National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 

Trapping Guidelines
Some processes, equipment, and materials described in this manual may be patented. Inclusion in this 

manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented invention in 

the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS 

does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any 

third party for patent infringement.

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When using pesticides, read and follow all label instructions.

First Edition Issued 2015
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection TOC-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

Contents

Figures LOF-1

Tables LOT-1

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements-1

Introduction 1-1

Roles and Responsibilities 2-1

Trapping Guidelines 3-1

Pest Information A-1

General Information B-1

References References-1

Glossary Glossary-1

Index Index-1
TOC-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection LOF-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

Figures

Figure 3-1 Trap Placement 3-5

Figure 3-2 McPhail Trap 3-8

Figure 3-3 Jackson Trap Baited with Solid Lure in a Plastic Basket 3-10

Figure 3-4 Jackson Trap Baited with Liquid Lure on a Cotton Wick 3-11

Figure 3-5 Jackson Trap Assembly 3-12

Figure 3-6 Jackson Trap Baited with Plug 3-13

Figure 3-7 Multilure® Trap 3-14

Figure 3-8 Patch Placement of 3C, Top View 3-18

Figure 3-9 Patch Placement of 3C, Side View 3-18

Figure 3-10 Step by Step Baiting of 2C and 3C on Patches in Multilure® 3-

20

Figure 3-11 Step by step Rebaiting 2C and 3C Cones in Multilure® 3-21

Figure A-1 Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) A-3

Figure A-2 South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus) A-6

Figure A-3 West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua) A-8

Figure A-4 Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina) A-10

Figure A-5 Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata) A-12

Figure A-6 White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata) A-15

Figure A-7 Carambola Fruit Fly (Bactrocera carambolae) A-17

Figure A-8 Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta) A-22

Figure A-9 Melon Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) A-26

Figure A-10 Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) A-30

Figure A-11 Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) A-31

Figure A-12 Malaysian Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons) A-44

Figure A-13 Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni) A-47

Figure A-14 Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata) A-52

Figure A-15 Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) A-58

Figure B-1 Example of Trapping Property Map B-3

Figure B-2 Example of a Property Survey Record (05/1999) B-4

Figure B-3 Example of a Property Survey Record, front (08/2015) B-5

Figure B-4 Example of a Property Survey Record, back (08/2015) B-6
Figures

LOF-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection LOT-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

Tables

Table 3-1 Suggested Detection Trap Densities Per Square Mile 3-3

Table 3-2 Maximum Recommended Baiting Intervals 3-21

Table A-1 Host List for Anastrepha ludens A-4

Table A-2 Host List for Anastrepha fraterculus A-6

Table A-3 Host List for Anastrepha obliqua A-9

Table A-4 Host List for Anastrepha serpentina A-10

Table A-5 Host List for Anastrepha striata A-13

Table A-6 Host List for Bactrocera albistrigata A-15

Table A-7 Host List for Bactrocera carambolae A-18

Table A-8 Host List for Bactrocera correcta A-23

Table A-9 Host List for Bactrocera cucurbitae A-27

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex A-32

Table A-11 Host List for Bactrocera latifrons A-45

Table A-12 Host List for Bactrocera tryoni A-48

Table A-13 Host List for Bactrocera zonata A-53

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata A-59

Table B-1 Recommended Traps and Lures for Exotic Fruit Flies B-2
Tables

LOT-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Acknowledgements-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

Acknowledgements

Cover

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Male Mediterranean 

fruit fly resting on a leaf. Scott Bauer. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 

United States. 1317085. http\\:www.bugwood.org.
Acknowledgements

Cover

Acknowledgements-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 1-1

Chapter

1

Introduction

Contents

Introduction 1-1

Scope and Purpose 1-1

Users 1-2

Conventions 1-2

How to Find More Information 1-5

Introduction

Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are among the most destructive, feared and 

well-publicized pests of fruits and vegetables around the world. The genera 

Anastrepha, Bactrocera, and Ceratitis pose the greatest risk to U.S. agriculture 

and are the focus of this manual. Tephritid fruit flies spend their larval stages 

feeding and growing in over 400 host plants. Introduction of these pest species 

into the United States causes economic losses from destruction and spoiling of 

host commodities by larvae, costs associated with implementing control 

measures, and loss of market share due to restrictions on shipment of host 

commodities. The extensive damage and wide host range of tephritid fruit flies 

become obstacles to agricultural diversification and trade when pest fruit fly 

species become established in these areas.

Scope and Purpose

The purpose of this manual is to improve and standardize decision making, 

training, and quality control for exotic fruit fly detection surveys.

This manual represents the currently accepted procedures for exotic fruit fly 

detection and includes well documented analyses, observations, and feedback 

from individuals with extensive experience in survey and control of exotic fruit 

fly infestations. It represents the minimum recommended trapping survey 

levels that should be conducted for the species listed.

This manual was drafted by a committee of State and Federal employees of 

plant protection and regulatory agencies. They utilized existing State fruit fly 

program protocols, publications, and their own experience to assemble a set of 

guidelines, which give flexibility, reliability, and economy for conducting 

exotic fruit fly detection surveys.
Introduction

Users

1-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

This manual includes procedures for baiting, placing, and servicing traps. It 

does not provide guidance on interpreting captures of exotic fruit flies and does 

not give triggers that should be used when deciding whether or not to initiate a 

control or eradication program. Nor does it provide guidance on issues that 

may vary locally, such as methods for disposing of trapping waste. For 

additional information regarding exotic fruit fly detection, control, and 

quarantine please contact your State Plant Health Director or your State 

Regulatory official. You may also visit the APHIS Exotic Fruit Fly Website.

Users

The manual will be used by the following:

All employees involved in exotic fruit fly surveillance, to explain the 

nature of survey activities to the general public

Managers, to plan and budget surveillance activities within their 

jurisdictions

Supervisors, to train, instruct, and provide standards for their employees

Trappers, as daily checklists and operational guides

Conventions

Conventions are established by custom and are widely recognized and 

accepted. Conventions used in the manual are listed in this section.

Advisories

Advisories are used throughout the manual to bring important information to 

your attention. Please carefully review each advisory. The definitions align 

with the America National Standards Institute (ANSI) and are in the format 

shown below.

! CAUTION

CAUTION is used for tasks involving minor to moderate risk of injury.

! DANGER

DANGEROUS is used in the event of imminent risk of death or serious injury.
Introduction

Conventions

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 1-3

Disclaimers

All disclaimers are located on the unnumbered page that follows the cover.

Table of Contents

Every chapter has a table of contents that lists the heading titles at the 

beginning to help facilitate finding information.

Control Data

Information placed at the top and bottom of each page helps users keep track of 

where they are in the manual. At the top of the page is the chapter and firstlevel heading. At the bottom of the page is the month, year, title, and page 

number. 

Change Bar

A vertical black change bar in the left margin is used to indicate a change in the 

manual. Change bars from the previous update are deleted when the chapter or 

appendix is revised.

Footnotes comment on or cite a reference to text and are referenced by number. 

The footnotes used in the manual include general text footnotes, figure 

footnotes, and table footnotes. General text footnotes are located at the bottom 

of the page.

When space allows, figure and table footnotes are located directly below the 

associated figure or table. However, for multi-page tables or tables that cover 

the length of a page, footnote numbers and footnote text cannot be listed on the 

same page. If a table or figure continues beyond one page, the associated 

footnotes will appear on the page following the end of the figure or table.

NOTICE

NOTICE is used to alert a reader of important information or Agency policy.

! WARNING

WARNING is used in the event of possible risk of serious injury.
Introduction

Conventions

1-4 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Heading Levels

Within each chapter and section there can be four heading levels; each heading 

is green and is located within the middle and right side of the page. The firstlevel heading is indicated by a horizontal line across the page, and the heading 

follows directly below. The second-, third-, and fourth-level headings each 

have a font size smaller than the preceding heading level. The fourth-level 

heading runs in with the text that follows.

Hypertext Links

Figures, headings, and tables are cross-referenced in the body of the manual 

and are highlighted in boldface type. These appear in blue hypertext in the 

online guidelines.

Italics

The following items are italicized throughout the guidelines:

Cross-references to headings and titles

Names of publications

Scientific names

Numbering Scheme

A two-level numbering scheme is used in the guidelines for pages, tables, and 

figures. The first number represents the chapter. The second number 

represented the page, table, or figure. This numbering scheme allows for 

identifying and updating. Dashes are used in page numbering to differentiate 

page numbers from decimal points.

Transmittal Number

The transmittal number contains the month, year, and a consecutively-issued 

number (beginning with -01 for the first edition and increasing consecutively 

for each update to the edition). The transmittal number is only changed when 

the specific chapter sections, appendixes, or glossary, tables, or index is 

updated. If no changes are made, then the transmittal number remains the 

unchanged. The transmittal number only changes for the entire guidelines 

when a new edition is issued or changes are made to the entire guidelines.
Introduction

How to Find More Information

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 1-5

How to Find More Information

Contact the State Plant Health Director in the State or the National Policy 

Manager for fruit flies.

ADDRESS John Stewart

National Fruit Fly Policy Manager

Telephone: (919) 855-7426

E-mail: John.C.Stewart@aphis.usda.gov

Web site: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant-health/ff
Introduction

How to Find More Information

1-6 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 2-1

Chapter

2

Roles and 

Responsibilities

Contents

Public Relations 2-1

Safety 2-1

Science and Technology (S&T) 2-3

Field Operations (FOs) 2-3

State Government 2-3

Supervisors 2-4

Trappers 2-5

Public Relations

All employees should have a good concept of public relations and understand 

the importance of public support for the program. The following guidelines 

apply to all employees:

Be considerate of people and their property

Display courtesy at all times

Display safe and courteous driving habits

Know the aims and purposes of the program and the reasons for the 

procedures and be able to explain it understandably to the public

Maintain a good public image

Make proper contacts with homeowner to explain the purpose of the fruit 

fly detection activities before trap placement

Provide written program information such as a door hanger if available

Safety

All employees must be familiar with and follow all the Agency Safety 

Protocols and any additional safety precautions set forth in these trapping 

guidelines. The following list consists of some required procedures and is not

all inclusive: 

Clean or dispose of PPE as soon as they become contaminated. If using 

Neoprene, wash with soap and water when contamination occurs.
Roles and Responsibilities

Headquarters Policy Management (PM)

2-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Use caution when entering a property to avoid dog bites and other 

avoidable injuries, such as damage to the eye by tree limbs, slip, trips and 

falls etc.

Wear and maintain proper personal protective equipment (PPE) when 

handling liquid lures, pesticides, baited wicks, and plugs. This includes 

using disposable latex gloves at least 5 ml in thickness or Neoprene 

gloves when handling all liquid lures and wicks baited with liquid lures. 

Use safety goggles/face shield when pouring the liquid lures.

When servicing traps at the vehicle, always work on the passenger side 

away from road traffic.

All employees are required to know and follow the Agency Vehicle guidelines. 

As a general rule, when using a government vehicle: 

Keep it clean and properly serviced.

Keep the vehicle operating and maintenance report current and legible.

Know that abuse of a government vehicle can lead to disciplinary action 

or dismissal.

Know what to do in case of an accident.

Use safe driving practices.

Headquarters Policy Management (PM)

The Policy Manager has the following responsibilities:

Assures overall consistent implementation of fruit fly detection 

procedures and implements trapping policy updates to detection strategies 

and technology when they become available

Assures that a quality assurance component is in place for detection tools 

and quality assurance of the overall program implementation

Assures the National Fruit Fly Detection system is viable and that 

resources are applied appropriately; updates the national detection status 

map when required

Requests appropriate reviews of the detection system

Works closely with trade officials to assure that correct protocols are 

being utilized and that these are communicated appropriately to trading 

partners
Roles and Responsibilities

Science and Technology (S&T)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 2-3

Science and Technology (S&T)

The program methods development component (S&T) has the following 

responsibilities:

Conducts field trials to assure trap and lure contract performance and 

quality assurance

Develops new fruit fly detection tools and strategies for continued 

program improvement, including new traps and lures and new operational 

methods

Makes recommendations to Policy and Management and Operations on 

fruit fly detection improvements

Works with collaborators on the latest fruit fly detection technology that is 

being evaluated around the world

Field Operations (FOs)

The FOs are responsible for the following:

Assures that operations are at the highest level of effectiveness and 

efficiencies

Applies the appropriate resources as required

Conducts periodic program evaluations in the field on program 

effectiveness

Implements recommendations on new program tools

Implements the fruit fly detection program throughout the United States 

based on standard protocols and approved detection guidelines

Provides guidance to the field on trapping tools, supply purchases

State Government

State cooperators in Florida, Texas, and California are major components of 

the National Fruit Fly Detection System. These states have their own detection 

program guidelines and Action Plans that have more detail than the general 

national fruit fly detection guidelines due to the complexity of their diverse and 

large natural environments and industry components. State cooperators are part 

of the National Fruit Fly Trapping Committee and work closely with federal 

program components in all of the United States fruit fly states.

Responsibilities of states cooperators may include:

Conduct primary detection
Roles and Responsibilities

Supervisors

2-4 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Interface with their agricultural industries and serve as their primary 

contact

Take the lead in implementing emergency response and eradication 

activities

Supervisors

Supervisors are responsible for all work being performed properly and in a 

timely manner. The following items need close attention:

1. Specific Orientation- supervisors should ensure that all employees are 

given thorough program training that provides an understanding of the 

following information:

Basic biology of target pest

Data Management

Economic impact of target pest introductions

Knowledge of the traps, proper trap placement, servicing schedules, 

and how they work

Limitations of the traps and trap contamination

Methods of potential introductions into the United States

Quality Assurance system in place 

Recognition of the key pest insects

Safety

Understanding and implications of regulatory actions

2. Quality Assurance- Supervisors should perform quality control checks 

concerning work performances. Supervisors should accompany employees 

on a regular schedule and perform periodic unscheduled checks on 

employee’s work. This may include the use of marked specimens.

It is important to explain to the employee how their work can be improved. 

It is equally important that an employee be informed of what they are doing 

well. This should be done in writing.

3. Safety- It is the supervisor's responsibility to instruct employees in the safe 

use and operation of all supplies and equipment, including vehicles. 

Supervisors should perform the following:

Background checks for driving offenses and licensing

Checks to ascertain that vehicles are operated safely

Checks to ensure that vehicles are maintained in a safe condition

Ensure employees complete Defensive Driving training
Roles and Responsibilities

Trappers

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 2-5

Ensure that every trapper is aware of and adhering to all legal pertinent 

pesticide safety regulations and requirements, including the use of 

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

Identify common hazards associated with yards commercial plantings.

Periodic checks to ensure that employees are performing their 

functions in a safe manner

Provide a list of emergency medical treatment centers to each 

employee

Trappers

Trappers are responsible for the following:

Avoid contamination of traps and environs

Be able to identify target insects and report suspect finds to your 

supervisor

Keep accurate vehicle records

Keep distribution maps current with accurate trap locations using GPS 

data

Know and follow information in trapping protocol

Know and follow proper procedures for handling, documenting, and 

submission of specimens

Maintain equipment and supplies

Maintain legible and timely service records as required and notation of 

possible hazards in the comment section of the property survey record

Maintain proper trap densities and distribution

Maintain trap records with accurate map drawings, trap locations, hosts, 

description

Perform required trap relocations

Place and service traps according to trapping protocol

Properly dispose of trash, old traps, and components

Quickly implement new policies and procedures

Recognize host plants and know the relative host preference of target pest

Remove all traps from the field at the end of the trapping season

Run trap line with efficient route order and complete servicing route on 

schedule

Use proper chain of command
Roles and Responsibilities

Trappers

2-6 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-1

Chapter

3 Trapping Guidelines

Contents

Trap Densities 3-1

Trapping Equipment 3-4

Trap Placement 3-5

Trapping Season 3-6

Trap Relocation 3-7

Trap Types 3-8

McPhail Trap 3-8

Jackson Trap 3-10

Multilure® Trap 3-14

Capture Agents 3-15

Propylene Glycol (PG) - preferred 3-15

Sticky Board 3-15

Attractants 3-15

Proteinaceous Baits 3-15

Para-pheromones 3-16

Synthetic Food Lures 3-17

1) 3-Component (3C) 3-17

2) 2-Component (2C) 3-17

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps 3-18

Service Intervals 3-21

Baiting Intervals 3-21

Quality Assurance 3-22

Data Management 3-22

Specimens Management 3-24

Trap Densities

Protection of domestic crops from invasion by exotic pests is an extremely 

important component of our agricultural system. Trap densities for a given 

geographical area will depend on a number of risk factors including:

Availability of suitable hosts

Climate conducive to the pest 

Evidence of potential pest pathways and risk function within a community 

or local area, such as:

Availability and demand for exotic fruits and vegetables
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Densities

3-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Densely populated areas

Ethnic make-up of a community, especially recent immigrants 

First class mail parcels from fruit fly infested areas, i.e. Hawaii, India 

etc.

