Planning for the Future

An Analysis of Trends Affecting APHIS and U.S. Agriculture Over the Next 20–30 Years
In 2022, we celebrated our 50th anniversary. For half a 

century, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

(APHIS) has secured the health of America’s agricultural 

resources—protecting 900 million acres of farmland, 

facilitating the movement of $177 billion worth of U.S. 

agricultural goods, and keeping 21.6 million Americans 

employed in agriculture-related industries. 

Over the past 50 years, the agriculture community has 

faced tremendous changes—the rise of globalization, 

advances in technology, escalating climate change 

impacts, and evolving production practices. The world 

is constantly transforming, and we can expect to face 

more uncertainties as the pace of change accelerates. 

To navigate this landscape, APHIS is using strategic 

foresight to integrate future-thinking principles into its 

culture and planning. Strategic foresight is a method 

for exploring plausible future scenarios, identifying the 

opportunities and challenges they present, and 

leveraging that information to make strategic decisions 

now that will better position us for the future. 

We incorporated strategic foresight into our planning 

efforts for the 2023-2027 Strategic Plan. A team of 

APHIS employees conducted a detailed analysis of 

potential future challenges and opportunities. The 

results of their analysis informed the plan’s goals, 

objectives, and tactics. They are designed to be a 

foundation for APHIS’ future. 

Using scanning, trend analysis, and scenario planning, 

the team identified 10 trends and key drivers of change 

with the potential to impact APHIS in the next 20 to 30 

years. When the team looked closely at the trends, they 

found that APHIS will need to work in an increasingly 

uncertain, complex, and ambiguous environment in the 

future. Shifts and changes will become almost constant, 

and agriculture, the environment, and human health will 

become more interconnected. 

We see a future where change is the only constant. A 

future where technology and science advance quickly, 

where stakeholder networks expand and shift, and 

where climate change spreads pests and diseases and 

causes catastrophic weather events. In the coming 

years, strategic foresight will support programs and 

teams in their long-term planning and help them solve 

current and emerging problems. 

Strategic foresight does not predict the future. Rather, it 

provides tools for detailed, databased analysis and 

gives us a sense of where the future is heading. With 

this knowledge we can identify opportunities to grow 

partnerships, expand services, and invest in our 

dynamic workforce.

Introduction
Trends

Ten trends most likely to impact the way APHIS does business:

Security threats 

are on the rise and risk 

mitigation measures across all 

environments will increase 

and frequently change. 

Climate change threats

continue to mount and 

expand in scope, intensity, 

and variety.

Political, geographical, 

and economic division

continues in the country, 

decreasing trust in 

government programs.

Data analytics 

increasingly support decision 

and policy making as a result of 

big data availability, ongoing 

requirements, and expectations 

around accessible evidence.

Scientific and 

technological advances

provide new opportunities 

and challenges.

Stakeholder networks

and cooperators

are shifting because of changing 

production practices and new 

opportunities and risks.

Perceptions of animal 

welfare and wildlife 

are evolving, increasing pressure on 

related government activities.

Global health threats 

are increasing, with greater and 

more frequent impacts, 

requiring coordinated response 

from public and private entities. 

Globalization

is escalating demands for the 

enforcement of phytosanitary and 

zoosanitary standards, causing 

unintended consequences, such 

as supply chain disruptions.

Changing workforce 

needs flexible skillsets to 

quickly adapt; employees 

must continually acquire new 

skills throughout their career.
Security threats are on the rise and risk mitigation measures across all environments will 

increase and frequently change. 

What’s Driving This Trend?

Global climate change

Ongoing polarization

Industry consolidation

Diversity of U.S. 

population

Rapidly evolving science

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Variable food security

Increased global trade

What We Know Today

• Ecosystems are changing quickly due to

extreme weather and climate conditions.

• Federal agencies are under pressure to quickly

strengthen and deploy monitoring and security

systems, technologies, and protocols in

response to changes in domestic pest and

disease occurrences.

What We See Ahead

• Increased security risks will require APHIS

and the agriculture industry to speed up the

development and deployment of new technologies

to better monitor and scan for emerging threats to

humans, plants, and animals.

• APHIS will need to increase its human capital

resources and add skillsets to support and

understand new technologies and expanding

systems.

• Increased security risks will present opportunities

to balance risks and innovations and strengthen

evidence-based decision making.
Climate change threats continue to mount and expand in scope, intensity, and variety.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Global climate change

Ongoing polarization

What We Know Today

• Ecosystems are changing quickly due to

extreme weather and climate conditions.

• Demands for environmentally friendly practices

to limit ozone depletion and carbon emissions

are escalating.

• Animal behaviors and habitats are evolving and

shifting in response to climate change.

• APHIS personnel face threats from weather and

geographic changes.

• The food supply is fragile, leading to global food

insecurities.

• Plant pests are adapting, increasing range, and

having more lifecycles due to climate change.

• Winds, floods, and drought exacerbated by

climate change are spreading pests and

diseases, affecting beneficial organisms that

may aide in integrated pest management.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS and partners will need to identify diseases that

thrive in warmer climates, develop vaccines and

medicines to combat them, develop strategies to

tackle pests that thrive in warmer climates, and

identify impacted regions.

• Habitat shifts could increase APHIS’ animal removal

and relocation operations, increasing scrutiny over

animal welfare as the public perception of animals

shifts.

• Polarization and scarcity of resources may decrease 

Congressional support for funding and legislative action. 

• APHIS will devote more resources to an open

communication strategy.

• We will strengthen partnerships with biotechnology

companies and other Federal agencies, Tribal nations,

and State officials.

• We will need to invest in new positions for scientists

and positions related to emergency response for

climate-related weather events.

• Plant pest lifecycles are increasing due to changes in

temperatures, increased winds are spreading pests

further, and habitat changes are expanding the range

where pests can survive and spread.
Political, geographical, and economic division continues in the country, decreasing 

trust in government programs.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Ongoing polarization

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Diversity of U.S. 

population

What We Know Today

• Federal policies oscillate with leadership.

• Federal workforce feels unsafe.

• The public and Congress scrutinize Agency

rulemaking and mission operations.

• It’s difficult to hire and retain Federal

employees.

• More Americans are migrating from rural to

urban regions.

• Social media algorithms filter information

according to user preferences and perspectives.

• Calls to embed diversity and inclusion

are louder.

• The number of Freedom of Information Act

requests increases annually.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS could face more litigation and less

Congressional funding for programs that are

increasingly controversial.

• With less Congressional funding, APHIS may rely

more on user fees and non-Federal support and

funding.

• We may need to prioritize human capital needs and

limit mission area scope and operations.

• Conflict may arise because of gaps between

stakeholder needs and external ideologies.

• More reporting and oversight could increase

Agency responsibilities but not staffing.

• APHIS will need to devote resources to an open

communications strategy to strengthen

relationships with industry and the public so we

can collect and consider diverse thoughts and

ideas across all sectors.

• We will continue to promote segments of our work

that enjoy broad support—such as trade—and

spend more time explaining controversial or lesserknown operations.
Data analytics increasingly support decision and policy making as a result of big data 

availability, ongoing requirements, and expectations around accessible evidence.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Prioritizing trust

Rapidly evolving 

technology

What We Know Today

• Use and dependence on automation

is increasing.

• Need to allow space for innovation while

balancing enterprise risks when considering

new technologies.

• Pressure to speed procurement and deploy new

technology tools is growing.

• Need more resources to identify and

understand new technologies.

• Collaborations with external bodies (e.g.,

academia, other nations) are increasing.

• Communications burdens (e.g., translations)

are increasing.

• Calls for transparency and need to defend data

quality are increasing.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS will need to open positions for data

managers, programmers, and bio-informaticists

but may struggle to compete with the tech industry

to attract and hire qualified personnel.

• The demand for big data will expand APHIS’ need

for new systems and software and the tech support

that goes with them.

• We will need to procure and deploy digital

solutions/tools faster and quickly pivot and adapt

to changes based on rapid data changes.

• There will be more systems or tools from which to

choose, and some may be better suited to certain

populations or operational needs. Expanding these

systems will demonstrate inclusion and provide a

high level of confidence in APHIS’ decision making.

• Having more access to data and data-sharing

capabilities means APHIS can rely more heavily on

the incoming stream of information.
Scientific and technological advances provide new opportunities and challenges.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Variable food 

security

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Global climate change

What We Know Today

• Monitoring and scanning for the emergence of

new science is critical.

• Pressure to manage trade risks is increasing.

• Traceability is easier through eCommerce.

• More people are seeking healthier nutrientdense products.

• Need big data to take advantage of new science

tools/technologies like genetic sequencing.

• More emphasis is placed on an organization’s

credibility.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS may struggle to keep up with scientific

discoveries and regulate and enforce accordingly.

• More specialized skillsets will be needed to rapidly

pivot and adapt to industry changes.

• APHIS’ risk assessments will need to be nimble in

terms of assessment endpoints.

• APHIS has an opportunity to operate proactively

based on science rather than reacting to a trigger

event.

• New science and technology will allow APHIS to

consider alternative solutions to rulemaking and

enforcement.

• Better science and data will enhance APHIS’ ability

to maintain transparency with its stakeholders

and partners.
Stakeholder networks and cooperators are shifting because of changing production 

practices and new opportunities and risks.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Variable food 

security

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Global climate change

Ongoing polarization

Changing perceptions

of animal welfare and 

wildlife

What We Know Today

• Escalating demands for agricultural businesses 

to adopt environmentally friendly practices.

• Means and channels of connectivity are plentiful 

but sustaining connections over multiple 

platforms is as important as making 

connections.

• More people are seeking healthier nutrientdense products.

• Increased climate effects on agriculture and 

refugee populations

• Increased need to monitor and scan for the 

emergence of new science and threats

• There are still people without technology.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS may experience high stakeholder “turnover” 

rates because of rapidly shifting issues and 

concerns both nationally and internationally. 

• We must continue to adapt to meet the needs of 

our traditional stakeholders. 

• APHIS will have an opportunity to partner with local 

and urban farmers to teach them how to recognize 

and combat plant pests. 

• APHIS will partner with citizen scientists, non-profit 

organizations, non-government organizations, 

developers of remote technology, and international 

stakeholders. 

• New stakeholders will arise as a result of emerging 

issues such as supply chain shortages. 

• APHIS will build relationships in the urban 

environment as food markets in these areas will be 

critical to fulfilling supply chain needs. 

• APHIS will build new relationships with 

organizations adopting conservation and 

integrated pest management practices to effectively 

manage pests and diseases, and to manage wildlife 

(e.g. resource conservation districts).
Perceptions of animal welfare and wildlife are evolving, increasing pressure on related 

government activities.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Diversity of U.S. 

population

What We Know Today

• The public scrutinizes Federal government

activities that directly impact animals.

• People are more aware of APHIS’ animal welfare

activities but do not understand our regulatory

authority.

• Artificial intelligence is replacing live animal

racing.

• The public is more interested in wildlife and

livestock welfare.

• APHIS is more involved in pet and animal

rescues related to weather events.

• More species, including nonconventional and

farm animals, are recognized as pets.

• More nonconventional animal species are being

used as emotional support animals.

What We See Ahead

• To manage wildlife humanely, APHIS will need to

understand secondary ecological effects of predator

and prey population dynamics and how they impact

animal welfare.

• APHIS will need to explore and implement new

humane ways to depopulate animals during an

emergency and control wildlife populations.

• As the list of animals considered pets expands, farms

may be subject to AWA regulation.

• APHIS will be challenged by the increasingly blurred

line between livestock and pets.

• APHIS will be able to adopt or promote new

technologies that will improve animal welfare and

support ongoing integration of nonconventional pets.

• APHIS will take a more holistic approach to address

the public’s growing concern for the welfare of

conventional and nonconventional pets.
Global health threats are increasing, with greater and more frequent impacts, requiring 

coordinated response from public and private entities. 

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Variable food 

security

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Global climate change

Rising focus on 

workforce wellness

Changing perceptions

of animal welfare and 

wildlife

What We Know Today

• There is an ongoing tension between

safeguarding and open trade.

• There are more calls for governments to be

transparent about risks.

• Cyber security is a global threat.

• The scope of risk in a globalized economy

is broadening.

• The frequency of pest incursions and disease

outbreaks is increasing.

• Seasonality of produce is eroding due to yearround availability. 

• Dependence on automation is increasing.

• Pressure to speed procurement and deploy new

technology tools is increasing.

What We See Ahead

• Future trade agreements may negate user fee

payments, making fees undependable.

• APHIS will need to consider the global impacts of

pandemic and zoonotic disease risks.

• We may need to respond to more emergencies here

and abroad and mitigate for commodities rather

than pests or diseases.

• Business decisions may be based on a country or

region’s local disease profile.

• We will need to add skillsets to support new

technologies and expanding systems.

• We need to balance risks and innovations and

strengthen evidence-based decision making.

• We will share and acquire data from international

organizations.

• We will strive to improve traceability through

eCommerce.

• APHIS may have an opportunity to focus more on

global standard setting activities and trade

agreements, particularly in developing nations.
Globalization is escalating demands for the enforcement of phytosanitary and zoosanitary

standards, causing unintended consequences, such as supply chain disruptions.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Rapidly evolving 

science

Variable food 

security

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Global climate change

Rising focus on 

workforce wellness

Changing perceptions

of animal welfare and 

wildlife

What We Know Today

• The global environment is volatile, uncertain,

and complex.

• Agricultural and natural resource interests align

and integrate, creating a larger canvass for

response and investment of resources.

• More staff is needed for emergency response.

• Staff is burdened from increased travel and

other stresses (e.g., public liaising) associated

with emergencies.

• The public has more interest in disease

outbreaks.

What We See Ahead

• APHIS may have to prioritize emergencies, which

could mean not responding to outbreaks

previously considered mission essential.

• The Agency may face economic hardships as the

frequency and intensity of outbreaks increase.

• Response plans will need to change and be

developed quickly for emergencies.

• Increased incursions could mean more pest and

pathogen surprises as more fly under the radar.

• APHIS will develop and refine communications

plans that inform stakeholders and the public

about the Agency’s efforts and positive impacts.

• APHIS may need to be more involved in animal

welfare emergencies and will need to add positions

to respond to and scan for emergencies.
Changing workforce needs flexible skillsets to quickly adapt; employees must 

continually acquire new skills throughout their career.

What’s Driving This Trend?

Diversity of U.S. 

population

Rising focus on 

workforce wellness

Rapidly evolving 

science

Rapidly evolving 

technology

Prioritizing trust

What We Know Today

• APHIS has an open, employee-focused 

communication strategy.

• The world seems smaller and more 

closely connected.

• APHIS’ customer base is expanding.

• Workforce changes are occurring 

simultaneously (e.g., schedules, budget, 

locations, etc.). 

• More telework and remote positions 

increase competitiveness. 

• Coordinating resources across staffs and 

multiple platforms is necessary to satisfy 

demand.

• There are more training options and 

opportunities for all USDA employees.

• Turnover is high. 

• There’s an increased focus on improved 

employee experience.

• Calls to embed diversity and inclusion 

are louder.

What We See Ahead

• Evolving technologies make multi-tasking and 

performing in more than one role possible, but 

this also reduces overall staffing levels. 

• Tension may arise between the need for 

specialized and broad skillsets; however, 

redundancy in skillsets is necessary to fulfill 

resource needs within APHIS. 

• APHIS’ workforce profile will need to shift as the 

world’s population demographics shift. 

• APHIS will have the opportunity to develop 

a transparent hiring process that is more 

appealing and easier for applicants outside the 

Federal workforce.

• Supporting a hybrid workforce will make APHIS 

more competitive in the global market for new 

hires and will allow the Agency to broaden its 

applicant pool. 
Future Scenarios

The following scenarios consider how APHIS might operate in the future in 

response to the trends that are most likely to impact the way we do business. 
Shifting Vulnerabilities

Global climate change, technological and scientific 

advances, increasing populations, and political and 

geographical divisions increase security and global 

health threats. To sustain agriculture and natural 

resources and not accelerate the impacts of climate 

change, APHIS breaks from its traditional risk 

management strategies. APHIS leverages precision 

agriculture, wireless sensor networks, wearable health 

monitors, and other technologies to track and prevent 

the spread of pests and diseases. 

The world depends on international trade for its food 

supply. International standard setting, certification, trade 

agreements and preclearance programs expand to meet 

these demands. APHIS is active in international 

organizations such as the International Plant Pest 

Convention and World Organisation for Animal Health to 

influence activities. APHIS considers food security, 

supply chain issues, and environmental degradation 

when determining how to safeguard agricultural and 

natural resources. 

The effects of global climate change increase the severity 

and frequency of weather events and cause shifts in pest 

lifecycles and disease occurrences. More organizations 

are involved in emergency, necessitating greater Federal, 

State, and local coordination. 

APHIS and the Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention are equal partners in scanning for and 

responding to zoonotic diseases. APHIS is seen as a 

public health contributor and supports efforts to 

enhance food security. In addition, APHIS plays an 

important role in responding to emergencies outside its 

conventional agriculture role. For example, habitat shifts 

increase Wildlife Service’s removal and relocation 

operations. APHIS reprioritizes emergencies and may not 

respond to outbreaks previously considered at the core 

of the Agency’s mission. APHIS increases its emergency 

response capacity and deploys new technologies to 

better monitor and scan for emerging threats to humans, 

plants, animals, and wildlife. 

As more people seek healthier, nutrient-dense products, 

the public and Congress press APHIS to manage and 

sustain new trade markets. Consumers expect to know 

where the agricultural products they buy come from, the 

treatments used in their processing, and whether they 

contain bioengineered ingredients. eCommerce makes 

traceability easier. APHIS leverages rapidly evolving 

science and technologies to ensure the delivery and 

consumption of healthy agricultural products across 

the globe. 
Shifting Tools and Practices

In 20 to 30 years, data analytics, advances in science and 

technology, and the rising focus on workforce wellness 

will shift the way the world operates. Processes will 

become more automated, jobsites will be safer since 

artificial intelligence can do the more dangerous tasks, 

and jobs will be flexible and allow people to constantly 

improve their skills. Changes in production practices will 

be widespread across the agriculture industry. New 

science and technology may require APHIS to consider 

alternative solutions to rulemaking and enforcement 

strategies. Additive manufacturing is efficient and readily 

available, leading APHIS to partner with others to 

develop completely new tools for risk management and 

mitigation, such as new packing materials for cargo 

instead of treatment and inspection.

Regulations may cease to be a preferred tool as more 

options for compliance, investigation, and guidance 

become available. Increased involvement of diverse 

private and nonprofit groups, social media, and more 

international level decision-making will result in the 

formation of new, multi-layered governing systems. 

These new—often informal—systems will have an 

increasing influence on public and private actions.

In the future, there will be a high demand and pressure 

for agencies to procure and deploy technology tools, 

systems, and software more rapidly. Multiple technical 

systems will be easier to integrate and require less 

human oversight. Since systems will be easier to procure 

and support, APHIS can work faster, more efficiently, and 

more economically. Our technology will be more 

adaptable to different users, better supporting multiple 

languages and physical accessibility issues as well as 

being more user-friendly. Having greater access to data 

and data sharing capabilities means APHIS can make 

better decisions in real-time. New tools and methods for 

clearing cargo will be used to deal with disruptions in the 

supply chain. APHIS will increase its role in international 

standard setting, certification, trade agreements, and 

preclearance programs as international organizations 

and trade partnerships will become more influential.

As technology advances it creates an opportunity for 

employers like APHIS to sustain an efficient, effective, 

and diverse workforce. Supporting a hybrid workforce 

will make APHIS more competitive in the market for new 

hires with specialized skillsets and will allow the Agency 

to hire from a broader geographic area.
Shifting Values

In 20 to 30 years, rising awareness of animal and wildlife 

welfare, increased focus on workforce wellness, and 

continued political, geographic, and economic 

polarizations will shift national and international 

perspectives and values. In the future, more Americans 

will live in urban regions. They will seek healthier 

nutrient-dense products, and many will agree that 

livestock and wildlife should be provided the same rights 

as domesticated pets. This will add public, and by 

extension Congressional, pressure on APHIS to prioritize 

the use of humane animal agricultural practices. As the 

list of animals considered to be pets expands, farms 

could potentially fall under regulation of the Animal 

Welfare Act. APHIS will also need to take a more holistic 

approach across program areas to address the public’s 

growing concern for animal welfare in conventional and 

nonconventional pets. 

