No 

No. 97-594

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

1998 MT 276

CARIE M. ROSS,

Plaintiff and Appellant, 

v.

CITY OF GREAT FALLS, 

Defendant and Respondent.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,

In and for the County of Cascade,

The Honorable Kenneth Neill, Judge presiding.

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COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Frederick F. Sherwood; Reynolds, Motl & Sherwood, Helena, Montana

For Respondent:

Richard Larson, J. Dennis Moreen; Chronister, Moreen & Larson,

Helena, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: August 20, 1998

Decided: November 12, 1998

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

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Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1. Carie M. Ross (Ross) appeals from the judgment entered by the Eighth Judicial 

District Court, Cascade County, on its order granting the City of Great Falls' (the 

City) motion for summary judgment and denying her motion for partial summary 

judgment on the issue of liability in her age discrimination action. We affirm.

¶2. We address the following dispositive issues:

¶3. 1. Did the District Court err in concluding that § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), was 

not impliedly repealed by the enactment of the Montana Human Rights Act and the 

Governmental Code of Fair Practices?

¶4. 2. Did the District Court err in concluding that, even assuming § 7-32-4112(1), 

MCA (1989), is unconstitutional, the City cannot be held liable for relying on the 

statute and in granting the City summary judgment on that basis?

BACKGROUND

¶5. In June of 1991, Ross mailed a form letter to a number of police departments in 

Montana, including the Great Falls Police Department, requesting an application for 

a police officer position or other entry level position that would lead to a police 

officer position. In response, she received an application form from the City and a list 

of the qualifications for a police officer position. Among other things, the 

qualifications required that the applicant be between the ages of 18 and 35, as 

provided in § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989). Ross was 37 years old at the time. She did 

not complete the application and return it to the City; nor did she formally apply to 

any of the other jurisdictions to which she sent letters of inquiry. She did apply for 

other police officer positions advertised in the newspaper or via Job Service, but was 

not offered any of those positions. 

¶6. Ross filed a complaint with the Montana Human Rights Commission (MHRC) in 

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October of 1991, alleging that the City had discriminated against her on the basis of 

her age. The MHRC investigator ultimately recommended a finding of reasonable 

cause to believe wrongful age discrimination had occurred and the MHRC issued a 

Notice of Right to Sue in September of 1993.

¶7. Ross subsequently sued the City, alleging age discrimination in violation of both 

the Montana Human Rights Act (MHRA), Title 49, Chapter 2, MCA, and the 

Governmental Code of Fair Practices (GCFP), Title 49, Chapter 3, MCA. She alleged 

that she attempted to apply for positions with the Great Falls Police Department and 

was told she could not do so because of her age. She also alleged that she had 

experience as a law enforcement officer and that she "otherwise met the 

qualifications" for the positions. Ross' complaint further asserted that § 7-32-4112

(1), MCA (1989), had been impliedly repealed or, alternatively, that it was 

unconstitutional.

¶8. The City filed its answer, conducted discovery, and moved for summary 

judgment. Ross subsequently filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment on 

the issue of liability. The District Court granted the City's motion, denied Ross' 

motion and entered judgment accordingly. Ross appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9. "Summary judgment is proper when no genuine issues of material fact exist and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Ash Grove Cement Co. 

v. Jefferson County (1997), 283 Mont. 486, 491, 943 P.2d 85, 88; Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.

P. We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the 

same Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P., criteria as the district court. Ash Grove Cement Co., 

283 Mont. at 491, 943 P.2d at 88 (citation omitted). 

¶10. In the usual summary judgment case, we first determine whether "the moving 

party met its burden of establishing both the absence of genuine issues of material 

fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law." Ash Grove Cement Co., 283 

Mont. at 491, 943 P.2d at 88 (citation omitted). In the present case, however, the 

parties agree on the material facts. As a result, the question before us is whether the 

District Court correctly concluded that the City was entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law. We review a district court's conclusions of law to determine whether the 

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interpretation of the law is correct. Ash Grove Cement Co., 283 Mont. at 491-92, 943 

P.2d at 89 (citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

¶11. 1. Did the District Court err in concluding that § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), was 

not impliedly repealed by the enactment of the MHRA and the GCFP?

