COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-14-00339-CR

ANN BUCARO APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

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FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 2 OF DENTON COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. CR-2013-05651-B

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. Introduction

In three issues, Appellant Ann Bucaro appeals her conviction for driving 

while intoxicated. She argues that the trial court erred in overruling her motion to 

suppress and that portions of the Implied Consent Law violate the Fourth 

Amendment. We affirm.

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2

II. Background

On January 12, 2013, The Colony police pulled Bucaro over for driving her 

vehicle off of the roadway, over a curb, and onto a sidewalk. Officer Mark Hamm 

was called to the scene to assist in the investigation of the possible offense of 

driving while intoxicated (DWI). 

When Officer Hamm arrived, he performed standardized field sobriety tests 

on Bucaro and, as a result, concluded that she was intoxicated. He then

arrested Bucaro and took her to The Colony Jail. 

At the jail, Officer Hamm handed Bucaro a copy of the DIC-242form and 

asked her to follow along as he read it aloud. After Officer Hamm finished 

reading the form, Bucaro collapsed onto the floor. Officer Hamm immediately 

called for the paramedics and then helped Bucaro, who told Officer Hamm that 

she felt “lightheaded,” into a chair. During these events, Bucaro never lost 

consciousness. 

While waiting for the medics to arrive, Officer Hamm showed Bucaro the 

DIC-24 form and asked if she remembered holding it and following along when

he read it to her earlier. She shook her head, indicating that she did not. Just 

prior to the paramedic’s arrival, Bucaro’s breathing became very heavy. 

 

2

The DIC-24 is the Texas Department of Public Safety’s standard form 

containing the written warnings required by the transportation code to be read to 

an individual arrested for a DWI before a peace officer requests a voluntary blood 

or breath sample from a person. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.015 (West 

Supp. 2014); State v. Neesley, 239 S.W.3d 780, 782 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
3

However, the medics who evaluated Bucaro determined that she was not in need 

of any further medical attention. 

After the medics left, Officer Hamm once again asked Bucaro if she 

remembered the DIC-24 form, and she indicated that she did not. Officer Hamm

then read the DIC-24 to Bucaro a second time and afterwards asked if she 

understood. Once again, she shook her head, indicating that she did not. When 

Officer Hamm asked her if she had a question, Bucaro just shook her head. 

When he asked Bucaro what part of the form she did not understand, Bucaro 

again just shook her head. Officer Hamm then reread the second paragraph3

and attempted to break it down into simpler terms. He explained to her that he 

was going to ask her for a breath specimen and she needed to understand that 

“if [she] says no, they can use it against her in court and [her] license will be 

suspended for not less than six months.” Officer Hamm read the entire DIC-24 

form to Bucaro a third time,

4

and she consented to giving a breath specimen. 

At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the trial court heard testimony 

from Officer Hamm and Bucaro, viewed the intoxilizer room video footage and

 

3

The second paragraph of the DIC-24 form reads as follows: “If you refuse 

to give the specimen, that refusal may be admissible in a subsequent 

prosecution. Your license, permit or privilege to operate a motor vehicle will be

suspended or denied for not less than 180 days, whether or not you are 

subsequently prosecuted for this offense.”

4Officer Hamm testified that he read the complete DIC-24 form to Bucaro 

three times. 
4

the dashboard camera footage, and listened to the audiotape of Officer Hamm’s 

body microphone. 

Officer Hamm testified that Bucaro’s consent was freely and voluntarily

given and that he never got the impression she did not want to give the sample. 

He testified that there was no coercion, no force, no intimidation, and no 

threats—he asked her to provide a sample, she said yes, and when it was time to

provide the sample she did. 

Bucaro testified that she thought that she had no option but to take the test

because if she refused she would not be able to drive to work and she might lose 

her job. However, on cross-examination, Bucaro admitted that she never told 

Officer Hamm that she did not want to give a breath specimen and that she never 

refused to provide one. She further admitted that she was not threatened or 

physically forced. 