The combination of changes in natural environments—

including climate and environmental degradation, 

population demographics, ideological divides, and 

economic power—will necessitate that APHIS expand its 

stakeholder base. To increase and maintain trust, APHIS 

will cast a wider net to collect and consider diverse 

thoughts and ideas from across agriculture, 

environmental, and other public sectors. APHIS will 

experience stakeholder “turnover” as global concerns 

vary and move to the forefront. 

The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the 

importance of maintaining a healthy workforce. That 

trend will continue over the next 20 to 30 years. Public 

health and animal welfare concerns will also continue 

to merge.
Shifting Land and Resource Use

In 20 to 30 years, risks associated with climate change, 

ongoing and accelerating environmental degradation, 

and other changes in physical or natural environments will 

raise questions about management of public and natural 

resources. Questions of ownership and expectations about 

the management of public resources will increase pressure 

to create fee-for-service programs or pay-as-you-go models 

to augment appropriated resources. 

Private organizations’ sponsorship and investment in 

local communities will increase. Generally, more affluent 

communities have more private funds. As a result, the 

communities where such private support doesn’t exist or 

where there is no motivation for private investors will 

need more support from Agencies like APHIS. APHIS will 

expand its Civil Rights and Diversity and Inclusion 

programs to enhance monitoring around equity in 

program delivery. 

Food security will become even more tenuous as the 

movement of goods and services is less predictable and 

the effects of climate change increase. As a result, APHIS 

will respond to pest and disease issues in microenvironments, such as specific growing areas rather than 

within the conventional county and State boundaries. 

Maintaining the natural environment continues to 

frequently be at odds with operational practices in the 

agriculture sector. Misconceptions about biotechnology 

and interest in organic and farm-to-table products add 

even more chaos. APHIS will strive to be as transparent 

as possible in its strategic use of resources to potentially 

maximize partnerships and allay public concerns. APHIS 

personnel will be skilled at conflict management and 

resolution to support consensus decisions that put the 

health of the planet and people first.
Looking Ahead

By exploring trends, the forces that drive them, and 

their implications, we can better understand issues of 

concern to those we serve in the years and decades 

ahead. This longer view helps us define the strategic 

context for our work and address crosscutting and 

interconnected challenges that require sustained 

collaboration and innovation. 

Strategic foresight will be like a global positioning 

system that APHIS relies on to guide our continual and 

successful evolution as we achieve our changing and 

vital safeguarding mission, deliver new services, and 

identify opportunities to grow partnerships, expand 

services, and invest in our dynamic workforce.

It will facilitate dynamic conversations, contribute to 

APHIS’ evaluation plans and learning agenda, and help 

us meet the needs of our stakeholders, our customers, 

our cooperators, and the American public.

We’re at the beginning of our foresight journey. In the 

short term, this vision of the future provides a backdrop 

for APHIS’ 2023-2027 Strategic Plan. In the long term, 

strategic foresight will be part of APHIS’ foundation for 

the next 50 years. 

Building strategic foresight into our culture will help us 

as we successfully adapt to meet the future. As we 

position the Agency to overcome the challenges and 

seize the opportunities of the future, APHIS will be agile 

and adaptable. 

We will balance risk with innovation, invest in positions 

responsive to climate change, engage with new 

stakeholders, use emerging science and technology as 

an alternative to rulemaking, and support employee 

development and advancement in the hybrid workplace. 

We will be proactive in our planning efforts, innovative 

in our problem-solving, and responsive to the needs of 

the diverse communities we serve. 

APHIS will be a global leader in agricultural health, a 

trusted voice in the scientific community, a full partner 

in the Federal government’s One Health initiative, and a 

valued collaborator to agricultural communities 

globally, nationally, and locally. 

We’ve already begun.
www.aphis.usda.gov

The U.S. Department of Agriculture is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Photos from Adobe Stock. | Issued April 2023