Live Animal Export Handbook 

1 

Live Animal Export Handbook

April 2023

Program Handbook 

Export of Live Animals (Livestock)

from the United States 
Live Animal Export Handbook 

2 

"The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs and activities on 

the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex (including gender identity 

and expression), marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, political beliefs, 

genetic information, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public 

assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require 

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should 

contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD)."

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence 

Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an 

equal opportunity provider and employer.
Live Animal Export Handbook 

3 

Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5

Part 1. Approved Disinfectants ............................................................................................. 6

1.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 6

1.2. Approved Disinfectants ................................................................................................. 6

Part 2. Approval of Export Isolation Facilities ................................................................... 8

2.1. Cleaning and Disinfection ............................................................................................. 8

2.2. Water Supply .................................................................................................................. 8

2.3. Feed, Bedding, and Other Essential Items................................................................... 8

2.4. Drainage .......................................................................................................................... 8

2.5. Isolation ........................................................................................................................... 8

2.6. Personnel Authorized Entry ......................................................................................... 9

2.7. Unannounced Inspections ............................................................................................. 9

2.8 Removal of Livestock from the Export Isolation Facility .......................................... 9

Part 3. Approval of Export Inspection Facilities ............................................................... 10

3.1. Separation of Animals ................................................................................................. 10

3.2. Space to Accommodate the Animals .......................................................................... 10

3.3 Protection from Inclement Weather ........................................................................... 11

3.4 Floors ............................................................................................................................. 11

3.5 Fences, Gates, and Other Parts of the Facility Used for Animals ............................ 11

3.6 Cleaning and Disinfection ............................................................................................ 11

3.7 Drainage Systems ......................................................................................................... 11

3.8 Inspection Space ........................................................................................................... 11

3.9 Animals of Questionable Health Status ...................................................................... 12

3.10 Personnel Tending the Animals .................................................................................. 12

3.11 Water for the Animals ................................................................................................. 12

3.12 Lighting ......................................................................................................................... 12

3.13 Office and Restroom .................................................................................................... 12

Part 4. Approval for Export Inspection of Livestock at a Facility Not Associated with 

the Port of Embarkation ................................................................................................ 13
Live Animal Export Handbook 

4 

4.1. Approval for Pre-Export Inspection of Livestock to Occur at an Approved 

Isolation Facility .............................................................................................................. 13

4.2. Approval for Pre-Export Inspection at a Facility Not Associated with the Port of 

Embarkation or Approved Export Isolation Facility .................................................. 14

Part 5. Ocean Vessels ............................................................................................................ 15

5.1. Inspection of Ocean Vessels ........................................................................................ 15

5.2. Ocean Vessels: Cleaning and Disinfection ................................................................. 16

5.3. Ocean Vessels: Determining Sufficient Amounts of Feed and Water ..................... 16

5.4 Ocean Vessel: Accommodations for the Humane Transport of Livestock ............. 17

Part 6. Laboratories Approved to Conduct Tests for Program Diseases ........................ 32

Part 7. Designated Ports of Embarkation and Associated Export Inspection Facilities 33

Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................. 37

Ocean Vessels: Use of Wood for Pen Construction ........................................................... 37

Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................. 41

Cargo Containers for Livestock Shipped by Air ............................................................... 41

Appendix 3 ............................................................................................................................. 43

Export Isolation Facility Checklist ...................................................................................... 43

Appendix 4 ............................................................................................................................. 51

Permanent Export Inspection Facility Checklist ................................................................ 51

Appendix 5 ............................................................................................................................. 61

Temporary Export Inspection Facility Checklist ............................................................... 61

Appendix 6 ............................................................................................................................. 68

Livestock Inspection ............................................................................................................. 68
Live Animal Export Handbook 

5 

Introduction

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA) regulates the exportation of live animals, hatching eggs, and animal germplasm. The 

regulations are codified in Title 9, Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR), Part 91, “Exportation of 

Live Animals, Hatching Eggs or Other Embryonated Eggs, Animal Semen, Animal Embryos, and 

Gametes from the United States”

These export regulations, which are referred to below as “the regulations,” require use of 

disinfectants approved by the APHIS Administrator. As provided in the regulations, the 

Administrator will approve a disinfectant for the specified use depending on determining that it is 

effective against the pathogens that may be spread by the animals and, if the disinfectant is a 

chemical disinfectant, that it is registered or exempted for the specified use by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This handbook discusses disinfectants approved by the 

Administrator for use under 9 CFR 91.6, 9 CFR 91.12, and 9 CFR 91.13. Other disinfectants may 

also be approved by the Administrator in accordance with the regulations. 

The regulations also contain requirements for export inspection facilities, export isolation 

facilities, and ocean vessels. The handbook includes guidance on how to comply with these 

requirements. The guidance is intended to assist owners and operators by describing acceptable 

ways to meet the requirements. The methods described in this handbook are one way, but not the 

only way, to comply with the requirements. Owners and operators may submit alternate plans for 

complying with the requirements to APHIS for evaluation and approval. Alternatives must be at 

least as effective in meeting the requirements of the regulations as the methods described in this 

handbook. APHIS must approve an alternate plan before it can be used. For this reason, plans 

should be submitted well in advance of when approval is needed to allow time for APHIS review 

and to avoid unnecessary or wasteful expenditures. For additional information and to discuss how 

much time may be needed for APHIS review of a plan, contact USDA, APHIS, VS, Field 

Operations (FiOps), either the Veterinary Export Services (VETS) office, or the Ports Services

office, depending on your request. 

The regulations also contain reporting requirements for ocean vessels. This handbook contains 

contact numbers and addresses for submitting reports, as well as an optional template that may be 

used for the operator’s report required by 9 CFR 91.12(f).

The most recent edition of this handbook is available for viewing and downloading on APHIS’ 

International Regulations (IREGS) for Animal Exports home page. APHIS will notify the public 

of changes to the handbook via announcements on its Web site. Any substantive changes to 

guidance will also be made available for public comment through a notice in the Federal Register.
Live Animal Export Handbook 

6 

Part 1. Approved Disinfectants

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.6, 91.12(b), and 91.13(a)

Background: 

The regulations require use of disinfectants approved by the Administrator for:

• Conveyances or containers in which livestock are moved from the premises of export and any

facilities into which such livestock are unloaded.

• All fittings, utensils, containers, and equipment, including halters, ropes, and similar

equipment (unless new) to be used in the loading, stowing, or other handling of livestock

aboard ocean vessels, and

• The stowage area of any aircraft to be used for the export of livestock and any loading ramps,

fittings, and equipment to be used in loading the livestock.

The disinfectants listed below and indicated on the linked pages have been approved by the 

Administrator for the purposes listed. The Administrator may approve other disinfectants for use 

as required by the regulations upon determining that the disinfectant is effective against the 

pathogens that may be spread by the animals and, if the disinfectant is a chemical disinfectant, that 

it is registered or exempted for the specified use by the EPA. Disinfectants must be approved by 

the Administrator before they may be used to meet the requirements of the regulations. 

1.1. Approved Disinfectants

1.1.1 For use on conveyances, containers, and facilities under 9 CFR 91.6, “Cleaning 

and disinfection of means of conveyance, containers, and facilities used during 

movement; approved disinfectants.”

Chemical disinfectants registered with or exempted by EPA for this specified use. A list of 

general antimicrobial disinfectants can be found at EPA’s site as a list of antimicrobial 

products registered with the EPA as sterilizers. Pathogen-specific disinfectants can be 

found on the Selected EPA-Registered Disinfectants page.

1.1.2. For use on fittings, utensils, and equipment on ocean vessels under 9 CFR 

91.12, “Ocean Vessels”: 

Any ocean vessel intended for use in exporting livestock, and all fittings, utensils, 

containers, and equipment (unless new) used for loading, stowing, or other handling of 

livestock aboard the vessel must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected to the satisfaction 

of an APHIS representative prior to any livestock being loaded. 

a. On ocean vessels last used to carry livestock to or from a region affected with foot-andmouth disease:
Live Animal Export Handbook

7

See the VS list of disinfectants and the list of potential disinfectants to use against the 

causative agents of selected foreign animal diseases in farm settings.

b. On ocean vessels returning from other foreign countries:

Disinfectants listed in 9 CFR 71.10 (see section 1.4 of this Handbook).

1.1.3 For use on aircraft and associated loading ramps, fittings, and equipment under 

9 CFR 91.13, “Aircraft”

a. For use in stowage areas:

See the VS list of disinfectants and the list of potential disinfectants to use against the 

causative agents of selected foreign animal diseases in farm settings.

b. For use on loading ramps, fittings, and equipment:

Chemical disinfectants registered with or exempted by EPA for this specified use. A list of 

general antimicrobial disinfectants can be found at EPA’s site as a list of antimicrobial 

products registered with the EPA as sterilizers. Pathogen-specific disinfectants can be 

found on the Selected EPA-Registered Disinfectants page.

1.2 Disinfectants permitted under 9 CFR 71.10, “Permitted

Disinfectants.”

See the VS list of disinfectants and the list of potential disinfectants to use against the 

causative agents of selected foreign animal diseases in farm settings.

The product must always conform to specifications for composition and performance

issued by the Administrator.
Live Animal Export Handbook

8

Part 2. Approval of Export Isolation 

Facilities

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.11

Background:

Livestock may have to be isolated for a period of time prior to export to meet the health 

requirements of the country to which they will be shipped. While these requirements differ from 

country to country and even among classes of livestock destined for export, and APHIS 

recommends that exporters contact the importing country directly regarding the requirements, 

there are certain generally applicable standards that, in our experience, apply to the import 

requirements for many countries and classes of animals. These are:

2.1. Cleaning and Disinfection

• Pastures and exercise areas included in the export isolation facility are clean.

• All stables, barns, walkways, and equipment to be used in the export isolation facility 

have been cleaned prior to use for isolation.

• During the isolation period, the export isolation facility requires all protective outer 

clothing for personnel and all feeding, grooming, and cleaning equipment to be used 

exclusively within the export isolation facility or to be properly cleaned and disinfected 

between uses if used with animals outside the export isolation 

2.2. Water Supply

The export isolation facility has an adequate supply of water available at all times for the 

isolated animals to drink and for cleaning purposes.

2.3. Feed, Bedding, and Other Essential Items

Supplies of feed, bedding material, and other essential items are delivered and stored in a 

manner that prevents contact with animals not intended for export.

2.4. Drainage

Drainage is channeled away from areas in the export isolation facility.

2.5. Isolation
Live Animal Export Handbook 

9 

• The isolation period starts when the last animal to be exported enters the export

isolation facility, at which time the supervising USDA-accredited veterinarian (or, if

requested by the importing country, the APHIS veterinarian) completes and signs an

inventory of all livestock in the export isolation facility.

• All isolated animals are confined within the export isolation facility.

• Measures are taken to prevent other animals from approaching within 30 feet of the

isolated livestock (including, in any outdoor facilities, pastures, tracks, paddocks, or

fields that are part of the export isolation facility).

2.6. Personnel Authorized Entry

Only personnel authorized by the supervising accredited veterinarian or APHIS 

veterinarian may enter the export isolation facility. The export isolation facility maintains 

an entry/exit log and/or a list of personnel authorized to enter. 

2.7. Unannounced Inspections

The export isolation facility is available during the isolation period for unannounced 

inspections by an accredited veterinarian or APHIS representative.

2.8 Removal of Livestock from the Export Isolation Facility

• No animal is removed from the export isolation facility until testing for program

diseases or other country required testing(e.g., tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies)

is completed and the isolated herd is found negative.

• Animals may be removed from the export isolation facility only with the approval of

the supervising accredited veterinarian or APHIS veterinarian. Animals are not

permitted to re-enter the isolation facility once they have been removed.

• The export isolation facility keeps records of all removed animals and the reason for

the removal (e.g., calving, no longer wanted by buyer).

See Appendix 3 – Export Isolation Facility Checklist.
Live Animal Export Handbook

10

Part 3. Approval of Export Inspection 

Facilities

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.7(a) and (b); 9 CFR 91.10

Background:

All livestock intended for export by sea or air must receive a visual health inspection from an 

APHIS veterinarian within 48 hours prior to embarkation unless the importing country specifies an 

alternate timeline. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, the inspection must be done 

at the export inspection facility affiliated with the port of embarkation. Such facilities must be 

approved in advance by the Administrator as a location where APHIS will conduct pre-export 

inspections of livestock.

To be approved as either a permanent or temporary inspection facility, facilities must be 

constructed, equipped, and managed in a manner that prevents transmission of disease to and from 

livestock in the facility, provides for the safe and humane handling and restraint of livestock, and 

provides sufficient offices, space, and lighting for APHIS veterinarians to safely conduct required 

inspections of livestock and related business.

Temporary inspection facilities must be approved prior to each shipment and prior to any animals 

entering the facility.

Following permanent approval, if the owner of the facility changes or significant structural 

changes are made to the facility, the facility will need to be reapproved. APHIS will conduct site 

inspections of permanently approved export inspection facilities at least once a year for continued 

compliance with the standards. If a facility fails to pass the inspection, the Administrator may 

revoke the Agency’s permanent approval. If the Administrator revokes approval for a facility that 

serves a designated port of embarkation, the Administrator may also remove that port from the list 

of designated ports of embarkation.

3.1. Separation of Animals

The facility is arranged and located to isolate all animals in the facility from all other 

animals not in the shipment by either at least a 30-foot separation, a solid wall, or other 

approved separation configuration.

3.2. Space to Accommodate the Animals

The facility has adequate space and/or scheduling to accommodate the animals in an export 

shipment. A minimum space twice the size contained in the guidelines for space per animal 

on ocean vessels is acceptable. (See Section 5.4 of this Handbook.)
Live Animal Export Handbook

11

3.3 Protection from Inclement Weather

The facility has a roof adequate to protect the animals from inclement weather over at least 

three fourths of the pens and alleys and over all inspection areas.

3.4 Floors

The floors of pens, alleys, and chutes are skid resistant and can be easily disinfected, and 

are cleaned on a regular basis to remove effluent and feces. Materials that can be easily 

disinfected are those which resist the absorption of fluids, such as concrete, asphalt, brick, 

and metal.

3.5 Fences, Gates, and Other Parts of the Facility Used for 

Animals

Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals are constructed of material,

such as wood or metal, which can securely restrain the animals in a safe and humane 

manner.

3.6 Cleaning and Disinfection

The facility has running water available to wash the facility. The facility and all equipment 

used with animals are cleaned and disinfected with a chemical disinfectant registered with 

or exempted by the EPA for this specified use. (See Section 1 of this handbook)

3.7 Drainage Systems

The facility has a drainage system that controls surface drainage into and from the facility 

in a manner that prevents any significant risk of livestock diseases being spread into the 

facility.

3.8 Inspection Space

The facility has a separate area for animal inspection equipped with restraining devices that 

allow for the safe and humane handling of animals during inspection.

If horses will be inspected at the facility, areas where horses are inspected have ceilings at 

least 12 feet high and walkways in front of horse stalls are wide enough to allow APHIS 

personnel to safely remove horses from the stalls for inspection if necessary.
Live Animal Export Handbook

12

3.9 Animals of Questionable Health Status

Separate pens or yards are provided for segregation and/or treatment of animals of 

questionable health status apart from animals qualified for export.

3.10 Personnel Tending the Animals

Personnel tending the animals who have had contact with animals outside the facility must 

change or sanitize their outer clothing and footwear before entering areas used for animals.

3.11 Water for the Animals

The facility has an ample supply of potable running water that is made available to the 

livestock. In cold weather, the water is kept free from ice.

3.12 Lighting

The facility is equipped with artificial lighting that provides sufficient illumination in the 

inspection area for inspectors to conduct inspections.

3.13 Office and Restroom

A suitable office and restroom facilities are provided for the use of APHIS representatives.

See Appendix 4 – Permanent Export Inspection Facility Checklist

See Appendix 5 – Temporary Export Inspection Facility Checklist
Live Animal Export Handbook

13

Part 4. Approval for Export Inspection of 

Livestock at a Facility Not Associated with the 

Port of Embarkation

4.1. Approval for Pre-Export Inspection of Livestock to 

Occur at an Approved Isolation Facility

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.7(b) and (c).

Background:

Livestock may be isolated for a period of time prior to export to meet the import 

requirements of the destination country. The Administrator may allow pre-export health 

inspection of livestock to be conducted at an export isolation facility, rather than at the 

export inspection facility associated with the port of embarkation, when the exporter can 

show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the livestock would suffer undue 

hardship if:

• They had to be inspected at the export inspection facility, or

• When the distance from the export isolation facility to the port of embarkation is 

significantly less than the distance from the export isolation facility to the export 

inspection facility associated with the port of embarkation, or

• When inspection at the export isolation facility would be a more efficient use of 

APHIS resources, or for other reasons acceptable to the Administrator.

Temporary export inspection facilities located at an export isolation facility must meet the 

export inspection facility requirements outlined in Section 2 of this Handbook and must be 

approved prior to animals entering the facility for isolation. Approval is contingent on 

APHIS having personnel available to provide services at that location. The export isolation 

facility must also have space, lighting, and humane means of handling livestock sufficient 

for APHIS veterinarians to safely conduct required inspections. Submit requests to use an 

export isolation facility to conduct pre-export inspections to the local VS Field Operations 

(FiOps) Veterinary Export Trade Services (VETS) office prior to animals entering the 

facility.

See Appendix 3 – Export Isolation Facility Checklist

See Appendix 5 – Temporary Export Inspection Facility Checklist 
Live Animal Export Handbook

14

4.2. Approval for Pre-Export Inspection at a Facility Not 

Associated with the Port of Embarkation or Approved 

Export Isolation Facility

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.7(b) and (d)

Background:

The Administrator may allow pre-export inspection of livestock to be conducted at an export 

inspection facility other than the export inspection facilities associated with the port of 

embarkation, when the exporter can show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the livestock 

would suffer undue hardship:

• If they had to be inspected at the export inspection facility associated with the port of 

embarkation, or

• when inspection at this different export inspection facility would be a more efficient use of 

APHIS resources, or 

• for other reasons acceptable to the Administrator. 

Requests to use an export inspection facility other than the facility associated with the port of 

embarkation to conduct pre-export inspection must be submitted to the VS Port Veterinarian in 

Charge. Export Inspection Facility requirements as outlined in Section 2 of this Handbook must be 

met prior to approval.

If the facility used to conduct the inspection is a facility other than the export inspection facility 

associated with the port of embarkation, it must be located within 28 hours driving distance under 

normal driving conditions from the port of embarkation; livestock must be afforded at least 48 

hours rest, with sufficient feed and water during that time period, prior to the pre-export 

inspection; and the exporter must maintain contact information for a veterinarian licensed in the 

State of embarkation to perform emergency medical services, as needed, on the animals intended 

for export.

See Appendices 4 and 5 – Export Inspection Facility Checklists
Live Animal Export Handbook

15

Part 5. Ocean Vessels

5.1. Inspection of Ocean Vessels

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.12(a)

Background:

Ocean vessels must be certified by APHIS prior to initial use to transport any livestock from the 

United States. Prior to the vessel’s arrival at a designated port of embarkation in the United States, 

the owner or operator of the ocean vessel must arrange for an APHIS representative to inspect the 

vessel while it is at that port of embarkation. If APHIS determines that the ocean vessel meets the 

requirements of 9 CFR part 91, APHIS will certify the vessel to transport livestock from the 

United States. The certification will specify the species of livestock for which the vessel is 

approved. The certification will be valid for up to 3 years; however, the ocean vessel must be 

recertified:

• Prior to transporting livestock any time significant changes are made to the vessel, including to 

livestock transport spaces or life support systems.

• Any time a major life support system fails.

• Any time species of livestock not covered by the existing certification are to be transported.

• Any time the owner or operator of the ocean vessel changes.

The owner or operator of the vessel must present the following documentation to APHIS prior to 

the vessel’s initial inspection for certification and when requested by APHIS prior to subsequent 

inspections for certification:

• General information about the vessel, including year built, length and breadth, vessel name 

history, port of registry, call sign, maximum and average speed, fresh water tank capacity and 

fresh water generation rate, and feed silo capacity (if the vessel has a silo).

• A notarized statement from an engineer concerning the rate of air exchange in each 

compartment of the vessel.

• The species of livestock to be transported on the vessel.

• Scale drawings that provide details of the design, materials, and methods of construction and 

arrangement of fittings for the containment and movement of livestock; provisions for the 

storage and distribution of feed and water; drainage arrangements; primary and secondary 

sources of power; and lighting.

• A photograph of the rails and gates of any pens.

• A description of the flooring surface on the livestock decks.

• The following measurements: Width of the ramps, the clear height from the ramps to the 

lowest overhead structures; the incline between the ramps and the horizontal plane; he distance 

between footlocks on the ramps; the height of side fencing on the ramps; the height of the 

vessel’s side doors through which livestock are loaded; the width of alleyways running fore 
Live Animal Export Handbook

16

and aft between livestock pens; and the distance from the floor of the livestock pens to the 

beams or lowest structures overhead.

5.2. Ocean Vessels: Cleaning and Disinfection

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.12(b).

