Slip Op. 17- 

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

FRESH GARLIC PRODUCERS 

ASSOCIATION, CHRISTOPHER RANCH, 

L.L.C., THE GARLIC COMPANY, VALLEY 

GARLIC, and VESSEY AND COMPANY, 

INC.,

Plaintiffs,

HEBEI GOLDEN BIRD TRADING CO.,

LTD., CHENGWU COUNTY YUANXIANG 

INDUSTRY & COMMERCE CO., LTD., 

QINGDAO XINTIANFENG FOODS CO., 

LTD., SHENZHEN BAINONG CO., LTD., 

YANTAI JINYAN TRADING, INC., JINING 

YIFA GARLIC PRODUCE CO., LTD., 

JINAN FARMLADY TRADING CO., LTD., 

and WEIFANG HONGQIAO 

INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS CO., LTD., 

Consolidated Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant, 

SHENZHEN XINBODA INDUSTRIAL CO., 

LTD., JINXIANG MERRY VEGETABLE 

CO., LTD., and CANGSHAN QINGSHUI 

VEGETABLE FOODS CO., LTD., 

Defendant-Intervenors.

Before: Jane A. Restani, Judge 

Consol. Court No. 14-00180

OPINION

[Commerce’s final results of redeterminations in antidumping reviews sustained.] 

Dated: September , 2017 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 2 

Michael J. Coursey, John M. Herrmann, II, and Joshua R. Morey, Kelley Drye & Warren, 

LLP, of Washington, DC, for plaintiffs. 

Robert T. Hume, Hume & Associates, LLC, of Taos, NM, for consolidated plaintiffs 

Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co., Ltd., Qingdao Xintianfeng Foods Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Bainong 

Co., Ltd., Yantai Jinyan Trading, Inc., Jining Yifa Garlic Produce Co., Ltd., Jinan Farmlady 

Trading Co., Ltd., and Weifang Hongqiao International Logistics Co., Ltd. 

Yingchao Xiao and Jianquan Wu, Lee & Xiao, of San Marino, CA, for consolidated 

plaintiff Chengwu County Yuanxiang Industry & Commerce Co., Ltd.

Richard P. Schroeder, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, 

U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant. With him on the brief were Chad 

A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T. 

Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Khalil N. Gharbieh, Attorney, Office 

of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Gregory S. Menegaz, J. Kevin Horgan, and Alexandra H. Salzman, deKieffer & Horgan

PLLC, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., Ltd. 

John J. Kenkel, deKieffer & Horgan PLLC, of Washington, DC, for defendantintervenors Jinxiang Merry Vegetable Co., Ltd. and Cangshan Qingshui Vegetable Foods Co., 

Ltd.

Restani, Judge: Before the court is the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”)’s 

Final Results of Second Redetermination Pursuant to Remand, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF 

No. 115-1 (“18th AR Second Remand Results”) concerning the eighteenth periodic 

administrative review (“18th AR”) of the antidumping (“AD”) duty order on fresh garlic from 

the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). See Antidumping Duty Order: Fresh Garlic from the 

People’s Republic of China, 59 Fed. Reg. 59,209 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 16, 1994). Also before 

the court is Commerce’s Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand, Ct. No. 15-

00179, ECF No. 74-1 (“19th AR Remand Results”) concerning the nineteenth periodic 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 3

administrative review (“19th AR”) of the same AD order.1 For the reasons stated below, 

Commerce’s 18th AR Second Remand Results and 19th AR Remand Results are both sustained. 

BACKGROUND

I. Eighteenth Administrative Review

In its final results for the 18th AR,2 Commerce selected the Philippines as the primary 

surrogate country for a valuation of the factors of production (“FOPs”) to calculate normal value. 

See Fresh Garlic From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of 

the 18th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011–2012, 79 Fed. Reg. 36,721 (Dep’t 

Commerce June 30, 2014) (“18th AR Final Results”); Issues and Decision Memorandum for the 

Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic from the People’s 

Republic of China; 2011–2012 Administrative Review at 5, 18th AR PD3 361 (June 23, 2014) 

(“18th AR I&D Memo”). The Philippines’ 2011 fresh garlic production, however, comprised 

 

1 Commerce issued its 19th AR Remand Results in consolidated court number 15-00179. That 

consolidated action was deconsolidated and the issues in the original complaint of that case were 

consolidated under the instant consolidated court number 14-00180. See Order, July 12, 2017, 

Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 85.

2 The 18th AR covers the period of review (“POR”) from November 1, 2011 through October 31, 

2012. Fresh Garlic From the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results and Partial 

Rescission of the 18th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2011–2012, 78 Fed. Reg. 

77,653, 77,653 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 24, 2013) (“Preliminary Results”). Commerce selected 

Hebei Golden Bird Trading Co., Ltd. (“Golden Bird”) and Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., 

Ltd. (“Xinboda”) as the mandatory respondents in the 18th AR. Id.

3 “18th AR PD” refers to the original public record index for consolidated court number 14-

00180. See Public Record Index, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 24-3. “18th AR Remand 

II PD” will refer to the second remand public record index for consolidated court number 14-

00180.” See Exhibit Remand Administrative Record Index, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 

116-1. And “19th AR PD” refers to the public record index for court number 15-00179, see

Public Record Index, Ct. No. 15-00179, ECF No. 19-1, while “19th AR Remand PD” refers to 

the remand public record index for court number 15-00179, see Exhibit Public Record Index, Ct. 

No. 15-00179, ECF No. 75-1.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 4 

just 0.04% of the world market, ranking it forty-forth in the world. See Golden Bird SV Info. at

Ex. 1 at 3, 18th AR PD 111 (June 26, 2013). As detailed in Fresh Garlic Producers Ass’n v. 

