a

4, Mostly 9/15 inch or larger in diameter. 12 under 9/15, in-
cluding 0.04% particles.
(Report under "Grade" as " mammoth pieces.")

5. Mostly 3/16 inch to 6/16 inch in diameter. 2% over 6/16 inch
and 17% under 3/16 inch, inéluding 0.07% particles.

(Report under “Grade" as "fails to meet requirements for medium
size account of percentage of off-size")

(70) Quality. Under this heading, report any facts intended to des-
cribe the general appearance of the lot, and also the percentages of
defective kernels. Examples:

1. Generally light and fairly uniform color, weli developed and
well dried. Of approximately 2,000 grams sample drawn, 1,000
grams analyzed contain the following:

Grams Percent
Total defective kernels 19.8 1.98
(mostly adhering material and
skin discoloration)
Including serious damage 1 -OL
Center wall 22 02

(Report under "Grade" as "U. S. No. 1, Light")

2. Irregular color, mostly light amber to amber, well to fairly
well developed and well dried. Of approximately 1,100 grams
sample drawn, 500 grams analyzed contain the following:

Grams, Percent
Dark amber kernels 91.6 18.32
Other grade defects 2 14
{mostly poorly developed and 3-7 a
internal discoloration)
Including serious damage 3.1 .62
Shell and Center wall 1 202

(Report under "Grade" as "U, S, Commercial")


OD

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

Dark Amber. Kernels in this color class are considered as
"damaged" and scored as grade defects against the tolerances listed in
the standards. Such kernels shall not be included with the "serious
damage", :

Dark Skin Discoloration. Kernels with more than ‘one-fourth
of the surface area darker than the minimum shade of "dark amber" are
very objectionable, and are classed as “seriously damaged". ‘They are
scored against the restricted tolerance along with mold, rancid, insect
injury etc. In estimating the percentage of the surface of a kernel
which has dark discoloration, base the estimate on the total surface

area of the kernel including any portions of the surface which may be
without skin.

Scoring Skin Color Defects, Kernels classed as damaged be-
cause of “dark amber" color should be kept separate from other damaged
kernels. This 1s because both the U. S. No. L grades and the U. S.
Commercial grades have separate tolerances for damage by skin color.

The No. 1 grades permit any unused portion of the general defects tol-
erance to be applied to increase the tolerance for damage by skin color.
The U. S. Commercial grades do not include this feature, and the toler-
ance for kernels damaged by skin discoloration may not be increased.

Development (Plumpness) of Kernel. All grades require kernels to
be "fairly well developed" or better. ‘This term is defined, and also

it Js illustrated in cross section sketches in the standards. Kernels
classed as “poorly developed" are considered to be damaged and shall

be scored as grade defects. Kernels classed as “undeveloped" are scored
as serious damage. This development factor primarily affects the Halves
grades, but it may also have some effect on the grading of lots made

up of pieces. In judging kernels for degree of development, make al-
lowance for the thickness of the half or piece in relation to its

width and length. A.small half or piece may be considerably thinner in

cross section than a large one, and still be classed as “fairly well
developed".

Shriveled Kernel. Shriveling as such should not be classed as a
grade defect unless the surface of the kernel is "very conspicuously
wrinkled." Most kernels which are materially shriveled will be examined
critically on the basis of development, and either passed or scored in

that category. Generally speaking, the shrivel factor will apply only
to halves or large pieces.

Well Dried. It is unlikely that this factor will ever be a prob-
lem to an inspector. The possibility of mold developing on uncured
kernels is too great for a sheller to risk packing pecans before they


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
SHELLED PECANS

(34 F. R. 9377)
Effective July 15, 1969

Grapes
Sec.
51.1430
51,1431
61.1432
51.1433
51.1434
51.1435

U.S. No. 1 Halves.
U.S. No. 1 Halves and Pieces.
US. No, 1 Pieces.
U.S, Commercial Halves.
U.S, Commercial Halves and Pieces.
U.S, Commercial Pieces,
CoLor CLASSIFICATIONS
51.1436 Color classifications.
Size CLASSIFICATIONS

Size classifications for halves.
Size classifications for pieces.

‘TOLERANCES FOR DEFECTS

51.1437
51.1438

51.1439 Tolerances for defects.

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS
Application of standards.
DEFINITIONS

Half-kernel.

Piece,

Particles and dust.
Well dried.

Fairly well developed.
Poorly developed.
Fairly uniform in color.
Fairly uniform in size,
Damage.

Serious damage.

METRIC CONVERSION TABLE
61.1451 Metric conversion table.

AuTHoRIty: The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs, 203, 60 Stat. 1087, as
amended; 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622,
1624,

51.1440

51.1441
51.1442
51,1443
51.1444
51.1446
51.1446
51.1447
51,1448
51.1449
51.1450

GRADES
§ 51.1430 U.S. No. 1 Halves.

“U.S. No. 1 Halves” consists of pecan
half-kernels which meet the following
requirements:

(a) For quality:

() Well dried;

(2) -Fairly well developed;

(3) Fairly uniform in color; .

(4) Not darker than “amber”
color;

skin

1Packing of the product in conformity
with the requirements of these standards
shall not excuse failure to comply with the
provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act or with applicable Btate laws
and regulations. |

(5) Free from damage or serious dam-
age by any cause;

(6) Free from pieces of shell, center
wall and foreign material; and,

(1) Comply with tolerances for defects
(see § 51.1439) ; and,

-(b) For size:

(1) Halves are fairly uniform in size;

(2) Halves conform to size classifica-
tion or count specified; and,

(3) Comply with tolerances for pieces,
particles, and dust (see § 51.1437).

§ 51.1431 U.S. No. 1 Halves and Pieces.

The requirements for this grade are
the same as those for U.S. No. 1 Halves
except:

(a) For size:

(1) At least 50 percent, by weight, are
half-kernels;

(2) Both halves and pieces will not
pass through a %,¢-inch round opening;
and,

(3) Comply with tolerances for under-
size, (See Table III.)

§ 51.1432 U.S. No. I Pieces.

The requirements for this grade are
the same as those for U.S. No. 1 Halves
except:

(a) For quality:

(1) No requirement for uniformity of
color; and,

(b) For size:

(1) No requirement for percentage of
half-kernels;

(2) Conform to any size classification
or other size description specified; and,

(3) Comply with applicable tolerances
for off-size. (See Table III.)

§ 51.1433 U.S. Commercial Halves.

The requirements for this grade are
the same as those for U.S. No. 1 Halves
except :

(a) For quality:

(1) No requirement for uniformity of
color; and, :

(2) Increased tolerances fér defects
(see § 51.1439); and,

(b) For size:

(1) No requirement for uniformity of
size.


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH

SHIPPING POINT AND MARKET INSPECTION
SHELLED PECANS 1/

INTRODUCTION

There are two general classes of pecans - native or "seedling" (1)
pecans, and named varieties which are commonly called "improved varie-
ties" or "papershells." Pecans of the improved varieties are generally
larger than seedlings, the shells are usually thinner, and the meats
are generally somewhat darker in color, particularly late in the season.
Native pecans are produced principally in Texas, Oklshoma and the lower
Mississippi River Valley, and practically all are shelled commercially.
Production of the improved varieties is largely concentrated in the
Southeastern states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida and South
Carolina. The proportion of the production of improved varieties which
is shelled commercially varies from year to yéar, depending upon several
factors, including the demand for “in-shell" pecans and the supply of
seedlings available for shelling.

Pecan shelling plants are located throughout the important produc- (2)

ing areas and in several large cities, including St. Louis, Chicago,

San Antonio, Dallas and Birmingham. When local supplies are adequate,

the plants in the Southeastern states shell improved varieties and the
Texas and Oklahoma plants shell native pecans. However, in order to
operate efficiently it is often necessary for shellers to buy pecans

from other areas so that most plants, at one time or another, shell

both improved varieties and seedlings.

Prior to being shelled, the pecans are "conditioned" by soaking in (3)
tanks or vats of warm water or by being steamed. This process makes the
shells and kernels less brittle and less likely to break during crack-
ing and sizing operations. The pecans are cracked by machine and then
pass through specialized equipment which by centrifugal force, vacuum,
shaking and other means separates the meats from the shells. The meats
are then sized by being passed over vibrating screens which segregate
the various sizes of halves and pleces. The meats are then dried,
usually by forced currents of warm air. Defective kernels and foreign
material are removed by electronic sorters or hand picking from belts
before the nuts are packaged.

1/7 hese instructions supersede Inspection of Shelled Pecans issued
April 1953, reissued August 1955.

REPRINTED MARCH 2002


-15-

3. Generally light amber to amber and fairly uniform color,
well to fairly well developed and well dried. Of approxi-
mately 5,000 grams sample drawn, 2,000 grams analyzed con-
tain the following:

Grams Percent,
Dark amber kernels 85.2 4,26
Other grade defects 19.6 98
{mostly internal dis-
coloration)
Including serious damage 8 04
Shell or center wall 4 02

(Report under "Grade" as "U. S. No. 1")

4. Generally light to amber and irregular in color, well to
fairly well developed and well dried. of approximately
2,500 grams sample drawn, 1,000 grams analyzed contain
the following:

Grams Percent
Dark amber kernels 180.1. 18.01
Other grade defects 92.3 9.23
Including serious damage 18.2 1.82

(Internal discoloration and

dark skin discoloration)

Shell or center wall Po) 035
(Report under "Grade" as

"Pails to grade U. S, Commercial

account defects in excess of

tolerance").

Grade. Under this heading should be reported the size classifi- (71)
cation, as well as the grade of the lot. In some cases, when a lot
will meet a color classification, or when a color determination has
been requested, color also should be reported here on the basis of
statements shown under‘ the "Quality" heading. Examples:

1. "U. 8. No. 1 Extra Large Halves",
2. “a. S, Commercial Medium Size, Light Halves".

3. "Fails to grade U. 8S, Commercial Large Halves account defects
in excess of tolerance."

4 “y, S, No. 1 grade, but fails to meet requirements for
Medium Halves account irregular size. "


§ 51.1442 Piece.

“Piece” means a portion of a kernel
which is less than seven-eighths of a
half-kernel, but which will not pass
through a round opening two-sixteenths
inch in diameter.

§ 51.1443 Particles and dust.

“Particles and dust” means, for all size
designations except “midget pieces” and
“granules,” fragments of kernels which
will pass through a round opening two-
sixteenths inch in diameter.

wu

§ 51.1444 Well dried.

“well dried” means that the portion of
kernel is firm and crisp, not pliable or
leathery.

§ 51.1445 Fairly well developed.

“Fairly well developed” means that the
kernel has at least a moderate amount of
meat in proportion to its width and
length. (See Figure I)

Figure 1

CROSS SECTION ILLUSTRATION

(FEE OM 2D

WELL DEVELOPED

1.
Lower limit.

IK

on)

Kernels having less meat content

than these are not considered well devaloned.

Git B25 ae FD

2.

FAIRLY WELL DEVELOPED

Lower limit for U. S. Noo 1 grade.
less meat content than these are not conside

Kernels having
red

fairly well developed and are classed as damaged,

GHB) wes ee FS

3.

POORLY DEVELOPED

Lower limit, damaged, but not serfously damaged.
Kernels having less meat content than these are
considered undeveloped and are classed as seri~

ously damaged.


United States Standards



(62)

(63)

(64)

(67)

- 12 -

Where Inspected. Report place where the sample was drawn. If the
sample is sent to some other inspection office for analysis, also show
the place and time that the analysis was made.

Product and Distinguishing Marks. Always give four kinds of in-
formation under this heading:

1. Class of kernels.

2. Type of containers.

3. Marks.
4, Quantity.
Examples:

1. SHELLED PECAN PIECES in plastic-lined fiberboard cartons
stenciled "30 pounds net, U. S, No. 1 Extra Large Pieces,
Dixie Pecan Co., Mobile, Alabama". Applicant's count 400
cartons.

