IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NOS. PD-1678-11 & PD-1679-11

JAMES ALLEN SULLIVAN, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS

BROWN COUNTY

KELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which PRICE,

WOMACK, JOHNSON, KEASLER, HERVEY, COCHRAN and ALCALÁ, JJ., joined. MEYERS,

J., filed a dissenting opinion.

A jury convicted appellant of four sexual assaults against three victims and sentenced him

to eighteen years of imprisonment in each case. The trial judge ordered some of the sentences to run

concurrently and some to run consecutively. One of the sentences that was stacked was not eligible

for stacking. This case presents the question of the proper remedy when one of a series of sentences

is improperly stacked and whether it matters where in the series the improperly stacked sentence
SULLIVAN — 2

appears. We reform the trial court’s judgment to reflect that the improperly stacked sentence is not

stacked and that the two sentences involving different victims are stacked. We also reform the

sequence of stacking to conform to the trial judge’s oral pronouncement of sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Trial

Appellant worked at a Texas Youth Commission facility. The evidence showed that

appellant sexually assaulted three children who were staying at that facility. One of the children,

A.S., was seventeen years old at the time of the sexual assaults. The other two children, N.P. and

C.C., were under age seventeen at the time. In one indictment, appellant was charged with multiple

sexual assaults against N.P. In another indictment, appellant was charged with one sexual assault

against A.S. and one against C.C. Appellant was convicted of two counts of sexual assault against

N.P. and one count each for A.S. and C.C. On each count, the jury assessed a punishment of

confinement for eighteen years.

The trial judge then asked for the parties’ positions on whether the sentences should be

served concurrently or consecutively. The State urged the judge to make all of the sentences

consecutive. Appellant urged the judge to make all of the sentences concurrent. The trial judge

stated that he would order the sentences in the two counts involving N.P. to be concurrent with each

other. With respect to the sentences for the counts involving A.S. and C.C., the judge stated that

they would “run consecutively with each other,” and the sentences for counts involving N.P. would

“run consecutively to the others.” As a result, the trial judge said that there would be “three

consecutive eighteen-year terms.”
SULLIVAN — 3

The trial judge then asked if there was any legal reason why the sentences should not now

be pronounced. Defense counsel responded that there was no legal reason. The judge then stated:

It’s the sentence of this Court, [appellant], that you serve the 18 years in the manner

that I’ve pronounced, the stacking of the two [N.P.] judgments on top of the two

counts in the other case, so that each victim will have what I deem to be appropriate

justice in this matter, but I’m not going to stack the two within itself with the one for

the reasons that I’ve stated. But the sentences will then run as indicated, stacking the

two main cases and the two counts in addition as reflected.

The trial judge entered a judgment for each indictment, and each judgment contained the following

written cumulation order:

The sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 as to Count I [A.S.] shall begin when the

judgment in the sentence imposed in Cause #CR18971 [N.P.] has ceased to operate. 

The sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 as to Count II[C.C.]shall begin when the

judgment in the sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 Count I [A.S.] has ceased to

operate. 

1

Thus, under the oral pronouncement the two concurrent sentences involving N.P. would be the last 

in the stacking series but under the written judgment they would be the first in the series.

B. Appeal

On appeal, appellant complained that stacking the sentence for the count involving A.S. was

error because the relevant statute permitted stacking only if the victim was younger than seventeen. 

The State conceded error. The court of appeals held that the appropriate remedy was to modify the

trial court’s judgments “to delete the language ordering cumulation of the sentence involving A.S.”2

To accomplish this objective, the court of appeals ordered that the judgments be revised to reflect

that the sentences for the counts involving N.P. run concurrent with each other, that the sentences

 Bracketed material added to aid the reader. 1

Sullivan v. State, Nos. 11-10-00027-CR & 11-10-00028-CR, slip op. at 5 (Tex. 2

App.–Eastland September 29, 2011) (not designated for publication).
SULLIVAN — 4

for the counts involving A.S. and C.C. run concurrent with each other, and that the sentences for the

counts involving A.S. and C.C. be stacked on the sentences for the counts involving N.P. The result 3

of the court of appeals’s revised orders is that appellant serves two consecutive eighteen-year terms

instead of three.

II. ANALYSIS

Chapter three of the Texas Penal Code allows for offenses arising out of the “same criminal

episode” to be tried in the same criminal action. The term “same criminal episode” is specifically 4

defined in chapter three, and the term includes a situation in which “the offenses are the repeated

commission of the same or similar offenses.” When offenses are tried together pursuant to chapter

5

three, the sentences must be concurrent unless a specific exception within chapter three provides

otherwise. One such exception provides that consecutive sentences maybe imposed for convictions 6

for certain types of sexual offenses if the offenses were committed against a victim younger than

seventeen years of age. 

7

With respect to the issue before us, the language of the relevant portions of chapter three is

unambiguous. The sentence for the count involving A.S. does not fall within the exception 8

 Id. at 5-6. 3

 TEX. PENAL CODE § 3.02(a).

4

 Id., § 3.01(2). 5

 Id., § 3.03(a).

6

 Id., § 3.03(b)(2)(A).

7

See Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (Courts must give effect 8

to the plain meaning of the statutory text unless the language is ambiguous or leads to absurd results

that the legislature could not have possibly intended).
SULLIVAN — 5

mentioned above because A.S. was not under seventeen at the time of the offense. And because no

other exception applies, that sentence must run concurrent with all other sentences obtained in the 9

same criminal action, i.e., with the sentences for the counts involving N.P. and C.C. But the

sentences for the counts involving N.P. and C.C. do fall within the exception because those victims

were younger than seventeen, so those sentences could run consecutive to each other, although they

must run concurrent with the sentence for the count involving A.S. Consequently, as both parties

agree, the trial judge erred in cumulating the sentence for the count involving A.S. with the other

sentences. 