Frequent travel to fruit fly infested areas

Gardening groups and clubs specializing in rare fruit propagation

Historical detections from trapping records

Major ports of entry (land, sea, air)

Wholesale fruit and vegetable marketing centers and street vendors

Location regarding altitude and topography

Other program complementary activities, such as fruit sampling and 

Preventative Release Program (PRP)

Trap/lure efficiency

Trap densities vary by the risk categories; the following guidelines are the 

minimum requirements for trap densities:

High Risk (ports of entry and urban or suburban areas)

minimum of 10 traps per square mile based on availability of suitable trap 

sites and host trees for all trap/lure combinations

Medium Risk (other urban areas)

minimum of 5 traps per square mile based on availability of suitable trap 

sites for all trap/lure combinations

Low Risk (rural areas)

minimum of 1 trap per every 4 square miles based on availability of 

suitable trap sites for all trap/lure combinations

Marginal Risk (marginal environment suitability)

minimum trap density of 1 trap per 5-10 square miles for all trap/lures 

combinations
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Densities

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-3

Refer to Table 3-1 for suggested trap densities depending on fruit fly genera. 

Trap densities are averaged from several guidelines: the International Atomic 

Energy Agency (IAEA), State and Federal protocols. Survey areas should be 

risk assessed to determine the appropriate trap density. Check with APHIS or 

State fruit fly program managers on what is appropriate based on funding and 

risk.

Table 3-1 Suggested Detection Trap Densities Per Square Mile

Trap Density/Square Mile

Fruit Fly 

Genera Trap Type1 Attractant2 Marginal Risk Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk

Anastrepha MLT/McP 2C/TY 1 per 5 sq. miles 1-2 2-5 5-10

Bactrocera JT/MLT/McP ME/CUE/TY 1 per 5 sq. miles 1-2 2-5 5-10

Ceratitis JT/MLT/McP TML/3C/TY 1 per 5 sq. miles 1-2 2-5 5-10

1 MLT = Multi-lure trap; JT = Jackson trap; McP = McPhail trap

2 2C = 2 component lure; 3C = 3 component lure; CUE = Cue lure; ME = Methyl eugenol; TML = trimedlure; TY = torula yeast
Trapping Guidelines

Trapping Equipment

3-4 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Trapping Equipment

Itemized below is a list of equipment useful in the placement and servicing of 

traps:

Alcohol vials

Buckets

Calibrated medicine dropper or pipette

Cellophane wrap

Clipboard

Dry vials

Flagging tape

Forceps

Hand cleaner and paper towels

Hand lens

Insect Trapping Guidelines

Pencils and pens

Plastic bags for used traps, wicks and other garbage

Pliers

Pocket knife

Property maps (See Trapping Property Map on page B-3.)

Property records (See Property Survey Record (05/1999) on page B-4 and 

See Property Survey Record (08/2005) on page B-5.)

Public outreach material

Rubber bands

Safety equipment

Scrub brushes

Sharpie marker (or similar permanent marker)

Six-foot pole with a hooked end and rubber grip for hanging traps

Strainers

Trap supplies

Utility tray for carrying supplies
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Placement

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-5

Trap Placement

Host Selection

The selection of a good host in which to place a trap at each trap location is one 

of the most important activities to maintaining an effective detection program. 

Priority should be given to hosts with mature fruit as listed in the host 

preference lists in Appendix A Pest Information of these Guidelines.

Traps should be placed in the upper two-thirds of the tree canopy on a strong 

branch, and one-half to two-thirds the distance from the trunk to the outer edge 

of the foliage. Hang traps within the tree canopy in open shade. Be sure that 

foliage and ripening fruit surround the trap, particularly at the bottom and 

sides, when possible. Do not place the trap in dense foliage that may block the 

entrance to the trap. During extremely hot weather, traps may need to be 

moved to other areas of the tree. Hang traps out of reach of people. (see 

Figure 3-1.)

Before placing the trap at lower levels in a tree, consider security of the trap, as 

well as the safety of children.

Site Selection

Selection of a trap site depends on several criteria: status of the host tree and a 

trap distribution that represents the distribution of host material. Place traps in 

host trees that fit criteria for trap placement. Within those constraints, use the 

best host available. (See Pest Information on page A-1.) If there is a choice 

between two or more possible trap locations, preference should be given to the 

site with multiple hosts, either of the same or different varieties. 

The amount of shade and shelter, particularly in hot weather, also influence 

host selection by fruit flies. If there is a host tree that contains fruit but is too 

small for proper trap placement, a trap may be placed in a nearby non-host tree 

Figure 3-1 Trap Placement
Trapping Guidelines

Trapping Season

3-6 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

that provides proper height and shade. Trees in bloom and/or those with 

honeydew are preferred. Honeydew is a sweetish, clear excretion produced by 

certain insects such as aphids, scale insects, mealy bugs and whiteflies. When 

present it usually accumulates on the foliage and is a good food source for 

adult fruit flies. The presence of black sooty mold on the foliage is an 

indication that honeydew is present. Do not hang traps in trees that show signs 

of decline due to disease. 

In urban areas, front yard hosts for trap placement are often selected over 

backyard hosts because of easier access for the trapper. This practice is not 

acceptable unless the best host is utilized. Favoring front yard hosts at the 

exclusion of better hosts that may be available in back yards may compromise 

earlier detection.

Trapping Season

Certain areas will be trapped year-round, and other areas may be trapped on a 

seasonal basis. Seasonal trapping cycles should be determined by detection 

history, seasonal fruiting of host plants, pathway analysis, and the target 

species of interest. Refer to the APHIS Fruit Fly web site for information about 

day-degree models. The following day-degree decision-making guidelines are 

provided:

Seasonal temperature variations of some geographical areas proposed for 

exotic fruit fly detection indicates that traps may be removed during the 

coldest and/or hottest periods of the year. 

The following data could be gathered for any location being considered 

for trap removal:

Identify the window of time represented by the colder months, e.g., 

November through March, during which time fly development would 

be inhibited or hottest months of the year when adults cannot survive 

(United States Southwest).

Gather the average daily maximum-minimum temperatures for this 

period (several years data are preferred).

Determine the cumulative air and soil day degrees for this entire 

period for each species of fruit fly.

Obtain a day-degree model for each pest of primary concern. In the 

absence of values for a particular species, those for the most closely 

related species will be used. 

Contact the PPQ or state fruit fly expert in the state or operational 

section for further guidance on trap initiation and removal for your 

state.
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Relocation

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-7

Trap Relocation

Computer modeling studies, empirical data from field experiments, and 

program experience all indicate that the sensitivity of a detection trapping 

system can be substantially enhanced by relocating trap sites on a regular basis. 

Relocation can compensate, at least partially, for a lure’s limited range of 

attraction, and it provides trappers with an opportunity to adjust trap sites for 

seasonal changes in host phenology.

A trapping scheme should distribute traps among host material in a grid 

composed of one square mile units. Traps assigned to each one square mile 

unit should be relocated within that same square mile area as long as host 

material is present. 

Relocate traps every 6 to 12 weeks. The minimum distance that a trap is moved 

at any given relocation is dependent in part on trap density. At 5 traps per 

square mile, a minimum relocation distance of 200 meters is appropriate but 

should be based on available hosts with ripe fruit as well. Always look for the 

best ripe host material in any given area for placement and relocations. 
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

3-8 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Trap Types

McPhail Trap

The McPhail (McP) trap is a glass trap with a water reservoir containing 

dissolved attractant compounds. Flies enter from below through the opening 

and drown in the solution. The trap has a rubber cork that seals the top of the 

trap and a wire hanger. Historically, the attractants or baits have consisted of 

proteinaceous liquids, such as dilute Nu-Lure® or torula yeast/borax tablets 

dissolved in water.

Figure 3-2 McPhail Trap
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-9

Trap Service 

Follow these steps to service the McPhail trap:

Step 1: 

Remove the trap from the tree, keeping it upright to avoid spillage. 

Step 2: 

Gently swirl the contents to catch flies that are alive and clinging to the inside 

of the glass in the air space above the water solution. Do this over a strainer.

Step 3: 

Remove the stopper and pour the contents of the trap through the strainer that 

is held over a bucket. Any insects adhering to the trap should be removed and 

placed into the strainer. After the liquid has passed through, float the flies by 

submerging the strainer in a slightly larger white enamel pan of water. 

Softened and rolled wings, even if detached from fly bodies, will straighten out 

and be readily seen on the surface of the water.

Step 4: 

Remove any picture-wing flies or other insects of potential interest from the 

strainer and place them into a vial or other container with 70% alcohol. The 

alcohol preserves the specimens.

Step 5: 

Label the container with trap location, trap type, date, and any other pertinent 

information, and return the container to the local trapping supervisor or other 

designated person for screening and identification. 

Step 6: 

Clean contaminated traps before use. Transparency of the glass is important to 

attracting flies into the trap.

Step 7: 

Avoid spilling bait since flies might be attracted to the material instead of 

entering traps. 

Step 8: 

Carry away old bait and wash water in a suitable container (five gallon bucket 

with lid) for proper disposal. 
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

3-10 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Care and Maintenance

Soak McPhail traps in a solution of trisodium phosphate (TSP) for 5 to 6 hours 

and brush clean. Lime-A-Way®can be used to clean any remaining calcium 

deposits. A large container such as a fifty-gallon drum would be ideal for 

soaking traps. Cleaning before winter storage insures a clean trap in the spring 

during the busy deployment period and will prevent the annual compounding 

of mineral deposits on the glass. For programs on a continuous schedule, traps 

should be rotated out-of-service for cleaning.

Muriatic acid can be purchased from swimming pool supply outlets and diluted 

20-to-1 with water. Soak traps in a plastic drum for 30 minutes. Rinse and 

brush immediately after removal to reduce corrosion of the metal hanger wire. 

Save all neoprene corks.

Jackson Trap

The Jackson trap (JT) is a delta-shaped trap made of plastic-coated cardboard. 

The trap consists of five parts: trap body, sticky insert, wick holder or plastic 

basket, wick or solid lure, and trap hanger. Trap hangers are reusable and 

should be saved. A sticky insert on the bottom captures the flies. 

This trap is mostly used with a combination of a para-pheromone and an 

insecticide. Two types of lure dispensers may be used. If the solid lure is used, 

it is contained in a plastic basket suspended from the inside of the Jackson trap 

(see Figure 3-3). The liquid lure is placed on a cotton wick supported inside the 

trap by a wire wick holder (see Figure 3-4.) 

! CAUTION

Muriatic acid can be used for hard-to-clean traps but proper protective equipment, 

such as a respirator, goggles, and gloves should be worn.

Figure 3-3 Jackson Trap Baited with Solid Lure in a Plastic Basket
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-11

Figure 3-4 Jackson Trap Baited with Liquid Lure on a Cotton Wick

! CAUTION

Be careful that the medicine dropper does not touch the sides of the trap when baiting.
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

3-12 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Jackson Trap Assembly (Figure 3-5):

Step 1: 

Insert the trap hanger at the top of the trap. Do not bend the hanger; it is brittle 

and will break easily.

Step 2: 

Put a 90 degree bend in the wick holder 1 inch from the end. Insert the wick.

Step 3: 

Insert the wick holder on the side of the trap, ensuring the wick does not touch 

the side wall and the wick is midway inside the trap. For solid lures, place the 

lure in the lure basket and slide the basket on to trap hanger. For liquid lures, 

insert wick holder. 

Step 4: 

Write the trap number on the non-sticky side of the insert. Make sure the sticky 

surface is good.

Step 5: 

Bow the sticky side upward and insert in the trap. Number the trap body before 

hanging.

Figure 3-5 Jackson Trap Assembly
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-13

Jackson Trap Service

Step 1: 

Remove the trap from the tree.

Step 2: 

Pull out the insert and examine entire area of insert, including the bottom of 

insert. This step should be done before attending to other trap servicing details.

Step 3: 

Remove leaves and debris from sticky board insert, since flies could be 

beneath these objects. Be certain that the sticky surface is not rendered less 

effective by dust or debris. The sticky board insert must remain optimally 

sticky to capture flies. When flies are detected on the sticky board insert, 

remove sticky board insert from trap body, wrap in clear cellophane, and mark 

date and trap identification.

Change inserts every 6 weeks during the baiting cycle of the trap or more often 

as needed. Always change the insert when relocating the trap. Insert must be 

identified by trap number as well for identification purposes.

As a general rule, cotton wicks or solid lures should be changed every 6 weeks. 

Water (moisture) can physically force the lure out of the wicks and 

contaminate the traps. Wicks that become wet from rain, sprinklers, etc., 

should be changed.

Trap bodies eventually lose their shape, become covered with trap servicing 

data, or otherwise deteriorate. When this occurs, they should be replaced. 

Figure 3-6 Jackson Trap Baited with Plug
Trapping Guidelines

Trap Types

3-14 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Multilure® Trap

Multilure® traps are plastic traps with an invagination in the bottom and a hole 

that permits entry of flies at the top of the invagination. The area around the 

invagination is typically filled with liquid. Flies that enter the trap fall into the 

liquid and drown. These trapping systems provide an alternative to standard 

McPhail traps or Jackson traps for use in detecting, delimiting, and monitoring 

populations of exotic fruit flies. Multilure® traps are used with proteinaceous 

baits, like the McPhail traps, and can also be used with the synthetic food baits. 

The Multilure® trap also includes a receptacle that holds controlled-release 

cones or other devices and allows them to be added or changed without 

opening the trap. In addition, clips are available in the lid for holding sticky 

panels or panel-type release devices. There are other trapping systems that are 

very similar to the Multilure®, such as the Liquibator trap.

Multilure® Trap Service

To service the Multilure®, trap, follow the instructions listed under the McPhail 

trap. 

Care and Maintenance

Clean traps every 6 weeks when the bait and liquid propylene glycol are 

replaced or more frequently if necessary. The best cleaning method is to use a 

mild solution of GX 1027 (antibacterial soap) and water. Two teaspoons of GX 

1027 in 5 gallons of water is sufficient. In some cases it may be necessary to 

soak the traps overnight to loosen sticky substances and debris. Rinse the traps 

thoroughly in clean water and wipe or air dry before reusing.

DO NOT USE CHEMICAL CLEANERS FOR REMOVAL OF THE 

STICKY SUBSTANCES. These products may act to deter flies and thus 

render the trap less effective.

Figure 3-7 Multilure® Trap
Trapping Guidelines

Capture Agents

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-15

Capture Agents

Propylene Glycol (PG) - preferred

Use propylene glycol (PG) solution with 3C, 2C, or proteinaceous lures in 

Multilure® traps. A 10 percent solution of PG (low-toxicity antifreeze) diluted 

in water has several advantages over borax. PG appears to preserve flies better 

than the borax, slows evaporation, and may even enhance the attractiveness of 

the lures. The PG solution must be replaced every 6 weeks when baiting or 

sooner if evaporation occurs. 

Sticky Board

This trapping agent is used in the Jackson traps as inserts at the bottom (see 

Figure 3-6).

Attractants 

Proteinaceous Baits

Proteinaceous baits are also known as natural food baits. These are usually 

combined with a preservative (Borax or low-tox antifreeze) and water in a 

liquid formulation. These baits capture both female and male fruit flies. They 

also tend to catch a wide range of non-target insects. 

1) Torula Yeast (TY)/borax

Torula yeast comes in 5 gram pellets and includes borax. Prepare the attractant 

solution at the ratio of 1 pellet per every 100 ml of capture fluid (3 pellets/

300ml per trap). This ratio produces a nice slurry that is attractive to fruit flies 

(normally not too thick or too thin). 

Torula yeast is used in McPhail traps as well. When baiting the trap, add water 

to a level just below the inside lip so that minor tilting will not cause spillage. 

This is important, since solution residue on the outside glass surface will leave 

a protein deposit that will discourage flies from entering the trap and drowning 

in the solution. Service and replace the bait weekly due to high nontarget insect 

captures and other contamination. During a response delimitation the torula 

should be allowed to activate for 3 days prior to initial servicing. 

NOTICE

Extra borax does not need to be added to the solution.
Trapping Guidelines

Attractants

3-16 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Para-pheromones

Para-pheromones are chemical compounds produced by plants that mimic the 

effect of insect pheromones. Para-pheromones have controlled release 

formulations providing a longer lasting attractant for field use. These lures are 

used with Jackson traps. When baiting a Jackson trap with one of these lures 

(except trimedlure), it is necessary to add insecticide to prevent flies from 

escaping. These lures act primarily as male attractants; however, when males 

are absent or present in low numbers, females may enter the trap.

1) Cuelure (CUE)

Keep CUE in a darkened bottle. A calibrated medicine dropper or a pipette is 

recommended for application of the lure to the wick. The wick is initially 

baited with 6 ml of lure. One-half of the lure is applied to each end of the wick 

(3/4” x 1"). Change wick every 6 weeks. Reusing the wick is not 

recommended. This lure contains 5 percent Naled active ingredient Dibrom®

to ensure that flies are killed and held in the sticky board insert. The lure and 

toxicant are mixed by program staff and issued to trappers. If possible, baiting 

of new traps should be done at a work station where safety and contamination 

can be addressed more readily. 

2) Methyl-eugenol (ME)

Keep ME lure in a darkened bottle. A calibrated medicine dropper or a pipette 

is recommended for application of the lure to the wick. The wick is initially 

baited with 6 ml of lure. One-half of the lure is applied to each end of the wick 

(3/4” x 1"). Wick should be changed every 6 weeks. This lure contains 1 

percent Naled (active ingredient Dibrom®) to ensure that flies are incapacitated 

and held in the sticky board insert. Signal green pigment has been added as an 

identifying color.

3) Trimedlure (TML)

Trimedlure comes as a liquid or a solid lure. Both forms of TML are approved 

by the program; however, the solid polyplug is the recommended form. Plugs 

are formulated with 2 grams of TML; 1 plug per trap should be used and 

should be changed every 6 weeks. There is no insecticide in the lure. A reddish 

pigment has been added as an identifying color. 

! CAUTION

Properly label CUE and ME lure containers with a poison label, dated, and stored 

properly out of reach of children and animals.

Use Latex or other protective gloves when handling lures and wicks containing 

Dibrom®.

Use safety goggles/face shield when mixing or pouring liquid lures.

Know and follow the product labels and MSDS.
Trapping Guidelines

Synthetic Food Lures

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-17

Synthetic Food Lures

Synthetic food lures are both female and male attractants and are more pest 

specific than the liquid proteinaceous baits. 

1) 3-Component (3C)

Patches or Cone - The 3-Component lure (3C) consists of putrescine (P), 

ammonium acetate (A), and trimethylamine (T). For the patches, these 

compounds are formulated separately in sealed patches. Each patch has a 

circular membrane that controls the rate of release of the compound into the 

air. This lure is also available in unipack formulation that includes all the 

components in a single patch. Additionally, the lure is available in cone 

formulation. The only approved 3C lure formulation is the 3C patch or 3C 

cone. 

2) 2-Component (2C)

Patches or Cone - The 2-Component lure (2C) consists of putrescine (P) and 

ammonium acetate (A). For the patches, these compounds are formulated 

separately in sealed patches. Each patch has a circular membrane that controls 

the rate of release of the compound into the air. This lure is also available in 

unipack formulation that includes both components included in a single patch. 

Additionally, the lure is available in cone formulation. The only approved 2C 

lure formulation is the 2C patch or 2C cone.

! CAUTION

All three lure components, although exempt from EPA registration, can be irritating to 

eyes, skin, and the upper respiratory system. They emit toxic fumes if burned, consequently:

*Bait traps outdoors in a well-ventilated area.

*Use the packaging or tweezers whenever handling bait patches.

*Dispose of spent bait patches or cones, daily.

*Do not work inside MLMultilure® trap storage areas in order to avoid contamination 

of trap bodies.

*Do not burn or store near flames. Evacuate the area in case of fire in storage area.

*Do not open bait packages inside offices or vehicles, and do not store used traps in 

offices as they retain the bait odor. Spare used traps should be stored in watertight 

containers in the bed of a pickup truck or in a supply shed.
Trapping Guidelines

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps

3-18 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps

Patch Lures

Follow these steps to use the stick-on (patches) lures:

Step 1: 

Carefully remove the protective cover of the lure patch and use it to press the 

patch against the inside surface of the trap top so that the adhesive on the back 

of the patch thoroughly adheres to the trap. There are three different patches, 

identified by the last letters P, A and T (putrescine, FFA, and FFT, 

respectively). FFA and FFT bait patches are identical once the packaging is 

removed, so it is necessary to standardize the placement of the patches in case 

one falls off (Figure 3-8 and Figure 3-9).

Step 2: 

Bait the trap with putrescine by attaching the bait package (inclusive of 

adhesive) on the clear wall directly under the yellow cap. Looking down on the 

top of the trap and moving clockwise, attach the A and then the T patches on 

opposite sides at the top of the inside of the clear portion (top) of the trap. 

Immediately dispose of the protective covers.

Step 3: 

To assure that the A and T patches do not fall into the solution, keep the 

patches close enough to each other so that the A and T patches can be secured 

Figure 3-8 Patch Placement of 3C, Top View

Figure 3-9 Patch Placement of 3C, Side View
Trapping Guidelines

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-19

with the P in the middle slightly overlapping the A and T patches. Do not cover 

or damage any of the open membranes.

Of the three patches, the P patch seems to have better adhesive properties, thus 

when applied in this manner it keeps the other patches from falling off into the 

liquid solution.

Clip-On Lures

Follow these steps to use the clip-on lures:

Step 1: 

Remove outer envelopes on lure patches, if any. 

Step 2: 

Remove adhesive backing from the FFA and FFT patches.

Step 3: 

Attach A to T back-to-back, crossing to adhesive strips.

Step 4: 

Peel the cover off of the vertically aligned lure patch and adhere the FFP patch 

to the side of the vertical patch, being sure not to block any part of the open 

membrane.

Step 5: 

Remove the remaining lure film covers.

Step 6: 

Place the top edge of the 3-pack inside the fold of a plastic file folder tab or 

similar plastic material. Again, be careful not to block any portion of the 

membrane.

Step 7: 

Grip the 3-pack by the file folder tab and insert it securely between the 3 

plastic insert clips on the clear plastic Multilure® top.

Step 8: 

Assemble the top and bottom, making sure the 3-pack does not block the 

entrance hole or touch the surface of the PG solution. Save the plastic file 

folder tab for reuse at each baiting. 
Trapping Guidelines

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps

3-20 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Cones

Step 1: 

Remove the yellow cap from the bait well at the top of the clear plastic upper 

half of the Multilure® trap.

Step 2: 

Open the polyseal foil bag that contains the cone. The cone has a red plastic 

foot on one end.

Step 3: 

Place the cone into the bait well, using the packaging, gloves or forceps to 

avoid touching the cone. Position the red plastic foot in first to avoid the bait 

from sticking to the bottom of the bait well.

Step 4: 

Once the cone is in the well, replace the yellow lure cap on the bait well. 

Attach a hanger to the trap and position where needed. 

Figure 3-10 Step by Step Baiting of 2C and 3C on Patches in Multilure®
Trapping Guidelines

Baiting Synthetic Food Lures in Multilure® Traps

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-21

Service Intervals

Inspection Intervals

Inspect the traps every 1 to 3 weeks depending on risk and season when using 

ME, CUE, TML, 3C, and 2C. McPhail traps with torula yeast should be 

inspected weekly. 

Baiting Intervals

Servicing intervals will have to be adjusted to local climate and temporal 

conditions. For example, periods of high winds or high temperatures will 

require more frequent servicing intervals than periods of calm weather or low 

temperatures. Replace the lures / bait and the trapping agent liquid, propylene 

glycol, at the same visit. In addition, check the trapping agent liquid at every 

inspection, replacing any evaporated or spilled liquid.

Figure 3-11 Step by step Rebaiting 2C and 3C Cones in Multilure®

Table 3-2 Maximum Recommended Baiting Intervals

Season

Week Intervals

CUE ME TML TY 2C 3C

Winter

6 6 6 1 6-8 6-8

Cool Spring-Summer (daytime highs of 70-80°F)

6 6 6 1 6-8 6-8

Hot Summer (daytime highs of 90°F)

4 4 4 1 6-8 6-8
Trapping Guidelines

Quality Assurance

3-22 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Quality Assurance

Quality assurance should be an integral part of every trapping program and 

should be designed to improve the overall detection effort. All personnel given 

quality assurance assignments should be thoroughly knowledgeable of 

trapping guidelines and procedures. The following quality assurance systems 

are recommended: 

A quality assurance person periodically rides with the trapper and 

indicates where improvements can be made.

A quality assurance person takes the trapper records and services the trap 

line by themselves. Any suggestions for improvement should be noted on 

the trap record by trap number.

Blind random seeding of traps with marked specimens or tags can provide 

valuable information regarding how a specimen moves through the 

system from detection to identification to response. 

Specially dyed sterile fruit flies can be placed in a predetermined number 

of traps for QA purposes. All supervisors and trappers in the work station 

should be aware that this method of quality assurance is to be used. 

Specifically, mapping, trap placement and servicing, site and host 

selection, trap distribution in the area, density of traps required, trap 

relocation, safety, and record keeping should be monitored among other 

parameters.

Data Management

For surveillance systems to be fully effective, the use of standardized survey 

grids is essential. Use of standard survey grids simplify mapping and enhances 

computer-generated map capabilities and database management systems. 

Sophisticated navigational aids and geographical information systems play an 

important role in making pest surveys more effective and efficient. Global 

Positioning System (GPS) navigational aids are revolutionizing position 

locater capabilities utilizing latitude/longitude (lat/long) coordinates.

Any grid overlay may be used within the lat/long projections on a map to 

locate projected trap sites for detection survey purposes (ideal location will 

depend on host availability). The map and matching grid overlay would, 

preferably, utilize a one square mile framework for ease of use. Additionally, 

field use of a GPS receiver gives latitude/longitude (lat/long) coordinates for 

each trap placement, can be incorporated into a computer based mapping 

program to plot the entire trapping area (county & state). In the absence of or 

until a GPS receiver is available, the current use of a property or trap record 

card locating the trap by software program or street address will enable 
Trapping Guidelines

Data Management

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 3-23

physical insertion of lat/long coordinates. (See General Information on page 

B-1.) The Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) stresses the use of lat/

long data for the following reasons:

Accuracy

Effective data management 

Effective mapping

Reproduction capability

Uniformity

Detailed trapping information is generally kept on a Property Survey Record 

(See General Information on page B-1.) or trap record. This provides recorded 

information regarding the exact location of the trap. It also includes servicing, 

relocation and baiting history. Individual states may have their own form. 

However, any trap record should include the following information;

A history of trap inspection and baiting, including dates, inspector, 

specimens found, and samples submitted

An identification number for each trap

The exact location of each trap, i.e., county, city, address, mapped location 

on property and host the trap is located in 

Trapping books, maps, specimen submission data, etc., must be accurate. 

Legible city and county wall maps depicting the distribution of each trap type 

must be kept. Experience has shown that inaccurate or insufficient records can 

create additional problems.

When recording trap information give close attention to the following details:

Always denote the city and county.

Always use pencil for trap card entries.

Draw property diagram maps with “north” toward the top border. Indicate 

north on each map with an N”.

Include a written description of the location of each trap on the property. 

A more detailed description will be needed for those locations that are not 

easily found.

Label the street name where the trap is placed, as well as at least one close 

cross street. Always denote “street”, “drive”, “avenue”, etc.

Name the host type, e.g. orange, and mark its approximate location on the 

property.

Never run a trap line without the trapbook / trap cards.
Trapping Guidelines

Specimens Management

3-24 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Record trap information immediately after inspection or baiting in the 

field. Do not wait until a later time to record data.

Sketch recognizable landmark structures and distances in undeveloped 

areas or when an address is not available.

Sketch recognizable structures on the property where the trap is placed.

Update records when a trap is relocated or host changed.

Utilize the IPHIS Fruit fly complex or other approved detection data base 

system when managing fruit fly records.

Specimens Management

Trappers should collect and submit any suspect flies, especially those with 

patterned or picture wings for identification. Follow the specific guidelines 

outlined by your state program and according to National Identification 

Services (NIS) guidelines.
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-1

Appendix

A

Pest Information

Contents

Introduction A-1

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens) A-2

South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus) A-5

West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua) A-7

Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina) A-9

Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata) A-11

White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata) A-14

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae) A-16

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta) A-20

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) A-25

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis ) A-29

Solanum Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons) A-43

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni) A-46

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata) A-51

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) A-56

Introduction

The information presented for fruit flies is the best known information at this 

time. Papers are constantly being published that contain new information about 

the biology, distribution, and host range of fruit flies. For the most up-to-date 

information, consult the APHIS PPQ S&T Compendium of Fruit Fly Host 

Information (CoFFHI) group. Authorized users can access the Compendium of 

Fruit Fly Host Information at https://coffhi.cphst.org/.
Pest Information

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)

A-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)

The Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) (Mexfly) is a serious pest of citrus 

and mango in northeastern Mexico. Since 1893, Mexfly has spread throughout 

Mexico and into Central America. It is known to be a recurrent pest in the 

United States only in Cameron, Hidalgo and Willacy Counties in southern 

Texas, but undergoes eradication efforts whenever detected.

APHIS and cooperators maintain survey, regulatory, and control programs, 

including grove inspection, spray applications, trapping, fruit fumigation, and 

the certification of fruit shipped interstate. An established infestation of 

Mexfly could severely harm production and marketability of domestic citrus 

fruits, causing significant industry losses.

The Mexican fruit fly destroys many types of fruit, including oranges, 

grapefruits, peaches, and pears. Female fruit flies lay their eggs in pieces of 

fruit. The eggs hatch into larvae that eat the flesh of the fruit, causing it to rot. 

These flies could cause billions of dollars' worth of damage if they became 

established in the United States.

General Biology

The adult is slightly larger than a housefly and is mostly yellowish-brown in 

color. The Mexican fruit fly, A. ludens, is typical in appearance to other 

members of the genus Anastrepha, but notable for the female's long ovipositor 

and sheath relative to its body size. The ovipositor is 3.35-4.7 mm long. The 

Mexican fruit fly is readily distinguished from the Caribbean fruit fly, 

Anastrepha suspensa, by its much longer ovipositor (only 1.45-1.6 mm long in 

suspensa), wing band color (pale yellow in ludens vs. dark brown in suspensa), 

width of S-band (narrow apically, not extending to medial vein in ludens vs. 

wide and extending to medial vein in suspensa), and color of thoracic setae 

(uniformly pale in ludens vs. dark in suspensa).

Under varied laboratory conditions, Mexfly mated 9-25 days after they 

emerged and began to lay eggs a few days later. Eggs hatched in 4-7 days, and 

the larvae developed in 9-35 days. Pre-pupal and pupal stages in the soil lasted 

16-32 days. In nature the average life cycle takes about 3 months with three 

generations developing annually. There can, however, be up to 12 generations 

a year. The Mexfly female punctures the rind or skin of fruits and vegetables 

and inserts 2-10 eggs. A single female may produce several hundred eggs. 

Larvae pupate 3-5 cm deep in the soil.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® (2 component) or McPhail trap with torula yeast
Pest Information

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-3

Distribution

Mexfly occurs in Argentina, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, 

Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. It has been detected in 

Texas frequently, but is eradicated. This species is subtropical rather than 

tropical, and in Central America its range extends southward only at higher 

elevations.

Source: Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

UGA5193047 http://www.bugwood.org)

Figure A-1 Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)
Pest Information

Mexican Fruit Fly (Anastrepha ludens)

A-4 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Table A-1 Host List for Anastrepha ludens

Scientific Name Common Name

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona cherimola Mill. cherimoya

Annona reticulata L. bullock's heart

Annona squamosa L. custard apple

Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. manzano

Carica papaya L. papaya

Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex white sapote

Casimiroa greggii (S. Watson) F. Chiang yellow chapote fruit

Casimiroa spp. sapote

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 1 lime

Citrus aurantium L. sour orange

Citrus deliciosa Ten. Mediterranean mandarin, 

Citrus limetta Risso sweet lemon

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.2 lemon

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. pummelo

Citrus medica L. citron

Citrus meyeri Meyer lemon

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka Cleopatra mandarin, 

Citrus reticulata Blanco clementine

Citrus reticulata x Fortunella calamondin orange 

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange

Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore tangelo

Coffea arabica L. coffee

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Diospyros kaki Thunb. persimmon

Inga jinicuil G. Don jinicuil

Inga micheliana Harms chalum

Malus pumila Mill. paradise apple

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. wild apple

Mammea americana L. mamey

Mangifera indica L. mango

Passiflora edulis Sims purple granadilla

Persea americana Mill.3 avocado

Prunus americana Marshall plum

Prunus armeniaca L. apricot

Prunus domestica L. plum

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch nectarine/peach
Pest Information

South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-5

South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)

South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) is a serious pest of cultivated fruits in 

many parts of South America and is apparently the most injurious species of 

the genus Anastrepha. In Argentina it is considered to be the most important 

pest in all citrus areas. It attacks many fruits as well as vegetables and nuts.

