[Cite as In re K.A., 2017-Ohio-6979.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

 EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

 JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

 No. 104938 

IN RE: K.A.

A Minor Child

JUDGMENT:

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Juvenile Division 

Case No. DL 15113650 

BEFORE: Kilbane, P.J., E.T. Gallagher, J., and Laster Mays, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 27, 2017
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Timothy Young 

Ohio Public Defender 

Victoria Bader 

Assistant State Public Defender 

250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400 

Columbus, Ohio 43215 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley 

Cuyahoga County Prosecutor 

Mary McGrath 

Assistant County Prosecutor 

The Justice Center - 9th Floor 

1200 Ontario Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J.: 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, K.A., appeals from an order of the Cuyahoga County 

Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, adjudicating him delinquent by reason of rape 

and kidnapping. K.A. contends that the juvenile court’s failure to hold a competency 

hearing and issue a written determination constituted reversible error that mandates 

vacating his plea and remanding to juvenile court. For the reasons set forth below, we 

reverse and remand because the court did not conduct a competency hearing before it 

accepted K.A.’s guilty plea. 

{¶2} In December 2015, the state of Ohio filed a delinquency complaint against 

K.A., age 17, charging him with five counts of rape and two counts of kidnapping. The 

complaint lists G.S., age 14, as the victim. In April 2016, K.A. requested a competency 

hearing. The court granted the request, ordered a competency evaluation through the 

court’s diagnostic clinic, and scheduled a final pretrial. 

{¶3} On April 26, 2016, Dr. Joseph Konieczny, Ph.D. (“Dr. Konieczny”) 

completed the competency evaluation on K.A. Dr. Konieczny noted that K.A.’s 2012 

and 2013 cases were dismissed because K.A. was found not competent to stand trial. 

With respect to the instant case, Dr. Konieczny opined that K.A. was competent to 

participate in his own defense, but noted that K.A. functions in the borderline to 

extremely low range of intellectual capabilities. Dr. Konieczny further noted that K.A. 

did require a greater than average degree of explanation or “coaching” with regard to 
concepts related to juvenile competency. In instances where K.A. required coaching, he 

was able to show full recall of the concept in question. K.A. did not, however, show any 

later recall understanding for the concepts of confidentiality, nonconfidentiality, the role 

of the prosecutor, the process by which decisions are made, and his right not to be 

compelled to testify against himself. 

{¶4} The record reflects that the juvenile court did not address the competency 

evaluation at the scheduled final pretrial in May 2016. Approximately one month later, 

K.A. and the state of Ohio entered into a plea agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, 

K.A. admitted to one count of rape and one count of kidnapping. The remaining charges 

were nolled. The court referred the case to the Ohio Department of Youth Services 

(“ODYS”) Committee for review and recommendation, and ordered K.A. to complete a 

Mokita Assessment.1

 A psychological evaluation was also completed. 

{¶5} The ODYS Committee reviewed K.A.’s case and recommended that K.A. 

be committed to ODYS because of the seriousness of his offenses. The ODYS 

committee noted in its report that it did not have either the Mokita Assessment nor the 

psychological evaluation by Dr. Terry Pinsoneault, Ph.D. (“Dr. Pinsoneault”) at the time 

they reviewed K.A.’s case. 

{¶6} Dr. Pinsoneault reported that K.A. had extremely low verbal reasoning 

skills and had a low level of cognitive functioning. Dr. Pinsoneault stated, “[i]n 

 1The Mokita Center is a private business that contracts with the juvenile 

court to preform assessments, counseling, and monitoring of juveniles charged with 

sex offenses. 
situations which call on using verbal abilities, such as logical thinking or vocabulary, 

[K.A.] would present as significantly cognitively impaired. Clearly [K.A.] often does not 

understand things.” He advised that at times, K.A. “clearly * * * does not understand 

what is said to him, and that the court might want to present information very concretely 

and then query him concerning his understanding.” Dr. Pinsoneault recommended 

closely supervised probation rather than commitment to ODYS. 

{¶7} The Mokita Assessment also recommended treatment in a non-ODYS 

facility. The Mokita evaluator commented that a community corrections facility seems to 

“have a more specific and targeted therapeutic approach than ODYS.” On August 8, 

2016, the juvenile court committed K.A. to the legal custody of ODYS for an indefinite 

term of a minimum of 12 months and a maximum not to exceed K.A.’s attainment of 21 

years of age. In reaching its decision, the juvenile court noted that K.A. had previously 

been charged with rape. Although that charge was dismissed on grounds that K.A. was 

incompetent, the court considered the prior charge as evidence of a “pattern” of behavior. 

