COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges AtLee, Friedman and Raphael 

Argued at Lexington, Virginia

RICHARD LEE SCHROEDER

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0819-21-3 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN

SEPTEMBER 27, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROANOKE COUNTY

Charles N. Dorsey, Judge

Wayne D. Inge for appellant.

Craig W. Stallard, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

The trial court convicted Richard Lee Schroeder of felony assault and battery on a law 

enforcement officer. He now challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction

and maintains that the trial court erred by failing to make certain factual findings and rulings in 

reaching its verdict. 

BACKGROUND

“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Poole v. 

Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 

472 (2018)). On January 6, 2020, appellant visited a restaurant with his girlfriend for 

approximately three hours, where they drank beer together before she drove them to their home. 

Appellant estimated that he drank four or five pints of beer. The couple argued, and when they 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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returned home, appellant went upstairs alone and locked the bedroom door behind him. 

Appellant estimated that he went to bed at approximately 11:00 p.m. 

While appellant was upstairs, his girlfriend called the police and reported that she had 

been assaulted. Roanoke County Police Officers Schartau and Wickham responded to the 

couple’s home around midnight. When the officers arrived, appellant’s girlfriend told them that 

appellant had assaulted her and that he was upstairs in the bedroom. She also told them that 

there were firearms in the house, but they were “locked in a safe.” The uniformed officers 

accompanied her into the house and ascended the stairs. 

The officers identified themselves and knocked on appellant’s bedroom door. When they 

directed appellant to exit the bedroom, appellant told the officers to “come back with a warrant.” 

The officers repeated the command for “several minutes,” but appellant refused to comply, 

prompting the officers to request backup assistance. Eventually, appellant opened the door and 

stood in the threshold. Schartau testified that he had not drawn his taser or firearm when 

appellant opened the door. 

Schartau ordered appellant to exit the bedroom with his hands up, but appellant refused. 

Schartau approached the door and directed appellant to place his hands behind his back. When 

appellant failed to comply, Schartau “closed the distance” between them—which he estimated to 

be “no more than several paces”—and reached for appellant. Schartau explained that he reached 

for appellant to pull him into the hallway because it is not safe to attempt to restrain someone 

who is standing in the threshold of a doorway. Schartau also testified that at this point, appellant 

was not under arrest. 

According to Schartau’s testimony, while appellant remained in the threshold of the 

bedroom, appellant “shoved” Schartau in the chest and face with both hands. Schartau testified 

that the shove stopped his forward movement but did not injure him. According to Officer 
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Campbell’s testimony, appellant was standing about six feet inside the bedroom door when he

quickly approached Schartau and shoved him in the chest, propelling Schartau backwards. 

After pushing Schartau, appellant retreated into the bedroom, and Schartau pursued him 

with his taser drawn. Another officer drew his gun and assisted Schartau. In the bedroom, 

Schartau instructed appellant multiple times to get on his knees and put his hands up. Appellant 

did not comply. However, the officers were eventually able to take appellant into custody and 

place him under arrest.

Appellant, a convicted felon, testified on his own behalf. He stated that he had been 

asleep “for a good bit” when he heard knocking on his door. He at first thought it was his 

girlfriend knocking, but when he realized the police were knocking, he told them to get a 

warrant. When appellant eventually opened the door, he saw multiple officers, prompting him to 

retreat back into the bedroom. He maintained that he spread his legs and placed his hands over 

his head because the officers had drawn their weapons and were yelling conflicting commands. 

He claimed he was told “put your hands behind your back,” “put up your hands,” “get on your 

face,” “get on your knees” and “turn around.” Appellant testified that the scene was chaotic and 

he was afraid of being shot or tased. When Schartau moved quickly toward him, appellant 

placed his hands in front of him in a defensive manner and flinched, believing he was about to be 

tackled. When Schartau made contact with appellant’s hands, Schartau retreated a few steps and 

then appellant heard, “Taser, taser, taser.” Appellant stated that he was “tased” three times, 

handcuffed, and arrested.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court stressed that appellant had been drinking 

and was noncompliant with the officers’ commands. The trial court rejected appellant’s 

testimony that Schartau collided with appellant’s hands, which were raised in a defensive 

position. Noting that Schartau’s physical build was larger than that of appellant, the trial court 
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found that Schartau colliding with appellant’s raised hands in the manner described by appellant 

would not have stopped Schartau’s forward progress (as Schartau testified) or propelled him 

backwards (as Campbell testified). The trial court concluded that the officers’ testimony was 

more credible than appellant’s and convicted him of assault and battery on a law enforcement 

officer. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

A. The Evidence is Sufficient to Sustain Appellant’s Conviction

Appellant contends that the evidence failed to support his conviction for assault and battery 

on a law enforcement officer because it did not establish that: “the touching was unlawful, in that it 

was justified or excused as a lawful exercise of self-defense”; “the touching was committed with the 

intent to place the alleged victim in fear or apprehension of bodily harm”; “the touching was 

committed with the intent to inflict bodily harm”; “the touching was committed in a rude, insolent, 

or angry manner; “the touching was objectively offensive”; or “the touching resulted in some 

manifestation of a physical consequence or corporeal hurt.”

