Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-14-00920-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF D.R.F., a Child

From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2013-PA-01502

Honorable Cathleen M. Stryker, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 15, 2015

AFFIRMED

This is an accelerated appeal from the trial court’s order terminating appellant’s parental 

rights to her six-year-old son, D.F.R. On appeal, appellant asserts the evidence is insufficient to 

support the trial court’s findings that she failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that 

specifically established the actions necessary for her to obtain return of D.F.R., and that 

termination is in D.F.R.’s best interest. We affirm.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A court may terminate parental rights only upon proof of clear and convincing evidence 

that the parent has committed an act prohibited by section 161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code, 

and that termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAMILY CODE ANN. § 161.001(1), (2) 

(West 2014). Clear and convincing evidence is “proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of 
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fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” Id.

§ 101.007.

When conducting a legal sufficiency review in a parental rights termination case, we 

consider “all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a 

reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In 

re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). 

We give deference to the fact finder’s conclusions and presume the fact finder resolved any 

disputed facts in favor of its finding, so long as a reasonable fact finder could do so. Id. We 

disregard any evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved, or found to have 

been incredible, but we do not disregard undisputed facts. Id. Credibility issues are generally 

determined by the fact finder and we are not permitted to weigh credibility issues that depend on 

the appearance and demeanor of witnesses. Id. at 573-74.

When conducting a factual sufficiency review in a parental rights termination case, we give 

due deference to the fact finder’s findings and must refrain from substituting our judgment for that 

of the fact finder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). “If, in light of the entire record, 

the disputed evidence that a reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding 

is so significant that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, 

then the evidence is factually insufficient.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

FAMILY SERVICE PLAN

Appellant’s parental rights were terminated on the grounds that she failed to comply with 

the provisions of a court order (the Family Service Plan) that specifically established the actions 

necessary for her to obtain the return of D.F.R. who had been in the permanent or temporary 

managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services (the 

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“Department”) for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from appellant. See

TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(1)(O). 

A. The Family Service Plan

Following an August 20, 2013 status hearing at which appellant was present, the trial court 

entered findings that (1) appellant had reviewed and understood her service plan, and (2) had been 

advised that “unless she is willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment, even with 

the assistance of a service plan, within the reasonable period of time specified in the plan, her 

parental and custodial duties and rights may be subject to restriction or termination or the child 

may not be returned to her.” The plan set forth several goals, including demonstrating the ability 

to (1) parent and protect D.R.F.; (2) provide basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, and 

medical care; (3) use appropriate family and friends to obtain necessary support; and (4) protect 

the child from harm. 

The plan also set forth several tasks and services, including (1) completing anger 

management classes and parenting classes, a psychosocial assessment, and a drug assessment; (2) 

attend Narcotics Anonymous (“NA”) or Alcoholics Anonymous (“AA”) meetings; (3) 

demonstrate she is financially able to provide for D.R.F. and “find a steady job by providing 

current paystubs showing the total hours she has worked”; (4) maintain full contact with her 

caseworker by providing up-to-date telephone numbers and addresses; (5) cooperate with the 

Department and all service providers and follow all their recommendations; and (6) participate in 

individual counseling sessions.

B. The Evidence

Appellant was the first witness to testify on the first day of trial, which commenced on 

October 20, 2014. At the time of trial, she was thirty-two years old and living in a two-bedroom 

apartment with one of her sisters. She moved in with her sister about two weeks before the 

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termination hearing, and did not know its address or complete name. For the year before moving 

in with her sister, appellant lived at Haven for Hope. At that time, she was on a list to obtain her 

own apartment, but she later discovered that because she had broken three leases in the past, it 

would be difficult for her to get her own apartment. Appellant is not listed on her sister’s lease as 

an authorized occupant. She said she had not yet informed her caseworker that she is living with 

her sister.

Appellant testified she worked the night shift at McDonald’s, where her hours vary every 

two weeks. She does not have a car, and takes the bus for her one-hour commute to work. She 

said if her son was returned to her, she has babysitters and her mother to look after the child while 

she worked.1

 She also said she has considered three different places to place D.R.F. after school, 

one of which is a State-funded program that helps with day care.

