2023 WI APP 58

COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED OPINION

Case No.: 2022AP1154

Complete Title of Case: 

STEVEN REMBALSKI,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES HEALTH ASSOCIATION,

INVOLUNTARY-PLAINTIFF,

V.

JOHN PLEWA, INC. AND PEKIN INSURANCE COMPANY,

DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.

Opinion Filed: October 24, 2023

Submitted on Briefs: January 13, 2023

Oral Argument: 

JUDGES: White, C.J., Donald, P.J., and Dugan, J.

Concurred:

Dissented:

Appellant

ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the plaintiff-appellant, the cause was submitted on the 

brief of James J. Gende, Gende Law Office, Pewaukee.

Respondent

ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the defendants-respondent, the cause was submitted on 

the brief of Monte E. Weiss, Weiss Law Office, S.C., Mequon.
2

2023 WI App 58

COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

October 24, 2023

Samuel A. Christensen

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and 

RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2022AP1154 Cir. Ct. No. 2020CV5554

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

STEVEN REMBALSKI,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES HEALTH ASSOCIATION,

INVOLUNTARY-PLAINTIFF,

V.

JOHN PLEWA, INC. AND PEKIN INSURANCE COMPANY,

DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee County: 

LAURA GRAMLING PEREZ, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before White, C.J., Donald, P.J., and Dugan, J. 
No. 2022AP1154

2

¶1 WHITE, J. Steven Rembalski appeals the judgment that dismissed his 

negligence claim against John Plewa, Inc. and Pekin Insurance Company (Plewa). 

Rembalski argues that the circuit court erred when it concluded that the doctrine of res ipsa 

loquitor would not apply to establish Plewa’s negligence in his home improvement work 

at Rembalski’s home. Upon review, we affirm. 

BACKGROUND

¶2 We recite the following facts from the circuit court’s findings of fact and 

conclusions of law that ultimately dismissed this action in May 2022. In June 2019, 

Rembalski entered into a contractual agreement with Plewa to remodel the kitchen and 

living room of Rembalski’s home. The agreement called for a $20,000 total cost, with 

Rembalski making a $10,000 payment in June 2019, prior to the commencement of the 

work. 

¶3 As part of the project, a kitchen cabinet needed to be moved to make room 

for a dishwasher. The location where the cabinet was to be moved had an existing electrical 

outlet on the wall. Larry Pappalardo, an employee of the cabinetry subcontractor, 

unscrewed the outlet from the wall, secured it with electrical tape, and cut a hole in the 

cabinet to accommodate the outlet. The subcontractor left the outlet in a construction-safe 

condition until an electrician could finalize the outlet. 

¶4 Rembalski and Plewa then had a disagreement about the outstanding 

remodeling work and Rembalski indicated he would not pay the agreed-upon price. Plewa 

did not return to the property to complete the remaining remodeling work, which would 

have included arranging an electrician for the outlet, over the payment dispute.1 

 

1

 A separate civil action for the contract dispute is not before this court in this appeal. 
No. 2022AP1154

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¶5 Rembalski did not have an electrician secure the outlet. Rembalski and 

family members continued to use the cabinet and then plugged a handheld vacuum battery 

charger into the unsecured outlet. There were other finished, secure outlets in the kitchen. 

¶6 In March 2020, Rembalski suffered an electrical shock when he attempted to 

unplug the battery charger from the unsecured outlet. Rembalski went to the emergency 

room by ambulance, where he exhibited numbness and tingling on his right hand. He then 

participated in occupational and physical therapy later in 2020 and incurred medical bills 

for treatment of the shock. Rembalski’s pain and swelling in his right hand is likely 

permanent. 

¶7 Rembalski filed a civil action alleging one count of negligence in September 

2020. A trial to the court was held on January 19, 2022. The parties submitted post-trial 

briefing and proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. In May 2022, the circuit 

court entered a written judgment that detailed its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and 

its ultimate dismissal of Rembalski’s action. 

¶8 Rembalski appeals. We discuss additional details below. 

DISCUSSION

¶9 Rembalski argues that the circuit court erroneously ruled that the doctrine of 

res ipsa loquitor did not apply to the facts of this case. He asserts that because that 

erroneous ruling affected his substantial rights, he is entitled to a new trial. Plewa argues 

that the circuit court properly exercised its discretion when it ruled that Rembalski had not 

shown that res ipsa loquitor should apply. Further, Plewa contends that Rembalski’s claim 

was properly dismissed for failing to prove a negligence claim. We conclude that res ipsa 

loquitor does not apply and that Rembalski has not proven the elements of a negligence 

claim.
No. 2022AP1154

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¶10 “Res ipsa loquitur is a rule of circumstantial evidence that permits a factfinder to infer a defendant’s negligence from the mere occurrence of the event.” 

Lambrecht v. Estate of Kaczmarczyk, 2001 WI 25, ¶33, 241 Wis. 2d 804, 623 N.W.2d 

751. “In making evidentiary rulings, the circuit court has broad discretion.” Martindale 

v. Ripp, 2001 WI 113, ¶28, 246 Wis. 2d 67, 629 N.W.2d 698. A circuit court’s 

discretionary determination “will be upheld on appeal if it is a reasonable conclusion, based 

upon a consideration of the appropriate law and facts of record” and reasonable inferences 

from those facts. Peplinski v. Fobe’s Roofing, Inc., 193 Wis. 2d 6, 20, 531 N.W.2d 597 

(1995). “We will not find an erroneous exercise of discretion if there is a rational basis for 

a circuit court’s decision.” Martindale, 246 Wis. 2d 67, ¶29. 

¶11 Rembalski contends that the circuit court erred when it did not provide 

analysis for its decision that res ipsa loquitor did not apply.2 The court’s decision is brief 

and it does not set forth reasons why it did not consider the doctrine to apply. However, 

that does not end our inquiry. “If the circuit court fails to provide reasoning for its 

evidentiary decision, this court independently reviews the record to determine whether the 

circuit court properly exercised its discretion.” Id. Therefore, we must consider the 

applicability of the res ipsa loquitor doctrine in light of the record, which includes the 

circuit court’s detailed fact finding. 

¶12 Two conditions must be present in order for the res ipsa doctrine to be 

applicable: “(1) the event in question must be of a kind which does not ordinarily occur in 

the absence of negligence; and (2) the agency of instrumentality causing the harm must 

 

2

 Although often discussed as a jury instruction, the circuit court may apply the res ipsa loquitor 

inference in its role as fact-finder. The circuit court’s decision whether the doctrine is applicable during a 

court trial “is undertaking essentially the same analysis that it would undertake at trial to decide whether” 

this jury instruction could be offered. See Palisades Collection LLC v. Kalal, 2010 WI App 38, ¶13, 324 

Wis. 2d 180, 781 N.W.2d 503. It is generally from the evidence adduced at trial that the circuit court 

determines whether a res ipsa loquitur inference may be applicable. See Lambrecht v. Estate of 

Kaczmarczyk, 2001 WI 25, ¶3, 241 Wis. 2d 804, 623 N.W.2d 751. 
No. 2022AP1154

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have been within exclusive control of the defendant.” Lambrecht, 241 Wis. 2d 804, ¶34. 

Plewa argues that the circuit court’s factual findings show that the court concluded that the 

doctrine was not applicable. 

¶13 The record reflects that the circuit court found that “[t]he outlet was properly 

secured with electrical tape and left in a construction-safe condition until the electrician 

could arrive at the Rembalski home to do the electrical work.” Second, the court found 

that after the contract dispute and Plewa’s cessation of work on the remodeling project, 

“Rembalski did not arrange to have another contractor or electrician finish securing the 

electrical outlet in the cabinet that had been moved.” Third, the court found that 

“Rembalski knew that the unsecured outlet was energized and still needed to be affixed to 

the cabinet wall.” Fourth, the court found that “[o]n March 11, 2020, Rembalski suffered 

an electric shock as he attempted to unplug the battery charger from the unfinished outlet.”

¶14 Although Rembalski’s complaint alleged an unknown act of negligence led 

to his injury, the testimony at trial and the court’s fact finding present a different account. 

In the complaint, Rembalski alleged that “on March 11, 2020, Mr. Rembalski was reaching 

for an item in a cupboard when he was electrocuted as his hand and/or arm grazed an outlet 

and/or electrical wiring, which was negligently and/or improperly installed by John Plewa, 

Inc.” In contrast, the court found that Rembalski was attempting to unplug a battery 

charger from an outlet that was secured by tape and not affixed to the wall. The record 

reflects that Rembalski testified that he “attempted to secure the back of the outlet” with 

his right hand while trying to remove the battery charger. As Plewa states, “[t]he fact that 

someone might get shocked by grabbing an unfinished, energized outlet hanging out of the 

wall by its wires is not an event that ‘does not ordinarily occur in the absence of 

negligence.’” See Lambrecht, 241 Wis. 2d 804, ¶26 n.14. Therefore, we conclude that the 

record supports that the facts adduced at trial do not support a res ipsa loquitor inference 

of negligence on the first prong or condition of the doctrine.
No. 2022AP1154

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¶15 Considering the second prong of exclusive control, the record reflects that 

Plewa last worked on the house several months before the incident. The circuit court found 

that “Plewa controlled the method, details, and means of performing services, including 

the use of subcontractors.” However, the court also found that “[a]lthough installation of 

the outlet in the cabinet was not completed, Rembalski, or members of his family, used the 

cabinet and the outlet by storing several items inside of the cabinet and plugging a Ryobi 

handheld vacuum battery charger into the unsecured outlet.” We conclude that Rembalski 

failed to prove that Plewa maintained exclusive control over the outlet.

¶16 Plewa argues that this is not a situation where the res ipsa loquitor doctrine 

is applicable because Rembalski “proved too much” and there are no missing explanations 

for the events. See Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ripon Coop., 50 Wis. 2d 431, 439, 184 N.W.2d 

65 (1971) (stating that where “the plaintiff’s evidence of negligence in a given case has 

been so substantial that it provides a full and complete explanation of the event,” then 

“causation is no longer a mystery, and the res ipsa loquitur instruction would be superfluous 

and erroneous”). The record reflects that Rembalski testified that he had another electrician 

look at the outlet, the electrician offered to secure the outlet, and Rembalski chose to leave 

it as is. Rembalski then chose to use the outlet. Further, Rembalski did not attempt to have 

the electrician testify about construction-safe outlets or Plewa’s negligence. We conclude 

that there is not enough mystery to the cause of Rembalski’s shock and injury for the res 

ipsa loquitor inference to apply. 

¶17 Rembalski argues that the circuit court muddled its reasoning by stating that 

the outlet was both secured with electrical tape, yet unsafe and in need of further electrical 

installation. Rembalski asserts that he cannot be negligent for touching a safe outlet. He 

contends that the circuit court’s findings are clearly erroneous. In a trial to the court, 

“[f]indings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous[.]” WIS. STAT.
No. 2022AP1154

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§ 805.17(2) (2021-22).3 We apply a highly deferential standard of review to a circuit 

court’s findings of fact and will defer to the court’s findings unless they are “against the 

great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence.” Royster-Clark, Inc. v. Olsen’s 

Mill, Inc., 2006 WI 46, ¶12, 290 Wis. 2d 264, 714 N.W.2d 530. 

¶18 We return to the record. As discussed above, the circuit court found that the 

outlet was “properly secured with electrical tape and left in a construction-safe condition” 

and that Rembalski was aware that the “unsecured outlet was energized and still needed to 

be affixed to the cabinet wall.” When combined with the circuit court’s conclusions that 

Rembalski was negligent for failing to engage an electrician to secure the outlet, for storing 

household items in the cabinet with the taped outlet, and for using the outlet to plug in the 

battery charger, we construe the circuit court to find that if Plewa leaving the outlet in a 

construction-safe condition was negligent, then Rembalski was more negligent than Plewa 

under these facts. In other words, Rembalski chose to use an outlet with known concerns—

that he was shocked is not negligence on the part of Plewa. Our examination of the record 

supports the court’s findings and we conclude there is no reason to set them aside as clearly 

erroneous. See WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2).

¶19 Rembalski asserts that the circuit court did not properly consider an 

application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor. We disagree. The record reflects that the 

circuit court considered all of the relevant facts to make the determination whether an 

application was born out by the evidence. The court did not provide a meaningful analysis 

of why it rejected an application of the doctrine; nonetheless, we construe its fact finding 

to show that it was rejecting an application of the doctrine. “The application of the doctrine 

gives rise to a permissible inference of negligence which the finder of fact is free to accept 

or reject. If the inference is rejected, ‘that is the end of the matter.’” University Dodge, 

 

3

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2022AP1154

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Inc. v. Drott Tractor Co., 55 Wis. 2d 396, 401, 198 N.W.2d 621 (1972) (citation omitted). 

We conclude that the circuit court acted within its discretion when it rejected an application 

of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor. The court considered the relevant facts and reached a 

reasonable conclusion based upon the appropriate standard of law. See Peplinski, 193 

Wis. 2d at 20. 

¶20 Plewa further asserts that without an inference of negligence provided by the 

res ipsa loquitor doctrine, Rembalski failed to prove that Plewa was negligent. A cause of 

action for negligence has four elements: “(1) a duty of care on the part of the defendant; 

(2) a breach of that duty; (3) a causal connection between the conduct and the injury; and 

(4) an actual loss or damage as a result of the injury.” Transportation Ins. Co. v. 

Hunzinger Const. Co., 179 Wis. 2d 281, 293, 507 N.W.2d 136 (Ct. App. 1993) (citation 

omitted). Plewa argues that Rembalski’s claim fails because he did not present an expert 

to establish a reasonable standard of care for construction-safe electrical work and to 

establish that Plewa’s actions breached the duty of care.4 In contrast, Plewa presented two 

witnesses who addressed this issue. John Plewa and Larry Pappalardo both testified that 

the outlet was in a construction-safe state when Plewa ceased work on the property. John 

Plewa testified that construction-safe meant the outlet was “safe” for “contractors, moving 

this stuff around, doing stuff, that whatever has to be done[.]” We conclude that the record 

supports the circuit court’s findings that Rembalski failed to prove the negligence claim. 

¶21 We decline to address Rembalski’s argument that the circuit court failed to 

identify an appropriate sum of damages. Because we are affirming the dismissal of the 

complaint, there is no reason to address this point. See Barrows v. American Fam. Ins. 

 

4

 Plewa also argues that Rembalski failed to provide expert testimony in support of his res ipsa 

loquitor application. It is true that a plaintiff may employ “competent expert testimony which serves in the 

place of the jurors’ common knowledge and gives them a rational basis for concluding that the event does 

not ordinarily occur unless someone has been negligent.” Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ripon Co-op., 50 Wis. 2d 

431, 436-37, 184 N.W.2d 65 (1971). 
No. 2022AP1154

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Co., 2014 WI App 11, ¶9, 352 Wis. 2d 436, 842 N.W.2d 508 (“An appellate court need not 

address every issue raised by the parties when one issue is dispositive.”).

CONCLUSION

¶22 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of 

Rembalski’s complaint against Plewa.

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.