UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________ ) LUANNE LYNN MORAN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 09-1819 (ABJ) ) UNITED STATES CAPITOL POLICE ) BOARD ) ) Defendant. ) ___________________________________ )

MEMORANDUM OPINION Plaintiff Luanne Lynn Moran brings this action against the United States Capitol Police Board for violating section 1317(a) of the Cong ressional Accountability Act of 1995, 2 U.S.C. §
1301 et seq. (“CAA”), by initiating a series of disciplinary actions in reprisal for exercising her legal rights under CAA section 1302(a)(2). Defe ndant has moved to dismiss Count IV for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and Counts I, II, V, and VI for failure to state a claim. For the reasons stated below, the Court will grant defendant’s motion in full. The Court concludes that plaintiff has failed to meet her burden to establish subject matter jurisdiction with respect to Count IV and that with respect to Counts I, II, V, and VI, she has not identified the necessary predicate for a CAA claim: a materially adverse action.2 I. Background A. Disciplinary actions 1 Plaintiff is a Special Agent for the United States Capitol Police (“USCP”). Am. Compl. ¶ 1. In early 2005, she filed an internal complaint with the USCP about a lleged discrimination in the way that special agents were assigned to Representative Nancy Pelosi’s protective detail. Id. ¶ 26. She was later assigned to that detail and alleges that she instantly felt resentment from her superiors. Id. ¶ 27. In August 2008, she verbally complained to her supervisor about sexually inappropriate comments made by another supervisor, Supervisory Special Agent (“SSA”) Dorman Simmons. Id. ¶ 28. On her supervisor’s request, she filed a written internal complaint. Id. ¶¶ 29, 31. Not long after, she began to be th e subject of internal investigations and disciplinary measures, which she claims were taken in reprisal for her complaints. Id. ¶¶ 33, 153–59. The disciplinary actions at issue bega n on September 4, 2008, when another USCP supervisor, SSA Stonestreet, began investigating an altercation between plaintiff and a coworker. Id. ¶ 38. On September 6, SSAs Stonestreet a nd Simmons issued plaintiff a CP-550 – a personnel performance note for inappropriate conduct – for an incident during which she allegedly made unprofessi onal and inappropriate remarks about a delay in the detail’s motorcade. Id. ¶¶ 23, 40. The next month, she was issued a sec ond CP-550, alleging that she failed to report for duty and failed to monitor communications equipment. Id. ¶ 42. This led plaintiff to file her third internal complaint, alleging that these disciplinary measure were retaliatory. Id. ¶ 50.

1 These facts form the basis of the Rule 12(b )(6) motion to dismiss Counts I, II, IV, and V for failure to state a claim and thus are taken only from the complaint and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.3 On November 12, 2008, SSA Stonestreet charged plaintiff with lying during an interview he had conducted with her while investigating her misconduct. Id. ¶ 74. This charge eventually went up to USCP’s Office of Professional Responsibility, which completed its own investigation, id. ¶ 76, held a hearing, id. ¶ 79, and recommended that a penalty of termination be forwarded to the Chief of Police, id. ¶ 80. The Chief of Police’s decision is still pending. Id. ¶ 81. Meanwhile, on December 9, 2008, SSA Stonestreet issued plaintiff two more disciplinary citations – this time CP-534s, a mo re severe type of citation than she had previously received. Id. ¶¶ 22, 53, 60. The first citation charged her with “conduct unbecoming of an officer” for her behavior in two prior incidents. Id. ¶ 53. The second charged her with violating the “rules of conduct concerning courtesy,” alleging that plaintiff used profanity and was not polite, courteous, or respectful to a co-worker. Id. ¶¶ 53, 60. Plaintiff was docked sixteen hours of time and pay as a result of the first citation, and ei ght hours of time and pay f or the second citation. Id . Plaintiff administratively appealed both CP-534s to the Chief of the USCP, challenging their factual bases and contending that SSA Stonestreethad singled her out among her co-workers. Id. ¶¶ 67–73. This appeal was eventually denied, id. ¶ 90, and on March 16, 2009, plaintiff was suspended with pay for alleged untru thfulness in her appeal documents. 2 Id. ¶¶ 87, 90. On July 1, 2009, the USCP issued a Request for Disciplinary Action, which recommended plaintiff’s termination for her alleged untruthfulness. Id. ¶ 93. It is unclear from the complaint whether this recommendation stemmed from the November 12 disciplinary allegations that she was untruthful in the investigatory interview or from the March 16 allegations that she was untruthful in her appeal documents.
2 The Amended Complaint does not allege the length of time that plaintiff was suspended with pay. In its motion to dismiss, defendant argues that at the longe st, her suspension lasted twenty-two days. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“De f.’s MTD”) at 16. In her declaration, plaintiff maintains that the suspension is still ongoing. Moran Decl. ¶ 5.4 B. Counseling and Mediation 3 During these events, plaintiff initiated counse ling and mediation, a mandated precursor to filing suit in U.S. District Court under the CAA, 2 U.S.C. § 1402. Id . ¶¶ 84–85. On the request form for her first counseling session, plaintiff des cribed the conduct for which she was seeking counseling as: “I received a series of CP-550’s [sic] and other criticism from my sergeants,” and “[a]fter I complained ... about the retaliatory CP-550s, I received a CP-534 comand [sic] discipline report and was docked 16 hours.” Ex. 2 to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s MTD”). On March 23, 2009, she filed a second Requ est for Counseling Form to address the March 16 paid suspension. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 87, 8 9. On the form, she described the conduct for which she was seeking counseling as: “On Marc h 16, 2009 I was suspended with pay and told I was the subject of an IAD investigation based on concerns about my ‘truthfulness.’ These concerns are based on my statements in the appeal I filed of the CP-534 Command Discipline Report issued to me in December 2008. ...” Ex. 6 to Def.’s MTD. There is no dispute that she completed the counseling and mediation for both of these requests. On August 14, 2009, plaintiff filed a third Request for Counseling in response to the July 1, 2009 Request for Disciplinary Ac tion recommending termination. Id. ¶ 95. There is no dispute that she completed the counse ling and mediation for this request. Then, on January 11, 2010, plaintiff filed this action. In each of her six claims, plaintiff alleges reprisal for her internal complain ts, which are protected activities under the CAA. Counts I and II claim that she was issued the September 6, 2008 and October 14, 2008 CP-550s, respectively, in reprisal for the two internal complaints filed in January 2005 and August 2008.

3 These facts form the basis of defendant’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss Count IV for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and thus are taken from the evidence provided by both plaintiff and defendant and construe d in the light most favorable to plaintiff, as the non-moving party.5 Id. ¶ 104, 113. Counts III, IV, V, and VI claim that the two December 9, 2008 CP-534s charging her with “conduct unbecoming,” the March 16, 2009 suspension with pay, and the July 1, 2009 Request for Disciplinary Action r ecommending termination, respectivel y, were also retaliatory. Id. ¶¶ 123, 133, 145, 158. II. Standard of Review In evaluating a motion to dismiss under either Rule 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6), the Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc ., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000), quoting Schuler v. United States , 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (internal citation omitte d). Nevertheless, the Court neednot accept inferences drawn by the plaintiff if those in ferences are unsupported by facts allege d in the complaint, nor must the Court accept plaintiff’s legal conclusions. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). A. 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); Shekoyan v. Sibly Int’l Corp ., 217 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2002). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am ., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen. Motors Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency , 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“As a court of limited jurisdiction, we begin, and end, w ith examination of our jurisdic tion.”). Because “subject-matter jurisdiction is an ‘Art[icle] III as well as a statutory requirement . . . no action of the parties can confer subject-matter jurisdic tion upon a federal court.’” Akinseye v. District of Columbia , 3396 F.3d 970, 971 (D.C. Cir. 2003), quoting Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de
Guinee , 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982). When considering a motion to dismiss for lackof jurisdiction, the court “is not limited to the allegations of the complaint.” Hohri v. United States , 782 F.2d 227, 241 (D.C. Cir. 1986) vacated on other grounds , 482 U.S. 64 (1987). Rather, a court “may consider such materials outside the pleadings as it deems appropriate to resolve the question whether it has jurisdiction in the case.” Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics , 104 F. Supp. 2d 18, 22 (D.D.C. 2000), citing Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis , 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA , 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005). B. 