COURT OF CHANCERY 

OF THE 

STATE OF DELAWARE

JOSEPH R. SLIGHTS III

VICE CHANCELLOR

417 S. State Street

Dover, Delaware 19901

Telephone: (302) 739-4397

Facsimile: (302) 739-6179

Date Submitted: May 31, 2017

Date Decided: June 1, 2017

John W. Paradee, Esquire Megan T. Mantzavinos, Esquire 

Daniel F. McAllister, Esquire Marks, O’Neill, O’Brien, 

Baird Mandalas Brockstedt, LLC Doherty & Kelley, P.C. 

6 South State Street 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 900

Dover, DE 19901 Wilmington, DE 19801 

Ryan P. Newell, Esquire Joseph C. Schoell, Esquire 

Connolly Gallagher LLP Michael J. Maimone, Esquire

1000 North West Street, 14th Floor Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP 

Wilmington, DE 19801 222 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1400 

Wilmington, DE 19801

Re: Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

C.A. No. 2017-0283-JRS

Dear Counsel:

This case arises from Kent County’s solicitation of bids in connection with 

Contract T-18 for FY2018–FY2020 Trash Collection Services. Specifically, on 

February 8, 2017, Kent County issued an invitation to submit sealed bids for a waste 

removal services contract. According to the bid invitation, the County advised 

EFiled: Jun 01 2017 04:50PM EDT 

Transaction ID 60671006

Case No. 2017-0283-JRS
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

C.A. No. 2017-0283-JRS

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interested bidders that two contracts would be awarded to two bidders. Charlie’s 

Waste Services, LLC (“Charlie’s”) initiated this action against Kent County Levy 

Court (the “County”), Waste Industries of Delaware LLC (“Waste Industries”) and 

BFI Industries, LLC d/b/a Republic Services of Delmarva (“Republic”) seeking to 

enjoin the County from awarding the waste removal contracts to Waste Industries or

Republic, neither of which submitted the lowest bid. Charlie’s alleges that it was 

the lowest responsible bidder and, therefore, the County was required by statute to 

award the contract to Charlie’s. 

I previously denied Charlie’s motion for a temporary restraining 

order/preliminary injunction upon finding that Charlie’s was, in essence, seeking 

permanent injunctive relief. I did, however, grant Charlie’s motion to expedite so 

that a final adjudication of the matter could occur prior to the effective date of the 

contracts at issue here.

1

 Thereafter, I asked the parties to address a threshold 

statutory issue so that I could determine the applicable law and frame the factual 

 

1 The contracts are effective as of today, June 1, 2017. 
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

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issue(s) to be decided.

2

 After offering that guidance, I allowed limited discovery 

directed to the issue of whether the County had complied with Section 4725 in 

awarding the bid to Waste Industries and Republic. The parties completed that 

discovery and then submitted briefs on the questions of whether the County 

complied with the applicable statute and whether Charlie’s is entitled to the 

injunctive relief it seeks. I heard oral argument on these issues on May 30, 2017.

By letters dated May 31, 2017, all parties agreed that, given the expedited 

nature of these proceedings, the Court should consider the record as submitted to be 

a “stipulated trial record” from which the Court may make a final determination of 

whether the County complied with Section 4725 in its award of Contract T-18 to 

 

2 As discussed below, I asked the parties to address whether the County’s solicitation to 

bid on this trash removal contract was governed by 9 Del. C. § 4725 (“Section 4725”), 

relating specifically to waste removal contracts involving Kent County, or by the State 

Procurement Act, 29 Del. C. § 6900, et seq. I concluded that Section 4725 governed and, 

accordingly, that the County was obliged to award the contract to the “lowest responsible 

bidder” as required by that statute. Tr. of Telephonic Oral Arg. and Rulings of the Ct. on 

Pl.’s Appl. for a Permanent Inj., May 11, 2017 (“May 11 Oral Arg. Tr.”) at 39:15–20, 

39:22–40:1. I also determined that, because Section 4725 does not define the term 

“responsible bidder,” it was reasonable for the County to employ evaluative criteria, such 

as those contained in its Invitation to Bid Contract T-18, in order to guide its determination 

of whether a bidder was “responsible.” Id. at 40:1–15. 
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

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Waste Industries and Republic.3 For the reasons that follow, I conclude that the 

County has complied with its statutory mandate and that Charlie’s request for a 

permanent injunction, therefore, must be denied. 

