IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-0350

Filed June 5, 2019

IN THE INTEREST OF A.M., B.M., and K.L.,

Minor Children,

J.L., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Kevin Parker, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Zachary C. Priebe of Jeff Carter Law Offices, PC, Des Moines, for 

appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Yvonne C. Naanep, Des Moines, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor 

children.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Doyle, JJ.
2

POTTERFIELD, Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to three children: 

K.L., born in February 2014; B.M., born in June 2015, and A.M., born in July 

2016.1 The mother contends there is not clear and convincing evidence to 

support the grounds for termination, termination is not in the children’s best 

interests, the court erred in not applying one of the factors weighing against 

termination, and the State failed to make reasonable visitation efforts. We affirm 

because grounds for termination exist, termination and permanency for the 

children is in their best interests, no factor weighs against termination of the 

mother’s parental rights, and the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS)

made reasonable efforts to accommodate the mother’s move.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings. 

This family has been involved with DHS since July 2016. DHS completed 

a child-protective-services (CPS) assessment after it was alleged that on July 12, 

Jacob2returned to the family home intoxicated, kicked in the door of the home, 

and physically assaulted the mother by striking her in the back of the head while 

two-year-old K.L. was in the mother’s arms.3 One-year-old B.M. was also 

present in the room. Police were called and Jacob was charged with domestic

abuse assault. A protective order prevented Jacob from having contact with the 

mother. The family agreed to voluntary DHS services.

 

1 Parental rights were also terminated with respect to Jacob, the putative father of K.L. 

and biological father of A.M. and B.M. Neither Jacob nor any other father appealed. 

2 At the time, Jacob was believed to be the biological father of both K.L. and B.M. In 

2018, paternity testing indicated Jacob is not the biological father of K.L.

3 The mother was pregnant with A.M. at the time. 
3

In September 2016, another CPS assessment was initiated because K.L. 

was found outside unattended. When law enforcement arrived at the mother’s 

residence, Jacob was outside looking for K.L.; B.M. had been left unattended in a 

crib in the residence. The mother was in the hospital for a medical procedure,

and A.M. was staying with the maternal grandmother. K.L. and B.M. both had 

soiled diapers, there was tobacco and rolling papers within reach of K.L., and a 

free-standing fan was on without a protective cover over the blades. K.L. had his 

hand almost in the blades before Jacob was able to redirect him. Jacob was 

placed under arrest for violating the no-contact order, which prohibited him from 

residing or being in the immediate vicinity of the mother’s residence. 

During the assessment, the investigator also learned of an August 20, 

2016 incident reported to police: Jacob was intoxicated and took K.L. to a 

neighbor’s, leaving B.M. and one-month-old A.M. alone in the mother’s 

residence. When neighbors went to check on the children at the request of the 

mother (via telephone), Jacob physically assaulted one of the neighbors. 

Jacob’s mother, Linda, was called and agreed to stay and care for the three 

children. Jacob was not arrested at that time. The mother did not report the 

incident to DHS. The CPC assessment found both the mother and Jacob had 

denied the children critical care.

4

 

The mother and Jacob consented to the removal of the children on 

September 19, and the three children were placed in Linda’s care.

 

4 The mother has other children who were no longer in her care. The record shows the 

mother has founded CPC assessments for denial of critical care involving her other 

children dated in 2008, 2009, and 2011. 
4

On November 9, the children were adjudicated children in need of

assistance (CINA). 

On November 17, Jacob was screened for chemical dependency and 

found to have an alcohol-use disorder. Outpatient treatment was recommended. 

A family team meeting was held on November 22, which identified a 

number of concerns: the mother was to engage with a domestic-violence 

advocate to address domestic-abuse and mental-health issues. Jacob was 

court-ordered to attend a domestic-abuse program (IDAP). He was also to 

engage in substance-abuse and mental-health treatment. Both parents were to 

participate in parenting education. The no-contact order had been lifted. The 

parents were living together and were attending couple’s counseling with a 

pastor. Both parents were working. Neither had a driver’s license or consistent 

access to a phone. 

A November 27 report to the court indicated Jacob had started outpatient 

treatment at the House of Mercy, had a probation officer, and was wearing an 

alcohol monitoring (SCRAM) device. 

On December 7, 2016, the juvenile court entered a dispositional order 

continuing out-of-home placement for the children. The court noted, “Parents 

need to continue their substance abuse treatment and Jacob needs to continue

domestic abuse classes and follow recommendations of probation. The parents 

need to show that they can provide a safe living environment for the children.”

An April 2017 report to the court prepared for the May CINA review 

hearing noted the “family is fully engaged in offered services,” specifically listing 

both parents enrolled in Parents As Teachers and Family Safety, Risk, and 
5

Permanency (FSRP) services, the mother was engaged in mental-health

counseling, and Jacob was participating in substance-abuse treatment and IDAP 

classes. The report also noted the “[p]arents utilize any and every opportunity 

they can to see their children” and had progressed to semi-supervised visits. 

The court continued out-of-home placement. 