 As part of his sentence, the court ordered that K.A. receive sex offender treatment while 

at ODYS and classified him as a Tier III sex offender. 

{¶8} K.A. now appeals, raising the following four assignments of error for 

review. 

Assignment of Error One 

K.A. was denied his right to due process of law when the juvenile court 

failed to hold a hearing to determine competency and failed to issue a 

written competency determination, in violation of R.C. 2152.58, the 

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article I, 
Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. 

Assignment of Error Two 

The Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court committed plain error when it 

accepted K.A.’s admission when his admission was not knowingly, 

intelligently, or voluntarily made, in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth 

Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, Section 16 of the 

Ohio Constitution, and Juv.R. 29. 

Assignment of Error Three 

The juvenile court abused its discretion when it committed K.A. to the 

Department of Youth Services. 

Assignment of Error Four 

K.A. was denied the effective assistance of counsel as guaranteed by the 

Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and 

Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. 

Competency Evaluation 

{¶9} In the first assignment of error, K.A. argues that the trial court erred when it 

did not hold a competency hearing and issue a written competency determination as 

required by R.C. 2152.58. 

{¶10} In Ohio 

[i]t is settled law that ‘a person whose mental condition is such that he lacks 

the capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against 

him, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his defense may not 

be subjected to a trial.’ [Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171, 95 S.Ct. 

896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103], (1975)] The conviction of an accused while he is 

not legally competent to stand trial violates due process of law. 

State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92649, 2010-Ohio-154, ¶ 10, quoting State v. 

Rubenstein, 40 Ohio App.3d 57, 60, 531 N.E.2d 732 (8th Dist.1987). 
“[T]he right not be tried or convicted while incompetent is as fundamental in juvenile 

proceedings as it is in criminal trials of adults.” In re Bailey, 150 Ohio App.3d 664, 

2002-Ohio-6792, 782 N.E.2d 1177, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.), citing In re Johnson, Montgomery 

App. No. 7998, 1983 Ohio App. LEXIS 14017 (October 25, 1983); In Re Williams, 116 

Ohio App.3d 237, 687 N.E.2d 507 (2d Dist.1977). 

{¶11} The competency standard for pleading guilty is the same as competency to 

stand trial. State v. Bolin, 128 Ohio App.3d 58, 62, 713 N.E.2d 1092 (8th Dist.1998). 

“A defendant who is not competent to stand trial is not competent to enter a negotiated 

plea.” State v. Cruz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93403, 2010-Ohio-3717, ¶ 17, citing Bolin;

Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 125 L.Ed.2d 321 (1993). Thus, “where 

the issue of competency is raised, a trial court commits reversible error by failing to hold 

a competency hearing before accepting a guilty plea or make the result of the psychiatric 

report part of the record.” Id., citing Smith; State v. McGrath, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

91261, 2009-Ohio-1361. 

{¶12} Relevant to the instant case, R.C. 2152.58(A) and (D)(1) provide that after 

receiving a competency evaluation, the court shall hold a hearing to determine the child’s 

competency to participate in the proceeding” and “shall make a written determination as 

to the child’s competency or incompetency based on a preponderance of the evidence 

within fifteen business days after completion of the hearing. (Emphasis added.) 

{¶13} K.A. argues the juvenile court did not comply with R.C. 2152.58 when it 

failed to hold a competency hearing and issue a written determination. As a result, he 
contends that his adjudication and disposition must be reversed and the matter remanded 

for a new competency evaluation and determination. The state acknowledges that the 

court did not hold a competency hearing nor make a written determination as to K.A.’s 

competency. The state further acknowledges that the parties did not stipulate on the 

record to the competency evaluation report. Despite this, the state, relying on State v. 

Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d 108, 109, 502 N.E.2d 1016 (1986), argues that the failure to hold a 

hearing was harmless error because the record does not reveal sufficient indicia of 

incompetency. 

{¶14} We note the Bock decision was issued in December 1986, which was well 

before the September 2011 enactment of the juvenile competency laws — R.C. 

2152.51–2152.59. In Bock, the adult-defendant was found guilty of rape and GSI. The 

trial court ordered a competency examination, but no report was ever filed. On appeal, 

the court reversed Bock’s convictions and remanded for a new trial, finding that the 

provisions for holding competency hearings were mandatory and that the hearing 

requirement could not be waived by implication, but was to be waived affirmatively on 

the record. 

{¶15} The Ohio Supreme Court reversed the appeals court, finding that while a 

competency hearing is mandatory when the issue of competency is raised prior to trial, 

[t]he failure to hold a competency hearing is harmless error where the 

defendant proceeds to participate in the trial, offers his own testimony in 

defense and is subject to cross-examination, and the record fails to reveal 

sufficient indicia of incompetency. (Pate v. Robinson [1966], 383 U.S. 

375, and Drope v. Missouri [1975], 420 U.S. 162, construed and followed.) 

 
Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. The Bock court noted that the defendant “testified 

extensively at trial under direct, cross-, redirect and recross-examinations with no 

apparent behavior which would lead [the] court to believe that he was not competent to 

stand trial.” Id. at 111. 

{¶16} We find the instant case distinguishable from Bock. Here, despite the trial 

court’s referral of K.A. to the court psychiatric clinic, the record reflects that no hearing 

was held pursuant to R.C. 2152.58 and no written order determining his competency was 

entered before the court accepted his guilty plea. The record further reflects that K.A.’s 

counsel did not stipulate to a finding of competency. 

{¶17} The matter of K.A.’s competency was raised on April 12, 2016. The 

juvenile court ordered a competency evaluation, which was performed on April 26, 2016. 

 Although the evaluation concluded K.A. was competent, Dr. Konieczny noted that 

K.A.’s previous charges from 2012 and 2013 were dismissed because he was found not 

competent to stand trial. Dr. Konieczny opined that K.A. functions in the borderline to 

extremely low range of intellectual capabilities and requires a greater than average degree 

of explanation or “coaching” with regard to concepts related to juvenile competency. 

K.A. did not show any later recall understanding for the concepts of confidentiality, 

nonconfidentiality, the role of the prosecutor, the process by which decisions are made, 

and his right not to be compelled to testify against himself. 

{¶18} Furthermore, the psychological evaluation by Dr. Pinsoneault revealed that 

K.A. had extremely low verbal reasoning skills and had a low level of cognitive 
functioning. Dr. Pinsoneault stated, “[i]n situations which call on using verbal abilities, 

such as logical thinking or vocabulary, [K.A.] would present as significantly cognitively 

impaired” and “the court might want to present information very concretely and then 

query him concerning his understanding.” 

{¶19} Unlike the defendant in Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d 108, 109, 502 N.E.2d 1016, in 

the instant case, K.A. did not testify and actively participate in his defense. The record 

establishes that K.A. has learning problems and difficulty understanding, and his two 

previous cases were dismissed because he was found not competent. Based on the 

foregoing, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s failure to conduct the statutorily 

required hearing was harmless error. 2 See In re Andrew W., 5th Dist. Knox No. 

13-CA-24, 2014-Ohio-1576 (The juvenile court erred in failing to hold a competency 

hearing and make a written determination as to the juvenile’s competency, despite the 

juvenile’s competency evaluation finding him competent. The court found relevant that 

the juvenile had learning and understanding problems, and an evaluation on the juvenile 

was performed, but no other action, notice, motion, discovery, or finding in the record 

 2We recognize that “[a] defendant who has pled guilty may, on appeal, attack 

only the voluntary, knowing, and intelligent nature of the plea, and may not raise 

independent claims relating to alleged deprivation of rights that occurred prior to 

the entry of the plea, except to the extent such error caused the plea to be less than 

voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.” Cruz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93403, 

2010-Ohio-3717, ¶ 20, citing State v. Sadowsky, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 90696 and 

91796, 2009-Ohio-341, fn.1; State v. Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d 269, 272, 1992-Ohio-130, 

595 N.E.2d 351. Here, the court’s failure to conduct a competency hearing, when 

the issue was raised before K.A. entered his plea, goes directly to whether his plea 

was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Therefore, K.A.’s plea did not waive a 

challenge to the trial court’s failure to conduct the required competency hearing. 
was taken relative to the juvenile’s competency, and the juvenile did not testify at the 

delinquency hearing.) 

{¶20} Therefore, the first assignment of error is sustained. 

{¶21} In the second, third, and fourth assignments of error, K.A. challenges his 

plea, sentence and constitutional right to counsel. Our disposition of the first assignment 

of error, however, renders the remaining assignments of error moot. App.R. 12. 

{¶22} Accordingly, judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded to juvenile 

court with instructions for the court to vacate the plea, conduct a hearing on K.A.’s 

competency, and issue a written determination pursuant to R.C. 2152.58. 

It is ordered that appellant recover of appellee costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common 

pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

 

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, PRESIDING JUDGE 

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., and 

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR