-C(*neentratton ofavaHablrleadtn

mils atrmg ore truck routes' 'SoB s colle t te d l o A tn . depth . '.-oombe fo r umptes . ppte s collecte d o n th e roa d right-of-way. Late r ofie s b y Bolte ret al . |34 ] hav e show n tha

t lea d ne t titration s are greates

t i n th e organi c layers o r e to p fewmillimeters ofminera l horizon s i n undil ute d soils . Muc h highe r values wer e attaine d once tst fraction s wer

e analyzed . Th e accumulatio n o

flea d b y al l plan t specie s i s ow n i n figure 7-21 . Vegetatio n containin g mor e n i 70 /ig/g lea d (dry weight ) denote d b y th e bol d x k circles was locate d onl y o n roa d right-of-way s m g truc k routes . Nea r mines , mill s o r smelters , TABL E 7-20 . - Total

lead In toils along truck routes'
Met fro m roa d M-of-wi y (yirdr t

right-of-wa y lyardi )

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 4 0 0 Lea d concentratio n tng/ g dry weight) U w 0.0 9 0.0 1 0.0 3 0.0 2 0.0 4 Mea n

17.5 4 0.4 5 0.7 5 0.S 6 0.8 5 Hig h

133. 0 4. 5 6. 6 2. 9 3. 8 a *

S i 4 6 1 1 9 

# > 'Soi l umpk i collecte d I n * in . depth . ' n numbe ro f.ample* . TABL E 7-l9.-Onren/ref4o n of soluble available lead

In totts along coneot

rmitet1 Lea d concentratio n (pg/ g dr y weight )

0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0 0.0 8 0.1 9 0 0 4 0.1 5 0.1 5 0-3 8

0.4 6 0.2 7 0.2 5 0.2 8 3.8 0

1.4 0 0 3 0 0.4 0 0.5 0 2 4

1 6

Lee d concentretio n Oig/ g dr y weight ) Lo wMea n Hig h « '
100 20 0 30 0 40 0 16. 7

12. 7 20. 0 33 0 36. 0 809. 6

32. 5 36. 0 52. 0 55. 0 3.792. 0

80. 0 48. 0 55. 0 176. 0 'Sa o lampk i collecte d t o « hi . depth . 'asnnmtie r o flamptei . ret s wer e mor e elevate d a

t 10 0 y d o r mor e fro m th e id-right-of-ways . Concentrations o flea d i n whit e oa k an d blueberr

y ret s alon g ore-haulag e an d contro l road s are ow n i n tables 7-2 2 an d 7-23 . There i s good agreeen t betwee n values obtaine d fo r th e tw o species , ta d level s decreased wit h increasin g distance fro m i road, but were stil l elevate d at 1,000 f t fro m ore tsag e routes . Some lea d ma y als o blowont o th e abid e vegetatio n fro m smelters , mines , an d mills . a s th e absolut

e amount ofcontaminatio n du e t o xhaulag e canno t b e determined .
TABL E 7-2l.-7b'aflreefrnB>ffsetonjeonm>fitMrtrs '

e fro m roa d PJ-of-wa y (yards ) Lea d concentratio n Oig/ g dr y weight )

Lo wMea n Hig h n '

10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0 10. 7 9. 3 8. 3 13. 3 13. 3 75 6

23. 2 17. 3 17. 3 22. 0 384. 0

49. 0 27. 0 20. 0 33. 0 Sa g umptc s collecte d l o A tn . depth . 'n=oonih* t o ftempi.. . Th e importanc e ofore transpor t a t a source of contaminatio n i s illustrate d by data fro m th e pastur e wher e problem s wit h horse s wer e encountered . Sample s offorag e grasses , collecte d i n Jul y approxi matel y V i m i nort h ofth e smelter , ha d a lea d conten t o f11 5 sig/

g dry weigh t neares

t th e smelter , 344 ug/

g a t 10 0 y d fro m th e souther n edge , an d 1,14 0 iig/g a t th e norther n edge , whic h wa s immediatel y adjacen t t o th e highwa

y use d t o transpor

t lead or

e t o th e smelter . Lea d Accumulatio n by Vegetabl e Crop s Althoug h lea d mining , mining , an d smeltin g opera tion s hav

e bee n carrie d o n fo rove r10 0 years i n seve n southeaster n Missour i counties , onl y recentl y ha s concer n arise n ove rpossibl e contaminatio n o f fruit s an d vegetables grow n i n th e area . Elevate d lea d level s foun d i n miscellaneou s frui t an d vegetabl e sample

s i n Jun e an d Jul y 197 0 emphasized th e nee d fo ra mor

e thoroug h investigatio n o ftoxi c me

tal s i n crop s used fo rhuma n an d anima l consumption . I n respons

e t o thi s need , a study wa s Initiate d t o determin e th e accumulatio n oflea d i n leaflettuce , radishes , an d gree n bean s grow n nea rsource s o f contamination . |35J Thes e thre e crops , wer e chose n 'because'they ' are'commonl y grown , and'eac h repre sent s a differen t edibl e plan t part . Contro l sample s wer e collecte d i n three nort h centra l Missour i coun ties , wel l remove d fro m an y know n lea d deposit s o r associated mdustria l operations , an d away fro m heavil y travele d roads . A D sample

s wer e obtaine d fro m hom e gardens . Th e vegetables were harvested a t th e edibl e stage , an d samples wer e immediatel y washed i n distille d water . Fo ranalytica l purposes , lettuc e wa s divide d int o roots an d tops , radishe s int o edibl e root s an d tops , an d greenbean s int o pod s an d roots . Tie s re sult s o fth e analyses are show n i n table s 7-24 , 7-25 . 7-26 , an d 7-27 , respectively , fo rcontro l counties . Ok ) Lea d Bel t counties . Ne wLea d Bel t counties , an d a smal l tow n locate d withi n 2 m i o t a smelle r that ha s operate d sinc

e th e 1890's . Mea n lea d level s wer

e generall y muc h greate rfo r plants grow n h i garden s subjec t t o contaminatio n tha n i n th e controls . Considerin g onl y th e edibl e plan t parts , accumulation s were greate rfo rlettuc e leaves tha n fo rradis h roots o rgreenbea n pods . Vari ation s i n lea d values fo rindividua l sample s wer e grea t an d wer e relate d t o th e degre e ofexposure . I n th e Ok ) Lea d Belt , sample s oflettuc e an d rad ishe s wit h very hig h lea d contents wer e grow n nea r ok ) mines o ro n soil s wher e dolomit k

limeston e min e wast

e had bee n applie d t o gardens . I n th e Ne w Lea d Belt , lea d values depended o n th e proximity of garden s t o industria l operation s o rhau l roads wit h th e highes

t level s nea rsmelters . Exposur e t o smelte remission s i n th e small-tow n garden s produced th e highes t lea d level s recorded fo rlettuc e an d greenbeans . Th e values fo rlettuc e ra n a s hig h a s 1.32 4 ug/g . abou t tw o times greate r tha n elsewhere . Lea d values i n greenbea n pods range d u p t o five times highe rtha n di d values i n th e 15 7

### H : TABLE 7*22.-Conwnrmrfcm of lead tn leaves of

whae oak (Quercut

alba) and

leaves of blueberry (Vacclntum pallidum} from traverse samples along roads in Missouri's New Lead Belt

Distanc e fro m roa d (ft ) 0 - 5 0 5 1 - 10 0 101 - 20 0 201 - 40 0 401 - 60 0 601 - 80 0 801-1,00 0 whit e oe k Lea d concentratio n (ug/ g dr y weight ) Rang e o fvalue s Mes n n' 69.0*04. 0 32.2-495. 0 21.7436. 0 12.0-286. 0 13.0-293. 0 11.0-113. 0 9.8 - 66. 5 209. 0

149. 0 11 5 3 81. 6 78. 9 42. 3 53. 4 1 5

2 1 3 0 2 6 2 3 I I I I blueberr y

Lea d concentratio n Rang e o fvalue s 47.0-524. 0 21.1-419. 0 14.6-322. 0 11.9-351. 0 17.5-259. 0 5.0-137. 0 5.0-111. 0 (ng/gdryweitlit) '

Mea n . < 200. 7 | t 176. 8 1 1 103. 0 a 92. 9 n 79. 1 n 46. 3 1 ) 34. 9 | |

* f.=nttmbe r o r tamptaa .

TABLE 1-2i.-Concentration of lead in leaves of

white txk (Quercuialba) and leaves of blueberry (Vacclntum pallidum) from traverse samples along roads without lead ore haulage In Missouri's New Lead Belt

Distanc e fro m rea d (ft ) 0 - 5 0 5 1 - 10 0 101 - 20 0 201 - 40 0 401 - 60 0 60 1 80 0 801-1.00 0 whit e oe k Lea d concentrstlo n (jig/ g dr y weight ) Rang e o fvalue s Mea n n i 52.4.104. 0 34.3 - 45. 8 21.7 - 26. 6 12.0 - 19. 8 17. 5 11. 6 9.8 - 14. 9 8 1 0 41. 3 24. 5 16. 3 17. 5 11. 6 12. 0 ' J

3 4 4 1 1 4 blueberr y

Lea d concentratio n (ug / g dr y weietil l Rang e o fvalue s 47.0-100. 0 21. 1 44. 7 19.5 - 43. 7 11.9 - 30. 0 19. 1 12. 1 12.8 . 22. 2 Mea n • • 69. 2 ] 29. 2 i 32. 4 4 20. 2 4 19. 1 1 12. 1 1 16. 7 4 I Lea

d Bel tan d thre e time s highe rtha n thos e i n , Ne wLea d Belt . |3tS] Lettuc e root s ha d highe rmea n lea d concentration s i eitherradishe s o rgreenbeans . Th e highes tval sur e i n th e smelte rtown , wher e concentration s code d 3.00 0 itglg and average d 63 6 ug/g . rh e effect s o f

thes e hig h lea d level s o n huma n ,tl h have no tbee n determined . However , th e veg ftles analyze d d o no tconstitut e amajo rparto f

, Set tor peopl e i n th e area . Thu s Ih e possibilit y ctarniceffect s i s somewha tlessened . LEA D I N SURFAC E WATER S Researc h studie s wer e performe d t o determin e th e parlanc e o f surfac e water s an d aquati csystem s i n i Ne wLea d Bel tare aa s apossibl e sink , atrans -



# ' " X

1 n=numbe r

o r umples .

TABLE 7-24 . -Lead

content of vegetable crops tn control

counties TABLE 7-26 . -Lead content of vegetable crops In New Lead

Belt counties

Cro p Lcttuce-fno t Lettuce-lea f Radah-rno t Radrth-lo p Grccnbcan-roo t Grcenbcan-po d Lea d concentratio n (ug/ g dr y Lo wHig h Mea n 10. 0 6. 9 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 <5. 0 50. 0

33. 9 11. 0 32. 0 20. 0 <5. 0 20. 3

20. 6 7. 7 14. 0 9. 1 <5. 0 weight) 1

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Cro p

Lettuce-roo t Lettuce-lea f RadKh-roo t RadWHo p Crccnbearwoo t Gree n hcan-po d Lea d concentratio n (ug/ g dr y wriest) 1 Lo w 10. 0 8. 9 4. 4 13. 3 5. 0 5. 0 Hig h

660. 0 923. 0 107. 0 578. 0 53. 0 40. 0 Mea n a '

89. 7 2 1 114. 0 » 22. 3 1 1 94. 4 a 9. 9 2 1 8. 8 2 1

1 Al l umplaJ . washe d i n dhitlle d wate ri m media l fl y afte r harvett . 't^ftumhr r o flarnpUs .

TABLE 7-25. - Lead

content of vegetable crops vt Old Lead Belt counties 1 Al l aamntc * washe d i n dittltle d wate rimmediatel y afte rharm! , 'n^numbe r o ftamplei .

TABLE 7-27 . -Lead

content of vegetable crops m a small town with a lead

smelter

Cro p Leltuce-rno t Lettuce-lea f Radish-Too t Radrth-lo p Gree n bean-roo t Cirec n bean-po d Lea d concentratio n (ug/ g dr y weight) 1 Lo w 11. 7 10. 3 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 Hig h

492. 0 742. 0 518. 0 117. 0 67. 0 10. 1 Mea n

68. 8 83. 8 33. 4 76. 7 8. 6 5. 4 n*

3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 Cro p

Leitucc-ron t Lettuce-tea r Radrdwo.i t Radish-to p Giccnhean-rno t Grccnbcan-pn d Lea d concentratio n (ug/ g dr y weight) 1 Lo w 25. 0 47. 0 7. 4 32. 0 10. 0 5. 0 Hig h

3.244. 0 1.324. 0 50. 0 385. 0 704. 0 136. 0 Mea n a '

636. 2 I 284. 0 ' 22. 3 » 119. 5 » 119. 3 • 25. 1 < 1 Al l tampl n wa-he d i n d o tille d wate r immediatel y afte r harveit . *n=numhe r o fur n pies . 1 Al l ".ample " washe d i n Untitle d wate rimmediatel y afte rttarml . 'n=numb* r o f«mple- . 

### 15 8 portmechanism , ahabita tfo rfis h an d othe raquati c organism s an d arecreationa l resource . (37 1 Th e topograph y an d resultin g drainag e patter n o f th e Ne wLea d Bel tar e uniquel y adapte d t o monitor in g and tracin g th e effec to f industria l pollutants . First , th e mining , milling , an d smeltin g effluent s fro m eac h operatio n ar e channele d int o separat e stream systems , s o thatan y pollutio n effect s ca n b e individuall y determined . Equall y importan tar e th e man y stream s withou tminin g developmen ttha t serv e a s controls . Fiv e o f th e stream s receivin g min e discharg e eventuall y flo wint o th e Blac kRive rbasi n an d the n int o Clearwate rLak e (approximatel y 7 0 m i away) . Thi s i s th e onl y lak e i n th e syste m an d poten tiall y amajo rlong-ter m sin kfo rheav y metal s enter in g th e system . A map o f th e basin , emphasizin g th e overal l drainag e pattern , i s show n i n figure 7-23 . 

# \

9JR E 7-23.-4>atnag * parte m o f Bel t o

fMhaou i to Clearwate r Lake) . 

### 15 9Source s o fPollutant s Th e primar y source s o fheav y metal s ar e minin g an d millin g operations , concentrat e storage , haulag e b y open-truc k

o r railroa d gondol a car , an d th e smelt - in g operations . Generally , however , wastewater s fro m min e and/o r mil ) operation s ar e th e mos t im - portan t t o th e aquati c systems , althoug h the y d o no t normall y ente r th e strea m system s unti l the y hav e bee n treate d i n a t leas t a singl e tailing s pond . Th e liqui d effluen t fro m thes e pond s i s no t chemicall y to o differen t fro m th e receivin g streams , bu t i t doe s contai n relativel y larg e amount s o fsuspende d solids , whic h ar e generall y associate d wit h heav y metals . Effluen t fro m th e minin g operation s ofte n contain s approximatel y tw o t o thre e time s mor e dissolve d solid s tha n eithe r th e origina l min e o r backgroun d strea m water . (38 ] Organi c reagent s ar e als o release d b y th e minin g operation s an d ma y becom e majo r environmenta l problems . Man y o fthes e material s ar e know n t o b e toxi c i n aquati c systems , bu t th e level s a t whic h tox - icit y occurs , particularl y i n th e presenc e o fheav y metals , ar e no t known . [39 ] A summar y o ffactor s contributin g t o environmenta l change s i n wate r qual - it y ar e liste d a s follows : A . Min e wate r 1 . Natura l nutrien t loa d o fsubterranea n wate r 2 . Fue l spill s 3 . Oi l spill s 4 . Hydrauli c fluid spill s 5 . Smal l minera l particle s i n min e effluen t 6 . Blastin g agents—spill s an d partiall y oxidize d compound s ar e nutrient s 7 . Highl y variabl e minera l conten t o for e B . Mil l operatio n 1 . Chemica l spill s 2 . Variabl e minera l conten t o for e ma y cause : a . Excessiv e us e o freagent s an d los s o ftoxi c chemical s t o effluen t b . Lo wrecover y o fheav y metal s durin g puls e o fver y rich or e 3 . Chemica l reagent s no t adsorbe d t o concen - trat e ar e release d i n effluen t 4 . Improperl y place d pile s o fconcentrat e allo w dispersa l o fheav y metal s C . Tailing s pond s 1 . Imprope rdesig n o r placemen t o fponds , in - sufficien t siz e o rnumbe r o fpond s 2 . Insufficien t retentio n tim e 3 . Releas e o ftoxi c millin g reagent s t o stream s 4 . Releas e o forgani c an d inorgani c nutrient s t o stream s 5 . Releas e o ffinely groun d roc k an d minera l particle s t o stream s Researc h Procedure s Heav y meta l concentration s i n th e wate r (bot h dissolve d an d suspende d states) , strea m sediments , an d th e aquati c biot a wer e determine d b y atomi c 16 0 — absorptio n method s a s describe d i n a previou s chap , ter . Routin e analyse s wer e mad e b y th e Enviro n menta l Trac e Substance s Researc h Cente r at fe Universit y o fMissouri . Som e analyses , largel y cot v ceme d wit h strea m biota , wer e performe d at Rod , usin g standar d technique s couple d wil h occasion ) blin d cross-check s betwee n th e tw o analytica l bbr > ratories . Dissolve d an d suspende d matte r wer e separate d b y usin g a 0.4 5 n m Millipor e filter; al l wate r (h a passe d th e filter wa s assume d t o contai n essentiall y dissolve d material . Al l physica l an d chemica l pan - meter s o fwate rqualit y wer e determine d i n accord . anc e wit h procedure s outline d i n standar d methods o fth e America n Publi c Healt h Association , |40 | excep t fo r phosphoru s determinations . Bot h tot d an d orthophosphat e wer e measure d wit h procedure s develope d b y Jankovi c e t al . (41 ] Diversit y Inde - values , cite d a s th e biologica l indicator s o fpollution . wer e measure d b y Ryc k an d Whitel y [42 ] o fth e Missour i Departmen t o fConservatio n b y ush t Wilhm' s expression : [43 ]

Diversit y Inde x= \ |No . o ftype s o fOrganisms)- ! 'type ! ota l n (tota l no . o forganisms! "

Ther e ar e numerou s shortcoming s i n th e us e d indice s becaus e mos t ar e distorte d i n som e wa y an d generall y concentrat e o n on e o r mor e organism* , Wilhm' s inde xi s mathematicall y distorte d t o favo r certai n fly larva e tha t ar e carrie d t o th e specie s level . Th e inde xdoe s no t necessaril y indicat e a decline i n th e numbe r o flif e forms , bu t rathe ra chang e i n th e basi c characte r o fth e origina l taxonom k group * ings . A s suc h i t i s valuabl e onl y a s a guid e t o indi- cat e tha t change s hav e occurred . (44 , 43 ] Th e establishmen t o fbasi c rainfal l an d runof f characteristic s wa s i n accordanc e wil h curren t hydrologica l practices . Tw o Leupol d an d Steven s sovomanomete r bubbl e gage s wer e use d t o measur e streamflow . Wate r sample s wer e collecte d at 1 5 min . interval s durin g runof fperiods . Bot h filtered an ) unfiltere d aliquot s wer e analyze d fo r lead , copper, zinc , an d cadmium . Othe rwate r qualit y characteris - tic s measure d include d pH . hardness , alkalinity , chemica l oxyge n demand , an d man y others . Analytica l procedure s fo ralga l analyse s wer e detaile d i n a previou s report . (37 1 Briefly , alga e sample s wer e drie d a t lOO Xan d ground . Approximatel y I g o fth e drie d materia l wa s digeste d i n a 10 0 m l Kjeldah l flas k

wit h I S m l concentrate d HNO j and ) m l concentrate d HCLO 4 unti l th e whit e fume s o fth e perchlori c aci d wer e evident , followe d b y a n addi- tiona l 5 min . a t th e lowes t settin g o fa Kjeldah l heal - in g unit . Th e digeste d sampl e wa s picke d u p i n • percen t HNO3 , an d th e washing s wer e adde d t o th e supernatant . Th e liqui d sample s wer e brough t t o 3 0 m l wit h I percen t HNO 3 an d analyze d fo rheart metal s b y atomi c absorptio n spectroscopy . Stand- ard s an d blank s wer e prepare d wit h I percen t HNOj , an d th e result s wer e expresse d i n term s d microgram s o fheav y meta l pe rgra m o fdrie d algae . pa d o n Wate rQualit y an d Aquati c Biot a ffaierQuality : Mos t o fth e lea d fro m minin g an d iffin g operation s enter s th e stream s a s galen a kjjS) , I n addition , smal l amount s o flea d oxid e •X)) . lea d carbonat e (PbCOj) , an d lea d sulfat e (Pb - \) A ) ma y als o b e found . Littl e i s known , however . ou t th e chemica l alteration s an d eventua l assocta - gn s o flea d a s i t react s wit h organi c substance s tseti t i n an d aroun d aquati c vegetation . (46 ] Be - i t minin g began , backgroun d concentration s o f i d an d coppe ri n stream s o fth e Ne wLea d Bel t o e reporte d t o b e i n a 4 t o 6 pg/ l range ; wate r p H rrge d normall y betwee n 7 an d 8 . [46 ] hysica l an d Chemica l Impac t A summar y o fth e physica l an d chemica l parame - n o fwate r qualit y a t I S selecte d principa l sam - Sn g station s i s presente d i n tabl e 7-28 . Th e mos t .gnjncant difference s i n observe d value s o fchemi - i an d physica l characteristic s o fth e contro l rcanis an d thos e receivin g industria l effluent s are : (1 ) Th e turbidit y an d suspende d solid s level s foun d i n sample s take n a t o rnea r industria l outfall s ar e fa rhighe rtha n thos e foun d i n th e receivin g stream ; a s a genera l rule , the-heav y metal s ar e associate d wit h thes e solids . (2) Mine-mil l effluent s generall y hav e a markedl y highe r leve l o ftota l dissolve d solid s relativ e t o th e contro l an d receivin g streams . [38 ] (3 ) Periodi c elevate d level s o fphosphat e an d ni - troge n ar e foun d i n strea m segment s wit h oc - casiona l alga l bloom s o raquati c vegetation . (4 ) Mos t o fth e availabl e phosphoru s an d nitroge n ar e commonl y tie d u p eithe rb y aquati c biot a o rdissolve d organi c compounds , man y o f whic h ar e probabl y metaboli c product s o ftb e strea m biota . Organi c nitroge n (Kjeldah l analy - sis ) consistentl y account s fo r ove r 9 9 percen t o fth e tota l nitroge n present . (5 ) Unde rnorma l strea m Ro wconditions , mos t stream s o fth e Ne wLead.Bel t ar e remarkabl e fo rthei r hig h degre e o fclarity , purity , an d aestheti c qualities . Durin g norma l flow, bot h dissolve d an d suspende d a d content s o fth e wate r wer e wel l belo wth e 0.0 5 •t/l leve l se t fo rdrinkin g wate rb y th e U.S . Publi c fadth Servic e an d th e 0. 1 mg/ 1 effluen t standar d se t i r th e Missour i Clea n Wate r Commissio n fo rthi s |p e o fdischarge . |44 ] Sinc e stream s i n thi s regio n taracteristtcall y hav e a relativel y hig h carbonat e inten t an d a slightl y basi c p H [47] , an y dissolve d ttvy metal s ar e probabl y precipitate d rapidl y a s osolubl e carbonates . Sinc e mos t o fth e particle s ar e art y colloida l i n size , the y ar e likel y t o b e trans - Wte d an d deposite d i n a reservoi ro ran y othe r •Vati c bod y tha t provide s long-ter m sedimen t con - Dions . I t i s significan t tha t virtuall y al l o fth e hig h ftasurements o fheav y metal s occurre d durin g per - od i o fstor m runof fan d ar e associate d wit h th e vspende d solid s fraction . Thi s Dhenomeno n ha s no t *t n note d i n mos t conventiona l monitorin g pro - •o 00 , •> •—_ •r » r^JJrlwpoo o o6eood o

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### - 

### T ljar s nea rth e AMA X smelte rdurin g storms ; it s p H average d aroun d 6

. Durin g period s o f pea k runoff , th e strea m p H normall yvarie d slightly

. Thu s i t i s not surprisin g t o find tha t increase s i n dissolve d metal s were ver ysmall

. Accordin g t o Foil , [55 ] u p t o 5 t o 6 mg/1 o f th e tota l 2 5 t o 3 0 mg/ 1 lea d occur ring durin g pea k

runof f period s associate d wit h larg e storm s ar

e i n a dissolve d form

. Th e interestin g poin t i s th e abrup t majo rincreas e i n th e meta l conten t o f suspende d solids

. Anomalou s cadmiu m value s wer e als o foun d i n th e runof ffro m th e smelte rwatershed

. Thi s wa s unexpected , sinc e i l rarel yoccurs , i n natura l water s o f th e region

. Smal l amount s o f cadmiu m wer e pre sen t i n th e lea d ore . hu t tha t occurrin g i n th e smelte r soli d wastes , lagoo n effluents , an d leaf litte rsurroundin g th e smelte rappear s t o h e abnormall yhigh

. Simila rrelationship s exis t fo rzin can d coppe rii i unfiltere d runoff , indicatin g (hat runof fi s a majo r transpor t mechanis m fo ral l heav ymetals

. Lea d i n Strea m Sediment s Th e relativel ylarg e amount s o fsuspende d heav y metal s foun d i n stream s durin g stor m runoff pos e a questio n a

s t o whethe rthe ycom e fro m materia l washe d i n fro m th e soi l o rfro m a resuspensio n o f sediment s o n th e strea m bottom

. I Investigation s hav e show n tha t strea m sediment s c th e Ne wLea d Bel t contai n relativel ylo wlevel s 4 lea d an d othe rheav

ymetals , an d thes e concentra pon s ar e onl yfoun d nea reffluen t sources . Mos t o f tb e lead generall yoccurs i n th e rang e o f 20 0 mes h o r jter

. Thi s i s no t unusua l sinc e 9 0 percen t o fth e or e | s groun d finertha n 20

0 mesh

. I n addition , th e min
trals containin g heav

ymetal s are generall ymor e '(riaMe an d ma yb e crushe d eve n finer. Also , ther e i s 'rirtuall yn o cla yi n th e strea m sediment s (base d ei
- 'ihero n particl e siz e o rgeochemica l characteristics , 'eve n thoug h soil s o f th e regio n characteristicall y [contai n fro m 9 t o 1 5 percen t clay)

. Cla ymaterial s jar e obviousl ybein g carrie d i n suspensio n b yth e

oalxcrtb o tdo o ob o i-fc o rac o ab o Sta m 2,34» X11,07 4

FIGUR E 7-26.—Meta l conten t o femette r runoff . n%m,kvt Stor m 7 , Jan . 0,197 5

16 4 strea m water

. Thu s heav ymetal s associate d wit h suspende d solid s durin g runof f appea rt o b e washin g directl yfro m th e soi l t o th e streams , an d thenc e mov e ou t o fth e ecosystem

. Thi s transpor t mechan
is m has bee n reporte d bystudie s earlie ri n Missouri , [49 ] i n Illinois

. [56 ] an d elsewhere

. [57

. 58 ] I n on e particula rcase , extraordinaril yhig h lea d level s ( t 11,00 0 pg/g ) were foun d i n sediment s nea r th e ASARC O smelte ra t Glover , MO , jus t outsid e o f th e Ne wLea d Belt , (tabl e 7-29 ) Thi s materia ) reache d th e strea m followin g attempt s t o reduc e plan t dus t i n complianc e wit h requirement s o f th e Occupationa l Safet yan d Healt h Act

. Th e attempt s involve d installatio n ofa sprinkle rsyste m tha t peri
Stor m 9/0,Wl24/» t tOT S

FIGUR E 7-27.—Mvta l conten t ofsmelte r runoff . 18 5gram s sinc e mos t stat e an d federa l agencie s regular
l yus e filtered sample s fo ranalyse s o f heavymetals

. On e importan t rindin g i s that lea d has rarel ybee n a proble m i n th e effluent s o ri n streams ; however , zin cha s frequentl yexceede d th e 0. 1 m/g l limit s re quire d b yth e stat e i n bot h filtere d an d unfiltere d samples

. [37

. 44-45 ] Th e highes t concentration s o f heav ymetal s hav e consistentl yoccurre d a t station s 1 6 throug h 20 , whic h are essentiall yeffluen t dis
charge s fro m th e smelte rtreatmen t facility

. Thes e are als o th e onl ystation s wher e cadmiu m i s regular
l yfound , an d heavy-meta l concentration s i n unfil
tere d sample s a

t thes e site s consistentl yexcee d th e state' s allowabl e limit

. Thes e effluent s drai n int o a basi n tha t has bee n studie d unde rstor m runof fcon dition s an d wil l b e discusse d i n anothe rsection

. BWoRlc*d Impact : Th e effluen t fro m mill s an d ex ces s minin g wate rcontinuall ypumpe d fro m th e Bonneterr e formatio n hav e exerte d a definit e impac t o n th e productivit yo f smal l receivin g streams

. Th e amoun t o f wate rtha t mus t b e brough t t o th e surfac e varie s considerabl yfro m on e .min e t o another , rang in g fro m almos t nothin g t o approximatel y4,00 0 gal. / min

. I n thos e operation s wit h a n exces s o f undergroun d water , alga l bloom s hav e occurre d i n som e o f th e tailing s pond s use d for'treatmen t an d fo rsevera l mile s belo wth e discharg e poin t i n receivin g streams

. Thes e alga l growth s an d associate d rhizophyte s (roote d vegetation ) varyi n specie s compositio n fro m on e strea m t o another ; i n som e cases , the ycomplete
l ycove rstrea m bottoms

. Excessiv e alga l blooms , particularl yi n th e war m months , hav e cause d a n unsightl yappearance an d altere d th e usua l aquati c communities

. Th e predominan t vegetatio n associate d wit h stream s tha t hav e alga l growt h problem s were : Cto
dophora, OscilMoria, Mougeotia. Zygnema, Spirogyra cymbetta, Aehnanthcs. Navicuia, an d othe r stalke d an d nonstalke d varitie s o f diatoms

. Th e typi
ca l benthi can d per i phyti ccommunitie s displa ya n unusuall ylarg e arra yo f diatoms , bot h i n variet yan d density

. Thes e aquati cform s ver yefficientl yaccu mulat e nutrient s i n stream s wher e thei rconcentra tion s are quit e low

. Th e dense , tangled , gelatinou s communitie s o f alga e an d associate d microconsumer s act as excel
len t filters, i n additio n t o thei rcapacit yfo rnutrien t remova l an d retention

. Th e finely ground particle s o f roc k flouro rmineral s tha t mayescap e th e flotation an d tailing s reservoir s are efficientl ytrappe d an d remove d b yth e benthi cflora o f th e receivin g streams , [43 , 49 ] a

s illustrate d b yfigure 7-24

. Th e residenc e perio d fo rthes e accumulate d material s i s onl ytemporary , sinc e th e mat s are detache d as the y decompos e o rbrea k

loos e durin g period s o f stor m runof f an d ar e carrie d b ymovin g wate rint o othe r ecosystems

. Elevate d manganes e concentration s hav e bee n observe d i n man yo f th e industria l effluent s sampled

. Patric k e f al [50 ] an d Gerlof fan d Skoo g [51 ] hav e reporte d tha i manganese concentrations , simila rt o thos e observe d o n Be e For k an d othe rstream s i n 16 2 OWa m ftc*. IWfae a Oom (Maa ) FIGUR E 7-24.—Alaa

d read content—before , after , an d within th e a*o« l meande rtreatmen t system . th e Ne wLea d Belt , ma yinterac t wit h temperatii e t o selectivel yfavo rth e growt h o f som e kind s of al
gae . I n particular , hig h manganes e concrntratiora an d col d wate rtemperature s encourag e th e develop
men t o f diato m communities , whil e th e opposit e condition s lea d t o establishmen t o fgree n o rblue
gree n algae

. Thu s som e o fth e difference s between th e predominan t alga l form s i n th e variou s recdvinj stream s ar

e partl ydu e t o difference s i n manganes e concentrations

. Apotentia l environmenta l proble m has develope d i n th e transpor

t o fheavymetal s whe n excessiv e vegetationa l growth s hav e occurre d i n th e receivini streams

. Thes e dens e gelatinou s mat s o falga e an d thei rassociate d aquati cpopulation s hav e coate d som e strea m beds , causin g aestheti cproblems , blockin g photosyntheticenerg yinput , an d dimmst
in g norma l strea m populations

. Th e qualit yo f tw o typica l stream s as measured b y diversit yinde xvalue s are show n i n figure 7-25

. (42 , 52 ] Generally , neithe ra contro l no ra receivinj strea m ha

d a diversit yinde xo f les s tha n 4 prio rt o th e initiatio n o f minin g operations

. [42 ] I n contrast , thes e indexnumber s decrease d t o level s below4 i n stream s receivin g wastewater s afte rminin g « w started

. Th e initia l drop , a s show n m figure 7-23, occurre d jus t befor e th e mine s starte d product* * an d wa s probabl yrelate d t o preminm g constructio n activities

. Sinc e then , bot h th e tota l numbe rttvA typ e o fbenthi corganism s (a s describe d i n Wflrnn' i Index ) i n th e receivin g stream s hav e declined

. Witt L URE 7-2S.-Otver-Jtylr ^ DIVERSIT YINDE X- .NOC ^ TYPES OFQRGAWSMSl- l

BstaDatio n an d operatio n o f treatmen t facilities , team wate rqualit ya

s measure d b ybenthi cdiverst
rindice s ha s improve d t o preminin g o rbackgroun d tvds

. I t i s importan t t o recogniz e tha t suc h selecte d Wogica l indice s ar e no t indicator s o fwate rpollu
ter.. The yonl yindicat e tha t th e type s an d number s t f organism s use d t o comput e th e inde xhav e tanged; as such , the yca n functio n as a sensitiv e too l fo rdetectin g possibl e environmenta l troubl e nas . Lea d Transpor t b yRunof f Th e airborn e transpor t o f lea d fro m tailings , con centrat e piles , transpor t vehicles , an d th e smelte rt o Ih e soi l tea bee n previousl ydescribed

. Researc h fur
fliersuggeste d tha t lea d i s hel d rathe rtenaciousl yi n tb e organi chorizon s an d th e uppermos t portio n o f th e minera l soi l profile

. Observation s i n th e Ol d Lea d Bel t o f Missour i indicate d tha t lea d level s i n tb e 0 t o 6 in

. soi l wer e nearl yth e sam e a s thos e m (b e Ne wLea d Bel t 137

] Thi s pose s a questio n as t o whethe rsoi l i s th e ultimat e sin k fo rlea d o rwhethe r tb e isolate d hig h value s o f lea d i n unfiltere d wate r tnrrp.es durin g period s o fhig h stor m runof fmigh t b e a significan t transpor t phenomenon

. Soi l colum n studie s b yLirmema n 153] indicate d flat there wa s ver ylittl e leachin g o fheavymetal s at presen t level s o f contanrinattoti

. an d tha t da yan d organi csoi l fraction s hav e a stron g affinit yfo rlead , effectivel ylimitin g it s cVownwar d movement

. Auto
mate d runof fwate rqualit ystation s wer e als o con structe d o n tw o watershed s t o chec k thi s genera l transpor t hypothesis

. Th e contro l watershe d (ap
proximatel y5 m P i n area ) wa s locate d 6 m i fro m th e smelte ran d wa s assume d t o b e beyon d input s fro m industria l sources . Th e othe rwatershe d draine d a IV i mi Z smelte rare a wher e th e primar yheavymeta l inpu t wa s deposite d o n th e soil

. Wate rsample s wer e analyze d fo rlead , zinc , copper , cadmium , an d 1 1 othe rphysica l an d chemica l parameter s o fwate r quality

. (37,54 ] Figure s 7-2 6 an d 7-2 7 sho wrainfal l intensity , run off , an d lea d value s fo rfiltered an d unfiltere d sam ple s durin g fou rselecte d storms , includin g targ e an d smal l precipitatio n events , o n th e smelte rwatershed

. Th e tota l lea d conten t i n th e smelte rwatershe d run of fi s 3 0 t o 5 0 time s tha t o fnorma l flo wan d severa l thousan d time s large rtha n th e control ; (37 ) th e dif
ference s i n basi n siz e are insufficien t t o accoun t fo r this

. Simila rpattern s exis t fo rzin can d cadmium

. Th e coincidenc e o fhighes t lea d concentration s an d pea k runof fsuggests tha t targ e amount s o fmateria ) are move d durin g heavystorms

. Rainfal l wa s collecte d i n wide~mout h polyethylen e 16 3

# I I 

# I

m

s *• 

# I '

Bt ! 20 0 40 0 60 0 BO O 100 0 120 0 140 0 WO O 00 0 200 0 220 0 240 0 260 0 m l throug h colum n RGUR E 7-29.—Catio n exchang e usin g alga e (4 0 g wet weigh t Spirogyta), colum n pretreste d wit h 40 0 mtO t WNaAc . Heav ymetal s are mos t commonl yadde d t o stream s a

s sulfides , carbonates , o rphosphate s —al ) o f whic h are quit e insolubl e i n th e hard , slightl yal
kalin e streamwate ro f th e region

. Th e abundan t an ioni csite s know n t o b e presen t i n cel l wall s an d sur roundin g matrice s provid e ampl e opportunit yfo rio n exchange