Background:

Any vessel intended for use in exporting livestock, and all fittings, utensils, containers, and 

equipment (unless new) used for loading, stowing, or other handling of livestock aboard the 

vessel, must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected to the satisfaction of an APHIS representative 

prior to any livestock being loaded.

After all traces of manure have been removed, disinfectant (see sections 1.2.1. and 1.2.2 of this 

Handbook) should be applied to all surfaces of the livestock cargo areas, including floors, ceilings, 

walls, rails, and gates, and to all equipment and utensils that have been used in the livestock cargo 

areas, including automatic water cups, feed and water troughs, wheelbarrows, shovels, rakes, 

pitchforks, ropes, and boots. Any surface of the cargo vessel on which the crew walks with the 

same footwear worn in the livestock cargo areas should be cleaned and disinfected.

A certificate certifying that cleaning and disinfection has been completed must be submitted to 

APHIS prior to entry into the port and APHIS inspection.

5.3. Ocean Vessels: Determining Sufficient Amounts of Feed 

and Water

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.12(c)

Background:

The owner or operator of an ocean vessel carrying livestock from the United States to a foreign 

country must provide the livestock with sufficient feed and water after the animals are loaded onto 

the vessel, taking into consideration the livestock’s species, body weight, the expected duration of 

the voyage, and the likelihood of adverse climatic conditions during transport.

5.3.1. Determining Sufficient Water.

The vessel has an ample supply of potable running water that is made available to the 

livestock. Watering devices are in good working order and able to be deiced in cold 

weather. If not automatically refilled, drinking water devices or troughs are filled ad 

libitum during transport.
Live Animal Export Handbook

17

5.3.2 Determining Sufficient Feed.

The minimum amount of feed needed for a voyage is 2.25 percent of the body weight 

of all livestock on board, multiplied by the number of days estimated for the voyage, 

plus 15 percent of that amount for unforeseen circumstances. The number of days 

estimated for the voyage should include the time from completion of loading to the 

time of arrival at the port of discharge.

5.4 Ocean Vessel: Accommodations for the Humane 

Transport of Livestock

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.12(a) and (d).

Background:

Ocean vessels used to transport livestock intended for export must be designed, constructed, and 

managed to reasonable assure the livestock are protected from injury and remain healthy during 

loading and transport to the importing country. To meet these expectations, ocean vessels must 

comply with standards in the regulations for the humane transport of livestock. No livestock may 

be loaded onto an ocean vessel unless an APHIS representative has determined that the vessel 

meets those standards. 

The vessel must be inspected for compliance with the standards prior to initial use to transport any 

livestock from the United States. APHIS will issue a certificate to vessels deemed to be compliant. 

Subsequently, prior to each voyage, a certified vessel will be evaluated for ongoing compliance 

with the standards, as well as the vessel’s suitability to transport that shipment of livestock.

To schedule an inspection for certification, contact VS’ Collateral Port Services Veterinarian in 

Charge.

Standards below that pertain to the construction of the vessel and its overall suitability to transport 

livestock (e.g., 7.1 and its subsections; 7.5 and 7.6) will be evaluated at the initial inspection for 

certification and will be reevaluated for ongoing suitability prior to each voyage to export 

livestock. Standards below that pertain to the vessel’s suitability to transport a particular shipment 

of livestock (e.g., 7.2, 7.4) will be evaluated prior to the voyage containing that shipment.

5.4.1 Pens1.

5.4.1.1. Stanchions, rails, and gates; general construction

All pens, including gates and portable rails used to close accessways, are 

designed and constructed of material of sufficient strength to securely contain the 

livestock. The pens and components are properly formed, closely fitted, and 

1 As used in this Handbook, “pen” may mean the space for one animal (often referred to as a stall) or the space for 

more than one animal.
Live Animal Export Handbook

18

rigidly secured in place. They have smooth finished surfaces free from sharp 

protrusions. There are no worn, decayed, unsound, or otherwise defective parts.

5.4.1.2 Stanchions, rails, and gates; materials

A variety of construction materials, such as wood, metal plate, or pipe, including 

a combination of materials, may be used for pens aboard ocean vessels. Pipe 

fittings have the advantage of smooth surfaces, easy maintenance, long-range 

economy, and spaces between pipe rails to allow for feeding, watering, cleaning,

and better ventilation. The nonporous surfaces of pipe are also easy to disinfect. 

Carefully design and finish all edges, welds, and hardware that are accessible to 

animals.

Stanchions, rails, and gates made of pipe:

• Pipes are made of extra-strong, medium carbon steel and are either galvanized 

(coated with zinc) or painted.

• All parts are cut from seamless pipe with no threaded pipe connections.

• Rails and gates use at least four pipes, with the top one having a diameter of 

at least 3 inches (7.62 cm) and the others a diameter of at least 2 1⁄2 inches 

(6.35 cm).

• Stanchions are at least 3 1⁄2 inches (8.89 cm) in diameter, at least 5/16 inches 

(0.79 cm) thick and placed no more than 8 feet (2.438 m) apart center to 

center.

• Bolt and pin holes are properly located and centered on the pipe and are not 

more than 1/32 inch (0.08 cm) oversize.

• Pipes are not deformed or weakened by welding of such items as reinforcing 

rods or hinges onto them. Welding is exposed in the finished work. Pins, 

plates, and parts other than pipe are made of galvanized steel.

• All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged have 

been finished with a rust preventative.

• Pipe rails are aligned with the tops of all gates at the same height.

• If feed or water dispensers are mounted externally, or if feed will be placed 

on the floor outside pens, pipe rails are arranged to allow livestock access to 

the feed and water.

Stanchions, rails, and gates made of wood:

Although acceptable, lumber is rarely used for pen construction on modern ocean 

vessels used to transport livestock. For this reason, and because descriptions of 

acceptable construction for wooden pens are quite lengthy, they are in Appendix 

1, rather than in this section of the Handbook.
Live Animal Export Handbook

19

5.4.1.3 Flooring

Flooring must be strong enough to support the weight of the livestock to be 

transported and must provide a non-slip foothold.

Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened texture 

(taking care to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). 

Footlocks may also be used to prevent the animals from slipping. Flooring made 

from 3-inch (7.62 cm) concrete pavement, proportioned and mixed to give 2,000 

psi compressive strength in 28 days, or material of equivalent strength, is 

acceptable. 

Although acceptable, lumber is rarely used for flooring on modern ocean vessels 

used to transport livestock. For this reason, and because descriptions of 

acceptable construction for wooden flooring are quite lengthy, they are located in 

Appendix 1, rather than in this section of the Handbook.

5.4.1.4 Pens adjacent to ship’s sides

Any fittings or protrusions from the ship’s sides that abut pens are covered to 

protect livestock from injury.

If the sides of pens are adjacent to the ship’s sides that have steel casings, frames, 

stays, or similar fittings, these profiles are covered, or the sides of pens are fitted 

with rump boards to protect the livestock from injury. The coverings or rump 

boards are of sufficient dimensions and strength to protect animals from injury. 

Acceptable coverings include wooden battens made of at least 2 inch (5.08 cm) 

thick lumber or plywood of similar strength. Rump boards may be made of 

tongue and groove lumber at 1 1⁄2 inches (3.81 cm) thick or square-edged lumber 

at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick or plywood of similar strength. Rump boards 

should form a solid wall at least 4 1⁄2 feet (1.372 m) high for horses, 4 feet (1.219 

m) high for cattle, and 2 1⁄2 feet (0.76 m) high for sheep, goats, and swine.

5.4.1.5 Pens adjacent to engine or boiler rooms or other sources of heat:

Boiler rooms or similar sources of heat are fitted to protect livestock in nearby 

pens from injury due to transfer of heat.

The sides of engine or boiler rooms or other sources of heat are covered with a 

tongue and groove tight sheathing producing a 3-inch wide air space. On ships 

powered with internal combustion engines, this sheathing may not be required at 

the discretion of the APHIS representative.

5.4.1.6 Pens on exposed upper decks:

Pens on exposed upper decks must protect livestock from the weather.
Live Animal Export Handbook

20

If animals will be transported on exposed upper decks in space abutting the 

outside rails or the ship’s sides, the rails or sides are least 4 feet (1.219 m) high 

from the deck, and barriers are erected at all unprotected ends of pens to prevent 

animals from being lost overboard. Additionally, the rails or sides must be of 

sufficient strength to securely hold any pen fittings attached to them.

All pens on exposed upper decks must be covered securely with watertight 

roofing that extends at least 2 feet (0.610 m) beyond the pen.

All open spaces on the sides of exposed decks used to carry livestock must be 

covered with planking, except the top course planking may be left off in warm

weather to allow a free circulation of air.

5.4.1.7 Pens on hatches:

No pen is positioned where the pen or livestock in the pen can damage or obstruct 

hatches or hatch covers, or where the hatches or hatch covers can result in injury 

to the livestock.

5.4.1.8 Size of transport spaces:

Pens are of an appropriate size for the species, size, weight, and condition of the 

livestock being transported, as well as the ship’s route.

5.4.1.8.1 General

Generally, any individual animal should have pen space 6 inches (15.24 cm) 

more in height, depth, and width than the measurements of the animal 

concerned.

Space should be arranged so that an animal handler can observe each 

animal regularly and clearly

Guidelines on pen size are set out below:

• If the vessel will be moving into or through a tropical area (the area of 

the world situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of 

Capricorn), increase the space for each animal by 10 percent or more 

(e.g., more for unshorn sheep).

• If any animal to be loaded is in the third trimester of pregnancy, 

increase the space by at least 10 percent for cattle and horses, and at 

least 50 percent for sheep, goats, and swine. This increase is in addition 

to any increase due to movement into or through a tropical area (e.g., 

increase size by 20 percent for cattle that are in the third trimester of 

pregnancy and will be moving into or through a tropical area).
Live Animal Export Handbook

21

An APHIS representative will make the final determination of space needed 

for each animal at the port of embarkation based on the size and type of 

livestock presented, weather, destination, route, cubic inches of air available 

to each animal, and the ventilation capability of the vessel. Irregularly 

shaped pens may be used only if the APHIS representative determines they 

will be safe for the livestock and allow livestock in the pen adequate access 

to feed and water.

5.4.1.8.2 Horses2

Horses must have at least 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) of space from roof or 

beams overhead to floor underfoot.

Pens for horses are no larger than 120 square feet (11.155 square meters) 

and are between 8 feet (2.438 m) and 9 feet (2.743 m) wide, measured 

across the ship from side to side, except that an APHIS representative may 

allow pens 7 feet (2.134 m) wide for medium-sized horses.

