Notes
541

Notes 

 

1

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Transportation of U.S. Grains: A Modal Share 

Analysis, 2003-07, unpublished. 2

 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, Outlook for U.S. 

Agricultural Trade, February 18, 2010. 3

 Data Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 

<http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Wheat/YBtable05.asp>; 

<http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1290>; 

<http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FeedGrains/Table.asp?t=04> 4

 Data Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration. 5

 Data Sources: Journal of Commerce, Port Import Export Reporting Service; and U.S. Department of Commerce, 

U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics. 6

 Data Source: Journal of Commerce, Port Import Export Reporting Service. 

7

 U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics. 

8

 U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, U.S. Intermodal Freight System Overview, Report 

to Congress on the Performance of Ports and the Intermodal System, June 2005. 9

 Drewry Shipping Consultants, Ltd., Shipping Insight, April 2009. 10 Levits, Jennifer, Tamara Audi, and John W/ Miller, “Exports Revival Threatened By Shipping Bottlenecks,” The 

Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2010. 11 American Trucking Associations, Standard Trucking and Transportation Statistics, Volume 16, Issue 1, January 

2010. 12 American Trucking Associations, American Trucking Trends 2009-2010, 2009. 13 USDA, 2007 Census of Agriculture. <http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/>. (Does not account for inflation.) 14 Association of American Railroads, Class I Railroad Statistics. 

<http://www.aar.org/~/media/AAR/Industry%20Info/Statistics.ashx> 15 <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Baseline/crops.htm> 16 World Perspectives, Inc. 

17 NASS. 

18 ERS. Rice Backgrounder. December 2006. 19 STB. 2006 Waybill Sample. 

20 FAS. FATUS Export Trade Statistics. 

21 ERS. <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/baseline/livestock.htm> 22 ERS. <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Cattle/Background.htm> 

23 Jones, K. and M. Shane. Factors Shaping Expanding U.S. Red Meat Trade. ERS. February 2009. 24 Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. FAS. April 2009. 25 PIERS, 2007. 

26 Briefing Room, Hogs. ERS. 27 ERS. The Changing Economics of U.S. Hog Production / ERR-52, October 2007. 28 Jones, K. and M. Shane. Factors Shaping Expanding U.S. Red Meat Trade. ERS. February 2009. 29 PIERS, 2007. 

30 Ibid. 31 ERS. Profits, Costs, and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming / ERR-47 32 ERS. Dairy Backgrounder, July 2006. 33 Agricultural Baseline Projections: U.S. Livestock, 2009-2018. 

 <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Baseline/livestock.htm> 34 Fruit and Vegetable Yearbook, 2007, Economic Research Service 

35 ERS. Fruit and Tree Nut Yearbook Summary, 2008. 36 ERS. Fruit and Vegetable Backgrounder. 

<http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/vgs/apr06/vgs31301/vgs31301.pdf > 
542

 37 Ibid. 38 ERS. 

39 ERS. Vegetable Yearbook Summary, 2008. 40 ERS. Fruit and Vegetable Backgrounder 41 PIERS, 2007. 

42 ERS. Farm Income and Costs: 2009 Farm Sector Income Forecast 43 ERS. Agricultural Baseline Projections: Baseline Presentation, 2009-2018. 

http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/Baseline/present2009.htm 44 ERS. Recent Volatility in U.S. Fertilizer Prices, Amber Waves, March 2009. 45 USDA comments before the Surface Transportation Board, July 22, 2008. 46 Fertilizer Institute. U.S. Fertilizer Production and Mining Facilities at a Glance, 2009. 47 Ibid. 48 ERS. Census of Agriculture, 2007. 49 NASS, Statistics by State http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State 50 Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Commodity Code H.S. – 31 Fertilizers 51 FAO. Current World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook 2007/2008, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 

Nations. <ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/cwfto12.pdf> 52 International Fertilizer Industry Association. Medium Term Outlook for Global Fertilizer Demand 2008-2012, 

Summary Report, 2008. 53 U.S. Census, 2000. <http://censtats.census.gov/pub/Profiles.shtml>. 54 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008. <www.bls.gov/oes/2000/oes_nat.htm> 55 Wilbur Smith Associates, July 1998, Appalachian Development Studies, prepared for the Appalachian Regional 

Commission. 56 ERS, 1995 data. <www.ers.usda.gov>. 57 Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. 

<http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbbl_a.htm>; (42 gallons/barrel; 

approximately 19.5 gallons of gasoline can be produced from one barrel of crude oil, gross energy content of 

3.539 million Btu per barrel for ethanol and 5.253 million Btu of unoxygenated gasoline). 58 Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (FRIA), Section 1.3 Feedstock 

Harvesting, Transportation and Storage; Section 1.6 Biofuel Distribution, and Section 4.2 Renewable Fuel 

Distribution Costs. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420r10006.pdf (PDF)>. 59 OPIS, Inc. Petroleum Terminal Encyclopedia, 2009. 

60 RFA, April 2009. 

61 EPA, FRIA, Section 1.3.1.3 Agricultural Residue Harvest, page 82. 

62 EPA, FRIA, Table 1.8-13, page 275. 

63 EPA, FRIA, Section 1.3 

64 Ibid, pp. 217 and 576. 65 EPA, FRIA, Table 4.2-1, page 574. 

66 EPA, FRIA, p. 573. 

67 Ibid, p. 219. 68 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2008 (Report No.: 

DOE/EIA-0383[2008]), Table 1. 69 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 2007 (DOE/EIA0348(2007), <http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html>. 70 Waybill Sample Data, 1987-2006. 

