State of Maryland v. Eric Yancey, No. 56, Sept. Term, 2014, Opinion by Battaglia, J. 

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – VOIR DIRE – DEFENDANT’S RIGHT TO BE 

PRESENT AT THE BENCH DURING VOIR DIRE QUESTIONING 

The trial court’s exclusion of the defendant from the voir dire questioning of a prospective 

juror at the bench, after the defendant requested to be present, was not harmless when the 

juror was selected to serve on the jury and the State presented no proof of harmlessness. 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF

 MARYLAND 

No. 56

September Term, 2014 

STATE OF MARYLAND 

v. 

ERIC YANCEY 

Barbera, C.J. 

Harrell

Battaglia 

Greene

Adkins

McDonald

Watts 

 JJ.

Opinion by Battaglia, J.

McDonald, J., concurs.

 

Filed: April 21, 2015 

Circuit Court for Montgomery County, 

Maryland 

Criminal Law No. 122222

Argued: March 11, 2015
1

 

 In the present case the State concedes error when the trial judge failed to accede to 

a request made by Eric Yancey, the Respondent herein, that he be brought to the bench for 

conferences during voir dire. Our sole issue, thus, is whether the judge’s error could be 

considered harmless when a juror who was questioned at the bench, without Yancey’s 

presence, was selected to serve. We shall hold that the judge’s error was not harmless.1

 Eric Yancey was charged with robbery with a dangerous weapon, conspiracy to 

commit robbery and first degree assault.2 At the beginning of trial in the Circuit Court for 

Montgomery County, at approximately 11:00 a.m., after a discussion regarding the trial 

motions and other matters, Yancey’s counsel asked if Yancey could approach the bench 

during voir dire conferences with prospective jurors, about which the judge deferred to the 

policy of the Sheriffs: 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Your Honor, also, during voir dire, may my 

client approach during the bench conferences without the sheriffs standing 

right there?

THE COURT: I don’t know about without the sheriffs. What’s the protocol 

on that, sheriffs? I’ll go with whatever they normally do. 

THE SHERIFF: We’ll have to make some phone calls first. 

THE COURT: All right. Whatever – 

 

1 We granted the State’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari, 439 Md. 694, 98 A.3d 233 (2014), 

to answer the following question: 

Did the Court of Special Appeals incorrectly find reversible error 

where the trial court, after denying Yancey’s request to approach the bench 

during voir dire examination of two jurors, only one of whom was selected 

to serve on the jury, stated that defense counsel could consult with Yancey 

before any decision regarding whether to strike a juror was made and found 

explicitly credible the seated juror’s testimony that she could be “fair and 

impartial”? 

2

 Before jury selection, the State entered a nolle prosequi to the first degree assault charge. 
2

THE SHERIFF: Right now, he has leg irons on, so we don’t want him up 

there.

THE COURT: Okay. 

THE SHERIFF: With leg irons and a jury there. So – 

THE COURT: Yeah. So I think counsel what you – whatever they – whatever 

the primary policy is, I’ll go with that. So if they want to keep the leg irons 

on him, and you don’t object to the jury seeing that, fine.

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I do object to the jury seeing that. And I would 

note that in some prior cases, it is essentially been left up to the sheriff’s 

discretion. I’ve had plenty of cases where the sheriffs have said, “he has not 

given us any kind of problem. We have no problem with him being 

unescorted up to the bench[”

] – 

THE COURT: That’s fine. We have – well, I had some great sheriffs in my 

old days in Prince George’s County, but our staff here is outstanding. And 

their protocol is well thought out, and I’m not going to make an exception. 

But I’ll certainly go along with whatever the protocol is, and they’re going 

to make some calls. We’ll let you know – 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Thank you, Your Honor. 

THE COURT: – what’s going on with that because I find if we change it 

around, it causes problems. All right. We’ll take a short recess. Take a short 

recess.

 After a recess, the issue was resurrected. Yancey’s counsel requested clarification 

from the judge as to whether Yancey would be allowed to attend bench conferences, to 

which the Sheriff responded negatively; the judge appeared to accede to the Sheriff’s 

response by suggesting to Yancey’s counsel that “you can just go back and talk to him then 

if you want about anything up there”: 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Well wait, but we’re bringing the jury in.

THE SHERIFF: He can stand. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: No, no, no, but if he’s going to come up to the 

bench. 

THE SHERIFF: He’s not going to come up. So if he has some – 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Can we delay the jury coming in until we find 

the answer to this then? 

[STATE’S ATTORNEY]: What’s the answer? 

THE COURT: Rose, hang on a second. Counsel, what’s the problem? 
3

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I understand the sheriff’s department’s still 

trying to determine whether they’re going to allow him to come up to the 

bench. 

THE COURT: But for the voir dire process, you can just go back and talk to 

him then if you want about anything up there. 

 Yancey’s counsel, though, suggested to the judge that not permitting Yancey to 

approach would send a signal to the jury that would disadvantage him, which the judge 

dismissed and suggested that the attorney could “take it to Annapolis”:

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I can, but I feel it’s a – creates a very different 

moral atmosphere when he’s allowed to come up to the bench, and the jurors 

can see him do that as opposed to when he’s forced to remain at counsel table 

where they probably do understand what’s going on about him being legironed, or dangerous, or somehow a less trustworthy person when he’s not 

allowed up to the bench.

THE SHERIFF: Your Honor, I have a lieutenant coming up in two minutes. 

So I’ll have an answer for you – 

THE COURT: All right. 

THE SHERIFF: - it’s just a matter of. 

THE COURT: We’re not going to tell the jury he’s not allowed up here. The 

jurors aren’t going to know whether he normally would come up or not. Most 

attorneys in civil cases, the clients don’t come up, so it’s not that it’s – it’s 

not going to be a glaring issue for the jury. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Well – 

THE COURT: I agree it would be if they see him in leg irons. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: From my experience from speaking with 

jurors after a trial, some of them said that they were shocked that the 

defendant was allowed to come up to the bench. And it did make them think 

of the person as being less dangerous when they were simply being allowed 

to do that. They said that if this person was – 

THE COURT: Well that’s anecdotal, counsel. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I understand, but I’m relying on some of that 

anecdotal evidence for the reason that I do on much of the reasons people 

make any selections in jury selections. It’s not so scientific.

THE COURT: All right. So if the sheriff’s position is he can come up in leg 

irons or not all, then you can put it on the record. And you can take it to 

Annapolis.

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Thank you, Your Honor. 
4

 The judge continued to foreclose Yancey from approaching the bench, saying that, 

“Your client’s not prejudiced in any way. I don’t – what I’m saying is, he can’t just come 

up to my – up to my desk whenever he wants even if he wasn’t incarcerated. So he’s not 

losing out on anything.” The judge suggested that when voir dire began, the Sheriff would

have the answer: 

THE COURT: We’re going to need the jurors whether counsel wants them 

or not. Let’s bring them in. I can give some preliminary things. Whether over 

your objection, I’m going to start. Please bring them in. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: The defense does object. 

THE COURT: I don’t bring your client up to the bench while I’m – counsel, 

I don’t bring your client up to the bench while I’m addressing the jurors in 

the beginning.

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Understood, but I understand that that’s going 

to prevent him from – 

THE COURT: Even if some other jurors want that, I’m not going to do that.

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I understand. I understand also, however, that 

that’s

THE COURT: I don’t let the defendant wander the courtroom during the voir 

dire, either. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Right. But he is absolutely going to be 

foreclosed from coming up at all now, then, isn’t that correct. 

THE COURT: Have a seat. You’re not allowed to approach the bench, either, 

while I’m addressing the jury. He’s not going to have any less restrictions 

than if he were here not incarcerated until you get the word from the 

lieutenant. Okay? So if you don’t understand what I’m saying, that’s fine. 

Just tag him. We’ll see. I have to get the roll call. I have to do a lot of other 

things with that jury that I can start now. And it’s two minutes to noon, and 

the jurors have been here since 8:30. Your client’s not prejudiced in any way. 

I don’t – what I’m saying is, he can’t just come up to my – up to my desk 

whenever he wants even if he wasn’t incarcerated. So he’s not losing out on 

anything. Once we get to a point where everybody’s approaching the bench, 

and you want him to come back and forth, we’ll have an answer from the 

sheriffs. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Understood, but they’d have to go under the 

desk then and remove his leg irons while the jury is present. 
5

 After the venire arrived, the judge stated to the prospective jurors that, “Most of the 

questions can be answered right there where you stand. However, if a question is of a very 

sensitive nature or one that you would rather approach the bench on, you can do that at a 

certain time.”3 Midway through voir dire, the judge called only the attorneys to the bench; 

Yancey’s counsel again advocated for Yancey’s presence during any voir dire at the bench, 

to which the judge again demurred, saying if the Sheriff could not take the leg irons off, 

then “there’s nothing we can do”: 

THE COURT: *** Can we – I had a legal issue that I didn’t get to finish. Do 

we – do we need to discuss that? 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: Yes, Your Honor. 

