This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-1993

In the Matter of the Welfare of the Children of: J. S. and P. M., Parents

Filed April 20, 2015

Affirmed

Peterson, Judge

Benton County District Court

File No. 05-JV-14-1315

Thomas E. Kramer, Kramer Law Office, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for appellant J.S.)

Phillip Miller, Benton County Attorney, William V. Faerber, Assistant County Attorney, 

Foley, Minnesota (for respondent)

Barbara Bishop, Guardian Ad Litem, Princeton, Minnesota

Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and 

Worke, Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

PETERSON, Judge

Appellant-mother challenges the transfer of permanent legal and physical custody 

of her two children to their father. She argues that the county should not have been 

relieved of its responsibility to make reasonable efforts to reunify her with the children, 

that the children should have been permitted to testify at trial, and that she should have 

been given an additional six months to work on her case plan. Because none of the 

challenged rulings was an abuse of the district court’s discretion, we affirm.
2

FACTS

Appellant-mother J.S. and father P.M. are the biological parents of S.M., born 

October 9, 1999, and A.M., born March 15, 2002. At some point, due to J.S.’s drug use, 

Benton County Human Services (the county) removed the children from J.S.’s home and 

placed them with their paternal grandparents, with whom P.M. resides. The county had 

worked with the family on several previous occasions due to the children’s truancy from 

school, child neglect, and J.S.’s drug use. In February 2014, J.S. was sentenced for fifthdegree controlled-substance crime and driving while impaired. The county petitioned for 

S.M. and A.M. to be adjudicated children in need of protection or services (CHIPS). J.S. 

admitted to allegations in the CHIPS petition, S.M. and A.M. were adjudicated CHIPS, 

and a court-ordered case plan was implemented in March 2014. Under her case plan, J.S. 

was required to abstain from nonprescribed chemicals, submit to random drug testing, 

complete a chemical-dependency assessment and follow its recommendations, complete a 

psychological evaluation, participate in family counseling with the children, attend 

supervised visits with the children, maintain housing, remain law abiding, follow the 

terms of all court orders and her probation, and cooperate with the county.

In July 2014, the county petitioned for permanent legal and physical custody of the 

children to be transferred to P.M. The county alleged that J.S. had failed to address her 

chemical-dependency problem or correct the conditions that led to the children’s out-ofhome placement. The next month, because of J.S.’s “multiple failures to follow through 

on aspects of the case plan,” the county requested that it be relieved of its responsibility 

to make reasonable efforts to reunify J.S. and the children. According to the county, J.S. 
3

had completed a chemical-dependency assessment but refused to follow through with its 

recommendation of chemical-dependency treatment. The county also maintained that 

J.S. did not complete a psychological evaluation, failed to appear for random drug testing 

even when the county provided transportation, requested fewer visits with the children 

than recommended by the county, failed to maintain contact with the children, refused to 

sign releases for the county to gain information, and did not cooperate with the county. 

J.S. disputed the county’s contention that she was not making progress on her case plan, 

and she asked that she be given an additional six months to follow through with her case 

plan. The district court decided to “suspend [the county’s responsibility to make 

reunification efforts] so [the county] won’t have to be doing it as the matter is pending” 

but stated that “if the Court determines that [J.S.] is in substantial compliance [with her 

case plan] then certainly reunification should still be the focus, and she should have an 

opportunity to complete what she is doing.” The district court later “relieved” the county 

of its responsibility to make reunification efforts “due to the permanency timelines 

expiring and [J.S.’s] failure to progress on any aspect of the [c]ourt-ordered case plan 

over more than 6 months.”

A court trial was held in October 2014. J.S. requested that the children, then ages 

15 and 12, be allowed to testify regarding their best interests and where they wanted to 

live. The county and the guardian ad litem (GAL) opposed allowing the children to 

testify. They argued that it would be emotionally damaging and against the children’s

best interests to be put into a position of choosing between parents and that the district 

court could decide the case without the testimony. The district court determined that it 
4

was not appropriate or in the children’s best interests to have them testify at trial and 

denied J.S.’s request. 