. Electro n microscopi cstudie s b yMalon e e t al

. [65 ] sugges

t tha t whe n hydroponicall ygrow n cor n root s are treated wit h dissolve d o rchelate d lead , insolubl e lea d particle s appea ri n isolate d membrane-line d vesicle s withi n th e roo t cells

. Fe w vesicle s containin g lea d ar e foun d i n stem s o r leaves

. Mor e recen t autoradiographi cstudie s b y Rul e e t al

. [66 ] indicat e tha t som e o f th e lea d applie d t o leave s o f radishe s an d lettuc e mayente rth e vas cula rsyste m an d b e transporte d t o othe rplan t tis
sues . Th e lea d tha t remain s associate d wit h aquati c vegetatio n i n th e Ne wLea d Bel t stream s appear s t o b e boun d primaril yt o th e cel l membrane s o f algae , base d o n electro n microscop ystudie s b yWixso n an d Gale

. [67 ] Extensiv e washin g o faquati cplan t materia l i n dis
tilled , tap , o rstrea m wate rfaile d t o remov e (h e boun d lead

. However , washin g wit h EDT A(ethyl
en e diaminetetraacetate ) at p H 7 t o 7. 5 i n concentra tion s a s lo was 0.0 1 M effectivel yremove s mos t o f th e associate d lea d withou t cel l rupture

. (68 ] Labora
tor ystudie s usin g filamentou s alga e o rlea f litte r packe d i n column s determine d th e capacit yo f plant matte rt o bind , b ycatio n exchange , solubl e lea d salt s

tOOO 1*0 0 MO O m l throug h colum n i 7-3 0 —Uptak

e o flee d b y lea flitte r use

d I n colum n studies . 16 8 40O0C *
sspoc f 30p« * 25p0( *

£20jOOC

+ ispoc * lajoooj
aportdl h wil h 0012 5 EOTf t pH7. 5

10 0 l o o 55b

" 40* 5 ac o Soo TOO "

. Toto l •m l o f10 0 pp m P b t n NoA c JFCITR E 7-31.—Uptak

e an d releas e ot lea d fro m mixe d cultur e o t atgae . \ • • W\80 0 * » tOO O

fin th e presenc e o f abundan t monovalent cations

. !%

. 7-2 9 t o 7-32 ) Catio n exchang e capacities , base d Io n th e colum n studies , approache d 65 meq/10 0 g fo r !flamentou s alga e (over-dr yweigh t basis ) an d 18 0 jneq/10 0 g fo rdrie d fores t litte rmaterial

. Th e con centration s o f lea d reporte d i n fores t litte r[62 1 an d Lhos e foun d i n aquati cvegetatio n ofte n d o no t ap proximat e th e tota l catio n exchang e capacit yo fth e vegetatio n involved

. Contro l column s usin g glas s woo l wit h overlayin g lea d sulfid e (concentrate ) indi
cat e vas t difference s i n th e leachin g rate s o f chelate d lea d fro m insolubl e particulat e materia l (PbS ) an d

97,84 2 M Po/ere m * » "•"a * th e remova l o flea d boun d t o th e surfac e o fplan t materia l b y washin g wit h EDTA . Effect s o f Mine-Mil l Comptexe t o n Strea m Biot a Th e amoun t an d variet yo fproducerorganism s var yremarkabl yfro m on e strea m t o another

. I n som e locations , seasona l alga l bloom * hav e reache d proble m proportions , especiall ybelo wth e conflu
enc e o fmine-mil l wastewate ran d th e natura l receiv
in g stream

. I n som e cases , unsightl ycondition s hav e bee n create d fo rsevera l mile s downstrea m du e t o unusua l an d dens e alga l bloo m communitie s tha t

Betjfr . wos h wit h 002S M EDT

A pHT S

FIGUR E 7-32—Uptak

e an d releas e 30 0 40 0 50 0

m l throuoje

- colum n o t lea d fro m eutoclave d cultur e afte rwashin g wit h EDTA . 18 9TABLE T.29.-Reteett of ASARCO smelterconcentrate Into Bb> Creek Sediment s measure

d afte racddenti l rcreaje o f concentrate Elemen tu*J% (image ) Z n C a N . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . S . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . 1 m i upstrea m o feffluen t 25 0 yard s downstrea m o t effluen t

Sempt e locatio n N . Ditc h o n Co. Prop . N . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . S . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . Strea m gist abov

e effluen t

N . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . N . Ditc h o n Co . Prop.-FEltere d S . Ditc h o n Co . Prop . S . Ditc h o n Co . Prop.-PIIrere d Abov e eft . smel t Glove r- - - Abov e eff . smel t Gree t Belo wsmel t eff . Glove r Belo wsmel t eff . Glove r P b

•3.66 7 75.16 7 10.49 6 IS O

0.1 4 0.07 3 2 1 <0.00 5 0.00 7 0.0 3 0.01 4 80.00 0

116.00 0 1 0 1.72 0 14.25 0

95.00 0 3 2 65 0
Tw o week

s sfte rfirs t notic e o freleas e Z n 10.46 7 6.93 3 37,73 3 I6f l Element *g/ g (enrage ) C o 2.546 1,74 0 72 1 2 0 Wete r (unfutered unles

s marke d *ig/g ) (average

) 0.4 1 0.3 2 6 1 5 6 <0.0 I 0.01 7 <0.0 I <0.0 I <0.0 I <0.0 I 0.02 7 O.Ol i <0.0 1 <0.0 1 <0.0 I <0.0 I 3.35 0

2,20 0 1 0 6 4

C d 51.83 3 31.00 0 203 I I

0.03 4 0.04 6 2 3 2 2 0.001 4 0.002 4 0.007 6 0.0O62 3.300

3.900 O J 290

M n 75 3 62 6 2,00 7 94 1

ar m 0.01 6 1.2 7 0.03 <0.0 1 0.04 1 OO )

odicall y washe d th e plan tdow n t o contro l dust . Wate rfrom th e sprinkler s draine d int o th e ditche s o n th e north an d sout h side s o f th e plant ; durin g period s of

storm runoff

, materia ] fro m th e ditche s wa s unintentionall y washe d int o th e stream s an d deposite d i n th e sediments . Thi s smelte rdoe s dust smeltin g an d processe s concentrate s fro m mine s elsewher e i n th e worl d a s wel l a s fro m th e Ne w Lea d Belt ; this account s fo rth e ver y hig h cadmiu m value s foun d alon g wit h thos e fo rlead , zinc , an d copper . Althoug h contro l sedimentatio n pond s hav e no wbee n constructe d t o trea tth e plan trunoff , thi s even tdoe s emphasiz e thatcar e mus tb e exercise d t o contai n heav y metal s an d preven tthei rreachin g streams . Lea d i n Lak

e Sediment s Mos tmil l an d min e wast e water s i n th e Ne wLea d Bel tultimatel y Ho

wint o on e o f

tw o majo rreceivin g streams , Loga n Cree kan d Blac kRiver . Loga n Cree kreceive s waste s an d min e wate rfro m onl y on e mine , whil e th e Blac kRive rreceive s th e majori t y o f waste s an d min e wate rfro m th e fiv e minin g operations . Th e velocit y pattern s o f thes e stream s ar e suc h thatfine particle s d o no tsettle ; instead , the y ar e carrie d alon g b y streamllo wunti l quiescen t condition s ar e found . Bot h Blac kRive ran d Loga n Cree kflowint o Clearwate rLake , wher e retentio n time s ar e favora 16 6

_ . H e fo rsedimentation . Th e lak e i s locate d a tPiedmont , MO , approximatel y 3 0 mi fro m th e las tof th e Ave mine-mil l discharge s o n th e Blac kRive ran d approximatel y 2 3 nr

i fro m th e singl e min e discharge o n Loga n Creek , (fig . 7-28 ) In additio n t o th e tw o arm s o f Clearwate rLak e thatreceiv e mine-mi O wastewaters , athird arm receive s flowfrom Web b Creek . Thi s strea m drain s th e sam e fores tarea , bu t i ti s no texpose d t o an y typ e o f minin g wast e prod

ucts . Sedimen tsample s wer e take n fro m variou s part i o f Clearwate rLak e usin g conventiona l dredgin g method s an

d b y scub adiver s utilizin g hand collec tio n devices . These , togethe rwit h selecte d sample s o f aquati cbiota , wer e analyze d t o evaluat e th e exten to f trac e meta l accumulatio n afte rapproximately 8 year s o f

minin g operations . Lea d concentration s i n th e lak e sediment s rang e fro m les s than 3 pg/ g atpoint s o f strea m entr

y t o mor e tha n 6 0 jig/ g i n deepe rwater s nea rth e dan) . Zin can d coppe rconcentration s follo wasimila r trend , rangin g fro m 1 0 t o 8 4 Mg/ g an d 5 t o 3 0 <-g/g

, respectively . Cadmiu m reache s detectabl e level s (0.3 t o 0. 5 Mg/g

) onl y i n sample s collecte d nea rth e dam. In general , lake s wit h lon g narro warm s lik e Clearwater , ar e subjec tt o hydrauli cscou ran d washou t durin g storms . Unde rthes e conditions , sediment s ar e swep tup an d carrie d towar d th e discharg e tub e locate d i n th e bas e o f

th e dam . Whe n th e tub e gat e i s opene d t o permi tdischarg e fro m heav y inflows , L sediment s an d associate d heav y metal s ar e ap tt o C Rushe d fro m th e lake , thu s movin g ou to f th e jcosystem . Th e relativel y lo wconcentration s o f Uv y metal s i n sediment s nea rth e da m strongl y Wes ttha tthi s flushing actio n ha s bee n a n activ e Jjocess , an d i twil l probably continu e t o b e s o i n th e itture . Clearwate rLak e appear s t o b e arelativel y tort-time sin kfo rheav y metals . Th e lengt h o f resi fcney undoubtedl y depend s upo n th e magnitud e o f .ormflow s i n an d ou to f

th e impoundment . Tota l bod y lea d conten to f bluegills , bass , goggle rres , catfish , an d minnow s collecte d i n th e lak e ang e fro m undetectabl e level s t o 1 4 Mg/g - Th e mu m s membrane s o f

ski n an d gill s sho waparticula r affinit y fo rheav y metals . Lea d concentration s i n in , and scale s rang e fro m undetectabl e level s i n affis h t o 2 1 »ug/

g i n bluegill . Gill s fro m avariet y o f fch demonstrat e lea d conten to f 5 t o 1 8 Mg/g. Catfis h •3 b generall y contai n les s lea d tha n thos e o f blue - •31 . Freshwate rmussel s hav e tota l bod y lea d ixjneen tration s o f 2 3 t o 3 0 Mg/g , mos to f whic h wa s i n th e tnells. Sof tinternal tissue s (muscle , heart , kidneys , pstrointestina l organs , an d reproductiv e organs ) d o M hav e detectabl e quantitie s o f lead . Thes e dat a alo wsom e interestin g comparison s wit h simila rdat a collecte d from-area s of-muc h higher-heavy-meta l concentration s i n th e minin g district . (39 ) Ther e i s littl e evidenc e tha tsurfac e mineralizatio n i ath e minin g are aha s elevate d level s o f th e lead , line , and copper . Dat afro m th e Web b Cree kar m ir e ver y consistent , rangin g fro m 1 3 t o 2 2 mg/1 fo r lea d and zinc ; thes e ar e th e norma ) backgroun d lev el s expecte d fo rNe wLea d Bel tcontro l streams . Loga n Cree ki s onl y slightl y higher , rangin g fro m 1 2 t o 40 mg/1 lead . Value s fro m th e Blac kRive rarm v e fa rmor e erratic , rangin g fro m 1 0 t o 6 4 mg/1 fo r lea d an d zinc , wit h mos tminimu m amount s abov e 1 3 mg/1 . Thi s arm i s mor e subjec tt o washou ttha n (h e others , sinc e i tdrai n th e larges tarea . Base d o n GonMotino

n from SMrna-Ml H researc h evaluation s o f water , sediments , an d select e d biota , itappear s thatunde rpresen tcondition s n o acut e toxicit y problem s exis ti n Clearwate rLake . Limite d dat ao n simila rstream s i n Wale s (60 ] an d Missour i [61 ] indicat e tha tlea d ma y no tb e a s grea t a n environmenta l hazar d a s zinc . AQUATI C BIOCONCENTRATtO N O F METAL S Th e releas e o f

finel y groun d roc kparticle s an d som e vagran tminera l particle s fro m th e tailing s pond s i s greates tdurin g stor m periods , bu tthes e material s accumulat e i n th e bentho s t o agreate rex ten tunde rles s turbulen tconditions . Th e magnitud e o f sil taccumulatio n varie s an d ma y b e complement e d b y additiona l precipitatio n o rcoprectpitatio n o f dissolve d mineral s a s Industrial effluent s mi x wit h natural surfac e waters . Th e accumulatio n o f sil tha s o n occasio n seriousl y altere d norma l strea m com munities . Th e turbulenc e o f stor m wate rflows fre quentl y resuspend s an d redistribute s strea m sedi ments . Studie s b y Jennet tan d Hardi e [44 ] hav e as sesse d th e heav y metal s conten tan d distributio n pat tern s i n th e sediment s o f receivin g stream s an d lakes , a s wel l a s i n th e tailing s treatmen tsystem .

