In the 

Missouri Court of Appeals 

Western District

 

STATE OF MISSOURI,

Appellant,

v.

LUCAS D. JEWELL,

Respondent.

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WD78039

OPINION FILED: April 21, 2015

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Nodaway County, Missouri

The Honorable Glen A. Dietrich, Judge

Before Division Three: Gary D. Witt, Presiding Judge, James E. Welsh, Judge and 

Zel M. Fischer, Special Judge

The State brings this interlocutory appeal challenging the trial court's grant of 

Lucas Jewell's ("Jewell") motion to suppress evidence of intoxicated driving. The State 

asserts error in the trial court's determination that the campus police officer had no legal 

justification for stopping Jewell. We affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The facts in this case are not in dispute for purposes of this appeal. On 

September 15, 2013, University police officer Travis Cochenour ("Officer Cochenour") 

initiated a traffic stop at 3:29 a.m. after the officer observed a vehicle fail to stop at two 
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different posted stop signs on campus. The vehicle turned into a parking lot, and its 

driver, Jewell, exited the vehicle and attempted to walk away. Jewell failed several field 

sobriety tests and was arrested for driving while intoxicated. He was then transported to 

the Nodaway County jail. The officer's probable cause for believing Jewell was 

intoxicated once he came into contact with the officer is not in dispute for purposes of 

this appeal; rather, the dispute is over the basis for the original stop. Jewell submitted to 

a blood-alcohol test which registered at .187. Jewell was charged in state court with 

running the stop signs and driving while intoxicated.

Jewell filed a motion to suppress evidence and to dismiss in which he alleged that 

the original stop was made without "any probable cause or other legal justification" and 

that "even if the Defendant failed to adhere to the campus stop sign, such was not a 

violation of law so as to authorize the officer to stop and arrest the Defendant." The trial

court agreed. It then granted the motion to suppress and dismissed the case. This appeal 

follows.

Analysis

The State brings two points on appeal. First, it argues that the trial court erred in 

granting Jewell's motion to suppress because it erroneously held that Jewell's actions on 

the campus "did not constitute a criminal offense, or a violation of a county or municipal 

ordinance" such that "there was no legal justification for the officer to stop the suspect, or 

if stopped, to develop further grounds for an arrest." Second, the State argues that despite 
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the court's erroneous interpretation of section 174.709.1,1the campus police officer 

conducted a permissible administrative stop pursuant to sections 174.120 and 174.700.

At the outset, we emphasize two arguments that the State does not make on 

appeal. First, the State does not argue that the stop could be justified even if Jewell’s 

running of the stop signs was not itself unlawful, and even if the Board had not 

authorized the placement of the stop signs.

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 Instead, the State’s argument on appeal 

proceeds on the basis that the stop was only permissible if Jewell’s conduct was illegal, 

or violated duly enacted University regulations. Second, the State does not rely on the 

recent decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the Fourth Amendment 

is not violated where an officer performs a traffic stop based on an objectively 

reasonable, but incorrect, belief that the defendant has violated the law. Heien v. North 

Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 540 (2014). Because the State has not made these arguments, 

we do not address them, and our opinion should not be read to foreclose such arguments 

in a future case.

Standard of Review

"While we must defer to the trial court's factual findings and credibility 

determinations in ruling on the motion to suppress, we review questions of law de novo."

State v. Carr, 441 S.W.3d 166, 168 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014) (citations omitted). The issue 

 

1 All statutory references are to RSMo 2000 cumulative as supplemented unless otherwise indicated. 

2

See, e.g., United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 10 (1989) (Innocent behavior may be the basis for 

probable cause. The degree of suspicion that attaches to particular types of noncriminal acts is a relevant inquiry.) 

(quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S.213, 243-44 n.13 (1983)); Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438, 441 (1980) 

(recognizing that there may be circumstances in which lawful conduct might justify a suspicion of criminal activity).
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of whether or not the Fourth Amendment has been violated is an issue of law that we 

review de novo. Id.

Point I

In Point I, the State contends that the trial court erred when it held that Jewell's 

actions on the campus "did not constitute a criminal offense, or a violation of a county or 

municipal ordinance" such that "there was no legal justification for the officer to stop the 

suspect, or if stopped, to develop further grounds for an arrest." The trial court reasoned 

that although a new statute equated a violation of a campus traffic regulation with that of 

a municipal ordinance, this was effective only upon the adoption of the regulations by the 

Board. The trial court pointed out that "although the Board had authority under Section 

174.709 RSMo., as of 8-28-13, to establish regulations to control traffic on its campus 

and to make violations of those regulations have the same effect as a municipal ordinance 

violations[sic], it did not do so until 2-7-14." The court went on to conclude that 

"[a]ccordingly, the traffic stop of the Defendant on campus on 9-15-13 for failure to stop 

at a stop sign, was nothing more than a stop for a purported violation of a campus 

regulation" and "such violations are civil in nature."

The only basis established for the officer's stop of Jewell was the failure to stop at 

a stop sign on a campus street. The trial court found that there was insufficient evidence 

to establish that Jewell violated any law such as to justify the officer's original stop of his 

vehicle. The State has the burden of "establishing that [Jewell's] motion to suppress 

should be overruled once [Jewell] makes a sufficient assertion of standing to raise a 

violation of Fourth Amendment rights." State v. McDonald, 170 S.W.3d 535, 539 (Mo. 
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App. W.D. 2005). Here, the trial court found that based on the belated adoption of the 

University's regulations, the traffic ordinances did not have the same force and effect as 

violating a municipal ordinance. The court also relied on our holding in McDonald for 

the conclusion that no authority for the placement of the stop sign had been proven. Id. at 

539. 

In Missouri, a university’s Board of Regents ("Board") is a creature of statute and 

its authority is limited to that granted to it by the legislature. See, State ex rel. Mo. Pub.

Defender Comm'n v. Waters, 370 S.W.3d 592, 598 (Mo. banc 2012). It may only adopt 

rules and regulations within the authority granted to it by its enabling statutes. Id. at 598-

99. Here, sections 174.120 and 174.150.1 authorized the University's Board of Regents

to develop rules and regulations governing the conduct of its students and faculty3and to 

administratively discipline them for a violation thereof. State v. Mullenix, 73 S.W.3d 32, 

36 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002). The violation of the rules and regulations promulgated 

pursuant thereto subjects the offender to a civil sanction. Id. at 37. Pursuant to this 

authority, the Board established traffic regulations sometime in the 1980's. 

In 1993, section 174.703 was enacted authorizing the University to employ police 

officers to serve on the campus. 

Section 174.703 (RSMo 1993): 

The college or university police officers, before they enter upon their 

duties, shall take and subscribe an oath of office before some officer 

authorized to administer oaths, to faithfully and impartially discharge the 

duties thereof, which oath shall be filed in the office of the board, and the 

 

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Pursuant to the terms of the statute, these rules and regulations only affected the conduct of students and 

faculty, not that of the general public.
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secretary of the board shall give each college police officer so appointed 

and qualified a certificate of appointment, under the seal of the board, 

which certificate shall empower him or her with the same authority to 

maintain order, preserve peace and make arrests as is now held by peace 

officers. The college or university police officer may in addition expel from 

the public buildings, campuses, and grounds, persons violating the rules 

and regulations that may be prescribed by the board or others under the 

authority of the board. Such officer or employee of the state college or 

university as may be designated by the board shall have immediate charge, 

control and supervision of police officers appointed by authority of this 

section. Such college or university police officers shall have satisfactorily 

completed before appointment a training course for police officers as 

prescribed by chapter 590 for state peace officers or, by virtue of previous 

experience or training, have met the requirements of chapter 590. 

This section, as it existed from 1993 until August 28, 2013, authorized the Board

to promulgate regulations of its own to control campus traffic, but did not in and of itself 

regulate campus traffic. State v. McDonald, 170 S.W.3d 535, 539 (Mo. App. W.D. 

2005). In McDonald, a university police officer observed an automobile exceed the 

speed limit as posted on a sign on a campus street. The officer was unable to testify as to 

who set the campus speed limit or who posted the campus speed limit sign and upon what 

authority the sign was placed. Id. at 537. The State failed to put into evidence the 

regulations of the university that established the speed at that particular location, if they 

did in fact exist; therefore, there was no evidence to establish that the defendant in that 

matter violated an "official traffic control device." We held that it was improper to 

assume that a street sign erected on a university campus was "placed in accordance with 

the provisions of the law" unless some evidence were presented that it was placed there 

pursuant to the law. Id. at 539. We then upheld the motion court's ruling granting the 

motion to suppress. Id. at 540. 
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The State argues that the amendments to section 174.703, along with sections 

174.709 and 174.712, which were newly enacted and effective as of August 28, 2013

(eighteen days before the arrest in this matter), make the holding in McDonald

inapposite.

Section 174.703:

1. The college or university police officers, before they enter upon their 

duties, shall take and subscribe an oath of office before some officer 

authorized to administer oaths, to faithfully and impartially discharge the 

duties thereof, which oath shall be filed in the office of the board, and the 

secretary of the board shall give each college police officer so appointed 

and qualified a certificate of appointment, under the seal of the board, 

which certificate shall empower him or her with the same authority to 

maintain order, preserve peace and make arrests as is now held by peace 

officers.

2. The college or university police officers shall have the authority to 

enforce the regulations established in section 174.709 and general motor 

vehicle laws in accordance with section 174.712 on the campus as 

prescribed in chapter 304. The college or university police officer may in 

addition expel from the public buildings, campuses, and grounds, persons 

violating the rules and regulations that may be prescribed by the board or 

others under the authority of the board.

3. Such officer or employee of the state college or university as may be 

designated by the board shall have immediate charge, control and 

supervision of police officers appointed by authority of this section. Such 

college or university police officers shall have satisfactorily completed 

before appointment a training course for police officers as prescribed by 

chapter 590 for state peace officers or, by virtue of previous experience or 

training, have met the requirements of chapter 590, and have been certified 

under that chapter. (Emphases added). 

Section 174.709:

1. For the purpose of promoting public safety, health, and general welfare 

and to protect life and property, the board of regents or board of governors 

of any state college or university may establish regulations to control 

vehicular traffic, including speed regulations, on any thoroughfare owned 

or maintained by the state college or university and located within any of its 
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campuses. Such regulations shall be consistent with the provisions of the 

general motor vehicle laws of this state. Upon adoption of such 

regulations, the state college or university shall have the authority to 

place official traffic control signals, as defined in section 300.010, on 

campus property.

2. The regulations established by the board of regents or board of governors 

of any state college or university under subsection 1 of this section shall be 

codified, printed, and distributed for public use. Adequate signs displaying 

the speed limit shall be posted along such thoroughfares.

3. Violations of any regulation established under this section shall have the 

same effect as a violation of municipal ordinances adopted under section 

304.120, with penalty provisions as provided in section 304.570. Points 

assessed against any person under section 302.302 for a violation of this 

section shall be the same as provided for a violation of a county or 

municipal ordinance.

4. The provisions of this section shall apply only to moving violations.

(Emphasis added.)

Section 174.712: 

All motor vehicles operated upon any thoroughfare owned or maintained by 

a state college or university and located within any of its campuses shall be 

subject to the provisions of the general motor vehicle laws of this state, 

including chapters 301, 302, 303, 304, 307, and 577. Violations shall have 

the same effect as though such had occurred on public roads, streets, or 

highways of this state. 

Subsequently on February 7, 2014, almost five months after Jewell’s arrest, the 

Board adopted the following Resolution #9101 pursuant to the new provisions passed by 

the legislature:

Pursuant to Mo. Rev. Stat. § 174.709, the Board hereby reassertsits intent 

to establish regulations to control vehicular traffic on campus. In so 

doing, it hereby re-adopts the resolutions it has previously passed that 

affect the current traffic and parking regulations governing the campus,

including any delegation authority conferred by the Board upon University

personnel to alter, amend, or rescind the same.
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A printed copy of the University's current Parking and Traffic Policies

shall be made available upon request at the University Police Department.

The current Parking and Traffic Policies are published at

http://www.nwmissouri.edu/police/parking/index.htm.

We need not address whether the belated re-adoption of the regulations by the 

Board prohibited the campus police officer from stopping Jewell because there is no 

evidence that the stop signs at issue were properly authorized and placed pursuant to any 

regulation passed by the Board. The legislature gave the Board the authority to create 

traffic regulations yet there is nothing before us to indicate that the Board ever exercised 

its authority to identify intersections where stop signs were needed, to determine speed 

limits at any particular location or on any particular street, or passed a regulation 

identifying and approving them as such. In contrast, there is evidence before us that 

when the Board passed proposed parking regulations, it specifically approved a detailed 

campus map that identified placement of student, faculty and visitor parking, meter

parking, disabled parking and emergency parking. 

Here, the critical regulation that is missing is one that similarly identifies the 

applicable traffic regulation which was to be applied to this intersection. Neither the trial 

court, nor this court can take judicial notice of the regulations of the University. 

Mullenix, 73 S.W.3d at 37. Without an adopted regulation placed into evidence that 

exhibits the Board’s exercise of its authority over stop signs located at these particular 

locations, we cannot find that these stop signs constituted official traffic control devices. 

McDonald, 170 S.W.3d at 539. And while we are unaware whether such regulation 

exists in the Board’s records, we cannot consider it unless it is in the record before us. 
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See City of Perryville v. Brewer, 557 S.W.2d 457, 460 (Mo. App. E.D. 1977) (we may 

not consider facts outside the record unless they are subject to judicial notice; municipal 

ordinances are generally not judicially noticed and must be proven like any other fact). 

As we noted in McDonald, "it is self evident that, if challenged, the State must allege and 

provide evidence at the suppression hearing that an actual violation of the law occurred." 

Id. at 538. 

Although the State argues that the legislature addressed campus traffic regulations

with amendments to sections 174.700 and 174.703 and with the passing of sections 

174.709 and 174.712, all of those statutes authorize the Board to act and are predicated 

on an assumption that the Board has actually exercised its authority by passing the 

regulations that it desires to enforce. Indeed, section 174.709.1 states that "[u]pon 

adoption of such regulations, the state college or university shall have the authority to 

place traffic control signals, as defined in section 300.010, on campus property." Without 

evidence of any regulation dealing with the approved placement of stop signs on campus, 

we must conclude, as we did in McDonald, that "the record reveals no evidence that the 

traffic control device was placed pursuant to or authorized by any legal authority." Id. at 

539. 

For these reasons, Point I is denied. 

Point II

In Point II, the State argues that even if section 174.709 required the re-adoption 

of the University's traffic regulations before they could go into effect on campus, the trial 
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court still erred in its suppression order because the stop was permissible pursuant to 

sections 174.120 and 174.700. 

Because we have found that the record does not contain evidence that the Board 

ever passed a regulation approving the placement of the stop sign in question, nor of any 

stop signs on campus for that matter, our analysis of Point I is dispositive with regard to 

Point II. If the validity of the stop sign is not proven with a properly adopted regulation 

reflecting the Board’s establishment of a stop sign at either location, then the stop was not 

permissible. In this regard, we agree with the trial court, and with our holding in 

McDonald, that "we cannot assume, nor could the motion court, that a street sign erected 

on Northwest's campus was 'placed in accordance with the provisions of the law' without 

some evidence indicating that it was placed pursuant to law." Id. at 539. Here, the 

missing evidence is a regulation passed by the Board that identifies and approves of the 

placement of either of the stop signs in question. 

Point II is denied. 

Conclusion

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

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Gary D. Witt, Judge

All concur