General Biology

South American Fruit Fly adults are about 12 mm long. The female has a stout 

ovipositor somewhat shorter than the abdomen. Wing spread is 25 mm. The 

body is rust yellow or brownish yellow with three sulfur yellow stripes on the 

thorax. Wings have a variable yellow brown pattern on a clear base.

The life cycle of the South American Fruit Fly varies considerably by season 

as well as by region. Up to 50 eggs may be oviposited in a single fruit. Adults 

live about a month. The egg stage lasts about 3 days in summer and 6 days in 

winter. Larval development is completed in 15-20 days in summer and up to 25 

days in winter. In exceptional cases, adults have been known to emerge from 

pupae after 12, 14, and 18 months.

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. 

Schneid.

nectarine

Prunus salicina Lindl. Japanese plum

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg strawberry guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Pyrus communis L. pear

Sapotaceae sapota, sapodilla

Sideroxylon capiri (A. DC.) Pittier subsp. tempisque (Pittier) 

T.D. Penn.

jungleplum

Spondias purpurea L. purple mombin

Spondias spp. Spanish plum

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose-apple

1 Sour limes are not regulated articles for Mexfly.

2 Eureka, Lisbon and Villa Franca cultivars (smooth-skinned sour lemon) are not regulated articles for Mexfly.

3 Commercially produced Hass avocado from Mexico is not a host of Mexfly.

Table A-1 Host List for Anastrepha ludens (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)

A-6 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® (2 component) or McPhail trap with torula yeast

Distribution

South American fruit fly occurs in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, 

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, 

Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, 

Uruguay, and Venezuela. South American fruit fly has been detected in the 

United States but is not established there. The populations north of the equator 

may be a species complex, not the true South American Fruit Fly.

Source: Taina Litwak, USDA-ARS. 5484427

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-2 South American Fruit Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)

Table A-2 Host List for Anastrepha fraterculus

Scientific Name Common Name

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona mucosa Jacq. wild sweetsop

Butia eriospatha (Mart. Ex Drude) Becc. wooly jelly palm

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth craboo

Campomanesia sp.

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus sinensis (L.) orange

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. loquat

Eriobotrya involucrata DC. cherry-of-the-Rio 

Grande

Eriobotrya pyriformis Cambess. uvalha

Eriobotrya sp.
Pest Information

West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-7

West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua)

West Indian fruit fly adults are very difficult to separate from South American 

fruit flies, as they have similar coloring and patterns (See South American Fruit 

Fly (Anastrepha fraterculus) on page A-5.) Specimens should be referred to a 

specialist, as dissection of the aculeus (ovipositor piercer) on a female may be 

necessary to confirm identification. 

General Biology

West Indian fruit flies lay eggs beneath the skin of host fruits, where the eggs 

hatch within 3-12 days. Larvae feed for another 15-32 days and then pupate in 

the soil for 15-19 days (longer in cool temperatures) before emerging as adults. 

Adults occur throughout the year.

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry

Mouriri acutiflora Naudin Flor de mosquito 

amarillo

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus domestica L. plum

Psidium guajava L. guava

Psidium sp.

Psidium guineense Sw. Brazilian guava

Spondias mombin L. hog-plum

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston jambos

Table A-2 Host List for Anastrepha fraterculus

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua)

A-8 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® (2 component) or McPhail trap with torula yeast

Distribution

West Indian fruit fly occurs in Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, 

British Virgin Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican 

Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, 

Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands 

Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts-Nevis, 

Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and the Virgin Islands 

of the United States. Distributions are restricted in Mexico and Paraguay. West 

Indian fruit fly has been detected in the Bermuda Islands, but is no longer 

present; the fly has been detected in the United States, but has been eradicated.

Source: Jeffrey W. Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences. UGA5194002

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-3 West Indian Fruit Fly (Anastrepha obliqua) 
Pest Information

Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-9

Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina)

General Biology

Sapote fruit flies have a body length of 7.5 – 10.3 mm with darker body 

markings, predominantly black or orangish to brown. Sapote fruit fly is the 

only Anastrepha species that lacks the V-band (inverted V-shaped band across 

crossvein dm-cu and doubling back across vein M). Instead, the V-band is 

reduced to a marking along crossvein dm-cu. Sapote fruit flies have a long 

ovipositor.

Table A-3 Host List for Anastrepha obliqua

Scientific Name Common Name

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola, country gooseberry

Brosimum alicastrum Sw. ramo ́n

Diospyros spp. sapote 

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. kitembilla

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. loquat

Malpighia glabra L. Barbados cherry

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen chiku sapodilla

Passiflora edulis Sims passionflower, passionfruit, yellow lilikoi

Passiflora quadrangularis L. giant granadilla

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Prunus salicina Lindl. Japanese plum

Psidium acutangulum DC

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale(Raddi) 

Fosberg

red strawberry guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Pyrus communis L. pear

Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson otaheite apple, jew plum

Spondias mombin L. hog-plum

Spondias purpurea L. red mombin

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry mountain apple, Malay apple
Pest Information

Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina)

A-10 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Sapote fruit flies lay eggs under the skin of host fruits, where eggs hatch after 3 

days and larvae feed for an additional 8-13 days. Larvae pupate in the soil for 

13-17 days before emerging as adults.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® (2 component) or McPhail trap with torula yeast 

Distribution

Sapote fruit fly occurs in Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Curacao, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, French 

Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, 

Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Sapote fly is 

occasionally detected in the United States; these detections are always 

eradicated.

Source: A. Norrbom et al., Systematic Entomology Laboratory. 5486395

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-4 Sapote Fruit Fly (Anastrepha serpentina)

Table A-4 Host List for Anastrepha serpentina

Scientific name Common name

Annona glabra L. alligator apple

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth craboo

Chrysophyllum cainito L. star-apple

xCitrofortunella mitis 

Citrus spp. citrus
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-11

Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata)

General Biology

Guava fruit fly adults are small to medium sized (wing 5.9-7.7 mm long) and 

yellow brown, with a black-patterned thorax. Guava fruit flies are 

distinguishable by the combination of a U-shaped dark pattern on the scutum 

and a short aculeus that lacks apical serrations.

There is little specific information available on the life cycle of guava fruit 

flies. Anastrepha species lay eggs beneath the skin of host fruits, where eggs 

hatch within 3-6 days. Larvae feed on the fruit for another 15-20 or 20-25 days, 

depending on temperature, before pupating in the soil. Adults emerge after 15-

19 days (longer in cool temperatures). Adults occur throughout the year.

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Diospyros digyna Jacq. black sapote

Diospyros spp. sapote

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. Ceylon gooseberry

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. apple

Mammea americana L. mammey apple

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen sapodilla

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Planchonella obovata (R. Br.) Pierre black-ash

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. caimito

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni eggfruit tree

Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.

Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Psidium guajava L. guava

Pyrus communis L. pear

Sideroxylon sebolana 

Spondias mombin L. mombin

Spondias purpurea L. purple mombin

Table A-4 Host List for Anastrepha serpentina (continued)

Scientific name Common name
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata)

A-12 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® (2 component) or McPhail trap with torula yeast

Distribution

Guava fruit fly occurs in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, 

Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, 

Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. The species is occasionally detected and 

eradicated from the United States.

Source: A. Norrbom et al., Systemic entomology Laboratory. 5486452

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-5 Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata)
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Anastrepha striata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-13

Table A-5 Host List for Anastrepha striata

Scientific Name Common Name

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona mucosa Jacq.. wild sweetsop

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. jackfruit

Attalea phalerata Mart. Ex Spreng. urucuri palm

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Bellucia dichotoma Cogn. red goiaba-de-anta

Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana goiaba-de-anta

Bellucia pentamera Naudin coronillo

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth nance

Byrsonima sp. muruci

Campomanesia cornifolia

Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pav. guabiroba

Carica papaya L. papaya

Caryocar glabrum (Aubl.) Pers. bat’s souari

Chrysobalanus icaco L. coco-plum

Chrysophyllum cainito L. star-apple

Citrus aurantium L. sour orange

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange

Coffea arabica L. Arabica coffee

Couma utilis (Mart.) Mull. Arg. sorva

Diospyros digyna Jacq. black persimmon

Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. birchberry

Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex. O. Berg pitomba

Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.

Eugenia stipitata McVaugh araza

Eugenia uniflora L. Brazil cherry

Inga edulis Mart. ice cream bean

Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.

Inga sp.

Inga velutina Willd.

Malpighia glabra L. Barbados cherry

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manihot esculenta Crantz cassava

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen sapodilla

Myrcia popayanensis Hieron.

Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. bacaba palm

Parahancornia fasciculata (Poir.) Benoist amaca

Passiflora edulis Sims passionfruit

Passiflora sp.
Pest Information

White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata)

A-14 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata)

General Biology

White striped fruit flies are small (body length 6 – 7.5 mm) with predominantly 

black coloring, facial spots, scutum with lateral yellow stripes, and 

postpronotal lobe yellow in the posterior half. The scutellum often has a 

triangular black mark, while the wing has two brown bars across the wing and 

a dark apical spot.

At this time, there is no information available on the life cycle of the white 

striped fruit fly. In general, fruit flies lay eggs beneath the skin of host fruits 

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. caimito

Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.

Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist

Prunus domestica L. plum

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Psidium acutangulum DC.

Psidium cattleianum Sabine strawberry guava

Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg strawberry guava

Psidium caudatum

Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied. Costa Rican guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Psidium guineense Sw. guinea guava

Psidium laruotteanum Cambess.

Psidium persicifolium O.Berg.

Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied. arrayan

Psidium sp.

Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T. D. Penn.

Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & Pav.

Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson jew plum

Spondias mombin L. mombin

Spondias purpurea L. purple mombin

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry Malay apple

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L. M. Perry Java apple

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millsp. tamay

Table A-5 Host List for Anastrepha striata (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-15

where eggs hatch, larvae feed on fruit, pupate in the soil and emerge as adults. 

Fruit flies living under tropical and subtropical conditions tend to have several 

generations each year.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Sentry® Cue-lure, Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast.

Distribution

White striped fruit fly occurs in Australia, Christmas Island, India, Indonesia, 

Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Thailand. White striped fruit fly 

was once detected in the United States but is no longer present.

Source: Pest and Diseases Image Library. 5459087

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-6 White Striped Fruit Fly (Bactrocera albistrigata)

Table A-6 Host List for Bactrocera albistrigata

Scientific Name Common Name

Aglaia argentea tanglar

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. jackfruit

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola, country gooseberry

Calophyllum inophyllum L. Alexandrian laurel, laurel

Gmelina elliptica Sm. Badhara bush

Guettarda speciosa L. beach gardenia

Mangifera indica L. mango

Mimusops elengi L. Spanish cherry

Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum. kojbar
Pest Information

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)

A-16 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)

General Biology

Carambola fruit flies have a predominantly black or dark fuscous body, 

although it is sometimes a balanced mixture of black and yellow. Wings have a 

costal band extending below R2+3. Carambola fruit flies are morphologically 

indistinguishable from Oriental fruit fly. A DNA analysis is necessary to 

confirm identification.

At this time there is no specific information available on the life cycle of 

Carambola fruit fly. Related fruit flies lay eggs below the skin of host fruit, 

where eggs hatch within a day (can be delayed up to 20 days in cool 

temperatures). Larvae feed for 6-35 days, then pupate in the soil for 10-12 days 

(can be delayed for up to 90 days under cool temperatures). Adults occur 

throughout the year.

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites mast tree

Psidium guajava L. guava

Scolopia spinosa piring

Syzygium spp. water apple, watery roseapple, rose apple, 

clove, mountain apple, Malay apple

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Terminalia procera Roxb. badam, white bombway

Table A-6 Host List for Bactrocera albistrigata (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-17

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Methyl eugenol or Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast.

Source: Pest and Diseases Image Library. 5189094

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-7 Carambola Fruit Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)
Pest Information

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)

A-18 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Distribution

Carambola fruit fly occurs in Brunei, French Guiana, India (not mainland), 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Suriname, Thailand, and Vietnam. It has been 

detected in and eradicated from Brazil and Guayana.

Table A-7 Host List for Bactrocera carambolae

Scientific Name Common Name

Alangium uniloculare (Griff.) King

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona montana Macfad. mountain soursop

Annona mucosa Jacq. cherimoya

Annona muricata L. soursop

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. areng palm

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg breadfruit

Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. jackfruit

Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. campedak

Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. monkeyfruit

Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco marang

Artocarpus ridigus Blume. subsp.asperulus

Averrhoa bilimbi L. bilimbi

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. rambai

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. mariantree

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth craboo

Canarium odontophyllum Miq. danau majang

Capparis micracantha DC.

Capsicum annuum L. bell pepper

Capsicum chinense Jacq. bonnet pepper

Chrysobalanus icaco L. coco-plum

Chrysophyllum cainito L. caimito

xCitrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands calamondin

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Indian lime

Citrus aurantium L. bitter orange

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. lemon

Citrus limonia Osbeck Canton lemon

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin orange

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange

Diospyros wallichi
Pest Information

Carambola Fly (Bactrocera carambolae)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-19

Dryptis longifolia

Eugenia stipitata McVaugh araza

Eugenia uniflora L. Brazil-cherry

Excoecaria agallocha L. blind-your-eye mangrove

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. hui Li

Ficus grossularioides Burm.f.

Ficus hispida L.f. hairy fig

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle round kumquat

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle oval kumquat

Fortunella polyandra (Ridel.) Tanaka Malayan kumquat

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Ex T. Anderson asam gelugor

Garcinia cowa Roxb. Ex DC. cowa

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz eggtree

Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson

Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen

Genipa americana L. genipa

Gnetum montanum Markgr.

Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex A.W.Benn

Knema angustifolia

Lansium domesticum Correa lansium

Lansium parasiticum

Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.

Malpighia emarginata DC. Barbados cherry

Malpighia glabra L. acerola

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara littoralis

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen sapodilla

Melientha suavis Pierre

Mimusops elengi L. medlar

Ochanostachys amentaceae

Paramignya andamanica

Pellacalyx saccardianus

Persea americana L. avocado

Planchonella longipetiolatum

Pouroma paefolia

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni eggfruit-tree

Pouteria macrophylla(Lam.) Eyma lucuma

Table A-7 Host List for Bactrocera carambolae (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

A-20 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

General Biology

Guava fruit fly adults are 5-6 mm long and are morphologically similar to 

Bactrocera zonata (peach fruit fly). Guava fruit flies are distinguishable by the 

color of the thorax (dark base with two bright yellow strips, yellow “shoulders” 

and yellow at the posterior tip), and the facial spots being united, or almost so, 

to form a black transverse band. A less developed whitish-cross band is present 

on the second abdominal segment.

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine strawberry guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Ceylon hill-cherry

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. santol

Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser

Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal Indian nightshade

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum tomato

Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex Parkinson golden-apple

Spondias mombin L. hog-plum

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore buff hazelwood

Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston watery rose-apple

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose-apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry Malay-apple

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry Java-apple

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Terminalia citrina Roxb. ex Fleming

Terminalia procera Roxb. badam

Tetractomia majus Indian cress

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. luckynut

Triphasia trifolia (Burm.f.) P. Wilson limeberry

Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. Ex Hornem.

Xanthophyllum amoenum

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. jujube

Table A-7 Host List for Bactrocera carambolae (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-21

Guava fruit flies lay eggs under the skin of host fruit, where eggs hatch after 

3.1 days. Larvae feed on the fruit for 19 days, and the pupal stage lasts 7 days. 

The pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods of B. correcta

were 14.1, 13.7 and 27.2 days, respectively, at 30 +2°C and 70 percent relative 

humidity.
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

A-22 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Methyl eugenol or Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast

Source: Pest and Diseases Image Library. 5311041

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-8 Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-23

Distribution

Guava fruit fly occurs in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri 

Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Guava fruit fly has been detected in the United 

States but is always eradicated.

Table A-8 Host List for Bactrocera correcta

Scientific Name Common Name

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Areca catechu L. areca palm

Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. chaplash

Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. chempedak

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull.Arg. menteng

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. ash gourd

Bouea macrophylla Griff. gandaria

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. mariantree

Capparis sepiaria L.