I. Factual Background4

Prior to Contract T-18, the contract for the County’s trash collection services

had always been awarded to the lowest bidder. By all accounts, the County has been 

unhappy with the current provider of trash collection services—the company that 

submitted the lowest bid during the last procurement process for this contract—and 

has, in fact, determined that the contractor was not qualified to do the required work. 

The problems with the current contractor have included missed pickups, destruction 

of trashcans and other property, poor vehicle maintenance and poorly trained 

personnel. In fact, the County has had to hire others on an emergency basis to fulfill 

the contract as a stopgap.5 

 

3 Transaction ID 60665346; Transaction ID 60665693.

4 This is the latest in a series of Court rulings in this case. I dispense with a more thorough 

recitation of the facts as they have been recited already in previous rulings.

5 Levy Ct. Hearing Tr., March 14, 2017 (“Levy Ct. Tr.”) at 2:23–4:4, 7:10–8:18.
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

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Given these past difficulties, the County determined that it was best to take a 

different approach to procurement for Contract T-18.6 Specifically, the County 

included the following elements in its Invitation to Bid Contract T-18 (the “ITB”) 

that all bidders would have to demonstrate: 

i. Demonstrated history of providing equipment and services of 

comparable specifications, scope and value. 

ii. The background, experience, resources, reputation, financial 

resources, years in business and references. 

iii. Customer service, i.e., method of addressing missed cans, special 

events, guaranteed turnaround times for cart maintenance, and other 

customer service items. 

iv. The bid and pricing structure.7

In addition to these evaluative criteria, the ITB also required bidders to provide a 

Bid Bond, three work-related references, three letters of recommendation from 

current municipal contracts in the State of Delaware and documentation of insurance 

coverage with a General Aggregate Limit of Liability of $5,000,000.8

 

6

Invitation to Bid Contract T-18, Contract Documents and Bid Specifications for FY2018–

FY2020 Trash Collection Services, February 8, 2017 (“ITB”).

7

Id.

8

Id.
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Bidders were advised that the contract award would be based, in large part, 

upon scores attributed to the bidder’s ability to satisfy the criteria outlined in the ITB 

as determined by evaluators designated by the County.9 The County named three 

evaluators—Andrew Jakubowitch, Director of Public Works for Kent County; 

Susan L. Durham, Director of Finance for Kent County; and Michael J. Petit de 

Mange, County Administrator for Kent County.10 Nothing in the bid solicitation 

materials states that the evaluators were to reject bidders from the process that they 

deemed unqualified. Instead, the ITB contemplated that the evaluators were to score 

the bids and then make their recommendations to the members of the Levy Court 

who would then have the final say.11 

The evaluators unanimously scored Waste Industries and Republic highest 

among the bidders and subsequently recommended that the contracts be awarded to 

 

9

Id.

10 See Dep. of Andrew Jakubowitch (“J. Dep.”) at 12:14–18; Dep. of Michael Petit de 

Mange (“PDM Dep.”) at 6:15-20; Deposition of Susan Durham (“D. Dep.”) at 7:6–19, 

9:14–23. 

11 ITB at 13.
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these two contractors.

12

 After receiving the evaluators’ recommendation, the Levy 

Court overwhelmingly voted in favor of awarding the contracts to Waste Industries 

and Republic with only one Commissioner voting otherwise.13

II. Analysis

Each of the County’s three evaluators have now been deposed and each has 

further explained the reasoning that supported his or her determination that Charlie’s 

should not be selected for this contract. Before turning to that testimony, and the 

contemporaneous evidence regarding the County’s decision to award the contracts 

to Waste Industries and Republic, I reiterate briefly the legal issue that remains to 

 

12 Ex. 1 to Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of a Permanent Inj. (Mem. From Andrew 

Jakubowitch to Levy Ct. Commissioners, Mar. 14, 2017) (“The proposals were evaluated 

by the County Administrator, Finance Director and Public Works Director on the bid award 

basis [laid out in the ITB]. The best evaluated bids, based on the information provided, 

were from Waste Industries and Republic Services.”).

13 Levy Ct. Tr. 27:7–21. Charlie’s makes much of the facts that one evaluator scored 

Charlie’s bid 91 out of 100 and one Commissioner of the Levy Court voted to award the 

contract to Charlie’s. According to Charlie’s, this is evidence that the County deemed 

Charlie’s “responsible” or “qualified.” I disagree. Nothing in the record indicates that the 

lone voice of an evaluator or a Commissioner would have any binding effect on the 

County’s ultimate decision regarding the award of this contract. Moreover, the fact that 

one of the evaluators gave a score of 91 does not undermine his clear testimony, as 

discussed below, that he deemed Charlie’s not qualified to perform the contract. 
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

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be decided here. After determining that Section 4725 governed the County’s 

procurement of Contract T-18, I held that the next, and possibly only, issue was 

whether the County declared Charlie’s to be a responsible bidder at any point after 

its bid was submitted. In this regard, I observed that if Charlie’s was deemed a 

responsible bidder, then, under Section 4725, the County should have awarded one 

of the contracts to Charlie’s since it is undisputed that Charlie’s submitted the lowest 

bid. On the other hand, if Charlie’s was not deemed to be a responsible bidder prior 

to the application of the evaluative criteria, then the County was free to consider 

those criteria to aid in its determination of who was or was not a responsible bidder 

and to award the contract accordingly.14

Section 4725 does not define the term “lowest responsible bidder.” The term 

has been construed by this court, however, to mean the “lowest bidder unless that 

bidder is found not responsible, i.e., not qualified to perform the particular work.”15 

When engaged in the procurement process, a state or municipal contracting agency 

 

14 May 11 Oral Arg. Tr. at 40:17–41:7.

15 Danvir Corp. v. City of Wilm., 2008 WL 4560903, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 6, 2008).
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is vested with broad discretion, and this court will not overturn an agency decision 

to award a contract that complies with the law unless that decision was made 

arbitrarily, capriciously, or in bad faith.16 This deference is appropriate in all aspects 

of the procurement process, including in connection with the determination of 

whether bidders are qualified under the applicable statute or under the bid criteria 

established by the agency.17 Indeed, “in the context of the public procurement 

process, there is a ‘strong presumption that government . . . officials exercise their 

duties in good faith.’”18 

After carefully reviewing the record here, I am satisfied that the County 

officials charged with overseeing the award of this contract believed, and ultimately 

determined, that Charlie’s was not qualified to perform the particular work required 

to fulfill Contract T-18. The problem began with the submission of Charlie’s bid, 

 

16 Id.

17 See Julian v. Del. Dept. of Transp., 53 A.3d 1081, 1083 (Del. 2012) (discussing the broad 

discretion afforded to state agencies when making bid determinations such as bid 

responsiveness).

18 Doctors Pathology Servs. P.A. v. State Div. of Public Health, Dept. of Health and Social 

Servs., 2009 WL 4043299, at *8 (Del. Ch. Nov. 20, 2009).
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which included incorrect insurance information, none of the required financial 

information other than the listing of M&T Bank as a reference, no letters of 

recommendation and no bid bond.19 As the County correctly points out, any of these 

omissions provided grounds for the County to reject Charlie’s bid without any 

further consideration, as it was entitled to do by statute and by the ITB.

20 The County 

decided, however, not to reject the bid outright and, instead, allowed Charlie’s to 

correct its bid and to make its best pitch for this contract.21

But the County’s serious doubts were not adequately addressed when 

Charlie’s submitted corrected bid materials. Each of the County evaluators 

articulated legitimate concerns regarding the age of Charlie’s equipment and its 

ability to maintain that equipment with what appeared to be inadequate staff. In this 

regard, Charlie’s bid materials indicated that it had arranged for only one mechanic 

 

19 Dep. of Paul M. Pearson (“P. Dep.”) at 8:19–9:1, 16:7–18:21. 

20 See 9 Del. C. § 4725 (“. . . the County may reject any and all bids. . .”); ITB at 14. 

21 See P. Dep. at 16:7–9; J. Dep. at 44:21–45:9. This, of course, undermines Plaintiff’s 

suggestion that the County never intended to give Charlie’s a fair shot. That is, in fact, 

precisely what the County did when it allowed Charlie’s to correct its deficient bid.
Charlie’s Waste Services, LLC v. Kent County Levy Court