71 U.S. Department of Transportation, Surface Transportation Board Public Hearing, Rail Capacity And 

Infrastructure Requirements, STB Ex Parte No. 671, April 11, 2007. 72 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc. A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals that Might Enhance Competition, Executive Summary of Final Report Prepared for Surface 

Transportation Board. Madison, WI. November 2008, p 12-2. 
543

 73 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" 

and predecessor form(s) including Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report;" and 

Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report." 74 Ibid. 75 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2008 (Report No.: 

DOE/EIA-0383[2008]). 76 National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), <http://www.nreca.org/> 77 Source: 2005 EIA, RUS Data, CFC; NRECA Strategic Analysis. Last Updated: February 2008, 

<http://www.nreca.org/AboutUs/Co-op101/CooperativeFacts.htm>. 78 Laurits Christensen Associates, 2008 

79 Ibid. 

80 Ibid. 

81 Ibid. 

82 Ibid. 

83 Surface Transportation Board, Office of Economics, Environmental Analysis and Administration Section of 

Economics. Study of Railroad Rates: 1987-2007. Washington, DC. January 2009. 84 Private conversation with Bill Brennan, Surface Transportation Board, May 20, 2009. 85 Kaplan, Stan. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Rail Transportation of Coal to Power Plants: 

Reliability Issues. RL34186. September 2007. 86 Argus Rail Business, Argus Media, Ltd., <www.argusmedia.com> 

87 <http://www.railcure.org> 

88 U.S. Government Accountability Office. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and 

Merchant Marine, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate: Freight Railroads, 

Updated Information on Rates and Other Industry Trends. Statement of JayEtta Z. Hecker. GAO-08-218T. 

Washington, DC. October 2007. 89 U.S. Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Requesters: Freight Railroads, Industry Health 

Has Improved, but Concerns about Competition and Capacity Should Be Addressed. Washington, DC. GAO-07-

94. October 2006. 90 Nelson, Michael A. Review and Analysis of Public Interest Considerations Associated with Rail “Bottleneck” 

Issues. Prepared for Consumer United for Rail Equity (CURE). March 12, 2008. 91 Huval, Terry, Lafayette Utilities System, testimony before the House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, 

October 3, 2007. 92 Central Power & Light Co. v. Southern Pacific, et al., 1 S.T.B. 1059 (1996), clarified, 2 S.T.B. 235 (1997), aff'd sub 

nom. MidAmerican Energy Co. v. STB, 169 F.3d 1099 (8th Cir. 1999). 93 Kahn, Alfred, oral testimony before the Surface Transportation Board in a public hearing, Ex Parte No. 575, 

Review of Rail Access and Competition Issues, April 2, 1998, pg. 73. 94 William L. Berg, President and CEO, Dairyland Power Cooperative. Testimony – United States Senate 

Committee on the Judiciary. An Examination of S. 772, the Railroad Antitrust Enforcement Act, October 3, 

2007. 95 Surface Transportation Board, News Release, Surface Transportation Board Orders $345 Million in Rate Relief & 

Damages for a Captive Utility Plant, February 18, 2009. 96 P.L. 110-246, Sec. 6206. 

97 “Railroads and Grain”, Association of American Railroads, Economics and Policy Department, 2009. 98 Ibid. 99 Tolliver, Denver, and Alan Dybing, Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure on the Economy of North Dakota,

April 2007, a report to the North Dakota Legislative Council by the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, 

pg. 37. 100 Cutler, John, Andrew Goldstein, G. W. Fauth III, Thomas Crowley, and Terry Whiteside, Railroad Rates and 

Services Provided to Montana Shippers: A Report Prepared for the State of Montana, February 2009. 101 Harper, D., Transportation in America: Users, Carriers, Government. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 

Second Edition, 1982. 
544

 102 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Transportation Challenges for the 21st Century: A Framework for 

Discussion, July 1998. 103 Ibid. 104 Prater, Marvin and Keith Klindworth, Long-Term Trends in Railroad Service and Capacity for U.S. Agriculture, 

USDA, AMS, November 2000, pg. 7. 105 Antitrust Modernization Commission, Report and Recommendations, 2008, pg. 333. Source: Hovenkamp, 

Herbert, The Antitrust Enterprise: Principle and Execution, 2005, pg. 237-238. 106 Meyer, John R., Chair of Task Force, et. al., Improving Railroad Productivity: Final Report of the Task Force on 

Railroad Productivity, A Report to the National Commission on Productivity and the Council of Economic 

Advisors, Washington, November 1973. 107 Public Law 104-88, §10101 (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), and (12). 108 Grimm, Curtis M., and Clifford Winston, “Competition in the Deregulated Railroad Industry: Sources, Effects and 

Policy Issues, in Sam Pelzman and Clifford Winston, editors, Deregulation of Network Industries, Brookings 

Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2000. 109 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, November 2008, p. 8-54. 110 Grimm, Curtis and Clifford Winston, “Competition in the Deregulated Railroad Industry: Sources, Effects, and 

Policy Issues,” in Sam Pelzman and Clifford Winston, editors Deregulation of Network Industries, Brookings 

Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2000. 111 Babcock, Michael W., Marvin E. Prater, John Morrill, and Eugene R. Russell, “Short-Line Railroads’ 

Performance,” Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 2, Spring 1995, pp. 73-86. 112 Bitzan, John, Kimberly Vachal, Tamara VanWechel, and Dan Vinge, The Differential Effects of Rail Rate 

Deregulation: U.S. Corn, Wheat, and Soybean Markets, Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, June 2003. 113 GAO, Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns about Competition and Capacity Should Be 

Addressed, October 2006, GAO-07-94, p. 14. 114 Grimm, Curtis M., Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and 

Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Railroads, March 31, 2004. 115 National Commission for the Review of Antitrust Laws and Procedures, Report to the President and the 

Attorney General, 1979, pg. 177. 116 Antitrust Modernization Commission, Report and Recommendations, 2008, pg. 333. Source: Lewis, William W., 

The Power of Productivity, Wealth, Poverty, and the Threat to Global Stability, 2004, pg. 91. 117 Porter, Michael, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 1990, pp. 117-20, 225-238, 416, 708. 118 Marathon, Nick, Tamera VanWechel, and Kimberly Vachal, Transportation of U.S. Grains: A Modal Share 

Analysis, 1978—2004, USDA, AMS, TSD, September 2006. 119 Ibid. 120 USDA/AMS/TSD, Grain Transportation Report, “Grain Transportation Update and Winter Outlook,” November 

27, 2008, pg. 3; “Grain Exports Waver Between Bulk and Container,” November 20, 2008, pg. 3. 121 Transportation Economics & Management Systems, Inc., Impact of High Oil Prices on Freight Transportation: 

Modal Shift Potential in Five Corridors, U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration, October 

2008. 122 DOE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 25, 2006. Table 2.14, Energy 

Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970—2003. 123 Texas Transportation Institute, Center for Ports and Waterways, A Modal Comparison of Freight Transportation 

Effects on the General Public. 2008. 124 U.S. Department of Agriculture, STB Ex Parte No. 627: Market Dominance Determinations—Product and 

Geographic Competition, May 29, 1998, pg. 4. 125 Tye, William B., The Transition to Deregulation: Developing Economic Standards for Public Policies, Quorum 

Books, 1991. 126 Prater, Marvin and Keith Klindworth, Long-Term Trends in Railroad Service and Capacity for U.S. Agriculture,

USDA/AMS, November 2000, pg. 27. 127 Ibid. 
545

 128 MacDonald, James M., “Railroad Deregulation, Innovation, and Competition: Effects of the Staggers Act on 

Grain Transportation,” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 32, 1989, pp. 63-96. 129 Bitzan, John, Railroad Cost Conditions—Implications for Policy, Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, 

North Dakota State University, May 2000, pg. 115. 130 Prater, Marvin, and Keith Klindworth, Long-Term Trends in Railroad Service and Capacity for U.S. Agriculture, 

USDA/AMS, November 2000, pg. 16. 131 Association of American Railroads, Railroad Ten-Year Trends, various editions. 132 USDA comments before the Surface Transportation Board, Ex Parte No. 627, Market Dominance 

Determinations—Product and Geographic Competition, May 29, 1998. 133 Prater, Marvin and Keith Klindworth, Long-Term Trends in Railroad Service and Capacity for U.S. Agriculture,

USDA/AMS, November 2000, pg. 26. 134 Verkammen, J., “The Freight Rate Setting Process,” Module B-2 in The Economics of Western Grain 

Transportation and Handling, J. Vercammen, M. Fulton, and R. Gray, Editors. 1996 Van Vliet Publication Series, 

Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Saskatchewan. 

Also, PRR Transportation Consulting Services, Inc. and Travacon Research, Ltd., An Estimate of the Contributions 

Earned by the Federal Railways in 1997 and 1998 From Handling of Statutory and Grain Products, Canadian 

Wheat Board, June 1999. 135 Ferguson, Allen R., “U.S. Agricultural Interests and the Merger of the Burlington Northern and the Atcheson, 

Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroads,” July 1995, pg. 7. 136 Kahn, Alfred, oral testimony before the Surface Transportation Board in a public hearing, Ex Parte No. 575, 

Review of Rail Access and Competition Issues, April 2, 1998, pg. 75. 137 Ferguson, Allen R., “U.S. Agricultural Interests and the Merger of the Burlington Northern and the Atcheson, 

Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroads,” July 1995, pg. 8. 138 American Bar Association, Section of Antitrust Law, “Comments Regarding the Railroad Antitrust Enforcement 

Act, H.R. 1650,” December 10, 2008, pg. 6-7. 139 Kahn, Alfred, oral testimony before the Surface Transportation Board, Ex Parte 575: Review of Rail Access and 

Competition Issues, April 2, 1998, pp. 67-68. 140 Railroad-Shipper Transportation Advisory Council, Surface Transportation Board, White Paper on New 

Regulatory Changes for the Railroad Industry, October 16, 2009, pg. 2. 141 Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition, pg. 3. 142 USDA, Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/ARMS/>. 143 MacDonald, James M., internal USDA communication with Marvin Prater, February 12, 2009. 144 MacDonald, James M., Railroad Deregulation, Innovation, and Competition: Effects of the Staggers Act on Grain 

Transportation, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 32, 1989, pp. 63-96. 145 Harbor, Anetra L., Competition in the U.S. Railroad Industry: Implications for Corn, Soybean, and Wheat 

Shipments, presentation given by Marvin E. Prater at the 2008 Transportation Research Forum in Fort Worth, 

Texas, March 17, 2008. 146 USDA, comments to the STB during Ex Parte No. 658, The 25th Anniversary of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980: A 

Review and Look Ahead, October 19, 2005, pg. 6. 147 STB, Study of Railroad Rates: 1985-2007, January 2009. 148 GAO, Freight Railroads: Updated Information on Rates and Other Industry Trends, October 2007, pg. 12. 149 GAO, Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns about Competition and Capacity Should Be 

Addressed, October 2006, pg. 3. 150 Ibid, pg. 13-14. 151 GAO, Freight Railroads: Updated Information on Rates and Other Industry Trends, October 2007, pg. 2. 152 STB, Study of Railroad Rates: 1985-2007, January 2009, page 8. 153 AAR, Railroad Ten-Year Trends, 1998-2007, pg. 45. 154 STB, Study of Railroad Rates: 1985-2007, January 2009, pg. 7. 155 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, November 2008, pg. 5-14, 5-15. 
546

 156 Prater, Marvin and Keith Klindworth, Long-Term Trends in Railroad Service and Capacity for U.S. Agriculture, 

USDA/AMS, November 2000, pg. 22. 157 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, November 2008, pg. 8-41 through 8-46. 158 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, November 2008, pg. 10-4. 159 Bereskin, C. Gregory, Railroad Cost Curves Over Thirty Years: What Can They Tell Us?, presentation at the 

Transportation Research Forum 49th Annual Forum, Fort Worth, Texas, March 18, 2008. 160 STB, No. 41242 Central Power & Light Company v. Southern Pacific Transportation Company; No. 41295, 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Company v. Consolidated Rail Corporation; and No. 41626, MidAmerican Energy 

Company v. Union Pacific Railroad Company and Chicago and North Western Railway Company, decided 

December 27, 1996. 161 GAO, Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns About Competition and Capacity Should Be 

Addressed, GAO-07-94, October 2006, pg. 48. 162 Nelson, Michael A., Review and Analysis of Public Interest Considerations Associated With Rail “Bottleneck” 

Issues, Transportation/Management Consulting, prepared for Consumers United for Rail Equity, March 2008. 163 Nelson, Michael A., Review and Analysis of Public Interest Considerations Associated With Rail “Bottleneck” 

Issues, Transportation/Management Consulting, prepared for Consumers United for Rail Equity, March 2008. 164 Ibid. 165 Ibid. 166 Berg, William L., Testimony before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, An Examination of S. 

772, the Railroad Antitrust Enforcement Act, October 3, 2007. 167 Argus Media, Ltd., data published in Rail Business, Washington, DC, <www.argusmedia.com>. 168 DOT, Federal Highway Administration, 1997 Federal Highway Cost Allocation Study, Washington, DC, 1998. 169 AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 edition. 170 Zeta-Tech Associates, Inc., An Estimation of the Investment in Track and Structures Needed to Handle 286,000 

lb. Rail Cars,” May 26, 2000. 171 Casavant, Ken, and Denver Tolliver, for the Washington State Department of Transportation, Impact of Heavy 

Axle Loads on Light-Density Lines in the State of Washington, March 2001. 172 Iowa Department of Transportation, 286,000# Upgrading Report for Iowa Branchlines, July 1998. 173 Martens, Bobby Joel, An Economic Analysis of Heavy Axle Loads: The Effects on Short Line Railroads and the 

Tradeoffs Associated With Heavy Cars, a thesis, North Dakota State University, March 1999 and Casavant, Ken 

and Denver Tolliver, op cit. 174 Babcock, Michael W., and James Sanderson, The Impact of Jumbo Covered Hopper Cars on Kansas Short Line 

Railroads, a study done for the Kansas Department of Transportation, September 2004. 175 AAR, Railroad Ten-Year Trends, various years. 176 Babcock, Michael W., Eugene R. Russell, Robert E. Burns, Economic Development and Transportation Impacts of 

Railroad Branchline Abandonment in South Central Kansas, February 1992, p. 126; Baumel, C. Phillip, John J. 

Miller, and Thomas P. Drinka, “The Economics of Upgrading Seventy-one Branch Rail Lines in Iowa,” American 

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 59, No. 1, February 1977, p. 61-70. 177 STB decision, STB Ex Parte No. 575, Review of Rail Access and Competition Issues—Renewed Petition of the 

Western Coal Traffic League, decided October 29, 2007. 178 Entergy Arkansas, Inc. and Entergy Services Inc. v. Union Pacific Railroad Company and Missouri & Northern 

Arkansas Railroad Company, Inc., Surface Transportation Board Docket No. 42104. 179 AAR, Railroad Facts, 2008 Edition. 180 AAR, Interchange Agreements: A Win-Win-Win Situation, January 2009. 181 Cambridge Systematics, Inc., National Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Investment Study, September 

2007. 182 Conversation with John Gray, AAR. 183 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., Supplemental Report to the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on 

Capacity and Infrastructure Investment, March 2009. 
547

 184 Ibid. 185 Norbridge, Inc., Inhibitors to Rail Carload and Intermodal Market Share Growth, January 2009. 186 National Bureau of Economic Research, <http://www.nber.org/cycles.html>, (the source of the date the 

recession began). 187 AAR, Railroad Performance Measures, <http://www.railroadpm.org/>. 188 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., Supplemental Report to the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on 

Capacity and Infrastructure Investment, March 2009. 189 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis 

of Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, Chapter 16, November 2008. The R-1 annual reports contain 

extensive financial, operational, and infrastructure information for each Class I railroad operating in the United 

States. 190 Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, various years. 191 FHWA, Freight Story 2008, November 2008. 192 AAR, Freight Railroad Capacity and Investment; Information for June 2008, from Cambridge Systematics, 

National Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Investment Study, September 2007. 193 Norbridge, Inc., Inhibitors to Rail Carload and Intermodal Market Share Growth, January 2009. 194 AAR, Freight Railroad Capacity and Investment, June 2008. 195 Ibid. 196 Rose, Matt, Chairman of BNSF Railway, STB Ex Parte 671, Rail Capacity and Infrastructure Requirements, in 

response to a Commissioner’s question during a public hearing, April 11, 2007. 197 Logistics and Transportation National Plan (PNLT), Brazilian Ministry of Transportation, 

 <http://www.transportes.gov.br > 

198 GAO, Freight Railroads: Industry Health Has Improved, but Concerns About Competition and Capacity Should Be 

Addressed, GAO-07-94, October 2006. 199 Ibid. 200 FHWA, FAF2, the Second Generation of the Freight Analysis Framework, July, 2007. 201 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Freight Rail Bottom Line Report, 2003. 202 Ibid. 203 American Trucking Association, U.S. Freight Transportation Forecast to 2016, 2005. 204 Booz Allen Hamilton, Study Reveals Shippers’ Ongoing Concerns About North American Freight Railroad 

Capacity, May 2009. 205 FHWA, Freight Facts and Figures, 2006. 206 FHWA, FAF2, The Second Generation of the Freight Analysis Framework, July, 2007. 207 Cambridge Systematics, National Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Investment Study, September 2007. 208 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Supplemental Report to the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on Capacity 

and Infrastructure Investment, March 2009. 209 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, A Study of Competition in the U.S. Freight Railroad Industry and Analysis of 

Proposals That Might Enhance Competition, November 2008. 210 Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds. 211 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Supplemental Report to the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on Capacity 

and Infrastructure Investment, March 2009. 212 AAR, Freight Railroad Capacity and Investment, June 2008. 213 Ibid. 214 AAR, Railroad Ten-Year Trends, 2007. 215 Traffic World, “Adding Up Infrastructure Costs,” August, 2008, p. 15. 216 National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission, Report: Transportation for Tomorrow, 

December 2007. 217 P.L. 110-246, Sec. 6206. 218 49 U.S.C. 10101. 219 49 U.S.C. 10101(15). 220 49 U.S.C. 10704(d). 
548

 221 49 C.F.R .1300. 222 49 U.S.C. §10701. 223 49 U.S.C. 10709. 224 49 C.F.R. § 1313.3. 225 49 C.F.R.§ 1039.10 and.§ 1039.11. 226 49 U.S.C. 10701(d)(1). 227 49 U.S.C. 10707(a). 228 49 U.S.C. 10704(a)(1). 229 Coal Rate Guidelines, Nationwide, 1 I.C.C.2d 520 (1985) (Guidelines), aff'd sub nom. Consolidated Rail Corp. v. 

United States, 812 F.2d 1444 (3d Cir. 1987). 230 ICC Docket No. 37809. 231 <http://www.stb.dot.gov/stb/industry/Rate_Cases.htm> 232 Otter Tail Power Company v. BNSF Railway 233 Duke Energy v. Norfolk Southern Railway, Duke Energy v. CSX Transportation, and Carolina Power & Light v. 

Norfolk Southern Railway. 234 49 U.S.C. 10704(d). 235 Rate Guidelines–Non-Coal Proceedings, (Ex Parte No. 347 (Sub-No. 2), December 27, 1996. 236 CSX Transportation, Inc., et al., v. Surface Transportation Board, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of 

Columbia Circuit, No. 07-1369, June 9, 2009. 237 Major Issues in Rail Rate Cases, STB Ex Parte No. 657 (Sub-No. 1). 238 49 U.S.C. 10704(a)(2). 239 Simplified Guidelines, 1 S.T.B. at 1022. 240 Ibid. 241 Ibid. at 1041. 242 BP Amoco Chemical Company v. Norfolk Southern Railway Company, STB Docket No. 42093. 243 Big Load Afloat, The History of the Barge and Towing Industry, The American Waterways Operators, Inc., 

Arlington, VA, 1981. 244 Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2011, page 86. 245 The word “ton” in this report refers to short tons, or 2,000 pounds. Long tons, or 2,240 pounds, are often used 

in describing ship displacements. 246 American Commercial Lines, Quarterly Report for the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 

November 7, 2008. 247 <http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/NDC/veslchar/pdf/wtlusvl1_07.pdf>. 248 Barge Fleet Profile, Inland River Barges for the Mississippi River System and Connecting Waterways, Informa 

Economics, March 2009, www.bargefleet.com. 249 American River Transportation Company, or ARTCO, is a subsidiary of the Archer Daniels Midland Company 250 Rates expressed as a percent of tariff. The St. Louis tariff is $3.99 per ton. 251 Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2011, page 121. 252 Final UMR-IW System Navigation Feasibility Study: Integrated Feasibility Report and Programmatic 

Environmental Study, September 29, 2004, main volume, page 85 (quotation marks added to “with project” for 

clarification). 253 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources Navigation Data Center, Summary of Lock statistics. 

<http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/lpms/lpms.htm>. 254 Re-evaluation of the Recommended Plan: UMR-IW System Navigation Study - Interim Report, U.S. Army Corps 

of Engineers, March 2008. 255 Barge grain as measured from downbound traffic at the last lock on the Mississippi River 256 Transportation Demand for Agricultural Products in the Upper Mississippi And Illinois Basin, May 2007, Kenneth 

Train and Wesley W. Wilson, Navigation Economics Technologies Program, prepared for Institute for Water 

Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, IWR Report 07-NETS-R-2 www.corpsnets.us 257 <http://www.nwd-mr.usace.army.mil/mmanual/mast-man.htm>. 
549

 258 Data on Commodity Shipments for Four States Served by the Missouri River and Two States Served by Both the 

Missouri and Mississippi Rivers – GAO-09-224R Missouri River Navigation. 

<http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09224r.pdf (PDF)> 259 The Columbia River System: The Inside Story, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. 

Department of the Interior, September 1991. 260 Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. 

<http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/fish/chinooksalmon.htm>. 261 Inland Waterborne Transportation – An Industry Under Siege, Ken Casavant, paper prepared for the USDA, 

Agricultural Marketing Service, November 2000. 262 Inland Waterways Users Board, 22nd Annual Report, Inland Waterways Users Board, May 2008. 263 Ibid. 264 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, Inland Navigation Construction Selected Case 

Studies: Marmet Locks & Dam, Monongahela River Locks and Dams 2, 3, 4, and Olmsted Locks and Dam (July 

17, 2008). 265 Section 206 of the Inland Waterways Revenue Act of 1978, as amended (33 U.S.C. §1804). 266 U.S. Census Bureau, Commodity Flow Survey, 2002. 267 ATA. U.S. Freight Transportation Forecast to... 2020. Arlington, VA. 2009. 268 Ibid. 269 DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Census Bureau, Commodity Flow Survey, 2002 270 FMCSA. Regulatory Impact Analysis for Hours of Service Options. Docket No. FMCSA-2004-19608-3510.1. 

November 2008. 271 American Transportation Research Institute. An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking. 2008. 272 ATA. American Trucking Trends 2008-2009. Arlington, VA. 2008. 273 Owner-Operators Independent Drivers Association. Before the Environmental Protection Agency. Comments of 

the Owner-Operators Independent Drivers Association in Response to an Advance Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking. Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the Clean Air Act. Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-

0318. November 28, 2008. 274 Air Resources Board. Evaluation of Port Trucks and Possible Mitigation Strategies. April 2006. 275 American Transportation Research Institute. An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking. 2008. 276 ATA. American Trucking Trends 2008-2009. Standard Trucking and Transportation Statistics. Volume 15. Issue 

2. 2008 and 2009. 277 American Transportation Research Institute. An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking. December 2008. 278 FMCSA. NAFTA Safety Stats. Motor Carrier Management Information System March 27, 2009 snapshot. May 

2009. 279 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for U.S. Field Crops, 

Agricultural Handbook Number 628. 1997. 280 DOT. Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Study. Volume 2. Chapter 3. Truck Fleet and Operations. Table III-4. 

Average Payload and Loaded Weight of Common Truck types (Pounds). August 2000. 281 Government Printing Office. Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users. 

Public Law 109-59, Sec. 4130. Washington, DC. August 10, 2005. 282 The Albany Herald. DOT works to stabilize gas supply.

<http://www.albanyherald.com/stories/20080930n7.htm> September 30, 2008. 283 FMCSA. Commercial driver's license standards; requirements and penalties 49 CFR Part 383.3 Applicability. 284 FMCSA. Qualifications of drivers and longer combination vehicle (LCV) driver instructors 49 CFR Part 391.2 

General exemptions. 285 Government Printing Office. Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users. 

Public Law 109-59, Sec. 4130. Washington, DC. August 10, 2005. 286 ATA, Agricultural and Food Transporters Conference. Guide to Safe Trucking During Agricultural Planting and 

Harvest Season. 2009. 287 Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance. Reauthorization Policy Position. Issue #3: Exemptions from Federal Motor 

Carrier Safety Regulations. 2009. 
550

 288 ATA. Litigation Efforts. 2009. http://www.truckline.com/AdvIssues/Litigation/Pages/default.aspx. 289 Washington State Patrol. New Intrastate DOT Number Requirements for Commercial Motor Vehicles.

<http://www.wtatrucking.com/documents/150028_DOT_Requirements_for_Commercial_Vehicles_electronic.p

df> March 2008. 290 Oregon Wheat Growers League. The Time is NOW to Secure an Exemption for Farm Trucks from Interstate 

Commerce Regulatory Enforcement for “Farm to market” Movements. March 2009. 291 Hon. Mary Fallin. Boren, Fallin Introduce Farm Truck Bill. News Center. March 4, 2009. 292 Hon. James M. Inhofe. Inhofe Introduces Farm Truck Weight Legislation. Press Room – Press Releases. March 

19, 2009. 293 Mike Spradling. Statement of the American Farm Bureau Federation. Truck Weights and Lengths: Assessing the 

Impact of Existing laws and Regulations. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. July 9, 2008 294 DOT, Federal Highway Administration. Freight Management and Operations. Commercial Vehicle Size and 

Weight Program. FHWA-OP-03-099. May 2003. <http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/sw/overview/index.htm>. 295 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bridge Formula Weights. Washington, DC. 

August 2006. 296 ATA. Statement of Michael J. Smid, President and CEO, TRC North American Transportation. Truck Weights and 

Lengths: Assessing the Impact of Existing Laws and Regulations. House Committee on Transportation and 

Infrastructure. July 9, 2008 297 DOT. Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight Study. Volume 2. Chapter 2. Truck Size and Weight Limits. August 

2000. 298 Government Printing Office. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Public Law 102-240. 

Washington, DC. 1991. 299 Coalition for Transportation Productivity. Home Page. 2008. <http://www.transportationproductivity.org/>. 300 Hon. Mike Michaud. Michaud Introduces Bill to Address National Patchwork of Truck weight Laws. March 31, 

2009. 301 Owner-Operators Independent Drivers Association. Testimony of Bill Farrell, Owner, Bill Farrell, LCC, Missoula, 

Montana. Truck Weights and Lengths: Assessing the Impact of Existing Laws and Regulations. Testimony to the 

House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. July 9, 2008 302 Government Printing Office. Safe Highways and Infrastructure Preservation Act, H.R. 1618. Washington, DC. 

March 19, 2009. 303 Regulations.gov. FMCSA-2007-27748-0001. 72 FR 73236. Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level 

Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators. December 26, 2007. 304 Regulations.gov. FMCSA-2007-27748-0001. 72 FR 73226. Minimum Training Requirements for Entry-Level 

Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators. December 26, 2007. 305 Regulations.gov. Russell Custom Harvesting – Comments. FMCSA-2007-27748-0304. Proposed Rule. Minimum 

Training Requirements for Entry-Level Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators. March 1, 2008. 306 Ibid. 307 FMCSA. Hours of service of drivers 49 CFR Part 395.1 Scope of rules in this part. 308 Regulations.gov. FMCSA Response to Petition for Reconsideration from Public Citizen. FMCSA-2004-19608-

3525.1 Final Rule on Hours of Service of Drivers, 73 FR 69567. January 16, 2009. 309 National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts. June 2009. 310 FMCSA. Nation's Truck Drivers to Be Limited to Eleven Hours Behind the Wheel Each Day Under New, ScienceBased Federal Rules. News Release FMCSA 07-08. November 18, 2008. 311 Public Citizen. Safety Advocates Ask Court to Overturn Bush ‘Midnight Regulation.’

<http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=2841>. March 9, 2009. 312 FMCSA. Motor Carrier Efficiency Study Phase I. Table 7. Washington, DC. February 2009. 313 FMCSA. FMCSA-2005-23315-0077. 49 CFR Parts 385, 386, 390, et al. Requirements for Intermodal Equipment 

providers and for Motor Carriers and Drivers Operating Intermodal Equipment; Final Rule. December 17, 2008. 314 DOT, Federal Highway Administration. SAFETEA-LU Section 1305, Truck Parking Facilities.

<http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/safetea_lu/1305_tpf.htm> 315 American Transportation Research Institute. Critical Issues in the Trucking Industry—2008.
551

 316 FMCSA. Qualifications of Drivers and Longer Combination Vehicle (LCV) Driver Instructors. Subpart G—Limited 

Exemptions 49 CFR 391.67. Farm vehicle drivers of articulated commercial motor vehicles. 317 Truckload Carriers Association. The Truckload Carrier Report. Vol. 03, No.25. Alexandria, VA. June 24, 2003. 318 U.S. Department of Homeland Security TWIC Dashboard. March 11, 2009. 

<http://www.tsa.gov/assets/pdf/twic_dashboard.pdf> 319 DOT, Federal Highway Administration. 2006 Status of the Nation’s Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions & 

Performance. March 2007. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/2006cpr/es02h.htm> 320 Ibid. 321 Government Printing Office. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Public Law 111-5. Washington, 

DC. February 17, 2009. 322 Government Printing Office. Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. Public Law 111-8. Washington, DC. March 11, 

2009. 323 National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission. Paying Our Way. A New Framework for 

Transportation Finance. Washington, DC. February 2009. 324 National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission. Transportation for Tomorrow. 

Washington, DC. December 2007. 325 Texas Transportation Institute. The 2009 Urban Mobility Report. July 2009. 

<http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2009.pdf> 326 U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. The Surface Transportation 

Reauthorization Act of 2009. A Blueprint for Investment and Reform. Executive Summary. June 18, 2009. 327 DOT. Press Release DOT 82-09. Statement from U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood on the Highway 

Trust Fund. June 17, 2009. 328 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. What SmartWay Can Do For You: SmartWay Tractor and SmartWay 

Trailers. <http://www.epa.gov/smartway/transport/what-smartway/tractor-trailer.htm>. 329 Air Resources Board. Diesel Activities—Mobile Vehicles and Equipment. (Staff Reports: Initial Statement of 

Reasons for Proposes Rulemaking) <http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/mobile.htm>. 330 Government Printing Office. Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. Public Law 111-8 Washington, DC. March 11, 

2009. 331 PierPASS Inc. <http://www.pierpass.org/> 332 American Transportation Research Institute. Compendium of Idling Regulations. January 2009. 333 Government Printing Office. Energy Policy Act of 2005. Public Law 109-58. Sec. 756. Reduction of Engine Idling. 

119 STAT. 830. Washington, DC. August 8, 2005. 334 Moore, Thomas Gale. Trucking Deregulation. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and 

Liberty. 2002. 335 Surface Transportation Board. Decision STB Ex Parte No. 656 Motor Carrier Bureaus—Periodic Review 

Proceeding. June 28, 2007. 336 FMCSA. Rules governing applications for operating authority Part 365.107. Types of application. 337 FMCSA. Regulatory Impact Analysis for Hours of Service Options. November 2008. 338 American Transportation Research Institute. An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking. December 2008. 339 ATA. American Trucking Trends 2008-2009. Standard Trucking and Transportation Statistics. Volume 15. Issue 

2. 2008 and 2009. 340 USDA, Fruit and Vegetable Market News. Fruit and Vegetable Truck Rate Report. 

<http://search.ams.usda.gov/mnreports/fvwtrk.pdf>. 341 USDA, Transportation Services Division. Agricultural Refrigerated Truck Quarterly. 342 USDA, Transportation Services Division. Truck Transportation . Quarterly Updates. 343 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 344 U.S. Intermodal Freight System Overview, from the Report to Congress on the Performance of Ports and the 

Intermodal System June 2005, U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. 345 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 346 Neenan, R., International Grain Shipments: Recent Ocean Freight Trends, USDA/AMS/ TMP, May 1995. 347 Ibid.
552

 348 Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd. www.drewry.co.uk. 349 Neenan, R., International Grain Shipments: Recent Ocean Freight Trends, USDA/AMS/ TMP, May 1995. 350 Glossary of Maritime Terms, <www.insurexchange.com/glossary/maritime.htm>. 351 Shipping Insight: Monthly Analysis of the Shipping Markets, Drewry Publishing, April 2009 352 Alphaliner Weekly Newsletter, Volume 2010, Issue 1, AXS Alphaliner, <www.alphaliner.com>. 353 Containerization International Staff Writer, “Mothballed boxships begin to move”, Containerization 

International, March 19, 2010. 354 www.fmc.gov 355 Hearing on Antitrust Immunity Provided Under the Shipping Act of 1984, The Antitrust Modernization 

Commission, Oct. 2006. <govinfo.library.unt.edu/amc/report_recommendation/toc.htm>. 356 Mongelluzzo, Bill, “How to find an export box,” Journal of Commerce, June 30, 2008. 357 Port Import Export Reporting Service (PIERS) 358 Port Import Export Reporting Service (PIERS) 359 Port Import Export Reporting Service (PIERS) 360 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 361 Ibid. 362 Global Supply Chain Terminology, WCL Consulting. 363 U.S. Water Transportation Statistics Snapshot, MARAD, May 2008. 364 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 365 Ibid. 366 Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Freight Story 2008. 367 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 368 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 369 Ibid. 370 Ibid. 371 American Association of Port Authorities, www.aapa-ports.org, “Harbor Maintenance Tax”, March 2009. 372 The Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund is funded through an ad valorem tax on imported cargo and on domestic 

shipments between ports. In 2009, the Treasury collected $1.125 billion in such taxes for this trust fund. 373 AMS, Impact of Panama Canal Expansion on the U.S. Intermodal System, 2009. 374 ACP. “Proposal for the Expansion of the Panama Canal Third Set of Locks Project.” 2006. 

<http://www.pancanal.com/eng/plan/documentos/propuesta/acp-expansion-proposal.pdf> 375 Ibid.; ACP, “Leaders of Multilateral Agencies and the Panama Canal Sign Agreement for $2.3 Billion to Finance 

the Canal Expansion Program.” Press Releases, December 9, 2008. <http://www.pancanal.com/eng/pr/pressreleases/2008/12/09/pr307.html>. 376 ACP. “Proposal for the Expansion of the Panama Canal Third Set of Locks Project.” 2006. 

<http://www.pancanal.com/eng/plan/documentos/propuesta/acp-expansion-proposal.pdf>. 377 Ibid. 378 DOT. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 379 Ibid. 380 San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan. www.cleanairactionplan.org. 381 America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, MARAD, January 2009. 382 Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority. www.acta.org. 383 Ibid. 384 PierPASS. <www.pierpass.org>. 385 DOT, Maritime Administration, U.S. Water Transportation Statistical Snapshot 386 From Census AES filer to promote Census AES New Foreign Trade Regulations Workshop 387 Federal Maritime Commission. <www.fmc.gov>. 388 Ibid. 389 Ibid. 390 Ocean Shipping Reform Act, Section 11c 391 Federal Maritime Commission. <www.fmc.gov>. 
553

 392 U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Regulations, Title 15 CFR Part 30 Subpart A Section 30.7 (b). 393 MARAD, America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation Systems, January 2009. 394 Texas Transportation Institute. A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General 

Public, March 2009. <http://www.waterwayscouncil.org/study/public%20study.pdf> 395 Truck: AMS, U.S. Grain Truck Market Advisory Report. 

 Rail: Quarterly average of posted tariff rates for selected grain origin/destination pairs, AMS, Grain 

Transportation Report, Table 7, tariff rates and fuel surcharges for all grains, all selected routes. 

 Barge: AMS, Grain Transportation Report, Table 9, rates through St. Louis, MO. 

 Ocean Bulk: AMS, Grain Transportation Report, Figure 17. Rates represent U.S. Pacific Northwest to Japan 

trade route. 

 Ocean Container: Containerization International. Rates represent U.S. West Coast to Asia trade route. 

<http://www.ci-online.co.uk> 396 Ibid. 397 Ibid. 398 CRS Report for Congress. Grain Transport: Modal Trends and Infrastructure Implications, January 5, 2005. 

<http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RL32720.pdf> 399 DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) Version 2.2. 400 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Freight Rail Bottom Line Report, undated. 401 http://www.uschamber.com/publications/reports/0804transportationchallenge 402 Cambridge Systematics, National Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Investment Study, September 2007. 403 Laurits R. Christensen Associates, Inc., Supplemental Report to the U.S. Surface Transportation Board on 

Capacity and Infrastructure Investment, March 2009. 404 Ibid. 405 National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission. Paying Our Way. A New Framework for 

Transportation Finance. Report of the National Surface Transportation Infrastructure Financing Commission. 

February 2009. 406 U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. The Surface Transportation 

Reauthorization Act of 2009: A Blueprint for Investment and Reform. Washington, DC. June 18, 2009. 407 DOT. Press Release. DOT 82-09. Statement from U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood on the Highway 

Trust Fund. June 17, 2009. 408 MARAD, America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. January 2009. 409 Ferguson, Allen R., U.S. Agricultural Interests and the Merger of the Burlington Northern and the Atchison, 

Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroads, July 1995, pg. 7. Report to USDA prepared by AFE, Inc., Silver Spring, MD. 410 Nelson, Michael A., Review and Analysis of Public Interest Considerations Associated with Rail “Bottleneck” 

Issues, Transportation/Management Consulting, prepared for Consumers United for Rail Equity, March 2008. 411 MARAD, America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System, January 2009