The trial court denied the motion to suppress and entered written findings 

of fact and conclusions of law. 

III. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a 

bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). 

We give almost total deference to a trial court’s rulings on questions of historical 

fact and application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of 

credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo application-of-law-to-fact 
5

questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 

673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson v. 

State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

Stated another way, when reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to 

suppress, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial 

court’s ruling. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State 

v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court 

makes explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in 

the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those fact findings. 

Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818–19. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling 

de novo unless its explicit fact-findings that are supported by the record are also 

dispositive of the legal ruling. Id. at 818.

We must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and 

correct under any theory of law applicable to the case even if the trial court gave 

the wrong reason for its ruling. State v. Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2007); Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 974 (2004).

IV. Analysis

In her first two issues, Bucaro states that the trial court erred in denying 

her motion to suppress because (1) Bucaro did not voluntarily consent and (2) 

the State failed to sustain its burden of proof. In her last issue, Bucaro asserts 

that portions of the Implied Consent Law are inherently coercive and, therefore, 
6

violate the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and 

seizures. 

A. Voluntary Consent

In her first and third issues, Bucaro asserts that she did not voluntarily 

consent to provide a breath specimen because she was coerced. In both issues,

Bucaro argues that the Implied Consent Law, i.e., the DWI statutory warnings,

are inherently coercive. Specifically, she asserts that by 

threatening that if Ms. Bucaro refused to provide a specimen . . . she 

would lose her driving privileges and . . . her refusal would be used 

as evidence against her at her trial, the officer applied psychological 

pressure . . . that caused her will to be overborne and her capacity 

for self-determination to be critically impaired.

Any person arrested for DWI is deemed to have given consent to submit to 

providing a specimen of breath or blood for determining alcohol concentration or 

the presence of a controlled substance. Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.011(a) 

(West 2011). Nevertheless, a person retains an absolute right to refuse a test. 

Id. § 724.013 (West 2011). In other words, “‘[C]onsent being implied by law, a 

driver may not legally refuse. A driver, however, can physically refuse to submit, 

and the implied consent law, recognizing that practical reality, forbids the use of 

physical force to compel submission.’” Forte v. State, 759 S.W.2d 128, 138 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1988) (quoting State v. Spencer, 305 Or. 59, 750 P.2d 147, 153 

(1988)), overruled on other grounds by McCambridge v. State, 778 S.W.2d 70, 

76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
7

A driver’s consent to a breath or blood test must be free and voluntary—

i.e., free from physical or psychological pressure from law enforcement. Meekins 

v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 458–59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In order to determine 

whether consent was given voluntarily, the fact-finder must consider the totality of 

the circumstances. Id. at 459. “The trial judge must conduct a careful sifting and 

balancing of the unique facts and circumstances of each case in deciding 

whether a particular consent to search was voluntary or coerced.” Id. 

“Accordingly, it follows that, because the fact finder must consider all of the 

evidence presented, no one statement or action should automatically amount to 

coercion such that consent is involuntary—it must be considered in the totality.” 

Fienen v. State, 390 S.W.3d 328, 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). 

Before an officer may request a breath or blood sample from a person 

arrested for DWI, the officer is required to inform the person that a refusal to 

provide a specimen (1) may be admissible in subsequent prosecution and (2) will 

result in an automatic driver’s license suspension. Tex. Transp. Code Ann. 

§ 724.015(1), (2); Schaum v. State, 833 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

1992, no pet.). These warnings emphasize the importance of ensuring that the 

consent is “made freely, and with a correct understanding of the statutory 

consequences of refusal.” State v. Amaya, 221 S.W.3d 797, 800 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref’d) (citing Erdman v. State, 861 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by Fienen, 390 S.W.3d at 335).
8

While the court of criminal appeals has not directly addressed the question 

of whether the DIC-24 statutory warnings are inherently coercive, the court has 

considered whether extra-statutory warnings—warnings that exceed the required 

DIC-24 statutory warnings—are inherently coercive. See Fienen, 390 S.W.3d at 

335; Erdman, 861 S.W.2d at 893–94. In Fienen, the court of criminal appeals 

held that extra-statutory warnings are not inherently coercive but that any 

coercive effect of warnings should be determined by considering the totality of 

the circumstances in each particular case, holding,

. . . No statement—whether it refers to the consequences of refusing 

a breath test, the consequences of passing or failing a breath test, or 

otherwise—should be analyzed in isolation because its impact can 

only be understood when the surrounding circumstances are 

accounted for.

. . . . 

. . . Although [the officer] conveyed what would happen in 

more definite terms than suggested by the (present) statute, she 

provided only the most basic information and did not linger or 

prolong the exchange by explaining in detail the intricacies of 

obtaining the search warrant (e.g., that the blood search warrant 

must be approved by a neutral and impartial magistrate and that the 

judge may sign the search warrant only if he believes that it is 

supported by probable cause). 

390 S.W.3d at 335–36 (holding that under the totality of circumstances, the 

statements made by the officer were not coercive, “and if anything, Appellant had

greater information on which to base his decision.”). 

Comparing the case at bar to Fienen, if the giving of the DIC-24 warnings 

plus the extra-statutory warnings present in Fienen were not inherently coercive, 
9

then the statutory warnings standing alone could not be inherently coercive. 

Applying Fienen, we hold that the giving of the DIC-24 warnings is not inherently 

coercive and does not violate the Fourth Amendment. We overrule Bucaro’s first 

and third issues.

B. Burden of Proof

In her second issue, Bucaro argues that based on the totality of the 

circumstances the State failed to meet its burden in proving that her consent was 

voluntary. Specifically, Bucaro asserts that the evidence shows that 

at the time she agreed to provide a specimen of her breath Ms. 

Bucaro was under arrest, was in a police-dominated atmosphere at 

the jail and in the presence of several uniformed officers,[5]had not 

been warned of her rights under Miranda and article 38.22,[6]had not 

directly and affirmatively been made aware that she could refuse to 

provide a specimen of her breath,[7]had not been made aware of 

legal options available to her whereby she could avoid losing her 

driving privileges, had suffered a panic attack that resulted in several

minutes of hyperventilation, vacillated about whether to provide the 

specimen,[8]had been threatened with the use of her refusal to 

 

5

The video indicates that Officer Hamm was the only police officer in the 

room; the others were medical professionals. 

6Miranda warning are irrelevant to this analysis as they are not required to 

be given before an individual is asked to give a breath specimen. Floyd v. State, 

710 S.W.2d 807, 809 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1986), pet. dism’d, improvidently 

granted, 768 S.W.2d 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

7Officer Hamm read the DIC-24 form to Bucaro in full three separate times. 

As noted above, the form includes the following admonition: “If you refuse to give 

the specimen, that refusal may be admissible in a subsequent prosecution . . . .” 

[Emphasis added.] 

8

The record does not indicate that Bucaro equivocated in her decision to 

submit a breath specimen. 
10

provide a specimen of breath as evidence of her guilt, in violation of 

her Fourth Amendment rights, and provided the specimen only after 

she had been repeatedly told that her refusal to provide a specimen 

would result in the suspension of her driver’s [license] and would 

result in the use of her refusal as evidence at her trial.

It is the State’s burden to prove voluntary consent by clear and convincing

evidence. Fienen, 390 S.W.3d at 335. Here, the State introduced video from the 

intoxilizer room and testimony from Officer Hamm. According to the record, 

when asked by Officer Hamm if she would give a breath specimen, Bucaro

agreed and then submitted to one. Viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the trial court’s findings, the State met its burden, and the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in denying Bucaro’s motion to suppress. We overrule 

Bucaro’s second issue.

V. Conclusion

Having overruled all of Bucaro’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment.

/s/ Bonnie Sudderth

BONNIE SUDDERTH

JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and SUDDERTH, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH

Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: June 25, 2015