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to service its fleet of older equipment. And it was not clear that this mechanic would 

be located in Kent County or that Charlie’s service facility would be located in Kent 

County either. There were also concerns with Charlie’s experience handling a 

contract of the size involved here. Charlie’s past municipal experience involved 

contracts substantially smaller than the County contract and Charlie’s did not 

convince the County that it could ramp up to handle a contract of this scale. This 

was especially so given that Charlie’s was a new company and there was no clear 

indication that its majority owner, Blue Hen Dispose-All, would or could be 

obligated to provide support for this contract. Finally, in addition to vehicle 

maintenance and related staffing concerns, the County had legitimate concerns that 

Charlie’s lacked adequate staffing and resources to receive and address customer 

complaints.22 All of these deficiencies were deemed even more troubling by the 

 

22 See J. Dep. at 26:17–29:5, 39:23–40:19, 64:5–14, 68:24–70:2, 74:10–12; PDM Dep. at 

13:4–14:7, 21:18–23, 22:5–23:1, 23:12–22, 30:3–17, 31:20–32:4, 33:19–34:4; D. Dep. at 

13:1–14:15, 20:18–23:18, 25:12–15, 26:9–27:12. See also J. Dep. at 46:13–20 (“[Waste 

Industries and Republic] were the two bidders that met the criteria that we presented and 

were deemed able to perform the contract.”). Charlie’s has made the point that the 

contemporaneous evidence does not support the evaluators’ post hoc deposition testimony 

regarding the County’s rationale for rejecting Charlie’s bid. As best I can tell, Charlie’s 

makes this point in support of two arguments: (1) the County failed in its obligation to 

make a record of its decision that would allow proper judicial review; and (2) the lack of 
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County officials given the County’s immediate past history of having awarded the 

trash collection contract to the lowest bidder only to find that that contractor was 

wholly unprepared and unable to deliver the necessary services.23

 

contemporaneous, corroborating evidence undermines the credibility of the testimony 

given by the County’s evaluators at deposition. To be sure, the County was obliged to 

create a record of its decision that would enable judicial review. See New Castle Cnty.

Council v. BC Dev. Assoc., 567 A.2d 1271, 1276 (Del. 1989) (“When [a governmental 

agency] makes a ... decision [subject to judicial review] without establishing the basis for 

its action, it thwarts the ability of a court to provide effective review.”). After reviewing 

this record, however, I have no reservations regarding the Court’s ability to engage in a 

proper review of the County’s decision to reject Charlie’s bid. The contemporaneous 

evidence reveals: that Jacobowitz described to the Commissioners the evaluators’ 

recommendation that Waste Industries and Republic were best positioned to perform the 

contract based on the evaluative criteria; that the Commissioners were informed that the 

bid evaluation process was “fair, balanced, and the individuals awarded the contract were 

the most wise decisions based on the” evaluations; that the evaluators were unanimous in 

their recommendation to award the bid to Waste Industries and Republic; that the 

evaluators were skeptical of Charlie’s ability to perform under the contract; and that the 

County believed that it needed to engage in a more searching evaluation of the bids due to 

problems it had encountered with the current holder of the waste removal contract. Levy 

Ct. Tr. at 5:10–16, 8:12–9:5, 17:8–21, 19:7–17, 23:7–16.

23 Levy Ct. Tr. at 2:23–4:4, 7:10–8:18, 10:19–24, 11:8–12, 12:4–7, 19:9–20:18. Ex. 1 to 

Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of a Permanent Inj. (Mem. From Andrew Jakubowitch to Levy 

Ct. Commissioners, Mar. 14, 2017) (“Due to operational issues with the current contract 

holder, Republic Services is also providing collection services to ensure that all collections 

occur as scheduled. Republic Services was added under emergency procurement in April 

2016 to take over 10% of Inlands collection.”). 
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Charlie’s points to some correspondence with bidders that it claims reveals 

that the County pre-cleared the ITB’s reference requirements with Waste Industries 

and Republic before finalizing the invitation to bid, thereby improperly favoring 

those bidders. To be sure, that correspondence exists and, at first glance, it does 

present some cause for concern.24 But the reality is that Charlie’s bid was considered 

even though it did not meet the reference requirements. And there is no indication 

in the record that Charlie’s failure to provide the requested references was a source 

of the County’s ultimate determination that Charlie’s was not qualified to do this 

job. Rather, it was Charlie’s lack of experience, lack of newer equipment, lack of 

adequate staffing and other related concerns that led the evaluators to determine that 

Charlies’ would not be able to perform the contract as required.25 

 

24 Ex. 4 to Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of a Permanent Inj. (Jan. 31, 2017 e-mails from 

Andrew Jakubowitch to Don Lucas and Alan Thienpont).

25 See Furnival Mach. Co. v. New Castle Cnty., 1977 WL 9565, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 21, 

1977) (stating that bid “[s]pecifications are not improper merely because they tend to favor 

one [bidder] over another inasmuch as a [service provided] by one [bidder] may be 

necessary to meet the needs of the public”).
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I also reject Charlie’s suggestion that the County improperly colluded with 

Republic when Jakubowitch conferred with representatives of Republic regarding 

whether its bid was its “best and lowest” and then permitted Republic to make 

changes to its bid. The record reveals that the County had “ex parte” discussions 

with several of the bidders, including Charlie’s. Indeed, Charlie’s also was 

permitted to alter its bid materials after its initial non-compliant submission.26 In 

any event, Republic’s downward adjustment of its bid price still did not bring it to 

“low bidder” status; that status belonged to Charlie’s and Charlie’s was scored 

accordingly.27

Based on the evidence submitted, I am satisfied that the County determined, 

based on legitimate evaluative criteria, that Charlie’s was not the “lowest responsible 

bidder” because it was, in fact, “not qualified to perform the particular work.” I have 

little doubt that the County was not focused on the “lowest responsible bidder” 

 

26 J. Dep. at 44:21–45:9; P. Dep. 16:7–9, 26:1–14.

27 Ex. 6 to Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Supp. of a Permanent Inj. (Mar. 13, 2017 Ltr. From 

Republic to Jakubowitch lowering Republic’s unit bid price); Ex. H to Def. Kent Cnty. 

Levy Ct.’s Mem. Submission Relating to the Cnty.’s Determination of Responsible 

Bidders.
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standard as it worked through the procurement process for this contract and, indeed, 

I doubt very much that it appreciated that Section 4725 applied here. But even if 

this is true, the fact that the County did not understand that its award of this contract 

was governed by Section 4725 does not mean that it did not comply with 

Section 4725. After reviewing the evidence, I am satisfied that even though the 

County did not formally declare that Charlie’s was not a responsible bidder, the 

County officials involved here did determine that Charlie’s was not qualified to 

perform the contract.28 The real question, then, is whether Charlie’s has met its 

 

28 In this regard, I reject Charlie’s argument that Section 4725 requires the County to make 

some sort of formal declaration that a bidder is or is not “responsible” in order to comply 

with the statute. See BC Dev. Assoc., 567 A.2d at 1276–77 (holding that the agency “need 

not draft a detailed statement of findings of fact and conclusions of law in order to explain 

[its decision]” and that the agency complies with its duty to explain its decision if it “creates 

a record” that allows the court to fulfill its review function); Coker v. Kent Cnty. Levy Ct., 

2008 WL 5451337, at *7–8 (Del. Ch. Dec. 23, 2008) (considering whether the reasons 

supplied by the county when evaluating a conditional use zoning application met the 

standard that conditional use would be approved if “the public health, safety and general 

welfare will not be adversely affected,” but not requiring any explicit determination by the 

County that the standard was not met). If the County uses non-arbitrary means to determine 

whether a bidder is qualified to perform the contract, determines through those means that 

a bidder is not qualified and makes an adequate record of that decision, then the County 

complies with the statute when it declines to award the contract to the unqualified bidder, 

even if that bidder is the lowest bidder. Cf. Danvir Corp., 2008 WL 4560903, at *5 

(holding that a bidder is not responsible if that bidder is “not qualified” to do the work). 
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burden to demonstrate that the County acted arbitrarily, capriciously, or in bad faith 

in making that determination. I see no basis in the record to conclude that Charlie’s 

has carried this burden. 

Plaintiff’s request for a permanent injunction is denied and judgment is 

entered for the Defendants. Counsel shall submit a proposed final implementing 

order within five (5) days. 

Very truly yours,

/s/ Joseph R. Slights III