¶12. Before turning to the issue at hand, it is appropriate to set forth the legal 

backdrop relating to this discrimination action. In her complaint, Ross asserted that 

the inclusion of a maximum age restriction in the City's police officer qualification 

criteria constituted age discrimination in violation of the provisions of the MHRA 

and the GCFP. The MHRA, enacted in 1974, prohibits refusing employment to a 

person on the basis of age when the reasonable demands of the position do not 

require an age distinction. Section 49-2-303(1)(a), MCA. This provision of the MHRA 

is applicable to all employers, public and private, except for certain nonprofit 

organizations. Sections 49-2-303(1)(a) and 49-2-101(11), MCA.

¶13. The GCFP was enacted in 1975 and is applicable specifically to state and local 

governmental entities. It requires all such entities to "recruit, appoint, assign, train, 

evaluate, and promote personnel on the basis of merit and qualifications without 

regard to . . . age . . . ." Section 49-3-201(1), MCA. The GCFP provides several 

exceptions to this requirement, including allowing a governmental entity to 

differentiate based on age when based on a bona fide occupational qualification 

reasonably necessary to the operation of the entity's business or where the 

differentiation is based on reasonable factors other than age. Section 49-3-103(1)(a), 

MCA.

¶14. The Montana Legislature also has enacted statutory criteria governing the 

qualifications of all city police officers in Montana. At the time Ross sent her inquiry 

letter to the Great Falls Police Department, those statutory qualifications were as 

follows:

(1) The members of the police department on the active list of any city at the time of their 

appointment under this part may not be less than 18 years of age or more than 35 years of 

age, but this restriction does not apply to any member of any police department as of July 

2, 1973, to honorably discharged persons who served in the armed forces of the United 

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States in time of war, providing such time of service is not less than 3 months, or to 

applicants for reinstatement under 7-32-4110.

(2) A police officer must be a citizen of the United States and meet the minimum 

qualifying standards for employment promulgated by the board of crime control.

Section 7-32-4112, MCA (1989).

¶15. In its motion for summary judgment, the City argued that the § 7-32-4112(1), 

MCA, age restriction was a statutory requirement which the City was bound to apply 

pursuant to § 7-1-113(1), MCA, and, as a result, that it could not be found liable in a 

discrimination action for merely following state law. Ross responded by arguing that 

the City could not rely on § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, to justify the age restriction because 

that portion of the statute had been impliedly repealed by the enactment of the 

MHRA and the GCFP. The District Court concluded that the maximum age 

restriction provision of § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, had not been repealed because the 

Legislature had neither expressly repealed, nor manifested an intent to impliedly 

repeal, the statute when it enacted the MHRA and the GCFP. Ross contends that the 

District Court erred in so concluding.

¶16. A statute may be repealed by a legislative enactment which expressly provides 

that the earlier statute is repealed. Alternatively, a statute may be impliedly repealed 

where a subsequent legislative enactment is clearly and irreconcilably inconsistent 

with the earlier statute. See, e.g., Trustees, Carbon Cty. Sch. v. Spivey (1991), 247 

Mont. 33, 36, 805 P.2d 61, 63; W.R. Grace & Co. v. Dept. of Revenue (1989), 238 

Mont. 439, 450, 779 P.2d 470, 476. It is undisputed in this case that neither the 

MHRA nor the GCFP expressly repealed the maximum age restriction in § 7-32-4112

(1), MCA. Thus, if these acts repealed that portion of § 7-32-4112, MCA, at all, they 

must have done so by implication.

¶17. A number of well-established principles guide our analysis of whether a statute 

has been impliedly repealed. First and foremost, the repeal of a statute by 

implication has never been favored in Montana. See, e.g., W.R. Grace & Co., 238 

Mont. at 450, 779 P.2d at 476; United States v. 196 Buffalo Robes (1872), 1 Mont. 