United States, 121 F. Supp. 3d 1313, 1338–40 (CIT 2015) (“FGPA I”) and Fresh Garlic 

Producers Ass’n v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 3d 1233, 1242–45 (CIT 2016) (“FGPA II”), the 

court twice rejected Commerce’s determination that the Philippines is a “significant producer.”4

Following the court’s second remand in FGPA II, Commerce reopened the administrative 

record for parties to propose new surrogate countries and to comment on the existing surrogate 

countries, India and Thailand. Reopening the Record at 1, 18th AR Remand II PD 2 (July 25, 

2016). This decision came after two ex parte calls between Commerce and counsel for the Fresh 

Garlic Producers Association (“FGPA”), which calls Commerce noted on the record in short, 

written memoranda. Commerce Ex-Parte Mem., 18th AR Remand II PD 1 (July 22, 2016). In 

response to Commerce reopening the record, FGPA submitted data for a new surrogate country, 

Ukraine, and Xinboda updated the surrogate value data for India and Thailand. FGPA New 

Factual Data, 18th AR Remand II PD 3–19 (July 29, 2016); Xinboda Updated Factual Data, 18th 

AR Remand II PD 28–30 (Aug. 15, 2016). Xinboda filed a mandamus petition with the court 

attempting to keep the record closed, which petition the court denied. Fresh Garlic Producers 

Ass’n v. United States, 190 F. Supp. 3d 1302, 1306–08 (CIT 2016). Subsequently, in its 18th 

AR Second Remand Results, Commerce selected Ukraine as the primary surrogate country, 

4 Commerce’s surrogate country selection is constrained by 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)’s requirement 

to use the “best available information” and to choose a country “at a level of economic 

development comparable to that of the [nonmarket economy, that is a] . . . significant producer[]

of comparable merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c) (emphasis added). 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 5

rejecting Thailand and India. 18th AR Second Remand Results at 31.5 Xinboda now challenges 

Commerce’s decision to reopen the record, as well as Commerce’s selection of Ukraine as the 

primary surrogate country.

II. Nineteenth Administrative Review

In the final results for the 19th AR, covering the POR from November 1, 2012 through 

October 31, 2013, the two mandatory respondents, Golden Bird and Jinxiang Hejia Co., Ltd., 

received total AFA rates of $4.71/kg. Fresh Garlic From the People’s Republic of China: Final 

Results and Partial Rescission of the 19th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2012–

2013, 80 Fed. Reg. 34,141, 34,141–42 (Dep’t Commerce June 15, 2015) (“19th AR Final 

Results”); Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of Antidumping Duty 

Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China; 2012–2013

Administrative Review at 12, 19th AR PD 233 (June 5, 2015) (“19th AR I&D Memo”). As 

discussed in Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., Ltd. v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 3d 1305, 1321 

(CIT 2016) (“Shenzhen Xinboda”), because the mandatory respondents received AFA rates and 

volume data for the mandatory respondents was not available, Commerce did not employ its 

usual method of averaging the mandatory respondents’ rates to determine the dumping margin 

for non-investigated separate rate companies, which included Xinboda. See 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1673d(c)(5); 19th AR I&D Memo at 7. Instead, Commerce calculated the separate rate for the 

19th AR by using the separate rate of $1.82/kg from the prior AR, that is, the 18th AR Final 

 

5 Commerce’s decision to use Ukraine as the primary surrogate country rather than the 

Philippines changed Xinboda’s dumping margin from $1.82/kilogram (“kg”) to $2.19/kg. See

18th AR Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,723; 18th AR Second Remand Results at 19. Because 

the other mandatory respondent in the 18th AR, Golden Bird, received an Adverse Facts 

Available (“AFA”) rate, Commerce based the separate rate for the 18th AR entirely on

Xinboda’s dumping margin. See 18th AR Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,723.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 6 

Results. 19th AR I&D Memo at 7; 18th AR Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,723. In Shenzhen 

Xinboda, the court remanded Commerce’s use of the 18th AR’s separate rate to calculate the 

19th AR’s separate rate because Commerce had calculated the 18th AR’s rate using the rejected

Philippines as the primary surrogate country. See Shenzhen Xinboda, 180 F. Supp. 3d at 1323. 

The court instructed that “Commerce shall reconsider the separate rate applied to Xinboda and 

the other non-examined companies [in the 19th AR], by either employing a different reasonable 

method to calculate the separate rate, such as reopening the record to examine new mandatory 

respondents, reopening the record to collect information from which to calculate a reliable 

separate rate, or if it results in a non-punitive rate for separate respondents, adjusting the separate 

rate assigned based on the results of the remand pursuant to FGPA II.” Id. at 1324. On remand 

in the 19th AR, Commerce chose to continue basing the separate rate on the 18th AR’s separate 

rate, calculated by Commerce to be $2.19/kg. See 19th AR Remand Results at 2; 18th AR 

Second Remand Results at 19. Xinboda now challenges Commerce’s reliance on the 18th AR’s 

separate rate to calculate the 19th AR’s separate rate.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court upholds 

Commerce’s final results in an AD review unless it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on 

the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law[.]” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). 

DISCUSSION

I. Eighteenth Administrative Review

A. Reopening the Record

In its 18th AR Second Remand Results, Commerce reopened the record for the 

submission of new surrogate country data. 18th AR Second Remand Results at 4–5, 20.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 7 

Commerce justified this decision by stating that the court had not prohibited Commerce from 

doing so, and had considered the possibility of an expanded surrogate country record in FGPA I

and FGPA II. Id. at 20. Commerce also stated that it had given parties sufficient time to submit 

surrogate country data and comment on other parties’ submissions. Id. at 20–21.

