“John Doe” is a pseudonym which plaintiff is permitted to use in the filings in this case pursuant to his 1

motion to do so. 

 The parties agree that Virginia law governs Doe’s breach of contract claim, and District of Columbia law

2

governs his bad faith claim. Count III of Doe’s complaint purports to assert a claim for “Injunctive and Declaratory

Relief.” As the language of Count III indicates, Count III asserts an entitlement to types of relief and does not set

forth a claim or cause of action.

JOHN DOE, M.D.,

Plaintiff,

 v.

PROVIDENT LIFE & ACCIDENT

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Civil Action 07-00633 (HHK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

A physician, John Doe, M.D. (“Doe”), alleges that he suffers from Post Traumatic Stress 1

Disorder (“PTSD”) and, as a result, is disabled from his occupation as an emergency room

(“ER”) physician. He filed this suit against his disability insurance provider, Provident Life and

Accident Insurance Company (“Provident”), when Provident refused to pay his claim for

disability benefits. Doe’s complaint asserts causes of action for breach of contract and “bad

faith” in the administration of his insurance policy. 

2

Before the court is Provident’s motion for summary judgment [#35]. Upon consideration

of the motion, the opposition thereto, and the summary-judgment record, the court concludes that

the motion should be granted in part and denied in part.
 At the time Doe completed his disability insurance application, he lived in Virginia, (id. at 1), and signed 3

his application there, (id. at 4). Provident also issued the disability insurance policy to Doe while he lived Virginia. 

2

I. BACKGROUND

Doe earned his M.D. in 1975. In the late 1970s, he began seeing a psychiatrist,

Constantine Kyropoulos (“Kyropoulos”), to address certain psychological issues. Doe completed

his residency and was board-certified in emergency medicine in 1981. After his residency, Doe,

an Air Force Academy graduate, worked as an ER physician at Andrews Air Force base and other

military hospitals until 1984. While working for the military, Doe also worked part-time as an

ER doctor for Capital Emergency Associates (“CEA”). Once he had fulfilled his military

obligation, Doe began working full-time at CEA and became a partner there in 1985 or 1986. 

While working full-time at CEA, Doe averaged 24-30 clinical hours and 6-8 non-clinical hours

per week. As a partner, his annual income was approximately $150,000 to $250,000 per year.

While working full-time at CEA, Doe applied for a disability insurance policy from

Provident. Doe’s application provided: (a) “Occupation: Physician”; (b) “Exact duties: E.R.

Physician”; (c) “Employer: Capital Emergency Associates, P.A.”; and (d) “Nature of business:

Emergency Medicine.” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 3 at 1.) The 3

Policy provides, in relevant part:

Sickness means sickness or disease which manifests itself while your policy is in

force. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 2 at 4.)

[Y]our occupation means the occupation (or occupations, if more than one) in

which you are regularly engaged at the time you become disabled. (Id.)

Total Disability means that due to Injuries or Sickness: (1) you are not able to

perform the substantial and materials duties of your occupation; and (2) you are

under the care and attendance of a Physician. (Id.) (emphasis added). 
 This was not the first time Doe had mentioned his desire for early retirement or semi-retirement. In 1989 4

he mentioned the same desire to Kyropoulos during therapy. (See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [#35], Ex. 9 at 2.)

3

[Partial/]Residual Disability means that due to Injuries or Sickness: (1) you are

not able to do one or more of your substantial and material daily business duties or

you are not able to do your usual daily business duties for as much time as it

would normally take you to do them; (2) you have a Loss of Monthly Income of at

least 20%; and (3) you are under the care and attendance of a Physician. (Id. at 7.)

A company called Em Care (“EC”) purchased CEA in 1994 or 1995. As a partner of

CEA, Doe was required to remain with EC for two years following the acquisition in order to

obtain his full share of the proceeds from the acquisition. Doe fulfilled that two-year obligation,

but during that time began to experience serious psychological symptoms, which he alleges were

a result of his work in the ER. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 38 at

118-19.) Doe discussed his symptoms with Kyropoulos, with whom he had consulted about

psychological issues including hypersensitivity, anxiety, depression, irritability, and a facial

spasm since the 1970s. During 1997, Doe also took medication to manage his symptoms, and he

began to reduce his work hours in the ER. This reduction coincided with his receipt of the full

proceeds from the sale of CEA, which Doe testified provided him with the means to pursue a

semi-retirement. It is from this time, when Doe began to reduce ER work in 1997, that he claims

Residual Disability. In 1999, Doe began counseling sessions with a clinical social worker, John

Schwartz (“Schwartz”), with whom he discussed his desire to semi-retire as well. (See Def.’s 4

Mot. for Summ. J. [#35], Ex. 7.)

In 2000, Doe began working in internal medicine (“IM”) at Price Medical (“Price”) to

supplement his reduced ER work. According to Doe, he can work as an internist because it

carries with it less pressure than ER work. His regular schedule at Price is part-time, but Doe
 It appears from the record that Kyropoulos and Schwartz likewise never diagnosed Doe with PTSD nor

5

any other disorder.

4

works full-time when he needs to cover for other physicians. According to Doe, the transition

from ER to IM carried with it a significant loss of income. Doe later entered therapy with

another clinical social worker, Kevin Spera (“Spera”), from January 2003 through December

2004. That therapy addressed Doe’s previous psychological issues as well as anxiety relating to

ER work, aging, and a new romantic relationship. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J.

[#41], Ex. 7 at 1; Def.’s Reply to Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#48], Ex. 15 at ¶ 2.) In 2004, Doe

ended his treatment with Spera and withdrew from ER work completely. It is from this date,

when Doe ceased all ER work in 2004, that he claims total disability. Although Doe typically

works a part-time schedule at Price, he has not attempted to take on a full-time schedule nor has

he sought other work as an IM physician.

In 2005, Doe read an article about PTSD and concluded that his symptoms fit the

disorder. In July 2005, Doe consulted a psychiatrist, Gale Neufeld (“Neufeld”), about PTSD. 

Neufeld diagnosed Doe as suffering from “Axis I: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Chronic

(309.81).” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 9 at 8.) Neufeld then referred

Doe to a psychologist, Thomas Gilmore (“Gilmore”). Gilmore diagnosed Doe as suffering from

an adjustment disorder with anxiety and in August 2005 began treating Doe for essentially the

same symptoms for which Spera had treated him. In contrast to Neufeld and Gilmore, Spera

never diagnosed Doe as suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or any other disorder,5

(Def.’s Reply to Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#48], Ex. 15 at ¶ 4), although Spera did observe
 The court observes that these exhibits are contradictory insofar as one indicates that Spera concluded that 6

Doe could not continue his ER work whereas the other indicates that Spera never reached such a conclusion. This

contradiction notwithstanding, neither letter indicates that Spera diagnosed Doe with PTSD or any other disorder. 

The most Spera ever concluded was that ER work was too stressful for Doe to continue; of course this may be true

for many people regardless of whether they suffer from a stress-based or an anxiety-based disability.

5

that Doe’s anxiety and depression would make it difficult for him to continue working in the ER, 

(Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 7 at 1).6

In December 2005, Doe submitted a disability claim to Provident, along with a required

Physician Questionnaire, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 15), and

Gilmore’s Attending Physician Statement, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex.

14), which indicated that Doe suffered from PTSD. In January 2006, Provident acknowledged

receipt and appointed an agent, Diane Freeman (“Freeman”), to handle Doe’s claim. Thereafter,

Doe signed an authorization to release records of Gilmore’s treatment, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to

Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 19), interviewed with Freeman via phone, (see Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n

to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 20), and Provident received Neufeld’s evaluation diagnosing

Doe with PTSD, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 9 at 8). After Provident

informed Gilmore that a summary of treatment in lieu of records was fine, (see Pl.’s Mem. in

Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 21), Gilmore provided Provident with a summary, which

diagnosed Doe as suffering from PTSD, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex.

22). Based on the foregoing, Provident informed Doe that it would consider August 2005 —

when he began treatment with Gilmore — as the onset of his alleged disability. (See Pl.’s Mem.

in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 23 at 2.) 

Provident then requested additional materials from Doe to complete the evaluation of his

claim including a supplemental statement from Doe, his personal tax returns, a primary care
 Although Spera provided this letter, he did not provide the medical records that Provident requested. 7

6

physician questionnaire, medical records from Spera, and employment verifications. (See id. at

4.) Doe provided Provident with some of these materials, namely his supplemental statement,

(Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 24), and primary care physician

questionnaire, (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 25). Also, Spera sent a

letter to Provident summarizing Doe’s treatment. The letter did not mention PTSD or any other

disorder, but it did describe Doe’s ER-related anxiety and Spera’s opinion that Doe could not

continue working as an ER physician. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 7.) 7

Gilmore also provided a supplemental statement indicating that Doe’s “PTSD symptoms prevent

work in emergency medicine.” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 26 at 1.)

Following the submission of these additional materials, a licensed mental health

counselor, Laurie Ghiz (“Ghiz”), reviewed Doe’s claim on behalf of Provident and concluded

that Doe’s claim was not sufficiently supported. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J.

[#41], Ex. 27 at 4.) She did, however, recommend further review of Doe’s file if he submitted

records from Gilmore and Spera. (See id. at 4-5.) Provident also retained a vocational

consultant, Jean-Marie Merritt (“Merritt”), who opined that Doe’s claim should be evaluated as

that of an IM physician, not an ER physician. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J.

[#41], Ex. 29.) Freeman informed Doe of these initial determinations and requested his medical

records from Spera and Gilmore, (see Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 32 at

1); the medical records were never submitted. Gilmore did, however, submit an additional letter

opining that Doe “continues to experience PTSD symptoms” and “is not able to return to work in

Emergency Medicine.” (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 31.)
 Provident made numerous attempts via letter and telephone to obtain the medical records from Doe and 8

the relevant physicians or counselors before denying Doe’s claim. (See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [#35], Ex. 5.)

7

Provident did not approve Doe’s disability claim. Specifically, Provident observed that

Doe had gradually decreased his ER work while gradually increasing his IM work until he gave

up ER medicine in favor of IM medicine — the implication being that Doe gave up ER medicine

by his own free choice, rather than because of a disability. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for

Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 32 at 1.) In any event, Provident concluded that Doe’s occupation was that

of an IM physician by 2004, the time from which he claims Total Disability. (Id.) In addition,

Provident observed that Doe’s income from his IM practice exceeded his income from his ER

practice beginning in 2001. (Id.) Considering that Doe and his physicians and counselors all

agree that Doe is able to perform the duties of an IM physician, Provident concluded that Doe

provided insufficient evidence to establish that he is disabled from his occupation. (See id.) 

Provident informed Doe that he could appeal and that it would evaluate his claim further if Doe

provided medical records from Gilmore or Spera. (Id. at 2.) Doe did not provide these records.

8

By March 2007, Doe had ceased treatment with Gilmore. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to

Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 38 at 127-28.) Doe filed this suit in April 2007. Doe met with

Neufeld during this litigation, and she re-confirmed her PTSD diagnosis based on that meeting,

their 2005 meeting, and her review of Gilmore’s records. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for

Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 1.) In connection with this litigation, Doe also met with a medical expert

retained by Provident who concluded that Doe does not have PTSD. Provident’s expert,

however, concluded that Doe suffers from various personality disorders as well as malingering

symptoms of PTSD. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. [#41], Ex. 35 at 19.)
 Both total and partial disability also require that “you are under the care and attendance of a Physician.” 9

Provident also contends that Doe is not disabled because he never was under the care and attendance of a physician

for his alleged PTSD. Doe counters that he was under the care of mental health professionals for nearly the entire

period of his alleged disability and that he need not show that he sought treatment specifically for PTSD. 

Provident’s argument is a distraction. The record is clear that Doe was under the care of mental health professionals

for his psychological ailments. The plain language of the Policy requires nothing more.

 By omission, Doe seems to admit that the earliest possible onset of his alleged total disability was 2004, 10

and that he was working primarily as an IM physician at that time. The record is consistent with that admission.

8

II. ANALYSIS

Doe, in effect, seeks to hold Provident liable on three claims: (1) Doe’s claim that he was

entitled to benefits under his disability policy for his Total Disability, (2) his claim that he was

entitled to benefits under his disability policy for his Residual [Partial] Disability, and (3) his

clam that Provident engaged in bad faith when it refused to pay the insurance benefits to which

he asserts he was entitled. Provident asserts that there are no material facts in dispute and that it

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on each claim. For the reasons that follow, the court

concludes that Provident is entitled to judgment on Doe’s total disability and bad faith claims but

that Doe’s claim for partial disability must be submitted to a jury.

A. Total Disability Claim

Under the Policy, “Total Disability” means that “you are not able to perform the

substantial and materials duties of your occupation.” Provident contends that Doe cannot meet

this definition

9

 because Doe’s occupation at all pertinent times was, and is, that of an IM

physician and he indisputably is able perform the duties of an IM physician. In response, Doe

contends that he is an ER physician and that his occupation was that of an ER physician at least

until 1997, when his partial disability began. Doe’s position cannot be sustained. 10
 In reaching this conclusion the court looks first to the definition of “occupation” in the Policy: 11

“occupation means the occupation (or occupations, if more than one) in which you are regularly engaged at the time

you become disabled.” See Atlantic Life Ins. Co. v. Worley, 172 S.E. 168, 172 (Va.1934) (“Legal effect should be

given to the language used [in] and the object to be accomplished by the contract.”) The court finds this definition

entirely unhelpful because it uses the term “occupation” within the definition of “occupation” and thus seems to

presuppose some generally-accepted, extra-contractual definition.

9

In a nutshell, Doe does not suffer from a “Total Disability” within the meaning of the

Policy because he has always been and remains able “to perform the substantial and material

duties of [his] occupation” as a physician. To avoid this conclusion, Doe asks the court to find 11

that his occupation is that of an ER physician rather than a physician. His request, however,

would have the court draw “too fine [a distinction] under a common sense interpretation of . . .

‘occupation.’” See House v. Am. United Life Ins. Co., 499 F.3d 443, 453 (5th Cir. 2007). 

Moreover, Doe’s proffered definition is not supported by the weight of the law nor of the facts.

With respect to the law, numerous courts that have interpreted similar disability insurance

policies have held that the term “occupation” means a general occupation, such as a physician,

rather than a particular job or position such as an ER physician. See, e.g., House, 499 F.3d at

453-55 (finding that trial lawyer was not totally disabled from his regular occupation because he

could perform the duties of a lawyer); Osborne v. Hartford Life and Accident Ins. Co., 465 F.3d

296, 298-300 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding that “[own] [o]ccupation is a more general term that

seemingly refers to categories of work than narrower employment terms like ‘position,’ ‘job,’ or

‘work,’ which are more related to a particular employee’s individual duties” in holding that

president of financial institution was not disabled even though he no longer could travel for

business); Ehrensaft v. Dimension Works Inc. Long Term Disability Plan, 120 F. Supp. 2d 1253,

1258-59 (D. Nev. 2000) (finding that “the term, ‘[own] occupation,’ is a general description, not

a specific one” in holding that CPA working as Controller was not disabled). But see, e.g.,
 The court also notes that because some of these cases involved ERISA plans, the courts accorded 12

deference to the administrator’s interpretation of “occupation.” Nevertheless, the court would reach the same

conclusion absent any deference. See House, 499 F.3d at 453-54.

 Provident also contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on Doe’s disability claims because Doe

13

failed to provide reasonably timely notice and because Doe failed to provide the required proof of loss — both of

which are conditions precedent to coverage. The court has examined these two contentions and finds them to be

without merit. Accordingly, the court need not address Doe’s counterargument that Provident waived these two

10

Raithaus v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 335 F. Supp. 2d 1098, 1123-26 (D. Haw. 2004) (holding

that insured’s “regular occupation” was a urologist rather than a general practice physician). 

Finding no controlling case law in Virginia, the court agrees with cases like House,

Osborne, and Ehrensaft, which afford a more general meaning to the term occupation. The court

notes that these cases interpreted “regular occupation” or “own occupation” rather than simply

“occupation,” the term at issue here. The court, however, finds these distinctions to be of no

consequence, especially considering that the term “occupation” contains no qualifier such as

“regular” or “own,” which would narrow the meaning of occupation further. Thus, the term

“occupation” should be viewed at as least as high a level of generality as these more limited

terms. See Osborne, 465 F.3d at 300 (concluding that the distinction between “regular

occupation” and “own occupation” is a relatively minor difference). Here, Doe is a physician, 12

which occupation encompasses the more specific positions of IM physician and ER physician. 

See House, 499 F.3d at 453-55; Osborne, 465 F.3d at 298-300; Ehrensaft, 120 F. Supp. 2d at

1258-59.

With respect to the facts, Doe identified his occupation as “Physician” in his application

for the disability policy, and Doe concedes that he has been and remains able to perform the

duties of an IM physician. Consequently, Provident is entitled to summary judgment on Doe’s

total disability claim.13
contentions by failing to raise them until this litigation. In addition, Provident contends that Doe’s claim is timebarred because he filed suit more than five years after the expiration of the Policy’s three-year limitations period.

The court likewise has examined this contention and finds it to be without merit.

11

B. Partial/Residual Disability

Under the Policy, “Residual Disability” means that “you are not able to do one or more of

your substantial and material daily business duties or you are not able to do your usual daily

business duties for as much time as it would normally take you to do them.” A plain reading of

this provision reveals that the duties contemplated under the Residual Disability provision are far

more specific to Doe’s particular medical practice than are the duties contemplated under the

Total Disability provision, which pertain to his occupation more generally. Moreover, the

distinction between residual and total disability indicates that there is a continuum of disability

within which Doe may be partially disabled if he cannot perform one or more particular duties

whereas Doe may be totally disabled only if he cannot perform most or all of the duties of his

occupation. See Gladstone, MD v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co., 533 F. Supp. 2d 1227,

1232-33 (N.D. Ga. 2007). When the evidence in this case is viewed in a light most favorable to

Doe, the court concludes that a reasonable jury could find that Doe is entitled to recover on his

claim for Residual Disability because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether Doe

suffered from PTSD and whether the symptoms of his alleged PTSD prevented him from

performing certain of his specific business duties with respect to ER medicine.

C. Bad Faith

Provident contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on Doe’s bad faith claim

because the District of Columbia does not recognize a tort for bad faith breach of an insurance

contract. Although the court previously denied Provident’s motion to dismiss the bad faith claim
12

[#13], the District of Columbia Court of Appeals has since held that the District of Columbia

does not recognize a tort for bad faith against insurance companies in handling policy claims. 

Choharis v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 961 A.2d 1080, 1087-88 (D.C. 2008) (citing

Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. CTIA-The Wireless Ass’n, 480 F. Supp. 2d 7 (D.D.C. 2007)). 

Accordingly, the court holds that Provident is entitled to summary judgment with respect to

Doe’s bad faith claim.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is this 9 day of March 2009, hereby th

ORDERED that defendant’s motion for summary judgment [#35] is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part.