[Cite as McDonald v. Lacy, 2018-Ohio-2753.]

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

MITCHELL F. MCDONALD 

Plaintiff-Appellant 

v. 

PAUL W. LACY, et al. 

Defendant-Appellee 

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Appellate Case No. 27779 

Trial Court Case No. 16-CV-2106 

(Civil Appeal from 

 Common Pleas Court) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 13th day of July, 2018. 

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THOMAS J. INTILI, Atty. Reg. No. 0036843, 2300 Far Hills Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45419 

 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant 

LAWRENCE J. GREGER, Atty. Reg. No. 002592, 120 W. Second Street, Suite 1100, 

Dayton, Ohio 45402 

 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant 

 

JEFFREY C. TURNER, Atty. Reg. No. 0063154, DAWN M. FRICK, Atty. Reg. No. 

0069068, and CHRISTOPHER T. HERMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0076894, 8163 Old Yankee 

Street, Suite C, Dayton, Ohio 45458 

 Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees 

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HALL, J. 

{¶ 1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Mitchell McDonald, appeals the trial court’s entry of 

summary judgment for Defendants-Appellees City of Riverside and Mitchell Miller. 

I. Background

{¶ 2} In November 2004, the City of Riverside embarked on the “Entryway 

Enhancement Project.” The project involved erecting signs and monuments at several 

entrances to the city. Funding for the project came from a federal grant and a grant from 

the Montgomery County Development Office. In its application for the county grant, 

Riverside described the project this way: 

The Entryway Beautification project will help improve roadway safety and 

minor drainage problems, as well as aesthetically enhance the entrances to 

the city along Valley Pike (Avondale Subdivision) and along the Harshman 

Road/Woodman Drive corridor (Woodman Drive/US 35 Corridor). Roadway 

and drainage improvements will be made and additional enhancements will 

be provided via entrance signage, lighting and landscaping. The proposed 

improvements will for the most part be constructed within the existing rightof-way. 

{¶ 3} Riverside hired LJB, Inc. to provide design, landscaping, and civil 

engineering services. LJB in turn hired Envision-Works, Inc., to design the entryways’ 

monuments and signage. Riverside agreed to work with the Ohio Department of 

Transportation (ODOT) to complete the project, and it was ODOT which chose the 

construction company that would actually do the work. Construction began in July 2009 

and ended the following November. Mitchell Miller was the city’s service director, 
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responsible for the city’s operations, personnel, and construction projects. He oversaw 

the Entryway Enhancement Project for the city. 

{¶ 4} One of the locations where a sign and monument went up was on Woodman 

Drive. A center-of-the-roadway left-turn lane was converted to a curbed median in which 

a sign and monument were constructed. A year after the Woodman median was installed, 

in December 2010, a motorist lost control of her car, veered into the median, and hit the 

monument and sign, sending debris from the monument across Woodman Drive. 

Riverside repaired the monument and sign and restored the landscaping in the median. 

Miller oversaw the restoration. 

{¶ 5} Several years later, in May 2014, Paul Lacy, driving northbound on 

Woodman Drive, lost control of his truck, veered into the median, and collided with the 

monument and sign, sending debris across the southbound lanes of Woodman Drive. In 

an unfortunate coincidence of timing, McDonald happened to be riding his motorcycle in 

a southbound lane and was struck by pieces of debris. He was thrown to the pavement 

and suffered serious, permanent injuries. Riverside subsequently removed the Woodman 

median, restoring the original left-turn lane. 

{¶ 6} In April 2016, McDonald filed a complaint for personal injuries, permanent 

disability, lost income, and loss of services against Lacy, LJB, Envision-Works, Riverside, 

and Miller. Against Lacy, LJB, and Envision-Works, he asserted claims for negligence; he 

asserted claims for political subdivision tort liability against Riverside and politicalsubdivision employee tort liability against Miller. Riverside and Miller moved for summary 

judgment based on political-subdivision immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744. The trial 

court agreed that both defendants were immune from liability. The court sustained their 
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summary-judgment motion and dismissed McDonald’s claims against them. 

{¶ 7} McDonald appealed.1

II. Analysis

{¶ 8} McDonald assigns two errors to the trial court. The first argues that the court 

erred by entering summary judgment for Riverside, and the second argues that the court 

erred by entering summary judgment for Miller. 