Single stalls for horses are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) long by 2 1⁄2 feet (0.762 

m) wide. Mares in foal are shipped in single stalls that are at least 8 feet 

(2.438 m) long by 3 feet (0.914 m) wide. Stalls for stallions are at least 8 

feet (2.438 m) long by 5 feet (1.524 m) wide. Stalls for mares in foal and 

stallions must be readily accessible to ship personnel.

5.4.1.8.3 Cattle:

Except in containers, space for cattle weighing 1,000 pounds or more is at 

least 8 feet (2.438 m) wide and 6 feet 3 inches (1.911 m) from roof or 

beams overhead to flooring underfoot, except that the height may be 6 feet 

(1.829 m) or more, at the discretion of the APHIS representative, when 

floors are raised over pipes and similar obstructions. Pens for cattle 

weighing less than 1,100 pounds are no more than 226 square feet (20.966 

square meters). When pens include stanchions, sounding tubes, ventilators, 

or other obstructions, provide 20 percent more space for each animal. Single 

stalls for cattle weighing 1,000 pounds or more are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) 

long by 3 feet (0.914 m) wide.

5.4.1.8.4 Calves and yearlings:

Calves and yearlings may be stowed in pens or stalls at the discretion of the 

APHIS representative at the port of embarkation.

2 Please note: 15 U.S.C. 1824(a) prohibits the export of horses destined for slaughter by means of ocean vessels.
Live Animal Export Handbook

22

5.4.1.8.5 Sheep, goats, and swine:

Space for sheep, goats, and swine is at least 3 feet (0.914 m) in height. The 

length and width of pens do not exceed 15 feet (4.572 m) by 8 feet (2.438 

m).

5.4.1.8.6 Space requirements

The following space guidelines apply to livestock other than as described in 

section 5.4.1.8 of this Handbook:

Space per head:

Liveweight

(lb/kg)

Minimumpen

area

(ft

2

/m2/head)

Live

weight

(lb/kg)

Minimumpen

area

(ft2/m2/head)

Live

weight

(lb/kg)

Minimum

pen area

(ft

2

/m2/head)

88/40 2.36/0.226 9.39/0.872 924/420 16.34/1.518

110/50 2.73/0.260 9.76/0.906 946/430 16.70/1.552

132/60 3.10/0.294 10.13/0.940 968/440 17.07/1.586

154/70 3.47/0.328 10.50/0.974 990/450 17.44/1.620

176/80 3.84/0.362 10.85/1.008 1012/460 17.80/1.654

198/90 4.21/0.396 11.22/1.042 1034/470 17.80/1.688

220/100 4.58/0.430 11.58/1.076 1056/480 18.53/1.722

242/110 4.95/0.464 12.95/1.110 1078/490 18.90/1.756

264120 5.32/0.498 12.31/1.144 1100/500 19.27/1.790

286/130 5.69/0.532 12.68/1.178 1122/510 19.63/1.824

308/140 6.06/0.566 13.05/1.212 1144/520 20.00/1.858

330/150 6.43/0.600 13.41/1.246 1166/530 20.37/1.892

352/160 6.80/0.634 13.78/1.280 1188/540 20.73/1.926

374/170 7.17/0.668 14.147/1.314 1210/550 21.10/1.960
Live Animal Export Handbook

23

396/180 7.54/0.702 14.51/1.348 1232/560 21.46/1.994

418/190 7.91/0.736 15.88/1.382 1254/570 21.83/2.028

440/200 8.28/0.770 15.24/1.416 1276/580 22.20/2.062

462/210 8.65/0.804 15.60/1.450 1298/590 22.56/2.096

9.02/0.838 15.97/1.484 1320/600 22.92/2.130

• Pen group live weight range: The live weight range in each pen of cattle should not 

exceed the pen average plus or minus 110/50 lb/kg.

• For animals weighing between 88/40 lbs./kg. and 1,320/600 lbs./kg., for weights 

between those shown in the table, the minimum pen area per head should be calculated 

by linear interpolation.

• The time for a voyage is calculated from completion of loading in the United States 

until anticipated arrival at the port of discharge overseas.

• For animals weighing more than 1,320/600 lbs./kg., the minimum pen area per head is 

22.92/2.13 square feet/square meters plus 0.37/0.034 square feet/square meter for each 

22/10 lb./kg. above 600 kg.

5.4.1.8.7 Space requirements for large animals transported in containers:

• The following space guidelines apply to livestock transported in containers and whose 

length exceeds the width of the container.

• Containers used aboard containerized ocean vessels measure 8 feet (2.438 m) in width 

outside but vary from 7 feet 3 inches (2.210 m) to 7 feet 9 inches (2.362 m) in width 

inside and from 17 feet (5.182 m) to 40 feet (12.192 m) in length. The following chart 

provides space guidelines for livestock whose length exceeds the inside width of the 

container. For ready measurement of dairy cattle only, the distance from the withers to 

the pin bone multiplied by 1.65 gives the approximate total length. Other cattle and 

large animals must be measured to determine their total length. Animals weighing 

more than shown in the following charts shall be stowed subject to the approval of the 

APHIS representative at the port of embarkation.

• The maximum inside length of container pens is 12 feet 9 inches (3.886 m).
Live Animal Export Handbook

24

Animal

weight,

pounds

3 head 4 head

Minimum space per

head

Minimum pensize Minimum penwidth Minimum pen size Minimum penwidth

Square feet Square

meters Square feet Squaremeters

Feet Meters Square feet Square

meters

Feet Meters

Containers 7 feet 9 inches wide

800 18.5 1.719 ----- ----- ----- ----- 74.0 6.875 9′7′′ 2.921

850 19.5 1.812 ----- ----- ----- ----- 78.0 7.246 10′1′′ 3.073

900 20.4 1.895 61.2 5.686 7′11′′ 2.413 81.6 7.581 10′6′′ 3.200

950 21.4 1.988 64.2 5.964 8′4′′ 2.540 85.6 7.953 11′1′′ 3.378

1,000 22.4 2.081 67.5 6.271 8′9′′ 2.667 90.6 8.417 11′7′′ 3.531

1,050 23.4 2.174 70.2 6.522 9′1′′ 2.769 93.6 8.696 12′1′′ 3.683

1,100 24.5 2.276 73.5 6.828 9′6′′ 2.896 98.0 9.105 12′8′′ 3.861

1,150 25.5 2.369 76.2 7.079 9′10′′ 2.997 ----- ----- ----- -----
Live Animal Export Handbook

25

1,200 26.5 2.462 79.5 7.386 10′3′′ 3.124 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,250 27.4 2.546 82.2 7.637 10′6′′ 3.200 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,300 28.4 2.638 85.2 7.915 11′0′′ 3.353 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,350 29.6 2.750 88.8 8.250 11′6′′ 3.505 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,400 30.8 2.861 92.4 8.584 12′0′′ 3.658 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,450 31.9 2.964 95.7 8.891 12′4′′ 3.759 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,500 32.9 3.057 98.7 9.170 12′9′′ 3.886 ----- ----- ----- -----

Containers 7 feet 3 incheswide

700 16.3 1.514 65.2 6.057 9′9′′ 2.972

750 17.5 1.626 52.2 4.850 7′3′′ 2.210 70.0 6.503 9′8′′ 2.946

800 18.9 1.756 56.7 5.268 7′9′′ 2.362 75.6 7.024 10′5′′ 3.175

850 20.1 1.867 60.3 5.602 8′3′′ 2.515 80.4 7.469 11′1′′ 3.378

900 21.3 1.979 63.9 5.937 8′9′′ 2.667 85.2 7.915 11′9′′ 3.581

950 22.3 2.072 66.9 6.215 9′2′′ 2.794 89.2 8.287 12′4′′ 3.759

1,000 23.7 2.202 71.1 6.605 9′8′′ 2.946 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,050 24.8 2.304 74.1 6.884 10′1′′ 3.073 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,100 26.0 2.416 78.6 7.302 10′9′′ 3.277 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,150 27.1 2.518 81.3 7.553 11′3′′ 3.429 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,200 28.4 2.638 85.5 7.943 11′10′′ 3.607 ----- ----- ----- -----
Live Animal Export Handbook

26

1,250 29.6 2.750 88.8 8.250 12′3′′ 3.734 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,300 30.9 2.871 92.7 8.612 12′9′′ 3.886 ----- ----- ----- -----

5.4.1.8.8 Hospital pens

The ocean vessel has an adequate number of appropriately sized and located 

pens set aside to segregate livestock that become sick or injured away from 

other animals.

At least 1 percent of the pen space in each compartment or deck where 

livestock are loaded is set aside to be used as hospital pens for any animals 

that become sick or disabled aboard ship.

Hospital pens provide at least 3 feet by 8 feet (0.914 m by 2.438 m) for each 

animal.

5.4.2 Ramps, doors, and alleyways used for livestock.

Ramps, doors, and passageways used for livestock are of sufficient width and height 

for their use and allow the safe passage of the species transported. Ramps may not have 

an incline that is excessive for the species of livestock transported and must be fitted 

with foot battens at intervals suitable for the species. They also must have a non-slip 

surface. Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened 

texture (taking care to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). 

The sides of ramps must be of sufficient height and strength to prevent escape of the 

species of livestock transported.

Ramps connecting one deck of a ship to another have a clear width of 2 1⁄2 to 3 feet 

(0.762 to 0.914 m) and a clear height of not less than 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m). The 

incline of the ramps does not exceed 1:2 (26 1⁄2 degrees) between the ramps and the 

horizontal plane. The ramps are fitted with foot battens of approximately 2 by 2 inches 

(5.08 by 5.08 cm) spaced no more than 1 foot (0.305 m) apart. The ramps have side 

fencing not less than 5 feet (1.524 m) high. Side doors in the ship’s shell plating 

through which livestock are to be loaded are not less than 6 feet (1.829 m) high for 

cattle and 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) high for horses.

Alleyways running fore and aft on the ocean vessel that are used for feeding, watering, 

and loading animals, including horses in box stalls, are at least 3 feet (0.914 m) wide 

and have non-slip flooring. Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring 

with roughened texture (taking care to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the 

animals’ feet). If the alleyways are used for feeding or watering livestock, but not for 

loading or unloading of livestock, they may be at least 28 inches (0.711 m) wide. 

However, for a distance not to exceed 8 feet (2.438 m) at the end of alleyways in the 

bow and the stern of the ship, and where obstructions of less than 3 feet (0.914 m) in 

length occur, the width may be reduced to a minimum of 24 inches (0.610 m). The ship 
Live Animal Export Handbook

27

has enough alleyways at least 24 inches (0.610 m) wide running across the ship to 

afford ready access to deck drains and to the ends of alleyways running fore and aft.