2. SHELLED PECAN HALVES in transparent plastic bags printed
"Southern Maid Selected Pecan Halves, net weight 8 ounces,
Dixie Shelling Co., Mobile, Alabama." Packed in 36-count
master containers. Applicant's count 1,200 cartons.

Pack, All packages are filled on a weight basis, so the degree
of fill is not of great importance. However, if bulk cartons are in-
volved, show whether they are well filled, slightly slack or slack a
certain distance in terms of inches.

If requested to determine the net weights of packages, you should
report the finding under this heading. Report both the range and the
average based upon a large number of individual package weights.

Size. Report adequate information to justify, if possible, classi-
fying the lot in one of the size designations provided in the standards.
Even if the lot is too irregular in size to meet any established size
designation, a fairly detailed description of the lot will be helpful
to interested parties. Examples:

Lots intended for "Halves" grades:

1. Average count 372 per pound, ‘en smallest halves weigh more
than half the weight of 10 largest per 100 halves. 12% pieces,
including 4% smaller than one-half of a half-kernel, and 04S
particles. (Report this lot under "Grade" as "extra large halves".


PIECES

1.

Screen the sample over a sieve having round holes of the max~
imum diameter specified, if any. Segregate the pieces which
do not pass through this sieve, When Screening, combine a cir-
cular or sidewise movement of the screen with a bouncing, up-
and-down motion, so as to enable the elongated pieces to pass
through. Not more than 100 grams should be placed on the
Screen at one time to permit free movement of the pieces. -This
will make it necessary to screen the sample in several sepa-
rate batches. Shake the screen intermittently until no more
pieces pass through.

After removing the oversize pieces (if any), screen the sample
over a sieve having holes of the minimum diameter specified,
Segregate the pieces which pass through this sieve. If the
specified minimum diameter is larger than 2/16 inch, all
material passing through a screen of that specified size should
be screened again over the 2/16 inch sieve, and the material
passing through the latter sieve segregated from the remainder
of the undersize. If the specified minimum diameter is smal-
ler than 2/16 inch, use the screen size opening specified in-
stead of the 2/16.

Remove pieces of shell, center wall and foreign material from

each of the separated sizes of kernels, including any adhering
to the kernels. Do not mistake particles of shriveled kernel

for center wall,

Weigh each size category and record weights. If there is a
maximum size requirement for the lot being graded, report the
percentage oversize. Also report the percentage of undersize.
if two minimum sizes are involved such as 5/16 inch and 2/16
inch, report the total percent passing through the 5/16 open-
ing. Also report the percent passing through the 2/16 opening,
as follows: “including passing through 2/16 opening

grams nN.

Reporting Weights, Percentages and Count Per Pound

Weights should be reported to one decimal place, thus: 7.5 grams.
All percentages should be reported to two decimal places, thus: 0,08

percent.

Count per pound of halves should be reported to the nearest

whole number. When reporting whole numbers, decimals of -5 or more
should be raised to the next higher number and decimals of less than
5 dropped to the next lower number.


Revised May 1986, BN-99-9(a)

Page 3, Para. 8, Shelled Pecans
Shipping Point and Market Inspection
Instructions, July 1969

Method of Sampling. When packed in large cartons or bags, draw (8)
one or more handfuls from each container selected for sampling.
Take approximately the same amount from each container, depending
on the size of sample needed for analysis. Make samples
representative by varying the location of sampling from one container
to the next. Observe the general appearance of the entire contents
of each container sampled. If the pecans in any container or number
of containers are of decidedly different quality or size from those
in most containers and the containers can be separated by use of non~
identical distinguishing marks, each lot should be sampled and
analyzed separately. When distinguishing marks are identical, the
lots should be sampled and analyzed as one lot, but a "REMARKS"
statement should indicate that the quality of the lot is variable.
The above sampling instructions would also apply when loose insects
or unusual amounts. of foreign material are found in the containers
sampled. The presence of loose insects should be reported according
to directions under "Insect Injury" given later in these instructions.

Lots of pecans in consumer packages such as films bags or metal (9)

cans packed in master containers shall be sampled by drawing one

consumer package from each case selected for sampling. Take some

from lower as well as from upper layers within the master container.

The inspector should have an extra case to use for "plugging" the

empty places in the master containers sampled. If there are two or

more clearly distinguishable, plainly marked sizes or grades of nut

meats, they shall be handled as two distinct lots.

Size of Sample. The quantity of pecans taken for inspection (10)
should be at least twice as large as the amount required for grading

This will provide a check sample (See par. 74), equal in size to the
graded sample, to be held for a period of thirty days. Pecans are a
relatively high-priced commodity, and the inspector should be careful
to draw only the necessary amount, thus avoiding possible criticism.

When inspecting HALVES, the minimum size of sample to be drawn (11)
and analyzed should be as follows:
Size of Lot Composite Sample Sample Analyzed
Sampled Drawn (Grams) (Grams)
500 Ibs. or less 1,000 500
501 to 1,500 Ibs. 2,000 1,000
Over 1,500 lbs. 4,000 2,000

When inspecting PIECES, one-half of the above amounts should be
drawn and analyzed.


(4) INSPECTION EQUIPMENT

The following equipment is needed for the inspection of shelled
pecans:

1. Gram scales (Torsion Balance or Triple-Beam Balance).

2. Set of sieves with round openings ranging from 1/16 inch to
8/16 inch in diameter. Screens measure 9-3/16 x 9-3/16 inches
and each set requires a holder made from two tin pans with
the bottoms cut out. The sieves are available in the market
offices most likely to be called upon to make inspection of
Shelled pecans.

3. Sheet of paper or cardboard ruled into 100 rectangles measur-
ing 1 x-1-1/2 inches, for use in selecting 10 smallest and 10
+ largest halves per 100.

4. A pair of tweezers will be useful in making inspections of the
smallest pieces.

SAMPLING
(5)

Importance of Proper Sampling. Representative sampling is just
as important as accurate grade interpretation. It is essential that
samples be obtained from all parts of the lot, whether it is located in
a warehouse, freight car or truck. In the event that certain portions
of the lot are not accessible for sampling and the applicant is unwill-
ing to furnish assistance to make it accessible, the inspector should
issue a certificate restricted to the accessible portion of the load.

Number of Containers to be Sampled.

(6)

Number of Containers Number to be
in_ lot Sampled
5 or less All containers
5 to 4g 5 or more containers
50 to 100 10 containers
101 or more 10 percent of containers
(7) When small packages, such as film bags, tin cans or glass jars,

are packed in shipping cases, the number of containers to be sampled
shall be based on the number of shipping cases or "master containers"
in the lot.


-13-

Average count 720 per pound, fairly uniform in size. 10%
pieces, including 1.5% smaller than one-half of a half-kernel
and 0.5% particles.

(Report this lot under "grade" as "small halves". )

Average count of halves 327 per pound; fairly uniform in size.
31% pieces, including 8% which pass through 5/16 round opening
and 0.07% particles.

(Report this lot under "Grade" as "halves and pieces.")

Average count 467 per pound. 10 smallest halves weigh only
38% of weight of 10 largest per hundred. 14% pieces, includ-
ing 3% smaller than one-half of a half-kernel and 0.06%
particles. (Report under "Grade" as "halves 467 count,
irregular size.")

Lots intended for "Halves and Pieces" grades (68)

Halves average 526 per pound. 43% pieces, including 13% which
pass through 5/16 round opening and 0.03% particles.
(Report under "Grade" as "halves and pieces",

Halves average 632 per pound. 57% pieces, including 13% which
pass through 9/16 round opening and 0.09% particles.

(Report under "Grade" either as "fails to meet halves and
pieces size", or as "mammoth pieces.")

Halves average 565 per pound. 38% pieces, including 18% which
pass through 5/16 round opening and 1.30% particles.

(Report under "Grade" as "fails to meet halves and pieces
classification account undersize.")

Lots intended for"Pieces" grades (69)

Mostly between 5/16 and 8/16 inch diameter. Oversize and under-
size total 12%, including 0.06% particles.
(Report under "Grade" as “large pieces.")

Mostly between 2/16 and 6/16 inch diameter. 2% over 6/16,
and 20% under 3/16 inch, including 8% under 2/16 inch and 0.02%
particles. (Report under "Grade" as "pieces 2/16 to 6/16.")

Generally between 1/16 and 3/16 inch diameter. 6% over 3/16
and 1.12% particles under 1/16 inch.
(Report under "Grade" as "midget pieces.")


The statement under "Products Inspected and Distinguishing Marks" should
give the quantity inspected and all distinguishing marks on the package.
The regular lot fee may be charged for such inspections, or the fee cal-
culated on the basis of the hourly rate, whichever is more equitable.

INSPECTION PROCEDURE

Determining Size and Count Per Pound

After a portion of the compositesample has been weighed to be
analyzed, size and count shall be determined as follows:

HALVES:

1.

2.

Screen over 2/16 inch sieve to remove “particles and dust,"

Remove pieces of shell, center wall and foreign material from
the sample, including any adhering to the kernels. Do not
mistake particles of shriveled kernel for center wall.

Weigh particles and dust and record weight.

Sort out all broken kernels (everything which is less than
7/8 of a complete half kernel) and weigh; add weight of par-
ticles and dust and record total. Sort from broken kernels
all material which is less than 50 percent of a complete half
kernel, weigh, add weight of particles and dust and record.
This is the total of broken kernels and particles which are
less than one-half of a complete half-kernel.

The rest of the sample consists of "halves", all of which are
at least 7/8 of a complete half-kernel. Weigh 2 half-pound
lots, count the halves in each lot, and add the two counts to
determine the number per pound. If the count falls slightly
above or below the range required for the size classification
specified, an additional pound should be counted

and the count of the two pounds averaged to determine the count
to be reported. (There are 226.8 grams in one-half pound. )

If specified as U. S; No. 1 Halves, mix the halves and select,
at random, 100 halves. Arrange these in rows, flat side down,
using the sheet ruled into rectangles. Use of this sheet will
facilitate the selection of the 10 smallest halves and the 10
largest halves in the 100 nut sample. Weigh the 10 largest and
the 10 smallest halves. Record these weights. The lot is con-
sidered fairly uniform in size if the weight of the 10 smallest
halves is not less than one-half the weight of the 10 largest.
U. S. Commercial Halves are not required to be fairly uniform
in size.

(18)

(19)
(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)


§ 51.1434 U.S, Commercial Halves and
Pieces,

The requirements for this grade are
the same as those for U.S. No. 1 Halve:
and Pieces except: .

(a) For quality:

(1) No requirement for uniformity of
color; and,

(2) Increased tolerances for defects.
(See § 51.1439.)

§ 51.1435 U.S, Commercial Pieces.

The requirements for this grade are
the same as those for U.S. No. 1 Pieces
except for:

(a) Increased tolerances for defects.
(See § 51.1439.)

CoLor CLASSIFICATIONS
§ 51.1436 Color classifications.

(a) The skin color of pecan kernels
may be described in terms of the color
classifications provided in this section.
When the color of kernels in ‘@ lot gen-
erally conforms to the “light” or “light
amber” classification, that color classifi-
cation may be used to describe the lot
in connection with the grade.

(1) “Light” means that the kernel is
mostly golden color or lighter, with not
more than 25 percent of the surface
darker than golden, and none of the sur-
face darker than light brown.

(2) “Light amber” means that the
kernel has more than 25 percent of its
surface light brown, but not more than
25 percent of the surface darker than
light.. brown, and none of the surface
darker than medium brown.

(3) “Amber” means that the kernel
has more than 25 percent of the surface
medium brown, but not more than 25
percent of the surface darker than
medium brown, and none of the surface
darker than dark brown (very dark-
brown or blackish-brown discoloration).

(4) “Dark amber” means that the ker -
nel has more than 25 percent of the sur-
face dark brown, but not more than 25
percent of the surface darker than dark
brown (very dark-brown or blackish-
brown discoloration).

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture
kernel color standards, PEC-MC-1, con-
sisting of plastic models of pecan kernels,
illustrate the color intensities implied by
the terms “golden,” “light brown,”
“medium brown,” and “dark brown” re#
ferred to in paragraph (a) of this sec-
tion. These color standards may be
examined in the Fruit and Vegetable Di-
vision, AMS, U.S. Department of Agri-

3

culture, South Building, Washington,
D.C. 20250; in any field office of the
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Inspection
Service; or upon request of any author-
ized inspector of such Service. Duplicates
of the color standards may be purchased
from NASCO, Fort Atkinson, Wis. 53538.

“Size CLASSIFICATIONS
§ 51.1437 Size classifications for halves.

he size of pecan halves in a lot may
be specified in accordance with one of the
size classifications shown in Table I: -

Tabuz I
Number of
Size classifications halves per
for halves pound
Mammoth - 250 or less.
Junior mammoth. 251-300.
Jumbo ----. 301-360.
Extra large-. 361-450.
Large ---. 451-550.
Medium ~ 551-650.
Small (topper) 651-750.
Midget . ‘751 or more.

(a) The number of halves per pound
shall be based upon the weight of half-
kernels after all pieces, particles and
dust, shell, center wall, and foreign
material have been removed.

(by In lieu of the size classifications in
Table I, the size of pecan halves in a lot
may be specified in terms of the number
of halves or a, range of numbers of halves
per pound. For example, 400” or ‘“600-
700”.

(c) Tolerance for count per pound: In
order to allow for variations incident to
proper sizing, a tolerance shall be per-
mitted'as follows:

(1) When an exact number of halves
per pound is specified, the actual count
per pound may vary not more than 5
percent from the specified number; and,

(2) When any size classification shown
in Table I or a range in count per pound
is specified, no tolerance shall be allowed
for counts outside of the specified range.

(d) Tolerances for pieces, particles,
and dust. In order to allow for variations
incident to proper sizing and handling,
not more than i5 percent, by weight, of
any lot may consist of pieces, particles,
and dust: Provided, That not more than
one-third of this amount, or 5 vercent,
shall be allowed for portions less than


®@

United States
Department of
Agriculture

Agricultural
Marketing
Service
Fruit and
Vegetable
Division

Fresh Products
Branch

Washington, D.C.

SHELLED PECANS

SHIPPING POINT AND MARKET
INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS

July 1969



BLANK


Color Categories

Revised, January 1997, HU-135-8(a)
Page 6a, Shelled Pecans, Shipping Point and Market
Inspection Instructions, July 1969

RRR -ba-

APPLICATION OF VISUAL AID FOR
SKIN COLOR CATEGORIES
(Pecan Kernel Color Standards, Pec-mc-1-1968)

Golden Light Browa Medium Brown Di
Model odel Model “Modal .

—S — SS —S

| I l |

Golden Light Brown Medium Brown Dark Browa Very Dark
Category Category Category Category Brown,
Category
REQUIREMENTS FOR

PECAN SKIN COLOR CLASSIFICATIONS

Color Classifications

Light Light Amber ‘Amber Dark Amber
Golden Minimum 55%
(required to be -
mostly golden
color)
Light Brown not more than | More than 25%
25%
Medium Brown None allowed | Not more than | More than 25%
25%
Dark Brown None allowed | None allowed | Not more than | More than 25%
25%
Very Dark Brown None allowed None allowed None allowed Not more than
(or Blackish-Brown 25%
Discoloration)

atk


(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

When a shipment contains different sizes of halves or pieces, in
separate containers, each size lot should be sampled and analyzed sep-
arately, but all may be reported on the same certificate.

Mixing the Sample. Thecomposite sample should be thoroughly mixed
ona table top or desk, and divided into two equal parts. A peanut
sample divider, if available, may be used for mixing and dividing the
sample. The bottoms of the drawers should be padded with cheesecloth
or other material to avoid the possibility of breakage.

Sample For Analysis by Another Inspection Office. Inspection may
be requested on lots of shelled pecans at points which have not been
furnished with equipment for inspecting pecans. A sample may be drawn
by any duly authorized inspector, and delivered or shipped to a desig-
nated inspection office for analysis and certification, The inspector
who draws the sample shallprepare a memo containing a complete description
of the lot, and shall place a copy in the package with the sample.
Notice of Sampling form FV-187 may be used for this purpose, although
it-is designed for peanuts. Be sure to show the name and address of
the applicant, number and description of packages, markings, place where
Sampled, date and name of sampler. If no sampling certificates are
available, this information may be placed on a plain sheet of paper,
and a carbon copy retained by the inspector who drew the sample.

In order to be sure that the official sample will be large enough

for all possible needs, it should consist of approximately 2-1/4 times

the quantity necessary for sizing and grading (See paragraph 11). The
shipping container should be completely filled so that there will be

as little movement as possible within the container. ‘he sides and ends
of the shipping container should be well padded with crumpled newspaper
or shredded paper such as that used in packing bananas. The package

should be plainly marked “Fragile." Such precautions will minimize
breakage in transit.

Inspectors analyzing officially drawn samples should show under
"Remarks", "The sample covered by this certificate was officially
drawn by Federal inspector on.

19 oat » and mailed to

for analysis. _

UNOFFICIAL SAMPLES

Samples of shelled pecans which are brought or mailed to an inspec-
tion office by persons other than an inspector should be inspected in
the same way as an officially drawn sample. Certificates issued on
such samples should not connect them with carlot or other shipment.


(72)

(73)

(74)

(75)

- 16-

5. "U. S, No. 1 Midget Pieces,"
6. "U. S, No. 1 Light Amber Halves and Pieces",

Remarks. It may occasionally be appropriate to mention that the
lot was graded on the basis of some particular size classification or
color classification at the applicant's request. If the sample has
been drawn by an inspector and then sent to another market for grad-
ing, the facts should be reported. Also, any restriction of sampling
should be noted here.

Examples:

1, "fhe sample covered by this certificate was drawn by Federal
inspector John Doe of Big City on Oct. 20, 1969, and was
mailed to Chicago for analysis."

2. "This inspection and certificate is restricted to the acces-
sible portion of the load consisting of the last three stacks
of cartons at the rear of the truck,"

HOLDING SAMPLES

After the analysis 1s completed, place the off-size and each class
of grade defects in separate small bags or envelopes. Place these
inside the container with the analysis sample, mark the container for
identification, and hold the sample for at least two weeks for reference.

Check Sample. A portion of the original sample equal in size to
the analysis sample shall be kept in a separate, well marked container,
Hold this sample for a period of 30 days to have it available in case
of question or protest.

APPEAL INSPECTIONS

When reinspection is requested because of questioning the grade
reported from the first inspection, an appeal inspection may be re-
quired. In such cases, follow the usual procedure of extra sampling,
analyzing of a larger sample, preferably by two inspectors, and refer-
ring results to the Washington office for decisions, The check sample
might be used as the basis for an appeal inspection if the lot is not
available for resampling, and if instructions for this procedure are
issued by the Washington office.


§ 51.1446 Poorly developed.

“Poorly developed” means that the
kernel has a small amount of meat in
proportion to its width and length. (See
Figure I.)

§ 51.1447 Fairly uniform in color.

“Fairly uniform in color” means that.
90 percent or more of the kernels in the
lot have skin color within the range of
one or two color classifications.

§ 51.1448 Fairly uniform in size.

“Fairly uniform in size’ means that,
in a representative sample of 100 halves,
the 10 smallest halves weigh not less
than one-half as much as the 10 largest
halves.

§ 51.1449) Damage.

“Damage” means any specific defect
described in this section; or an equally
objectionable variation of any one of
these defects, or any other defect, or any
combination of defects, which materially
detracts from the appearance or the
edible or marketing quality of the indi-
vidual portion of the kernel or of the lot
as a whole. The following defects should
be considered as damage:

(a) Adhering material from inside the
shell when attached to more than one-
fourth of the surface on one side of the
half-kernel or piece;

(b) Dust or dirt adhering to the kernel
when conspicuous;

(c) Kernel which is not well dried;

(d) Kernel which is “dark amber” or
darker color;

(e) Kernel having more than one dark:
kernel spot, or one dark kernel spot more
than one-eighth inch in greatest
dimension;

({) Shriveling wher the surface of the.
kernel is very conspicuously wrinkled;

(g) Internal flesh discoloration of a
medium shade of gray or brown extend.
ing more than one-fourth the length of
the half-kernel or piece, or lesser areas
of dark discoloration affecting the ap-
pearance to an equal or greater extent;
and,

(h) Poorly) developed kernel.
Figure I.)

§ 51.1450 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” means any specific
defect described in this section; or an
equally objectionable variation of any
one of these defects, or any other defect,
ox any cofhbinatlon of defects, which

(See

seriously detracts from the appearance

or the edible or marketing quality of the
individual portion of kernel or of the lot-
as a whole. The following defects shall
be considered as serious damage:

(a) Any plainly visible mold;

(b) Rancidity when the kernel is dis-
tinctly rancid to the taste. Staleness of
flavor shall not be classed as rancidity;

(c) Decay affecting any portion of the
kernel;

(d) Insects, web, or frass or any dis-
tinct evidence of insect feeding on the
kernel;

(e) Internal discoloration which is
dark gray, dark brown, or black and ex-
tends more than one-third the length of
the half-kernel or piece;

(f) Adhering material from inside the
shell when attached to more than one-
half of the surface on one side of the
half-kernel or piece;

(g) Dark kernel spots when more than
three are on the kernel, or when: any
dark kernel spot or the aggregate of two
or more spots affect an area of more than
10 percent of the surface of the half=
kernel or piece;

(h) Dark skin discoloration, darker
than “dark brown,” when covering more
than one-fourth of the surface of the
half-kernel or piece; and,

() Undeveloped kernel. (See Figure
1)

METRIC CONVERSION TABLE

§ 51.1451 Metric conversion table.

Millimeters
Inches

pYeNeeens
aomvanoa

‘These standards shall become effective
on July 15, 1969, and will thereupon
supersede the U.S. Standards for Shelled
Pecans which have been in effect since
October 19, 1952 (7 CFR, § 51.1430-
51.1453).

Dated: June 10, 1969.

Joun E, Tromer,
Acting Deputy Administrator,
Marketing Services,

(FR. Dec. 69-7052; Filed, June 19, 1969;
8:48 a.m.}

#U.S. Government Printing Office : 1987 -

201 -053/60664




-9-

are sufficiently dry. However, kernels which are not "well dried” as
defined shall be scored as damaged.

Kernel Spots. The definitions of what constitutes "damage" or
“serious damage” are very specific as to the size, number or aggregate
area of spots. The word "dark" in the definitions means that only
those spots which are definitely contrasting in color should be
considered when deciding whether to score a kernel.

Adhering Material. This is a fuzzy or velvety substance from the
inside of the shell which occasionally remains on the part of the
kernel which was next to the shell. It is likely to be found on
kermels which are not as well developed as would be desired. When more
than one-fourth of the surface on one side of the kernel is covered,
the kernel is classed as seriously damaged, Consider only one side of
the kernel when judging it for this factor, If the kernel also has a

more serious type of defect, score it for that factor rather than for
adhering material.

Internal flesh discoloration. This defect is believed to be
caused by a breakdown of the cells. It usually starts near the sprout-
end of the kernel, causing gray, brown or black discoloration of the
meat. beneath or near the center ridge. Although it is widely know as
“embryo rot," the name is misleading because it is apparently not
associated with any mold or bacteria. In most but not all cases, there
is some slight indication of the presence of internal discoloration on
the outer surface of the center ridge. It is most likely to be found
in kernels which are not well developed.

To look for this defect, cut the kernel with a sharp mife, making
the cut along the center ridge lengthwise of the kernel or the ridge
line. In judging whether to score and how to score internal flesh
discoloration, it falls into four classes:

1. Light shades of discoloration do not materially affect the
kernel, and shall not be classed as damage, regardless of the
length of the affected area.