489, 495. The Montana Legislature is presumed to act with deliberation and with full 

knowledge of all existing laws on a subject and, as a result, it is further presumed 

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that the Legislature "does not intend to interfere with or abrogate a former law 

relating to the same matter unless the repugnancy between the two is irreconcilable." 

London Guaranty & Accident Co. v. Industrial Acc. Board (1928), 82 Mont. 304, 310, 

266 P. 1103, 1105; see also Holly v. Preuss (1977), 172 Mont. 422, 426, 564 P.2d 1303, 

1305-06; Fletcher v. Paige (1950), 124 Mont. 114, 119, 220 P.2d 484, 486-87.

¶18. In addition to being plainly and irreconcilably in conflict with each other, the 

two statutes must relate to the same subject matter and have the same object in view 

in order for the later statute to impliedly repeal the earlier. Johnson v. Marias River 

Elec. Co-op., Inc. (1984), 211 Mont. 518, 523-24, 687 P.2d 668, 671. In that regard, 

however, it is well-established that

"a later statute general in its terms and not expressly repealing a prior special or specific 

statute, will be considered as not intended to affect the special or specific provisions of the 

earlier statute, unless the intention to effect the repeal is clearly manifested or unavoidably 

implied by the irreconcilability of the continued operation of both, or unless there is 

something in the general law or in the course of legislation upon its subject matter that 

makes it manifest that the legislature contemplated and intended a repeal."

Holly, 172 Mont. at 425-26, 564 P.2d at 1305 (quoting State v. Board of Examiners of State (1948), 121 Mont. 

402, 417, 194 P.2d 633, 641); see also § 1-2-102, MCA; Spivey, 247 Mont. at 36, 805 P.2d at 63.

¶19. Finally, the rules of statutory construction require us to reconcile statutes if it is 

possible to do so in a manner consistent with legislative intent. An implied repeal will 

result only where the terms and necessary operation of a later statute cannot be 

harmonized with the terms and effect of an earlier statute. Fletcher, 124 Mont. at 

119, 220 P.2d at 487; London Guaranty & Accident Co., 82 Mont. at 310, 266 P. at 

1105.

¶20. Applying these principles governing implied repeal to the present case, we 

observe that the MHRA and the GCFP were enacted in 1974 and 1975, respectively, 

and are general legislative enactments on the subject of discrimination, certain 

aspects of which concern employment. Section 7-32-4112, MCA (1989), is a statute 

dealing specifically with the employment of city police officers and the qualifications 

necessary for such employment. The statutory city police officer qualification criteria 

contained in § 7-32-4112, MCA (1989), and its predecessor statutes have included 

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maximum age limitations continuously since 1907. Thus, § 7-32-4112, MCA (1989), is 

a prior specific statute which will prevail over the provisions of the MHRA and the 

GCFP unless the statutes are manifestly repugnant to--and irreconcilable with--each 

other. Holly, 172 Mont. at 425-26, 564 P.2d at 1305; State v. Board of County Com'rs 

(1938), 106 Mont. 251, 256, 76 P.2d 648, 651.

¶21. Both the MHRA and the GCFP have as one of their objects the prohibition of 

age discrimination in employment. See §§ 49-2-303(1)(a) and 49-3-201(1), MCA. 

They both limit application of the general prohibition against age discrimination, 

however, to situations where the reasonable demands of the employment do not 

justify an age restriction or age is not a bona fide, reasonably necessary occupational 

qualification. See §§ 49-2-303(1)(a) and 49-3-103(1)(a), MCA. These limitations 

clearly manifest legislative intent to permit age restrictions in certain employment 

situations. Thus, although the maximum age restriction in § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, is 

contrary to the general prohibition against age discrimination in employment set 

forth in the MHRA and the GCFP, the statutes may be harmonized by viewing § 7-

32-4112(1), MCA, as a statutory limitation on the age discrimination prohibition 

applicable only to municipal police officers and, thereby, allowed by the express 

provisions of the MHRA and the GCFP. If harmonized in this manner, § 7-32-4112

(1), MCA, and the MHRA and GCFP are not irreconcilably repugnant to each other.