However, on exposed decks where deck drains and the ends of fore and aft alleyways 

are readily accessible across the ship, alleyways across the ship are not required.

5.4.3 Feed, water, and bedding.

The feeding and watering system is designed to permit all livestock in each pen 

adequate access to feed and water. The system is designed to minimize soiling of pens 

and to prevent animal waste from contaminating feed and water.

• Dispensers

All stalls and pens are equipped with proper troughs for feeding the livestock and 

with proper troughs, containers, or other dispensers for watering animals.

The troughs/dispensers are made of sturdy material that is easy to disinfect, such as 

metal or plastic, and may be either removable or fixed.

The troughs/dispensers are arranged to minimize soiling of pens and prevent animal 

waste from contaminating feed and water.

Hay is dispensed from racks or nets of a type acceptable to the inspecting APHIS 

representative or by placing the hay on the floor of the pens in which the animals 

are confined.

• Storage

Hay, feed, and bedding are stored below deck or otherwise covered to protect them 

from weather at sea.

If being kept under livestock transport spaces, hay, feed, and bedding are protected 

from spillage from animal watering and feeding and animal waste.

5.4.4. Ventilation.

Ventilation is adequate for variations in climate and weather and meets the needs of the 

livestock being transported.

Under deck compartments are equipped with a system of mechanical ventilation, 

including a backup system or equipment in working order, that furnishes a complete 

change of air in each compartment every 2 minutes when the deck height (height from 

floor to ceiling) is less than 8 feet (2.438 m) and every 2 1⁄2 minutes when the deck 

height is 8 feet (2.438 m) or more.
Live Animal Export Handbook

28

A spare motor and fan of an approved type in working order is aboard the vessel for 

each type of motor or fan used.

Net pen space in any compartment does not exceed 80 percent of the deck area.

The adequacy of any mechanical ventilation will be evaluated using the engineering 

report.

5.4.5. Waste management.

The vessel has a system or arrangements for managing waste to prevent excessive 

buildup in livestock transport spaces during the voyage. This includes a backup system 

or alternate arrangements.

There is adequate drainage away from all areas used for livestock, including sufficient 

deck drains. A walkway provides easy access to the deck drains. The vessel has 

adequate arrangements for the removal of feces and other waste from animal transport 

spaces. APHIS recognizes that laws exist that prevent the discharge of waste from 

ships in certain locations. However, to the extent possible, the route should be managed 

to avoid excessive buildup of waste in animal transport spaces.

Livestock on lower decks and their feed and water are protected from being soiled by 

feces and urine from livestock on upper decks.

5.4.6 Lighting.

The vessel has adequate illumination to allow clear observation of livestock during 

loading, transport, and unloading.

5.5: Ocean Vessels Using Shipping Containers

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.12(e)

Background:

An inspector may exempt an ocean vessel that uses shipping containers to transport 

livestock to an importing country from any of the accommodation standards for ocean 

vessels that he or she specifies, if the inspector determines that the containers themselves 

are designed, constructed, and managed in a manner to reasonably assure the livestock are 

protected from injury and remain healthy during loading, unloading, and transport to the 

importing country.

Guidance:

5.5.1 Size.
Live Animal Export Handbook

29

Shipping containers should meet the size standards specified in section of the 

5.4.1.8.7Handbook.

5.5.2 Construction materials.

Shipping containers must be constructed of materials able to support livestock 

weight, and durable enough to withstand normal shocks and climatic conditions 

incidental to transit. Flooring must provide a non-slip foothold and support the 

weight of the livestock to be transported. Acceptable surfaces include wood, epoxy, 

and concrete flooring with roughened texture (taking care to ensure the surface is 

not 5.4.1.8.7so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). Footlocks may also be used to 

prevent the animals from slipping.
Live Animal Export Handbook

30

5.5.3 Water.

The container has access to a supply of fresh potable water that will be made 

available to the livestock. It is preferred, although not required, that shipping 

containers be able to connect to the ocean vessel’s water supply system. All 

watering devices are in good working order and deiced in cold weather.

5.5.4 Waste management.

Shipping containers must ensure that there is not significant, prolonged contact 

between livestock and their effluent, or must otherwise ensure that all effluent is 

removed or absorbed so that it does not become an irritant for the animal.

5.5.5 Ventilation.

Ventilation is adequate for variations in climate and weather and meets the needs of 

the livestock being transported. A spare motor and fan of an approved type in 

working order is aboard the vessel for each type of motor or fan used.

5.6: Contact Information and a Template for Ocean Vessel Reports 

Regulatory Authority 9 CFR 91.12 (f).

Background

The owner or operator of any ocean vessel used to transport livestock from the United 

States must submit a written report to APHIS within 5 business days after completing a 

voyage. The report must include information required by 9 CFR 91.12(f). Additionally, if 

an ocean vessel used to export livestock experiences any failure of a major life support 

system for livestock during the voyage, the owner or operator must notify APHIS 

immediately by telephone or other electronic means.

Owners and operators should contact their VS Port Services Veterinarian in Charge for the 

contact information of the person to whom to send the report; in general, this will be the 

VS Collateral Port Offices Veterinarian in Charge, although other VS personnel may also 

be specified. The report may be sent by email or fax.
Live Animal Export Handbook

31

This section of the Handbook contains a form that may be used for the required 

reports.

OPERATOR’S REPORT

Required by 9 CFR 91.12(f).

Operator’s name: Date:

Telephone number: 

Email address:

SHIPDETAILS

Name ofship: Names and addresses of all livestock exporters:

Durationof voyage:

LOADINGDETAILS

Port: Type of livestock: Numberloaded: Date loading completed:

DISCHARGEDETAILS

Port: Type of

livestock:

Number

discharged:

Date

discharge

complete

Number

of

deaths:

Explanation of deaths:

FAILUREOF ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS* FOR LIVESTOCK (if applicable)

(including, but notlimited to,systemsfor providing feed and water, ventilation systems, and systems

for removing livestockwaste)

Systemthatfailed:

Description of failure, including

time and duration, effects on

livestock, and any alternative

measuresimplementedor other

resolution:
Live Animal Export Handbook

32

Part 6. Laboratories Approved to Conduct 

Tests for Program Diseases

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.3(d)

Background:

All tests required by an importing country for program diseases must be conducted in laboratories 

approved by the Administrator.

Guidance:

APHIS posts lists of laboratories approved by APHIS to conduct testing for specific diseases.

International movement requirements for tuberculosis (cattle or bison not known to be affected 

with or exposed to tuberculosis):

• No cattle or bison responding to an official tuberculosis test are eligible for international 

movement for the remainder of their lifetimes. The testing protocol for international movement 

shall be in accordance with the tuberculosis test requirements of 9 CFR 91.3(d).
Live Animal Export Handbook

33

Part 7. Designated Ports of Embarkation and 

Associated Export Inspection Facilities

Regulatory Authority: 9 CFR 91.9(a).

Background:

Livestock exported by air or sea may be exported only through ports designated as ports of 

embarkation by the Administrator.

Guidance:

The following ports have associated permanently approved export inspection facilities which the 

Administrator has determined satisfy the requirements of 9 CFR 91.9(a) and are therefore 

designated as ports of embarkation:

(1) Delaware

Wilmington: Sea port.

• Boxwood Farms (horses only), 135 Iron Ore Road, Englishtown, NJ 07726, (732) 446-

7309.

• Mannington Meadows Farm, 60 Oechsle Road, Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-

2009.

• McCartney, Inc., 18537 South Dry Run Road, Dry Run, PA 17220, (717) 349-7752.

• Pennsylvania Holstein Association Export Inspection Facility, 1806 River Road, 

Middletown, PA 17057, (814) 234-0364.

• Wilkinson Farm, 1020 Broad Run Road, Landenburg, PA 19350, (610) 274-8670.

(2) Florida

Miami: Air and sea port.

• Horse Country Club, 6610 SW 123 Avenue, Miami, FL 33183, (305) 273-1075.

• Jacaranda Farms, 15460 SW 256 Street, Homestead, FL 33032, (305) 510-2999.

• Thebas Farms, 12401 SW 51st Street, Miami, FL 33175 (305) 381-0222.

Port Everglades: Sea port.

• Horse Country Club, 6610 SW 123 Avenue, Miami, FL 33183, (305) 273-1075.

• Thebas Farms, 12401 SW 51st Street, Miami, FL 33175 (305) 381-0222.
Live Animal Export Handbook

34

(3) Georgia

Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport: Air port.

• Cartersville (horses only) 118 Old Mill Road, Cartersville, GA 30120, (770) 547-8916,

• Southern Crescent Equine Services LLC, 815 Herring Road, Newnan, GA 30265, 

(770) 252-6860.

(4) Illinois

Chicago: Air port.

• C&R Midwest Quarantine Facilities, Ltd., Box 470, Route 31, Dundee, IL 60118, 

(312) 426-5009.

• Chicago Equine Export Center (horses only), 2200 Euclid Ave./P.O. Box 7, Arlington

Heights IL 60006, (847) 385-7609.

(5) Louisiana

New Iberia: Air port.

Acadiana Regional Airport, Star R-3, Box 390-H (ARA), New Iberia, LA 70560, (318) 

365-7204.

(6) New Jersey

Elizabeth: Sea port.

• Boxwood Farms (horses only), 135 Iron Ore Road, Englishtown, NJ 07726, (732) 446-

7309.

• Mannington Meadows Farm, 60 Oechsle Road, Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-

2009.

• The U.S. Equestrian Team’s headquarters (horses only), Pottersville Road, Gladstone, 

NJ 07934, (908) 234-1251.

• Walnridge Farm (horses only), 44 Arneytown-Hornerstown Road, Cream Ridge, NJ 

08514, (609) 758-9100.

Newark International Airport: Air port.

• ARK Import-Export Center/The ARK at JFK (horses and small ruminants) 78A N. 

Boundary Road, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica, NY 11430, (212) 

328-9132.

• Boxwood Farms (horses only), 135 Iron Ore Road, Englishtown, NJ 07726, (732) 446-

7309.
Live Animal Export Handbook

35

• Mannington Meadows Farm, 60 Oechsle Road, Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-

2009.

• The U.S. Equestrian Team’s headquarters (horses only), Pottersville Road, Gladstone, 

NJ 07934, (908) 234-1251.

• Walnridge Farm (horses only), 44 Arneytown-Hornerstown Road, Cream Ridge, NJ 

08514, (609) 758-9100.

Salem: Sea port.

• Boxwood Farms (horses only), 135 Iron Ore Road, Englishtown, NJ 07726, (732) 446-

7309.

• Mannington Meadows Farm, 60 Oechsle Road, Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-

2009.

• Walnridge Farm (horses only), 44 Arneytown-Hornerstown Road, Cream Ridge, NJ 

08514, (609) 758-9100.