2. *Medium shades of gray or brown discoloration extending more
than one-fourth the length of the half-kernel or piece shall
be classed as damage. Unless the medium shade of discoloration
extends more than one-fourth the length of the kernel, it
shall not be scored. On the other hand, even if the medium
shade extends the full length of the kernel, it shall be
scored only as damage, not as serious damage.

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)


-ll-

Therefore, the size and grade designation reported for a lot shall be
that determined by analysis ofa portion of the sample. However, groups
of containers shall be sampled and graded separately if obviously dis-
tinet differences are noted as mentioned in paragraphs 8 and 12.

TOLERANCES

Tolerances which apply to size or count are completely separate (57)
from those which apply to quality, and from those which apply to shell
and foreign material. Some kernels which are scored against the toler-
ance for undersize may have to be scored also against the tolerance
for grade defects. For example, a piece which passes through the mini-
mum size screen would be weighed with the undersize. Later, the same
piece might be picked out because of being dark amber color, and would
be scored as damaged by skin color.

Both the U. S, No. 1 grades and the U. S. Commercial grades pro- (58)
vide separate tolerances for kernels damaged by dark amber skin color
and for those having other grade defects. The U, S, No. 1 tolerances
for defects of a general nature are fixed at 3 percent, including not
more than 0.5 percent for serious damage. The tolerance for damage by
skin color ("dark amber") is also 3 percent, Any unused portion of the
3 percent tolerance for general defects may be used to increase the
tolerance for damage by skin color, but the total tolerance in this
case may not exceed 6 percent. The tolerance for general types of
defects may not be increased by any unused portion of the tolerance for
damage by skin color.

In the U, S. Commercial grades, neither the 8 percent tolerance (59)
for general defects nor the separate 25 percent tolerance for damage
py skin color may be increased by any unused portion of the other
tolerance.

THE CERTIFICATE

Only those parts of the certificate which need special mention as (60)
they apply to shelled pecans will be discussed here. Those parts
which apply uniformly to all commodities are covered in the general
shipping point and market handbooks.

Date, Time and Place of Inspection. Report both the time the samp- (61)
ling operation was begun and the time of starting the sampling analyses.

“gample drawn Nov. 20, 1969, 10: a.m.
Sample analyzed Nov. 20, 1969, 1:30 p.m."


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph
Numbers

B15 (0)0)0 (6 0) | - 3

INSPECTION EQUIPMENT.....

SAMPLING - 16
Number of Containers - 7
Method.......--- sooo - 9
Size of Sample. . - 12
Mixing Sample....... . 13
Sample for Analysis by. Another ofr. COreececceeceveeeee U4 - 16

UNOFFICIAL SAMPLES 17

INSPECTION PROCEDURE 18 - 56

Determining Size and Count Per Pound,........+-s-+eee- 18 - 28
HalveS..cccccvcccccscccscecscenssssesecsscces 2 19 - 2b
PLOCES. ce cccc soreness nstoroncnserecenseees . 25 - 28

Reporting Weights, Percentages and count. 29
Determining Quality....... . 30 - 55
Shell and Foreign Material. dene ceeeeenee . 31
Cleanness........- beeeee sees 32
Skin Color - (models).........-. 33 - 39
Development (plumpness) of kernel. 4o
Shriveled kernel.......... . 42
Well Dried.... 42
Kernel Spots. . . 43
Adhering Material........+.. yy
Internal Discoloration..... - 50
MOLG... ccc ce cere ccrsveceeee 51
Rancidity - Decay..... - 53

Insect Injury....e.eseeee . . - 55

Application of Standards..... 56
TOLERANCES.......- - 59
THE CERTIFICATE . . . . - 72

Date, Time and PLACE. svseeseeerere oe - 62

Product and Distinguishing Marks eee 63

Pack....... see - 65

Size...... . - 69

HalveS......0+ 67
Halves and Pieces 68
PleceS......e05 69
Quality......se- 70

Grade. .scesesoceeee .
Remarks....+--++ . sees 72
HOLDING SAMPLES. . . .
APPEAL INSPECTION. ...
APPENDIX I .....- U.S. Standards


one-half of a complete half-kernel, in-
cluding not more than 1 percent for
particles and dust.

§ 51.1438 Size classifications for pieces.

The size of pecan pieces in a lot may be
specified in accordance with one of the
size classifications shown in Table II,

Tass IT
Maximum di- Minimum di-
ameter (will pass ameter (will
Size classification —_ through round not pass
opening of follow- through round
ing diameter) opening of
following di-
ameter)
Inch

Mammoth piece:

Extra large pie He
Halves and pleces_ 0
Large plecos 6
Medium pi He
Small piece: He
Midget pic Vo
Granules. . Ko

(a) In lieu of the size classifications in
Table HH, the size of pieces in a lot may
be specified in terms of minimum diam-
eter, or as a range described in terms of
minimum and maximum diameters ex-
pressed in sixteenths or sixty-fourths of
an inch,

(b) Tolerances for size of pieces: In
order to allow for variations incident to
proper sizing, tolerances are provided for
pieces in a lot which fail to meet the
requirements of any size specified. The
tolerances, by weight, are shown in Table
TI.

Tasie Il

+ ‘Tolerance (included
Total tol- in total tolerance)

Size classification erance for for pieces smaller
offsize than
pleces -

Holnch Me inch

Percent 5 Percent Percent -
1

Mammoth pieces.
Extra largo pieces.
Lalves and pieces.

ranules.
Other specified size... .

TOLERANCES FOR DEFECTS
§ 51.1439 Tolerances for defects.

In order to allow for variations inci-
dent to proper grading and handling in
each of the foregoing grades, the follow-
ing’ tolerances, by weight, are provided
as specified:

(a) U.S. No. 1 Halves, U.S. No. 1 Halves
and Pieces, and U.S. No. 1 Pieces grades:

(1) 0.05 percent for shell, center wall,
and foreign material;

(2) 3 percent for’ portions of kernels
which are “dark amber” or darker color,
or darker than any specified lighter color
classification but which are not other-
wise defective; and,

(3) 3 percent for portions of kernels
which fail to meet the remaining re-
quirements of the grade, including there-
in not more than 0.50 percent for defects
causing serious damage: Provided, That
any unused portion of this tolerance may
be applied to increase the tolerance for
kernels which are “dark amber” or darker
color, or darker than any specified lighter
color classification.