. The . capacttyo f

loca l produce rorganisms , livin g o r dead , t o tra p an d concentrat e vagran theav y metal s ha s bee n observe d In bot h terrestria l an d aquati c environments . [62-65 ] I n th e aquati cenvironment s o f th e Ne wLea d Belt , quantitie s o f lea d associate d wit h aquati cvegetatio n hav e exceede d 74,00 0 Mg/ g (dr y weight ) a tth e poin to f min e wate rdischarge , an d mor e tha n 8,00 0 Mg/ g a tth e discharg e o f

som e tailing s ponds . I n bot h aquati can d terrestria l situa tions , th e degre e o f

heav y meta l contaminatio n o f vegetatio n decrease s wit h th e distanc e fro m th e source . Util e i s know n abou tth e eventua l fat e o f suc h heav y metal s ove rrelativel y lon g period s o f time .

RGUR E 7-28.—lea d corx»ntt>tio n r n Ctsarwatv rLak * .swdbTMnt* . 16 7

C O*;• • 

# ii . £ 

# I tem s i s good , th e possibilit y mus tb e considere d that

residual millin g reagent s i n th e effluent s may contri but e t o th e sparcit y o f

man y consume rorganisms . Toxicit y ofMillin g Reagent s Th e toxicit y o f

th e variou s reagent s utilize d i n th e or e millin g proces s i s neithe rfull y understoo d no r appreciated . Persisten tidentifiabl e odor s an d th e appearanc e o f

froth i n th e fina

l industrial effluent s o f som e operation s provid e clue s t o th e possibl e rea son s fo rseriou s change s i n aquati ccommunitie s downstrea m from th e poin to f discharge . Unfortun ately , fe wdat aare availabl e o n th e toxicit y o f mill in g reagent s t o aquati corganisms , an d eve n les s i s know n abou tth e actua l concentration s o f residua l reagent s i n industrial effluents . Th e variou s 9 6 h media n toxi climits , a s determine d b y Hawle y [39] , th e U.S . Departmen tof Interio rFis h Pesticide s Laboratory , an d Gal e [61 ) ar e summarize d i n tabl e 7-33 . Thes e dat aindicat e th e rang e o f concentration s i n whic h a3 0 percen tmortality of th e tes torganism s occurred . Mor e precis e determination s ar e difficult , sinc e considerabl e variation s ma y b e observe d fro m on e grou p o f

organism s t o another , dependin g o n age , nutritional state , season , sex , wate rhardness , etc . Thes e dat aar e additionall y prejudice d b y th e obviou s shortcoming s of short-ter m stati ctoxicit y studies . The y offe rlittl e informatio n regardin g toxic it y unde rcondition s o f continuou s flow, long-ter m effects , no rembryoiogica l o rteratogeni ceffects . Despit e thes e deficiencies , th e result s provid e a n approximat e compariso n o f relativ e toxicity . Many o f th e reagent s teste d hav e absorptio n maxi mai n th e ultraviole trange , bu tth e extinctio n coeffi cient s ar e ofte n to o smal l t o permi tdetectio n atth e ver y lo wconcentration s know n t o b e toxi ct o aquat i corganisms . [70 ] Th e lac ko f adequat e analytica l technique s ha s bee n aseriou s facto ri n determinin g concentration s o f

millin g reagent s atvariou s points . i n th e mill circuit , i n th e tailing s ponds , o rfina l tailtng s effluents . Som e o f th e reagent s remai n boun d t o th e mineral particle s an d thu s neve rente rth e tailings . Othe rma y no tbin d t o or e particles , butremai n i n th e fina

l tailings . In mill s tha tus e acoppe rcircuit , th e additio n o f

SO 2 t o separat e th e lea d and coppe r mineral s may , unde rcertai n conditions , als o caus e th e releas e o f

considerabl e quantitie s o f xanthat e collectors ; thes e ma y b e detecte d i n th e thickene r overflows . Degradatio n rate s vary considerabl y [71] an d ma y b e affecte d b y pH , temperature , orredo x potential . Addiso n e tal . [72] , workin g i n Ne wBrunswic k wit h mil l effluent s fro m sulfid e ore , identifie d xanthat e residual s o f

0. 2 t o 1. 2 mg/1 ; dithiophosphat e residual s fro m 0. 3 t o 2. 7 mg/1 ; an d isopropy l ethyithionocarbamat e residual s o f 1. 8 mg/1 . Limite d ana

lyse s o f effluent s fro m aNe wLea d Bel tmill process foun d xanthat e concentration s o f 0. 3 mg/1 i n thickene roverflows , bu tundetectabl e level s (les s tha n 0. 1 mg/1 ) i n th e final effluent . Long-chai n alcohol s hav e bee n determine d t o excee d 20 0 mg/ 1 i n th e fina

l effluen to n on e occasion , an d atanothe rtim e wer e undetectabl e (les s tha n 1 0 mg/1) . Mor e detaile d dat aar e neede d relativ e t o th e final effluen tconcentration s o f thes e toxi csubstances . Circumstance s tha twoul d permi ttoxi cconcentration s o f millin g reagent s t o ente rreceivin g stream s shoul d b e eliminated . I n thos e situation s wher e problem s exis tan d mill effluent s ar e suspect , ever y precautio n shoul d b e take n t o ensur e adequate treatmen to f tailing s an d effectiv e isolatio n o f effluent s know n t o contai n toxi clevel s o f reagents . Wher

e possible , reagent s shoul d b e selecte d o n th e basi s o f favorabl e degradabilit y propertie s o rreduce d toxicity .

TABLE I-Ji.-Taxldty ofvariousmining reagents, 96Jimedian toxic limttt' Reagen t Methy l bobutyl carbino i Propylen e glyco l methy l ether s Long-chai n ali phati c alcohol s Potassiu m o rsodtti m •my l xanthat e Sodiu m isopropy l xanthat e Sodiu m ethy l xanthat e Isopropy l ethy l thktnocatb.mat e Sodiu m diethyl * dithiophosphat e Minere c B (dixanthogen ) Aero-13 0 (thkrcarbanatrde ) Fathea d Emeral d Wate r minno wshine r flea s

IOO-1.00 0

> 1,00 0 100-1.00 0 1. 8 -1 8 10-10 0 0.1-1. 0 0.18-I S 0.01-0. 1 0.1-1. 0 0.18-1. 8 0.014. 1 0.1-1. 0 10-10 0

- 0.1-1. 0



# _

- Btaegi Q



# — >1,00 0 50-10 0 100.20 0 0.0141. 1 10-10 0 10-5 0 660-1,00 0 1.0-1 0 >i.on o Catfis h



# —

_ 10O-50 0



# _ >1 0



# _ 10-10 0



# _

_

- Snafl s



# _ 100-50 0 100-1,00 0 1.0-1 0 10-10 0 100-1.00 0 10.10 0

> 1.00 0 100-20 0 100-1.00 0 Tadpole .



# _

- 10-10 0



# _ 10-10 0



# _

_

_

_

- Crayfis h

600-1.00 0 >10 0 10-10 0 100-20 0 1-1 0 100-50 0 100-20 0



# _

_

- Golde n

shine r 1



# _

- <2 3



# _

_

_

_

_

_

- Alga l

photosynthesi s



# _

_ 100-20 0 100-20 0 10-10 0 100-20 0 100-20 0



# _

_

- 1 Dat ao n fathead minnows , emeral d shiners , and waterflea i from Hawley [681 . o n catfis h fro m U.S . Departmento f InteriorFish Pesticid e Laborator

y (Columbia , MO) ; remainderb y Gale 1391 . 17 2 'summar y 

# L Unde rpresen tconditions , lea d an d othe rdis Ive d heav y metal s d o no tpresen tasignifican tbio jtogica ) hazar d t o aquati corganism s o f th e Ne wLea d ;Belt . (Zin cma y b e a n exceptio n an d i s stil l unde r Jdudy. ) Thi s fortunat e circumstanc e i s th e resul to f !tt e alkalin e p H and th e elevate d hardnes s character isti cof th e surfac e an d subterranea n water s o f th e legion , combine d wit h pollutio n contro l procedure s initiate d b y industry . Aquaticvegetatio n withi n th e variou s mine-mil l treatmen tsystem s an d i n th e receivin g stream s i s efficien ti n trappin g an d bindin g heav y metal s tha t ma y b e presen ti n th e particulat e material enterin g ih e water . Mos to f

th e heav y metal s accumulate d b y tlga e o rothe raquati cvegetatio n appea rt o b e boun d 1 0 th e surfac e o f

th e plant s an d ma y b e remove d b y washin g wit h solution s suc h a s EDTA . Aquati cveg etatio n i s onl y atemporar y hos tfo rth e metals , sinc e the y are carrie d downstrea m durin g storm runof f periods. Suspende d solid s i n stream s ar e amajo rtranspor t mechanis m fo rheav y metals . Thes e heav y metal s originat e fro m smelters , mine-mil l tailing s ponds , to d tailing s dams , o rdirectl y of f contaminate d soil . Mos to f thi s transpor toccur s durin g period s o f stor m runoff , whe n th e soi l an d lea f litte rar e washe d int o th e stream , an d th e treatin g pond s ar e subjecte d t o turbulence. Sinc e stream s i n th e regio n contai n ver y jfittt e fin e sedimen tan d clay , mos to f th e heav y me tal s are transferre d ou to f th e Ne wLea d Bel teco jtystem . Clearwate rLak e i s th e onl y long-ter m impound 1 meri ti n whic h heav y metal s ca n accumulat e t o an y extent . Researc h indicate s thatheavy-meta l level s v e increasing , butd o no tpresen taproble m unde r existin g conditions . Sinc e thi s lak e i s subjec tt o flooding thatresult s i n resuspensio n an d flushin g ou t I o f sediments , itshoul d no tb e considere d a s aper manen tsin kfo rheav y metals . Analyse s fo rheav y metal s withi n th e tissue s o f 1 norma l consume rorganism s hav e no tindicate d an y significan tbiomagnificatio n o f

lead , zinc , o rcopper . j Tota l bod y conten to f

thes e heav y metal s i s consid erabl y mor e elevate d i n consume rorganism s nea r 1 tsiting s dam s o rwithi n th e treatmen tsystem s tha n | (o rthos e i n contro l streams . Researc h indicate s tha t I presen tmeta l level s d o no trepresen taseriou s haz ar d t o stream s i n th e Ne wLea d Belt . Gam e As h ar e 1 commo n withi n th e tailing s pond s an d meander s o f [ som e mine-mil l operation s wher e th e aquati cvegeta tio n i s heavil y lade n wit h lea d an d zinc . Th e or e concentratio n mill , wit h it s attendan tpro ces s reagent s an d finel y groun d tailings , represent s th e greates tconcer n fo rth e aquati cecosystem . Con tro l mus tb e maintaine d throug h adequat e tailing s systems fo rth e neutralizatio n o f toxi cchemical s an d th e remova l o f

fin e particulat e matter . Th e elimina tio n of toxi cchemical s an d effluen tparticulat e mat te rfrom th e fina

l tailing s pon d effluent s woul d en sur e minimu m advers e effect s fro m th e industria l operation s o n th e receivin g stream . In addition , it woul d contro l th e releas e o f heav y metal s (a s parti culates) , whic h i s no tamajo rproble m unde rpresen t conditions . Researc h shoul d continu e fo rth e devel opmen to f

bette ranalytica l method s t o detec torgan i cmillin g reagent s foun d t o b e toxi ct o stream orga nisms . REMOT E SENSING AN D DAT A PROCESSIN G Th e Missour i lead-bel tstud y provide s a n excellen t opportunit y fo rth e utilizatio n o f remot e sensin g techniques ; an d becaus e o f th e larg e siz e o f

th e samplin g program , ne wtechnique s fo rdat aprocess in g an d presentatio n wer e developed . Th e result s o f thes e investigatio n ar cbriefl y describe d below . Remot e Sensin g Th e primary objective s o f th e remot e sensin g effort s wer e t o develo p effectiv e technloue * fo rre motel y sensin g heavy-meta l concentration s m soi l an d vegetatio n an d t o develo p efficien timag e proc essin g technique s fo rdetectin g th e effect s o f trac e metal s i n th e environment . Thi s iaamatur e technol ogy , [73 J an d undoubtedl y succes s coul d b e achieve d usin g th e highl y sophisticate d multichanne l dat a collectio n an d optima l dat aprocessin g technique s currentl y available . Th e projec tobjective , however , wa s t o determin e th e degre e o f succes s tha

tcoul d b e achieve d b y usin g inexpensiv e 4-ehanne l multispec tra l photography , atechniqu e easil y withi n th e reac h o f loca l industrie s an d agencies . I n orde rt o produc e preliminar y result s i n area sonabl e perio d o f

time , th e frtitlo

j stud y are awa s limite d t o a n are a1 0 km b y 1 0 km , centere d o n th e AMA X lea d smelte rnea rBoss . MO . Groun d truth consiste d o f

approximatel y 25 0 toi l sample s an d 11 0 vegetatio n sample s obtaine d i n thi s area . Thes e sample s wer e interpolate d usin g alinea rinterpola tio n algorith m [74 ] t o form spatia l distributio n fo r th e soi l an d vegetation . Th e spatia l distribution , wit h th e resultin g contou rmap s fo rcopper , lead , zinc , an d sulfu rconcentration s i n soil , are show n i n figure 7-35 . Vegetatio n sample s yielde d simila rdistribution . Th e technique s fo rdevelopin g thes e distribution s wil l b e briefl y discussed . Th e stud y are awa s overflow n twic e durin g th e sprin g (Ma y 17 ) an d fal l (Oct . 5 ) o f 1973 . A Hassel bla d 7 0 mm , 4 camer acluster , operate d b y th e Uni versit y o f

Kansa s Cente rfo rResearch , Inc. , wa s use d t o obtai n imager y i n th e blue , green , red , an d near-infrare d bands . Th e camer aarra y an d aircraf t mountin g ar e illustrate d i n figure 7-36 . Film specifi cation s ar e give n i n tabl e 7-34 . Eac h missio n consist e d o f on e fligh ta ta n altitud e o f 11,00 0 f

tusin g a wide-angl e 4 0 m

m len s an d on e flighta t6.00 0 f tus in g a100 mm lens . Hig h altitud e coverag e usin g a wide-angl e 4 0 mm len s wa s desirabl e t o prepar e a n imag e mosai ccoverin g th e are ao f interest , sinc e wit h fewe rframe s t o splice , highe rgeometri cfidelit y i s obtained . I n retur n fo rthi s coverage , resolutio n i s sacrificed . Th e low-altitud e coverag e obtaine d high resolutio n imager y fo ridentificatio n and mappin g purposes . 17 3

# If. : become coated wit h associat e gangue . I n som

e in stances , thi s increased productivit y ha s encourage

d th e productio n ofgame fish. Studie s o n th e environ menta l impac

t o fseepage fro m a century-ol d tailing s pil e i n the Ol d Lea d Bel t o fMissour i indicat

e tha t sediment an d biota contai n elevated amount s o fzin c due t o strea m contamination . [69] Figur e 7-33 show

s th e schemati c ofth e tailing s ponds an d meande rsyste m installed belo wth e AMA XBuic k

min e an d mil l tha

t produc e lead an d zin c concentrates . Th e principa l millin g reagent s employed are shown i n tabl e 7-30 . Thi s tabl e illus trates differences betwee n mill s employin g a coppe r circui t i n th e flotation process . Sinc e completio n o

f th e meander syste m an d final settlin g pond , thi s op eratio n ha

s successfull y eliminate d mos t nuisanc

e alga l bloom s i n th e receivin g strea m an d ha s markedl y improve d retentio n o fparticulate materia l an d heav y metal s withi n th e system . [54 ] Growt h ofaquati c vegetatio n withi n th e meande r syste m an d final settlin g pon d effectivel y traps an d binds mos

t o fth e vagran t minera l particles released fro m th e tailing s lagoon , an d th e overal l retentio n tim e i n th e syste m permit s effective degradatio n o r dilutio n o

fan y remainin g millin g reagents . Aquati c -vegetatio n at th e head ofth e meander.syste m normall y display

s lea d contents ofsevera l thousan d part s pe rmillion ; thes

e values dro p t o a fe w hundre d withi n tbe fna l settlin g pond . Norma l consume r organisms—includin g aquati c insects , snails , tadpoles , crayfish , WuegHls , bass , carp , an d catfish —aboun d i n th e lagoon s an d mean FL0TATI0 N TABL E l-lO.-Princtpat

mttUng reagents employed at New Lead

Belt flotation processes Reagen t AMAX-Buic k mil l (n o coppe rcircuit ) Fletche rmine-m a (wit h coppe rcircuit

)

Zfticdaprexsan t Zin c activato r Iro n depressio n an d pl l contro l Lead depressio n an d rapper dotatio n Methy l tsobulyl .

carbino l propylene , an d pr ycol-methy l ethers Sodiu m diethyl dithiophn<.phate an d lodiu m isopropyl elhylthionocarbainat e Sodiu m ethy l xanthat e ZnSO , CuSO . Lim e C.-C . aliphati c alcohol s Sodiu m fsopropyl ethylthiono * carbamate Sodiu m bopropy l xanthat e ZnSO , + cyanid e CuSO . Causti c soda SO , + itard i

ders . Tota l bod y analyse s fo r heav

y metal s i n th

e large rconsumer

s reflec t th e hig h conten t o

fmetal s i n consume

d -vegetatio n and - mucous - covering s o f insec t larvae that comprise a majo r par t ofthe die

t o fhighe r trophi c levels . Considerabl e quantitie s o f lead an d zin c are foun d i n th e gills , mucou s membranes , an d bone

s offish , (table s 7-3 1 an d 7-32) Th e fleshy portion s o ffis h likel y t o be consume d b y human s ar

e relativel y fre e o

fheavy-meta l contarm

LEAO-ZIN C GRINDIN G I ORE FRO M J U(l l l i MIN E ^

_ M|LL

_ I

WATER PUMPE D FRO M MINE S EXCE3 S WATER

TOURE 7-33.—Schemati c o fth e telling s pond s an d -170 — tyste m talowth t AMA XButc k mint . TABL E 7-3l.-fff.w y metals In fah. mSIA li-atwn/fW i part P b litxJt) Z n tufjg) Cu UtsJt) Tadpole s fro m meander . I0 O yards dow n meanders Eviscerated bod y Intestin e an d content s U Cav e Hollo wJunctio n l>e ran d hear

t Eviscerated bod y Intestin e an d content s Tota l bod y 21 3 4.41 9 25 6

2.92 6 2 2 6 7 9 3 24 0 7.32 9 4.69 6 4,13 9 2.80 8 2 0 23 4

26 0 16 9 Bhjegll h fro m meander

s Muscle Bon e Ski n an d scale

s Intestin e an d content s Gill s Tota l bod y 10 4 13 2 39 0 16 1 8 4 4 5

15 2 22 9 38 1 10 9 15 7 5 3

1 9 2 4 Bas s fro m meander

s Muscl e Bon e Ski n an d scale

s Intestin e an d content s Gill s Tota l bod y < l 14 2 19 4 25 9 16 0 7 3 0

8 9 17 6 27 9 10 5 11 7 1 3

2 2 2 7 15 9 2 4 Bluegjt b (fata l tailing s pond-spring ) Mtnde.bone.xktn , •n d scale s Intestin e an d content s Washe d intestin e U r n Ovarie s Gi3b Tota l bod y 2 0 62 6 9 < 1 < 1 5 2 5 0 8 2

43 7 7 7 8 3 9 8 9 3 10 0 7

3 7 1 3 1 2 8 7 Btnegil b (fina l tatting s pond-nntmer ) Muscle Bone Ski n an d scale

s Intestin e an d content s Gtl U Tota l bod y I S 2 2 3 0 3 8 3 2 4 2

7 7 12 1 6 1 8 2 2 0

1 4 2 0

nation , sinc

e mos t ofth e heav

y metal s actuall y are containe d i n feca l matte r withi n th e intesttona l tract . Heavy-meta l contents ofth e intestines an d gill s vary seasonally, reflectin g climati c condition s an d differ ence s i n specie

s diet . There i s n o evidence ofsignifi can t foo d chai n concentratio n ofheav y metal s i n th e highe r trophi c level s ofaquati c communities . A schemati c fo r th e min e an d mil l tailing s an d recyclin g syste m a

t th e St . Jo

e Mineral s Corp . Fletcher Min e an d Mil l i s show n i n figure 7-34 . Thi s operatio n produces lead , zinc , and . coppe r concen trate s an d ha

s bee n considerabl y mor e confine d b y th e spac e availabl e fo r tailing s treat mem . Th e princi pa l millin g reagents employe d ar e included i n tabl e 7-32. Du e t o spac

e restriction s an d effort s t o im prov e condition s i n th e receivin g stream , thi s opera tio n ha s separated th e min e an d mil l wastewaters to d i s recyclin g th e latter . However , tota l recyclin g FIGUR E 7-34—-Schemati c o t Ne wLoa d Btt t rrtne^nt n recycl e treatmen t system . o fmil l wastes has no t bee n achieve d du e t o some leakag e fro m th e minin g wastewate rretentio n la goon . —- Growt h ofaquati c vegetatio n i n th e shor t dis charg e strea m belowth e final (mill ) tailing s pon d ha s bee n limite d t o seasona l bloom s ofblue-gree n algae , diatomaceou s mats , an d a fe wpon d weeds . Devel opmen t ofaquati c vegetatio n i n th e strea m receivin g th e Fletche roperatio n discharg e ha s usuall y bee n depressed i n th e earl y spring , a s compared wit h oth e rcontro l stream s o rth e sam e strea m abov e th e poin t ofeffluen t discharge . Norma l aquati c commun itie s hav

e bee n replace d b y dens e diatomaceou s mats durin g th e summe rmonths , especiall y unde r low-flo wconditions . Relativel y hig h manganes e con tent , alon g wit h othe rresidua ) millin g reagent

s m th e effluent , ha

s bee n cite d a

s on e possibl e contributin g facto rt o th e unusuall y dens e diato m population s an d exclusio n ofth e norma l aquati c growths . Dominan t aquati c consumer s i n th e Ne wLea d Bel t area includ e minnows , sunfish , an d bass . Othe r consume rorganism s commo n t o thes e Ozar k streams—suc h a

s snails , crayfish , tadpoles , an d variou s aquati c insects—ar e extremel y rare o rmissing . Since heavy-meta l retentio n withi n mos t tailing s sys

TABLE Vn.-Heavy metals fc/ftn, mfflf l Fhhper t

Mascte an d bon e Gilt s Intestin e an d content s

Her e en d bon e GU K Intestin e en d content s Tola ] bod y n > ba/g > z n lain

c ° (ug/g

) Stillin g pool : bhjcgfl b 1 7 9 1 2 2 8 9 0 2 2 2 15 1 1 0 Fina l eflhtent : tjteegill s < 1 9 0 3 < l 8 0 1 < l 8 1 6 6 165 }17 1TABL E V36.-Correlatlon coefflcientt-smgle colorband (single color

band-vegetation ground truth) 

# fe

1 

# I

I Groun d trot h Pos t oa k (read ) Pot t oak (sulfur ) Pine needle

s (lead ) Pin e needle s (sulfur ) Pos t oak (lead ) Pos t oa k (sulfur ) Pin e needle s deed ) Pin e needle s (nilfur ) Pos t oa k (leed ) Pos t oak (sulfur ) Pin e needle

s (lead ) Pine needle

s (sulfur ) Pos t oak (read ) Pos t oa k (sulfur ) Pine needle

s (lead ) Pine needle

s (sulfur ) Colo r ban d Infrare d Infrared Infrared Infrare d Re d Re d Re d Re d Green Green Gree n Green Blue Blu e Blue Blu e Ha

y 1 7 0.30 3 -0.10 9 0.33 0 0.16 3 -0.(10 9 0.13 8

- 0.35 9 0.22 4 0.12 6 0.O9 I

- 0.06 8 0.05 2 0.17 7 0.22 8 0.08 3 0.18 3 p Octobers

-0.08 0 0.04 5 0.09 6 -0.01 7 0.36 8 0.13 9 0.J0 1 0.34 2 0.16 5 0.09 0 0.33 3 0.21 4 0.05 5 0.16 9 0.23 1 0.05 9 adequat e compute rsystems , ar e available . Th e spa tia l display s illustrate d wer e generate d wit h a CAL COM P platte rwit h an IB M 3601/6 5 computer . I n additio n t o th e progra m fo r generatin g th e spatia l displays , technique s hav e als o bee n develope d fo r generatin g contou rmap s directl yfro m fiel d data . [76 ] Th e routine s fo r generatin g spatia l display s an d contou rmap s involv e th e proces s o finterpolatin g fiel d dat a t o generat e artificia l sampl e values ; throug h th e use o fthes e interpolatin g routines , sam pl e value s ca n b e estimated . Statistica l test s ma y b e use d t o estimat e th e accurac yo fthes e artificia l sam ples , an d i fthi s accurac yi s sufficientl yhigh , fiel d sample s ca n b e eliminate d o rcollecte d a t a poin t tha t wi n yiel d mor e meaningfu l information . Th e us e o fthes e technique s ha s bee n documented , an d th e result s showthat a potentia l exist s fo rsignificantl y reducin g th e cost o fa fiel d samplin g progra m b y reducin g th e require d numbe ro ffiel d sample s fo r are a parameterization . (77 ]