The father completed substance-abuse treatment. Both parents were 

employed and were seeing their children as often as possible. They remained 

engaged in services. 

On September 13, 2017, a permanency order was entered and the 

children were returned to the care of the mother and Jacob. But, several weeks 

later, a motion to modify the dispositional order was filed because the children 

had yet to move in with the parents. At the time of the dispositional order, the 

parents had been in the process of readying a new apartment for the family to 

live in. In December, the children remained in Linda’s home with the parents 

visiting them there, and DHS learned that another family had moved in with the 

mother and Jacob. 

On January 4, 2018, the court returned care of the children to Linda. 

Because the family that moved in with the parents had a history of 

methamphetamine use and the adults were violating their own no-contact order, 

the court ordered the mother and Jacob to undergo drug screening. The drug 

screens were negative. 

In a January 17, 2018 review order, the court noted that Jacob had a 

pending charge of domestic assault with a dangerous weapon following an 

incident in which he hit the mother with a vehicle and admitted he had been 
6

drinking. The children remained in Linda’s care. The court ordered paternity 

testing for the mother, Jacob, and the children.

On April 6, the mother filed a motion for reasonable efforts, objecting to 

the current visitation schedule of one supervised visit per week. Also on April 6, 

DHS reported to the court that the mother and Jacob “have continued to remain 

open to services but have not ensured that the courts or DHS has access to that 

information. DHS has requested information regarding their progress but has yet 

to receive reports from these providers.” The report also noted the mother and 

Jacob “continue to rely on others in ensuring safety, progress, and follow through 

for the children to remain safe with reunification.” The report also stated:

Jacob is currently working for a landscaping company and is 

reportedly not living in the home, but staying with different friends 

due to the no contact order. Jacob currently does not have a 

license, and he either walks or relies on friends and family for rides. 

At this time, Jacob has not had stable housing to progress towards

overnight visitation at his home. Jacob’s financial stress is 

unknown at this time, but there is concerns that he will continue to 

struggle with finding stable housing and continuing to address 

ongoing legal issues.

[The mother] is currently living in the home. [She] is 

unemployed and does not have a license, and she relies on others 

to provide transportation. Financial stress continues to be an issue 

for the family. The no contact order places additional financial

stress on the family. [The mother] reports her family is helping her 

pay some bills, but without income, [she] will continue to struggle 

with budgeting. There is a potential for increased fines for ongoing 

legal issues which will also compound financial issues.

DHS recommended returning the children to the mother “if she is able to 

effectively complete overnight visits” with the three children.

On April 25, a CINA review order continued out-of-home placement but 

indicated the mother would begin overnight visits. The court found reasonable 

efforts were being made. 
7

On July 18, a review order returned the custody of the children to the 

parents under the supervision of DHS. The mother and Jacob were to continue 

to participate in relationship and family therapy and follow any recommendations. 

The parents were also to continue to participate in FSRP services. 

Unfortunately, on July 31, the police were called due to an argument at the 

family’s residence. Jacob was intoxicated and had broken the glass on the door 

in an effort to enter the home. The mother asked Linda to come and get the 

children, and DHS entered a safety plan whereby the children would remain with

Linda until the new glass was installed. Jacob was not to be present at the 

residence and was to participate in substance-abuse treatment and mentalhealth counseling. Two weeks later, the children remained with Linda, the 

mother had not visited with the children, and no arrangements for the children’s 

return had occurred. Consequently, on August 15, the court placed the children 

in Linda’s care under the supervision of DHS.

The parents were evicted from their residence on August 21. 

A petition to terminate parental rights was filed on September 21. On 

September 26, the mother filed a motion for reasonable efforts, claiming she had 

not been allowed to see the children “[s]ince the first day of school.” 

On November 2, 2018, a hearing on the motion for reasonable efforts and 

the termination petition was held.5 The mother had moved in with her father, 

stepmother, and their two children, which was more than one hour’s drive from 

where the children were placed with Linda. The mother objected to the lack of 

 

5 An exhibit was filed establishing Jacob was not K.L.’s biological father, and the court 

ordered publication notice to any putative father concerning termination of paternal rights 

to K.L. 
8

visits provided to her in her new location after her move.6 DHS suggested the 

mother attend visits at a halfway point to lessen the amount of time the children 

were in a car. The mother declined, as she had no transportation of her own. 

The FSRP provider testified she attempted to provide the mother with visitation in

her new community, but B.M. vomited repeatedly during the drive. The location 

of visits was then returned to children’s community on the same day the mother 

was attending her weekly counseling session. The mother was receiving one 

visit per week for one hour. The court determined reasonable efforts had been 

made by DHS. 

With respect to the petition to terminate parental rights, the court heard 

testimony from Linda; DHS social worker, Steven Vosten; FSRP worker, Kim 

Albritton; the mother; Jacob; and therapist and addictions counselor, Sharaine 

Conner. The mother testified she was no longer in a relationship with Jacob, 

though she was pregnant with his child and due in March 2019. She stated they 

were in counseling and working on how to co-parent the new child. She was 

unsure what their personal relationship would be. The mother sought the 

immediate return of her children though she acknowledged she did not have 

housing, transportation, or employment. In the alternative, the mother asked that 

a guardianship for the children be established with Linda. 

Linda testified she would do whatever was best for the children. Linda 

testified she was willing and able to provide a permanent home for all three 

children and adopt them. Linda was asked, “Do you have an opinion of whether 

 

6 DHS did not approve visits in the maternal grandfather’s home due to previous DHS 

dealings. The community offered very few public spaces appropriate for supervised 

visits.
9

that is in the best interest of these children to continue this process?” Linda 

responded:

I do have an opinion. I don’t feel it is. I feel like things just 

need to be settled. The kids need to be settled. Everybody needs 

to be settled. We all do.

We all need to know what the final outcome is. We can have 

that final outcome and then just move on from there. Being up in 

the air I don’t feel is good for anyone, any of us, especially the 

children. 

The guardian ad litem recommended termination of parental rights. 

The court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(f) (2018) (as to K.L.) and (h) (as to A.M. and B.M).

7

 The court 

found, 

The parties were separated at the time of the hearing. Their 

relationship has been in turmoil for a number of years. Substance 

abuse and violence has been causing problems in the parties’ 

relationship and has contributed to their lack of solid parenting.

Mother is suffering with mental health issues and [Jacob] is 

fighting addiction (alcohol) and violence (domestic abuse) issues.

[The mother] is not in a position to take custody of the 

child[ren]. Delaying permanency is not in the child[ren]’s best 

interests. Additional time would not cure the parties’ inadequacies. 

The juvenile court also found termination is in the children’s best interests 

and no circumstance mitigated against termination under Iowa Code section 

232.116(3). 

The mother appeals.

II. Scope of review. 

We review de novo the termination of parental rights. In re A.B., 815 

N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012). “There must be clear and convincing evidence of 

 

7 The termination order also cites to section 232.116(1)(l) (relating to long-standing 

substance abuse), which is not relevant to the mother, and we do not address that 

section. 
10

the grounds for termination of parental rights.” In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 

(Iowa 2016); see also In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010) (noting there 

is clear and convincing evidence if “there are no serious or substantial doubts as 

to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence” (citation 

omitted)). 

III. Discussion. 

The mother challenges the finding that the children cannot be returned to 

her at the present and asserts establishing a guardianship would be in the 

children’s best interests and is the preferred alternative to termination of her 

parental rights. She also contends DHS failed to comply with its mandate to 

make reasonable efforts to reunify the family.

The paramount concern in termination proceedings is the best interest of 

the children. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006). 

A. Grounds for termination exist. Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h) 

allow the court to terminate parental rights if a child of a certain age,

8 has been 

adjudicated CINA, has been out of the parent’s custody for the requisite statutory 

period, and “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that at the present time the 

child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in 

section 232.102.” The mother contests only the last element. 

On our de novo review, we find clear and convincing evidence the children 

cannot be returned to the mother at the present without the continuing risk of 

denial of critical care. The mother and her children have been involved with DHS 

 

8 Paragraph (f) governs if a child four years of age or older, and paragraph (h) is for a 

child three years of age or younger.
11

and juvenile court proceedings for more than eighteen months. The children 

have been out of their mother’s care for nineteen of the last twenty-four months. 

Though she was attending counseling, she was not addressing her personal 

issues; rather, she and Jacob were involved in relationship counseling. At the 

time of the termination proceeding, the mother was unemployed, without an 

adequate home for the children, and without transportation. Grounds for 

termination exist. 

B. Best interests and guardianship. The mother asserts establishing a 

guardianship would be in the children’s best interests and is to be preferred over

terminating her parental rights. She also contends that the children being in 

Linda’s care weighs against termination. See Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a). 

We address these claims together.

“[G]uardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” In re 

A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 477 (Iowa 2018). We are primarily concerned with the 

children’s safety and need for a permanent home. See A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 776. 

A child in a guardianship remains in flux because the parents can eventually 

petition for its closing. See, e.g., Iowa Code §§ 232.104, 633.675. A 

guardianship is not permanent, and the children would not experience the 

certainty of adoption. We find termination is in the children’s best interests.

C. Reasonable efforts. The mother asserts DHS did not make reasonable 

efforts to provide her with visitation after the children were removed in August 

2018. The mother had moved into a home DHS would not approve for visits. 

However, the record shows DHS attempted to accommodate visitation after the 

mother’s move. DHS offered gas cards for the mother to travel to the children. 
12

The mother did not provide timely confirmation of proposed visits. The mother 

declined visits at a halfway point. She requested visits to be more than one hour 

from the children’s community, and one child was physically ill during and after 

the long commute. In this case, DHS performed its role of providing services. 

See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493–94 (Iowa 2000) (noting that in considering 

the sufficiency of evidence to support termination, “our focus is on the services 

provided by the state and the response by [the parent]”). As was the case in 

C.B., “the failure of the DHS to provide visitation in the last months before the 

termination hearing did not impact the outcome of the case.” 611 N.W.2d at 495. 

We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h). 

AFFIRMED.