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss “[A]s the standards for review are the same unde r either Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) or 12(c), courts routinely treat motions to dismiss that are filed after a responsive pleading has been made as a motion for judgment on the pleadings.” Langley v. Napolitano , 677 F. Supp. 2d 261, 263 (D.D.C. 2010). Here, defendant’s motion to dismiss Counts I, II, V, and VI under Rule 12(b)(6) is more appropriately construed as a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) because defendant has already filed an Answer to Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. Def.’s Ans. [Dkt. # 9]; Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). A motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c) may be granted “only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under any se t of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations.” Longwood Vill. Rest., Ltd. v. Ashcroft , 157 F. Supp. 2d 61, 66 (D.D.C. 2001), citing Hishon v. King & Spalding , 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984). Put another way, “[i]f there are allegations in the complaint which, if proved, would provide a basis fo r recovery, the Court7 cannot grant judgment on the pleadings.” Nat’l Shopmen Pension Fund v. Disa , 583 F. Supp. 2d 95, 99 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotati on marks and citations omitted). “The standard of review for such a motion is essentially the same as the standard for a motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Fede ral Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Longwood , 157 F. Supp. 2d at 66–67. “To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal , --- U.S. ---, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In Iqbal , the Supreme Court reiterated the two principl es underlying its decision in Twombly : “First, the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” 129 S. Ct. at 1949. And “[s]econd, only a complaint that stat es a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Id . at 1950. A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id . at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id . A pleading must offer more than “labels and conclusions” or a “f ormulaic recitation of the elem ents of a cause of action,” id . at 1949, quoting Twombly , 550 U.S. at 555, and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere concluso ry statements, do not suffice,” id

. III. Analysis A. Plaintiff has not made the necessary showing that she exhausted her administrative remedies and thus has not established subject matter jurisdiction for Count IV Defendant contends that the court lacks subj ect matter jurisdiction over Count IV because plaintiff did not exhaust her administrative re medies as mandated by the CAA, 2 U.S.C. § 13018 et seq. The CAA extends the protections of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to employees of the legislative branch. 2 U.S.C. § 1302. Unlike Title VII, however, under the CAA the court’s jurisdiction depends on th e completion of couns eling and mediation. Id. §§ 1402–1403; see also Blackmon-Malloy v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd. , 575 F.3d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (completion of counseling a nd mediation is required for s ubject-matter jurisdiction over CAA claims). To have “completed” counseling and mediation means that “the employee timely request[s] counseling and mediation, that the empl oyee did not thwart mediation by failing to give notice of his or her claim to the empl oying office upon request, that the mandated time periods have expired, and that the employee re ceived end of counseling and mediation notices from the Office.” Blackmon-Malloy, 575 F.3d at 713. However, the completion of counseling and medi ation is not an end in itself or designed to “erect a massive procedural ro adblock to access the courts.” Id. at 713 (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, courts should be flexible in in terpreting whether counseling and mediation has been completed in a given case be cause the purposes of counseling and mediation “are not to compile a record for judicial review but instead simply to afford the employee and the employing office an opportunity to explore and possibly resolve the employee’s claims informally.” Id. at 711–12. At issue here is whether plain tiff exhausted her reprisal cl aim relating to the second CP534 issued to her on December 9, 2008. Defendant asserts that counseling and mediation were not completed for this disciplinary action beca use plaintiff’s Request for Counseling Form mentions only the first CP-534 which concer ned “conduct unbecoming,” and not the second CP534 which concerned her violation of the Ru les of Courtesy. Ex. 2 to Def.’s MTD.9 But the description on the Request for Counseling Form alone may not be dispositive. The question at issue is not whet her plaintiff requested counselin g for this specific violation on the Request for Counseling form, but rather whether the proce ss of counseling was “completed” for the alleged retaliatory conduct. 