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself 

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather, the 

relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting 

Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the 

conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion 
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might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 

Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

“Assault and battery are common law crimes.” Montague v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 

532, 541 (2009).1 “[B]ecause the elements of assault are not statutorily defined, [courts] must 

apply the common law definition.” Clark v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 636, 641 (2010). “To 

sustain a conviction for battery, the Commonwealth must prove a ‘wil[l]ful or unlawful 

touching’ of another.” Parish v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 324, 330 (2010) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Wood v. Commonwealth, 149 Va. 401, 404 (1927)). A willful act is one that is 

“[v]oluntary and intentional, but not necessarily malicious.” Willful, Black’s Law Dictionary

(11th ed. 2019). “The law is clear that ‘[t]he slightest touching of another . . . if done in a rude, 

insolent, or angry manner, constitutes a battery for which the law affords redress.’” Kelley v. 

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 628 (2019) (alterations in original) (quoting Adams v. 

Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 463, 469 (2000)). “In such circumstances, ‘[t]he unlawful intent 

may be imputed.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Parish, 56 Va. App. at 331). “Whether an 

act is done in a ‘rude, insolent, or angry manner’ is a finding of fact that this Court will not 

disturb on appeal unless the finding is plainly wrong or no evidence supports it.” Id. at 628-29.

“Intent is a factual determination, and a trial court’s decision on the question of intent is 

accorded great deference on appeal and will not be reversed unless clearly erroneous.” Towler v. 

Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 284, 297 (2011). “Circumstantial evidence is as acceptable to 

prove guilt as direct evidence, and in some cases, such as proof of intent or knowledge, it is 

practically the only method of proof.” Abdo v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 468, 475-76 (2015) 

1 The penalty for the offenses is set by statute. Code § 18.2-57(C) provides, in pertinent 

part, that “if any person commits an assault . . . against another knowing or having reason to 

know that such other person is a . . . law-enforcement officer . . ., engaged in the performance of 

his public duties anywhere in the Commonwealth, such person is guilty of a Class 6 felony.”
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(quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498 (1980)). “While no single piece of evidence 

may be sufficient, the ‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each 

insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion [of guilt].’” Rams v. 

Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 12, 37 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Stamper v. 

Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979)).

“Determining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the [fact 

finder], which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they 

testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (first alteration in original) 

(quoting Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “When ‘credibility issues have 

been resolved by the [fact finder] in favor of the Commonwealth, those findings will not be 

disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong.’” Towler, 59 Va. App. at 291 (quoting Corvin v. 

Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 296, 299 (1991)). An “appellate court does not ‘retry the facts,’

reweigh the evidence, or make its own determination of the ‘credibility of [the] witnesses.’” 

Yahner v. Fire-X Corp., 70 Va. App. 265, 273 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Jeffreys v. 

Uninsured Emp.’s Fund, 297 Va. 82, 87 (2019)).

Here, the trial court was permitted to reject appellant’s testimony that he simply raised 

his hands in a defensive posture as Schartau moved toward him. Flanagan v. Commonwealth, 58 

Va. App. 681, 702 (2011). Appellant, a convicted felon, conceded that he had been drinking 

before the officers arrived. Appellant repeatedly ignored the officers’ commands to exit the 

bedroom, prompting Schartau and his partner to request backup assistance. He continued to 

refuse to cooperate after other officers arrived. Taking the facts in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, Poole, 73 Va. App. at 360, when Schartau attempted to reach for appellant, 

appellant shoved him with both hands, striking him in the chest and face. The finder of fact 

found this account credible.
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An assault and battery conviction requires “an intention to do bodily harm—either an 

actual intention or an intention imputed by law.” Adams, 33 Va. App. at 468 (quoting Davis v.

Commonwealth, 150 Va. 611, 617 (1928)). When the touching of another is “done in a rude, 

insolent, or angry manner,” Kelley, 69 Va. App. at 628 (quoting Adams, 33 Va. App. at 469), 

“unlawful intent may be imputed,” id. (quoting Parish, 56 Va. App. at 331). 