Capparis thorellii Gagnep. cap thorel

Careya arborea Roxb. slow match tree

Careya sphaerica Roxb. kra doon

Carica papaya L. papaya

Carissa carandas L. Bengal currant

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. pomelo

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels wampi

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt ivy gourd

Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner robusta coffee

Cucumis melo L. melon

Dimocarpus longan Lour. longan

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. Ex Miq. kok sat

Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz Spanish plum

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Governor’s plum

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch Indian plum

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Royle Chinese waterberry

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz eggtree

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. F. sour mangosteen

Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims Buah pasat

Irvingia malayana Oliv. Ex A. W. Benn cha bok

Knema angustifolia horse blood

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.
Pest Information

Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta)

A-24 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. loofah

Madhuca longifolia (L.) J.F. Macbr. moatree

Maerua siamensis (Kurz) Pax

Malpighia emarginata DC Barbados cherry

Malpighia glabra L. acerola

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen sapote

Mimusops elengi L. Spanish cherry

Muntingia calabura L. calabur tree

Musa x paradisiaca L. banana 

Olax scandens Roxb. namchai khrai

Opuntia monocantha Haw. drooping prickly pear

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Indian gooseberry

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites cemetery tree

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus cerasus L. dwarf cherry

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach, nectarine

Prunus salcinia Lindl. Asian plum

Psidium guajava L. guava

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. red santol

Schoepfia fragrans Wall. Xiang fu mu

Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex Parkinson golden apple

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz hog plum

Strychnos potatorum L. f. clearing nut tree

Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston water apple

Syzygium borneense (Miq.) Miq. kelat

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels java plum

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Malay apple

Syzygium nervosum DC. Daly River satin ash

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

java apple

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. beach almond

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Table A-8 Host List for Bactrocera correcta (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-25

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

Melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) (Melon fly) originated in the IndoMalayan Region where it is the most destructive pest of cucurbits. This species 

has seriously restricted production of melons, cucumbers, tomatoes, and other 

vegetables in Hawaii following its introduction (as early as 1895). Entire fields 

of Hawaiian watermelons have been killed before the plants reached 20 cm in 

length. A loss of more than 95 percent of the pumpkins was reported in Hawaii 

in the early days of the infestation. India, likewise, has reported 50 percent 

destruction of vegetable crops.

General Biology

Melon Fruit Fly development from egg to adult under an optimum temperature 

of 81°F and 70 percent relative humidity takes approximately 12 days. Under 

optimum conditions, the period of time for completion of one generation is 

about 21 days. Females live 3 to 5 months. The shortest length of time for one 

generation is about 12 days, but it is usually about 1 to 2 months.

A mated female Melon Fruit Fly may deposit an average of 15 eggs per day for 

a month or more. The eggs take 6 to 28 hours to hatch. The larvae go through 

three instars in 4 to 17 days. They drop to the ground and pupate 2 to 5 cm 

under the soil surface. The pupal stage usually lasts 7 to 13 days, but may last 

up to 59 days in cold weather.

Melon Fruit Fly adults are 6 to 8 mm long or slightly longer than a housefly. 

They are reddish yellow, with brown spots along veins of the wings. Females 

have a slender sharp-pointed ovipositor.

Trichosanthes costata Blume ribbed orange gourd

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. serpent gourd

Vitis vinifera L. common grapevine 

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Chinese jujube

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Chinese apple

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. jujube

Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Bidara letek

Table A-8 Host List for Bactrocera correcta (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

A-26 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Sentry® Cue-lure or Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast

Source: Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service. 1317036

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-9 Melon Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)
Pest Information

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-27

Distribution

The Melon fly is native to Asia. It occurs in Africa, Burma, Sri Lanka, China, 

French Polynesia (Tahiti, Moorea, and Bora Bora), Guam, Hawaii, India, 

Indonesia, Malaya, New Guinea, Okinawa, Philippine Islands, Rota, Thailand, 

Southeastern Asia, and Taiwan.

Table A-9 Host List for Bactrocera cucurbitae

Scientific Name Common Name

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench okra

Annona muricata L. soursop

Annona reticulata L. custard apple

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Chinese melon

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. leaf mustard

Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis L. cauliflower

Capsicum annuum L. pepper, chili

Capsicum frutescens L. pepper, tabasco

Carica papaya L. papaya

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin grape

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. colocynth

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai watermelon

Citrullus spp. melon

Citrus nobilis Lour. king orange

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck sweet orange

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt ivy gourd

Coccinia spp. gourd

Cresentia spp. gourd

Cucumis anguria L. West India gherkin, 

Cucumis melo L. cantaloupe

Cucumis melo L. subsp melo melon

Cucumis melo L. subsp melo var cantalupo Ser. cantaloupe

Cucumis melo L. subsp agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var conomon (Thunb.) MakinoOriental pickling melon

Cucumis sativus L. cucumber

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne squash

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne Canada pumpkin

Cucurbita pepo L. pumpkin

Ficus carica L. fig

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet subsp purpureus hyacinth bean

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. white flowered gourd

Lagenaria spp. gourd

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. angled luffa gourd
Pest Information

Melon Fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

A-28 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. sponge gourd

Luffa spp. gourd

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. apple

Mangifera indica L. mango

Momordica balsamina L. balsam apple gourd

Momordica dioica Roxb. Ex Willd. kakari gourd

Momordica spp. gourd

Passiflora edulis Sims passionflower, passionfruit, 

yellow lilikoi

Passiflora laurifolia L. water lemon

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Phaseolus lunatus L. lima bean

Phaseolus vulgaris L. mung bean

Phoenix dactylifera L. date palm

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine cattley strawberry guava, 

guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Pyrus communis L. pear

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. chayote

Sesbania grandiflora (l.) Pers. scarlet wisteria tree

Sicyes spp. bur cucumber

Solanum betaceum Cav. tree tomato

Solanum lycopersicum L. var lycopersicum tomato

Solanum melongena L. eggplant

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var anguina (L.) Haines serpent cucumber gourd, 

Trichosanthes ovigera Blume snake gourd

Trichosanthes spp. gourd

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cowpea

Table A-9 Host List for Bactrocera cucurbitae (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-29

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis complex; Bactrocera papayae, 

Bactrocera philippinensis, Bactrocera invadens, and others) (OFF), one of the 

world's most destructive pests of soft fruits, was introduced into the Hawaiian 

Islands about 1945, and by 1948 had increased to high population numbers. 

Under Hawaiian conditions this species is more aggressive than the Melon 

fruit fly or the Mediterranean fruit fly. It is likely that, under favorable 

conditions, OFF could survive and reach damaging numbers in areas of 

California, Texas, and Florida. 

Although most literature does not indicate OFF to be as destructive to citrus as 

Medfly, a report from Sri Lanka noted that unprotected grapefruit had been 

heavily attacked; this species has also been cited as a serious citrus pest in 

Taiwan. In Hawaii, OFF is destructive to all marketable fruit crops except 

pineapple and strawberries. 

Pakistan recorded a 50-70 percent OFF infestation of peaches and pears in one 

area. In a second area 50-80 percent of loquat, apricot, guava, and fig crops 

were attacked in succession from April to October, while peach, pear, and 

persimmon were attacked to the same extent from aid-August to October. 

These are examples of the destructive importance of this pest to a variety of 

fruits.

General Biology

Egg to adult development of OFF at an optimum temperature of 80°F and a 

relative humidity of 70 percent takes approximately 22 days. The adult usually 

becomes sexually mature 8 to 12 days after emergence. The minimum period 

of time for one generation is approximately 30 days.

A mated female OFF may oviposit as many as 136 eggs per day, usually about 

10 per oviposition site Eggs may take only 24 hours to hatch, but at cooler 

temperatures can require up to 20 days. The larval stage may last from 6 to 35 

days depending on the temperature. At optimum temperatures the larval stage 

can be as short as 6 to 7 days. Third instar larvae can exit fruit by a flipping 

motion before or after the fruit drops to the ground. They then pupate 2-5 cm 

(rarely up to 13 cm) below the soil surface. Soil conditions may compel the 

larvae to move up to 90 cm away from fallen fruit in search of a suitable 

pupation site. The pupal stage usually takes 10 to 12 days to complete. This 

can be extended to 120 days by extremely cool temperatures.

OFF usually overwinters in this stage. Newly emerged females normally 

require about 8-12 days to mature before they can begin to oviposit. Adults 

usually live for about 1 to 3 months but have survived a year in cool mountain 

localities. The species has been able to survive frosts and slight snowfall. 
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-30 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

When hosts are available, the flies tend to remain in one area. However, 

dispersive movement, when prompted by lack of host fruits, warm weather 

following cool or cold temperatures, or by newly emerged adults before 

reaching maturity, can be greater than 3 miles. When forced, such as flying 

over water, movement can be as much as 40 miles. There are normally two 

daily peaks of activity, one in early morning for feeding and one at dusk for 

mating, which is at a maximum about 15 minutes prior to sunset.

OFF adults are somewhat larger than a housefly, about 8.0 mm long, color 

bright, variable, mostly yellow with two black markings on the thorax and 

abdomen. Females have slender sharp-pointed ovipositors. Wings are clear, 

with a narrow dark band along the forward margin and a short diagonal band 

near the base.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Methyl eugenol with Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast 

Source: Florida Division of Plant Industry Archive

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 5193078

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-10 Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-31

Source: Pest and Diseases Image Library. 5311069

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-11 Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-32 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Distribution

OFF is native to Asia. Its presence has currently been verified in Burma, 

China, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Timor), Thailand, 

and the United States (Hawaiian Islands). Prior infestations in the United 

States (California), the Mariana Islands, and Japan (the Ryukyu Islands) were 

eradicated.

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex

Scientific Name Common Name

Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret pineapple-guava

Adenanthera pavonina L. red sandalwood

Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc. manila palm

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa baeltree

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib Doussie

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms begonialleaf alangium

Alangium griffithii (C. B. Clarke) Harms

Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin sage-leaf alangium

Alpinia mutica Roxb. small shell ginger

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew nut

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. pineapple

Annona xatemoya Mabb. atemoya

Annona cherimiola Mill. cherimoya

Annona glabra L. pond-apple

Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. llama

Annona montana Macfad. mountain soursop

Annona muricata L. soursop

Annona reticulata L. custard apple

Annona senegalensis Pers. wild custard-apple

Annona squamosa L. custard apple, sugar apple

Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. sackingtree

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. black currant tree

Aporusa villosa (Lindl.) Baill. ye-mein

Ardisia crenata Sims hen's eye, coralberry

Areca catechu L. areca palm

Arenga engleri Becc. formosan sugar palm

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. sugar palm

Arenga westerhoutii Griff.

Artabotrys siamensis Miq.

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg breadfruit

Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. chaplash

Artocarpus elastica Reinw. ex Blume terap

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. jackfruit
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-33

Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. chempedak

Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. monkeyfruit

Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb. keledang

Artocarpus lanceolatus Trecul

Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco marang

Artocarpus rigidus subsp. asperulus (Gagnep.) F. M. Jarrett monkey-jack

Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M. Jarrett

Averrhoa bilimbi L. bilimbi

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs

Baccaurea angulata Merr. red angled tampoi

Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. rambai

Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg. menteng

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Burmese grape

Bactris gasipaes Kunth peach palm

Balakata baccata (Roxb.) Esser jiang guo wu jiu

Barringtonia edulis Seem. cutnut

Bischofia javanica Blume java-cedar, needlebark

Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig akee

Borassus flabellifer L. toddy palm

Bouea macrophylla Griff. gandaria

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. plum mango

Breynia reclinata (Roxb.) Hook. F.

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume lulalub

Brugmansia xcandida Pers. angel's-trumpet

Calllicarpa longifolia Lam. chukin

Calophyllum inophyllum L. Alexandrian laurel, kamani

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomson ylang-ylang

Canarium insulare

Capparis sepiaria L. hedge caper bush

Capparis tomentosa Lam. African caper

Capsicum annuum L. bell pepper

Capsicum chinense Jacq. bonnet pepper

Capsicum frutescens L. tabasco pepper

Capsicum frutescens var. grossum sweet pepper

Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. apple chile

Careya arborea Roxb.

Careya sphaerica Roxb. kra doon

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-34 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Carica papaya L. papaya

Carissa carandas L. carandas-plum

Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. natal plum

Carissa spinarum L. currentbush

Caryota mitis Lour. Burmese fishtail palm

Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex. white sapote

Celtis tetrandra Roxb. si rui po

Cereus aethiops Haw. cactus

Cestrum latifolium Lam. jasmin sauvage

Cestrum nocturnam L. lady-of-the-night

Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada

Chrysobalanus icaco L. coco plum

Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don white star apple

Chrysophyllum cainito L. caimito, star apple

Chrysophyllum olivoforme L. caimitillo

Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don athapala

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Burmese almondwood

Cinnamomum yabunikkei H. Ohba yabu-nikkei

Cissus repens Lam.

xCitrofortunella floridana J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore limequat

xCitrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands calamandarin

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai watermelon

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. bitter apple

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. Swingle) sour lime

Citrus aurantium L. sour orange

Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tanaka clementine

Citrus deliciosa Ten. Italian tangerine

Citrus depressa Hayata

Citrus hystrix DC. kaffir lime

Citrus jambhiri Lush. rough lemon

Citrus keraji Hort. ex Tanaka kabuchi

Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka Persian lime

Citrus limetta Risso sweet lime

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. lemon

Citrus limonia Osbeck rangpur lime

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill pummelo

Citrus natsudaidai Hayata Japanese summer grapefruit

Citrus nobilis Lour. king orange

Citrus oto Hort. ex Yu. Tanaka

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-35

Citrus paradisi Macfady grapefruit

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin orange

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck sweet orange

Citrus x tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore tangelo

Citrus unshiu Marcow. Satsuma orange

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels wampi

Clusia rosea Jacq. copey

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt ivy gourd

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. sea grape

Cocos nucifera L. coconut

Coffea arabica L. Arabian coffee

Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner robusta coffee

Cordia dentata Poir. English clammy berry

Cordyla pinnata (A. Rich.) Milne-Redh.

Crinum asiaticum L. Asiatic poisonbulb

Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. cucumis

Cucumis melo L. cantaloupe

Cucumis melo var. cantalupo Ser. cantaloupe

Cucumis melo var. conomon (Tthunb.) Makino oriental pickling melon

Cucumis sativus L. cucumber

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne squash

Cucurbita pepo L. pumpkin

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Datura stramonium L. common thorn-apple

Desmos chinensis Lour. jia ying zhua

Dillenia obovota (Blume) Hoogland simpoh padang

Dimocarpus longan Lour. longan

Diospyros areolata King & Gamble

Diospyros blancoi A. DC. velvet apple

Diospyros castanea (Craib). H.R. Fletcher

Diospyros diepenhorstii Miq. kaya malam

Diospyros glandulosa Lace mai kua thoun

Diospyros japonica Siebold & Zucc. ryukyu-mamegaki

Diospyros kaki Thunb. Japanese persimmon

Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Indian persimmon

Diospyros maritima Blume sea ebony

Diospyros mollis Griff. ma kluea

Diospyros montana Roxb. mountain persimmon

Diospyros sandwicensis (A. DC.) Fosberg elama

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-36 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Diospyros vera (Lour.) A. Chev. native persimmon

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey striped-cucumber

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. Ceylon gooseberry

Dracaena draco (L.) L. dragon tree

Dracaena steudneri Schweinf. ex Engl. northern large leave dragon 

tree

Ehretia microphylla Lam. Philippine tea

Elaeocarpus hygrophilus Kurz ma-kok-nam

Elaeocarpus serratus L. Ceylon olive

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb) Lindl.. loquat

Erycibe subspicata Wall. ex G. Don zhui xu dingg gong teng

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. Brazil cherry

Eugenia megacarpa Craib

Eugenia palumbis Merr.

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry

Exalobus monopetalus

Excoecaria agallocha L. blind-your-eye mangrove

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. hui li

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour. sekunyit

Ficus auriculata Lour. roxburgh fig

Ficus benjamina L. Benjamin fig

Ficus carica L. common fig

Ficus chartacea (Wall. ex Kurz) Wall. ex King zhi ye rong

Ficus concatian

Ficus eligodon

Ficus erecta Thunb. ai xiao tian xian guo

Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume yellow stem fig

Ficus hirta Vahl cu ye rong

Ficus hispida L. f. hairy fig

Ficus microcarpa L. f. Chinese banyan

Ficus obpyramidiata

Ficus ottoniifolia Miq.

Ficus pumila L. creeping mission fig

Ficus racemosa L. cluster fig

Ficus religiosa L. sacred fig

Ficus septica Burm. F. septic fig

Ficus virgata Reinw. ex Blume dao rong

Flacourtia indica (Burman f.) Merrill Governor's plum

Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi Prunier café

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd) Royle common bushweed

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-37

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle calamondin orange

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle nagami kumquat

Fortunella polyandra (Ridl.) Tanaka Malayan kumquat

Fragaea berteroana Bentham var. sair Gilg. & Benedict pua kenikeni

Fragaria xananassa Duchesne ex Rozier strawberry

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. strawberry

Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anderson gelugor

Garcinia celebica (Burm.) L. gourka

Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC. cowa

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz eggtree

Garcinia griffithii T. Anderson

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre

Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel

Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen

Garcinia mannii Oliv. kar

Garcinia parvifolia Miq. kandis

Garcinia prainiana King button mangosteen

Garcinia speciosa Wall. ma pong

Garcinia subelliptica Merr.

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. F. gourka

Garuga floribunda Decne. garuga

Glochidion littorale Blume saka saka

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. shan xiao ju

Gmelina elliptica Sm. badhara bush

Gmelina philippensis Cham.

Gossypium barbadense L. Egyptian cotton

Gymnopetalum scabrum (Lour.) W.J. de Wilde & Duyfjes feng gua

Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer common Indian mulberry

Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr.

Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims

Holigarna kurzii King

Horsfieldia subglobosa Warb. penarahan

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose dragon fruit

Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosberg Tahitian chestnut

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubre-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. dikanut

Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A.W. Benn. kabok

Ixora javanica (Blume) DC.

Ixora macrothyrsa (Teijsm. & Binn.) R. Br. santan-pula

Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baill. syrup palm

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-38 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Juglans hindsii (Jeps.) R. E. Sm. California walnut

Juglans nigra L. black walnut

Juglans regia L. English walnut

Kedrostis leloja (Forssk.) C. Jeffrey

Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb. xiao ye hong guang shu

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. bottle gourd

Lansium domesticum Correa langsat

Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K.C. Sahni & Bennet

Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh. sinpaju

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh

Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. kelatiayu

Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk.

Lindera oxyphylla Hk. F.

Litchi chinensis Sonn. litchi

Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. bolly-beech

Litsea salicifolia (J. Roxb. ex Nees) Hook. f. hei mu jiang zi

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. ribbed loofah

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. loofah

Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter hong si xian

Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc. tabu

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner cockspurthorn

Maerua duchesnei (De Wild.) F. White

Malpighia emarginata DC. Barbados cherry

Malpighia glabra L. acerola

Malus domestica Borkh. apple

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. crab apple

Mammea americana L. mammy apple

Mammea siamensis T. Anderson

Mangifera caesia Jack wani

Mangifera caloneura Kurz mamauangpa

Mangifera foetida Lour. bachang mango

Mangifera griffithii Hook. F. rawa

Mangifera indica L. mango

Mangifera laurina Blume boa pow

Mangifera longipetiolata King asam damaran

Mangifera odorata Griff. kuine

Mangifera pajang Kosterm. bambangan

Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard subsp. emarginata

(L.) Cronquist

wild sapodilla

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen sapote

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-39

Merremia vitifolia (Burm. F.) Hallier f. zhang ye yu huang cao

Microcos tomentosa Sm.

Mimusops elengi L. Spanish cherry

Mitrephora maingayi Hook f. Thomson thabut-net

Momordica balsamina L. balsam apple

Momordica charantia L. bitter melon

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng balsam apple

Morella rubra Lour. Chinese-arbutus

Morinda citrifolia L. Indian mulberry

Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham.

Morus alba L. white mulberry

Morus nigra L. black mulberry

Muntingia calabura L. Jamaica cherry

Murraya exotica L. Chinese-boxwood

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack mock orange

Musa acuminata Colla Chinese banana

Musa balbisiana Colla plantain

Musa xparadisiaca L. banana

Musa troglodytarum L. fe'I banana

Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume

Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. canary wood

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser burflower tree

Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. shirodamo

Nephelium cuspidatum Blue var. eriopetalum (Miq.) Leenh. panungaian

Nephelium lappaceum L. rambutan

Nestegis sandwicensis (A. Gray) O. Deg., I. Deg. & L.A.S. 

Johnson

olopua

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. apple-of-Peru

Nicotiana glauca Graham tree tobacco

Nicotiana tabacum L. tobacco

Ochreinauclea maingayi (Hook. f.) Ridsdale

Ochrosia mariannensis A. DC.

Olax scandens Roxb. dheniani

Olea europaea L. olive

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. prickly pear cactus

Palaquium maingayi (C.B. Clarke) King & Gamble nyatoh

Pandanus fragrans Gaudich. screw pine

Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze hala

Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb. F.) Schltr. X Papilonanthe 

teres (Roxb.) Schltr.

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-40 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Parinari anamense Hance

Parkia speciosa Hassk. petai

Passiflora edulis purple granadilla

Passiflora foetida L. stinking passion fruit

Passiflora incarnata L. wild passion fruit

Passiflora laurifolia L. yellow granadilla

Passiflora ligularis Juss. sweet granadilla

Passiflora quadrangularis L. giant granadilla

Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poir. var. mollissima (Kunth) 

Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg

banana passion fruit

Pereskia grandiflora Pfeiff.

Persea americana Miller avocado

Phaseolus vulgaris L. green bean

Phoenix dactylifera L. date palm

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels gooseberry tree

Physalis angulata L. angular winter cherry

Physalis minima L. green gooseberry

Physalis peruviana L. ground cherry

Physalis philadelphica Lam. husk tomato

Physalis pubescens L. strawberry tomato

Pimenta dioica (L.) merrill allspice

Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh. F.

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites cemetery tree

Polyalthia simiarum (Buch.-Ham. Ex Hook. F. & Thomson) 

Benth. Ex Hook. F. & Thomson

Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst Fijian longan

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Japanese bitter orange

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. abiu

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni canistel

Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn mamaey sapote

Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist green sapote

Premna serratifolia L. coastal premna

Prunus americana Marshall American plum

Prunus armeniaca L. apricot

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus campanulata Maxim. Taiwan cherry

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cherry plum

Prunus cerasoides D. Don sour cherry

Prunus cerasus L. maraschino cherry

Prunus domestica L. common plum

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-41

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. Ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. Catalina cherry

Prunus lusitanica L. Portugese cherry

Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. Japanese apricot

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. peach

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. 

Schneid

nectarine

Prunus salicina Lindl. Japanese plum

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine strawberry guava

Psidium cattleyanum var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg red strawberry guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Pyrus communis L. pear

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai sand pear

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. downy rose myrtle

Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.

Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon liane saba

Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Chinese elder

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merill santol

Santalum album L. white sandalwood

Santalum paniculatum Hook. & Arn. sandalwood

Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) Bruce country fig

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. star gooseberry

Schoepfia fragrans Wall.

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. maroola plum

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. chayote

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. scarlet wisteria tree

Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser

Simarouba glauca DC. paradise tree

Siphonodon celastrineus Griff.

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Dutch eggplant

Solanum aethiopicum L. kumba

Solanum anguivi Lam. African eggplant

Solanum betaceum Cav. tree tomato

Solanum donianum Walp. mullein

Solanum erianthum D. Don big eggplant

Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & Pav.

Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal

Solanum incanum L. bitter apple

Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal Indian nightshade

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis )

A-42 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M. L. Jaeger apple-of-sodom

Solanum lycopersicum L. tomato

Solanum macrocarpon L. gboma eggplant

Solanum mammosum L. macawbush

Solanum maurittianum Scop. bugtree

Solanum melongena L. eggplant

Solanum muricatum Aiton melon pear

Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti divine nightshade

Solanum nigrum L. black nightshade

Solanum pimpinellifolium L. currant tomato

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Jerusalem cherry

Solanum quitoense Lam. Quito orange

Solanum scabrum Mill. garden huckleberry

Solanum seafrothianum Andrews black nightshade

Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal cocona

Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq.

Solanum torvum Sw. Devil's fig

Solanum trilobatum L.

Solanum tuberosum L. Irish potato

Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. sondriry

Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson Otaheite apple

Spondias mombin L. Jamaica plum

Spondias pinnata L. common hog plum

Spondias purpurea L. purple mombin

Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost. imbu

Streblus asper Lour.

Strychnos mellodora S. Moore

Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston watery rose apple

Syzygium borneense (Miq.) Miq.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels malay apple

Syzygium formosanum (Hayata) Mori.

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merrill & L.M. Perry mountain apple

Syzygium nervosum DC. satin-ash

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry Java apple

Taddalia asiatica

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Solanum Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-43

Solanum Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons)

General Biology

Solanum fruit flies are about the size of a house fly. Solanum fruit flies have a 

rust brown abdomen, bright yellow stripes at the base of the wings, and a 

single black spot at the tip of each wing. Legs are predominantly yellow with 

some brown markings.

Terminalia chebula Retz. black myrobalan

Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Fleming black chuglam

Theobroma cacao L. cocoa

Thevetia puerviana (pers.) K. Schum. yellow oleander

Trichosanthes boninensis Nakai

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. serpent gourd

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. pointed gourd

Trichosanthes ovigera Blume snake gourd

Triphasia trifolia (Burm. F.) P. Wilson limeberry

Turpinia ternata Nakai san ye shan xiang yuan

Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. ex Hornem.

Uvaria macrophylla Roxb.

Vaccinium reticulatum Sm. ohelo

Viburnum japonicum (Thunb.) Spreng. hakusan-boku

Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn. shea-butter tree

Vitis spp. grape

Vitis vinifera L. grape

Wikstroemia phillyreifolia

Willughbeia cochiinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.

Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb.

Ximenia americana L. yellow plum

Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq.

Zehneria wallichii (C.B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. jujube

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Chinese date

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) Wight & Arn.

Ziziphus oenopila (L.) Mill.

Table A-10 Host List for Bactrocera dorsalis Complex (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Solanum Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons)

A-44 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Under laboratory conditions, eggs are laid beneath the skin of host fruit, and 

eggs hatch within a few days (mean 2.3). Larvae feed for a mean of 8.5 days, 

pupation occurs in soil, and the pupal stage lasts a mean 10.2 days. Adults 

occur year round.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula yeast

Distribution

Solanum fruit fly occurs in Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, 

Japan, Kenya, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan Island, 

Tanzania, Thailand, and Vietnam. In the United States it has been eradicated 

from the contiguous States, but occurs in the Hawaiian Islands.

Source: Scott Bauer, USDA-ARS. 1323086

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-12 Malaysian Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons)
Pest Information

Solanum Fruit Fly (Bactrocera latifrons)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-45

Table A-11 Host List for Bactrocera latifrons

Scientific Name Common Name

Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. rambai

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. ash gourd

Capsicum annuum L. chili pepper

Capsicum annuum L. var annuum bell pepper

Capsicum chinense Jacq. bonnet pepper

Capsicum frutescens L. bird pepper

Capsicum spp. pepper

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai watermelon

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle lime

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt ivy gourd

Coffea arabica L. Arabian coffee

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. Ex Spach hedgehog cucumber

Cucumis melo L. subsp agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var conomon (Thunb.) MakinoOriental pickling melon

Cucumis sativus L. cucumber

Dimocarpus longan Lour. Subsp. longan longan

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey lollipop-climber

Gmelina philippensis Cham.

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet subsp. purpureus lab-lab bean

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. bottle gourd

Lagerstroemia indica L. crape myrtle

Linociera parkinsoni

Linociera xanthocarpum

Litchi chinensis Sonn. lychee

Lycianthes biflora (Lour.) Bitter da chi hong si xian

Mangifera altissima Blanco paho

Mangifera indica L. mango

Momordica trifoliolata Hook.f.

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Chinese boxwood

Passiflora foetida L. wild passionfruit

Passiflora spp. granadilla

Physalis peruviana L. cape-gooseberry

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Sapindus rarak DC.

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Dutch eggplant

Solanum aethiopicum L. Chinese scarlet eggplant

Solanum americanum Mill. American nightshade

Solanum anguivi Lam.
Pest Information

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

A-46 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) (QFF), a serious pest of pome (apple, 

pear, etc.) and stone (peach, apricot, etc.) fruits, may be destructive to some 

citrus varieties during peak population years. An outbreak in New South Wales 

during 1940-41 caused rejection of 5-25 percent of the citrus at harvest. The fly 

appears to be as destructive to fruit production in Australia as the Oriental fruit 

fly is in the countries of its range. Commercial stone fruit orchards have been 

abandoned in Queensland due to this pest.

Solanum donianum Walp.

Solanum dulcamaroides Poir.

Solanum erianthum D. Don big eggplant

Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal

Solanum incanum L.

Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal Indian nightshade

Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M.L. Jaeger apple-of-Sodom

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Alef.) Fosberg cherry tomato

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum tomato

Solanum macrocarpon L. African eggplant

Solanum mammosum L. macawbush

Solanum melongena L. eggplant

Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti divine nightshade

Solanum nigrum L. black nightshade

Solanum pimpinellifolium L. currant tomato

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Jerusalem-cherry

Solanum scabrum Mill. garden huckleberry

Solanum spp.

Solanum subsect. Lycopersicon spp.

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. sticky nightshade

Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq.

Solanum torvum Sw. devil's fig

Solanum trilobatum L. purple-fruited pea eggplant

Solanum viarum Dunal tropical soda apple

Solanum violaceum Ortega ci tian qie

Terminalia catappa L. Indian almond

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. common jujube

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.

Table A-11 Host List for Bactrocera latifrons (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-47

General Biology

The pre-ovipositional period for QFF averages two weeks. Up to seven eggs 

are laid in a group in fruit punctures. As many as 40 larvae have been found in 

one peach. Under favorable conditions, eggs hatch in 2 to 3 days. Larvae are 

full grown in 5 to 7 days. Pupae remain in the soil from a week in warm 

periods to a month or more in cooler periods. The total life cycle requires about 

2 to 3 weeks in summer to 2 months in autumn. Because adult females can live 

for prolonged periods, four or five overlapping generations can develop 

annually. Overwintering is in the adult stage.

The adult female of QFF is 6 mm long, has a wing expanse of 10 to 12 mm, 

and transparent wings. Body coloration is brown marked with yellow. The 

dorsum of the thorax has a broad creamy band with a narrow yellow stripe on 

either side. The abdomen is constricted at the base, and broadly rounded at the 

tip.

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Sentry® Cue-lure or Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula 

yeast

Source: G.T. O’Loughlin, Department of Agriculture. 1949063

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-13 Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)
Pest Information

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

A-48 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Distribution

Distribution of QFF in Australia is in the States of New South Wales, 

Queensland, South Australia, and Victoria.

Table A-12 Host List for Bactrocera tryoni

Scientific Name Common Name

Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret pineapple guava

Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson kiwifruit

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona cherimola Mill. cherimoya

Annona muricata L. soursop

Annona reticulata L. bullock's heart

Annona sp.

Annona squamosa L. custard apple

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg breadfruit

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. jackfruit

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal pawpaw

Averrhoa carambola L. carambola

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz fish killer tree

Barringtonia edulis

Callophyllum inophyllum L. Alexandrian laurel

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f .& Thomson ylang ylang tree

Canarium vulgare Leenh. Chinese olive

Capsicum annuum L. sweet pepper

Carica papaya L. papaya

Casimiroa edulis LaLlave & Lex. white sapote

Chrysophyllum cainito L. star apple

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Egyptian lime

Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka Persian lime

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. lemon

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. pomelo

Citrus medica L. citron

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange

Citrus xtangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore tangelo

Coffea sp. coffee

Cucurbita pepo L. acorn squash

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Dimocarpus longan Lour. longan
Pest Information

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-49

Diospyros bicolor

Diospyros digyna Jacq. black sapote

Diospyros kaki Thunb. Japanese persimmon

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ex A. DC.

Diospyros sp. persimmon

Durio zibethinus L. Durian

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb. Lindl. Loquat

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam Brazil cherry

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry

Ficus carica L. common fig

Ficus pancheriana

Ficus sp.

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle round kumquat

Fragaria xananassa Duchesne ex Rozier garden strawberry

Fragaria vesca L. European strawberry

Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen

Hernandia cordigera

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose dragon fruit

Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosberg Tahiti chestnut

Litchi chinensis Sonn. litchi

Malpighia glabra L. acerola

Malus domestica Borkh. apple

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen sapodilla

Mimusops elengi L. medlar

Morinda citrifolia L. canary wood

Morus alba L. Russian mulberry

Musa xparadisiaca L. banana

Musa sp.