Xinboda continues to argue that Commerce’s decision to reopen the 18th AR’s record 

and accept the submission of new surrogate countries to value the FOPs was an abuse of 

discretion. Consol. Pl. Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Cmts. in Opp’n to U.S. Dep’t of 

Commerce’s Remand Redetermination 5–27, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 127 (“Xinboda 

Cmts.”); Consol. Pl. Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Reply Cmts. in Opp’n to U.S. Dep’t of 

Commerce’s Remand Redetermination 3–10, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 133 (“Xinboda 

Reply”). Xinboda argues that Commerce’s ex parte phone calls with FGPA influenced its

decision, and contends that Commerce did not “need” to reopen the record because data for India 

and Thailand existed on the record. Xinboda Cmts. at 11, 21–27. In addition, Xinboda states 

that reopening the record frustrates the finality of judicial decisions. Id. at 19–20. Xinboda also 

contends that FGPA’s filing of data from Ukraine was untimely, and that FGPA did not exhaust 

its administrative remedies before submitting the information. Id. at 14. Lastly, Xinboda argues 

that allowing Commerce to reopen the record and ultimately calculate a higher dumping margin 

will have a chilling effect on respondents’ willingness to challenge Commerce’s dumping 

determinations because even though a respondent may be successful before the court, it may 

ultimately receive a higher rate than calculated in the final results. Id. at 19–20; Xinboda Reply 

at 8–9.

The government and FGPA respond that Commerce’s decision to reopen the record was 

not arbitrary and capricious. Both parties contend that the court explicitly mentioned the 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 8

possibility of reopening the record in FGPA I and implicitly did so in FGPA II. Def.’s Resp. to 

Cmts. Regarding Second Redetermination 9, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180, ECF No. 132 (“Gov’t 

Resp.”); Pls.’ Resp. to Def.-Intvr.’s Cmts. on Remand Results 3–4, Consol. Ct. No. 14-00180,

ECF No. 131 (“FGPA Resp.”). Next, the government and FGPA argue that Commerce’s ex 

parte phone conversations are not problematic because Commerce, in line with the applicable 

statutes and regulations, made a public record of the conversations. Gov’t Resp. at 9; FGPA 

Resp. at 4–5. The government further states that it is irrelevant whether Commerce “needed” to 

reopen the record, given the existence of Thai and Indian data, because Commerce has the 

discretion to reopen the record. Gov’t Resp. at 15. In addition, the government argues that 

permitting Commerce to reopen the record does not call into question the finality of Commerce’s 

dumping determinations because the court has the authority to forbid Commerce from reopening 

the record. Id. at 14–15. Lastly, the government contends that neither timeliness nor exhaustion 

issues precluded FGPA from submitting data on Ukraine because Commerce requested the 

additional information from parties, thus creating a new deadline. Id. at 12–14.

Commerce properly exercised its discretion in deciding to reopen the record. Reopening 

the record on remand is a matter largely left up to Commerce’s discretion. See NTN Bearing 

Corp. of Am. v. United States, 25 CIT 118, 124, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1102, 1107 (2001) (“As long as 

the Court does not forbid Commerce from considering new information, it remains within 

Commerce’s discretion to request and evaluate new data.”); Laclede Steel Co. v. United States,

19 CIT 1076, 1078 (1995) (“Any decision to expand the administrative record upon remand is 

well within [Commerce’s] discretion, absent express language from the court barring such 

action.”); see also Nippon Steel Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 345 F.3d 1379, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 

2003) (“Whether on remand the Commission reopens the evidentiary record, while clearly within 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 9

its authority, is of course solely for the Commission itself to determine.”). There is no reason to 

set aside Commerce’s decision on the facts here. As discussed below, the Thai and Indian data 

that existed on record prior to Commerce reopening the record suffered from significant flaws. 

Indeed, the court stated in FGPA I that “[u]pon remand, Commerce can decide to compile a 

second list of potential surrogate countries,” and that “Commerce may have to expand its 

surrogate country list to include other [market economy] countries.” 121 F. Supp. 3d at 1340 

n.17, 1342. The court said nothing to the contrary in FGPA II. There, the court noted that, in 

this case, “the significant producers are not closely economically comparable and the chosen 

economically comparable countries may not be significant producers.” FGPA II, 180 F. Supp. 

3d at 1244. Accordingly, the court is not now convinced that reopening the record was beyond 

Commerce’s discretion.

None of Xinboda’s arguments to the contrary are persuasive. First, the fact that 

Commerce reopened the record shortly after an ex parte phone call, although concerning, is not 

enough to invalidate Commerce’s decision. Commerce complied with its statutory duties 

regarding ex parte conversations and made a record of the phone calls, detailing that Commerce 

discussed with FGPA’s counsel “the potentiality of opening the record in this review.” Ex Parte 

Phone Call Mem. at 1, 18th AR Remand II PD 1 (July 22, 2016); see 19 U.S.C. § 1677f(a)(3) 

(directing Commerce to maintain a record of ex parte meetings). In addition, Xinboda’s finality 

concerns fall short because the court has the authority to instruct Commerce not to reopen the 

record, thus preventing endless reopening of the record. See NTN Bearing, 25 CIT at 124, 132 

F. Supp. 2d at 1107 (stating that Commerce has the discretion to request new data “[a]s long as 

the Court does not forbid Commerce” from doing so). Furthermore, Xinboda’s contention that 

FGPA’s submission of Ukrainian data was untimely and that FGPA did not exhaust its 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 10

administrative remedies fails because Commerce invited the parties to submit surrogate country 

data. Thus, the relevant deadlines were not those governing the submission of data during the 

course of an administrative review, but the deadlines set by Commerce when it made the 

invitation to submit new surrogate data. See Elkay Mfg. Co. v. United States, Slip Op. 15-33,

2015 WL 1786940, at *3 (CIT Apr. 20, 2015) (rejecting a similar argument because “[t]he 

remand proceeding is being conducted under the authority of this Court pursuant to statutory 

provisions governing judicial review, not the provisions governing the time limits for the 

agency’s conducting of the investigation prior to the publication of the contested 

determination.”) (internal citations omitted). FGPA’s submission of the Ukrainian data occurred 

within these deadlines. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.301(c)(3)(i) (stating that “[a]ll submissions of 

factual information to value factors of production . . . are due no later than 30 days before the 

scheduled date of the preliminary determination.”); Extending SV Deadline at 1, 18th AR 

Remand II PD 20 (Aug. 3, 2016) (Commerce extending the deadline for new surrogate value 

information to August 8, 2016); FGPA Remand II SV Submission at 1, 18th AR Remand II PD 

3–19 (July 29, 2016) (FGPA submitting new surrogate value data on July 29, 2016); Reopening 

the Record at 1, 18th AR Remand II PD 2 (July 25, 2016) (Commerce reopening the record for 

parties “to propose new and comment on existing surrogate country candidates and surrogate 

values,” and setting a deadline of July 29, 2016 by which to do so).

Although the court recognizes the potentially chilling effect on challenges to Commerce 

determinations that Commerce’s ability to reopen the record and ultimately calculate a higher 

dumping margin may have, this risk should not have been unknown to Xinboda given the court’s 

statements in FGPA I on the possibility of reopening the record and Commerce’s discretion to do 

so. Xinboda cites no authority for the proposition that when Commerce opens the record on 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 11

remand it must ultimately choose data favorable to the party who first won before the court.

Thus, the court will not overturn Commerce’s decision to reopen the record for surrogate country 

selection purposes. 

B. Selection of Ukraine

In its 18th AR Second Remand Results, Commerce selected Ukraine as the primary 

surrogate country, rather than India or Thailand. 18th AR Second Remand Results at 1. 

Commerce concluded that Ukraine is economically comparable to the PRC, a significant 

producer of fresh garlic, and that Ukraine offers the highest quality data. Id. at 7–9, 13–15. As 

for India, Commerce rejected it as a potential surrogate country primarily because it is not 

economically comparable to the PRC. Id. at 7, 23, 30.6 Regarding Thailand, Commerce chose 

not to use it, first, on the grounds that Thailand was not a significant producer of fresh garlic 

during the POR. Id. at 8–9, 21–24. Commerce reasoned that the court in FGPA II had stated 

that there were only ten significant producers of garlic during the POR, and that because 

Thailand was not in the top ten, it was not a significant producer. Id. at 8, 23. In addition, 

Commerce noted that Ukraine had produced twice as much garlic during the POR. Id. at 8–9.

Second, Commerce concluded that Thailand’s data was of an inferior quality to that of Ukraine.

Id. at 9–15, 24–30. Commerce found several faults with Thailand’s data—Thailand’s garlic 

bulbs are smaller than those grown in the PRC, Thailand’s data was not clearly exclusive of 

taxes and duties, Thailand’s prices are for the entire garlic plant (including stems and roots), and 

one of the four Thai data sets is for harvest months only, a time of the year with high supply and, 

accordingly, low prices. Id. at 11–12, 25–26. Regarding the Ukrainian data, Commerce rejected 

 

6 In addition, Commerce criticized the Indian data for being from “a single wholesale market” 

rather than representing country-wide, farmgate prices. 18th AR Second Remand Results at 29–

30.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 12 

Xinboda’s central concern with the Ukrainian data—that Ukrainian prices were aberrantly high 

during the POR. Id. at 13–15. Commerce reasoned that world market prices in general were 

historically high during that period, that Xinboda’s comparisons of Ukrainian prices to world 

market prices were flawed, that Thai prices were also outside the norm, and that higher 

Ukrainian prices likely could be explained by Ukrainian garlic’s larger bulb size. Id. at 13–15,

27–28.

Xinboda argues that Commerce’s selection of Ukraine as the primary surrogate country 

over Thailand and India is not supported by substantial evidence. Xinboda Cmts. at 2, 21–32.

First, Xinboda contends that Thailand should have been selected as the primary surrogate 

country because, contrary to Commerce’s conclusions, Thailand is a significant producer of fresh 

garlic and offers data superior to Ukraine’s data. Id. at 26–28. Xinboda posits that Thailand is a 

significant producer because Thailand’s production of fresh garlic is above the world mean when 

the PRC is excluded, the court’s reference to top ten producers in FGPA II was meant merely to 

show that there are a variety of significant producers available in this case, and Commerce has 

selected a country with less garlic production than Thailand as a surrogate country in subsequent 

ARs. Id. at 21–27. Xinboda argues that Thailand’s data is superior to Ukraine’s principally 

because Ukraine’s prices during the POR were aberrantly high vis-à-vis world market prices. Id.

at 29.7 Second, Xinboda argues that Commerce should alternatively have selected India as the 

primary surrogate country over Ukraine because, although India was “less” economically 

7

 Xinboda also contends that no financial statement from Ukraine exists on the record, that 

Thailand has a more specific and contemporaneous labor rate than Ukraine, and notes that only 

one of the four Thai data sources was restricted to harvest months, and, regardless, harvestperiod data accurately mirrors the PRC’s high supply market. Xinboda Cmts. at 27–28, 31–32.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 13

comparable to the PRC than other countries, India is clearly a significant producer. Id. at 23–

24.8

The government and FGPA respond that Commerce’s choice of Ukraine as the primary 

surrogate country was supported by substantial evidence. Gov’t Resp. at 15–24; FGPA Resp. at 

6–9. The government argues that Commerce correctly concluded that Thailand is not a

significant producer because Thailand was not a top ten world producer nor close to being one, 

and because there is a relatively steep drop-off in production after Ukraine, the tenth largest 

producer. Gov’t Resp. at 16–20. In addition, the government and FGPA attack the quality of the 

Thai data, primarily by stating that it is not specific to the size of garlic bulb under review. 