Here, the surrounding events, in the best light for the Commonwealth, paint Schroeder as 

inebriated and uncooperative. Police were responding to what they understood was a domestic 

assault—and they were told guns were in the house. They were understandably cautious in 

dealing with the accused under these circumstances. By police accounts, appellant struck a 

uniformed officer in the face and chest with sufficient force to send him stumbling backwards, 

despite the fact that the officer was larger than appellant. Under these circumstances, an 

unlawful intent may be imputed to appellant. See, e.g., Montague, 278 Va. at 541 (finding that 

defendant intended to inflict physical harm when he tried “to prevent the police officers from 

taking him into custody” by “push[ing]” and “strik[ing] [one officer] in the chest with an 

elbow”); Gilbert v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 67, 71-72 (2005) (finding requisite intent for 

assault and battery for spitting on a law enforcement officer established through defendant’s 

obstreperous behavior before and during assault). 

We will not disturb the judgment of the trial court “unless it is plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Smith, 296 Va. at 460). We also 

cannot “‘retry the facts,’ reweigh the evidence, or make [our] own determination of the 

‘credibility of [the] witnesses.’” Yahner, 70 Va. App. at 273 (second alteration in original) 

(quoting Jeffreys, 297 Va. at 87). Under this standard of review, and when viewed as a whole, the 

evidence was competent and sufficient to establish that appellant was guilty of assault and 

battery on a law enforcement officer.
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 B. Appellant Failed to Request Specific Findings from the Trial Court, and it was Not Error for 

 the Trial Court to Rule Generally that the Commonwealth Proved Assault and Battery on a 

 Law Enforcement Officer

Appellant assigns error to the trial court’s “failure” to make certain specific rulings relating 

to the conviction. Appellant contends that the trial court erred by “fail[ing] to rule in general on 

[his] assertion that the touching was a lawful exercise of self-defense” because it did not rule 

“specifically” whether: “[he] had an objective reasonable belief that he was in immediate danger of 

being either shot and/or tased”; “the touching was objectively reasonable”; “[he] . . . provoke[d] the 

actions of the alleged victim”; “[he] retreated and placed his hands on his head before the touching”; 

and “the touching occurred within [his] home.”

Appellant further asserts that the trial court erred by “fail[ing] to rule in general on [his] 

assertion that the touching was incidental and within the realm of normal human interaction within 

the specific factual context of the evidence of the case by failing to rule specifically” whether: “the 

touching was committed with the intent to place the alleged victim in fear or apprehension of bodily 

harm”; “the touching was committed with the intent to inflict bodily harm”; “the touching was 

committed in a rude, insolent, or angry manner”; “the touching was objectively offensive”; and “the 

touching resulted in some manifestation of a physical consequence or corporal hurt.”

Appellant stresses that, in rendering its verdict, the trial court’s “entire discussion was based 

on a credibility and weight of the evidence analysis, which focused solely on the officers’ version of 

the actual touching and the Defendant’s version of the actual touching.” He emphasizes that in 

finding that the officers’ testimony was credible, the court failed to state which of the offense’s 

elements were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, he suggests that the trial court erred 

because it failed to “explicitly” rule on these issues. 

Although appellant complains that the trial court erred by failing to make specific rulings on 

each of his arguments, nothing in the record suggests that he asked the trial court for these rulings. 
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“Absent a statutory requirement to do so, ‘a trial court is not required to give findings of fact and 

conclusions of law.’” Bowman v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 500 n.8 (2015) (quoting Fitzgerald

v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 615, 627 (1982)). Based on the deferential standard of review 

applicable in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “it necessarily follows that, when ‘faced 

with a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences,’ [an appellate] court . . . ‘must 

presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of fact resolved any 

such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution[.]’” Id. (quoting Jackson 

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 326 (1979)). Here, as discussed above, the evidence was sufficient to 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of assault and battery on a law 

enforcement officer. To the extent appellant desired specific rulings from the trial court, it was 

incumbent upon him to seek them. Rule 5A:18. 

“The Court of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to 

the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308 (1998). When a defendant presents 

an argument to the trial court, if he fails to obtain a ruling on it, then “there is no ruling for us to 

review on appeal.” Id.; see also Williams v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 341, 347 (2010) (same).

Furthermore, appellant has not requested that we apply the good cause or ends of justice exceptions 

under Rule 5A:18, and “we will not invoke them sua sponte.” Williams, 57 Va. App. at 347. 

Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of appellant’s assignments of error relating to a 

lack of specific findings.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

 Affirmed.