(7) New York

John F. Kennedy International Airport (Queens): Air port.

• ARK Import-Export Center/The ARK at JFK (horses and small ruminants) 78A N. 

Boundary Road, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica, NY 11430, (212) 

328-9132.

• Boxwood Farms (horses only), 135 Iron Ore Road, Englishtown, NJ 07726, (732) 446-

7309.

• Walnridge Farm (horses only), 44 Arneytown-Hornerstown Road, Cream Ridge, NJ 

08514, (609) 758-9100.

(8) Ohio

Rickenbacker International Airport: Air port.

596 Livestock Handling Facility (horses and small ruminants), 2134 Reserve Road, 

Columbus, OH 43217, (937) 541-7461 or (937) 564-2893.

(9) Pennsylvania

Harrisburg International Airport: Air port.

Pennsylvania Holstein Association Export Inspection Facility, 1806 River Road, 

Middletown, PA 17057 (717) 944-1374.

(10) Puerto Rico.

San Juan: Air port
Live Animal Export Handbook

36

• El Commandante Race Track (horses only), P.O. Box 1304 Rio Piedras, PR .. 00929, 

(809) 724-6060.

• Hacienda Siesta Alegre Quarantine (horses only), Carr. 186 Km 23.9, Bo. El Verde, 

Rio Grande, PR 00745, (787) 397-8118.

(11) Texas

Brownsville: Air port, sea port, and border port.

• Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Inspection Facility, International Airport, 

Brownsville, TX 78520, (512) 546-5136.

Houston: Air port and border port.

• Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Box 60107, AMF, 

Houston, TX 77205, (713) 443-2447

Laredo: Air port and border port.

• El Primero Equine Export Facility (horses only), Route 7, Box 305, Laredo, TX 

78401, (512) 723-5436.

• Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Route 1, Box 67-P, 

Laredo, TX 78040, (512) 722-6308.

(12) Washington

Olympia: Sea port.

• Schorno Agri-Business, 17835 Highway 507 SE, Yelm, WA 98507 (360) 458-7788

Seattle: Air port.

Schorno Agri-Business, 17835 Highway 507 SE, Yelm, WA 98507 (360) 458-7788
Live Animal Export Handbook

37

Appendix 1

Ocean Vessels: Use of Wood for Pen Construction

The following construction is acceptable when wood is used for stanchions, rails, gates, 

or flooring.

1. Stanchions, rails, and gates.

1.1 General construction:

All pens3

, including gates and portable rails used to close accessways, are designed 

and constructed of material of sufficient strength to securely contain the livestock. 

They are properly formed, closely fitted, and rigidly secured in place. They have 

smooth finished surfaces free from sharp protrusions. They have no worn, decayed, 

unsound, or otherwise defective parts.

1.2 For cattle and horses:

• Rail stanchions are constructed of at least 4 by 6 inch (10.16 by 15.24 cm) 

lumber set no more than 5 feet (1.524 m) apart from center to center and 

secured to the ship’s rails or sides with 5/8 inch (1.59 cm) or larger bolts or 

collars and with heels braced to the side of the hull or waterway (narrow 

passage along the edge of a deck for drainage). Inboard stanchions are 

constructed of at least 4 by 6 inch (10.16 by 15.24 cm) lumber set in line with 

the rail stanchions and properly braced. (The method of securing and bracing 

stanchions may be modified as approved by the underwriter of the cargo bureau 

and the APHIS representative.)

• On open rail ships, spaces between the rails are blocked out to permit the 

affixing of outside planking.

• If supplementary stanchions are required for rump boards, these are at least 3 

by 4 inches (7.62 by 10.16 cm) in size and are secured to beams and decks as 

provided above.

• On upper deck fittings at the ends of unprotected stalls, a stanchion of not less 

than 3 by 4 inches (7.62 by 10.16 cm) in size is similarly spaced and secured to 

beams and decks and properly braced.

• Stanchions on under decks are constructed, spaced, and secured in the same 

manner as upper deck fittings.

3 As used in this handbook, “pen” may mean the space for one animal (often referred to as a stall) or the space for 

more than one animal.
Live Animal Export Handbook

38

1.3 For sheep, goats, and swine:

Stanchions for single or double tier pens are constructed of lumber at least 3 by 4 

inches (7.62 by 10.16 cm) set no more than 5 feet (1.524 m) apart center to center 

and secured as provided under 1.2 above for cattle and horses.

1.4 For all species:

• Two beams of at least 2 by 6 inch (5.08 by 15.24 cm) lumber are bolted on each 

side of the stanchions using 5/8 (1.59 cm) or larger bolts, nuts, and washers. 

The beams extend from outside planking to at least 2 feet (.610 m) beyond the 

line of the breast boards unless the beams butt on the ship’s deck fittings. Two 

beams of at least 2 by 6 inch (5.08 by 15.24 cm) lumber are used to support the 

roof of single tier pens on exposed decks and the floor of double tier pens on all 

decks.

• All gates have pivot pins at least 3⁄4 inch (1.91 cm) in diameter.

2. Breast or front boards, rump boards, division boards, and foot boards.

2.1 General construction:

Pens are fitting with breast boards, rump boards, and division boards between pens 

at a height suitable for the species to provide support for the animals. If feed and 

water dispensers are mounted externally to the stalls or pens, breast boards are 

arranged as necessary (including through use of removable boards) to allow 

livestock access to the feed and water.

2.2 For horses:

• Breast boards: All pens are equipped with breast boards of not less than 2 by 10 

inch (5.08 by 25.4 cm) dressed lumber with the top edge placed 3 feet 10 inches 

(1.168 m) from the floor and securely nailed to the stanchions. Where butting 

occurs, the joints are on the stanchions and are covered with metal plates 3 

inches (7.62 cm) square or 5 inches (12.7 cm) in diameter and not less than 1⁄4 

inch (.64 cm) thick. A 5/8 inch (1.59 cm) or larger bolt passes through the plate, 

joint, and stanchion and is securely fastened with a nut. All breast boards have 

1-inch (2.54 cm) holes bored through them at proper distances for tying 

animals. An occasional pen may have a removable breast board so that animals 

may be loaded into or removed from the pen.

• Foot boards: All pens have foot boards of not less than 2 by 10 inches (5.08 by 

25.4 cm) lumber securely nailed or bolted across the stanchions. At the 

discretion of the APHIS representative, small ponies, asses, small mules, mares 

with foal at foot, young unbroken horses or gentle horses of any size be finished 

lumber at least 2 by 10 inches (5.08 by 25.4 cm) are placed between the breast 

and foot boards to effectively contain the animals.
Live Animal Export Handbook

39

• Rump boards: All pens have rump boards that form a solid wall at least 4 feet 6 

inches (1.372 m) high and made of lumber not less than 1 1⁄2 inch (3.8 cm) thick 

if tongued and grooved or 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick if square edged or of 

plywood of the same strength. Where the deck is clear of obstructions, rump 

boards may be set on the inside of the rail stanchions. Otherwise, sections 

affected are brought forward to clear such obstructions and are fastened by 

stanchions provided for this purpose. On lower decks, where the ship’s 

construction so justifies, rump boards may be affixed to wooden pieces at least 

2 by 6 inches (5.08 by 15.24 cm) set the same as described for stanchions. 

Rump boards may be formed by filling spaces between cargo battens. Rump 

boards in pens built alongside hatches need be carried down only to the 

coaming line (vertical boundary of a hatch).

• Division boards: Division boards are used to separate all pens and to close the 

sides of pens at the ends of rows. They are used in sets of four boards of 2 by 

10 inches (5.08 by 15.24 cm) dressed lumber separated by 3-inch (7.62 cm) 

spacers, extend from the rump boards to the inboard stanchions, and are fitted 

into appropriate channels or slots at both ends in a manner that permits their 

ready removal.

2.3 For cattle:

• Breast or front boards and foot boards: All pens have breast or front boards and 

foot boards as described above for horses, except that the breast or front boards 

are constructed in sets of three or more boards of dressed lumber at 2 by 10 

inches (5.08 by 25.4 cm) separated by 3-inch (7.62 cm) spacers and placed on 

the foot board so that the front of the pen extends 48 inches (1.219 m) or more 

in height from the floor. One or more of the breast boards may be left off if feed 

or water troughs are to be mounted externally.

• Rump boards: All pens have rump boards as described above for horses, except 

that the rump boards for cattle form a solid wall at least 4 feet (1.219 m) high.

• Division boards: Division boards as described above for horses are used to 

separate all pens and to close the sides of the pens at the ends of rows.

2.4 For sheep, goats, and swine:

• Front boards: All pens are fitted with front boards of not less than 1 by 6 inch 

(2.54 by 15.24 cm) lumber approximately spaced and extending to the proper 

height for these species. A section of front boards may be removable to allow 

animals to be moved into or out of pens and for feeding or watering.

• Rump boards: All pens on exposed decks have rump boards as described above 

for horses, except that the rump boards for sheep, goats, and swine form a solid 

wall 2 1⁄2 feet (0.762 m) high.

• Division boards: Division boards and boards forming the ends of pens are as 

described for rump boards for these animals.
Live Animal Export Handbook

40

3. Wooden flooring.

3.1 For cattle and horses:

• Flooring is laid athwartship and secured by placing ends beneath the underside 

of foot and rump boards or under a 2 by 4 inch (5.08 by 10.16 cm) strip nailed 

along these boards. Floors may be either of two types, flush or raised. The flush 

type is constructed of not less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick lumber laid flat on the 

deck. The raised type is constructed of not less than 2 inch (5.08 cm) thick 

lumber nailed to scantlings of at least 2 by 3 inch (5.08 by 7.62 cm) dimensions 

laid 2 feet 6 inches (0.762 m) apart. If desired, flooring may be laid in portable 

sections. Flooring is not necessary on ships with wooden decks provided foot 

locks are secured to the decks.

• Floors have four foot locks of 1 by 4 inch (2.54 by 10.16 cm) lumber laid fore 

and aft with flat side down, and so placed as to provide in between spaces of 

12, 14, 26, and 14 inches (30.48, 35.56, 66.04, and 35.56 cm) beginning at the 

inside of the footboard. Additional foot locks are placed at 14-inch (35.56 cm) 

intervals in pens having a depth of 9 feet (2.743 m) or more. They are well 

secured with nails of a length that will permit 1 inch (2.54 cm) clinch in 1 inch 

(2.54 cm) flooring and 2 inch (5.08 cm) penetration in 2 inch (5.08 cm) 

flooring.

3.2 For sheep, goats, and swine:

• Flooring is laid as described above for cattle and horses, except that the raised 

flooring need not be greater than 12 inches (30.48 cm) thick.

• Floors have foot locks of not less than 1 by 2 inch (2.54 by 5.08 cm) lumber, 

four to h pen, equally distributed and laid as described above for cattle and 

horses.
Live Animal Export Handbook

41

Appendix 2

Cargo Containers for Livestock Shipped by Air

APHIS does not require the use of any particular material for cargo containers

used for livestock shipped for export by air. However, any such materials must be 

of sufficient strength to securely contain the animals shipped. The Live Animal 

Regulations (LAR) of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) provide 

a useful guidance regarding suitable materials. 

Additionally, APHIS inspectors use the following standards as guidelines in 

determining whether a cargo container has sufficient space for animals destined for 

export:

Table 1: Calves, Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep

Species Weight

(lbs.)

Density

(lbs./m2)

Spaceper

Animal

(ft,2)

No. of

Animals

per 100

ft.2

Animalspersingle

tier pallet

88 X

108”

88 X

125”

96 X

125”

Calves 110 45 2.45 40 24 28 31

154 50 3.10 32 20 23 25

176 54 3.25 30 18 21 24

198 56 3.50 28 17 20 22

Cattle 660 70 9.00 11 6 7 8

1100 80 13.75 7 4 5 5

1320 84 15.66 6 3-4 4 4-5

1540 87 17.60 5 3 3-4 4

Pigs 55 35 1.60 64 37 44 48

220 40 5.50 18 10 12 14

Sheep 55 30 1.80 55 32 37 42

154 40 3.85 26 15 18 20
Live Animal Export Handbook

42

Table 2: Horses

Weight(lbs.) Space per horse (ft.2)

0-220

221-440

441-680

661-880

881-1000

1101-1320

1321-1540

1541-1760

4.52

7.10

9.36

11.19

12.81

14.42

16.25

18.62
Live Animal Export Handbook 

43 

Appendix 3

Export Isolation Facility Checklist

Per 9 CFR 91.11, Export Isolation: “If an importing country requires export isolation for livestock, such

isolation must occur before the animals may be moved to a port of embarkation, and both the manner in

which this isolation occurs and the facility at which it occurs must meet the requirements specified by the

importing country.”

EXPORT ISOLATION FACILTY INSPECTION CHECKLIST

Export Isolation Facility Owner/Manager:

Name: 

Address: 

Telephone: 

Supervising Accredited Veterinarian:

Name: 

Address: 

Telephone:

National Accreditation Number: 

Export Isolation Facility (physical location):

Name: 

Address: 
Live Animal Export Handbook

44

Per VS Memo 592.105 Part IV. Section B, USDA-Approved Export Isolation vs. Other Export Isolation:

When the foreign import health protocol (IHP) states that the animals for export must be subjected to

“USDA-approved,” “officially approved,” “approved by the competent authority,” or an “approved”

isolation, before initiating each isolation the facility must be inspected and approved by an APHIS inspector

and the export isolation facility inspection checklist completed and filed with the appropriate VS 

Endorsement Office for reference. The APHIS inspector should review the IHP for any additional isolation

facility requirements.

In general, if the IHP requires the animals to be isolated in a facility that is “approved by the accredited

veterinarian,” or “other export isolation,” this does not require an APHIS inspection. The facility may request

an APHIS inspection and hourly user fees would apply.

1. The isolation facility may include pastures, stables, feedlots and barns. Pastures and

exercise areas included in the isolation facility are clean. All stables, barns, walkways,

and equipment to be used in the isolation facility have been cleaned, and disinfected if

necessary. Animals are not present in the isolation facility at the time of the facility 

inspection.

Pass Fail

Remarks

2. Measures are taken to prevent other animals from approaching within 30 feet of the

isolated animals (including any outdoor facilities or pastures that are part of the

isolation facility).

Pass Fail

Remarks
Live Animal Export Handbook

45

3. An adequate water supply is available at all times for the isolated animals and for cleaning

purposes.

Pass Fail

Remarks

4. Supplies of food, bedding material and other essential items are delivered and stored in 

the manner that prevents contact with animals not intended for export.

Pass Fail

Remarks

5. Drainage is channeled away from areas that are included within the isolation facility.

Pass Fail

Remarks
Live Animal Export Handbook

46

6. The owner/manager understands that during the isolation period, protective outer clothing

and all feeding, grooming, and cleaning equipment must be used exclusively within the

isolation facility, or properly cleaned and disinfected between uses if used with animals

outside the isolation facility.

Pass Fail

Remarks

7. The owner/manager and accredited veterinarian understand that the isolation period starts

when the last animal to be exported enters the isolation facility.

Pass Fail

Remarks

8. The owner/manager and accredited veterinarian understand that all isolated animals must 

be confined within the isolation facility. If exercise facilities are included within the

isolation facility (i.e., tracks, paddocks, fields) the owner/manager and accredited

veterinarian must understand that the isolated animals must remain separated from other 

animals throughout the entire isolation period.

Pass Fail

Remarks
Live Animal Export Handbook

47

9. The owner/manager understand that only personnel authorized by the supervising 

accredited veterinarian may enter the isolation facility. The facility shall keep a properly 

maintained entry/exit log for all visitors other than authorized personnel.

Pass Fail

Remarks

10. The owner/manager understands that the facility will be available for unannounced 

inspections by the accredited veterinarian or supervising Federal official at any time 

during the isolation period.

Pass Fail

Remarks

11. The accredited veterinarian understands that only livestock that complete the testing 

requirements and isolation period required by the importing country are eligible for 

export.

Pass Fail

Remarks
Live Animal Export Handbook

48

12. The accredited veterinarian understands that after the facility has been approved and the 

last animal enters the isolation facility, the accredited veterinarian must accurately 

complete and sign an isolation inventory sheet and submit it to APHIS VETS within 10 

days.

Pass Fail

Remarks

13.None of the animals can be removed from the export isolation facility until testing for

program diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies, etc.) is completed (if required

by the importing country) and the isolated herd is found negative.

Animals can only be removed from the export isolation facility after consulting with the

supervising accredited veterinarian or APHIS veterinarian. The export isolation facility must

keep a record of all removed animals and the reason (e.g., calving, no longer wanted by the

buyer, etc.) for removal.

14.Based on the “ Export Isolation Facility Inspection Checklist” an owner/manager/accredited 

veterinarian agreement may be prepared.
Live Animal Export Handbook 

49 

APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL OF EXPORT ISOLATION

FACILTY

1. Date of Inspection: Expected Isolation Start Date: 

2. Country of Destination: Minimum Required Isolation Period: 

3. Species to be handled by the facility: 

4. Maximum number of animals to be handled at the facility, including animal type and

average weight: 

5. Approved Export Inspection Facility (EIF) this isolation will use: 

6. Approved Port of Embarkation this isolation will use: 

Is this isolation facility seeking approval to become a Temporary EIF? No Yes*

*If YES, then a Temporary Export Inspection Facility (EIF) Inspection Checklist must be completed.
Live Animal Export Handbook 

50 

__ ____

Signature of Export Isolation Facility Owner/Manager Date

Signature of Supervising Accredited Veterinarian Date

Based on my inspection, I recommend facility for Approval Disapproval

Name of APHIS Inspector

Signature of APHIS Inspector Title Date

REVIEWED AND APPROVED

_____________________________________________________ _____________

Name and Signature of Service Center VIC (or Acting) Date
Live Animal Export Handbook

51

Appendix 4

PERMANENT EXPORT INSPECTION FACILITY CHECKLIST

Name and address of the export facility operator Name and address of the export facility

_____________________________________________ __________________________________________

_____________________________________ ___________________________________

_____________________________________ ___________________________________

1. The facility floors of pens, alleys, and chutes are fully disinfectable* and skid resistant. The

cleaning and disinfection (C&D) must be conducted after every livestock export shipment

and prior to facility inspection/ approval.

* Disinfectable materials are those which resist the absorption of fluids, such as

concrete, asphalt, brick, and metal (dirt floors or other permeable surfaces are not

allowed).

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

52

2. Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals are constructed of material, such

as wood or metal, which can securely restrain the animals in a safe and humane manner.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

3. The facility has overhead coverage adequate to protect the animals from continuous exposure

to sun and inclement weather. The entire designated inspection area must be covered 

(permanent or temporary structure) to protect from inclement weather.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

4. The facility has a separate area for inspection and identification of animals that is equipped

with animal restraining devices which allow for the safe and humane handling of animals

during inspection. Any ceilings of the designated inspection area are high enough to safely

allow ingress and egress of livestock.

NOTE: If horses will be inspected at the facility, areas where horses are inspected have ceilings

at least 12-feet high and there are walkwaysin front of horse stalls wide enough to allow APHIS

personnel to safely remove horses from the stalls for inspection, if necessary.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

53

5. The facility has sufficient personnel to ensure that animals can be unloaded and moved into the

inspection area in a safe and humane manner.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

6. The facility is equipped with artificial lighting that provides sufficient illumination in the

inspection area for APHIS to conduct thorough visual veterinary health inspections.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

7. Separate pens or yards are provided for segregation and/or treatment of animals of questionable

health status apart from animals qualified for export and adequately maintain control of those

animals excluded from the shipment (e.g., hold/ reject pen).

PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

54

8. The facility and all equipment used in contact with animals is cleaned and disinfected with an

approved chemical disinfectant registered with or exempted by the EPA for the diseases of

concern based on the species being handled. For more information, please see the Program

Handbook.

PASS FAIL

Remarks:

9. The facility is accessible to an APHIS inspector at all times, day and night.

PASS FAIL

Remarks:

10. A suitable work area/ office and restroom facility are provided for use by APHIS representatives.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

55

11. The arrangements for handling the animals shall be subject to the approval of the APHIS

inspector, which shall be granted only if he or she finds that such arrangements will not permit

the spread of communicable livestock diseases to the animals in the export shipment.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

12. Testing and treatment of animals in the export inspection facility shall be performed by an

accredited veterinarian under the supervision of an APHIS veterinarian.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

13. The facility is arranged in such a way as to isolate all animals in each export shipment from all

other animals, by either a 30-foot separation or solid wall, to prevent direct and indirect contact

between animal groups and their effluence.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

56

14. Personnel tending the animals who have had contact with animals outside the facility are 

required to change or sanitize their outer clothing and footwear before entering areas used for

animals.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

15. The facility has running water available to wash the facility.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

16. The facility has a drainage system that controls surface drainage into and from the facility in a

manner that prevents any significant risk of livestock diseases being spread into or from the

facility.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

57

17. The facility has an ample supply of potable and accessible water that is made available to the

livestock. In cold weather, the water shall be kept free from ice.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

18. The application for approval of a permanent export inspection facility is accompanied by a

certificate/letter from the authorities having jurisdiction over environmental affairs regarding

disposal of animal wastes in the locality of the facility. The certificate/letter should state that

the facility complies with the applicable State and/or local regulations, if any (attach to

checklist). The letter will be valid for up to 365 days unless the environmental letter specifies a

different period of validity.