Gov’t Resp. at 23; FGPA Resp. at 8. As for Ukraine, both parties state that Ukraine’s relatively 

high prices can be explained by its large garlic bulb size, and that the lack of a Ukrainian 

financial statement is irrelevant. Gov’t Resp. at 22–24; FGPA Resp. at 8–9. Lastly, both parties 

argue that India is not a suitable surrogate country because India is not economically comparable 

and its data is not reflective of a country-wide average. Gov’t Resp. at 24; FGPA Resp. at 9.

“[T]he valuation of the [FOPs] shall be based on the best available information regarding 

the values of such factors in a market economy country or countries considered to be appropriate 

by [Commerce].” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1)(B). In determining the best available information, 

Commerce “shall utilize, to the extent possible, the prices or costs of [FOPs] in one or more 

market economy countries that are (A) at a level of economic development comparable to that of 

the nonmarket economy country, and (B) significant producers of comparable merchandise.” Id.

§ 1677b(c)(4). To decide between countries that fit these requirements, Commerce typically 

 

8 Xinboda also argues that India’s data is more specific than Ukraine’s data to the garlic bulb size 

consumed by the mandatory respondent, Xinboda. Xinboda Cmts. at 31–32.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 14

looks to the following data considerations: “(1) public availability, (2) product specificity, 

(3) broad market average, (4) tax and duty exclusivity, and (5) contemporaneity of the data.”

Fresh Garlic Producers Ass’n v. United States, 83 F. Supp. 3d 1330, 1337 (CIT 2015) (“FGPA 

2015”). Furthermore, Commerce is obligated to “establish[ ] antidumping margins as accurately 

as possible.” Shakeproof Assembly Components, Div. of Il. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States,

268 F.3d 1376, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Accordingly, “Commerce’s practice is to reject 

‘aberrational’ data that does not reliably indicate the price a producer would have paid for the 

input.” Peer Bearing Co.–Changshan v. United States, 752 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1370 (CIT 2011).

Substantial evidence supports Commerce’s determination that Ukraine offers the best 

available information. No party challenges Commerce’s conclusion that Ukraine is both 

economically comparable and a significant producer, nor could they.9 India, meanwhile, is not

economically comparable, thus using it as a surrogate country “would lead to a severe 

understatement of the surrogate values.” 18th AR Second Remand Results at 23; FGPA New SV 

Data at Ex. 1 at 2–3, 18th AR Remand II PD 3 (July 29, 2016) (showing that India’s gross

national income (“GNI”) per capita in 2011 was $1,420, while the PRC’s was $4,940); Office of 

Policy (“OP”) GNI Band List at Attach. at 2, 18th AR PD 78 (Apr. 9, 2013) (listing countries 

economically comparable to the PRC with a GNI per capita for 2011 of $2,210 to $7,660). 

 

9 Ukraine produced 171,900 metric tons of fresh garlic in 2011, which placed Ukraine in the top 

ten countries for production. See Golden Bird SV Info at Ex. 1 at 1, 18th AR PD 111 (June 26, 

2013). Excluding the PRC and India, Ukraine’s market share of world production is 4.99%, far 

more than the Philippines’ 0.26%, which was Commerce’s previous surrogate country option. 

Id. at 2–4; see Xinboda Cmts. at 25. Regarding economic comparability, Ukraine’s gross 

national income (“GNI”) per capita for 2011 was $3,130, which is within the Office of Policy 

(“OP”)’s GNI band and comparable to the PRC’s GNI per capita of $4,940. Office of Policy 

GNI Band List at Attach. at 1–2, 18th AR PD 78 (Apr. 9, 2013) (listing economically 

comparable countries with a 2011 GNI per capita range of $2,210 to $7,660); FGPA New SV 

Data at Ex. 1 at 2. 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 15 

Given the existence of data from a country that is both a significant producer of the subject 

merchandise and economically comparable, Commerce properly rejected India. 

The only remaining surrogate country option is Thailand. Commerce reasonably 

concluded, however, that Ukraine offers higher quality data than Thailand.10 Xinboda’s central 

complaint with the Ukrainian data is that it is aberrantly high vis-à-vis world market prices. To 

this end, Xinboda provides a table of 2011 and 2012 fresh garlic prices from “top world 

producers of garlic,” which Xinboda argues is “thus most indicative of global average pricing.” 

Xinboda Cmts. at 29–30; Xinboda Updated Factual Data at Ex. SV-5 at 7, 18th AR Remand II 

PD 28 (Aug. 15, 2016). In this table, Ukraine does have the highest price in both years and 

Thailand a mid-range price. Xinboda Cmts. at 30; Xinboda Updated Factual Data at Ex. SV-5 at 

7. But, Ukraine’s price is not so high in relation to the others as to be unreliable. The mere fact

a surrogate value is the highest on record does not make that value aberrational. See Camau 

Frozen Seafood Processing Imp. Exp. Corp. v. United States, 929 F. Supp. 2d 1352, 1356 n.9 

(CIT 2013). As noted by Commerce, the 2012 Ukrainian price in Xinboda’s comparison is only 

14% higher than the second highest price, and 17% higher than the third highest price. 18th AR 

Second Remand Results at 28; see Xinboda Updated Factual Data at Ex. SV-5 at 7, 18th AR 

Remand II PD 28 (Aug. 15, 2016).11 Xinboda cites no case law in which the court has found 

10 Thailand is also a less significant producer than Ukraine, having produced 75,589 metric tons 

of fresh garlic in 2011, constituting 2.19% of the world market when the PRC and India are 

excluded. Golden Bird SV Info at Ex. 1 at 1–4, 18th AR PD 111 (June 26, 2013). Because the 

court concludes that substantial evidence supports Commerce’s determination that Ukraine offers 

higher quality data than Thailand, the court does not decide whether Thailand qualifies as a 

“significant producer.” 

11 Commerce focused solely on the 2012 price, although the POR is November 1, 2011 through 

October 31, 2012. See Preliminary Results, 78 Fed. Reg. at 77,653; 18th AR Second Remand 

Results at 28. If the countries’ average prices are weighted between the two months in 2011 and 

(continued...) 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 16

such price differentials to be indicative of aberrational prices, and indeed, the court has generally 

been concerned only with much larger price differences. See Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) 

Co. v. United States, Slip Op. 13–30, 2013 WL 920276, at *1, *7 (CIT Mar. 11, 2013) 

(remanding Commerce’s selection of a surrogate value that was three times higher than the 

others on record); Peer Bearing Co.–Changshan v. United States, 752 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1369–74

(CIT 2011) (remanding Commerce’s choice of a surrogate value four times higher than the 

others on record, and remanding a different surrogate value when it was 60% higher than the 

rest); Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 1121, 1133–35, 502 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 

1306–08 (2007) (remanding a surrogate value selection choice that was ten times higher than 

those of other countries).12 Neither are Xinboda’s other concerns with using Ukraine as the 

 

ten months in 2012, Ukraine’s garlic price is 18% higher than the next highest country (Russia) 

and 22% higher than the third highest country (Spain). See Xinboda Updated Factual Data at Ex. 

SV-5 at 7, 18th AR Remand II PD 28 (Aug. 15, 2016). These percentages also fail to present 

cause for concern.

12 Furthermore, FGPA offered a price comparison of its own, relied on by Commerce, that 

indicates Ukraine’s price is not extraordinarily high when compared to the world average.

FGPA made two comparisons for this purpose. First, it analyzed Ukraine’s price vis-à-vis the 

average price of countries on the OP list, weighted two months for 2011, and ten months for 

2012. FGPA Remand Rebuttal Cmts. at 14, 18th AR Remand II PD 32 (Aug. 25, 2016); 18th 

AR Second Remand Results at 14. In this comparison, Ukraine’s price was 22.2% above the 

average, while Thailand’s price was 49.4% below the average. FGPA Remand Rebuttal Cmts. at 

14; 18th AR Second Remand Results at 14. Second, FGPA compared Ukraine’s price to the 

average price of market economy countries within the GNI band. FGPA Rebuttal Cmts. at 15; 

18th AR Second Remand Results at 14. In this analysis, Ukraine’s price was 26.4% above the 

average, and Thailand’s price was 47.6% below the average. FGPA Rebuttal Cmts. at 16; 18th 

AR Second Remand Results at 14. Although these comparisons are likely less indicative of 

world market trends than Xinboda’s table indicating prices for significant producers, they further 

support Commerce’s conclusion.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 17

primary surrogate country convincing.13

The Thai data, meanwhile, suffers from unique flaws that further support Commerce’s 

conclusion that Ukraine’s data is superior to that of Thailand. First, the Ukrainian garlic bulb14

data provides prices for garlic bulbs that are more analogous in terms of bulb size to those 

consumed by the PRC respondents than those produced in Thailand. Record evidence indicates 

that Thai garlic bulbs are relatively small, whereas Ukrainian and PRC garlic bulbs are both 

relatively large.15 Second, as Commerce determined in the underlying final results of this 

 

13 Xinboda challenges the use of Ukraine as the primary surrogate country because Ukraine has 

no financial statement on record and Thai labor statistics are more specific and contemporaneous 

than Ukraine’s. Xinboda Cmts. at 31–32. Commerce’s selection of Ukraine despite these 

deficiencies was reasonable in this case, however, given that “raw garlic bulb is the most 

significant input because it accounts for the largest percentage of [Normal Value].” See

Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Results of the 2011–2012 Antidumping Duty 

Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China at 11, 18th AR PD 

208 (Dec. 16, 2013) (“Prelim. I&D Memo”). Additionally, as Commerce noted in the 18th AR 

Second Remand Results, it is unlikely that the financial ratios derived from the financial 

statements vary greatly between countries of similar economic development. 18th AR Second 

Remand Results at 29. 

14 As noted, “raw garlic bulb is the most significant input [of fresh garlic] because it accounts for 

the largest percentage of [normal value].” See Prelim. I&D Memo at 11. In addition, the parties 

do not dispute that the size of garlic bulbs apparently can influence prices. See, e.g., Fresh 

Garlic from the People’s Republic of China: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final 

Results of the 13th Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews and Recission, 

In Part, the Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews at 15, A-570-831 (June 

8, 2009), available at http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/E9-14358-1.pdf (stating that 

the “size of the garlic bulbs is given significant value in the marketplace.”).

15 For this proposition, the government relies on FGPA’s citation to the seventeenth AR, where 

evidence indicated that “the majority of garlic grown in Ukraine is large (i.e., 50-55 mm) and 

white, similar to the garlic produced in the PRC.” See Decision Memorandum for the 

Preliminary Results of the 2010–2011 Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Fresh Garlic 

from the People’s Republic of China at 11, A-570-831 (Dec. 3, 2012), available at

http://enforcement.trade.gov/frn/summary/prc/2012-29986-1.pdf. Thai garlic, however, appears 

to generally be significantly smaller. See FGPA Cmts. on SV Selection at 6–7, Ex. T-2 at 3, 

18th AR PD 116–49 (June 28, 2013) (showing that Thailand’s government reports statistics for 

garlic bulbs generally ranging from 15–35mm). Xinboda does not challenge that these countries 

(continued...)
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 18

administrative review and reiterates in the 18th AR Second Remand Results, the Thai data is not 

clearly exclusive of taxes and duties. See 18th AR I&D Memo at 10; 18th AR Second Remand 

Results at 26. Xinboda does not here challenge that finding. Third, one of the four Thai data 

sources only reports values for the harvest months. See Xinboda Updated Factual Data at SV-1

at 1, 18th AR Remand II PD 28 (Aug. 15, 2016); Golden Bird SV Info at Ex. 3 at Attach. 1, 18th 

AR PD 239 (Jan. 27, 2014). Commerce reasonably concluded that data from these high supply, 

low-price months would be less accurate than a data set reflective of the entire POR, even if the 

PRC is also a high supply market. See 18th AR Second Remand Results at 12; FGPA 2015, 83 

F. Supp. 3d at 1340 (noting Commerce’s preference for contemporaneous data). Given these 

concerns, and Commerce’s reasonable conclusion that the Ukrainian data is not aberrantly high, 

Commerce’s selection of Ukraine as the primary surrogate country for calculating normal value 

in the 18th AR is supported by substantial evidence.

II. Nineteenth Administrative Review 

In its 19th AR Remand Results, Commerce chose to continue using the separate rate from 

the 18th AR16 to calculate the dumping margin for the non-examined separate rate companies in 

the 19th AR, including Xinboda. See 19th AR Remand Results at 26, 40–42. Commerce cited 

the court’s instruction in Shenzhen Xinboda that Commerce could use the 18th AR rate “if it 

 

generally grow these sizes of garlic, but instead argues that the Ukrainian and Thai data report 

prices “for all fresh garlic, regardless of size.” Xinboda Cmts. at 32. Although this appears true, 

Commerce reasonably assumed that prices from those countries will reflect prices for the bulb 

sizes generally grown in those countries, even if some other size bulbs are also grown in each 

country. 

16 As discussed above, based on its investigation of Xinboda, who was a mandatory respondent 

in the 18th AR, Commerce initially calculated the 19th AR separate rate to be $1.82/kg, see 18th 

AR Final Results, 79 Fed. Reg. at 36,723, and after remand in the 18th AR, determined the rate 

to be $2.19/kg, see 18th AR Second Remand Results at 19. 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 19 

results in a non-punitive rate for separate respondents.” Id. at 15, 41–42. In response to 

Xinboda’s request that Commerce use Ukrainian garlic bulb surrogate data from the 19th POR 

rather than the 18th POR, Commerce stated that mixing a surrogate value data set from the 19th 

POR with “Xinboda’s factors of production and U.S. prices from the 18th POR . . . would not 

result in a reliable antidumping duty margin.” Id. at 41. 

Xinboda argues that Commerce should not have used the 18th AR’s rate to set the rate of 

the non-examined separate rate companies in the 19th AR. Pl. Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., 

Ltd.’s Cmts. in Opp’n to Remand Results 1–3, Ct. No. 15-00179, ECF No. 78 (“Xinboda 19th 

AR Cmts.”). Xinboda first supports this position by noting that, at the time of Commerce’s 

decision, the 18th AR’s rate was not a final rate. Id. at 1–2. Second, Xinboda posits that the 

18th AR’s rate is punitive because, as argued above by Xinboda, Ukraine’s garlic prices in the 

18th POR were aberrantly high. Id. at 2.17 Lastly, Xinboda argues that Commerce should have 

used 19th POR-contemporaneous Ukranian data to value the garlic bulb input because the bulb is 

the most critical surrogate value, Commerce can easily update the bulb price, and doing so 

“would make the margin contemporaneous and more representative of garlic prices” for the 19th 

POR. Id. at 2.18

17 Because the court today sustains Commerce’s calculation of the 18th AR’s separate rate, this 

argument fails. 

18 Xinboda also argues that Commerce unreasonably failed to select Xinboda as a mandatory or 

voluntary respondent. Xinboda 19th AR Cmts. at 3–5. As Xinboda acknowledges, and FGPA 

and the government point out, the court has already concluded that Commerce properly declined 

to investigate Xinboda because of Xinboda’s failure to exhaust its administrative remedies. See

Shenzhen Xinboda, 180 F. Supp. 3d at 1317–20; Xinboda 19th AR Cmts. at 3; Def. Intvrs.’

Resp. to Cmts. on Remand Results 7, Ct. No. 15-00179, ECF No. 84 (“FGPA 19th AR Resp.”); 

Def.’s Resp. to Cmts. Regarding Remand Redetermination and Mot. to Strike Extra-Record Exs. 

32, Ct. No. 15-00179, ECF No. 82 (“Gov’t 19th AR Resp.”). Accordingly, the court will not 

reconsider this matter. See Intergraph Corp. v. Intel Corp., 253 F.3d 695, 697 (Fed. Cir. 2001) 

(continued...) 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 20

The government and FGPA respond that Commerce reasonably chose to base the 19th 

AR’s separate rate on that of the 18th AR. The government argues that Commerce need not have 

waited for the court to sustain the 18th AR’s rate before using it in the 19th AR because the court 

explicitly permitted Commerce to use the 18th AR’s rate if it was not punitive. Def.’s Resp. to 

Cmts. Regarding Remand Redetermination and Mot. to Strike Extra-Record Exs. at 31, Ct. No. 

15-00179, ECF No. 82 (“Gov’t 19th AR Resp.”). In addition, the government and FGPA submit 

that using a surrogate value that is contemporaneous with neither the FOPs used by Xinboda in 

the 18th AR, when it was a mandatory respondent, nor with Xinboda’s sales prices from the 18th 

AR, would lead to a distorted and unreliable dumping margin. Def.-Intvr.’s Resp. to Cmts. on 

Remand Results at 7–8, Ct. No. 15-00179, ECF No. 84 (“FGPA 19th AR Resp.”); Gov’t 19th 

AR Resp. at 31. 

“To determine the dumping margin for non-mandatory respondents in [non-market 

economy] cases (that is, to determine the ‘separate rates’ margin), Commerce normally relies on 

the ‘all others rate’ provision of 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5).” Amanda Foods (Vietnam) Ltd. v. 

United States, 33 CIT 1407, 1417, 647 F. Supp. 2d 1368, 1379 (2009). The separate rate under § 

1673d(c)(5) is “typically . . . calculated by averaging the rates of the individually examined 

exporters.” Albermarle Corp. & Subsidiaries v. United States, 821 F.3d 1345, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 

2016). But, if the individually examined exporters’ dumping margins were established based on 

facts available, as here, Commerce “may use any reasonable method” to set the separate rate. 19 

 

(“The doctrine of law of the case generally bars retrial of issues that were previously resolved.”). 

Xinboda also contends that Commerce should have selected an additional mandatory respondent 

in the 19th POR, even if it were not Xinboda. Xinboda Cmts. at 4–5. Xinboda did not directly 

advance this argument in its initial challenge to the 19th AR Final Results, however, thus 

Xinboda waived the argument and the court will not now consider the matter. See generally Pl. 

Shenzhen Xinboda Indus. Co., Ltd. Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R., Ct. No. 15-

00179, ECF No. 31. 
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 21

U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5); see Amanda Foods, 33 CIT at 1418, 647 F. Supp. 2d at 1379. As 

explained by the authoritative Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”), “[t]he expected 

method in such cases will be to weight-average . . . margins determined pursuant to the facts 

available.” Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Rep.

No. 103-316, vol. 1, at 873 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4201; see Albermarle,

821 F.3d at 1352 n.5. If, however, volume data is unavailable or the method “would not be 

reasonably reflective of potential dumping margins for non-investigated exporters,” then 

Commerce may use “other reasonable methods” to determine the separate rate. SAA at 4201; 

see Albermarle, 821 F.3d at 1352. Commerce must strive to make the dumping margin as

accurate and as current with the POR as possible. See Albermarle, 821 F.3d at 1356; Yangzhou 

Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United States, 716 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2013). 

Commerce’s use of the 18th AR’s separate rate to calculate the 19th AR’s separate rate 

was reasonable in this case. First, Commerce’s selection of a rate that was not yet final is not an 

unscalable barrier. As the government and FGPA note, the court explicitly said that Commerce

could use the 18th AR’s rate as long as it resulted in a non-punitive rate. See Shenzhen Xinboda,

180 F. Supp. 3d at 1324. Although this is a unique case, Xinboda cites to no authority to support 

its position here. The problem is not using a non-final rate,19 but using a rate that is improperly 

calculated, which is why the court remanded Commerce’s selection of the 19th AR’s rate in 

Shenzhen Xinboda. See id. Second, Commerce reasonably declined Xinboda’s request to insert 

the 19th AR’s Ukrainian garlic bulb price into its calculation of the 18th AR’s separate rate, for 

 

19 Obviously, using a rate from a different proceeding has the potential for creating problems. 

This is not optimal, but can be dealt with, as this case demonstrates. This is just one of the 

myriad of complications stemming from Commerce’s refusal to expand the number of examined 

respondents.
Consol. Court No. 14-00180 Page 22 

purposes of determining the 19th AR’s separate rate. Granted, the 2013 Ukrainian garlic price 

put forth by Xinboda is more current with the POR for the 19th AR (November 31, 2012–

October 31, 2013) than the 2011 and 2012 prices used in the 18th AR, and the 2013 price is 38% 

lower than the 2012 price. See Xinboda Draft Remand Comments at Attach. 1, 19th AR 

Remand PD 25 (Apr. 25, 2017). But, using the updated garlic bulb price would not necessarily 

result in a more accurate dumping margin. It is possible that Xinboda’s use of the FOPs during 

the 19th POR or Xinboda’s U.S. sales, neither of which exist on the record in the 19th AR, see

19th AR I&D Memo at 10–11, changed during the 19th POR such that using Xinboda’s 

preferred method would be less accurate than simply leaving the 18th AR’s rate intact.

Furthermore, there is no other record evidence indicating that Xinboda’s dumping margin in the 

19th AR was lower than in the 18th AR, when Xinboda’s rate was individually determined, such 

as de minimis rates for the mandatory respondents in the 19th AR. Accordingly, Commerce 

reasonably decided to apply the 18th AR’s separate rate of $2.19/kg to the separate rate 

companies of the 19th AR. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court sustains Commerce’s 18th AR Second Remand 

Results and 19th AR Remand Results. Judgment will enter accordingly. 

 /S/ Jane A. Restani

Jane A. Restani

 Judge 

Dated: September , 2017 

New York, New York