CONCLUSION S Comprehensiv e studie s i n th e Ne wLea d Bel t o f southeas t Missour i hav e (I ) investigate d th e move men t o flea d an d othe rheav ymetal s fro m mining , milling , an d smeltin g operation s through , an d ou t of , th e surroundin g fores t ecosystem ; an d (2 ) deter mine d th e impac t o fthes e heav ymetal s o n environ menta l quality . Tw o principa l source-to-sin k route s hav e bee n identifie d fro m thes e operations . Smeltin g operation s ar e a sourc e o fconcentrate s an d stac k

emission s containin g heav ymetals . Fugi tiv e dusts , whic h ar e move d b y win d an d deposite d o n th e surroundin g vegetatio n an d soil , ar e th e ma jo rsourc e o fcontaminatio n withi n 3 m i o fth e smelt er . Beyon d 3 mi , stac k emission s ar e th e predomi nan t sourc e as airborn e particle s tha t ar e discharge d an d graduall ysettl e t o tn e earth , carryin g alon g as sociate d heav ymetals . 17 8 Minin g an d millin g operation s ar e anothe rmajor sourc e o fheav ymetals . Finel ygroun d material s fro m th e tailing s dam s o r concentrat e pile s are wind blow n int o th e fores t o r was h directl yint o recrivrn j streams . Th e transpor t o ffinelygroun d ore s an d conceiy trate s fro m mine s an d mill s t o th e smelte rprovide , anothe rsourc e o fcontaminatio n withi n th e ecosystem . Whe n material s ar e transporte d i n ope n truck i an d railroa d cars , considerabl e amount s ar e blow n awa yan d deposite d o n adjacen t vegetatio n an d soil . Althoug h concentration s o flea d ca n b e quit e hig h adjacen t t o th e roadways , level s approac h backgroun d withi n a fe whundre d fee t o fth e haulag e roads . Lea d an d othe rheav ymetal s tha t ar e deposite d on th e fores t floo rten d t o concentrat e i n th e organi c layers , wit h ver ylittl e movin g int o th e underlyin g minera l soi l horizons . Geochemica l analyse s o flea f litte rappea rt o b e a muc h mor e sensitiv e mean s o f evaluatin g th e exten t o fpollutio n tha n ar e ai r qualit y measurements. Althoug h larg e quantitie s o flea d hav e accumulate d i n th e organi c soi l horizon s nea rsmelters , ther e appear s t o b e littl e dange ro fmovemen t downward . Soil , particularl yth e cla yan d organi c fractions , hav e a stron g affinit yfo r lea d an d effectivel yprevent it s downwar d movement . Th e accumulatio n o flea d b y vegetation , especiall y vegetable s an d forag e crop s consume d b y human s an d animals , i s a considerabl e caus e fo rconcern . Th e greates t accumulation s ar e nea rsmelter s o r h i area s wher e crop s ar e grow n o n soil s nea rok) mine s o ro n soil s tha t hav e bee n amende d wit h dotorniti c limeston e min e wastes . Th e death s o fsevera l horse s grazin g nea ra smelte rhav e bee n attribute d t o lea d poisoning . Stor m runof fi s th e majo rtranspor t mechanis m i n th e movemen t o flead . Evidenc e indicate s tha t heav ymetal s d o no t concentrat e i n strea m sedi ments , bu t relativel ylarg e amount s ar e carrie d b y suspende d solid s associate d wit h stormflows an d temporaril ydeposite d downstrea m i n Clearwate r Lake . Heav ymetal s ar e accumulatin g i n th e lak e sediments , bu t researc h indicate s tha t most o fth e metal s ar e carrie d ou t o fth e lak e durin g storm s an d d o no t pos e a proble m unde rexistin g conditions . Th e transpor t o flea d b y stormflow s ma y wel l Emi t it s accumulatio n i n th e ecosystem . Presen t evidenc e suggests tha t lea d level s i n th e Ne wLea d Belt , whic h i s onl y6 t o 8 year s old , ar e approachin g thos e foun d i n th e Ol d Lea d Belt , wher e operation s hav e existe d fo rabou t 100 years . Thu s i t i s likel ytht t accumulation s ma y stabiliz e withi n a fe wyears . Dat a fro m soi l an d vegetatio n studie s sho wtht l smelting operation s produc e greate rheavy-mets ! anomalie s i n terrestria l system s tha n d o minin g and millin g operations . Withi n aquatic systems , however , th e mine-mil l complexe s ar e th e majo rsources o f contamination . Aquati c problem s i n th e Ne wLead Bel t hav e bee n ameliorate d b y fortuitou s stream characteristics . Th e alkalin e reactio n o fnatura l water s retard s th e solubilizatio n o fth e predomiriantl y [ca d sulfid e ores . I n time , problem s coul d aris e fro m [ih e more solubl e form s o flea d i n smelte remissions . I t i s entirel ypossibl e tha t zin c ma y caus e mor e problem s tha n lea d i n aquati c environments . Also , |tb e organi c reagent s use d i n millin g operations , som e o fwhic h ar e quit e toxic , ma y b e environmentall y iunaging . I n addition , som e o fthes e reagent s hav e reduce d excessiv e alga l bloom s an d growt h o fdia tomaceous mats . Althoug h unsightly , thes e aquatic Ipowth s hav e trappe d larg e quantitie s o flea d an d othe rheav ymetals . Thi s characteristi c ha s bee n util ize d i n th e developmen t o fmeande rsystem s de signe d t o enhanc e th e qualit yo fwate rrelease d fro m lutings ponds . Recommendation s fo r pollutio n contro l an d re searc h applicatio n hav e bee n utilize d wher e possibl e b yindustrie s an d agencie s fo r variou s aspect s o fair , nQ , vegetation , an d surfac e wate ri n th e Ne wLea d Bd t o fsoutheaster n Missouri . 178) A technologica l an d cooperativ e approac h mus t b e contimie d betwee n industry , regulator yagencies , th e engineerin g an d scientifi c community , an d th e gener i publi c i fminera l resource s ar e t o b e produce d wihou t a detrimenta l environmenta l impact .

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fan d A . W . Specht . Environ . Sci . Tectmol . 4. 583 (1970) 29 . A J . MacLead . R.L . Hsistead . an d BJ . Hno . Can . J . So u Sd . 49: 32 7 (1969) . 30 . H.L . Motto . R.H . Dates , D.M . CbJfto , an d C.K . Motto . Environ . Sd . Techno. . 4 23 1 (1970) . 31 . W.H . Smith . For . Sd . 17: 195(1971). 32 . A . Haney , J . A . Carlson , snd OL . Rolfe . Trans . ID . Acad . Sd . 67:323(1974) . 33 . JJ . Corner . H.T . Shacktette . sn d J.A . Erdman . USDS . pRfosiona l Paper . 750-B . BI3I . (1971) . 34 . Bolter , E . I n A n Intetdistipfaary Investigatio n ofEnviron menta l Mlutio n b y Lea d an d Othe rHeav

y Metal s b y In dustria l Developmen t m th e Ne wLead Bel t ofSoutheastern Missouri , vol . 2 , B.G . Wixso n an d J.C . Jennett . ed . Annua l repor t submitte

d t o NSF-RAN N b

y th e University o

fMh v souri-Ro(la(l974) . 35 . D . D . Hemphill . C . J . MsrierfeW . R . S . Reddy . an d J . O . Pierce . Arch . Environ . Health . 28: 190(1974) . 36 . D . D . Hemphill . C . J . Marienfeld . R . S . Reddy . W . D . Hesdtage . and J . O . Pierce . J . Ass . Offlc . Anal . Chem . Je V 99 4 (1973) . 37 . A n Interdisciplinar

y Investigatio n o

fEnvsronmenta l Pollutio n b y Lea d an d Othe rHeav y Metal s b

y Industria l Development i n th e Lead Bel t ofSoutheastern Missouri . 2 vol . B . G . Wix son an d J . C . Jennett . ed . Annua l repor t submitte

d t o NSF RAN N b y th e Universit

y o fMissouri-Rotta . (1974) . 17 7•!•'. 

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TABLE 1'iA,^/tasselblad camera fum specification! Image ban

d (nm ) Filte r(Kodak ) Film (Kodak ) Blu e (400-500 ) 4 7 B Green (500400 ) S 8 Re d (600-700 ) 2

J Infrare d (700*900 ) 8 9 B BA W 240 2 (Ptos- X Aero ) BAW240 2 B A W 240 2 I RB 4 W 240 2 (Infrared Aero ) Examinatio n o f th e imager y indicate d Iha l the red ban d wa s Ih e mos tsuitabl e i n term s o f imag e con tras tan d reflectanc e variation s acros s a n individua l fram e du e t o incidenc e angl e differences . Atmospheri cscatterin g effect s limi tth e contras tqualit y o f th e Hu e band . Th e sam e effec ti s als o resrxmabt e fo rth e lo wcontras tobserve d nea rth e edge s o f th e

(b) Ctoaeu p o f camer amount 

### 17 4 ••te n ban d frame s du e t o increase d atmospheri c JBB5 3 a tthes e angles . I n th e cas e o f th e infrare d [and . atmospheri cscatterin g i s negligible . Th e targe t ,ef)ectance , however , appear s t o b e sensitiv e t o in cidenc e angle , thereb y causin g difficulty i n makin g a ifosaico f adjacen tframe s du e t o difference s i n densit y levels . Althoug h th e re d ban d mosai cpos sesse s th e bes tqualities , al l fou rband s wer e use d i n th e color-combinatio n an d correlatio n studies . Two technique s wer e use d fo rdat aanalysi s an d interpretation . First , color-combine d mosaic s wer e pnerate d an d compare d visuall y wit h th e ground nut! , contou rmaps . Then , correlatio n coefficient s ser e generate d betwee n eac h se to f ground-truth dat aand eac h colo rband . Th e colo rcombine rconsist s o f thre e slid e projec tor s positione d i n suc h awa y tha tthei rbeams , upo n reflectio n b y amirror , ar e superimpose d o n agroun d jks s screen . Eac h o f

th e beam s i s passe d throug h on e o f thre e colo rfilters : blue , green , .o rred . Fur tfarnore, th e intensit y o f eac h ligh tbea m ca n b e controlled . Hence , b y insertin g thre e slide s o f agiv e n scen e correspondin g t o th e sam e o rdifferen t spectra l bands , th e colo rcombine rwi n produc e a colo rimag e o f

th e thre e origina l black-and-whit e images. ...
__ __. . . About4 0 differen tfalse-colo rimage s wer e produc e d an d analyzed . Althoug h som e o f thes e ne wfalse colo rimage s greatl y enhance d tb e discriminatio n betwee n differen tterrai n features , visua l inspectio n revealed n o apparen tcorrelatio n betwee n pattern s o f (b e fals e colo rimage s an d th e meta l concentratio n maps . Thi s techniqu e wa s consequentl y use d o n th e imager y fro m th e firstflightonly . However , colo r combinin g wa s quit e successfu l t o discriminat e be twee n differen tfeature s i n th e tailing s pond . Th e resulting fals e colo rdisplay s allowe d th e field engi neer s t o efficientl y selec tpertinen tsamplin g sites . Mappin g o f surfac e feature s an d are aparameter s fo r water , woode d areas , fields , an d cultura l feature s wa s als o successful . The correlatio n studie s wer e performe d usin g th e IDECS (Imag e Discrimination , Enhancement , an d Colo rCombinatio n System ) at ' th e Universit y o f Kansas . First , th e imag e mosai cfro m eac h missio n wa s quantized an d compresse d int o a6 4 b y 2 3 array . (Th e aerial photograph y covere d th e entir e north tout h exten to f

th e 1 0 km b y 1 0 k m nwtal-concet v tratio n area , bu tonl y abou tone-thir d o f th e east wes twidth. ) Th e 6 4 b y 2 3 imag e arra y mappe d ont o row s 1 throug h 6 4 an d column s 2 6 throug h 4 8 o f th e meta l concentratio n array . Wit h th e tw o array s quantize d an d registered , the y wer e the n cross-cor related. Upo n examinin g th e preliminar y resul to f cross correlating th e complet e arrays , n o discernibl e pat ter n wa s apparent . A

H factor s tha tcoul d hav e possi bl y le d t o thi s resul twer e the n eliminated . Thes e includ e extrapolatio n o f

groun d dat at o form th e 1 0 k m b y 1 0 k m meta l concentratio n map s an d quanti zatio n o f th e groun d dat aan d th e imager y int o dis cret e values . Ou to f

th e 6 4 b y 2 3 imag e cells , onl y thos e wit h correspondin g groun d dat apoint s wer e nex tconsidered . Scattergram s o f thes e ne wpaire d set s wer e the n plotte d an d correlatio n coefficient s calculate d usin g actual concentratio n an d imag e densit y value s (n o quantization) . Similarscatter gram s wer e als o produce d betwee n th e groun d dat a an d th e densit y rati o o f eac h o f

th e fourbands . Non e o f thes e effort s produce d an y conclusiv e re sults . Th e correlatio n coefficient s betwee n tb e soi l an d air-craf tphotographi cdat aar e give n i n tabl e 7-3S . Al l correlatio n coefficient s ar e small , bein g les s tha n 0. 2 i n absolut e value . Ther e are . however , severa l interestin g observation s thatca n b e made . Itappear s tha ti n lat e spring , blu e ban d imager y an d soi l dat a correlat e best . I n earl y fall , infrare d and gree n cor relat e bes twit h th e soi l data . [75 ] I n a n effor tt o achiev e highe rcorrelatio n betwee n photographi cen d ground-truth data , th e ratio s o f tw o colo rband s wer e taken . Ml rati o test s resulte d i n lo wvalue s o f

th e correlatio n coefficient . Vegetatio n dat awer e the n correlate d wit h th e imager y usin g onl y hel d sample s an d imag e densit y value s (n o array extrapolatio n an d n o quantization) . Thes e result s ar e somewha tmor e encouraging , (ta bl e 7-36 ) The y indicat e thatadditiona l studie s ar e warranted . A pemixbatio n analysi s o f th e samplin g sit e location s resulte d i n ratherlarg e change s i n th e correlation . Thu s i twa s fel ttha tth e precisio n use d i n locatin g th e samplin g site s wa s no tsatisfactor y fo rthi s use , an d thi s segmen to f th e stud y wa s dis continued . Dat a PrcKxssstn g On e o f th e firstproblem s encountere d tn th e Mis sour i researc h project , whic h collecte d suc h alarg e quantit y o f

data , wa s t o establis h adispla y forma t s o thatlarge-scal e feature s woul d b e eviden tupo n quac kexamination . Thi s proble m wa s solve d b y th e us e o f spatia l dat adisplay s a s illustrate d i n figure 7 - 32 . Suc h dat adisplay s ma y b e quickl y constructe d i f

. TABL E 1i5.-Corvekft1on coeffklentt-stngle cote band

(sbtgk colorband

- soil ground truth)

Groun d troth Coppe r Lea d Zin c Sulfur Coppe r lea d Zin c Sulfu r Coppe r Lea d Zin c Sulfu r Coppe r Lea d Zin c Sulfo r Colo rband

Infrared Infrared Infrared Infrared Re d Red Red Red Gree n Gree n Gree n Blu e Blu e Bra e Blue Ma y 1 7 0.08 0 0.03 T 0.0S 3 0.07 6 0.07 4 0.06 0 0.06 7 0.03 } 0.07 0 0.06 1 0.07 1 0.05 8 0.15 4 0.12 5 0.13 1 0.12 8 p October s

-0.17 0 -0.13 9 -0.14 9 -0.13 6 -0.06 1 -0.07 4 -0.06 9 -0.00 3 -0.17 4 -0.16 3 -0.18 1 -0.08 0 -0.09 1 -0.05 4 -0.06 8 -0.09 3 

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# I 38 . A . Cafller . M . S . thesis . University o f Hissouri-Rolr a(1975) . 39 . J . R . Hawley . Th e Use . Characteristic s an d Toxicity ot Mine - Mil l Reagents in th e Provinc e o f Ontario . Ministr

y o f Ihe Environment . W . Toronto , Ontari o (1972) . 40 . Standar

d Method s fo r(he Examinatio n o f Wate rand Waste - water . 13t

h ed . Americs n Publi cHealth Association , Wash - ington . D.C . (1971) . 41 . S . G . Jankovic , D . T . Mitchell , sn d J . C . Buzzd . WaterSew - ag e Works . IM : 47 1 (1967) . 42 . F . E . Ryckand J . R - Whitely . Pollutio n Abatemen ti n th e Lea d Mining Distric to f Missouri . 29t

h Purdue Industria

l Wast e Conferenc e (1974) . 43 . J . L . Wilhm . J . WaterPollut . Contr . Fed . 39: 167 3 (1967) . 44 . J . C . Jennet

tan d M. G . Hardie . Proceeding s o f 2nd NSF - RAN N Trace Contaminants Conference , Asilomar . C A (1974) . 45 . N . L . Gale . P. Marcefhn . and G . Underwood. Proceeding s o f 2nd NSF-RAN N Trac e Contaminants Conference . Asilomar , CA(I974) . 46 . An Interdisciplinar

y Investigatio n o f

Environmenta

J Pc4rutjo

n b y Lead an

d OtherHeav y Metal s b y Industria l Developmen t in the Ne wLea d Bel to f Southeaster n Mi-souri . 2 vol . Repor t submitted t o NSF-RAN N b y th e Umvenit y o f Miisouri-Roll a (1972) . 47 . E . Bolter . J. C Jennett . and B . G . Wixson . Qeochemtca l Im - pac to f Lea d Mining Wast

e Water s o n Stream s i n Southeast - er n Missouri . Transaction s o f th e 27t

h Purdue Industria

l Wast e Conference . Lafayette . I N 67 9 (1972) . 48 . N . L . Gale . M . G . Hardie . J . C . Jennett , an d A . Aletl . Trans - por to f Trac e Pollutants i n Lea d Minin g Waste-waters . Pro - ceeding s o f

6t h Annual Conferenc e o n Trac e Substance s b t Environmenta

l Health . Columbia . MO (1972) . 49 . J.C . Jennett , B.G . Wixson , E . Bolte ran d N . U Oale . Trans - por tMechanism s o f

Lea d Industry Wastes . Transaction s o f 28t h Purdue Industria

l Waste Conference , Lafayette . I N 49 6 (1973) . 50 . R . Patrick . B . Cram , and J . Coles . Bat. 64: 472 (1909) . 51 . G. C . Geno aan

d F . Skoog . Ecol . 38: 531 f 1957) . 52 . J.C . Jennet

tan d B . G . Wixson . Industrial Treatmen to f Heav y Metal s t o Protec tAquati cSystem s t n th e Ne wLea d BeltArea . Proceeding s o f 30t h Purdue Industrial Wast e Con - ference , Lafayette . I

N (1973) . 53 . S . Lhtnemann . M. S . thesis . Universit y o f MJs*ouri-Roua (1974) . 54 . W. J . Ernst . M. S . thesis . University o f Missouri-Roll s (1976) . 55 . J.L . Foil . M . S . thesis . University o f Missouri-Rons . (1975) . 56 . G.L . Rolf

e an d J . C . Jennett . Envirorunenta ] Lea d Distribu - tio n i n Relatio n t o Automobil e and Min tand Smelte r Sources . Transaction s o f Semina ro n Heav y Metal s i n th e AquaticEnvironment , Vanderbil tUniversit y (1973) . 57 . S . J . d e Croo i and E . ADenma . Fiel d Observatio n o n th e Transpor to f Heav y Metal s i n Sediments . Transaction s o f Seminaro n Heav y Metal s in th e Aquati cEnvironment . Van - derbiltUniversity . (1973) . 58 . J.C . Jennet

tand B.G . Wixson . Ne wNe wLen d Belt : Agnati c Meta l Patltways-Control . Proceeding s o f International Confer - enc e o n Heav y Metal s i n the Environment , Toronto , Ontario . (Octobe r1975 , i n press) . N . L . Gale . E . Bolter , and B . O . Wixson . Investigation a t Clearwate rLak e a s aPotential Sin kfo rHeav y Metals Fro m Lea d Mining i n Southeas tMissouri . Proceeding s o f lOrb j Annua l Conferenc e o n Trac e Substance s i n Environments! ' Health , Columbia . M

O (1976 . i n press) . K.E . Carpenter . Arm. Appl . Biol. 12: 1 (1963) . N . Gale . B.G . Wixson . MG . Hardie . an d J.C . Jennet tBu ] Aer . WaterResource s Assoc . 9 r67 3 (1973) . E . Bolter . Proceeding s o f 2n d NSF-RAN N Trac e Contsraj . rants Conference . Asitomar , C A (1974) . D . D . HempshiD . Environ . Health . 28: 190(1974). Environmental Pollutio n b y Lea d and Othe rMetals , tnttiraa i fo rEnvironmental Studies-Universit y o f Illinois . Uibena

Champaign . Progres s report , Nov . I , 197 2 t o Apr . 30 , 1974

. C . Malone . D . E . Kocppe , and R . J . Miller . Plan tPnytid (1974) . J.H . Ruse . D . HentphUl . and J.O . Pierce . Proceeding s o f 2n d NS-RAN N Trac e Contaminants Conference . Asilorrrar , C A (1974) . B.G . Wixso n nd N.L . Gale . Som e Linrnotogical Effect s e f Lead and Associate d Heav y Metal s from Minera l Productio

n in Southeas tMissouri . U.S.A . Proceeding s o f IrtanttrMs l Symposiu m o n Interactio n Betwee n Waterand Livin g Matter , Odess aU.S.S.R . (Octobe r1975 . i n press) . N.L . Oale , M.G . Hardie . J . Whitfield , en d P . MarceOus. Tt * Impacto f

Lea d Mine and Mil

l Effluent

s o n Aquaticlife . Proceeding s o f

th e University o f

Mmnesota-AIM E Mtatn j Symposium . Dtrfulh . MN (1974) . R.L . Kramer . M . S . thesis . Universit y o f Munoori-Rix

a (1976) . I . Iwasatd . and S . R

- B . Cooke . Minin g Eng . 126 7 (1957) . Aer o Xanthate Handbook . America n Cyanami d Co . Mba a Chemical s Department . Wayne , N J (1972) . Addison, Sctmare . an

d Gordon . Analysi s o f Norttieastcn, Ne wBrunswic kMine Waste s fo rXanthate . Isopropyl , ElhyJtfrionocarbarnat

e (DO W Z-200 ) and Dithioptwosphat e (Cyanam - id Soliu m Aerofloat) . Fisherie s Researc h Board o f Cantos , Marine Ecolog y Laboratory , Bedfor d Institute , Dnrttnoudt , Nov aScoti a(1972) . Cite d i n referenc e 3 . S . Wenderoth an d E . Yost . Mutttspcctrn ] Photography fo r Eart h Resources . Scienc e Engineerin g Researc h Oroop , C. W . Pos tCenter . Lon g (stan d University (1974) . W.H . Trante ran d J.L . Sandvos . A Schem e fo rth e Deterrstitatio n o f Optimum Samplin g Site s fo rSoi l and Vegetation. Proceeding s o f

th e 2nd NSF-RAN N Trac e Ccntanunsnt i Conference , AsOonwr , C A 14 9 (August . 1974) . W . H . Tranter , J . L Sandvos , F . T . Utaby . an d S . Perkins . Correlatin g f%atagn>phi cDat aan d Heav y Metal Concentratio n i n th e Soi l o f

th e Ne wLea d Bel to f

Missouri . Universit

y o f Missouri-Roua . Technica l ReportCSR-74- 6 (Septembe r 1974) . W . H . Trante rand J . L . Sandvos . Surfac e Intrgpolatka i sad Automate d Contou rMapping . University o f Missouri^Rdttt

, Techmca ) ReportCSR-74- 5 Uun e 1974) . M . D . Turner . Computer-Aide d Samplin g and Surface Interpolation . M.S.E.E . thesis . Universit y o f Missctai-Rott

s (1975) . B.G . Wixson . Environ. Sci. Teclmol. £1128(1975) . 

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l Scienc e Foundatio n <f"f~wima m R . Boggess . Edito r
_ V Professo r Emeritu s o fForestry University o l Illinois a t Urbana-Champaig n Bobby O . Wixson , Assistan t Edito r Professo r o fEnvironmenta l Healt h University o fMissour i at Roll a