Musa troglodytarum L. fe'i banana

Nephelium lappaceum L. rambutan

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. mission prickly pear

Passiflora edulis Sims passionfruit

Passiflora laurifolia L. yellow granadilla

Passiflora quadrangularis L. giant granadilla

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Phoenix dactylifera L. date

Table A-12 Host List for Bactrocera tryoni (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Queensland Fruit Fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

A-50 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels gooseberry tree

Physalis peruviana L. cape gooseberry

Planchonella sphaerocarpa

Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel Brazilian grapetree

Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Pacific lychee

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. caimito

Prunus americana Marshall American plum

Prunus armeniaca L. Apricot

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus domestica L. European plum

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. nectarine

Prunus simonii Carriere apricot plum

Psidium acutangulum DC.

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine cattley guava

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg strawberry guava

Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied. Costa Rican guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Pyriluma sphaerocarpum (Baill.) Aubrev

Pyrus communis L. pear

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai var. culta (Makino) Nakai Asian pear

Rubus fruticosus auct. Aggr. European blackberry

Rubus idaeus L. raspberry

Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey loganberry

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. santol

Solanum betaceum Cav. tree tomato

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum tomato

Solanum mauritianum Scop. bugtree

Solanum melongena L. eggplant

Solanum muricatum Aiton pepino

Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex Parkinson Jew plum

Spondias mombin L. hog plum

Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach.) Daniell miracle fruit

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels jambolan

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Malay apple

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry Java apple

Table A-12 Host List for Bactrocera tryoni (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-51

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

The peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) (PFF), a native of Asia, occurs in 

Southeast Asia, Egypt, India, Mauritius, Moluccas Islands, Pakistan, Reunion 

Island, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Introductions into California have been 

eradicated.

General Biology

PFF development from egg to adult, at optimum temperatures of 80°F and a 

relative humidity of 70 percent, takes approximately 10 days. The adult usually 

becomes sexually mature 8 to 16 days after emergence. The minimum period 

of time for one generation is approximately 20 days.

The PFF is a strong flier and can be active any time of the year when 

temperatures exceed 50°F. In India and Pakistan the fly attacks jujube in early 

spring, changing to loquat and peach by May-June, then to cucurbits, mango, 

bael, citrus, guava, pomegranate, and sapodilla for the rest of the year. The preoviposition period is 10 to 23 days. The female oviposits batches of two to nine 

eggs beneath the skin of the host fruit. An individual may produce more than 

1000 eggs during her lifetime. These hatch in 2-3 days. Larvae feed on the fruit 

for 1 to 3 weeks, and then emerge to pupate 2-15 cm in the ground. The pupal 

period varies from 4 days in summer to over 6 weeks in winter. Published 

observations indicate that PFF can survive winters in temperate climates.

Adults of the PFF have been observed to mate in dim light in the laboratory 

and during twilight in the field. Males and females may mate several times. 

The female may lay fertile eggs 2 to 7 days after mating and throughout her life 

span. The pre-oviposition period is 10-23 days.

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. luckynut

Vaccinium corymbosum L. blueberry

Vasconcellea xheilbornii(V.M. Badillo) V.M. Badillo babaco

Vitis vinifera L. European grape

Ximenia americana L. false sandalwood

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Chinese jujube

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Chinese apple

Table A-12 Host List for Bactrocera tryoni (continued)

Scientific Name Common Name
Pest Information

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

A-52 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

The adult PFF is about the size of a housefly. It is reddish brown, with 

yellowish abdominal crossbands and transparent wings with a small brown 

spot on the tip of each wing. The antennae are short, less than the vertical 

length of the head. 

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with methyl eugenol, Multilure® or McPhail trap with torula yeast

Source: Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 5189098

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-14 Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)
Pest Information

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-53

Distribution

Peach fruit fly occurs in Algeria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Egypt, Gaza 

Strip, India, Indonesia, Iran, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritius, Myanmar, 

Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan 

Island, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, and Yemen. It has been 

detected in and eradicated from Israel and the United States.

Table A-13 Host List for Bactrocera zonata

Scientific Common

Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench okra

Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret pineapple guava

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa indian bael

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib makamong

Annona cherimola Mill. cherimoya

Annona muricata L. soursop

Annona reticulata L. custard apple

Annona squamosa L. custard apple

Careya arborea Roxb. kumbhi

Carica papaya L. papaya

Citrofortunella japonica calamondin orange

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai watermelon

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle lime

Citrus aurantium L. sour orange

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. lemon

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. pummelo or shaddock

Citrus medica L. citron

Citrus nobilis Lour. king orange

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin orange, tangerine

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck sweet orange

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt little gourd

Coccinia spp. gourd

Cresentia spp. gourd

Cucumis melo L. cantaloupe

Cucumis melo L. subsp agrestis (Naudin) 

Pangalo var conomon (Thunb.) Makino

long melon

Cucumis melo L. subsp melo var cantalupo 

Ser

cantaloupe

Cucumis sativus L. cucumber

Cucurbita sp. gourd

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Diospyros sp. persimmon
Pest Information

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

A-54 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Elaeocarpus grandiflorus Sm. lily of the valley tree

Elaeocarpus madopetalus ma-kok-nam

Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum. blue marbletree, New Guinea quandong

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. loquat

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. Brazil cherry

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry

Ficus benghalensis L. Banyan fig

Ficus carica L. fig

Ficus macrophylla Pers. Moreton Bay fig

Ficus retusa L. glossy leaf fig

Ficus rubiginosa Desf. Ex Vent. Port Jackson fig

Ficus spp. fig

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle Chinese orange, kumquat

Grewia asiatica L. phalsa

Lagenaria spp. gourd

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. ribbed or ridged gourd

Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. smooth luffa gourd, sponge

Luffa spp. gourd

Luffa vulgaris gourd

Madhuca longifolia (L.) J.F. Macbr. Var latifolia (Roxb.) A. Chev.mahua, mowra-buttertree

Malpighia emarginata DC. Barbados cherry

Malpighia glabra L. Barbados cherry

Malus domestica Borkh. apple

Malus pumila Mill. paradise apple

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. apple

Mammea americana L. mammy apple

Mangifera foetida Lour. bachang mango

Mangifera indica L. mango

Mangifera odorata Griff. kuine

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard balata sapodilla

Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard subsp 

emarginata (L.) Cronquist

wild sapodilla

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen chiku sapodilla

Mimusops elengi L. Spanish cherry

Momordica balsamina L. hawthorn balsam apple

Momordica charantia L. balsam pear, bitter melon

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. balsam apple, gac

Momordica spp. gourd

Ochrosia elliptica Labill. bourbon orange

Table A-13 Host List for Bactrocera zonata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Peach Fruit Fly (Bactrocera zonata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-55

Olea europaea L. olive

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Phoenix dactylifera L. date palm

Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) R. Knuth patana oak, kumbhi

Prunus americana Marshall American plum, 

Prunus armeniaca L. apricot

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus cerasus L. sour cherry

Prunus domestica L. European plum

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb1 almond with husk

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.ex Hook. & Arn.) D. 

Dietr.

Catalina cherry

Prunus lusitanica L. Portugese cherry

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var nucipersica 

(Suckow) C.K. Schneid.

nectarine

Prunus salicina Lindl. Japanese plum

Prunus salicinia x Prunus cerasifera Methley plum

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine strawberry guava

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var cattleyanum forma lucidum O. Deg.yellow strawberry guava

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var littorale 

(Raddi) Fosberg

red strawberry guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. wild olive

Pyrus communis L. pear

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don kaeuth

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai Asian pear

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Harbin Pear

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. nightshade

Solanum donianum Walp. mullein nightshade

Solanum lycopersicum L. var lycopersicum tomato

Solanum mauritianum Scop. wild tobacco

Solanum melongena L. eggplant

Solanum muricatum Aiton pepino

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Jerusalem cherry

Solanum seaforthianum Andrews Brazilian nightshade, 

Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston water apple, watery roseapple

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Java plum, jambolana

Table A-13 Host List for Bactrocera zonata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-56 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) (Medfly) is a widespread and 

destructive pest of citrus and numerous vegetables and other fruits. Some 

Mediterranean areas have experienced up to 100 percent infestation in stone 

fruits. Greece in 1928 experienced a 50 percent loss in citrus fruit production. 

Medfly has been eradicated from the United States many times. States with 

environments conducive to Medfly establishment are Alabama, Arizona, 

California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and 

Texas. If Medfly becomes established in the United States agricultural losses 

are expected to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The losses in export 

revenues due to trade embargoes would be enormous and would comprise 40 

percent of the total annual losses due to the pest.

General Biology

The female Medfly pierces the skin of the host fruit with her ovipositor and 

deposits from 1 to 10 eggs in the puncture. Other females may oviposit in the 

same puncture. Consequently, several hundred eggs have been found in a 

single cavity. Under normal conditions, a female may lay over 300 eggs during 

her lifetime. Females will not lay eggs when temperatures drop below 62°F.

Medfly eggs hatch in 2 to 3 days at a 79°F optimum temperature. Larvae feed 

throughout the fruit pulp for 6 to 10 days at this temperature. Generally, the 

fruit falls to the ground during or after larval development. Third instar larvae 

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

mountain apple, Malay apple

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & 

L.M. Perry

Java apple

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. belleric myrobalan, 

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Terminalia chebula Retz. black or chebulic myrobalan

Trichosanthes spp. gourd

Ziziphus hysudrica

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Chinese date, jujube

Ziziphus sp.

1 Harvested almonds with dried husks are not regulated articles for peach fruit fly.

Table A-13 Host List for Bactrocera zonata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-57

normally emerge from the fruit and pupate in the soil. However, it is not 

necessary for them to enter the soil to pupate.

Medfly adults emerge from pupal cases in 6 to 15 days at 79°F. The newly 

emerged female adults, not being sexually mature, must feed on proteinaceous 

substances in order to reach sexual maturity. The pre-oviposition period is 

extremely variable depending on environmental conditions, the minimum time 

being 2 days. Feeding will continue during oviposition. The period of time for 

one generation under favorable conditions is 21 to 33 days.

Development in the egg, larval, and pupal stages of Medfly is greatly reduced 

or arrested at temperatures below 50°F. The pupal stage may allow the species 

to survive unfavorable conditions, such as lack of food and water and 

temperature extremes.

Adult Medfly are slightly smaller than a housefly. The head of the female is 

whitish gray with a dark band on the rostrum. Antennae are three-jointed, the 

first and second joints brown and third joint grayish yellow. Eyes are wine-red 

with a greenish sheen in live specimens. The thorax is lustrous black with 

yellow and white patches and lines, shoulders having characteristic white 

rings, wings have broad interrupted transverse bands with a zone through the 

middle rib extending from anterior to posterior, and another zone extending 

toward the posterior half along the rear transverse rib. The flat and curved 

female abdomen terminating in a short ovipositor is yellowish with three, leadgray, transverse bands on the dorsal side in the front and middle segments.
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-58 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Preferred Trap and Lure

Jackson trap with Trimedlure, Multilure® (3 component) or McPhail trap with 

torula yeast

Source: Scott Bauer, USDA-ARS. 1317085

http://www.bugwood.org

Figure A-15 Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-59

Distribution

Native to Africa, the Medfly has spread to all countries bordering the 

Mediterranean Sea (the Mediterranean littoral), Australia, Central America, 

South America, Europe, Hawaii, and various islands in the Pacific. Medfly 

occurs in Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, 

Australia, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, 

Cameroon, Cape Verde, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote 

d’Ivoire, Croatia, Curacao, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, 

Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Gaza Strip, Georgia, Ghana, 

Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, 

Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, 

Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco , Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, 

Nigeria, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, 

Portugal, Reunion, Russia (southern), Rwanda, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and 

Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, 

South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, 

Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United States (Hawaii), Uruguay, Venezuela, West 

Bank of the Jordan River, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Medfly has been 

intercepted in China, Czech Republic, Estonia, India (no longer present), 

Lithuania, Luxembourg (no longer present), Netherlands (no longer present), 

Romania, Slovakia, Sweden and the United Kingdom (no longer present). 

Adventive populations are no longer present in Austria, Belgium, Germany 

and Hungary. Medfly has been eradicated from Belize, Bermuda, New 

Zealand, Ukraine and United States (California, Florida, and Texas). Records 

of Medfly presence in Jamaica and Puerto Rico are erroneous.

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata

Scientific Common

Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret pineapple guava

Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd poison bush

Acokanthera shimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & 

Hook. F. ex Schweinf.

Actinidia chinensis Planch. kiwi

Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & 

A.R. Ferguson

gooseberry

Anacardium occidentale L. cashew

Annona cherimola Mill. cherimoya

Annona muricata L. soursop

Annona reticulata L. custard apple

Antidesma venosum E. Mey. Ex Tul. tassel-berry

Arbutus pavarii Pamp. strawberry-tree

Arbutus unedo L. strawberry-tree

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merrill sugar palm

Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels argantree
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-60 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv.

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg breadfruit

Asparagus sp. asparagus

Averrhoa bilimi L. bilimbi

Averrhoa carambola L. starfruit

Azima tetracantha Lam.

Berberis holstii Engl.

Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig akee

Bourreria petiolaris (Lam.) Thulin

Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill.

Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. coco palm

Calophyllum inophyllum L. ball kamani

Calophyllum tacamahaca Willd.

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton Sodom apple

Campomanesia sessiliflora (O Berg.) Mattos

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F. & ThomsonMacassar oiltree

Capparis sandwichiana DC. puapilo

Capparis sepiaria L.

Capparis spinosa L. caperbush

Capsicum annuum L. bell pepper

Capsicum chinense Jacq. bonnet pepper

Capsicum frutescens L. tobasco pepper

Carica papaya L. papaya

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. Ex Brenan natal plum

Carissa carandas L. Bengal-currants

Carissa longiflora (Stapf) G. H.M. Lawr.

Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. natal plum

Carissa spinarum L. Egyptian carissa

Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf.

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch pecan

Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex. white sapote

Cestrum nocturnum L. night jessamine

Chrysobalanus icaco L. cocoplum

Chrysophylluum argyrophyllum Hiern

Chrysophyllum cainito L. star-apple

Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart & Eichler) 

Engl.

Chrysophylluum oliviforme L. wild star-apple

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-61

Chrysophyllum polynesicum Hillebr.

Chrysophyllum viridifolium J.M. Wood & 

Franks

Cinnamomum verum J. Presl cinnamon

Citharexylum myrianthum Cham.

xCitrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) 

Wijnands

calamandarin

Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Egyptian lime

Citrus aurantium L. bitter orange

Citrus deliciosa Ten. Mediterranean mandarin

Citrus jambhiri Lush. rough lemon

Citrus limettioides Tanaka Indian sweet lime

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. lemon1

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. pomelo

Citrus medica L. citron

Citrus medica L. x Citrus aurantium L. citrangequat

Citrus meyeri Yu. Tanaka Meyer lemon

Citrus myrtifolia Raf. myrtle-leaf orange

Citrus nobilis Lour. mandarin orange

Citrus nobilis Lour. X Citrus paradisi Macfad

Citrus paradisi Macfad. grapefruit

Citrus reshni hort. x Tanaka Cleopatra mandarin

Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarin orange

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck orange

Citrus x tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore tangelo

Citrus tangerina Tanaka tangerine

Citrus unshiu Marcow. Satsuma mandarin

Clausena anisata (Wild.) Hook. F. horsewood

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Chinese clausena

Coccinia microphylla Gilg.

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. seagrape

Coffea arabica L. Arabian coffee

Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner robusta coffee

Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern Liberian coffee

Cola natalensis Oliv.

Corallocarpus ellipticus Chiov.

Cordia sebestena L. geigertree

Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. Forst. & G. 

Forst.

Crataegus azarolus L. Azarole hawthorn

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-62 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. Ex Spach hedgehog cucumber

Cydonia oblonga Mill. quince

Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. longan longan

Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White

Diospyros decandra Lour. persimmon

Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig black sapote

Diospyros kaki Thunb. oriental persimmon

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. Ex A. DC.

Diospyros pallens (Thunb.) F. White

Diospyros pubescens Pers.

Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb. kai apple

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. Ceylon gooseberry

Drypetes gerrardii Hutch.

Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch.

Ehretia cymosa Thonn.

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. cape-ash

Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum (Loes.) 

Loes

Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T. 

D. Penn.

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. loquat

Euclea divinorum Hiern.

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. Brazil cherry

Eugenia involucrata DC. cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande

Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. uvaia

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry

Ficus carica L. fig

Filicium decipiens (White & Arn.) Thwaites 

ex Hook.f.

Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr. governor's plum

Flagellaria guineensis Schumach.

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex. Wildd.) Royle

Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle kumquat

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle oval kumquat

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. strawberry

Frangula californica (Eschsch.) A. Gray 

subsp. californica

buckthorn

Garcinia brasiliensis Mart.

Garcinia mangostana L. mangosteen

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. gourka

Gmelina arborea Roxb. gmelina

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-63

Gossypium hirsutum L. American cotton

Grewia trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich

Guettarda speciosa L. sea randa

Hancornia speciosa Gomes

Harpephylluum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss Kaffir date

Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv.

Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg) Kausel & D. 

Legrand

cereja-d-Rio-Grande

Inga feuille DC. pacae

Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.

Inga sellowiana Benth.

Juglans australis Griseb. Argentine walnut

Juglans nigra L. black walnut

Juglans regia L. walnut

Juglans spp. walnut with husk

Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. calabash

Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern

Latania loddigesii Mart. blue latan palm

Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch

Litchi chinensis Sonn. litchi

Ludia mauritiana J.F. Gmel.

Lycium campanulatum E. Mey. ex C.H. Wr.

Lycium europaeum L. boxthorn

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult

Lycium subglubosum L. Chinese matrimony vine

Malpighia emarginata DC. acerola

Malpighia glabra L. Barbados cherry

Malus domestica Borkh. apple

Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte purple chokeberry

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. crab apple

Mangifera indica L. mango

Manilkara butugi Chiov.

Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard

Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen chicle

Mespilus germanica L. medlar

Miliusa brahei (F. Muell.) Jessup

Mimusops bagshawei S. Moore

Mimusops caffra E. Mey. ex A. DC. coastal red milkwood

Mimusops elengi L. medlar

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-64 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Mimusops kirkii Baker

Mimusops kummel Bruce ex A. DC.

Mimusops obtusifolia Lam.

Mimusops zeyheri Sond. Transvaal red milkwood

Momordica charantia L. balsam apple

Monodora grandidieri Baill.

Morus alba L. white mulberry

Morus nigra L. black mulberry

Morus rubra L. red mulberry

Mouriri elliptica Mart.

Muntingia calabura L. Panama berry

Murraya exotica L. Burmese boxwood

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Chinese box

Musa acuminata Colla banana

Musa x paradisiaca L. plantain

Myricanthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand

Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance gingerbread plum

Nephelium lappaceum L. rambutan

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. nitre bush

Noronhia emarginata (Lam.) Thouars Chinese plum

Ochrosia elliptica Labill. scarlet wedge-apple

Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. Ex 

G. Don Cif.)

European olive

Olea woodiana Knobl. olive

Opilia amentacea Roxb.

Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. mission pricklypear

Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. pricklypear

Opuntia spp. Opuntia cactus

Oxyanthus zanguebaricus (Hiern) Bridson

Passiflora alata Curtis wingstem passionflower

Passiflora caerulea L. passionflower

Passiflora edulis Sims purple granadilla

Passiflora ligularis Juss. sweet granadilla

Passiflora suberosa L. cork passionflower

Pentarhopalopilia umbellulata (Baill.) Hiepko

Peponium mackenii (Naudin) Engl.

Pereskia aculeata Mill. Barbados gooseberry

Persea americana Mill. avocado

Phoenix dactylifera L. date palm

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-65

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Ceylon gooseberry

Physalis peruviana L. cape gooseberry

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. blackbead

Podocarpus elongatus (Ait.) L'Her.ex Pers.

Polysphaeria parvifolia R.D. Good

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. hardy orange

Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. caimito

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni canistel

Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.

Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and 

Stearn

mammee sapote

Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist injerto

Prunus africana (Hook. F.) Kalkman African cherry

Prunus americana Marshall American plum

Prunus armeniaca L. apricot

Prunus avium (L.) L. sweet cherry

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. cherry plum

Prunus cerasus L. dwarf cherry

Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica European plum

Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia (L.) C.K. 

Schneid.

bullace plum

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb almond with husk

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. Ex Hook. & Arn.) D. 

Dietr.

wild cherry

Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. Japanese apricot

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch peach

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica

(Suckow) C.K. Schneid

nectarine

Prunus salicina Lindl. willow-leaf cherry

Prunus salicinia Lindl. X Prunus cerasifera

J.F. Ehrh.

Methley plum

Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. salicifolia (Kunth) 

Koehne

capulin cherry

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. cattleyanumCattley guava

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale

(Raddi) Fosberg

strawberry guava

Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied. Costa Rican guava

Psidium guajava L. guava

Psidium guineense Sw. Brazilian guava

Punica granatum L. pomegranate

Pyrus communis L. pear

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-66 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai

Rhamnus alaternus L. blow-fly-bush

Rhamnus lycioides L. buckthorn

Richardella campechiana (Kunth) Pierre

Rosa sp. rose

Rubus idaeus L. raspberry

Rubus lucidus Rydb. blackberry

Salacia elegans Welw. ex Oliv.

Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell.

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr. santol

Santalum album L. sandalwood

Santalum freycinetianum cv. littorale Gaud. beach sandalwood

Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl goodenia beechberry

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. foetidissimummastic ironwood

Sideroxylon inerme L. ironwood

Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid goatnut

Solanum aethiopicum L.

Solanum anguivi Lam. apple-of-Sodom

Solanum betaceum Cav. tree tomato

Solanum coagulans Forssk.

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.

Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.-M. L. Jaegerpoison apple

Solanum lycopersicon L. var. lycopersion tomato2

Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme

(Alef.) Fosberg

cherry tomato

Solanum macrocarpon L.. African eggplant

Solanum mauritianum Scop. bugtree

Solanum melongena L. eggplant3

Solanum monotanthum Dammer

Solanum muricatum Aiton shrub melon

Solanum nigrum L. blackberry nightshade

Solanum pimpinellifolium L. currant tomato

Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Jerusalem cherry

Solanum scabrum Mill. garden huckleberry

Solanum seaforthianum Andrews black nightshade

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. bitter dense-thorn apple

Solanum torvum Sw. turkey berry

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection A-67

Spondias dulcis Sol. e Parkinson golden apple

Spondias mombin L. yellow mombin

Spondias puurpurea L. purple mombin

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst Panama tree

Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg

Strychnos henningsii Gilg

Strychnos potatorum L.f.

Strychnos pungens Soler. wild orange

Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach.) Daniell miracle fruit

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels jambolan

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston rose apple

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

mountain apple

Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn. magenta lill-pilly

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & 

L.M. Perry

java apple

Terminalia catappa L. tropical almond

Terminalia chebula Retz. natal plum

Terminalia petiolaris A. Cunn. Ex Benth.

Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K. Schumm. yellow oleander

Triphasia trifolia (Burm. F.) P. Wilson limeberry

Vaccinium corymbosum L. blueberry

Vaccinium spp. blueberry

Vangueria infausta Burch. medlar

Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. baby papaya

Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don white ironwood

Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray

Vepris simplicifolia (Engl.) Mziray

Vepris trichocarpa (Engl.) Mziray

Vitis spp. grapes

Vitis labrusca L. fox grape

Vitis vinifera L. grape

Wikstroemia phillyreifolia A. Gray akia

Ximenia americana L. yellow plum

Ximenia caffra Sond.

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. jujube

Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. lotus

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Indian jujube

Ziziphus spina-christi L. Desf. Christ's thorn

Table A-14 Host List for Ceratitis capitata (continued)

Scientific Common
Pest Information

Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata)

A-68 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

1 Smooth-skinned lemons harvested for packing by commercial packinghouses are not regulated for the Mediterranean fruit fly.

2 Only pink and red ripe tomatoes are regulated articles for the Mediterranean fruit fly.

3 Commercially produced eggplants are not regulated articles for the Mediterranean fruit fly.
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection B-1

Appendix

B

General Information

Contents

Recommended Traps and Lures B-2

Trapping Property Map B-3

Property Survey Record (05/1999) B-4

Property Survey Record (08/2005) B-5

Introduction

The information in this chapter contains general information and 

recommendations that could be used in the fruit fly trapping program.
General Information

Recommended Traps and Lures

B-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Recommended Traps and Lures

Table B-1 Recommended Traps and Lures for Exotic Fruit Flies1

Target Fruit Fly

McPhail Trap

10 % PG + Water

Multilure® Trap

10 % PG + Water

Jackson Trap

Sticky Board Insert

TY TY 2C 3C TML ME 1 CUE 5

Anastrepha. spp.

Mexican, A. ludens X XX

South American, A. fraterculus X XX

West Indian, A. obliqua X XX

sapote, A. serpentina) X X X

guava, A. striata X XX

Caribbean, A. suspensa X XX

Bactrocera spp.

white striped, B. albistrigata XX X

guava, B. correcta XX X

melon, B. cucurbitae XX X

Oriental, B. dorsalis complex; 

B.papayae, B. philippinensis, 

B.carambolae, etc. 

XX X

B. facialis XX X

solanum, B.latifrons X X

Queensland, B. tryoni XX X

peach, B. zonata XX X

Ceratitis spp.

Mediterranean, C. capitata X X XX

natal, C. rosa X X XX

1 Propylene glycol (PG), Torula yeast (TY), 2-component lure (2C), 3-component lure(3C), Trimedlure (TML), Methyl-eugenol 

1 % dibrom (ME 1), Cuelure 5% dibrom (CUE 5)
General Information

Trapping Property Map

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection B-3

Trapping Property Map

Figure B-1 Example of Trapping Property Map
General Information

Property Survey Record (05/1999)

B-4 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Property Survey Record (05/1999)

Figure B-2 Example of a Property Survey Record (05/1999)
General Information

Property Survey Record (08/2005)

06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection B-5

Property Survey Record (08/2005)

Figure B-3 Example of a Property Survey Record, front (08/2015)

FFD-2 ME & (TML or ML) [circle one] Property Survey Record

Routine PRP EP

Trapline

S _______ T ______ R _______ ↑N S _______ T ______ R _______ ↑N Trap #

City

County

Criteria

Legend:

 P = Placed, B = Baited, D = Discard

√ = Serviced, SK = Skipped

RL = Relocated, M = Missing/Replaced

 Comments/Remarks

S _______ T ______ R _______ ↑N S _______ T ______ R _______ ↑N

DACS-08362 Revised 08/05

D:

C:

Host: ME # _____ T/ ML # _____ Host: ME # _____ T/ ML # _____

Lat: _____________ Lon: _____________ Lat: _____________ Lon: _____________

1______ /_______

2 _____ /_______

3 _____ /_______

1______ /_______

2 _____ /_______

3 _____ /_______

A:

C: Address:

Loc. Note: Loc. Note:

D: Address:

B:

Loc. Note:

 Date:

Host: ME # _____ T/ ML # _____ Host: ME # _____ T/ ML # _____

Type Survey (circle one)

1_______ /______

2 ______ /______

3 ______ /_______

Loc. Note:

A: Address: B: Address:

Lat: _____________ Lon: _____________ Lat: _____________ Lon: _____________

1______ /_______

2 _____ /_______

3 _____ /_______
General Information

Property Survey Record (08/2005)

B-6 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

Figure B-4 Example of a Property Survey Record, back (08/2015)

FFD-2 ME & (TML or ML) [circle one] Trap #________ Property Survey Record

 Date Location

Action 

ME 

 Action 

ML 

TML

 Initials Date Location

Action 

ME

 Action 

ML 

TML

 Initials Date Location

Action 

ME

 Action 

ML 

TML

 Initials Date Location

Action 

ME

 Action 

ML 

TML

 Initials

DACS-08362 Revised 08/05

Page 2 of 3

# of Flies 

ME T/ML

# of Flies 

ME T/ML

# of Flies 

ME T/ML

# of Flies 

ME T/ML
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection References-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

References

APHIS Exotic Fruit Fly Website containing:

Exotic Fruit Fly Strategic Plan FY 2011-2015

Review of the Fruit Fly Surveillance in the United States

Fruit Flies of Mexico Strategic Plan 2008-2013

New Pest Response Guidelines and Action Plans

Updated fruit fly life cycle models

California- Insect Trapping Guide- Eleventh Edition 2005

California Department of Agriculture Exotic Fruit Fly Projects

Compendium of Fruit Fly Host Information v.1.0(COFFHI)

Florida Fruit Fly Detection Manual- Revision 8 2013

Trapping Guidelines for Area Wide Fruit Flies Programmes- International 

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 2003.

Supplies, Lures, and MSDS: https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/node/281
References

 

References-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Glossary-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

Glossary

Use this glossary to find the meaning of specialized words, abbreviations, 

acronyms, and terms.

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

2C. two-component lure

3C. three-component lure

A. ammonium acetate

CUE. Cuelure (5% Dibrom)

JT. Jackson trap

McP. McPhail trap

ME. methyl-eugenol (1% Dibrom)

ML. Multilure trap

P. putrescine

PG. propylene glycol

T. trimethylamine

TML. trimedlure

TSP. trisodium phosphate

TY. torula yeast
Glossary

Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations 

Glossary-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01
06/2015-01 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Index-1

Exotic Fruit Fly 

Detection

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Index

A

Anastrepha fraterculus

see South American fruit fly A-5, A-6

Anastrepha ludens

see Mexican fruit fly A-2, A-3, A-4

Anastrepha obliqua

see West Indian fruit fly A-7, A-8, A-9

Anastrepha serpentina

see sapote fruit fly A-9, A-10

assembly

Jackson trap 3-12

attractants

proteinaceous baits 3-15

B

Bactrocera albistrigata

see white striped fruit fly A-14, A-15

Bactrocera carambolae

see carambola fruit fly A-16, A-17, A-18

Bactrocera correcta

see guava fruit fly A-20, A-22, A-23

Bactrocera cucurbitae

see melon fruit fly A-25, A-26, A-27

Bactrocera dorsalis

see Oriental fruit fly A-29, A-30, A-32

Bactrocera latifrons

see solanum fruit fly A-43, A-44, A-45

Bactrocera tryoni

see Queensland fruit fly A-47, A-48

Bactrocera zonata

see peach fruit fly A-51, A-52, A-53

baiting synthetic food lures 3-18

C

capture agents

propylene glycol 3-15

sticky board 3-15

carambola fruit fly

distribution A-18

general biology A-16

host list A-18

preferred trap and lure A-17

Ceratitis capitata

see Mediterranean fruit fly A-56, A-58, A-59

clip-on lures 3-19

cones 3-20

D

data management 3-22

G

guava fruit fly

distribution A-23

general biology A-20

host list A-23

preferred trap and lure A-22

J

Jackson trap

assembly 3-12

service 3-13

M

maintenance

McPhail trap 3-10

Multilure 3-14

manual

advisories 1-2

contact information 1-5

purpose of 1-1

users 1-2

McPhail trap 3-8

maintenance 3-10

service 3-9

Mediterranean fruit fly

distribution A-59

general biology A-56

host list A-59

preferred trap and lure A-58

melon fruit fly

distribution A-27

general biology A-25

host list A-27

preferred trap and lure A-26

Mexican fruit fly

distribution A-3

general biology A-2

host list A-4

preferred trap and lure A-2

Multilure

maintenance 3-14

service 3-14

O

Oriental fruit fly

general biology A-29

host list A-32

preferred trap and lure A-30

oriental fruit fly

distribution A-32

P

para-pheromones 3-16

cuelure 3-16

methyl-eugenol 3-16

trimedlure 3-16

peach fruit fly

distribution A-53

general biology A-51
Index

Index-2 Exotic Fruit Fly Detection 06/2015-01

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

host list A-53

preferred trap and lure A-52

property survey record

1999 B-4

2005 B-5

proteinaceous bait

torula yeast 3-15

Q

quality assurance 3-22

Queensland fruit fly

distribution A-48

general biology A-47

host list A-48

preferred trap and lure A-47

R

recommended traps and lures B-2

roles and responsibilities

field operations 2-3

policy manager 2-2

science and technology 2-3

state governments 2-3

supervisors 2-4

trappers 2-5

S

safety 2-1

sapote fruit fly

distribution A-10

general biology A-9

host list A-10

preferred trap and lure A-10

solanum fruit fly

distribution A-44

general biology A-43

host list A-45

preferred trap and lure A-44

South American fruit fly

distribution A-6

general biology A-5

host list A-6

preferred trap and lure A-6

specimen management 3-24

synthetic food lures

2-component 3-17

3-component 3-17

T

trap densities 3-1

high risk 3-2

low risk 3-2

marginal risk 3-2

medium risk 3-2

trap placement

host selection 3-5

site selection 3-5

trap relocation 3-7

trap service

Jackson trap 3-13

McPhail trap 3-9

Multilure 3-14

trap type

Jackson trap 3-10

McPhail trap 3-8

Multilure trap 3-14

trapping equipment 3-4

trapping property map B-3

trapping season 3-6

W

West Indian fruit fly

distribution A-8

general biology A-7

host list A-9

preferred trap and lure A-8

white striped fruit fly

distribution A-15

general biology A-14

host list A-15

preferred trap and lure A-15