Appellant testified she has completed her psychological evaluation and parenting and anger 

management classes; she has completion certificates; and she has not stopped her counseling. She 

said she has “changed [her] ways in every possibility [sic],” and she has learned to interact with 

D.F.R. without using physical discipline. Appellant said she attends counseling twice a week. She 

has complied with requests for drug tests, all of which were negative. Appellant said she is relearning how to be with D.R.F. and is practicing her parenting skills. For example, she is learning 

to be patient and to not lose her temper. However, appellant admitted the Department caseworker 

asked her to “redo” all her services. Appellant said she has not re-taken an anger management 

class because she is waiting on the paperwork, and she was not aware she was required to attend 

NA and AA meetings. She admitted to one incident in the past where she told her therapist that 

1 D.R.F. has been in placement with appellant’s parents since late August 2013.

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“no one was going to tell [her] how to raise [her] son,” but, she said that has changed because she 

now knows what her therapist wants for her son.

Appellant acknowledged she was allowed to have supervised visits with her son at her 

mother’s house. According to appellant, her mother only allows her to see D.R.F. when it is 

“convenient” for her mother. She also acknowledged she could have visited her son at “Kidshare,” 

but she cannot afford to pay the $10 per hour fee to do so. She said she probably saw her son 

twenty-five percent of the time she was allowed to see him, and does not see him more often 

because “I’m working. I do have a life. I do have another kid.” Appellant also admitted she is 

not allowed to see her other child, allegedly because she does not have a suitable place to take her 

for visits. Appellant asked the court to allow D.R.F. to stay in his current placement with his 

grandparents until he finished school for the current year, and that she be able to pick him up 

whenever she wanted.

Appellant provides $327 per month in child support for her other child, which money 

comes from her social security payments. She said she pays child support for D.R.F. but she was 

unable to state the amount because she does not actually pay any money; instead, she buys him 

things. The last time she bought anything for D.R.F. was in July before school started.2

At the end of the first day, the trial court ordered the parties to mediation. However, 

appellant failed to attend, and no agreement was reached.

About two months later, on the last day of trial, appellant was recalled to the stand and 

again asked about her living accommodations:

Q. And do you have the address now?

A. Uh, I don’t know why y’all need the address. My son is not coming home to 

me anyways.

Q. Okay. Are you not asking the Court to send your son home?

2 The date of the termination hearing was October 20, 2014.

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A. I mean, I’ve done everything possible, and I’ve completed all my classes for 

that (crying), but y’all don’t see anything that I have done, so why should I even 

give y’all my address.

Q. Okay. So, why wouldn’t you want to give the Court your address if you have 

a stable place for your son?

A. Because I don’t see how that’s going to help the case.

Q. Okay. Now, if the Department had information that you’re not residing there 

[with her sister], what would be your response to that?

A. That would be — that’s where — where I’m staying at, and my mom knows 

where I’m staying at, and she should be the only person that should know.

. . .

Q. And did you hear about how [the therapist] believes it’s in the best interest of 

your child that he have a stable home environment? Did you hear that?

A. Yes, ma’am.

Q. Okay. And if you’re unwilling to provide the Court with an address, how can 

you assure her that this is a stable home environment?

A. Because I am asking the Court to let him come home with me every holiday, 

and for [the State] to supervise that.

. . .

Q. Okay. Now, do you understand that this case has been ongoing for quite some 

time?

A. Yes, I do.

Q. And that, in general, you have one year to complete everything?

A. Yes, I do. But I’m not going to sit there and sign custody over to my mom when 

I don’t believe that (crying) y’all are — y’all haven’t even given me a chance to 

show you all the things that I’ve learned since I completed my classes.

Appellant was then asked why she had not appeared at a court-ordered mediation that 

followed the first day of trial, and appellant responded:

A. I’m tired. I’m tired. This case has been going on for a long time.

Q. Okay. Why didn’t you go to mediation?

A. Because I’m tired. . . . I don’t get to sleep like y’all do.

Q. Okay. So, you didn’t go to mediation because you were tired, is that — I’m just 

trying to — the court ordered you to go, so we can come up with a resolution 

hopefully?

A. A resolution how? What resolution are y’all asking for? You’re killing me? 

What is it that you want? I mean, I’ve been patient.

When asked why she was not seeing her son as often as she was permitted, appellant 

responded, “Because he’s not the only person that I have to worry about”; appellant said she also 

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has to worry about her daughter. Appellant stated she had quit her job at McDonald’s because she 

was being harassed, and she had not yet found another job.

Next, Michelle Moran, a psychologist, testified she completed a psychological evaluation 

of D.R.F. in July, and she has also met with appellant. Moran said appellant’s intellectual capacity 

fell below average, but not within the range of impairment. Moran believed appellant had the 

intellectual ability to understand her service plan, perform or attend the services on the plan, and 

learn from the services. Moran recommended appellant engage in both individual and family 

counseling with her son for the purpose of learning new parenting techniques. She said appellant 

admitted she sometimes lacked patience with D.R.F. and admitted using inappropriate discipline. 

Moran believed appellant had the capacity to change her behavior through counseling. 

Melanie Hennis, D.R.F.’s therapist, testified the child initially had impulse control 

problems, lacked self-regulating skills, and was inattentive. However, Hennis said that, over the 

year she has seen him, D.R.F. has made “huge progress,” and he is doing well in school. Hennis 

said she also had family sessions with appellant and D.R.F., with the goal of teaching appellant 

how to interact with her son in a non-physical manner. She explained that D.R.F. was impulsive, 

“pretty active and pretty hyper,” and a “high maintenance kiddo” who “could be difficult to 

parent.” According to Hennis, D.R.F. needs structure, routine, lots of activities and stimulation, 

and someone to advocate for him at school. Therefore, she thought appellant needed to learn how 

to calmly parent him, and she agreed appellant was not providing her son with the needed structure. 

Hennis said appellant showed some resistance to parenting suggestions when counseling first 

began, but appellant was able to redirect herself. Hennis said appellant also followed her 

suggestion to use non-physical means to redirect D.R.F.’s behavior.

When asked for her recommendation on the child’s placement, Hennis responded he is 

doing well with his grandparents and is in a stable and supportive environment. As to appellant, 

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Hennis said she would recommend more counseling, and she did not believe appellant was in a 

position to take D.R.F. out of his current placement. She did not believe it would be in D.R.F.’s 

best interest to be in a situation with unstable housing because he needed stability and consistency. 

She thought D.R.F. should stay permanently with his grandparents. She had no opinion on whether 

appellant’s parental rights should be terminated.

The Department caseworker, Brittany Shaffer, testified she has spoken to appellant over 

the telephone, but has not been able to meet with her personally because appellant missed 

appointments. Shaffer told appellant she needed to retake parenting and anger management 

classes, but appellant did not believe she needed to retake the classes. Shaffer said the Department 

believed appellant needed to retake the classes because she was unable to display what she had 

learned during the family therapy sessions. Shaffer said that after speaking to appellant’s therapist, 

the Department decided appellant would benefit from retaking the anger management class.

Shaffer testified appellant has had three therapists, the first two discharged appellant 

because she missed appointments. Appellant started with her third therapist in July, continued 

through October, but then quit because she does not believe her son will be coming home to her. 

Shaffer said appellant also has missed family therapy appointments with her son. Shaffer said that 

in the eighteen months the case has been pending, appellant has had ample time to comply with 

her service plan and to meet her goals, but she has not done either.

Shaffer said she has not been able to verify new employment or where appellant is currently 

residing. She believed termination was in the child’s best interest because he was currently in a 

stable, safe, and protective home environment.

Finally, appellant’s mother, Marbea, testified. Marbea said appellant told her she was 

living with her sister, but Marbea has not been able to verify this and does not know the address. 

Marbea knew appellant was taking classes, but she did not believe appellant was applying what 

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she learned. Marbea said appellant could see D.R.F. whenever she wanted as long as she gave 

twenty-four-hour advance notice. But, Marbea said appellant actually wanted to take D.R.F. by 

herself whenever she wanted, and Marbea would not allow that. She believed termination was in 

D.R.F.’s best interest because he now has the routine and structure he did not have before coming 

to live in her home.

C. Application

“Parents frequently fall short of strict compliance with a family-service plan’s 

requirements.” In re S.M.R., 434 S.W.3d 576, 584 (Tex. 2014). “But whether a parent has done 

enough under the family-service plan to defeat termination under subpart (O) is ordinarily a fact 

question.” Id. In this case, the trial court heard evidence that appellant had completed several of 

the plan requirements. However, the court also heard evidence that the Department and service 

providers believed appellant needed to retake some of her classes and attend additional counseling, 

but she refused. Several witnesses testified appellant had not learned from her classes or was not 

applying what she had learned. Appellant also refused to provide the court with her current 

address, and she is unemployed. She has not attended any NA or AA meetings. 

In addition to not completing all of her tasks and services, it is apparent appellant has not 

met her goals of demonstrating the ability to (1) parent and protect D.R.F.; (2) provide basic 

necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care; (3) use appropriate family and friends

to obtain necessary support; and (4) protect the child from harm. We therefore conclude the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that appellant failed 

to comply with the requirements of her service plan. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(1)(O). 

BEST INTEREST

A trial court may order termination of the parent-child relationship only if the court finds 

by clear and convincing evidence one or more statutory grounds for termination and that 

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termination is in the child's best interest. TEX. FAM.CODE § 161.001(1), (2); § 161.206(a). “‘Clear 

and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of 

the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” 

Id. § 101.007. There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s 

best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, when the court considers 

factors related to the best interest of the child, “the prompt and permanent placement of the child 

in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM.CODE § 263.307(a). 

In determining whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe 

environment, the court should consider: (1) the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; 

(2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and 

circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm 

after the initial report and intervention by the Department or other agency; (5) whether the child is 

fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, 

or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members, or others 

who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct 

by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; (8) whether there is a history 

of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; (9) whether 

the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and ability of the child’s 

family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate 

an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to 

effect positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (12) 

whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills; and (13) whether an adequate 

social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is available to the child. Id.

§ 263.307(b).

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Courts also may apply the non-exhaustive Holley factors to shape their analysis. Holley v. 

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). These include, but are not limited to, (1) the desires 

of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future, (3) the 

emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, (4) the parental abilities of the 

individuals seeking custody, (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the 

best interest of the child, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking 

custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or omissions of the parent 

that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and (9) any excuse 

for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id.

Finally, evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for termination may constitute 

evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 

(Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence may be probative of both section 161.001(1) grounds and best 

interest, but such evidence does not relieve the State of its burden to prove best interest). A bestinterest analysis may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the 

evidence as well as the direct evidence. In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

2013, pet. denied). A trier of fact may measure a parent’s future conduct by his past conduct and 

determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Id.

We believe the above evidence supports a finding of appellant’s unwillingness and inability 

“to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an 

appropriate agency’s close supervision.” See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b)(1). 

In addition to the above evidence, the trial court also heard testimony that appellant spent 

time with an individual named “Ray.” Although she said she has known him for three years, she 

did not know his last name. Although she said she no longer speaks to him and broke up with him 

about a month before the termination trial began and he was not someone she would “bring around 

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her kids,” she said he recently drove her to a restaurant where she met her mother and D.R.F. She 

had previously testified she took the bus to this restaurant. Appellant admitted she asked her 

mother to not tell anyone appellant was with Ray, and that she told her mother Ray would not 

“pass a background check.” Appellant agreed Ray was not an “appropriate person” to have around 

D.R.F.

Additionally, we note the Department filed its original petition on June 20, 2013, and the 

trial court rendered a temporary order appointing the Department as temporary managing 

conservator on that same date. After an extension of time, the trial court was required to dismiss 

the case by December 22, 2014. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.401(a), (b). The final day of the 

termination trial was held on December 22, 2014. Therefore, appellant had eighteen months in 

which to fully comply with her service plan and demonstrate a “willingness and ability . . . to effect 

positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time.” See TEX. FAM.

CODE § 263.307(11). The evidence supports a finding that she did not do so.

Finally, under the Holley factors, appellant refused to verify her address, did not have a 

job, and she had failed to demonstrate the ability to meet the present and future emotional and 

physical needs of D.R.F. Appellant’s parenting ability stands in sharp contrast to her mother’s 

ability to care for D.R.F. Both of appellant’s parents have been certified through the “Fostering 

Connections Program”; their home meets the standards set by that program; and Marbea attended 

almost twenty sessions with the family therapist and these sessions have been decreased from 

every two weeks to once a month because of the improvement in D.R.F.’s behavior. Marbea and 

her husband have established a structure and routine for the child, which he lacked when he first 

came into their care. This evidence supports a finding that appellant’s parents are willing and able 

to meet D.R.F.’s present and future emotional and physical needs, they take advantage of the 

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programs available to assist them to promote D.R.F.’s best interest, and their home is stable. 

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72.

We conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best 

interest finding.

CONCLUSION

We conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s 

findings. Therefore, we overrule appellant’s issues on appeal and affirm the trial court’s Order of 

Termination.

Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

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