(b) U.S. Commercial Halves, U.S. Com-
mercial Halves and Pieces, and U.S. Com-
mercial Pieces grades:

(1) (0.15 percent for shell, center wall,
and foreign material;

(2) 25 percent for portions of kernels
which are “dark amber” or darker color,
or darker than any specified lighter color
classification, but which are not other-
wise defective; and, -

(3) 8 percent for portions of kernels
which fail to meet the remaining re-
quirements of the grade, including there-
in not more than 1 percent for defects
causing serious damage.

. APPLICATION OF STANDARDS.
§ 51.1440 © Application of standards.

The grade of a lot of shelled pecans
Shall be determined on the basis of a
composite sample drawn at random from
containers in various locations in the lot.
However, any identifiable container or
number of containers in which the pe-
cans are obviously of a quality or size
materially different from that in the ma-
Jority of containers, shall be considered
as a separate lot, and shall be sampled
and graded separately.

DEFINITIONS
§ 51.1441 Half-kernel.

“Half-kernel” means one of the sepa-
rated halves of an entire pecan kernel
with not more than one-eighth of its
original volume missing, exclusive of the
portion which formerly connected the
two halves of the kernel.




Revised, January 1997, HU-135-8)
Page 7, Para. 34, Shelled Pecans, Shipping Point and
Market Inspection Instructions, July 1969

7

Determining Quality

After all factors of size and/or count have been determined and recorded, the quality shall be
determined as follows:

Shell and Foreign Material, The shell, center wall and foreign material have already been
removed from the kernels before the size determinations are made. All are weighed together and
reported as one percentage.

Cleanness, The Pecan kemels frequently have very small particles of meat or chaff attached to
their surfaces. Usually this is not even noticeable, or at most not objectionable. If the kernel has dirt
or a large amount of chaff attached to the surface, making its appearance conspicuous and
objectionable, the kernel shall be scored as damaged. Only if a kernel is extremely dirty or black
grease coated shall it be scored as seriously damaged.

Skin Color, U.S. No. 1 Halves are required to be “fairly uniform in color.” A statement
should be made relative to this factor when reporting on an inspection of Halves. Other grades do
not require fairly uniform color, but it is desirable to describe the general color of the kernels in lots

intended to meet other grades. This can be done by the use of the color classification terms in the
standards.

Prerd

Determining Color, Plastic models (Pec-MC-1-1968) illustrate the shades of color that are
allowed for the golden, light brown, medium brown, and dark brown categories. As indicated in the
label on top of the outer case of this visual aid, each plastic model represents the maximum shade of
color allowed for each category. For example, the category “medium brown” would be any shade of
brown color just darker than the “light brown” model and up to and including the “medium brown”
model. Once it is determined which color categories are present on an individual kernel, and to what
extent, this will be used to determine the color classification of that kernel (light, light amber, amber,
and dark amber). An individual pecan kernel may show more than one color category but will only
fall under one color classification. (See chart on page 6a) ****

Fairly Uniform in Color. This term means that at least 90 percent, by weight, of the kemels
are in one color classification bracket or not more than two color classifications. For example, the
kemels could range generally in color from the lightest shade in the “light amber” class to the darkest
in the “amber” class, and the lot could be described as fairly uniform in color. If a total of more than
10 percent of the kernels in a lot are lighter and/or darker than the limits of such a range in color, the
lot should not be considered fairly uniform.

Excepting U.S. No. 1 Halves grade, all other grades do not require the kernels to be fairly
uniform in color. A lot may be quite irregular in color, and still meet the grade, provided that the
percentages of defective kernels are within tolerance.

G0)

GY)

G2)

G3)

G4)

G5)

(36)


Revised May 1¥%b, KN-Y¥9-Y (Dd)

Page 10, Para. 55, Shelled Pecans
Shipping Point and Market Inspection
Instructions, July 1976

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

~ 10 =

3. Dark shades of discoloration (dark gray, dark brown or
black) which affect the appearance to an equal or greater extent than
the medium shade described above, but which extend less than one-third
the length of the kernel, shall be scored as damaged, not as serious
damage.

4. Dark shades of discoloration extending more than one-third
the length of the kernel shall be scored as serious damage. Do not
score a kernel as seriously damaged unless the discoloration is
unquestionably dark in more than one-third the length of the kernel.

Mold. Score a kernel as seriously damaged if it shows any plainly
visible mold. A very slight growth of mold which is not plainly
visible and is scarcely noticeable shall not be classed as a defect.

Rancidity. A rancid kemel is scored as serious damage. It is
often impossible to positively identify rancidity just by the
appearance of the flesh, However, a rancid kernel is likely to have
flesh which is abnormally oily in appearance or somewhat discolored.
Kernels with a distinct off-flavor must not be confused with or
classed as rancidity but should be considered as damage under the
general definition as not being of good edible quality.

Decay. When any part of a kernel is decomposed or rotten, the
kernel is scored as seriously damaged.

Insect_In - Any distinct evidence of insect activity on the
1 shall Tes it as seriously damaged. This includes web, frass

or the insect itself attached to the kemel. It also includes holes
or depressions which are plainly and positively identifiable as being
caused by insect feeding.

Live or dead insects or insect fragments present in the sample
for analysis, but not attached to keels (loose insects) shall be
considered foreign material and included in the .05% tolerance. In
addition, when such insects are scattered in the container in
sufficient amounts, their presence ‘could seriously detract from the
appearance, edible, or marketing quality of the lot as a whole. The
entire contents of the container should be observed during sampling.
when insects are observed in several containers, inspectors should
take note of the number of insects in each container and the number
of containers affected. The Grading Section in Washington, D.C.
should be notified, through normal supervisory channels, when the
insect infestation is sufficient to seriously affect the lot.

Application of Standards

The grade of a lot is determined on the basis of a composite
sample, because it is impractical to analyze samples from individual
containers.