2 U.S.C. § 1402; see also Blackmon-Malloy , 575 F.3d at 710–11. Because confidentiality precludes courts fro m inquiring into what actually happened during the counseling period, other courts have looked to whether the employer was given adequate notice of the claim and the opportunity to handle it internally before the commencement of a formal legal action. Blackmon-Malloy , 575 F.3d at 711. Based on the record that has been presented, the Court cannotdetermine whether that occurred here for both CP-534s and therefore concludes th at plaintiff has failed to m eet her burden to establish jurisdiction with respect to Count IV. There is reason to believe that the counse ling may have touched upon both CP-534s even though plaintiff’s description of her complaint on the Request for Counseling Form did not specifically identify the second CP-534. Plaintiff did administra tively appeal both CP-534s with the Chief of the USCP before filing her firstRequest for Counseling Form. Am. Compl. ¶ 67. And plaintiff states in her Opposition that th e third Request for Counseling Form indicated that she had “raised a reprisal claim” in her fi rst Request for Counselin g that addressed the two December 9, 2008 CP-534s “which resulted in a loss of pay of 24 hours.” Pl.’s Opp. at 12. If that is the case, then this description would have put defendant on notice of plaintiff’s intent to raise both of the CP-534s during her third co unseling and mediation session. But the third request form, which is attached to defendant’s motion to dismiss at exhibit 9, does not contain that description. It references an attachment that might contain the description, but that attachment is not included in the exhibit. Itfollows that, although this is not a case where10 plaintiff tried to “thwart mediation by failing to give notice of her claim to the employing office upon request,” Blackmon-Malloy , 575 F.3d at 713, 4 the Court cannot ascertain on this record whether the claim was mediated or not, and theref ore, plaintiff has not carried her burden with respect to jurisdiction on the second CP-534. As such, Court will grant defendant’s motion to dismiss Count IV without prejudice. B. The complaint does not allege sufficient evidence of reprisal to support plaintiff’s claims in Counts I, II, V, or VI. Defendant seeks dismissal of Claims I, II, V, and VI on the ground that plaintiff’s allegations fail to state a claim for reprisal. Def.’s MTD at 14. Under the CAA, an employer may not “intimidate, take reprisal against, or otherwise discriminate against[] any covered employee because [she] has opposed any practice made unlawful by this chapter, or because [she] has initiated proceedings, made a charge, or testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in a hearing or other proc eeding under this chapter.” 2 U.S.C. § 1317(a). To establish a prima facie case of reprisal, “the plaintiff must establish ... (1) that he engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) that he suffered a material ly adverse action by his employer; and (3) that a causal link connects the two.” Gaujacq v. EDF, Inc. , 601 F.3d 565, 577 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) . Defendant contends that pl aintiff’s claims do not satisfy element two because the alleged actions that plaintiff suffered by USCP were not “materially adverse.” Def.’s MTD at 14.

4 Accord Gordon v. Architect of the Capitol , 750 F. Supp. 2d 82, 89 (D.D.C. 2010) (determining that the court did not have jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claim that employer retaliated against her for participating in counse ling and mediation becaus e she had not requested additional counseling and me diation to address it); Halcomb v. Office of the Senate Sargeant-atArms of the U.S. Senate, 209 F. Supp. 2d 175, 177 (D.D.C., 2002) (finding that the plaintiff had not completed counseling and mediation for her retaliation co mplaint because the only period of counseling and mediation that she participated in ended before the alleged retaliation occurred).11 To determine whether a challenged employment action is materially adverse under Section 1317(a) of the CAA, courts refer to Title VII’s anti-retaliation framework and case law. See Herbert v. Architect of the Capitol , 766 F. Supp. 2d 59, 74 n.13 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Claims arising under [the CAA’s anti-retaliation] provi sion are analyzed under the familiar framework and standards governing Title VI I’s anti-retaliation provision.”). In Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White , the Supreme Court interpreted Title VII’s anti-retaliation provision as requiring a plainti ff to “show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which ... m eans it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of di scrimination.” 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the enfor cement of Title VII, and similarly the CAA, depends on “the cooperation of employees who are willing to file complaints and act as witnesses,” its anti-retaliation provision must provide for broad prot ection while separating trivial from significant harms. Id. at 67–68. Pursuant to the Burlington Northern decision, the D.C. Circuit has held that a materially adverse action by the employer is one that results in significant harm or hardship, such as affecting her “position, grade level, salary, or promotion opportunities.” Taylor v. Solis , 571 F.3d 1313, 1321 (D.C. Cir. 2009), quoting Baloch v. Kempthorne , 550 F.3d 1191, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 2008). 1. Counts I and II: Performance personnel notes were not materially adverse Plaintiff contends that the September 6, 2008 and October 14, 2008 CP-550s were issued in retaliation for her earlier protected activities. The D.C. Circuit addressed a similar situation in Taylor v. Solis , 571 F.3d 1313. There, the employee asserted generally that she was denied promotional and bonus opportunities as a result of alleged retaliatory low performance12 evaluations. Id. at 1321. The D.C. Circuit held that these bare and conclusory assertions did not satisfy the plaintiff’s burden to show that the lowered performance evaluations were “attached to financial harms.” Id. ; see also Baloch , 550 F.3d at 1199 (noting that evaluations and written warnings are adverse actions only when th ey have “tangible job consequences”). Similarly, plaintiff in this case has not alle ged that she suffered losses in pay, promotion, or reassignment of duties, or that she faced any other tangible j ob consequences as a result of the two personnel performance notes, except for the bare, conclusory assertion that “[t]he effect of the retaliatory employment practices . . . was to deprive [her] of pay, overtime pay, benefits and privileges and otherwise adversely affect and a lter the terms and conditions of [her] employment ....” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 106, 115. These assertions are insufficient to show significant harm. Because plaintiff has not alleged that she suffered the significant harm necessary for the Court to find her employer’s acti ons “materially adverse,” the Court will dismiss Counts I and II. 2. Count V: Paid suspension was not materially adverse Plaintiff claims next that she was suspe nded with pay on March 16 in reprisal for her earlier protected activities. Howeve r, like Counts I and II, Count V fails to allege that any harm was associated with this action. Paid suspension alone is not enough to rise to the level of materially adverse unless it causes some further harm or hardship. Compare Greer v. Paulson , 505 F.3d 1306, 1317–18 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (holding that suspension with back pay was still materially adverse because plai ntiff presented evidence of a demonstrable effect involving objectively tangible harm, which included personal bankruptcy, two re al estate foreclosures, and negative marks on her employment record), with Harper v. Potter , 456 F. Supp. 2d 25, 29 (D.D.C. 2006) (holding seven-day suspension wa s not materially adverse because although it was disciplinary in nature, plaintiff was able to remain on the job and in pay status).13 Plaintiff asserts in her opposition to defendant ’s motion to dismiss that she still remains on paid suspension, which has resulted in two y ears of suspension from the privileges of active duty employment and approximately $85,000 of average overtime pay, Pl.’s Opp. at 10. However, she does not allege thes e facts in her Amended Complaint. 5 The only harm she alleges in her Amended Complaint is the conclusory statement that “[t]he effect of the retaliatory employment practices . . . was to deprive [her] of pay, overtime pay, benefits and privileges and otherwise adversely affect . . . the terms and co nditions of [her] employment.” Am. Compl. ¶ 147. This description does not contain any inform ation whatsoever about the terms of her paid suspension and what, if any, harm it has caused. Because plaintiff has not alleged any harm resulting from the paid suspension beyond mere conclusory statements, the Court will dismiss Count V. 3. Count VI: Recommendati on of termination was materially not adverse Finally, plaintiff claims the July 1, 2009 Re quest for Disciplinary Action recommending her termination was issued in reprisal for her earlier protected activities. Am. Compl. ¶ 158. While termination itself certainly constitutes an adverse action, Taylor v. Small , 350 F.3d 1286, 1293 (D.C. Cir. 2003), a recommendation for ter mination is not necessarily materially adverse, Baloch , 550 F.3d at 1199 (“Courts have been unwilling to find adverse actions where the suspension is not actually served.”); Boykin v. England , No. 02-950, 2003 WL 21788953, at *5 (D.D.C. July 16, 2003) (notice of proposed rem oval is not materially adverse because it is essentially a precursor to a decision to remove ). In this case, the recommendation was simply that: a recommendation. Plaintiff does not allege that the reco mmendation changed the terms of
5 Even if the complaint had stated that the paid suspension resulted in the loss of approximately $85,000 of average overtime pay, this still might not be sufficiently concrete to change the Court’s decision because it is still a sp eculative estimate of lost overtime rather than a particularized showing.14 her employment or her advanc ement opportunities beyond the same conclusory assertions of “deprivation of pay, overtime pay, benefits and privileges” that appear in all six counts. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 106, 115, 125, 135, 147, 160. In fact, the co mplaint gives no details at all about the consequences of the recommendati on or the process by which the USCP determines whether to terminate once the recommendation has been issued. Thus, the Court cannot find the recommenda tion for termination to be a materially adverse action and will dismiss Count VI. 4. Conclusion For the reasons stated above, the Court will gr ant defendant’s motion to dismiss Counts I, II, IV, V, and VI without prejudice. A separate order will issue.

AMY BERMAN JACKSON United States District Judge DATE: October 27, 2011