* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

** Honorable John W. Lungstrum, District Judge, United States District Court

for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 12/5/96

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JERRY D. RYAN, MARCELLA M.

RYAN, Individually and as Parent and

Next Friend of DAVID C. RYAN,

DANIEL J. RYAN,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

GENERAL TIRE, INC., an Ohio

corporation,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 96-2052

(D.C. No. CIV 94-1204 JP/LFG)

(D.N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BALDOCK and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges, and LUNGSTRUM,** District

Judge.
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After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiffs appeal from a jury verdict against them on their product liability

claims against defendant. Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in

excluding certain evidence they wanted to introduce. We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court's exclusion of evidence for an abuse

of discretion. Cartier v. Jackson, 59 F.3d 1046, 1048 (10th Cir. 1995). “In

reviewing a court's determination for abuse of discretion, we will not disturb the

determination absent a distinct showing it was based on a clearly erroneous

finding of fact or an erroneous conclusion of law or manifests a clear error of

judgment. In doing so, we give deference to the district court's evidentiary

rulings.” Id. (citations omitted). 

Plaintiffs’ claims arise from an automobile accident caused by the failure of

a tire manufactured by defendant. The tire failed as a result of a separation of the

top steel belt and tread from the inner belt and remainder of the tire. Plaintiffs

claim that the separation was caused by the defective manufacture of the tire. 

Defendant contends that the tire was not defectively manufactured and that the

separation was caused by misalignment of the vehicle and improper maintenance. 
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Plaintiffs first contend that the district court erred by excluding what are

referred to as the “Big O documents.” These are tire adjustment claim forms

reflecting problems which customers of Big O Tires, Inc., had with tires

manufactured by defendant and sold by Big O under its own brand name. The

documents reflected 168 failures by separation of passenger tires manufactured by

defendant for Big O in 1990, which is the year the tire at issue was manufactured. 

The Big O tires were manufactured at the same plant at which the subject tire was

manufactured, but were not the same design and construction as the subject tire. 

Most of the documents note only that there was a separation without explaining

what type of separation. Some documents indicate there was a tread separation,

while others refer to sidewall separations, sidewall cracking and other problems. 

The documents do not indicate the mileage of the tires at the time of the problem,

the maintenance history of the tires, the type of vehicles on which they were

mounted, the identity of the person preparing the document, or the reason for the

problem. 

Defendants moved to exclude the Big O documents on the basis they were

inadmissible hearsay and irrelevant. Plaintiffs contended that they were

admissible under the hearsay exception for business records, Fed. R. Evid. 803(6),

and submitted the deposition testimony of a Big O records custodian in support of

this position. Plaintiffs also argued that the manufacturing process for the Big O
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tires was substantially similar to the one used for the subject tire, making reports

of separations of Big O tires relevant.

In addressing the admissibility of these documents, the court first noted that

you gave me some samples of those exhibits at the last meeting we

had. And I haven’t the faintest idea, looking at those records, who

may have prepared them, whether the person who prepared them had

any expertise at all, had any knowledge about separation. . . .

But looking at some of these exhibits, it just says,

“Separation.” Well, as I--what little I know already about this case, I

gather that a separation can be caused from a whole variety of factors

aside from improper manufacturing.

So if we let these in, number one, are they really reliable? Can

the jury rely on them?

Appellants’ App. Vol. I at 109-10. The court then concluded that plaintiffs had

not laid an adequate foundation for the documents’ admission under the business

records exception:

[The records custodian] testified that she had physical custody

of certain of Big O adjustment documents, but she could not testify

how those documents were completed, who completed them, when

they were completed, what they contain, under what circumstances

they were produced, or what they were intended to be used for. She

similarly was unaware of any policy of Big O concerning how such

reports were made or any policy of retaining or using such records.

Id. at 124. The court also stated that even assuming an adequate foundation could

be laid for the documents, there was inadequate evidence to support plaintiffs’

claim that the manufacturing process for the Big O tires was substantially similar

to the one for the tire at issue. 
1 Plaintiffs also contend that the court erred in not allowing them additional

time to pursue discovery of evidence to establish the necessary foundation for

admission of the documents. We do not see anything in the record supporting

their contention that they requested more discovery time or that the court denied

their request. In fact, when the court asked whether plaintiffs were satisfied that

they had produced sufficient evidence for the court to rule on the admissibility of

the documents, plaintiffs’ counsel replied that they had. Appellants’ App. Vol. I

at 112-13. 

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On appeal, plaintiffs contend that the record custodian’s general testimony

should have been sufficient to satisfy the foundation requirement for the business

records exception. Additionally, plaintiffs admit that there was conflicting

evidence as to whether the manufacturing processes for the two types of tires

were substantially similar, but contend that this goes only to the weight of the

evidence and not its admissibility. We have reviewed the documents in question

and the other relevant evidence in the record, and we well understand the district

court’s concerns about the trustworthiness and meaning of the Big O documents

and the lack of similarity in manufacturing processes. The court was concerned

that admission of the documents would lead to collateral arguments regarding the

preparation and reliability of each of the Big O documents. We conclude that the

court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the Big O documents.1 

Plaintiffs next contend that the court erred in refusing to allow their

witness, Bill Brown, to testify why he had sued defendant. Mr. Brown was a

department manager at defendant’s plant from 1988 to 1993. After being
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terminated in 1994 (following a period of medical leave), Mr. Brown filed suit

against defendant alleging mental distress arising from his being forced to distort

production figures at the plant. The court allowed Mr. Brown to “testify that his

department was under a lot of pressure at the time the subject tire was

manufactured in July, 1990.” Id. at 52. The court prohibited plaintiffs from

eliciting during their case in chief Mr. Brown’s testimony that he was forced to

distort production figures, but stated that it might allow testimony on this topic on

redirect depending on his cross-examination. Id. at 47-48. 

On cross-examination at trial, Mr. Brown testified regarding his suit against

defendant. On redirect, he was allowed to state that the reason for the suit was

“discriminatory discharge,” but the court did not allow him to further explain the

basis for the suit, stating “[w]e don’t want to try his claim in this lawsuit.” Id. at

307-08. We note that in his deposition, Mr. Brown testified that his being forced

to distort production figures occurred sometime after 1990. Appellants’

App. Vol. II at 363. Again, we see no abuse of the court’s discretion in excluding

this testimony. 

Finally, plaintiffs contend that the district court’s errors cumulatively

constitute reversible error. "Cumulative error analysis evaluates the effect only of

errors, not the cumulative effect of nonerrors." United States v. Cox, 83 F.3d

336, 342 (10th Cir. 1996). Moreover, we would be hard-pressed at best to
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determine the effect of any error in this appeal because plaintiffs did not submit a

complete copy of the trial transcript. See Allen v. Minnstar, Inc., 97 F.3d 1365,

1372-73 (10th Cir. 1996).

Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record on appeal is GRANTED. The

judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Entered for the Court

Bobby R. Baldock 

Circuit Judge