During trial, the county social worker testified about the ways that J.S. failed to 

comply with her case plan. The social worker also testified that P.M. had fully complied 

with his case plan and that she believed that a permanent transfer of legal and physical 

custody to P.M. was in the children’s best interests. A family counselor who provided

services for the family testified that she believed that it was in the children’s best interests 

to remain in P.M.’s custody. The GAL stated that she believed that it was in the 

children’s best interests to temporarily remain in P.M.’s custody with the county 

maintaining protective supervision. Following trial, the district court transferred 

permanent legal and physical custody of the children to P.M., with the county retaining 

protective supervision, and found that this disposition was in the children’s best interests. 

This appeal followed.

D E C I S I O N

A district court has “broad discretion” when deciding a matter that involves the 

permanent legal and physical custody of a child. In re Custody of N.A.K., 649 N.W.2d

166, 174 (Minn. 2002). The district court abuses its discretion if it makes findings that 

are not supported by the evidence or improperly applies the law. Id. The district court’s 

findings are reviewed for clear error, and “[a] finding is clearly erroneous if it is either 

manifestly contrary to the weight of the evidence or not reasonably supported by the 

evidence as a whole.” In re Welfare of Children of T.R., 750 N.W.2d 656, 660-61 (Minn. 

2008) (quotation omitted). A district court stands in a superior position to assess the 
5

credibility of witnesses, In re Welfare of A.D., 535 N.W.2d 643, 648 (Minn. 1995), and 

an appellate court views the record in the light most favorable to the district court’s 

findings. N.A.K., 649 N.W.2d at 174.

I. Reasonable Efforts to Reunify

J.S. argues that the district court abused its discretion by relieving the county of its 

responsibility to make reasonable efforts to reunify her with her children. 

Once a child alleged to be in need of protection or 

services is under the court’s jurisdiction, the court shall 

ensure that reasonable efforts . . . by the social services 

agency are made to prevent placement or to eliminate the 

need for removal and to reunite the child with the child’s 

family at the earliest possible time . . . .

Minn. Stat. § 260.012(a) (2014).

Reasonable efforts to prevent placement and for rehabilitation 

and reunification are always required except upon a 

determination by the court that a petition has been filed 

stating a prima facie case that: . . . (7) the provision of 

services or further services for the purpose of reunification is 

futile and therefore unreasonable under the circumstances.

Id.

J.S.’s case plan was implemented following the CHIPS adjudication in March 

2014. By July, the county filed the permanency petition due to J.S.’s alleged failure to 

comply with her case plan in numerous ways. According to the county, J.S. had failed to 

participate in recommended chemical-dependency treatment, complete a psychological 

evaluation, appear for random drug testing, attend supervised visitation with the children 

as recommended, maintain contact with the children, sign releases for information, and 

cooperate with the county. These deficiencies had not been remedied by August, when 
6

the district court “suspend[ed]” reasonable efforts, or by September, when the district 

court “relieved” the county of its responsibility to make reasonable efforts. Given J.S.’s 

failure to comply with her case plan, even after receiving notice that the county would be 

seeking a transfer of custody, the district court did not abuse its discretion by relieving 

the county of its responsibility to make reasonable efforts to reunify J.S. and the children.

II. Testimony of the Children

J.S. argues that the district court erred by denying her request for the children to 

testify at trial. A district court has broad discretion when determining whether to admit 

or exclude evidence in a juvenile-protection proceeding, and “[a] new trial will be 

granted because of an improper evidentiary ruling only if the complaining party 

demonstrates prejudicial error.” In re Child of Simon, 662 N.W.2d 155, 160 (Minn. App. 

2003).

“The paramount consideration in all juvenile protection proceedings is the health, 

safety, and best interests of the child.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.001, subd. 2(a) (2014); see 

also Minn. Stat. § 260C.511(b) (2014) (stating that a court must be governed by the best 

interests of the child when making a permanency disposition in a juvenile-protection 

proceeding). “In considering the best interests of the child, the court is required to take 

into account [] the child’s wishes . . . .” In re Welfare of D.J.N., 568 N.W.2d 170, 177 

(Minn. App. 1997). The district court determined that testifying would be against the 

children’s best interests, reasoning that it would be inappropriate to put “the children in a 

difficult position of having to choose which parent is best for them.” The district court 

did, however, permit the social worker and the children’s maternal grandmother to testify 
7

regarding the children’s preferred living arrangements. The district court did not abuse 

its discretion by excluding the children’s testimony at trial.

III. Transfer of Permanent Legal and Physical Custody

J.S. argues that the district court erred by transferring permanent legal and 

physical custody of the children to P.M. because the transfer was “clearly against the best 

interests of the children.” She contends that the district court instead should have granted 

a continuance of the trial for six months to permit her to work on her case plan.

Termination of parental rights and adoption, or 

guardianship to the commissioner of human services through 

a consent to adopt, are preferred permanency options for a 

child who cannot return home. If the court finds that 

termination of parental rights and guardianship to the 

commissioner is not in the child’s best interests, the court 

may transfer permanent legal and physical custody of the 

child to a relative when that order is in the child’s best 

interests.

Minn. Stat. § 260C.513(a) (2014); see also Minn. Stat. § 260C.515, subd. 4 (2014) 

(stating that a court “may order permanent legal and physical custody to a fit and willing 

relative in the best interests of the child”). “Best interests” means “all relevant factors to 

be considered and evaluated.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.511(a) (2014). “[A]n order for 

transfer of permanent legal and physical custody to a relative shall only be made after the 

court has reviewed the suitability of the prospective legal and physical custodian[.]” 

Minn. Stat. § 260C.515, subd. 4(1).

J.S. completed five chemical-dependency assessments following the 

implementation of her case plan. The first two assessments recommended in-patient 

treatment, but J.S. refused to participate in in-patient treatment. J.S. testified that she had 
8

been offered a job, needed to save money and pay bills, and felt that she needed to work 

rather than undergo in-patient treatment. The final three assessments recommended outpatient treatment. J.S. began out-patient treatment approximately one month before trial, 

and this treatment was ongoing at the time of trial. Before the county’s responsibility to 

make reasonable efforts was suspended, J.S. failed to appear for random drug testing on 

two occasions. A third drug test had a “dilute” result, which the county considered a 

positive result. J.S. had a history of “attempt[ing] to manipulate the testing process” by 

“us[ing] somebody else’s urine to test negative.” J.S. did not complete a psychological 

evaluation even though the county referred her for an evaluation, and she did not 

participate in family counseling. She failed to appear for several scheduled visits with 

the children and requested that the number of visits per week be reduced from two to one.

J.S. contends that the district court should have given her an additional six months 

to work on her case plan before deciding whether to transfer custody. “If the parent or 

guardian has maintained contact with the child and is complying with the court-ordered 

out-of-home placement plan, and if the child would benefit from reunification with the 

parent, the court may . . . (ii) continue the matter up to a total of six additional months.” 

Minn. Stat. § 260C.204(c)(1) (2014). Given that J.S. was not complying with her case 

plan, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying a six-month continuance.

P.M. also had a court-ordered case plan. According to the social worker, P.M. 

complied with his case plan in every way and “exceeded what [the county] typically asks 

of a parent to do.” Like J.S., P.M. has a criminal history and a history of chemical use. 

P.M. completed chemical-dependency treatment and aftercare in a halfway house and 
9

was attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings twice weekly. P.M. submitted to random 

drug tests following the implementation of his case plan, and he had no positive test 

results. Before beginning to reside with the children, P.M. progressed from supervised 

visitation to unsupervised visitation to overnight visitation with the children. He 

participated in family counseling and several parenting-skills programs. The children had 

problems with school truancy while living with J.S., but, according to the social worker, 

they were “doing phenomenal” in school while living with P.M. The social worker 

considered the home that P.M. shares with his parents to be “a safe and stable 

environment” for the children. 

Based on the evidence presented at trial, the district court found that J.S.’s 

performance on her case plan was “unacceptable” and that she had not “substantially 

completed any aspect of the case plan.” The district court found that P.M. had 

“substantially completed” and “gone above and beyond” his case plan, provided the 

children with “safe and stable housing,” had “a strong bond” with the children, and was 

“an appropriate placement” for the children. The district court concluded that there was 

clear and convincing evidence that the children could not be safely returned to J.S.’s 

home and that transferring permanent legal and physical custody to P.M. was in the 

children’s best interests. The district court’s findings are supported by the evidence and 

are not clearly erroneous. The district court did not abuse its discretion by transferring 

permanent legal and physical custody of the children to P.M.

Affirmed.