¶22. Moreover, we conclude that the Legislature's amendments to the statutory 

predecessor of § 7-32-4112, MCA, both concurrent to enactment of the MHRA and 

subsequent to enactment of the MHRA and the GCFP, further establish the 

Legislature's clear intent to maintain the age restriction for police officers as an 

exception to the general statutory prohibitions against age discrimination in 

employment. Prior to the enactment of the MHRA and the GCFP, the Montana Code 

included two statutes containing age restrictions in the qualifications of city police 

officers. Section 11-1814, RCM (1947), provided that all members of city police 

departments must be between 21 and 40 years of age at the time of their appointment 

to the department, while § 11-1817, RCM (1947), provided that members of a police 

department on the active list of any city must be between 18 and 35 years of age at 

the time of appointment. In 1974, the same year the MHRA was enacted, the 

Legislature amended § 11-1814, RCM (1947), by changing the city police officer age 

restrictions in that statute to not "less than twenty (20) years of age nor more than 

forty (40) years of age" and deleting a mandatory retirement provision. See 1974 

Mont. Laws Ch. 335, Sec. 12.

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¶23. Sections 11-1814 and 11-1817, RCM (1947), subsequently were combined, 

including both age restrictions, and recodified at § 7-32-4112, MCA (1978). The 

following year, the Legislature amended § 7-32-4112, MCA, by deleting one set of age 

restrictions so that the statute provided that 

[t]he members of the police department on the active list of any city at the time of their 

appointment under this part may not be less than 18 years of age or more than 35 years of 

age . . . .

See § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1979), as amended by 1979 Mont. Laws Ch. 263, Sec. 8. This is the version of § 7-

32-4112(1), MCA, which was in effect in 1991 when Ross requested information from the City regarding 

employment as a city police officer.

¶24. As discussed above, when the Legislature enacts or amends statutes, it is 

presumed to have acted with deliberation and with full knowledge of all existing laws 

relating to the subject addressed. London Guaranty & Accident Co., 82 Mont. at 310, 

266 P. at 1105; Holly, 172 Mont. at 426, 564 P.2d at 1305-06; Fletcher, 124 Mont. at 

119, 220 P.2d at 486-87. Furthermore, the general presumption against the implied 

repeal of a statute is strengthened with regard to the statutory city police officer age 

restrictions at issue here by the fact that the Legislature amended the age restrictions 

in § 11-1814, RCM (1947), during the same legislative session it enacted the MHRA. 

See State ex rel. Charette v. District Court (1939), 107 Mont. 489, 495-96, 86 P.2d 

750, 754. As a result, we presume that when the Legislature amended § 7-32-4112, 

MCA, and its predecessor statutes at various times between 1974 and 1991, it was 

fully aware of the age discrimination in employment prohibitions contained in the 

MHRA and, after 1975, in the GCFP, and did not intend that the age discrimination 

in employment provisions repeal the statutory city police officer age restrictions. See 

London Guaranty & Accident Co., 82 Mont. at 310, 266 P. at 1105. 

¶25. Ross relies on Dolan v. School Dist. No. 10, Deer Lodge Cty. (1981), 195 Mont. 

340, 636 P.2d 825 and Taylor v. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks (1983), 205 Mont. 85, 

666 P.2d 1228, however, in arguing that § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, was impliedly 

repealed because it contains no express language bringing its maximum age 

restriction within the purview of the age discrimination exceptions in the MHRA and 

the GCFP. In Dolan, we concluded that § 20-4-203(2), MCA (1977), which mandated 

teacher retirement at age 65, was impliedly repealed by the MHRA because the 

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mandatory retirement provision permitted discrimination in employment based 

solely on age without including any qualifying or justifying language which would 

bring the provision within the scope of the exceptions contained in the MHRA. 

Dolan, 195 Mont. at 347-48, 636 P.2d at 829. In Taylor, we came to a similar 

conclusion regarding § 19-8-601(2), MCA (1979), which required game wardens to 

retire at the age of 60. Taylor, 205 Mont. at 93, 666 P.2d at 1232.