NOTE: If there are no local applicable environmental regulations, the certificate/ letter

issued by the authorities having jurisdiction over environmental affairs may simply state that

no regulations related to disposal of animal waste apply to the facility.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

19. The APHIS inspector was provided with a map or schematic of the facility (attach to 

checklist) requesting approval, or annual renewal of approval, of the facility, to include total 

square footage of the animal holding areas in the export inspection facility.

NOTE: Size of animal holding areas will be used to calculate the maximum number of

animals allowed in the facility per the VS Program Handbook.

 PASS FAIL
Live Animal Export Handbook

58

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook 

59 

APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL OF PERMANENT EXPORT INSPECTION

FACILITY

(Inspection must occur at least every 365 days to maintain status as a Permanent EIF)

1. Indicate if for: Initial approval Renewal of approval 

2. Date of inspection: Valid through: 

3. Species to be handled by the facility: 

4. Maximum number of animals to be handled at the facility, including animal type and 

average weight used to calculate maximum number of head: 

5. Designated port(s) of embarkation this EIF will service AND estimated travel time to

(each) port: 
Live Animal Export Handbook 

60 

___ Based on my inspection, I recommend facility for Permanent _ _Approval _Disapproval.

Name of APHIS Inspector

Signature of APHIS Inspector Title Date

REVIEWED AND APPROVED

Name and Signature of Ports VIC (or Acting) Date
Live Animal Export Handbook 

Appendix 5 

TEMPORARY EXPORT INSPECTION FACILITY CHECKLIST

Name and address of the export facility operator Name and address of the export facility

1. The facility floors of pens, alleys, and chutes are cleaned to remove organic animal material

(e.g., effluence and feces) prior to facility inspection/ approval.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

2. Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals are constructed of material, such as

wood or metal, which can securely restrain the animals in a safe and humane manner.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

3. The facility has overhead coverage adequate to protect the animals from continuous exposure to 

sun and inclement weather. The entire designated inspection area must be covered (permanent or 

temporary structure) to protect from inclement weather.

PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

4. The facility has a separate area for inspection and identification of animals that is equipped 

with animal restraining devices which allow for the safe and humane handling of animals

during inspection. Any ceilings of the designated inspection area are high enough to safely 

allow ingress and egress of livestock.

NOTE: If horses will be inspected at the facility, areas where horses are inspected have ceilings at least

12-feet high and there are walkways in front of horse stalls wide enough to allow APHIS personnel to

safely remove horses from the stalls for inspection, if necessary.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

5. The facility has sufficient personnel to ensure that animals can be unloaded and moved into the

inspection area in a safe and humane manner.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

6. The export inspection facility has a designated area for inspection of livestock that is of sound

construction, sturdy enough to accommodate large numbers of large/heavy livestock, and wide 

enough to allow easy movement of livestock through the area during inspections.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

7. Lighting in the inspection area provides sufficient illumination for inspectors to conduct inspections

OR the facility is equipped with artificial lighting that provides sufficient illumination in the 

inspection area for APHIS to conduct thorough visual veterinary health inspections.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

8. Separate pens or yards are provided for segregation and/or treatment of animals of questionable 

health status apart from animals qualified for export and adequately maintain control of those 

animals excluded from the shipment (e.g., hold/reject pen).

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

9. All equipment used in contact with animals is cleaned and disinfected with an approved chemical

disinfectant registered with or exempted by the EPA for the diseases of concern based on the species

being handled. For more information, please see the Program Handbook.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

10 The facility is accessible to an APHIS inspector at all times, day and night.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

11.A suitable work area/ office and restroom facility are provided for use by APHIS

representatives.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

12. The arrangements for handling the animals shall be subject to the approval of the APHIS inspector, 

which shall be granted only if he or she finds that such arrangements will not permit the spread of

communicable livestock diseases to the animals in the export shipment.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

13. Testing and treatment of animals in the export inspection facility shall be performed by an

accredited veterinarian under the supervision of an APHIS veterinarian.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

14. The facility is arranged in such a way as to isolate all animals in each export shipment from all other 

animals, by either a 30-foot separation or solid wall, to prevent direct and indirect contact between 

animal groups and their effluence.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

15. Personnel tending the animals who have had contact with animals outside the facility are required to

change or sanitize their outer clothing and footwear before entering areas used for animals.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

16. The facility has a drainage system that controls surface drainage into and from the facility in 

a manner that prevents any significant risk of livestock diseases being spread into or from the

facility.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

17. The facility has an ample supply of potable and accessible water that is made available to the

livestock. In cold weather, the water shall be kept free from ice.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:
Live Animal Export Handbook

18. The APHIS inspector was provided with a map or schematic of the facility (attach to

checklist) requesting approval to include total square footage of the animal holding areas in 

the export inspection facility.

NOTE: Size of animal holding areas will be used to calculate the maximum number of animals

allowed in the facility per the VS Program Handbook.

 PASS FAIL

Remarks:

Page 4 of
Live Animal Export Handbook 

__ __

APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL OF TEMPORARY EXPORT INSPECTION FACILITY

The facility is being approved on a per shipment basis. This approval does not guarantee 

approval of the facility for multiple or future shipments.

1. Date of inspection: 

2. Species to be handled by the facility: 

3. Maximum number of animals to be handled at the facility, including animal type and 

average weight used to calculate maximum number of head: 

4. 4. Estimated date of embarkation/export:

5. Designated port of embarkation this EIF will service AND estimated travel time to port: 

Based on my inspection, I recommend facility for temporary _ _Approval _ Disapproval. 
Live Animal Export Handbook 

67 

Name of APHIS Inspector

Signature of APHIS Inspector Title Date

REVIEWED AND APPROVED

___________________________________________ __________________

Name and Signature of Ports VIC (or Acting) Date
Live Animal Export Handbook

68

Appendix 6

Livestock Inspection

1. Official Identification Verification

USDA-accredited veterinarians are required to perform ID verification on 100 percent of 

the animals listed on export veterinary health certificates, without exeception.

Unless doing so conflicts with the trading partner’s import health requirements, VS 

calculates the statistically accurate proportion of the animals be ID-verified during VS 

pre-export inspection. This calculation provides a 99 percent confidence interval with a 1 

percent error rate.

Exporters are still permitted to elect to have VS ID verify 100 percent of all livestock, 

rather than the calculated proportion of animals, if they prefer. This option will incur 

additional hourly APHIS user fee charges for VS time for inspection. Please note that if a 

trading partner’s import health requirements require VS to complete 100 percent ID 

verification during pre-export inspection, VS will uphold this requirement and will not 

offer a calculated proportion for ID verification.

1.1 Calculation

This calculated proportion of animals to be ID verified during pre-export inspection 

gives us a 99 percent confidence interval that there is a less than 1 percent error rate 

in the identification of those animals presented for export.

Example calculations:

Number of head in 

isolation group

Number of head to be 

ID verified by VS

25 25

50 50

100 99

200 180

300 235

400 273

500 300

700 336

800 349

900 359

1000 368

1100 375

1200 381

1300 386

1400 391
Live Animal Export Handbook

69

1500 395

1600 399

1700 402

1800 405

1900 408

2000 410

1.2 Error encountered

If an erroneous identification number or an unlisted animal or any other 

problematic finding is encountered during this proportional ID verification 

process, the exporter will then have two options:

Option One: The export inspection facility’s accredited veterinarian must reverify 100 percent of all livestock presented for export and reschedule VS 

inspection. This may delay the shipment and require VS to revise or reissue the 

APHIS-endorsed export veterinary health certificate.

Option Two: Request VS to ID verify 100 percent of all livestock presented for 

export and attempt to rectify the erroneously counted animal(s). The shipment 

could go forward as planned if time permits. The exporter will incur additional 

hourly APHIS user fee charges for VS time for inspection.

2. Rejection of Livestock Unfit to Travel or Based on Signs of Contagious Disease

APHIS will reject any livestock for export that is found unfit for travel or that exhibits 

signs of contagious disease. Reasons for rejection include, but are not limited to:

2.1 Unfit to travel (as recommended in Article 7.2.7 of the World Organization for 

Animal Health Terrestrial Health Code):

• Livestock that are sick, injured, weak, disabled, or fatigued.

• Livestock that are unable to stand unaided or bear weight on each leg.

• Livestock that cannot be moved without causing additional suffering.

• Newborn livestock with an unhealed navel.

• Livestock that have given birth within the previous 48 hours and are traveling 

without their offspring.

• Pregnant livestock that would be in the final 10 percent of their gestation period at 

the planned time of unloading in the importing country.

• Livestock with unhealed wounds from recent surgical procedures, such as 

dehorning.

2.2 Warts

Unless doing so conflicts with the trading partner’s import health requirements, an 

animal with a small number of warts may be cleared for export. An animal with 
Live Animal Export Handbook

70

extensive warts (e.g., warts covering much of one side of the neck or a large 

number of warts on the face) shall not be cleared for export. The acceptability of 

borderline cases will be left to the APHIS veterinarian’s professional judgement.

Note: APHIS inspector(s) shall not remove, nor allow others to remove, warts at 

the export inspection facility, as medical treatment of an animal at the export 

inspection facility is generally not allowed (only with rare exception, warts not 

being one of them).

2.3 Ringworm

Unless doing so conflicts with the trading partner’s import health requirements, an 

animal with healing ringworm lesions may be cleared for export. An animal with 

moderate to extensive active ringworm lesions shall not be cleared for export. 

Indicators of active ringworm include, but are not limited to, scaling, crusting, 

scabbing, hair loss with little to no hair (re)growth (except in the case of scarring), 

and, where possible to discern, erythema. The presence of any substances 

intended to obscure ringworm lesions will be considered grounds to disqualify an

animal for export, as medical treatment of an animal at an export inspection 

facility is generally not allowed.

2.4 Eye problems

Animals that are blind in both eyes shall not be cleared for export. An animal with 

one or more ocular tumors, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye), moderate 

severe uveitis, moderate severe conjunctivitis, moderate severe ocular discharge 

related to the inflammatory process (whether serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent), 

enlargement of the eyeball, exophthalmos (bulging of the eye), shall not be 

cleared for export. An animal with slight conjunctivitis and/or slight serous or 

mucoid ocular discharge, may be cleared for export. Pinkeye that has 

healed/resolved and resulted in a scar (a small white disc on the globe of the eye 

that does not impede vision with no ocular discharge) may be cleared for export.