{¶ 9} “Whether a party is entitled to immunity is a question of law properly 

determined by the court prior to trial pursuant to a motion for summary judgment.” 

(Citations omitted.) Pelletier v. Campbell, 2018-Ohio-2121, __N.E.3d__, ¶ 12. An 

appellate court reviews a summary judgment related to the applicability of governmental 

immunity de novo, and its review is governed by the summary-judgment standard set 

forth in Civ.R. 56. Id. at ¶ 13. 

{¶ 10} “Summary judgment may be granted when ‘(1) [n]o genuine issue as to any 

material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to 

but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against 

whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that 

party.’ ” (Brackets sic.) M.H. v. Cuyahoga Falls, 134 Ohio St.3d 65, 2012-Ohio-5336, 979 

N.E.2d 1261, ¶ 12, quoting Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 

 1 Civ.R. 54(B) language is absent from the trial court’s summary-judgment entry. 

After summary judgment was entered, McDonald voluntarily dismissed defendants 

Lacy, LJB, and Envision-Works. Subsequently, on September 21, 2017, the trial court 

entered an order dismissing the case. The entry states that a settlement agreement was 

reached among the parties, though it does not say which parties. It is from this dismissal 

order that McDonald appealed. 
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N.E.2d 267 (1977). 

A. Immunity of a political subdivision 

{¶ 11} The first assignment of error states: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ENTERING SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE THE CITY OF RIVERSIDE. 

{¶ 12} A tripartite analysis is used to determine whether a political subdivision is 

immune from tort liability under R.C. Chapter 2744: 

R.C. Chapter 2744 sets out the method of analysis, which can be viewed 

as involving three tiers, for determining a political subdivision’s immunity 

from liability. First, R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) sets out a general rule that political 

subdivisions are not liable in damages. In setting out this rule, R.C. 

2744.02(A)(1) classifies the functions of political subdivisions into 

governmental and proprietary functions and states that the general rule of 

immunity is not absolute, but is limited by the provisions of R.C. 2744.02(B), 

which details when a political subdivision is not immune. Thus, the relevant 

point of analysis (the second tier) then becomes whether any of the 

exceptions in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply. Furthermore, if any of R.C. 

2744.02(B)’s exceptions are found to apply, a consideration of the 

application of R.C. 2744.03 becomes relevant, as the third tier of analysis. 

Greene Cty. Agricultural Soc. v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 556-557, 733 N.E.2d 1141 

(2000), citing Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28, 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998). 

{¶ 13} The exception that potentially applies in this case is R.C. 2744.02(B)(2), 

which subjects a political subdivision to liability for injury “caused by the negligent 
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performance of acts by their employees with respect to proprietary functions of the 

political subdivision[ ].” McDonald contends that Riverside was engaged in proprietary 

functions when it built the Woodman median, so the city is not immune. Riverside, 

conversely, maintains that the function was governmental, like the trial court concluded, 

rendering the city immune. 

{¶ 14} Political-subdivision functions are divided into the mutually exclusive 

categories of governmental and proprietary, both of which are statutorily defined. R.C. 

2744.01(C)(1) defines “governmental function” as any of the following: 

(a) A function that is imposed upon the state as an obligation of sovereignty 

and that is performed by a political subdivision voluntarily or pursuant to 

legislative requirement; 

(b) A function that is for the common good of all citizens of the state; 

(c) A function that promotes or preserves the public peace, health, safety, 

or welfare; that involves activities that are not engaged in or not customarily 

engaged in by nongovernmental persons; and that is not specified in 

division (G)(2) of this section as a proprietary function. 

R.C. 2744.01(C)(2) lists specific functions that are expressly designated as governmental, 

including “[t]he regulation of the use of, and the maintenance and repair of, roads, 

highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks, bridges, aqueducts, viaducts, and public 

grounds,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(e), and “[t]he provision or nonprovision, planning or design, 

construction, or reconstruction of a public improvement * * *,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(l). To 

satisfy the definition of “proprietary function” in R.C. 2744.01(G)(1), on the other hand, 

two elements must be satisfied: 
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(a) The function is not one described in division (C)(1)(a) or (b) of this 

section and is not one specified in division (C)(2) of this section; 

(b) The function is one that promotes or preserves the public peace, health, 

safety, or welfare and that involves activities that are customarily engaged 

in by nongovernmental persons. 

R.C. 2744.01(G)(2) lists specific functions that are expressly designated as proprietary, 

which include operating a hospital, maintaining or operating a utility or sewer system, and 

operating and controlling things like a stadium, an auditorium, an exhibition hall, or an offstreet parking facility. 

{¶ 15} Here, the activities that allegedly caused McDonald’s injuries were related 

to the construction of the Woodman median, which included the design and construction 

of the monument and sign. These activities did not clearly fall within the specific functions 

that are expressly designated in R.C. 2744.01(C)(2) or 2744.01(G)(2), so we must look 

to the general definitions in R.C. 2744.01(C)(1) and 2744.01(G)(1). The function at issue 

here plainly was not one “imposed upon the state as an obligation of sovereignty,” R.C. 

2744.01(C)(1)(a). Nor do we think that the function was “for the common good of all 

citizens of the state,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(1)(b). For some citizens, yes, but not for all. There 

is little dispute that the function at issue “promotes or preserves the public peace, health, 

safety, or welfare,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(1)(c) and 2744.01(G)(1)(b). The key question here is 

whether the function involves activities that “are not engaged in or not customarily 

engaged in by nongovernmental persons,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(1)(c), or involves activities 

that “are customarily engaged in by nongovernmental persons,” R.C. 2744.01(G)(1)(b). 

{¶ 16} The activities involved in the construction of the Woodman roadway median 
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were part of the city’s Entryway Enhancement Project, the purpose of which was to 

beautify the city, delineate city limits, fix drainage problems, and improve roadway safety. 

We believe that this overarching project was a governmental function. McDonald tacitly 

concedes this in his brief. But he argues that the activities of constructing the monument 

and erecting the sign made the function proprietary because nongovernmental persons 

customarily engage in those activities. McDonald cites Greene Cty. Agricultural Soc. v. 

Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 733 N.E.2d 1141, for the proposition that the focus must be 

on the city’s specific activities, not the broader context in which the activities occurred. 

{¶ 17} In our opinion, Liming has limited value in this case. The Court in Liming

concluded that a county agricultural society that conducted a hog competition at a county 

fair and a subsequent investigation into one of the contest entrants was engaged in a 

proprietary function. The Court noted that “the issue here is not whether holding a county 

fair is a governmental function; rather, it is the more specific question of whether 

conducting the hog show at the county fair and conducting the investigation into the 

allegations of irregularity surrounding the entry of Big Fat in that hog show are 

governmental functions.” Liming at 560. But the analysis in the Court’s lead opinion was 

affected by the fact that county agricultural societies are not specifically mentioned in the 

statutory definition of “political subdivision.” “In a situation such as the present case,” said 

the lead opinion, “when the political subdivision at issue is not one of the bodies 

specifically mentioned within R.C. 2744.01(F), the exceptions to immunity of R.C. 

2744.02(B) should be construed in a way that leads to a finding of immunity for only the 

central core functions of the political subdivision.” Id. This analytical framework suggests 

that the exceptions may be construed more broadly to allow immunity for bodies that are
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specifically mentioned in the statute, like municipal corporations. Furthermore, unlike 

conducting a hog show, the Entryway Enhancement Project here is close to several of 

the functions specifically listed in the statutory definition of “governmental function,” like 

the maintenance and repair of “roads, highways, streets, avenues, * * * and public 

grounds,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(e), and “[t]he provision or nonprovision, planning or design, 

construction, or reconstruction of a public improvement * * *,” R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(l). The 

value of Liming is also limited by the positions of the justices. Only the author, Justice 

Resnick, and Justice Sweeney concurred in the language of the lead opinion. Justices 

Douglas and Pfeifer concurred only with the syllabus and judgment. The relevant portion 

of the syllabus, paragraph two, states “The conducting of a livestock competition at a 

county fair by a county agricultural society is a proprietary function pursuant to R.C. 

Chapter 2744.” The other three justices dissented. Accordingly, only the syllabus, without 

textual analysis, constitutes the holding of the court, and that syllabus has little connection 

with a roadway improvement and beautification project. 

{¶ 18} Furthermore, we have held that an activity that is customarily performed by 

nongovernmental persons does not render proprietary an overarching function that is 

governmental. In Shank v. Springfield, 2d Dist. Clark No. 94-CA-71, 1995 WL 259188 

(May 3, 1995), we concluded that the construction of driveway aprons as part of a road 

reconstruction and maintenance project by the city was a governmental function, even 

though installation of a driveway apron was an activity that is usually performed by a 

nongovernmental person. “Although it may be true,” we said, “that the construction of a 

driveway apron is an activity that is customarily engaged in by non-governmental persons, 

in this case the driveway aprons were constructed as part of the Columbus Avenue 
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maintenance and reconstruction project and were, therefore, constructed by the City 

pursuant to the performance of its governmental function.” Shank at *8. Similarly, in 

Hortman v. Miamisburg, 161 Ohio App.3d 559, 2005-Ohio-2862, 831 N.E.2d 467 (2d 

Dist.), reversed on other grounds, 110 Ohio St.3d 194, 2006-Ohio-4251, 852 N.E.2d 716, 

we concluded that the building of a wall and the removal of trees were governmental 

functions because the activities were performed as part of the city’s road-improvement 

project. “Although such activities are often performed by nongovernmental persons,” we 

said, “they cannot be divorced from the underlying governmental function, i.e., the repair 

and maintenance of Maue Road.” Hortman at ¶ 20. Indeed, we distinguished Liming, 

saying that “[i]n this respect, the present circumstances are distinguishable from Liming, 

where the livestock competition was neither a ‘central core function’ of the county 

agricultural society nor essential to the county fair.” Id. 

{¶ 19} Here, the construction (and reconstruction) of the Woodman median was 

part of the city’s Entryway Enhancement Project, which was a governmental function. So 

the activities connected with that project must be considered in that context. 

{¶ 20} McDonald also tries to frame the function at issue as new road construction 

and argues that that is a proprietary function, citing in support Kenko Corp. v. City of 

Cincinnati, 183 Ohio App.3d 583, 2009-Ohio-4189, 917 N.E.2d 888 (1st Dist.). But even 

if the project is properly considered road construction, Kenko does not say that that is a 

proprietary function. Rather, the Kenko court determined that the city was engaged in 

more than just building a road, that it was actually planning and designing a subdivision. 

Since the road construction was connected with the overarching function of subdivision 

development, which is something that nongovernmental persons customarily do, the 
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appellate court concluded that the function at issue was proprietary. Kenko at ¶ 30. Thus 

Kenko is in line with our analysis in Shank and Hortman and supports our analysis here 

that Riverside’s activities must be considered in the context of the Entryway Enhancement 

Project. 

{¶ 21} McDonald also argues that the monument and sign were specific to the 

Woodman median’s landscaping, not to traffic control, drainage, topography, or curbing. 

And the purpose of the entryway signage, he says, was to provide the city with a sense 

of identity and community pride and to improve property values through beautification. 

McDonald says that there is nothing uniquely governmental about identity, community 

pride, or beautification. Again, we do not believe that the specific activities involved in the 

Entryway Enhancement Project should be divorced from that larger function and 

examined in isolation. 

{¶ 22} McDonald’s injuries, even if caused by negligence by the city, were not the 

result of performance of a proprietary function. Consequently Riverside is entitled to 

immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A) and to summary judgment. 

{¶ 23} The first assignment of error is overruled. 

B. Immunity of a political-subdivision employee

{¶ 24} The second assignment of error states: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ENTERING SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE MITCHELL E. MILLER. 

{¶ 25} Miller, as Riverside’s employee, is a political-subdivision employee, and 

McDonald sued him in that capacity. R.C. 2744.03(A) “prescribes defenses or immunities 

that an employee of a political subdivision may assert to establish nonliability in a civil 
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action for damages allegedly caused by an act or omission in connection with a 

governmental or proprietary function.” Argabrite v. Neer, 149 Ohio St.3d 349, 2016-Ohio8374, 75 N.E.3d 161, ¶ 7. As relevant here, an employee of a political subdivision is 

immune from liability unless the employee’s acts or omissions were “with malicious 

purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.” R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b). 

McDonald argues that Miller’s conduct was wanton or reckless. 

{¶ 26} The Ohio Supreme Court has defined “wanton misconduct” as “ ‘the failure 

to exercise any care toward those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in 

which there is great probability that harm will result.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Argabrite at ¶ 8, 

quoting Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, 983 N.E.2d 266, 

paragraph three of the syllabus. And the Court has defined “reckless conduct” as “conduct 

‘characterized by the conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or obvious risk of 

harm to another that is unreasonable under the circumstances and is substantially greater 

than negligent conduct.’ ” Id., quoting Anderson at paragraph four of the syllabus. 

“Recklessness requires knowledge by the actor that his ‘conduct will in all probability 

result in injury.’ ” Id., quoting O’Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio St.3d 374, 2008-Ohio-2574, 

889 N.E.2d 505, paragraph three of the syllabus. “These are rigorous standards,” the 

Court has said, “that will in most circumstances be difficult to establish * * *.” Id. 

{¶ 27} We agree with the trial court that there is no evidence that Miller’s conduct 

in connection with the construction or reconstruction of the Woodman median was wanton 

or reckless. There is no evidence that Miller failed to exercise any care toward those to 

whom a duty of care was owed in circumstances in which there was great probability that 

harm would result. There is no evidence that Miller consciously disregarded or was 
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indifferent to a known or obvious risk of harm that was unreasonable. And there is no 

evidence that Miller knew that someone would be injured. 

{¶ 28} McDonald points out that Miller knew that debris from the first collision 

landed in Woodman Drive’s southbound travel lanes and that Miller knew that the curbing 

around the median did not prevent the collision. McDonald says that, after the first 

accident, Miller did not request that the monument and sign be relocated, did not consult 

LJB about how to prevent future accidents, and did not approach the city about what 

should be done. But none of this amounts to wantonness or recklessness. Knowing that 

a motorist hit the sign and monument on one occasion did not make it reckless to leave 

the sign and monument in the median. Nothing about this suggests an unreasonable risk 

of harm. It does not make it such that Miller should have known that leaving the sign and 

monument would in all probability result in injury. There certainly was a risk of harm, a 

risk that another motorist could hit the sign and monument, but there was no evidence 

that the risk was unreasonable. At worst, all this might make Miller negligent. 

{¶ 29} McDonald submitted an affidavit from his civil engineering expert, Paul 

Dorothy. Dorothy stated in his affidavit that “[t]he property and bodily injury risks of 

designing and erecting the Woodman median monument and sign were, or should have 

been, foreseeable to an ordinary and reasonable person.” (Affidavit of Paul Dorothy, ¶ 

10g). He further stated that “[t]he City’s and Miller’s 2011 repair of the Woodman median 

monument and sign manifested a conscious disregard of, or indifference to, a known and 

obvious risk to others under circumstances where there was great probability that 

substantial harm would result.” (Id. at ¶ 10h). But these averments are essentially just 

statements of law, “improper legal conclusion[s] that should not be submitted in affidavits 
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used to show genuine issues of material fact.” Seege v. Smith, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

26210, 2014-Ohio-5450, ¶ 34. Furthermore, just because a plaintiff’s expert says that the 

defendant was reckless “ ‘does not mean that there is a genuine issue for trial as to 

whether the defendant lost her immunity due to recklessness.’ ” Id. at ¶ 35, quoting 

Fediaczko v. Mahoning Cty. Children Servs., 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 11 MA 186, 2012-

Ohio-6090, ¶ 31. 

{¶ 30} Summary judgment is appropriate if “ ‘the individual’s conduct does not 

demonstrate a disposition to perversity.’ ” Lindsey v. Summit Cty. Children Servs. Bd., 9th 

Dist. Summit No. 24352, 2009-Ohio-2457, ¶ 19, quoting Fields v. Talawanda Bd. of Edn., 

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-02-035, 2009-Ohio-431, ¶ 16. Accord Seege at ¶ 35 

(quoting the same). The record here does not show that Miller had a perverse disposition 

or that he consciously disregarded a risk to others. We conclude that the trial court was 

correct in determining that Miller was entitled to immunity and to summary judgment. 

{¶ 31} The second assignment of error is overruled. 

III. Conclusion

{¶ 32} We have overruled both of the assignments of error presented. The trial 

court’s judgment is affirmed. 

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WELBAUM, P. J., and TUCKER, J., concur. 
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Copies mailed to: 

Thomas J. Intili 

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Jeffrey C. Turner 

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Christopher T. Herman 

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Hon. Mary Katherine Huffman