*

 The Honorable Gregory W. Carman, Judge for the United States Court of International

Trade, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 05a0409n.06

Filed: May 17, 2005

No. 04-3054

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

NUSH KACAJ, GRETA KACAJ,

XHULIANO KACAJ, and ROZINA KACAJ,

Petitioners,

v.

ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN

ORDER OF THE BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before: MOORE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; CARMAN, Judge.*

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Rozina and Nush Kacaj, with their two minor children, challenge

a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying their requests for asylum,

withholding of removal and protection under the Convention Against Torture. Because the record

does not contain evidence compelling a finding of past persecution (or torture) or a well-founded

fear of future persecution (or torture), we deny the petition.

I.
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On November 8, 2000, Rozina Kacaj, a citizen of Albania, and her two children entered the

United States at Boston, Massachusetts, without valid entry documents. She was followed several

months later, on January 9, 2001, by her husband, Nush Kacaj, who also entered the United States

without valid documentation.

After they were charged with being removable under § 237(a)(1)(A) of the Immigration and

Nationality Act (INA), the Kacajs submitted an application for asylum and a request for withholding

of removal under the INA and the Convention Against Torture. They alleged then (and reiterate

now on appeal) that Nush Kacaj was, prior to fleeing Albania, a member of the Albanian Democratic

Party. They also alleged that Nush Kacaj’s brother (who died of cancer in 1998) was a member of

the Albanian Parliament as a representative of the Democratic Party from March of 1991 until May

of 1996. Nush Kacaj served as his brother’s bodyguard and held various Democratic Party positions

at the village level. Other members of Kacaj’s family, several of whom still reside in Albania, were

also active in politics.

After the ouster of the Democratic Party in national elections in 1997, Albanian authorities

arrested Kacaj three times between 1999 and 2000. On the first occasion (on September 12, 1999),

Kacaj was giving a speech in the Albanian city of Koplik, in which he criticized the Socialist

government for its inaction after the assassination of the Democratic Party’s leader, Azem Hajdari.

Following the speech, the police seized Kacaj, held him for two days and questioned him about his

political activities. On the second occasion (on October 5, 2000), Kacaj was seized by the police

following a political demonstration, handcuffed and left face-down in the back of a van for three
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hours. And on the final occasion (on November 15, 2000), Kacaj was taken into custody by

Albanian police while en route to a demonstration in Tirana, the capital of Albania. He was held

for two days, beaten with rubber truncheons and hit and kicked by officers, but he did not seek (or

apparently need) medical treatment after his release.

Kacaj’s three arrests were not the only incidents of mistreatment he allegedly experienced

at the hands of Albanian authorities or the Socialist opponents of the Democratic Party. During the

1997 election campaign, Socialist Party associates “attacked” Kacaj as he campaigned on behalf of

the Democratic Party, for which he received stitches on his right arm. JA 15, 41. On September 14,

1998, Kacaj participated in demonstrations in Tirana to mark the funeral of Hajdari (the Democratic

Party’s assassinated leader). The demonstrations turned violent; government buildings were set

ablaze; the police intervened, using force to disperse the crowd; and, in the resulting melee, Kacaj

was struck and wounded in the leg, either by a bullet or a piece of shrapnel. Kacaj next alleged that,

en route to a November 2000 demonstration in Tirana, he was stopped by the police, who tore up

his passport and refused to allow him to proceed. (He later obtained a new passport by bribing the

police.) Lastly, on December 10, 2000—a month after Rozina Kacaj’s arrival in the United States

and a month before Nush Kacaj’s arrival—the Kacajs’ apartment was firebombed. Kacaj contacted

the police to inform them, but neither he nor the police ever identified the perpetrators.

In support of his application, Kacaj also offered an affidavit on his behalf by William

Ryerson, the former ambassador to Albania. (Ryerson was the United States’ ambassador to Albania

from April of 1991 until October of 1994.) The affidavit indicated that, while Ambassador Ryerson
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knew Nush Kacaj’s brother “reasonably well” and confirmed that he had been a member of

Parliament representing the Albanian Democratic Party, he “[did] not know Mr. Nush Kacaj well.”

JA 233. The affidavit also stated that Ambassador Ryerson believed Nush Kacaj, “as a northerner

and the brother of a staunch and outspoken public opponent of the ruling Socialist (communist)

Party,” would be “the target of great suspicion and, more likely, retaliatory action.” JA 236.

In an oral ruling, the IJ found that the Kacajs’ version of events was credible. But it

nevertheless denied relief because the Albanian authorities’ mistreatment of Nush Kacaj did “not

rise to the level of past persecution” or “establish[] a well-founded fear of persecution.” JA 20,

45–46. In reaching this conclusion, the IJ did not “assign significant weight” to Ambassador

Ryerson’s declaration, in part because of his unavailability for cross-examination. JA 47. Because

the Kacajs could not identify the people who firebombed their home, the IJ attributed this episode

to Albanian “unrest” and “criminal activity” and was “unable to say that [the] incident was on

account of [Nush Kacaj’s] political opinion or his political activity.” JA 46. The IJ reached the

same conclusion with respect to the shrapnel/bullet injury suffered during the September 1998

Tirana demonstrations. The IJ therefore ordered the removal of the Kacajs to Albania, a decision

that the Board of Immigration Appeals summarily affirmed on December 29, 2003.

II.

When the BIA applies its summary affirmance procedure, as it did here, we review the IJ’s

decision. See Yu v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 702 (6th Cir. 2004). Our review of the IJ’s decision is
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limited, for the determination whether the petitioner was persecuted or has a well-founded fear of

future persecution must be upheld “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Yu, 364 F.3d at 702 (“[Section]

1252(b)(4)(B) basically codifies the Supreme Court’s substantial evidence standard.”); see also INS

v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992); Gjokic v. Ashcroft, Nos. 02-3915, 02-3917, 2004 U.S.

App. LEXIS 13719, at *10–11 (6th Cir. June 29, 2004). 

To be eligible for asylum, an applicant must be “unable or unwilling to return to . . . [his or

her] country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42). Persecution, we have said, entails “punishment or the infliction of suffering or

harm,” not mere “harassment or discrimination without more.” Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 410

(6th Cir. 2004) (“Persecution is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of treatment our

society regards as offensive.”); Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d 384, 390 (6th Cir. 1998) (persecution

“requires more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, unaccompanied

by any physical punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty”); Hengan v.

INS, 79 F.3d 60, 62 (7th Cir. 1996) (“Persecution differs considerably in degree and effect; the

Immigration and Naturalization Service is entitled to restrict asylum to those who have suffered the

most, or are at greatest risk in the future. [The applicant] has been through unpleasant experiences,

but when she left Romania she was employed and uninjured.”).
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While the line between persecution and mere harassment is frequently difficult to perceive,

our cases provide some guidance in distinguishing between the two. Compare Ouda v. INS, 324

F.3d 445, 454 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding persecution where roving armed gangs held the applicant’s

father at gunpoint, tortured her brother and barred the applicant from leaving her home, and where

the country of origin had ordered the applicant and her family to leave), Gjyzi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d

710, 712 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding persecution where applicant reported repeated assaults by the

police following demonstrations, including a knifing and bayoneting, and threats by the secret police

that he would “disappear”), and Abay v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 634, 640 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding that

concrete threat of female genital mutilation on return to country may amount to persecution), with

Klawitter v. INS, 970 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir. 1992) (no persecution when applicant alleged she was

persecuted by a government official “who was interested in her sexually” and conceded that her

“personal issue does not have anything to do with the government or change of government”), Ivezaj

v. INS, 84 F.3d 215, 221 (6th Cir. 1996) (no persecution when applicants “belong[ed] to no political

groups, and ha[d] never been jailed for political or religious activity”), Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at

390 (no persecution when applicant was questioned several times by the secret police but the record

was devoid of evidence that the applicant “was physically abused, imprisoned, or arrested” because

of the applicant’s political beliefs), Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 624 (6th Cir. 2004) (no

persecution when, after spending five years in jail for political activities, the applicant served two

years in the military and was subsequently able to obtain employment in the country), Pilica v.

Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 954 (6th Cir. 2004) (no persecution where applicant was twice arrested and

detained after political demonstrations and once beaten by a policeman), Mullai v. Ashcroft, 385
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F.3d 635, 639 (6th Cir. 2004) (no persecution where applicant was arrested after participating in

protests, beaten and kicked by police and held without food and water for two days), Ali, 366 F.3d

at 410 (applicant was arrested following demonstrations but “did not suffer persecution,” because

he “was instead involved in civil unrest between competing political factions” and “no evidence

[indicated] that the police were conspiring with a rival political group”).

Viewed from the vantage point of these cases, the Kacajs’ claim bears the most similarity

to the treatment experienced by the petitioners in Pilica, Mullai and Ali, each of which holds that

arrests following political demonstrations and abuse at the hands of the police that does not require

medical attention does not compel a finding of persecution. In Mullai, we denied a petition for

review when the applicant was beaten by the police at a protest at which she gave a speech, twice

jailed (once for one week and once “for two days without food or water”), threatened and fired from

her job. 385 F.3d at 637. In Pilica, we held that the applicant had not shown persecution through

his attendance at five demonstrations in which he held up signs, yelled and applauded; his week-long

arrests following two of these demonstrations; and a beating at the hands of the police resulting in

head injuries that required hospitalization. See 388 F.3d at 954. In Ali, the applicant “testified that

he had been arrested and detained on two different occasions as a result of his participation in

violent conflicts with members of opposing political parties,” 366 F.3d at 409, but we denied his

petition. As in Mullai, Pilica and Ali, Nush Kacaj’s three arrests and his other experiences do not

compel us to reverse the IJ’s decision that the Kacajs had not faced past persecution in Albania.

Each arrest, the record reveals, lasted for less than two days, and none of them produced injuries that
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required medical attention. In the final analysis, just as in Mullai, Pilica and Ali, the Kacajs’ claim

is a step removed from our cases holding that the evidence compels a finding of past persecution

(such as Gjyzi and Ouda), which require a past occurrence or past concrete threats of serious bodily

injury on account of political opinion (or another statutory reason). Accord Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d

336, 339 (9th Cir. 1995) (being struck during detention does not establish persecution); Skalak v.

INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir. 1991) (no persecution when applicant was twice detained for

interrogations for three days each); Zalega v. INS, 916 F.2d 1257, 1260 (7th Cir. 1990) (no

persecution when applicant was arrested three times); Kubon v. INS, 913 F.2d 386, 388 (7th Cir.

1990) (five days detention not persecution); Mendez-Efrain v. INS, 813 F.2d 279, 282–83 (9th Cir.

1987) (four days detention not persecution).

No less importantly, Kacaj has failed to show that the second and third arrests targeted him

for persecution, as opposed generally to targeting groups of demonstrators for harassment. See Gilaj

v. Gonzales, No. 03-4307, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 8327, at *18–20 (6th Cir. May 9, 2005) (looking

to the “overall context of the applicant’s situation to ascertain whether the applicant has been

subjected to persecution” and noting that “[i]t is not sufficient that the applicant has been subjected

to indiscriminate abuse, such as physical force or violence employed against a crowd of

demonstrators,” but rather “the applicant must establish that he or she was specifically targeted by

the government for abuse based on one of the statutorily protected grounds”); Pilica, 388 F.3d at 955

(“[A]ll of the occurrences that arguably constitute past persecution resulted directly from Pilica’s

attendance at a demonstration rather than from the government having sought him out.”); Mullai,
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385 F.3d at 638 (denying petition where applicant’s “treatment by the Communist government could

be reasonably viewed as motivated by her status as a protester rather than religious persecution”);

Ali, 366 F.3d at 410 (holding that injuries suffered during “civil unrest between competing political

factions” do not compel a finding of persecution); Ivezaj, 84 F.3d at 221 (noting that evidence that

an ethnic minority was persecuted “was insufficient to show a well-founded fear where the [ ]

applicant for asylum could produce no evidence that he might be singled out for persecution”);

Daneshvar, 355 F.3d at 625 (holding that the applicant had “presented no credible evidence that he

will be singled out for different treatment if he is deported”). The injuries that Kacaj suffered while

campaigning for the Democratic Party, likewise, appear to have resulted more from random acts of

unrest rather than from any targeted persecution against him. And in light of Nush Kacaj’s

testimony that he did not know who committed the firebombing at his residence, the IJ’s finding that

Kacaj did not connect the firebombing to any persecution and that the firebombing could have

resulted from general civil unrest was not unreasonable. 

Nor does the letter submitted by Ambassador Ryerson to the IJ compel a different outcome.

The letter candidly admits that Ambassador Ryerson “[did] not know Mr. Nush Kacaj well.” JA

233. While the letter does extensively describe the political activities of Nush Kacaj’s brother, detail

the political climate in Albania and express Ambassador Ryerson’s concern that Nush Kacaj “is

likely to be the target of serious repressive measures if he were to return to Albania” because of his

association with the Democratic Party, JA 236, we cannot say that the IJ’s decision to rely on the

other evidence in the record, rather than the Ambassador’s letter, exceeds the bounds of deference
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given to the IJ over these decisions. For one, Ambassador Ryerson’s service in Albania ended in

1994, well before the transition in power in 1997, making the IJ’s reliance on general country

condition reports instead of the Ambassador’s letter reasonable in light of the changed political

climate in Albania. For another, our deference to the IJ’s decision on this point is bolstered by the

fact that the State Department has established specific procedures to permit current and former

employees to provide opinion or expert testimony in criminal or civil proceedings. See 22 C.F.R.

§§ 172.1, 172.4, 172.9. Because these procedures were not followed here, the IJ (and the

government) did not have the opportunity to probe Ambassador Ryerson’s assessment of the Kacajs’

fear of future persecution. 

Having failed to establish grounds to support a grant of asylum, the Kacajs have necessarily

failed to meet the more stringent requirements for withholding of removal. See INS v. CardozaFonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 424 (1987). And for many of the same reasons, the Kacajs have failed to

show that the IJ committed reversible error in rejecting their claim for protection under the

Convention Against Torture. See Yu, 364 F.3d at 703 n.3.

Finally, the Kacajs argue that the BIA misapplied its streamlining procedures in affirming

the IJ’s decision without opinion. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(i). In response the government

argues that we do not have jurisdiction to review this issue, see ICC v. Brotherhood of Locomotive

Eng’rs, 482 U.S. 270, 280 (1987) (holding that “where a party petitions an agency for

reconsideration on the ground of ‘material error,’ i.e., on the same record that was before the agency

when it rendered its original decision, ‘an order which merely denies rehearing of . . . [the prior]
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order is not itself reviewable’”), and that the BIA at any rate reasonably applied its own procedures.

Several courts of appeals have arrived at different conclusions on this issue and related issues.

Compare Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279, 294 (3d Cir. 2004) (holding that the BIA’s decisions

under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(i) of its streamlining provisions are reviewable), Haoud v. Ashcroft,

350 F.3d 201, 206 (1st Cir. 2003), Chen v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1081, 1088 (9th Cir. 2004), Carriche

v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 845, 852–53 (9th Cir. 2003), and Batalova v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1246, 1253

(10th Cir. 2004) (holding that the BIA’s decisions under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5) are reviewable),

with Tsegay v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1347, 1356 (10th Cir. 2004) (holding that decisions under

§ 1003.1(e)(4)(i) of the streamlining provisions are unreviewable), and Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d

975, 983 (8th Cir. 2004). But as in several of our other cases, we need not address the issue here.

See Hassan v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429, 438 (6th Cir. 2005); Zheng v. Ashcroft, No. 03-3184, 2004

U.S. App. LEXIS 26607, at *5 (6th Cir. Dec. 20, 2004); Denko v. INS, 351 F.3d 717, 731–32 (6th

Cir. 2003); cf. Tapucu v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 736, 743 (6th Cir. 2005). In our view, “the facts and

legal issues” of the case fit well “within the boundaries” of the Board’s summary-affirmance

authority, and accordingly the Board did not err in invoking the streamlining procedure in this

instance. Denko, 351 F.3d at 732; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4)(i) (permitting the BIA to affirm without

opinion if “the result reached in the decision under review was correct” and the “issues on appeal

are squarely controlled” by precedent).

III.

For these reasons, we deny the petition.