IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

February 25, 2003 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. THURMAN G. LEDFORD

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamblen County

No. 02-CR-073 James E. Beckner, Judge

No. E2002-01660-CCA-R3-CD

May 22, 2003

Thurman G. Ledford appeals a certified question of law whether the strong odor of ammonia

emanating from his residence supported probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, which

resulted in his arrest for drug-related activities. Because we conclude that the issue is not dispositive

of the defendant’s case, we dismiss his appeal.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal is Dismissed.

JAMESCURWOOD WITT,JR.,J.,delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS

and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Paul G. Whetstone, Mosheim, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Thurman G. Ledford.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Kathy D. Aslinger, Assistant Attorney General; C.

Berkeley Bell, District Attorney General; and Jonathan Holcomb, Assistant District Attorney

General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Thurman G. Ledford seeks appellate review of his Hamblen County conviction,

pursuant to a guilty plea, for the attempted manufacture of a controlled substance. The defendant

invokes Criminal Procedure Rule 37(b)(2) as the basis for his appeal. See Tenn. R. Crim. P.

37(b)(2). The judgment of conviction in the record before us recites in pertinent part:

The defendant, pursuant to Rule 37(b), Tenn. R. Crim. P., reserves,

with the consent of the State, the following dispositive certified

question of law, to wit: whether the affidavit in support of the search

warrant stated probable cause for its issuance, based on the strong

smell of ammonia.
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As we shall explain, because the defendant did not reserve a certified question of law that is

dispositive of the case, his appeal must be dismissed.

From the record, we discern that a search warrant was obtained on March 25, 2002,

by Hamblen County law enforcement officers, which authorized them to search for narcotics and

narcotics-related evidence at the defendant’s Skyline Drive residence in Morristown. The warrant

was executed, evidence was seized, and the defendant was arrested for the attempted manufacture

of a controlled substance and for possession of anhydrous ammonia with the intent to manufacture

a controlled substance. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-17-417(a)(1), (c)(2); -433(a)(1) (Supp. 2002).

The affidavit used to secure the searchwarrant was prepared by Hamblen-Morristown

Multiple Crimes Unit Police Officer Tracey Bowman. The affidavit includes Officer Bowman’s law

enforcement background and specialized training in drug investigations. The critical paragraphs of

the affidavit appear as follows:

2. On 03-25-02, 911 received a complaint of a strong odor of

ammonia in the area of E. Skyline Dr. [O]fficers with the Morristown

Police Dept. went and spoke to the complainant and noticed the

strong odor of ammonia. Agents with the Hamblen-Morristown

Multiple Crimes Unit went and spoke to the complainant also and

could smell the odor of ammonia. Agents with the HamblenMorristown Multiple Crimes Unit having knowledge of the

procedures to manufacture methamphetamines know that ammonia

is used as key ingredient in that process. Agents with the HamblenMorristown Multiple Crimes Unit went to 926 E. Skyline Dr. to

investigate the odor of ammonia in the area. Upon arrival agents

could smell the odor of ammonia. Agents knocked on the door of

926 E. Skyline Dr. and after a short wait a female came to the door

and officers saw a male subject come from the basement of the

residence and approach the front door. Upon the opening of the door

agents could smell the strong odor of ammonia coming from inside

of the residence. Officers asked about the strong odor of ammonia

and they stated they had been cleaning the bathroom. Agents then

asked for consent to search the residence which a subject named

(alias) TG Ledford gave officers consent. Upon Deputy Snowden

entering the residence he ask[ed] if anyone had any weapons and

(alias) TG Ledford stated he had a gun in his back pocket. Agents

retrieved the weapon from his pants pocket and then the consent to

search was then revoked. Agents then had a uniformed officer stay

at the residence while a search warrant was being issued to search the

residence. This agent along with other law enforcement agencies has

received citizen complaints with regards to this particular residence

regarding visitors to the residence at all hours of the day and night;
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visitors generally staying no longer than 10 minutes before leaving;

these actions being an indication of possible drug activity. Agents

also have received information about (alias) TG Ledford

manufacturing methampethamine.

3. Based on experience, training, and the above information,

AFFIANT, Tracey Bowman, believes that the indicators above and

the other information give probable cause to believe that drugs are

present inside the residence in question.

The defendantfiled amotion to suppress the evidence seized from his residence based

on the search warrant. As grounds for suppression, the defendant alleged (a) that the warrant “was

not based upon sufficient facts to constitute probable cause, rendering the search and seizure

‘unreasonable’” and (b) that the warrant “did not comport with the requirements of Rule 41 of the

Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure.” The motion was scheduled for hearing on July 12, 2002.

Evidently, the defense and the state had previously reached a tentative agreement

whereby, if the motion was denied, the defendant would plead guilty to attempted manufacture of

a controlled substance, the state would move to dismiss the possession charge, and the defendant

would reserve a certified question for appellate review. Perhaps in anticipation of an adverse ruling,

the defendant prepared and brought with him to the suppression hearing a proposed judgment

containing language that a certified question of law was being reserved, “to wit: whether the affidavit

in support of the search warrant stated probable cause for its issuance, based on the strong smell of

ammonia.” 

