ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS

GREG ABBOTT

January 17,2008

The Honorable Jane Nelson

Chair, Committee on Health and Human Services

Texas State Senate

Post Office Box 12068

Austin, Texas 78711-2068

Dear Senator Nelson:

Opinion No. GA-0591

Re: Whether the Texas Lottery Commission

may adopt a rule authorizing video or digital

display of the outcome of instant bingo

games (RQ-0597-GA)

You inquire about language that the Texas LotteryCommission (the "Commission") included

in an amendment to its rule on pull-tab bingo adopted on June 25, 2007. 1 See 32 Tex. Reg. 4391,

4393-94 (2007) (to be codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.300(a)(19), (e)(10), (h)(10)) (PullTab Bingo Games). The language at issue relates to video confirmation ofthe outcome ofpull-tab

bingo games. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1.

Article III, section 47(a) ofthe Texas Constitution providesthat "[t]he Legislature shall pass

laws prohibiting lotteries and gift enterprises in this State," subject to specific exceptions. TEX.

CaNST. art. III, § 47(a). A lottery is composed ofthree elements: (1) a prize or prizes; (2) the award

or distribution ofthe prize or prizes by chance; and (3) the payment either directly or indirectly by

the participants of a consideration for the right or privilege ofparticipating. See Brice v. State, 242

S.W.2d 433,434 (Tex. Crim. App. 1951). Texas Constitution article III, section 47(b), the "bingo

amendment," adopted in 1980,2 provides that the Legislature "by law may authorize and regulate

bingo games conducted by a church, synagogue, religious society, volunteer fire department,

nonprofit veterans organization, fraternal organization, or nonprofit organization supportingmedical

research or treatment programs." TEX. CaNST. art. III, § 47(b). Before the bingo amendment was

added to section 47, bingo played for a prize was an illegal lottery within article III, section 47 and

statutes implementing that provision. See State v. Amvets Post No. 80, 541 S.W.2d 481, 482 (Tex.

Civ. App.-Dallas 1976, no writ). Now, bingo games authorized by the Legislature pursuant to the

1See Letter from Honorable Jane Nelson, Chair, Committee on Health and Human Services, Texas State Senate,

to Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney General ofTexas, at 1 (June 27, 2007) (on file with the Opinion Committee, also

available at http://www.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter].

2See Tex. SJ. Res. 18, 66th Leg., R.S., 1979 [Vol. 2] Tex. Gen. Laws 3221 (proposing Texas Constitution

article III, section 47(b)); Texas Constitution, Amendments Adopted in 1979 and 1980, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., 1981 [Vol.

2] Tex. Gen. Laws 4227 (adoption ofsection 47(b)).
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 2 (GA-0591)

bingo amendment are excepted from the article III, section 47(a) prohibition against lotteries, gift

enterprises, and games of chance in general. See TEX. CONST. art. III, § 47(a); Smith v. State, 127

S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 1939) (defining lottery). A game that is not in fact "bingo"

within article III, section 47(b) will not be excepted by that provision from section 47(a). See Tex.

Att'y Gen. Op.No. GA-0541 (2007) at 6 ("electronic pull-tab bingo," is not within the article III,

section 47(b) authorization for charitable bingo).

Pursuant to the bingo amendment, the Texas Legislature adopted the Bingo Enabling Act (the

"Act"), which governs the conduct of charitable bingo. See TEX. Occ. CODE ANN. § 2001.001

(Vernon 2004) (short title). The Act defines "pull-tab bingo" as follows:

"Pull-tab bingo" means a form of bingo played using tickets with

perforated break-open tabs, made ofpaper or paper products, the face

of which is covered or otherwise hidden from view to conceal

numbers, letters, or symbols, some ofwhich have been designated in

advance as prize winners. The term includes games commonly

known as "instant bingo" and "break-open bingo."

Id. § 2001.002(24). The Commission administers the Act, and pursuant to its rule-making authority

it has adopted rules that further define pull-tab bingo. See id. §§ 2001.051 (Commission shall

administer chapter 2001), .054 (general rule-making authority); 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 402.100

(2007) (Definitions), .300 (Pull-Tab Bingo Games), .301(h)(10) (Bingo Card/Paper).

Your inquiry relates to recent Commission amendments to its rule on pull-tab bingo that

would allow a "graphic and dynamic representation" of the outcome of pull-tab bingo games.

Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; see 32 Tex. Reg. 4388,4391 (to be codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN.

CODE § 402.300(a)(19)) (Pull-Tab Bingo Games). You are concerned that these changes in the rule

will result in the kind ofelectronic pull-tab bingo that Attorney General Opinion GA-0541 concluded

not to be within the constitutional authorization for bingo. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1;

see 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.300 (2007) (Pull-Tab Bingo Games), Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No.

GA-0541 (2007) at 6. Attorney General Opinion GA-0541 addressed Senate Floor AmendmentNo.

24 to House Bill 3, legislation proposed but not enacted during the Seventy-ninthRegular Legislative

Session, and concluded that the kind of electronic game it authorized was not "bingo" within the

bingo amendment. See Tex. H.B. 3, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005);3 S.J. ofTex., 79th Leg., R.S. 1807-13

(2005) (text ofSenate Floor Amendment No. 24).4 We will summarize the Senate floor amendment

upon which you base your question.

Senate Floor Amendment No. 24 would have authorized numerous electronic innovations

to bingo, including an electronic version of pull-tab bingo that could be played on a computer

terminal with touch screen capacity. See S.J. ofTex., 79th Leg., R.S. 1807-13 (2005) (Senate Floor

3Available at http://www.legis.state.tx.us (last visited Jan. 7, 2008).

4Available at http://tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us/sjml/horne.htm (last visited Jan. 7, 2008).
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 3 (GA-0591)

Amendment No. 24).5 Computer hardware or software known as a site controller would store and

distribute electronic pull-tab bingo tickets for display on electronic monitoring terminals or cardminding devices.6 See ide at 1808-09. The site controller could create, shuffle, store, and configure

, electronic pull-tab bingo tickets, distribute such ticketsto terminals or card-minding devices, account

for electronic credits purchased, played, or won by playing such bingo games, play electronic bingo

games, and perform other functions. See ide at 1809. A bingo player could use a plastic, magnetic

stripe, paper, or smart card? to enable or track the play of bingo games, to record electronic credits

purchased, played, or won and to redeem credits purchased, played or won through a cashier or

redemption system. See ide at 1807-10. The player could also use a card-minding device or an

electronic monitoring terminal to purchase, play, and learn the outcome of electronic bingo games.

See ide The card-minding device could be used "to display graphics and animation that correspond

to or represent, in an entertaining manner, the outcome of an approved electronic pull-tab bingo

ticket or game," while an electronic monitoring terminal could create graphics and animation "to

correspond to, display, or represent, in an entertaining manner, the outcome of an approved

electronic pull-tab bingo ticket or electronic bingo cards." Id. 1809-10 (proposing amendments to

sections 2001.409(a)(5) and 2001.4092(b) ofthe Occupations Code).

Senate Floor Amendment No. 24 would have allowed pull-tab bingo games to be

computerized in their entirety, from the choice ofwinning numbers to a player's redemption ofhis

winnings. The player would have very little to do, aside from occasionally touching a computer

screen or swiping his card at a terminal. Such games would be a kind ofgambling far different from

the social bingo contemplated by the Legislature and voters who approved the bingo amendment.

See Tex. Att'y Gen. Ope No. GA-0541 (2007) at 5. Although games proposed by Senate Floor

Amendment No. 24 might have been called "bingo," they resembled video slot machines or other

illegal gambling devices. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 47.01(4) (Vernon 2003) (defining

"gambling device"); State V. Fry, 867 S.W.2d 398, 402 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no.

writ) (video slot machine is a gambling device); see also I. Nelson Rose, Is It Bingo, or A Slot

Machine? 7 Gaming Law Rev. 99 (2003). Attorney General Opinion GA-0541 concluded that a

"Texas court would find that 'bingo' within article III, section 47(b) does not include 'electronic

pull-tab bingo' as described by Senate Floor AmendmentNo. 24 to House Bill 3 ofthe Seventy-ninth

Regular Legislative Session," and that article III, section 47(b) ofthe Texas Constitution would not

except the electronic pull-tab bingo game from the prohibition against lotteries in section 47(a). The

opinion accordingly concluded that electronic pull-tab bingo would be unconstitutional under article

III, section 47(a). Tex. Att'y Gen. Ope No. GA-0541 (2007) at 6.

SSee id.

6A "[c]ard-minding device" is defined by Commission rule as "[a]ny mechanical, electronic, electromechanical

or computerized device, and including related hardware and software, that is interfaced with or connected to equipment

used to conduct a game ofbingo and which allows a player to store, display, and mark a bingo card face five spaces wide

by five spaces long, the center space free, and the other spaces containing pre-printed numbers between 1 and 75,

inclusive." 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.100(5) (2007) (Definitions), renumbered at 32 Tex. Reg. 6148, 6149 (to be

codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.100(6)).

7A smart card looks like a credit card, but contains an embedded microprocessor that can be read by a computer.

"What is a "smart card"? howstuffworks, available at http://computer.howstuffworks.comlquestion332.htm (last visited

Jan. 7, 2008).
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 4 (GA-0591)

The Bingo Enabling Act expressly providesthat it is not to be construed to provide electronic

video bingo, in the following uncodified provision adopted in 1995:

Nothing in this Act shall be construed as authorizing any game using

a video lott~ry machine or machines. In this section "video lottery

machine" or "machine" means any electronic video game machine

that, upon insertion of cash, is available to play or simulate the play

of a video game, including but not limited to video poker, keno, and

blackjack, utilizing a video display and microprocessor in which the

player may receive free games or credits that can be redeemed for

cash, coins, ortokens orthat directly dispenses cash, coins, ortokens.