THE COURT: That’ll take us a couple of minutes on that. Let me see what 

other questions we have before we. Just for this – just to – just for time 

purposes, can I just see the attorneys briefly, just the attorneys briefly? 

BEGIN BENCH CONFERENCE 

THE COURT: What’s our status on the issue with the leg irons? 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I don’t know. 

THE COURT: Do we know yet? 

[STATE’S ATTORNEY]: I don’t know what the issue is. 

THE COURT: Oh we don’t know. 

[STATE’S ATTORNEY]: We can ask. 

THE COURT: Why don’t we ask the – Deputy, on an unrelated matter, can 

we ask you a question on something? Maybe they’ll know. If not, we can 

always break for lunch. Do we have an answer on the? 

THE SHERIFF: Still didn’t get clearance. However, we would have to – 

lawyer. Still can’t – attorney – [unintelligible]. 

THE COURT: Okay. 

 

3

 The juror who is the subject of the issue presented herein, Juror 220, stood and responded 

in open court to two questions, one of which was whether anyone had a family member 

with legal training, and the other being whether anyone had a medical issue or disability 

that would prevent them from participating as a juror. The judge also asked whether any 

prospective juror or a family member had ever been charged with a crime, to which Juror 

220 asked to approach the bench. The judge replied, “We’re going to take that a little bit 

later”.
6

THE SHERIFF: [unintelligible]. 

THE COURT: All right. Let us know. Just give them a note, or let them 

know. All right. We do have a disadvantage with the construction on this 

building right now. We don’t have the ability for the sheriffs to take him to 

where they need to through the regular thing, so what I’m going to do is. I’d 

like to proceed with selecting jurors. We’re going to get one of two answers. 

We’ll get an answer they won’t take the leg irons off. In that situation, there’s 

nothing we can do. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: I understand. However not having that 

answer, the defense would be objecting. We would also note that them 

having to come in because the elevators not working would not change what 

they’d have to do at the end of each proceeding. They’d have to take him out 

anyway. And the sheriffs’ arguments essentially about why he didn’t 

necessarily want to have to take the cuffs off him, his feelings about whether 

they should adjust the defendant or not I don’t think are relevant. He’s not a 

party to the case in that sense. As we mentioned, we do believe he’s 

prejudiced by not being able to exert a moral influence by being present at 

the bench conferences.

THE COURT: There was one lady that mentioned that she wanted to eat 

pretty soon. One possibility to do this is I’ll ask a few more questions. We 

haven’t had anybody needs to approach the bench yet which is good. We 

could take a recess and then come back and finish at 1:30 with this jury. And 

then in the meantime, we’ll get the answer and then go from there. So maybe 

that’s the better way to go. So I’ll try and ask a few more questions without 

listening to any – without any bench responses, and then go from there. 

Apparently, before 1:00 p.m., a bench conference with a prospective juror occurred, 

during which Yancey was not present. Shortly thereafter, the judge restated, “I’ve seen 

absolutely no prejudice to your client for not listening to the bench conference of the one 

juror” and again asserted that Yancey’s counsel can “go back and fill [Yancey] in without 

making it obvious before we make any decision on that witness if you want to”:4 

THE COURT: *** I tell you what. We only have – it looks like we’re only 

going to have maybe one person. I’m going to – because the jury’s now seen 

that I’ve just brought the attorneys up. I’m going to let her come up without 

 

4 Another juror, Juror 179, appeared during a bench conference during which Yancey was 

not present but was struck from the jury. 
7

getting the word on the sheriffs. And then I’ll get the selections on the jury. 

And then we’ll break for lunch. And then hopefully we’ll get the answer with 

respect to legal bench conferences as the trial proceeds. If you object, that’s 

fine. 

[COUNSEL FOR YANCEY]: The defense does have an objection, yes.

THE COURT: But it’s five after 1:00, and I’ve seen absolutely no prejudice 

to your client for not listening to the bench conference of the one juror. Or 

there may be a few other jurors, and I’ll certainly couch it in terms of – I’ll 

let you go back and fill him in without making it obvious before we make 

any decision on that witness if you want to. 

 The judge continued voir dire in open court; eventually he called Juror 220 to the 

bench with “just the attorneys”, without Yancey present, wherein the juror divulged that 

her two brothers were “brought up on” drug and sexual assault charges. In response to the 

question, “Would you be able to listen to the facts of this case and render a fair and 

impartial verdict?” she stated “Yeah”; Juror 220 eventually was selected to serve on the 

jury. 

 When trial resumed after lunch, at approximately 2:30 p.m., the Sheriff announced 

that there was no longer a problem with Yancey approaching the bench, and the judge 

permitted Yancey’s leg irons to be removed. Yancey was permitted to approach the bench, 

although voir dire had ended. 

 Yancey appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. Our intermediate appellate court, 

in an unreported opinion, reversed Yancey’s conviction and concluded that his exclusion 

from bench conferences during voir dire was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.5

In 

 

5

 Yancey raised a number of questions on appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, only one 

of which, related to the instant case, was addressed. Yancey’s additional questions were: 

2. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in permitting the attorney for a 

State’s witness to counsel him during his testimony? 
8

reaching its conclusion, the court began by noting that under Maryland Rule 4-231,6

“a 

defendant has the right to be physically present during all critical stages of trial, including 

at voir dire proceedings”, which “‘includes the substantial right of the prisoner to be 

brought face to face with the jurors at the time when the challenges are made,’” quoting 

Bedford v. State, 317 Md. 659, 672, 566 A.2d 111, 117 (1989) (emphasis added by 

Bedford), as well as the right to “‘be afforded every opportunity to ‘size up’ the jury and 

to fully examine each juror so as to assist counsel in determining which jurors should be 

disqualified for cause or even for no cause at all’”, quoting id. at 673, 566 A.2d at 117. The

court concluded that the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because it could 

 

3. Did the circuit court err or abuse its discretion in restricting defense 

counsel’s cross-examination of a State’s witness? 

4. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in refusing to excuse a seated 

juror?

5. Did the circuit court err in refusing to propound defense counsel’s 

proposed jury instruction on conspiracy? 

6 Maryland Rule 4-231 provides, in pertinent part: 

Presence of Defendant.

(a) When presence required. A defendant shall be present at all times when 

required by the court. A corporation may be present by counsel.

(b) Right to be present—Exceptions. A defendant is entitled to be 

physically present in person at a preliminary hearing and every stage of the 

trial, except (1) at a conference or argument on a question of law; (2) when 

a nolle prosequi or stet is entered pursuant to Rules 4-247 and 4-248. 

(c) Waiver of right to be present. The right to be present under section (b) 

of this Rule is waived by a defendant: 

(1) who is voluntarily absent after the proceeding has commenced, whether 

or not informed by the court of the right to remain; or 

(2) who engages in conduct that justifies exclusion from the courtroom; or

(3) who, personally or through counsel, agrees to or acquiesces in being 

absent.
9

not “rule out the possibility that, had Yancey been permitted to participate in voir dire at 

the bench, he might have made some material contribution to his attorney’s efforts”.7

 

7

 The unreported opinion of the Court of Special Appeals very ably recites the rationale 

underpinning Rule 4-231 and the right to be present at voir dire proceedings at the bench: 

A criminal defendant’s right to be present at every stage of trial is a 

common-law right preserved by Article 5 of the Maryland Declaration of 

Rights and protected, in some measure, by the Sixth and Fourteenth 

Amendments to the United States Constitution. Bunch v. State, 281 Md. 680, 

683-84 (1978). In addition, under Md. Rule 4-231, a defendant has the right 

to be physically present during all critical stages of trial, including at voir 

dire proceedings. Bedford v. State, 317 Md. 659, 670 (1989). The right to be 

present encompasses a right to participate in bench conferences, including 

conferences concerning the impaneling of a jury and the possible 

disqualification of jurors. Bunch, 281 Md. at 686-88; see also Bedford, 317 

Md. at 672-75; Haley v. State, 40 Md. App. 349, 353, cert. denied, 284 Md. 

744 (1978). 

In Bunch, the Court of Appeals, looking to settled common-law 

principles, concluded that the right to “presence” required more than just 

physical presence; it also required that the defendant be able to aid his or her 

counsel and participate meaningfully in the selection of jurors. Bunch, 281 

Md. at 687 (citing Hopt v. Utah, 110 U.S. 574, 578 (1892)). Similarly, in 

Bedford, the Court of Appeals stressed that the right to presence “includes 

the ‘substantial right[] of the prisoner to be brought face to face with the 

jurors at the time when the challenges [are] made,’” Bedford, 317 Md. at 672 

(quoting Lewis v. United States, 146 U.S. 370, 376 (1892)) (emphasis added 

by Bedford), as well as the right to “be afforded every opportunity to ‘size 

up’ [the] jury and to fully examine each juror so as to assist counsel in 

determining which jurors should be disqualified for cause or even for no 

cause at all.” Bedford, 317 Md. at 673; see also id. at 673 (“it is the defendant 

who should be given the opportunity to read the faces of his jurors”). 

Thus, in Bunch, 281 Md. at 688, the Court of Appeals held that the 

trial court had violated the defendant’s rights under the Maryland Rules 

because .it .failed .to. afford. him the .right. to. approach. for a mid-trial bench 

 (continued...) 

(...continued)

conference concerning juror disqualification. Likewise, in Bedford, 317 Md. 

at 668-75, the Court disapproved of a procedure in which the circuit court, 

for security reasons, required a defendant in a capital-murder case to be 

seated about six feet from his counsel and to be flanked by deputy sheriffs 
10 

 The State concedes error before us, however.

8

 The issue, then, is squarely before us 

to determine whether the judge’s unwillingness to overrule the Sheriff’s Office or to pause 

voir dire until the Sheriff responded to his inquiry about the leg irons before allowing 

Yancey to approach the bench during voir dire conference constituted harmless error. 

Heretofore, in Noble v. State, 293 Md. 549, 569-70, 446 A.2d 844, 854 (1982), we 

addressed whether the failure to afford the defendant the right to be present at the bench 

during voir dire questioning, after which the juror was not seated, was harmless error. We 

determined from the record that, beyond any reasonable doubt, “Noble was not harmed by 

his absence from the voir dire questioning of a prospective juror” because, “when the 

prejudice or possible prejudice of a juror or prospective juror is against the defendant, and 

that juror is excused at a proceeding from which the defendant is absent, the defendant 

would not ordinarily be harmed.” Id. at 571, 573, 446 A.2d at 855, 856.

In Noble we took the opportunity, in dicta, however, to reflect about a situation 

analogous to the present one: “When a defendant is absent from a stage of the trial 

involving the possible disqualification of jurors or prospective jurors for bias, and one or 

more of them are ultimately retained, it would normally be difficult to conclude that the 

 

during voir dire. Indeed, the Court expressed its disapproval in Bedford even 

though defense counsel had the ability to step away from the bench and to 

consult with the defendant during voir dire. Id.

8

 During oral argument, the State, in response to a question from the Bench, noted that 

Yancey’s counsel did not exercise all of his peremptory challenges. The use of peremptory 

challenges by counsel, though, is not a factor that we have considered when examining 

whether a defendant’s inability to exercise the right to be at the bench during voir dire 

conferences is harmless. 
11 

violation of the defendant’s right to be present was harmless.” Id. at 571, 446 A.2d at 855. 

We noted that the standard for determining whether the error was harmless or not included 

that, “Prejudice will not be conclusively presumed. If the record demonstrates beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the denial of the right could not have prejudiced the defendant, the 

error will not result in a reversal of his conviction.” Id. at 568-69, 446 A.2d at 854. 

 In applying our standard of review to determine harmlessness or not, we are mindful 

of the State’s arguments, but are not convinced by them. The State initially argues, citing 

State v. Nevels, 223 N.W.2d 668 (Neb. 1974), and People v. Carroll, 211 N.W.2d 233 

(Mich. App. 1973), that it is counsel’s presence at bench conferences during voir dire, not 

the defendant’s presence, that is crucial when a defendant is excluded; if this norm were 

true, then error in the present situation would be the issue. It is not.9 Nevels and Carroll are 

also not relevant as they address error when a defendant was excluded from in-chambers 

discussions about juror impartiality, rather than exclusion from voir dire bench 

conferences. Nevels, 668 N.W.2d at 669; Carroll, 211 N.W.2d at 234-35. 

 The State then seemingly argues, in a harmless error situation, that the burden is on 

the defendant to prove harmlessness, citing United States v. Alessandrello, 637 F.2d 131 

(3d Cir. 1980), and Commonwealth v. Owens, 609 N.E.2d 1208 (Mass. 1993). We have 

steadfastly maintained, however, that the State has the burden to prove harmlessness. Perez 

 

9

 The State, additionally, cites United States v. Thomas, 724 F.3d 632 (5th Cir. 2013), 

United States v. Bascaro, 742 F.2d 1335 (11th Cir. 1984), and United States v. Chrisco, 

493 F.2d 232 (8th Cir. 1974), for the proposition that it is not error when the defendant is 

present for the substantial majority of the jury selection process. All three cases are 

inapposite, because the issue was whether the trial court erred in excluding the defendant 

during impanelment of the jury; voir dire was not in play. 
12 

v. State, 420 Md. 57, 21 A.3d 1048 (2011) (burden on State to prove harmlessness when 

defendant was not present and was unaware of judge’s response to multiple jury notes); 

Denicolis v. State, 378 Md. 646, 837 A.2d 944 (2003) (burden on State to prove 

harmlessness when defendant was not present when trial judge responded to a jury note); 

Taylor v. State, 352 Md. 338, 722 A.2d 65 (1998) (burden on the State to prove 

harmlessness when trial judge responded to a list of jury questions outside defendant’s 

presence); Dorsey v. State, 276 Md. 638, 658-59, 350 A.2d 665, 678 (1976) (in a harmless 

error situation, we have stated “that the beneficiary of error [is] required to demonstrate, 

beyond a reasonable doubt, that such error did not contribute to the conviction”).

 The State further argues that Yancey’s exclusion from the bench conference during 

voir dire questioning of Juror 220 was for just a brief period of time and, therefore, 

harmless, citing United States v. Gordon, 829 F.2d 119, 129 (D.C. Cir. 1987), for the 

proposition that a defendant’s exclusion from the entirety of bench conferences during voir 

dire questioning is that which constitutes error that is other than harmless. Gordon, then, 

would seemingly support that the error in the present case cannot be harmless, because 

Yancey was excluded from the entirety of all of the bench conferences regarding voir dire. 

 Were somehow the time period that Juror 220 was questioned at the bench excised 

for analysis, Yancey’s absence for even that brief period has not been proven by the State 

to be harmless. During the brief period of time at the bench, Juror 220 responded to a 

pivotal question regarding potential bias in which she offered at the bench that, “One of 

my brothers was brought up on drug charges and the other one for sexual assault.” The 

discussion with Juror 220 about potential bias was the type of colloquy that underlies the 
13 

bases for a defendant’s presence at voir dire bench conferences. Such dialogue, “intended 

to search out a prospective juror’s bias, hostility or predisposition to believe or discredit 

the testimony of potential witnesses” supports that a defendant “have the opportunity to 

assess the juror’s facial expressions, demeanor and other subliminal responses.” People v. 

Antommarchi, 604 N.E.2d 95, 97 (N.Y. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).

10

 The State also proposes that excluding a defendant from voir dire conferences can 

be rendered harmless, when there was proof that counsel did confer with the defendant, 

citing United States v. Cuchet, 197 F.3d 1318 (11th Cir. 1999), United States v. 

Washington, 705 F.2d 489 (D.C. Cir. 1983), and United States v. Dioguardi, 428 F.2d 1033 

(2d Cir. 1970). Initially, we would note, as the Court of Special Appeals did, that in 

Bedford, 317 Md. at 673-74, 566 A.2d at 118, we side-stepped the issue of whether side 

bars between a defendant and counsel would cure any error when the defendant was 

excluded from voir dire bench conferences. Even assuming for the sake of argument, 

however, that such conferences between a defendant and counsel could render the 

defendant’s exclusion harmless, the State in the instant case has not proven that any 

dialogue actually occurred; in Cuchet and in Washington, the record reflected that the 

defendant had time to confer with counsel about jurors’ responses to voir dire questions at 

 

10 Although we have not embraced the per se harmfulness seemingly reflected in People v. 

Antommarchi, 604 N.E.2d 95 (N.Y. 1992), we do find the quoted language persuasive. 
14 

the bench from which the defendant was excluded. Cuchet, 197 F.3d at 1321; Washington, 

705 F.2d at 498.11

 The State’s “proof” is largely speculative that Yancey was not prejudiced by his 

exclusion from the voir dire bench conferences. The State theorizes that Juror 220 must 

have been “fair and impartial” because, upon questioning, she reassured the trial court to 

that effect;12 muses that, “there is no indication in the record that Juror 220 made any look 

or gesture that was noticed by the judge or either attorney”, so that “nothing in what Juror 

220 said or did at the bench revealed a ‘sudden impression’ or ‘unaccountable prejudice’ 

from which Yancey would want to exclude her from the jury”; and speculates further that 

Yancey could adequately observe the demeanor of Juror 220 in open court, somehow 

implicating personal presence at the bench. Finally, the State prematurely speculates that 

Juror 220 was more likely than not to be sympathetic to Yancey because her brothers had 

been “brought up” on drug and sexual assault charges. Certainly, these tidbits of 

speculation do not proof of harmlessness make. 

 The bottom line in the present case is that Yancey requested to be at the bench during 

voir dire bench conferences. The trial judge deferred his decision-making entirely to the 

Sheriffs with respect to how to protect Yancey’s rights as well as any public safety 

 

11 United States v. Dioguardi, 428 F.2d 1033, 1039-40 (2d Cir. 1970), is inapposite because 

the defendants had waived appellate review since they had not asked to be present at voir 

dire questioning at the bench. 

12 The State’s Petition for Certiorari also noted that Juror 220 observed Yancey in leg irons 

in the hallway of the courthouse at the end of the first day of trial and that, when examined 

by the court, she stated that she could be fair and impartial. 
15 

concerns; only at the end of voir dire did he allow Yancey to participate in bench 

conferences. The judge repeatedly dismissed Yancey’s counsel’s arguments about his 

client’s disadvantage when excluded and, instead, opined that, based on his observations, 

Yancey was not prejudiced, without providing any bases. The judge’s errors were not 

harmless. 

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF 

SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED. 

COSTS IN THIS COURT AND THE 

COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO 

BE PAID BY PETITIONER. 
Circuit Court for Montgomery County

Case No. 122222

Argued: March 11, 2015

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 56

September Term, 2014

STATE OF MARYLAND

v.

ERIC YANCEY

Barbera, C.J.

Harrell

Battaglia

Greene

Adkins

McDonald

Watts,

JJ.

Concurring Opinion by McDonald, J.

Filed: April 21, 2015
I join in the judgment, but not in the Court’s opinion. The basis for reversing the

conviction in this case boils down to Mr. Yancey’s absence from a bench conference with

one juror during voir dire of the jury panel. The rationale is that a defendant is entitled to

advise his attorney whether he wishes to have a potential juror struck from the jury, whether

for cause or not, and it is therefore important for the defendant to have an “adequate

opportunity to gain a good perception of the potential juror[].” Bedford v. State, 317 Md.

659, 673-74, 566 A.2d 111 (1989). The Court holds that the error was not harmless because 1

Mr. Yancey was not immediately present when Juror 220, who had previously responded to

a question in open court, briefly responded to three questions in a colloquy at the bench with

counsel and was ultimately seated on the jury. 

I would be willing to find harmless error if the record were clear that Mr. Yancey,

who presumably had already observed Juror 220 in open court, had an opportunity to consult

with defense counsel following the bench conference with her – Mr. Yancey had unused

Defense counsel stated a different rationale for his objection in the trial court. His 1

objection was based on the perception that members of the jury panel would have of Mr.

Yancey if he were permitted to come to the bench (“... creates a very different moral

atmosphere when he’s allowed to come up to the bench ... it d[oes] make them think of the

person as being less dangerous ...”) rather than on Mr. Yancey’s perception of members of

the jury panel. 

It is also notable that this Court’s disapproval of the jury selection process in Bedford

was based in large part on the fact that the procedure in that case hampered the ability of the

defendant to communicate confidentially with his counsel about potential jurors. In any

event, although disapproving the procedure used in that case in dicta, the Court explicitly did

not conclude that it was reversible error. 317 Md. at 675.

1
peremptory challenges available at the end of the voir dire process and could have struck

Juror 220 if he had any concern about her based on his absence from the bench conference

and had an opportunity to communicate that concern to his counsel.

2