In the record before us is a transcript of the suppression hearing. The state argued at

the hearing that the totality of the circumstances set forth in the search warrant affidavit supported

probable cause for issuance of the warrant. The defendant argued that the issue to be decided on the

suppression motion was as stated and framed in the proposed judgment.

And that is the certified dispositive issue before the Court

today. We’re going to be -- That is the issue we’re going to preserve

on this plea, is whether the strong smell of ammonia is sufficient to

constitute probable cause.

. . . I question whether the smell of ammonia alone -- the

strong smell of ammonia -- can constitute probable cause[,] and that’s

the singular issue for the Court today pursuant to Rule 37.

By its remarks and ruling, as reflected in the transcript, the trial court rejected the

defendant’s attempt to confine examination of the search warrant for probable cause to the smell of

ammonia. The trial court voiced its opinion that “just smelling ammonia is not enough to give

probable cause,” but it emphasized that suspicious circumstances, other than an odor of ammonia,
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were set out in the search warrant affidavit, which when considered cumulatively, constituted

probable cause. Accordingly, the trial court denied the motion to suppress. The trial court also,

however, entered the defendant’s proposed judgment, which articulated the certified question as

“whether the affidavit in support of the search warrant stated probable cause for its issuance, based

on the strong smell of ammonia.”

Reserving a certified question of law for appellate review is governed by Rule

37(b)(2) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. It provides,

An appeal lies from any order or judgment in a criminal proceeding

where the law provides for such appeal, and from any judgment of

conviction:

. . . .

(2) Upon a plea of guilty of nolo contendere if:

(I) The defendant entered into a plea agreement under Rule

11(e) but explicitly reserved with the consent of the state and of the

court the right to appeal a certified question of law that is dispositive

of the case, and the following requirements are met:

(A) The judgment of conviction, or other document to which

such judgment refers that is filed before the notice of appeal, must

contain a statement of the certified question of law reserved by the

defendant for appellate review;

(B) The question of law must be stated in the judgment or

document so as to identify clearly the scope and limits of the legal

issue reserved;

(C) The judgment or document must reflect that the certified

question was expressly reserved with the consent of the state and the

trial judge; and

(D) The judgment or document must reflect that the

defendant, the state, and the trial judge are of the opinion that the

certified question is dispositive or the case[.]

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2)(i)(A), (B), (C), (D) (as amended by order filed January 31, 2002, effective

July 1, 2002)).
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On appeal, the defendant initially argues that the trial court improperly considered

all of the information in Officer Bowman’s affidavit, as opposed to confining the probable cause

inquiry to the ammonia odor emanating from the defendant’s residence. Evidently, the defendant

takes the position that the wording of the certified question in the proposed judgment should have

strictly confined the trial court’s inquiry. 

We cannot fathom, however, how a trial court, which is considering a motion to

suppress, can be restricted by a proposed certified question that does not become a certified question

until a ruling has issued on the suppression motion. In effect, the defendant is attempting to

manipulate how the trial court analyzes probable cause. “Tennessee law is clear that in determining

whether or not probable cause supported issuance of a search warrant only the information contained

within the four corners of the affidavit may be considered.” State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 870

(Tenn. 1998). Accordingly, the trial court cannot be found in error by following the law and

examining the totality of the facts and circumstances set forth in Officer Bowman’s affidavit.

It does not avail the defendant that the trial court entered his proposed judgment

containing the language that the ammonia smell was dispositive. This court is “not bound by the

trial court’s determination that an issue is dispositive.” State v. Oliver, 30 S.W.3d 363, 364 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 2000), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2000); see State v. Preston, 759 S.W.2d 647, 651 (Tenn.

1988). We are, instead, obligated “to make an independent determination of the dispositive nature

of the question reserved, and appellate review must be denied if the record does not clearly

demonstrate how the question is dispositive.” Oliver, 30 S.W.3d at 365; see Preston, 759 S.W.2d

at 651.

“An issue is dispositive,” the court explained in State v. Wilkes, 684 S.W.2d 663, 667

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1984), “when this court must either affirm the judgment or reverse and dismiss.

An issue is never dispositive when we might reverse and remand.” See Oliver, 30 S.W.3d at 365.

In our estimation, the record does not clearly demonstrate how the defendant’s issue is dispositive

of his case. Officer Bowman’s search warrant affidavit referenced information, other than the odor

of ammonia, in support of probable cause to search the defendant’s residence. The strong odor of

ammonia is not determinative or dispositive because the validity of the search warrant can still rest

on other information supplied in the affidavit.

Finally, we reject any suggestion that the defendant’s statement of the certified

question for review is “ambiguous” and should, therefore, not preclude a more comprehensive

review of the search warrant based on the totality of the circumstances set forth in Officer Bowman’s

affidavit. We note that the written plea agreement in the record before us contains language that a

certified question was being reserved, and the question is stated in terms of “whether probable cause

was stated in the affidavit based upon the strong smell of ammonia.” The defendant knowingly

defined the issue in terms of the odor of ammonia, and he will not be heard on appeal to contend

otherwise.

Consequently, for the foregoing reasons, we must dismiss the defendant’s appeal.
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___________________________________ 

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE