# Importation of Fresh Shredded Lettuce, **Lactuca sativa L.,** 

**from Egypt into the Entire United States** 

**A Pathway -** **Initiated Pest Risk Assessment**

**March 11 , 20**  **10 Rev.**  **01**

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 ii 

## Executive Summary The Arab Republic of Egy pt requested authorization from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, to export shredded lettuce, Lactuca sativa Li nnaeus (Romaine and Iceberg) , into the entire United States (i.e., all fifty states and territories) . We prepared a pest risk anal ys is based on information submitted by the Egy ptian Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), records on intercepted pests at ports - of

- entry, and scientific l iterature. We assessed the pest risk for the full species , Lactuca sativa L . , because it was not practical to assess only the Romaine and Iceberg varieties. Egy pt plans the following standard p ost - harvest processing measures which seem likely to remove pes ts from the pathway :  Quality

inspection or culling , using visual inspection and cutting  Removing outer leaves  Shredding leaves  Washing and centrifuging shredded leaves We identified twelve pests of quarantine significance for the United States associated with lettuce leaves , as follows: **Type Organism**  **Taxonomy** Arthropods Chromatomyia horticola Diptera: Agromyzidae

Liriomyza bryoniae Diptera: Agromyzidae Aleyrodes proletella Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Hyadaphis coriandri Hemiptera: Aphididae Icerya seychellarum Hemiptera: Margarodidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Agrotis segetum Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Spodoptera littoralis Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Thysanoplusia orichalcea Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Frankliniella schultzei Thysanoptera: Thripidae Mollusk Theba pisana Mollusca: Helicidae 

### We concluded that for each pest one or more of the standard post
- harvest processing measures was highl y likel y to remove them from the pathway
. Therefore, we did not further anal yz e these pests, and found no pests of phy tosanitary concern for this commodity
. This risk anal ys is is only valid when the described post
- harvest processing procedures are followed; otherwise, additional anal ys es for quarantine pests of concern could be required.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 iii 

## Table of Contents **Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... ii**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  1.1. Background
................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Commodity

and production information
................................ ................................ ............. 1 1.3. Standard post
- harvest processing measures
................................ ................................ ......... 2 **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 3**  2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Lettuce ................................ ................................ ........... 3 2.3. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions 4 2.4. Pest Categorization
- Id entification of Pests of Lettuce in Egy pt ................................ ........ 5 **3. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ ...................**  **18 4. Literature Cited**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **19 5. Appendices**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **25** Appendix A. Current status of lettuce allowed imports into the United States.
....................... 25 Appendix B. Interception of quarantine pests at U.S. ports on lettuce, since 1984
.................. 27Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 1 

## 1. Introduction **1.1. Background** This risk assessment was prepared b y the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Pro tection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

(PERAL) to examine plant pest risks associated with importation into the entire United States (i.e., all fifty states and territories) of shredded lettuce ( specificall y, Lactuca sativa L. ) from the Republic of Egy pt. This pest risk assessment is pathway
- initiated based upon the risks associated with the importation of this commodity . This risk assessment process is qualitative , so risk is expressed as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria used to anal yz e these pests are detailed in the Guidelines for Pathway
-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, Version 5 . 02 (PPQ, 2000 ). International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods and biol ogical and phytosanitary terms we used are consistent with this guidance and are in accordance with international standards ( IPPC, 2008 : ISPM #s 2 and 11). The cited guidelines describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall pest risk anal ys is. This document satisfies the requirement s of Stages 1 and 2. **1.2. Commodity and production information** Lettuce is the common term for any plants of the genus Lactuca of the flowering plant famil y Asteraceae (or, alternatively, Compositae) . Here we focused on the commerciall y important species , Lactuca sativa , which is a temperate annual or biennial plant most often grown as a leaf vegetable (NWE, 2009 ). All ty pes of lettuce may

have evolved from a weedy form that was used in ancient Egy

pt as a source of cooking oil from pressed seeds. From Egy pt, one of the types, the romaine lettuce, moved around the Mediterranean Sea and to the Middle East (Katz, 2003 ). The various modern forms of butterhead, leaf, and crisphead undoubtedl y were selected and developed as lettuce spread through Europe. Among the modern types of lettuce are two crisphead forms, iceberg, which forms a large, firm head, and Batavia, which is slightly softer and smaller than iceberg and is popular in Europe. Romaine lettuce has long leaves in a loaf
shaped head (Katz, 2003 ). In terms of production value, lettuce including head (US $1.0 billion), leaf (US $0.38 billion) and Romaine (US $0.5 billion) is the leading vegetable crop in the United States with US $1.9 billion (NASS, 2009 ). The main ty pes include head (iceberg, butterhead, Boston and Bibb), romaine and various leaf varieties ( Boriss and Brunke, 2009 )
. Lettuce production occurs year- round throughout the United States. California and Arizona account for about 98 percent of commercial domestic output of lettuce (Boriss and Brunke, 2009 ). Most production occurs from April through October in the Salinas Valley of California,Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 2 while production from November through March occurs in Yuma, Arizona, a nd California’s Imperial Valley

(Boriss and Brunke, 2009 ). The United States production of lettuce in 2007 totaled 96 million cwt in 361,300 acres (ERS, 2009 ). Nearly 92 percent of the lettuce consumed in the United States is pro duced domesticall y. In 2008, the United States produced 3,766 million lbs. of lettuce, imported 261 million lbs., and exported 804 million lbs (ERS, 2009 ). Canada and Mexico are the leading sources of lettuce imported into the United States. By weight l ettuce is the most consumed vegetable in the United States, at 28 pounds per capita ( ERS, 2009 ). **1.3. Standard post -**  **harvest processing measures** Below we describe the standard harvest and post
- harvest processing measures for commercial shredded lettuce in Egy

pt ( CAPQ, 2007 ; CAPQ, 2009 ) , and indicate if each measure is likel y to help mitigate pests from following the pathway (Table 1). Additionally, all lettuce packages have an information sheet attached which allows product traceability if required. **Table 1** . Standard harvest and post
- harvest processing measures proposed for lettuce b y Egypt . **Procedure** Mitigates pests? 1. Workers harvest the head lettuces using disinfected blades No 2. Quality test for heads, by

cutting and visual inspection Yes (1) 3. Lettuce is immediately taken to the classification rooms in trucks kept at 1°C (33°F) No 4. Inpacking houses, the workers remove the stem and the outer leaves Yes (2) 5. Heads are cut to size and then chopped by a stainless steel machine; the pieces will be 6
- 38 mm in width, and 1
- 10 cm in length Yes (3) 6. Lettuce pieces are washed with water treated with chlorine and citric acid, and centrifuged to remove surface water Yes (4) 7. The product is packed, weighed, vacuum - sealed in plastic bags, and cooled (Fig. 1) No a

a 

### See information on vacuum
-packing in the discussion at the end of the pest list (Table 4). **Figure 1** . Lettuce vacuum - sealed product ( CAPQ, 2007 )Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 3 

## 2. Risk **Assessment 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  This risk assessment is developed in response to a request dated, June 17, 2007, by the Egy pt Head of Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation for USDA authorization, to permit imports of shredded Rom aine and Iceberg lettuce into the United States. Entry of this commodity

into the United States presents the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ( 7 CFR § 319, 2009 ) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetabl es from foreign countries into the United States. **2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Lettuce** The results of the weediness screening for lettuce did not prompt a weed
- initiated risk assessment (Table 2 ). **Table 2** 
. Process to determine weed potential of lettuce **Commodity: Scientific name and author:**  Lactuca sativa Linnaeus ( IPNI, 2005 ; NRCS, 2009 ). **Synonyms:** Lactuca sativa var. romana L. H. B ailey (NGRP, 2009 ) **Plant family:** Asteraceae **Common Names:** Khass, lettuce, ( CABI, 2007 ); garden lettuce (NGRP, 2 009 ; Rice, 2009 ) **Phase 1:** Cultivated lettuce probabl y originated in South West Asia, from the area around the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers (Vries de, 2007 ). Itis widely cultivated in the United States (NGRP, 2009 ) **Phase 2** Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed No APHI S, 2006 ; FLEPPC, 2007 ; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988 ; Holm et al., 1977 ; Holm et

al., 1979 ; Holm et al., 1997 ; IS SG, 2009 ; NGRP, 2009 ; Reed, 1977 ; Rice, 2009 ; WSSA, 2009 Yes Randall, 2002 ; Swearingen, 2007 No Is there any literature reference indicating weediness, e . g., AGRICOLA, CAB

Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on “species name” c ombined with “weed” **Phase 3:** Lettuce is reported as an invasive plant in the Death Valley National Park, California ( Swearingen, 2007 ); it is also considered a species that could invade native ecos ys tems, but which does not develop long term sustained populations (Randall, 2002 ). Further, this species is widely cultivated and economicall y important in the United States. **Conclusion:** Proceed with the pest risk assessment.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 4 **2.3. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions**  2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments and Decision History APHI S has completed no pest risk assessments previously for lettuce. Currently, lettuce imports from Egy pt are not authorized by

APHIS ( 7 CFR § 319, 2009 ). The decision history for the importation of lettuce is summarized below (Table 3 ). 2.3. 2 . Current status Lettuce is currentl y permitted from 53 countries (Appendix A); requirements for entry are described in the USDA Fruit and Vegetable Manual (PPQ, 2009 ). Lettuce is subject to inspection at the port of entry

for the majority

of countries and ports. However, consignments from Spain require Treatment T101
- n - 2, and lettuce from Israel and the Palestinian Authority (the same region as Egy

pt) are accepted as leaf cargo in all ports, subject to Treatment T101
- n - 2. 2.3.3 . Pest interceptions Since 1984, there have been 1660 interceptions at U.S. ports of entry of pests on lettuce shipped from all over the world. These interceptions represent 315 pest species (Appendix B; PestID, 2009 ). The unique interception from Egy pt on lettuce was a pupa of Agromy zidae sp. found on leaves
. **Table 3** 
. Prior decisions for entry of lettuce from Egy

pt and neighboring countries into the United States ( CPHST, 2009 ). **Year Country**  **Decision Port** **- of**  **- en**  **try Reason / Conditions**  1969 Egy

pt Deny entry All 1969 Egy

pt Deny entry Boston, New

York Lettuce does not readil y lend itself to inspection to

assure its complete freedom from “quarantine significant plant pests which do not occur or are not widely

distributed in the United States (snails, thrips, mites, grasshoppers, etc)”. Neither will it take an effective treatment which might be used as a condition of entry
. 1971 Is rael Deny entry New York Entomology findings & recommendation 1971 Is rael Deny entry All 1983 Is rael Deny entry All Permit entry onl y if approved treatment is available for the following insect pests: Autographa gamma , Noctua pronubana , Phytomyza horticola , Sminthurus viridis , Spodoptera litoralis , and Thrips angusticeps 1988 Is rael Deny entry No acceptable treatment for a complex of insect pests 1993 Is rael Approved All Iceberg lettuce: Above ground parts, approved subject to fumigation with methyl bromide (T101
- n - 2) and inspection.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 5 **2.4. Pest Categorization -**  **Identification of Pests of Lettuce in Egypt** 2.4.1. Pest list development Below we list the pests associated with lettuce (in any country) that occur in Egy pt on any host (Table 4 ). In the table we specify, with citations, (1) the scientific name, (2) pest presence in Egy pt and the United States, (3) the reference(s) that report the pest on lettuce, (4) the generall y affected plant part or parts, (5) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, and (6) if the pest is likely

to follow the pathway

into the United States on fresh lettuce leaves. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereb y and not yet present there, or present, but not widel y distributed and being officially controlled” ( IP P C, 2008 : I SPM # 5). Many organisms are not sources of phytosanitary risk on lettuce from Egy pt because they

do not satisfy

the definition of a quarantine pest. For non - quarantine pests, in ‘plant part(s) association,’ we used the abbreviation N/A (Not Applicable). Even if non
- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States. Therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non
- quarantine pests. **Table 4**  **.** Pests reported on lettuce (in any country) and present in Egy pt. **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway ARTHROPODS**  **Acari: Tetranychidae Petrobia latens**  Müller Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2007 ; Migeon, 2006 EG, US ( Bolland et

al., 1998 ; CABI, 2007 ; Migeon, 2006 ) No N/A N/A **Tetranychus cinnabarinus** (Boisduval) Mau and Martin, 1992 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Tetranychus urticae** Koch Bolland et al., 1998 ; CABI, 2007 ; Migeon, 2006 EG, US ( Bolland et

al., 1998 ; CABI, 2007 ; Migeon, 2006 ); EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Saad A., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Insecta Coleoptera: Coccinellidae**  **Epilachna elaterii** (Rossi) Syn: Henosepilachna elaterii (Rossi) CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) No **3**

1 We o nly considered geographic distribution in the United States and Egypt ; EG = Egypt ; US = United States. S pecific U.S. states were listed only if the distribution wa s limited
. 2 P lant parts: B = Branch; Fl = Flower; L = Leaf; R = Root; Sh = Shoot; and S = Stem. 3 Adults and larvae of E. elaterii , feed on the leaf surface, and skeletonized leaves may indicate feeding damage ( CABI, 2007 ) . T he beetles often drop when disturbed, so this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 6 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Coleoptera: Curculionidae**  **Hypera postica** (Gyllenhal) Syn: H. brunnipennis Boheman CABI, 2007 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Diptera: Agromyzidae Chromatomyia horticola**  (Goureau) CABI, 2007 ; Dempewolf, 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

Dempewolf, 2009 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes 4 **Liriomyza bryoniae** Kaltenbach CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ; EPPO, 1997b EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ; EPPO, 1997b ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes 4 **Liriomyza trifolii** Burgess in Comstock CABI, 2007 ; Capinera, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Kerns, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Capinera, 2007 ), EG ( EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Diptera: Anthomyiidae Delia platura**  (Meigen) CABI, 2007 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleyrodes proletella**  (Linnaeus) PestID, 2009 EG ( Mound and Halsey, 1978 ), US [CA, VT, MA] (NAPPO, 2009 ) [Yes] **5** L (Nebreda et al., 2005 ) Yes **6**

**Bem isia argentifolii**  Bellows, Perring, Gill & Hendrick CABI, 2007 ; Kerns, 2009 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

EG ( EPPO, 2007 ), US ( EPPO, 2007 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ) No N/A N/A

**Bem isia tabaci**  (Gennadius) CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Kerns, 2009 ; Mau and Martin , 1992 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ) US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ), EG ( Saad A., 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Hemiptera: Aphididae Acyrthosiphon pisum**  Harris MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 );

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Aphis craccivora** Koch Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Jensen et al., 2008 ), EG ( Saad A., 2007 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

4 Larvae of

this pest produce irregular linear mine s, and leaves have small oviposition/feeding punctures 

### ( CABI, 2007 ) , both of which may be detected during visual inspection . The standard post
-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, and quality inspection/culling are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway. 5 T his species is a quarantine significant pest (PestID, 2009) with limited distribution in the United States. 6 This pest is an external feeder, both adults and nymphs suck sap (USDA, 1995). It also excrete s honeyde w, which facilitates the growth of sooty molds (Nebreda et al., 2005). S ooty molds, adult s, and nymphs are likely to be visual ly detected during quality tests. Any remaining insects are highly likely to be removed during washing and centrifuging.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 7 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Aphis fabae**  Scopoli Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2007 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Jensen et al., 2008 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Aphis gossypii** Glover Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2007 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Jensen et al., 2008 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A
**Aphis spiraecola** Patch Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2007 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Brevicoryne brassicae** (Linnaeus) MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Jensen et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A **Hyadaphis coriandri** Das Nebreda et al., 2004 EG, US [FL, TX]

(Jensen et al., 2008 ), US [CA, FL] (Halbert, 2003) [Yes] L (Nebreda et al., 2004 ) Yes 7
**Hyperomyzus lactucae** Linnaeus CABI, 2007 ; Martorrel, 1976 ; Prado, 1991 ; Rizzo, 1977 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Macrosiphum euphorbiae** Thomas Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; CABI, 2007 ; Martorrel, 1976 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 );

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Jensen et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

**Myzus persicae** Sulzer CABI, 2007 ; Capinera, 2005a ; Kerns, 2009 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Capinera, 2005a ; Jensen et al., 2008 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Em**  **poasca decipiens** Paoli Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 EG ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes L (Atakan et al., 2004 ) No 8

7 This external feeding pest form s dense colonies on leaves and heads of their host plants (Halbert, 2008), which may be readily detected during quality inspections. Any remaining pests are highly likely to be removed during washing and centrifuging, so H

. coriandri is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 8 Leafhoppers are found on the under surface of the leaf, but the highly mobile and active adults and immature stages are highly likely to fly away when disturbed ( CABI, 2007 )
. Thus, this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing
.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 8 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  **Icerya seychellarum** (Westwood) Ben -Dov et al., 20 09 ; CABI, 2007 ; EcoPort, 2002 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EcoPort, 2002a; EPPO, 2007 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes 9 **Hemiptera: Ortheziidae Orthezia insignis**  Browne Syn: Insignorthezia insignis Browne Martorrel, 1976 EG, US ( Ben -Dov et al., 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A
**Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Nezara viridula**  (Linnaeus) Prado, 1991 ; PestID, 2009 ; Rizzo, 1977 EG, U S ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus**  Green Ben -Dov et al., 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Hoy et al., 199 8 EG ( Ben -Dov et al.,

2009 ; CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ), US [FL, CA ] ( Ben -Dov et al., 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ) [Yes]

NI S, 2006b L ( Ben -Dov

et al., 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ) Yes **10**

**Hemiptera: Rhopalidae Liorhyssus hyalinus**  (Fabricius) PestID, 2009 EG, US ( Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon**  (Hufnagel) Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ; CABI, 2007 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; PestID, 2009 ; Prado, 1991 ; Robinson et al., 2007 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 );

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ) No N/A N/A

**Agrotis segetum** Denis & Schiffermüller Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ; CABI, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ) Yes L, R ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes **11**

9 I cerya seychellarum is a large (up to 10 mm long) and distinctively colored ( granular white or pale
-yellow wax) external feeder (CABI, 2007). It also produces copious quantities of honeyde w, which fo sters the grow th of sooty mo ld s. Consequently, these insects or damaged produce are likely to detected and culled during quality testing, or removed by wa shing and centrifuging
. 10 This pest creates distorted, stunted, bunchy grow ths containing white woolly wax, tiny salmon
-pink eggs ( CABI, 2007 )
. They also produce honeydew which fosters growth of sooty mo ld s . The postharvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection s, and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 9 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Autographa gamma**  (Linnaeus) Syn: Plusia gamma Linnaeus Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ; CABI, 2007 ; PestID, 2009 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ; Zhang, 1994 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

Zhang, 1994 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) No **12**

**Chrysodeixis chalcites** (Esper) CABI, 2007 ; PestID, 2009 ; Robinson et al., 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

CABI, 2009 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) N o **13**
**Helicoverpa armigera** (Hübner) PestID, 2009 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ; Zhang, 1994 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPPO, 2007 ; Pogue, 2003 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes **14 Spodoptera exigua**  (Hübner) CABI, 2007 ; Capinera, 2006 ; Kerns, 2009 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; Robinson et al., 2007 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

EG ( Pogue, 2003 , US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Capinera, 2006 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ) No N/A N/A

**Spodoptera littoralis** (Boisduval) Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 ; CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ; Robinson et al., 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

EPP O, 2007 ; Pogue, 2003 ; Zhang, 1994 ) Yes L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes **15**

**Thysanoplusia orichalcea** (Fabricius) CABI, 2007 ; Hill et al., 1987 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

Zhang, 1994 ), US ( EcoPort, 2002b ) **16** [Yes] L ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes **17**

11 This pest is an external feeder, mature and immature larvae can be easily detected ( CABI, 2007 ) . The standard post
-harvest processing measures of remov ing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway. 12 A. gamma cause serious and easily detected damage to leaves , and the larvae drop off the plant when disturbed ( CABI, 2007 )
. Thus, this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing. 13 When disturbed , C. chalcites larvae ty pically drop from the leaf and hang on a silken thread (Goodey, 1991). Dama ge such as skeletonized or rolled leaves ( wi th webbing) may be eas ily detected at harves t ( CABI, 2007 ). Thus, this pest is highly likely to be removed from the pathway during harvest and processing. 14 H. armigera larvae may be on plant surfaces but are often hidden inside plant tissue ( CABI, 2007 ) . B ore holes and heaps of frass (excreta) may be visible
. The standard post
-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and shredding are highly likely to re mo ve this pest from the pathway. 15 Larvae of S. littoralis feed externally and cause shredding damage to leaves ( CABI, 2007 ). The standard post
-harvest processing measures of remov ing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway. 16 We found no additional information regarding the distribution of this pest in the United States. 17 Thysanoplusia orichalcea is an external feeder and leaf damage is easily detecte d ( CABI, 2007 ). The standard post
-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling , and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove this pest from the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 10 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Trichoplusia ni**  (Hübner) CABI, 2007 ; Capinera, 2005b ; Kerns, 2009 ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 ; Robinson et al., 2007 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ; Capinera, 2005b ; Mau and Martin, 1992 ; Robinson et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Pieridae Pieris rapae**  Linnaeus MacGregor and Gutierrez, 1983 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Thysanoptera: Thripidae Frankliniella schultzei**  (Trybom) CABI, 2007 ; PestID, 2009 ; Rizzo, 1977 EG ( CABI, 2007 ) US

[F L] ( CABI, 2007 ) [Yes] 18 L ( CABI, 2007 ; PestID, 2009 ) Yes 19 **Thrips nigropilosus Uzel** Mau and Martin, 1992 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **Thrips tabaci** Lindeman Kerns, 2009 ; Prado, 1991 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Lewis, 1997 ), US (Arnett Jr., 2000 ) No N/A N/A **FUNGI 20**  **Alternaria alternata** (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. Syn: A. tenuis (Fries) Keissler (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ;

Farr et al., 2009 ), US (Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Alternaria brassicae** (Berk.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; French, 1989 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; PQR

2007), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Alternaria cichorii** Nattrass Syn: A. porri f. sp. cichorii (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporaceae) CABI, 2009 EG, US (CA, FL) ( CABI, 2009 ; David, 199 5 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Alternaria zinniae** Ellis (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporaceae) Neergaard, 1977 EG ( David, 1991 ), US ( David, 1991 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Aspergillus niger** Tiegh. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) CABI, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

18 This species is reportable and actionable (NIS, 2006a). 19 Thrips are external feeders that pierce plant tissue. They are highly likely to be removed from the pathway by the standard post-harvest processing measures of removing external leaves, quality inspection/culling, and washing and centrifuging. 20 Fungal taxonomy is written according to Farr et al. ( 2007 ) and NCBI (2008).Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 11 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Athelia rolfsii**  (Curzi) Tu and Kim br. Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi ; Sclerotium rolfsii (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) Campbell, 1993 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; Neergaard, 1977 ; Wellman, 1977 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Botryotinia fuckeliana** (de Bary) Whetzel Syn: Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; French, 1989 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Bremia lactucae** Regel (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; French, 1989 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; French, 1989 ) No N/A N/A
**Cercospora beticola** Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG (Farr et al., 2009 ),

US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Choanephora cucurbitaru m**  (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2009 ), US ( CABI, 200 7 ; CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Cochliobolus heterostrophus** (Drechsler) Drechsler (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) Neergaard, 1977 EG ( CABI, 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2009 ; CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Cochliobolus sativus** (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Fusarium oxysporum** Schlechtendahl Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr

et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Gibberella fujikuroi** (Sawada) Wollenw Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Fa

rr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Golovinomyces cichoracearum**  (DC.) Heluta Syn: Erysiphe cichoracearum (DC.) (Leotiom ycetes: Erysiphales) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; French, 1989 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 , Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Phytophthora cryptogea** Pethybr. & Laff. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 12 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Phytophthora drechsleri**  Tucker (Oomycetes: Pythiales) Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Phytophthora nicotianae** Breda de Haan (Oomycetes: Pythiales) Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Plasmopara halstedii** (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) EPPO, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 2009 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Pleospora herbarum** (Pers.) Rabenh. (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) Farr et al., 2009 EG ( Moubasher and Abdel
-Hafez, 1978 ), US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Pythium aphanidermatum** (Edson) Fitzp Oomycetes: Pythiales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 );

Farr et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Pythium debaryanum** Hesse (Oomycetes: Pythiales) Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ); US Farr et al., 2009 No N/A N/A **Pythium irregulare** Buisman (Oo mycetes: Pythiales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Sclerotinia sclerotiorum** (Lib.) de Bary (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; Wellman, 1977 EG ( CABI, 200 7 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Thanatephorus cucumeris** (A.B. Frank) Donk (Agaricomycetes: Cantharellales ) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr

et al., 2009 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Thielaviopsis basicola** (Berk. and Broome) Ferraris Syn: Chalara elegans Nag Raj and Kendr. (Ascomycetes: Microascales) CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Verticillium dahliae** Kleb. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Farr et al., 2009 ; Qing
-Ming et al., 2008 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ; Qing
-Ming et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

**MOLLUSKS Helix aspersa**  Műller CABI, 2007 ; Prado, 1991 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 13 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Theba pisana**  (Műller) EPPO, 2007 ; Garrison, 1993 ; PestID, 2009 EG, US (CA) ( CABI,

2007 ; EPPO, 2007 ), US [CA ] 21 ( Garrison, 1993 ) [Yes] L ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes 22

**BACTERIA Pectobacterium**  **carotovorum var.**  **carotovorum** (Jones) Hauben et al
. Syn: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) Bradbury, 198 6 ; French, 1989 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI , 2007 ; French, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

**Dickeya chrysanthemi**  (Burkholder et al .) Samson et al ., comb. nov. Syn: Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkh.) Young et al. (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) CABI, 2007 EG, US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Pseudomonas marginalis pv.**  **marginalis** (Brown) Stevens Syn: P. marginalis (Brown) Stevens (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Wellman, 1977 EG ( Bradbury, 1986 ;

CABI, 2007 ), US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Pseudomonas syringae pv**  **. syringae**  van Hall (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 EG ( Bradbury, 1986 ;

CABI, 2007 ), US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Pseudomonas viridiflava** (Burkholder) Dowson (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) Bradbury, 1986 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Rhizobium radiobacte r**  (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. Syn: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) Bradbury, 1986 ; CAB I, 2007 EG, US ( Bradbury,

1986 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

21 This pest has limited distribution in the U.S. and is a quarantine significant pest under o fficial c ontrol (NIS, 2003 )
. 22 This snail lays eggs under the soil surface in nests (Garrison, 1993), so the eggs are highly unlikely to be present on the commodity. The snails vary i n size from 2 mm in diameter when emerging , to 15 mm at maturity
. In addition, emergent T. pisana are highly mobile
. T he standard post
- harvest measures of remov ing external leaves, shredding, and washing and centrifuging are highly likely to remove the mo llusks from the pathway
.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 14 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway NEMATODES**  **Aphelenchoides besseyi** (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) EPPO, 2007 EG (Amin, 2002 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Aphelenchoides parietinus** Bastian (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) Wellman, 1977 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga, 1979 ), US ( Horst, 2001 ) No N/A N/A **Helicotylenchus dihystera** (Cobb) Sher Syn: Helicotylenchus nannus Stain (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2007 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1 979 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Helicotylenchus multicinctus** (Cobb) Golden (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Abou
- El
-Naga, 1979 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus**  (Steiner) Golden (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2007 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Hemicycliophora similis** Thorne (Nematoda: Criconematidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ), US [FL ] ( Lehman, 2002 ) [Yes] R (Ferris, 2000) No **Hemicriconemoid**

**es cocophilus**  (Loos) Chitwood & Birchfield (Nematoda: Criconematidae) PPS, 2009 EG ( Ibrahim et al., 2000 ), US [(FL ] ( Lehman, 2002 ) [Yes] R (Ferris, 2003) No
**Longidorus africanus** Merny (Nematoda: Longidoridae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG ( Lamberti et al.,

1996 ), US [CA ] (Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ) [Yes] R (Ferris, 2008b) No
**Longidorus elongatus** (De Man) Torne and Swanger CABI, 2007 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga, 1979 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Meloidogyne arenaria** (Neal) Chitwood (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ; Ibrahim et al., 2000 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A
**Meloidogyne hapla** Chitwood (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ; Horst, 2001 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG, US (Abou
- El
Naga, 1979 ; CABI , 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 15 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Meloidogyne incognita**  (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Meloidogyne javanica** (Treub) Chitwood (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Merlinius brevidens** (Allen) Siddiqi (Nematoda: Tylenchorhynchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Paratrichodorus minor** (Colbran) Siddiqi Syn: Trichodo rus minor Colbran (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 20 07 ; University of California, 2000 ) No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus crenatus** Loof (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ), US (Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A **Pratylenchus neglectus**  (Rench) Filipjev and SCH. Steckhoven (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

19 79 ), US (Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ; Smiley and Machado, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus penetrans**  (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A

**Praty lenchus pratensis**  (de Man & Filipjev (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ), US (Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus thornei** Sher & Allen (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; OS U, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Pratylenchus zeae** Graham (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2007 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG, US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Radopholus similis** (Cobb) Thorne (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes R (Ferris, 2009 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 16 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Rotylenchulus parvus**  (Williams) Sher Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Rotylenchulus reniformis** Linford & Oliveira (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
- Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ) No N/A N/A
**Scutellonema brachyurus** (Steiner) Andrasy Syn: S. brachyurum (Steiner) Andrasy (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2007 ; McLeod et al., 1994 EG ( CABI, 2007 ;

Ibrahim et al., 2000 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Trichodorus teres** Hooper (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ) Yes R (Hoof, 1964) No **Tylenchorhynchus clarus** Allen (Nematoda: Belonolaidae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 ; Noel and Lownsbery, 1978 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ), US (CA) (Noel and Lownsbery, 1978 ) No N/A N/A
**Xiphinema americanum** Cobb (Nematoda: longidoridae) Ferris and Caswell
Chen, 2009 EG (Abou
- El
-Naga,

1979 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **VIRUS Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus**  **(AMV)** (Bromoviridae) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell , 1993 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; Hamm, 1995 ) No N/A N/A **Beet curly top hybrigeminivirus**  **(BCTV)** (Geminiviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 EG ( EPPO, 1997a ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( EPPO, 1997a ; CABI, 2007 ; Hamm, 1995 ) No N/A N/A
**Broad bean wilt fabavirus (BBWV)**  (Comoviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 ; CABI, 2007 ; Rist and Lorbeer, 1991 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus**  **(CMV)** (Bromoviridae) CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 ; Rist and Lorbeer, 1991 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ; NSF, 1999 ) No N/A N/A
**Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder crinivirus**  **(CYSDV)** (Closteroviridae) Wintermantel et al., 2009 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

[(AR, CA, FL, TX) ( CABI, 2007 ; Davis et al., 2008 ) ] No N/A N/A
**Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV)**  (Potyviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 ; CABI, 2007 ; German
-Retana et al., 2008 EG ( German
- Retana et

al., 2008 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; German
-Retana et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 17 **Pest Scientific Name Host association**  **US and Egypt Distribution**  **1 Quaran** ****

**tine pest Plant part(s)** 

**association 2**  **Follow**

**pathway Prune dwarf ilarvirus**  **(PDV)** (Bromoviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 EG ( Maghraby et al., 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus**  **(PNRV)** (Bromoviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 EG ( CABI, 2007 ; Maghraby et al., 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

**Tobacco mosaic tobamo**virus **(TMV)** (Unassigned family) Brunt et al., 1997 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV)**  (Unassigned family) Brunt et al., 1997 ; CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A **Tobacco ringspot nepovirus** (Comoviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 ; Campbell, 1993 EG (Abdel
- Salam et

al., 2003 ; CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; EPPO, 1997c ) No N/A N/A

**Tom ato spotted wilt**  **tospovirus (TSWV)**  **(**Bunyaviridae) Brunt et al., 1997 ; CABI, 2007 ; Campbell, 1993 EG ( CABI, 2007 ), US

( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A


### 2.4.2. Pests not further analyzed The nematodes Hemicycliophora similis , Hemicriconemoides cocophilus , Longidorus africanus , Radopholus similis and Trichodorus teres were not considered for further analyses because they affect roots and were not associated with the commodity
. Standard post
- harvest processing measures used by Egy pt for shredded lettuce ( CAPQ, 2007 ) for export are highl y likel y t o kill or remove pests of quarantine significance associated with the leaf. We concluded that the following pests would be removed from the pathway : Agrotis segetum , Aleyrodes proletella , Chromatomyia horticola , Frankliniella schultzei , Helicoverpa armigera , Hyadaphis coriandri , Icerya seychellarum , Liriomyza bryoniae , Maconellicoccus hirsutus , Spodoptera littoralis , Theba pisana , and Thysanoplusia orichalcea
. Different combinations of the processes cited above (section 1.3) will be effective for each pest, depending on biology, size, and behavior (T able 5 )
. In addition to the cited mitigation measures, Thripidae species seem likel y to be killed after the vacuum packing process, because cooling and ultralow oxygen controls 99.6 percent of thrips population s (Yong - Biao, 2007 ). This measure could similarly affect all of the pests above, but we did not cite it because it has not been evaluated as a treatment by PPQ. Likewise, we onl y cited the mitigative effects of shredding twice, once for the mollusk, Theba pisana , because of its large size, and once for Helicoverpa armigera , which sometimes is an internal pest, and therefore might sometimes still be present on the commodity after quality inspection. Shredding is likely to decrease survival of the other pests more than we have stated.Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 18 **Table 5**  . Quarantine pests not selected for further anal ys is, with mitigations likely to remove them from the pathway **Type Organism**  **Ef fective postharvest processing measures**  Diptera Chromatomyia

horticola Liriomyza bryoniae Both pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and culling Hemiptera Aleyrodes proletella

Icerya seychellarum Hyadaphis coriandri Maconellicoccus hirsutus All Pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and culling, (3) Washing and c entrifuging Lepidoptera Agrotis segetum

Spodoptera littoralis Thysanoplusia orichalcea Helicoverpa armigera All Pests: (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and culling, (3) Washing and centrifuging This pest only : (4) Shredding Mollusk Theba pisana (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and culling, (3) Shredding, (4) Washing and c entrifuging Thrips Frankliniella schultzei (1) Removing external leaves, (2) Quality inspection and culling, (3) Washing and c entrifuging **2.5. Conclusion** We identified 12 pests of quarantine significance that are highl y unlikel y to follow the pathway due to the standard post
- harvest processing measures for shredded lettuce in Egy pt, and thus were not anal yz ed further. Although these 11 arthropods, and 1 mol lusk affect lettuce leaves, we accounted for the post
- harvest procedures of 1) removing outer leaves, 2) visual inspection and culling (with cutting), 3) shredding, and 4) washing and c entrifuging (section 1.3, see CAPQ, 2007 ). This risk anal ys is is only valid when the described post
- harvest processing procedures are followed; otherwise, additional analyses for quarantine pests of concern could be required. Likewise, if entire leaves or heads of lettuce from Egy pt are proposed for entry

into the United States, then we may

reevaluate the risk for each quarantine pest likel y to follow the pathway
. 

## 3. Author, Contributors, and Reviewers **Authors** Guiovanni A. Zambrano, Risk Analyst a 

### Alcibiades Suarez, Risk Analyst a 

### Contributors Nancy Arciniegas, Risk Analyst a 

### Walter Guttierrez, Risk Analyst bPest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 19 **Reviewers** Robert G. Ahern, Entomologist, Risk Analyst b 

### Lawrence G. Brown, Plant Pathologist b

a 

### USDA
- APHI S
- PPQ
- CPHST Colombia b 

### USDA
- APHI S
- PPQ
- CPHST Raleigh, NC 

## 4. Literature Cited 7 CFR § 319. 2009. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR §319.56
- Fruit and Vegetable Quarantine Regulations). Abdel
- Salam, M., G. Ghanem, A. Amira, L. Ibrahim, and A. Adbel
- Mohsen. 2003. Biological, biochemical, serological, and tissue cultural studies on an Egy ptian isolate of Tobacco ringspot virus infecting potato plants. Arab. J. Biotech. 6(1):153
- 164. Abou
- El
-Naga. 1979. List of Free
- living and Plant
-parasitic Nematodes Recognized from Egy pt hitherto. Opusc. Zool. Budapest 16 1
- 2:8. Amin, A. W. 2002. Aphelenchoides besseyi (Christie, 1942) on Rice: A New Record in Egy pt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(3):297
- 298. APHI S. 2006. Federal Noxious Weed List. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ . (Archived at PERAL). Arnett Jr., R. H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A. 1003 pp. Atakan, E., K. Bo yaci, and O. Gencer. 2004. Population development of leafhoppers [ Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) and Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)] on some cotton varieties. Turkish Journal of Entomology 28(4):267
- 273. Avidov, Z., and I. Harpaz. 1969. Plant Pests of I srael. Israel Universities Press, Jerusalem, I srael. 549 pp. Ben - Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibbson. 2009. Scalenet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov
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### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 25 

## 5. Appendices **Appendix A. Current status of lettuce allowed imports into the United States.**  **(**PPQ, 2009 **) Port(s)**  **- of** 

**- Entry**  **Country/Countries Plant Part**  **Comments All**  Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados,

Belgium, Belize, Canada, Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), Chile ( from all provinces exc ept Arica Province of Region1), Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Republic of Korea (South Korea), Mexico, Montserrat (United Kingdom), New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago Above
ground parts Inspection at the port of

entry

**All** Israel, Palestinian Authority West Bank, Spain,

Peninsular and Balearic Islands Leaf Inspection at the port of entry; Treatment T101
- n - 2. Greenhouse
- grown lettuce requires a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration, and inspection. **North Atlantic (NA)**  Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Netherlands,

Venezuela Above
ground parts Inspection at the port of

entry **Guam & CNMI** Australia, Japan, From all areas other than

Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano Islands, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand Above
ground parts Inspection at the port of

entry **Puerto Rico (PR**  **)** Anguilla (United Kingdom), Antigua and

Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), Curacao (Netherlands), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat (United Kingdom), Netherlands Antilles, Except Curacao (Netherlands), Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (France and the Netherlands), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turksand Caicos Islands (United Kingdom), Venezuela, Virgin Islands, British Above
ground parts Inspection at the port of

entry

**South Atlantic & Gulf (SAG)**  Brazil, Colombia Above
ground parts Inspection at the port of

entry **U.S. Virgin Island (VI)**  Anguilla (United Kingdom), Antigua and

Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Above
ground Inspection at the port of

entryPest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 26 **Port(s) -**  **of**

**- Entry**  **Country/Countries Plant Part**  **Comments** Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands (United Kingdom), Curacao (Netherlands), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Martinique, Montserrat (United Kingdom), Netherlands Antilles, Except Curacao (Netherlands), Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (France and the Netherlands), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turksand Caicos Islands (United Kingdom), Virgin Islands, British partsPest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 27 **Appendix B. Interception of quarantine pests at U.S. ports on lettuce, since 1984** (PestID, 2009 ). **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Acalymma sp . Permit Cargo 2 Acanthocheila sp . Permit Cargo 1 Acanthoscelides sp . Permit Cargo 1 Aceratagallia sp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 2 Aceratagallia uhleri Permit Cargo 1 Acyrthosiphon sp . Permit Cargo 3 Agallia sp. Permit Cargo 2 Agriolimacidae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 5 Agriolimax reticulatus Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 14 Agriolimax sp . Stores 3 Agromyzidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 377 Agrotis ipsilon Permit Cargo 2 Agrotis sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 4 Agrotis subterranea Permit Cargo 1 Aleyrodes proletella Stores 3 Aleyrodidae spp . Stores 1 Altica sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Anastrepha sp . Permit Cargo 1 Anomala nitidula Permit Cargo 2 Anomala sp . Permit Cargo 4 Anthicidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Anthocoridae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 6 Anthomyiidae spp . Stores 3 Anthonomus sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Antianthe expansa Permit Cargo 1 Aphididae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 517 Aphis craccivora Permit Cargo 6 Aphis sp . Permit Cargo 8 Apion sp . Permit Cargo 2 Apionidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Apioninae spp . Permit Cargo 3 Araneae spp . Baggage 1 Arctiidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 67 Arhyssus sp . Permit Cargo 10 Arhyssus tricostatus Permit Cargo 1 Arion sp . Stores 1 Athysanini spp . Permit Cargo 1 Aulacorthum solani General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 43 Autographa californica Permit Cargo 1 Autographa gamma Stores 1 Autographa sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 3Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 28 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Baris sp . Permit Cargo 3 Berytidae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Blapstinus sp . Permit Cargo 5 Blissus sp . Permit Cargo 5 Bostrichidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Bothinodontes sp . Permit Cargo 1 Braconidae spp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2 Bradybaenidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Bremia lactucae Permit Cargo 0 Brevicoryne brassicae Permit Cargo 2 Brevicoryne sp . Stores 1 Bucculatrix sp . Permit Cargo 1 Campylomma verbasci Permit Cargo 1 Cassida sp . Stores 1 Cavariella sp . Baggage 6 Cepaea nemoralis Baggage 2 Ceratocapsus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Cercopidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Ceroplastes floridensis Permit Cargo 1 Cerotoma sp . Permit Cargo 2 Chaetocnema sp . Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 44 Chilocorinae spp . Baggage 1 Chironomidae spp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 13 Chlorochroa sayi Permit Cargo 2 Chlorochroa uhleri Permit Cargo 1 Chloropidae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 3 Chrysodeixis chalcites Permit Cargo 1 Chrysomelidae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Chrysopidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Cicadellidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 27 Cicadellini spp . Permit Cargo 4 Cicadidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Coccinellidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 3 Coccinellini spp . Permit Cargo 3 Cochylidae spp . Stores 1 Colaspis sp . Permit Cargo 2 Coleomegilla sp . Permit Cargo 2 Coleoptera spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 4 Collembola spp . Baggage 3 Conoderus granulatus Baggage 1 Conoderus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Conotrachelus sp . Permit Cargo 2 Contarinia sp . Permit Cargo 1Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 29 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Copitarsia sp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 129 Corticariidae spp . Permit Cargo 32 Cryptophagidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Curculionidae spp . Baggage, Stores 14 Curculioninae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Curvularia sp . Permit Cargo 0 Cyclocephala sp . Permit Cargo 2 Cyptocephala antiguensis Permit Cargo 1 Dactynotus ambrosiae Permit Cargo 4 Dactynotus sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 29 Dechacona missionum Permit Cargo 2 Delia sp . Permit Cargo, Quarters, Stores 6 Delphacidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 3 Delphacodes sp . Stores 1 Deltocephalinae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Deroceras laeve Permit Cargo, Stores 5 Deroceras panormitanum General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 11 Diabrotica balteata Permit Cargo 4 Diabrotica mexicana Permit Cargo 1 Diabrotica sp . Permit Cargo 73 Diabrotica undecimpunctata Permit Cargo 46 Diabrotica viridula Permit Cargo 2 Diaphania sp . Stores 1 Diaprepes famelicus Permit Cargo 1 Dichocysta pictipes Permit Cargo 1 Diplopoda spp . Permit Cargo 1 Diptera spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 5 Disonycha sp . Permit Cargo 6 Draeculacephala minerva Permit Cargo 1 Draeculacephala sp . Permit Cargo 5 Drosophilidae spp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2 Dyscinetus sp . Stores 1 Dysdercus mimulus Permit Cargo 2 Elateridae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Empididae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Empoasca sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 10 Enicocephalidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Ephydridae spp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 4 Epilachna varivestis Permit Cargo 1 Epitrix sp . Permit Cargo 1 Eragrostis sp . Permit Cargo 0 Erythroneura sp . Permit Cargo 1 Eucarazzia elegans Permit Cargo 1Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 30 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Eupodidae spp . Permit Cargo 3 Euschistus sp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 6 Frankliniella fulvipennis General Cargo, Permit Cargo 11 Frankliniella fuscipennis Permit Cargo 4 Frankliniella occidentalis Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 60 Frankliniella schultzei Stores 20 Frankliniella sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 6 Frankliniella tenuicornis Baggage 1 Galerucinae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Galgupha sp . Permit Cargo 1 Geocoris punctipes Permit Cargo 1 Geocoris sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Geometridae spp . Permit Cargo 3 Graminella nigrifrons Permit Cargo 2 Graminella sp . Permit Cargo 1 Graphocephala sp . Permit Cargo 5 Gryllidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Gryllus sp . Permit Cargo 2 Gypona sp . Permit Cargo 1 Harmostes sp . Permit Cargo 1 Helicella sp . Stores 1 Helicellinae spp . Baggage 1 Helicoverpa armigera Stores 3 Helicoverpa sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 3 Helicoverpa zea Permit Cargo 4 Heliothis sp . Stores 2 Helix pomatia Baggage 6 Hemerobiidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Herpetogramma sp . Baggage 1 Heteroptera spp . Permit Cargo 2 Homalodisca liturata Permit Cargo 1 Hypera brunnipennis Permit Cargo 1 Hypera postica Permit Cargo 1 Insecta spp . Baggage 4 Ischnodemus sp . Stores 2 Jalysus wickhami Permit Cargo 1 Lehmannia valentiana Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 5 Lepidoptera spp . General Cargo, Stores 52 Lestremiinae spp . Stores 1 Limax maximus Stores 1 Limax sp . Permit Cargo 1 Limosininae spp . Quarters 2 Liorhyssus hyalinus Permit Cargo 7Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 31 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Liorhyssus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Lipaphis pseudobrassicae Permit Cargo 1 Liriomyza sp . Stores 4 Listroderes sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Listronotus sp . Baggage 1 Lonchaeidae spp . Stores 1 Longitarsus sp . Permit Cargo, Stores 3 Lycaenidae spp . Stores 1 Lygaeidae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Lygaeoidea spp . Permit Cargo 4 Lygaeus alboornatus Permit Cargo 4 Lygus elisus Permit Cargo 2 Lygus hesperus Permit Cargo 2 Lygus lineolaris Baggage, Permit Cargo 4 Lygus mexicanus Permit Cargo 1 Lygus sp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 18 Macrodactylus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Baggage, Permit Cargo 35 Macrosiphum sp . Permit Cargo 2 Mamestra brassicae Baggage, Stores 3 Mamestra sp . Stores 1 Membracidae spp . Permit Cargo 5 Messor sp . Stores 1 Microrhopala sp . Permit Cargo 1 Microtheca semilaevis Stores 1 Milax gagates Baggage 3 Miridae spp . Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 29 Mollusca spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 4 Molytinae spp . Stores 2 Monacha cantiana Quarters 1 Muscidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Mycetophagidae spp . Stores 1 Myochrous sp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 2 Myzus persicae General Cargo, Permit Cargo, Stores 110 Nabidae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Nasonovia ribisnigri Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 86 Nasonovia sp . Stores 2 Nasutitermes ephratae Permit Cargo 1 Neopamera bilobata Permit Cargo 1 Neotephritis finalis Permit Cargo 1 Nesidiocoris tenuis Permit Cargo 5 Neuroptera spp . Permit Cargo 3 Nezara viridula Permit Cargo 1Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 32 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Nitidulidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Noctuidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 153 Nysius raphanus Permit Cargo 1 Nysius sp . Baggage, General Cargo, Permit Cargo 467 Olethreutinae spp . Stores 1 Oliarus sp . Permit Cargo 2 Orius sp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2 Otiorhynchus sulcatus Baggage 1 Oxyloma sp . Permit Cargo 1 Pachybrachis sp . Permit Cargo 2 Paraproba sp . General Cargo 1 Parasitidae spp . Permit Cargo 2 Parisoschoenus flavolimbatus Stores 1 Parthenicus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Pentatomidae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 5 Peridroma saucia Baggage 1 Perigenes sp . Permit Cargo 1 Phlaeothripidae spp . Baggage 1 Phoridae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 9 Phycitinae spp . Stores 1 Phyllophaga sp . Permit Cargo 1 Phyllotreta atra Baggage 1 Phyllotreta sp . Permit Cargo 4 Phytocoris sp . Baggage 1 Phytomyza marginella Permit Cargo 1 Pieridae spp . Baggage, Stores 2 Pieris sp . Baggage 2 Pityophthorus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Plagiometriona sp . Permit Cargo 1 Plodia interpunctella Baggage, Stores 1 Plusiinae spp . Permit Cargo 11 Plutella xylostella Stores 3 Podisus maculiventris Baggage 1 Prietocella barbara Baggage 1 Proba sp . Permit Cargo 2 Prytanes confusus Permit Cargo 1 Prytanes sp . Permit Cargo 4 Pseudaletia sp . Stores 1 Pseudococcus sp . Stores 1 Psocoptera spp . Permit Cargo 1 Psyllidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Pyralidae spp . General Cargo 1 Pyraustinae spp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 14Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 33 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Rachiplusia sp . Permit Cargo 1 Remaudiereana annulipes Permit Cargo 1 Rhabditidae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Rhopalosiphum padi Permit Cargo 3 Rhopalosiphum sp . Permit Cargo 1 Rhopalus tigrinus Permit Cargo 1 Sciaridae spp . General Cargo 2 Secondary fungi Permit Cargo 0 Septoria sp . Baggage 0 Setaria sp . Permit Cargo 0 Sitona sp . Baggage, Stores 2 Sixeonotus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Smicronyx sp . Permit Cargo 1 Sminthuridae spp . Baggage 1 Spanagonicus albofasciatus Permit Cargo 2 Spissistilus festinus General Cargo, Permit Cargo 20 Spissistilus sp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 25 Spodoptera exigua Permit Cargo 4 Spodoptera frugiperda Permit Cargo 1 Spodoptera litura Permit Cargo 1 Spodoptera sp . Baggage, Permit Cargo 2 Staphylinidae spp . General Cargo, Permit Cargo 2 Steiarrhinus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Stictocephala sp . Permit Cargo 1 Succinea sp . Permit Cargo 2 Syrphidae spp . Baggage, Permit, Cargo Stores 14 Systena s
- littera Stores 1 Systena sp . Permit Cargo 5 Tanymecus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Theba pisana Baggage, Permit Cargo, Stores 11 Thripidae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 16 Thrips angusticeps Baggage, Stores 112 Thrips sp . Baggage 1 Thrips tabaci Baggage, Permit Cargo 9 Thyanta sp . Permit Cargo 2 Tineidae spp . Stores 2 Tortricidae spp . Permit Cargo, Stores 2 Tortricinae spp . Permit Cargo 1 Trichoplusia ni Permit Cargo 7 Trimerotropis pallidipennis Baggage 1 Trupanea sp . Permit Cargo 1 Tylenchus sp . Permit Cargo 1 Udea rubigalis General Cargo 1Pest Risk Assessment for Lettuce from Egypt



### Rev. 01 March 11, 2010 34 **Pest Where Intercepted**  **Interceptions (No.)**  Veronicella sp . Baggage 1 Xanthochilus saturnius Permit Cargo 1 Xerophloea sp . Permit Cargo 1 Xeropicta sp . Quarters 1 Zygogramma sp . Permit Cargo 3 Diabrotica undecimpunctata duodecimnotata Permit Cargo 1 Deroceras (Agriolimax) reticulatum Baggage 1 Diabrotica undecimpunctata duodecimnotata Permit Cargo 1 **Total 3266**