¶26. Although Ross is correct in her assertion that § 7-32-4112, MCA (1989), is 

similar to the statutes addressed--and held impliedly repealed--in Dolan and Taylor, 

we observe that neither of those cases addressed the effect of concurrent and 

subsequent legislative amendments, if any, to the statutes at issue. In light of our 

discussion above regarding the legislative amendments to § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, and 

its predecessors, we conclude that Dolan and Taylor are distinguishable.

¶27. We conclude that the city police officer age restriction contained in § 7-32-4112

(1), MCA (1989), is not irreconcilably in conflict with or repugnant to the provisions 

of the MHRA or the GCFP and that the Montana Legislature did not intend to effect 

a repeal of that statute by the enactment of the anti-discrimination in employment 

laws. We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not err in concluding that § 7-32-

4112(1), MCA (1989), was not impliedly repealed by the enactment of the MHRA 

and the GCFP.

¶28. 2. Did the District Court err in concluding that, even assuming § 7-32-4112(1), 

MCA (1989), is unconstitutional, the City cannot be held liable for relying on the 

statute and in granting the City summary judgment on that basis?

¶29. Ross also argued in the District Court that the City could not rely on § 7-32-4112

(1), MCA (1989), to justify the age restriction in its city police officer qualifications 

because the statute violates the equal protection clauses of the Montana and United 

States Constitutions. The City argued to the contrary, but also contended that, even 

if § 7-32-4112(1), MCA, were unconstitutional, the City was immune from liability 

pursuant to § 2-9-103, MCA.

¶30. The District Court declined to address the constitutionality of § 7-32-4112(1), 

MCA (1989), based on its conclusion that, even if the statute is unconstitutional, the 

City is protected from liability for relying on the statute by § 2-9-103, MCA. Ross 

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reasserts her arguments--raised below but not addressed by the District Court--

regarding the constitutionality of § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), and also advances 

several arguments in support of her contention that § 2-9-103, MCA, does not shield 

the City from liability in this case. We follow the District Court's lead in declining to 

address the constitutionality of § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), because we conclude for 

the reasons set forth below that, even assuming the statute is unconstitutional, the 

City is immune from liability under § 2-9-103, MCA.

¶31. Section 2-9-103(1), MCA, provides that

[i]f an officer, agent, or employee of a governmental entity acts in good faith, without 

malice or corruption, and under the authority of law and that law is subsequently declared 

invalid as in conflict with the constitution of Montana or the constitution of the United 

States, neither he nor any other officer or employee of the governmental entity he 

represents nor the governmental entity he represents is civilly liable in any action in which 

he, such other officer, or such governmental entity would not have been liable had the law 

been valid.

Assuming arguendo, then, that § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), is unconstitutional, the City 

appears to be immune from liability for acting in reliance on a statute later declared 

constitutionally invalid unless it did not act in good faith and without malice or corruption.

¶32. Ross makes no argument here that the City was not acting in good faith when it 

relied on the provisions of § 7-32-4112, MCA (1989), to justify the maximum age 

restriction in its police officer qualification criteria. Nor does she argue that the City 

acted with malice or corruption.

¶33. Ross does argue, however, that § 2-9-103, MCA, is applicable only to "tort 

claims" and cannot be applied in claims brought under the MHRA and the GCFP. In 

essence, she contends that, because this statute is found in Title 2, Chapter 9 of the 

Montana Code Annotated, commonly referred to as the Montana Tort Claims Act 

(the Act), it only can be applied to claims brought pursuant to the Act. However, § 2-

9-103(1), MCA, by its terms, clearly applies to any action brought against a 

governmental entity or its officers, agents and employees. If the Legislature had 

intended to limit the application of § 2-9-103(1), MCA, to claims brought pursuant to 

the Act, it could and would have used the word "claim"--which is specifically defined 

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for purposes of the Act in § 2-9-101(1), MCA--within the statute. We conclude that 

the immunity from liability contained in § 2-9-103(1), MCA, is not limited to claims 

brought pursuant to the Act, but applies in any action brought against a 

governmental entity and its officers, agents and employees.

¶34. Ross next argues that § 2-9-103(1), MCA, is itself unconstitutional because it 

denies full legal redress to injured parties as guaranteed by Article II, Section 16 of 

the Montana Constitution. We have held, however, that Article II, Section 16 of the 

Montana Constitution does not guarantee a fundamental right to any particular 

cause of action or remedy and that the Legislature has the power to alter or abrogate 

previously available causes of action and constrict liability. See generally Meech v. 

Hillhaven West, Inc. (1989), 238 Mont. 21, 776 P.2d 488. Ross does not request us to 

revist Meech. Rather, conceding that Meech so holds, Ross asserts that an important 

factor in that case was that, in enacting the Wrongful Discharge from Employment 

Act (WDEA), the statutory scheme at issue in Meech, the Legislature had created a 

statutory cause of action to replace the common law causes of action it had 

abrogated. See Meech, 238 Mont. at 50-52, 776 P.2d at 505-07. She argues therefrom 

that § 2-9-103(1), MCA, is not constitutional under the Meech analysis because the 

statute has taken away a remedy for persons injured by unconstitutional actions 

without substituting another remedy in its place.

¶35. It is true that, in Meech, we discussed the fact that the Legislature had 

substituted one remedy for another. Meech, 238 Mont. at 50-52, 776 P.2d at 505-07. 

That fact was not central to our holding that the WDEA did not deny full legal 

redress within the meaning of Article II, Section 16 of the Montana Constitution, 

however. Indeed, we specifically stated that we were not addressing the question of 

whether such a substitution of remedies was necessary to meet constitutional 

requirements. Meech, 238 Mont. at 43, 776 P.2d at 501.

¶36. Thus, contrary to Ross' assertion, Meech does not support her argument that § 

2-9-103, MCA, denies full legal redress because the Legislature has taken away a 

remedy without providing a substitute remedy. Nor does Ross cite to any legal 

authority which does support that argument. The party challenging the 

constitutionality of a statute must prove that the statute is unconstitutional beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Zempel v. Uninsured Employers' Fund (1997), 282 Mont. 424, 428, 

938 P.2d 658, 661. We conclude that Ross has failed to prove that § 2-9-103, MCA, 

violates Article II, Section 16 of the Montana Constitution beyond a reasonable 

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doubt.

¶37. Ross also argues that § 2-9-103, MCA, is unconstitutional because it violates her 

right to equal protection of the laws by "treat[ing] those victims of governmental 

action differently than victims of private torts . . . ." Her argument in this regard is 

not altogether clear, intertwined as it is with her Article II, Section 16 argument. It 

appears, however, that she again posits that Meech requires the Legislature to 

substitute a new cause of action or remedy when it abrogates an old one and 

contends that its failure to do so in this instance constitutes a denial of equal 

protection of the laws for persons injured by unconstitutional actions of 

governmental entities. As discussed above, Ross' reliance on Meech for the 

proposition that the Legislature must provide replacement causes of action or 

remedies when it abolishes former ones is misplaced. Moreover, as was true above, 

she cites to no other authority for her argument here. We conclude, therefore, that 

Ross has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that § 2-9-103, MCA, 

unconstitutionally denies equal protection of the laws to persons injured by 

governmental acts.

¶38. Ross advances no other argument in support of her contention that § 2-9-103(1), 

MCA, would not shield the City from liability in this case if § 7-32-4112(1), MCA 

(1989), is unconstitutional. As a result, assuming arguendo that § 7-32-4112(1), MCA 

(1989), is unconstitutional, the City would have acted in reliance on a statute which 

was "subsequently declared invalid as in conflict with the constitution of Montana or 

the constitution of the United States . . ." when it informed Ross that there was a 

maximum age restriction in its police officer qualifications and it would be immune 

from liability under § 2-9-103(1), MCA. Consequently, we hold that the District 

Court did not err in concluding that, even if § 7-32-4112(1), MCA (1989), is 

unconstitutional, the City cannot be held liable for relying on the statute and in 

granting the City summary judgment on that basis.

¶39. Affirmed.

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

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We concur:

/S/ J. A. TURNAGE

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ JIM REGNIER 

/S/ WILLIAM E. HUNT, SR.

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