Appellant contends that the court of appeals erred in rewriting the trial judge’s cumulation

orders. He claims that the sentence relating to A.S. was in the middle of the stacking order, and

when it is deleted, there remains no order stacking the sentence relating to N.P. onto the sentence

relating to C.C. Thus, he claims, the proper remedy is to delete all of the cumulation orders. The

State contends that the court of appeals was correct to modify the cumulation orders to delete the

improper cumulation of the sentence for the count involving A.S., but the State suggests that further

modification may be required because the sequence in which the sentences were stacked in the

written judgments varies from their sequence in the trial court’s oral pronouncement.

We first observe that the court of appeals’s remedy does not entirely fix the error in the trial

judge’s cumulation orders. Under the court of appeals’s revised orders, the sentence for the count

involving A.S. still impermissibly runs consecutive to the sentences for the counts involving N.P.

Further, as the State suggests, the written cumulation order differs from the trial court’s oral

pronouncement of sentence, although it is unclear whether that difference would have any practical

 See TEX. PENAL CODE § 3.03(b). 9
SULLIVAN — 6

effect on appellant’s incarceration. Under the written cumulation order, the sentences for the counts

involving N.P. are the first in the stacking sequence, but in the trial court’s oral pronouncement they

are last in the stacking sequence. The general rule that a trial judge’s oral pronouncement controls

over the written judgment applies to cumulation orders. Under this principle, we have held that 10

a trial judge may not cumulate sentences in the written judgment if he did not do so in his oral

pronouncement. It follows that a cumulation order in a written judgment may not substantively 11

vary from the cumulation order contained in the trial judge’s oral pronouncement of sentence.

But the trial judge’s oral pronouncement suffers from some lack of specificity regarding the

sequence of stacking. The sentences for the counts involving N.P. are clearly last, but it is not clear

where in the sequence the sentences for the counts involving A.S. and C.C. fall. Unlike in the

written orders, the sentence relating to A.S. does not clearly fall between the other sentences. If a

cumulation order is not sufficiently specific, a remand may be permitted to allow the trial judge to

remedy the matter, but we need not consider whether a remand is appropriate in this case. Once

12

we take into account the impermissibility of stacking the sentence relating to A.S., the specificity

issue vanishes. In making his oral pronouncement, the trial judge clearly intended the sentences for

the counts involving N.P. to run consecutive to the sentence for the count involving C.C. 

Remanding the cases to him would result in an orderstacking the sentences related to N.P. and C.C.

 Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 135-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). 10

 Id. at 136. 11

Morris v. State, 301 S.W.3d 281, 296 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Beedy v. State, 250 S.W.3d 12

107, 114 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
SULLIVAN — 7

and not stacking the sentence relating to A.S.13

The remaining question is whether the judgment can be reformed to accomplish this intent

or whether the cumulation order must be deleted in its entirety. When part of a cumulation order is

illegal, the remedy is to delete the illegal portion. In Morris v. State, the trial judge stacked two 14

sentences and partially stacked a third sentence. The trial judge stated on the record that if he 15

could not partially stack the third sentence, then he would stack all three sentences. The court of 16

appeals deleted the portion of the cumulation orderthat purported to partially stack the third sentence

but left intact the part that stacked the first two sentences. We held that the trial judge could not 17

partially stack a sentence, and we also held that the trial judge could not impose an alternative

stacking order, so cumulating all three sentences on appeal was not an option. We concluded that 18

the court of appeals “appropriately deleted the unlawful portion [of the cumulation order] and left

Neither party discusses the possibility that the two sentences relating to N.P. might have 13

been stacked (so that there would still be three consecutive eighteen-yearsentences) if the trial judge

had known that the sentence relating to A.S. was not subject to being stacked. With respect to that

possibility, the court of appeals’s decision to reform the cumulation order is a holding adverse to the

State. The State did not file a petition for discretionary review suggesting that the court of appeals

should have remanded the case to the trial court to consider stacking the two sentences relating to

N.P. Consequently, we have no occasion to address whether this case could have been remanded

for that purpose or whether Morris would bar such an outcome.

 Morris, 301 S.W.3d at 295-96. 14

 Id. at 294. 15

 Id. at 294-95. 16

 Id. at 295. 17

 Id. at 295-96. 18
SULLIVAN — 8

the lawful portion of the order intact.”19

We conclude here that only part of the trial judge’s cumulation order is illegal—the

inclusion of the sentence for the count involving A.S. in the sequence of stacked sentences. If we

had any doubt about what the trial judge intended to do, we would remand these cases to him to

reform the cumulation order. But it is clear from the oral prounouncement what his intent was.

Therefore, in conformity with the trial judge’s oral pronouncement and with the law, we reform the

cumulation order to delete the sentence for the count involving A.S. from the sequence of stacked

sentences and to stack the sentence for the counts involving N.P. upon the sentence for the count

involving C.C. As a consequence of our reformation, the cumulation order in each of the judgments

is ordered to read as follows:

The sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 as to Count I shall begin immediately. 

The sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 as to Count II shall begin immediately. 

The sentences imposed in Cause #CR18971 shall begin when the judgment in the

sentence imposed in Cause #CR19690 Count II has ceased to operate.

We so reform the trial court’s judgments and otherwise affirm the judgments of the courts below.

Delivered: January 9, 2013

Publish

Id. See also Rhodes v. State, 240 S.W.3d 882, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (discussing 19

an appellate court’s ability to reform a judgment to delete an illegal cumulation order or impose a

cumulation order required by law).