Act ofMay 29, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 1057, § 10,1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 5222, 5225 (House Bill

3021). Thus, the Legislature did not intend the Act to authorize any electronic video lottery game.

You are concerned that the following language in the Commission rule on pull-tab bingo

authorizes electronic bingo:

(a) Definitions ....

(19) Video Confirmation-A graphic and dynamic representation

ofthe outcome of a bingo event ticket that will have no effect on the

result ofthe winning or losing event ticket.

(e) Sales and redemption.

(10) A licensed authorized organization may use video

confirmation to display the results of an event ticket pull-tab bingo

game(s). Video confirmation will have no effect on the play or

results of any ticket or game.

(h) Style of play ....

(10) Video Confirmation shall be subject to Commission

approval.
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 5 (GA-0591)

32 Tex. Reg. 4388, 4391-94 (to be codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.300 (Pull-Tab Bingo

Games).

The above rule applies only to "event tickets." See id (to be codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN.

CODE § 402.300(a)(19), (e)(10)). The Commission's rules regulate "event tickets" but do not define

this term. See ide (to be codified at 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 402.300(a)(I)-(19) (definitions); (h)(6)

(listing "EventTicket" under "Style ofPlay")). However, a publication ofthe Commission describes

"event tickets" as follows:

Event tickets include the same features of regular pull-tabs but

incorporate a second level of play that provides an additional

opportunity to win. Event ticket winners are determined by some

subsequent action such as drawing ofball(s), spinning wheel, opening

of a seal on a flare(s) or any other method approved by the

commission, so long as that method has designated numbers, letters,

or symbols that conform to the randomly selected numbers or

symbols.

Texas Lottery Comm'n., Charitable Bingo Bulletin, at 6 (Jan./Feb./Mar. 2003).8 Thus, the video

confirmation you inquire about appliesto the secondary level ofplay incorporated into event tickets.

We do not know how a particular video confirmation device operates or what its full

capacities are. The nature ofa particular device raises fact questions, which cannot be addressed in

an attorney general opinion. See Tex. Att'y Gen. Ope No. GA-0391 (2006) at 12. We will, however,

base our reply to your question on information provided by the Commission. A briefsubmitted by·

the Commission states that the above rule "merely permits video display ofwinning numbers that

have been otherwise determined by the separate, non-electronic play of a game.,,9

While video confirmation may be one component ofelectronic bingo, we do not believe that

video confirmation of a bingo result would by itself comprise electronic bingo. Assuming that the

video confirmation device does nothing more than inform players ofthe winning numbers in a bingo

game, we do not believe that it would convert a bingo game into electronic bingo.

However, the application ofvideo confirmation to event tickets raises other concerns under

the Texas Constitution and the Act. The Charitable Bingo Bulletin issued by the Commission

includes suggestions for introducing event tickets to bingo players, such as "[m]ake the playing of

the event ticket an independent and separate game for maximum excitement and impact," and

"[d]on't discontinue the original instant pull-tabs that you've been offering over the years." Texas

8Available at http://www.txbingo.org (last visited Jan. 7, 2008).

9See Brieffrom Sandra K. Joseph, Assistant General Counsel, Texas Lottery Commission, to Nancy S. Fuller,

Chair, Opinion Committee, Office of the Attorney General of Texas, at 1 (July 26, 2007) (on file with the Opinion

Committee).
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 6 (GA-0591)

Lottery Comm'n, Charitable Bingo Bulletin, at 6 (Jan./Feb./Mar. 2003). Your inquiry raises the

validity ofthe "event ticket" game itself. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1-2. We question

whetherthe Legislature and voters contemplated that "bingo" could encompass a second-level "event

ticket" game as described above or that "graphic and dynamic" video confirmation of a result was

an aspect ofbingo. See Wentworth v. Meyer, 839 S.W.2d 766, 767 (Tex. 1992) (ifthere is doubt as

to the meaning ofconstitutional language, courts will consider the intent ofthe people who adopted

the provision); see also TEX. OCC. CODEANN. §2001.416(a) (Vemon2004) (a game ofchance other

than a raffle or bingo conducted under chapter 2002 may not be conducted during a bingo occasion).

You do not expressly ask whether an event ticket game is authorized by article III, section 47(b), and

we do not reach this question.
The Honorable Jane Nelson - Page 7 (GA-0591)

SUMMARY

A Texas Lottery Commission rule authorizing the "graphic

and dynamic" video confirmation device solely to inform players of

the winning numbers in a bingo game would not by itself convert the

game into electronic bingo.

Very truly yours,

KENT C. SULLIVAN

First Assistant Attorney General

ANDREW WEBER

Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER

Chair, Opinion Committee

Susan L. Garrison

Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee