COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Beales, AtLee and Senior Judge Haley 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

CHRISTOPHER WAYNE BUTLER 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0572-14-2 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR. 

 APRIL 21, 2015 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF POWHATAN COUNTY 

Thomas V. Warren, Judge Designate 

 Susan E. Allen (The Law Office of Susan E. Allen, on brief), for 

appellant. 

 Christopher P. Schandevel, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. 

Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 On February 8, 2013, the Circuit Court of the County of Powhatan convicted 

Christopher Wayne Butler (hereinafter “appellant”) of felony possession of a controlled 

substance, felony possession of ammunition after conviction of a felony, and driving on a 

revoked license. The trial court sentenced appellant to concurrent one-year sentences for the 

felonies and 60 days in jail for driving on a revoked license.

Appellant contends that the trial court erred: (1) when it denied appellant’s motion to 

suppress evidence and statements “when it found that the search of Ms. Dervin’s vehicle an[d] 

all statements made by Mr. Butler were not a violation under the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. 

Constitution and Article 1, Sec. 10 of the Virginia Constitution;” and (2) “when it denied 

Mr. Butler’s motions to strike and found that the Commonwealth proved its case beyond a 

reasonable doubt as to the possession of the morphine when it found that Mr. Butler was in 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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possession of the morphine found in the center console of Ms. Dervin’s vehicle.” Thus, 

appellant first challenges the constitutionality of the traffic stop and subsequent search, and 

second challenges the sufficiency of the evidence tying appellant to the controlled substances 

that led to his convictions. For the reasons that follow, we disagree and affirm the judgment of 

the trial court. 

I. Relevant Facts 

On the evening of September 5, 2012, Powhatan County Deputy Crawford saw appellant 

driving a vehicle on Route 522 in Powhatan County. Appellant subsequently pulled into a gas 

station, and Deputy Crawford watched appellant enter the station’s convenience store. Deputy 

Crawford knew appellant’s license had been revoked for driving while under the influence, and 

therefore he was prohibited from driving. He waited outside the convenience store, intending to 

stop appellant and issue a summons when he resumed driving. While waiting, Deputy Crawford 

notified other officers in the area via radio that he had just seen appellant driving on a revoked 

license. When appellant left the store, he did not return to his vehicle, but instead got into the 

front passenger seat in another vehicle. The vehicle belonged to appellant’s cousin, whom 

appellant had called for a ride. The driver, Jessica Dervin, was the girlfriend of appellant’s 

cousin. 

Deputy Baltimore, also in the area, notified the other officers on the radio that he 

witnessed appellant put a duffel bag into the back seat and then enter the vehicle. When the 

vehicle left the gas station, Deputy Nice, who was parked across from the gas station, followed 

appellant and Ms. Dervin. He conducted a check on the car’s plates, and when the result came 

back, Deputy Nice activated his lights to stop the vehicle. Ms. Dervin drove approximately 150 

yards, then turned into the driveway of the home of her and her boyfriend. Deputy Nice 

approached the vehicle and explained that he only stopped her because another deputy was on 
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his way to issue her passenger, appellant, a ticket. Deputy Nice permitted Ms. Dervin to go 

inside after approximately three minutes. 

Deputy Nice walked to the passenger side to speak with appellant. During the course of a 

friendly conversation, Deputy Nice asked if appellant was staying clean because he knew of 

appellant’s prior drug use. Appellant replied “I don’t do that anymore. You can search me if 

you want to.” Feb. 8, 2013 Tr. at 64. Deputy Nice asked appellant to exit the vehicle, searched 

appellant’s person, the floorboard underneath the passenger seat, and the center console. In the 

console, Deputy Nice found a prescription bottle for Adderall with appellant’s name on it. In 

addition to Adderall pills, there were four round purple pills. Deputy Nice asked appellant what 

type of pills they were, and appellant stated they were morphine. Appellant acknowledged to 

Deputy Nice that he did not have a prescription for morphine. Ms. Dervin testified at trial that 

appellant could have placed the pill bottle in the center console without her noticing. Appellant 

also told the deputies that the duffel bag in the back seat belonged to him and offered to let them 

search it. Another officer at the scene did so, finding five shotgun shells in the bag. A few 

minutes after the initial stop, Deputy Crawford arrived and issued appellant a ticket for driving 

with a revoked license. 

II. Alleged Fourth Amendment Violations 

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress appellant’s 

statements and evidence obtained because appellant “was seized and following [sic] an unlawful 

unconstitutional, unreasonable traffic stop seizure.” Appellant’s Brief at 6. Appellant appears to 

believe that because no reasonable person in Ms. Dervin’s or appellant’s position would have 

“felt free to leave,” id. at 10, “any statements that were perceived by the deputies as consent were 

not freely and voluntarily given,” id. 
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A. Standard of Review 

When reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, “we are bound by the trial court’s 

findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and we 

give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law 

enforcement officers.’” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 

(1997) (en banc) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)). The appellant 

bears the burden of showing that the denial of his suppression motion, when the evidence is 

considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was reversible error. Whitfield v. 

Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003) (citing Murphy v. 

Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002)). 

B. Validity of the Traffic Stop 

Appellant alleges several reasons the traffic stop was an improper investigatory stop 

under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). First, appellant argues that because the driver of the 

stopped vehicle, Ms. Dervin, committed no traffic infraction, the stop was unconstitutional. 

Appellant claims that “[w]ith the exception of driving on a suspended license that occurred 

previously . . . there was absolutely no reason or suspicion that Mr. Butler was committing any 

illegal act when Ms. Dervin and he were illegally seized . . . .” Appellant’s Brief at 9. 

Appellant fails to recognize or acknowledge that the deputies already possessed probable 

cause to arrest appellant, rendering any challenge under Terry unnecessary. There are “two types 

of seizures of the person protected by the Fourth Amendment - arrest and investigatory stop.” 

Baldwin v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 191, 195, 413 S.E.2d 645, 647 (1992) (citing Terry, 392 

U.S. 1). An officer may arrest an individual “when he has probable cause to believe that the 

person seized has committed or is committing a criminal offense.” Id. (citing Dunaway v. New 

York, 442 U.S. 200, 207-09 (1979)). In order to conduct a legal investigatory stop, the police 
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officer must “‘have a reasonable suspicion, based on objective facts, that the individual is 

involved in criminal activity.’” Whitfield, 265 Va. at 361, 576 S.E.2d at 465 (quoting Brown v. 

Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 51 (1979)). 

We need not address whether Deputy Nice possessed a reasonable suspicion to justify an 

investigatory stop, because he plainly already possessed the higher standard of probable cause to 

arrest appellant. White v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 234, 239, 481 S.E.2d 486, 488 (1997). 

“Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge, and of 

which he has reasonably trustworthy information, alone are sufficient to warrant a person of 

reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed.” Taylor v. 

Commonwealth, 222 Va. 816, 820, 284 S.E.2d 833, 836 (1981). It is well established that “a law 

enforcement officer may lawfully arrest [an individual], without a warrant, for a misdemeanor 

committed in his presence.” Fierst v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 757, 760, 173 S.E.2d 807, 810 

(1970). To the extent appellant contends that the stop was unlawful because Deputy Crawford 

witnessed appellant committing a misdemeanor, but Deputy Nice initiated the traffic stop, that 

argument is without merit. The law is clear that “‘so long as the officer who orders an arrest or 

search has knowledge of facts establishing probable cause, it is not necessary for the officers 

actually making the arrest or conducting the search to be personally aware of those facts.’”1

 

 1

 In Virginia, by statute, “officers may arrest without a warrant any person who 

commits any crime in the presence of the officer . . . .” Code § 19.2-81. Under this statute, “a 

warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor committed outside the presence of the arresting officer is 

not valid where the information upon which the arrest is based is conveyed to the arresting 

officer by the witnessing officer.” White, 24 Va. App. at 239, 481 S.E.2d at 488 (citing Penn v. 

Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 399, 404, 412 S.E.2d 189, 192 (1991)). Nevertheless, when such 

an arrest “‘does not violate any constitutional rights, the defendant is not entitled to have 

evidence seized pursuant to that arrest excluded.’” Id. at 239, 481 S.E.2d at 488-89 (quoting 

Penn, 13 Va. App. at 406, 412 S.E.2d at 193). A “radio message from [the witnessing officer], 

which was based on [the witnessing officer’s] personal observations, [i]s sufficient to give [the 

arresting officer] probable cause to believe [the defendant] was guilty” of the misdemeanor. Id. 

at 239, 481 S.E.2d at 489 (first, second, fourth, and fifth alterations in original) (citing Penn, 13 

Va. App. at 408, 412 S.E.2d at 194). 
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White, 24 Va. App. at 240, 481 S.E.2d at 489 (quoting United States v. Laughman, 618 F.2d 

1067, 1072 (4th Cir. 1980)). Deputies Crawford and Nice both knew appellant’s license had 

been revoked. Deputy Crawford personally witnessed appellant driving and notified the other 

officers in the area, including Deputy Nice. Accordingly, because Deputy Nice possessed 

probable cause to arrest appellant, his stop of Ms. Dervin’s vehicle presents no Fourth 

Amendment violation. 

C. Time Elapsed between Misdemeanor and Arrest 

Appellant appears to allege that some constitutional infirmity exists because Deputy 

Crawford did not seek an arrest warrant or issue a summons immediately upon observing 

appellant driving on a suspended license. The Court does not see, and appellant fails to provide, 

any justification for this argument. To the contrary, it is clear “‘[l]aw enforcement officers are 

under no constitutional duty to call a halt to [a] criminal investigation [or make an arrest] the 

moment they have the minimum evidence to establish probable cause.’” Kentucky v. King, 131 

S. Ct. 1849, 1860-61 (2011) (quoting Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 310 (1966)). 

D. Consent to Search 

Appellant also alleges that the mere fact that appellant was in custody vitiates his 

expressed consent to search. The question of whether “consent to a search was in fact voluntary 

or was the product of duress or coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact to be 

determined from the totality of all the circumstances.” Deer v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 

730, 735, 441 S.E.2d 33, 36 (1994) (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 

(1973)). The trial court’s determination as to voluntariness “must be accepted on appeal unless 

clearly erroneous.” Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540, 383 S.E.2d 476, 481 

(1989) (en banc) (citing Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 268, 257 S.E.2d 808, 814 

(1979)). Moreover, “[t]he fact that a defendant is in custody at the time the consent is given does 
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not of itself invalidate the consent.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 30, 39-40, 526 

S.E.2d 281, 285 (2000) (quoting Commonwealth v. Rice, 28 Va. App. 374, 378, 504 S.E.2d 877, 

879 (1998)). 

The evidence at trial showed that appellant invited Deputy Nice to search him and his 

duffel bag without Deputy Nice even asking to search. At no point did appellant withdraw 

consent or attempt to stop or limit the scope of the search. The trial court’s finding that appellant 

provided voluntary consent is not clearly erroneous. Inasmuch as appellant argues that the 

deputies needed Ms. Dervin’s consent to search the vehicle, the argument fails because appellant 

cannot assert another person’s Fourth Amendment rights on his behalf. See Sullivan v. 

Commonwealth, 210 Va. 205, 208, 169 S.E.2d 580, 582 (1969) (holding that only the individual 

“against whom the search was directed, as distinguished from one who claims prejudice only 

through the use of evidence gathered as a consequence of a search or seizure directed at someone 

else,” may assert a claim of unlawful search and seizure (noting Alderman v. United States, 394 

U.S. 165, 173 (1969))). 

For the foregoing reasons, we find that no Fourth Amendment violation occurred, and 

accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress. 

III. Sufficiency of Evidence of Constructive Possession 

 Appellant’s second assignment of error claims that the Commonwealth failed to present 

sufficient evidence to support a finding that appellant constructively possessed the morphine 

pills, and thus the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion to strike. 

A. Standard of Review 

“A motion to strike challenges whether the evidence is sufficient to submit the case to the 

jury.” Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 223, 738 S.E.2d 847, 868 (2013) (citing 

Culpeper Nat’l Bank v. Morris, 168 Va. 379, 384, 191 S.E. 764, 766 (1937)). “Whether the 
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evidence adduced is sufficient to prove each of those elements is a factual finding, which will not 

be set aside on appeal unless it is plainly wrong.” Id. at 223-24, 738 S.E.2d at 868 (citing 

George v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 264, 278, 411 S.E.2d 12, 20 (1991)). “In reviewing that 

factual finding, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and 

give it the benefit of all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Id. at 224, 738 S.E.2d 

at 868. 

B. Analysis 

Because the morphine pills were found in the vehicle, not directly on appellant’s person, 

the Commonwealth relied on a theory of constructive possession. To demonstrate that a 

defendant constructively possessed contraband, the prosecution must show that “the defendant 

was aware of both the presence and character of the [item] and that it was subject to his 

dominion and control.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 266, 273-74, 670 S.E.2d 772, 

775 (2009) (quoting Powers v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 474, 476, 316 S.E.2d 739, 740 (1984)). 

Awareness can be shown through “‘evidence of acts, declarations or conduct of the accused from 

which the inference may be fairly drawn that he knew of the existence of narcotics at the place 

where they were found.’” Hardy v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 677, 682, 440 S.E.2d 434, 437 

(1994) (quoting Andrews v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 179, 182, 217 S.E.2d 812, 814 (1975)). 

“In resolving this issue, the court must consider ‘the totality of the circumstances disclosed by 

the evidence.’” Glasco v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 763, 774, 497 S.E.2d 150, 155 (1998) 

(quoting Womack v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 5, 8, 255 S.E.2d 351, 353 (1979)). 

Particularly when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must 

because the Commonwealth prevailed below, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to 

establish that appellant constructively possessed the morphine pills. Accordingly, the trial court 

did not err in denying appellant’s motion to strike. First, the prescription bottle containing the 
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morphine pills had appellant’s name on it. Further, when Officer Nice inquired as to what the 

round purple pills were, appellant readily told him they were morphine, and he acknowledged 

that he did not have a prescription for morphine. Taken together, these facts are sufficient to 

support a finding that appellant was aware of the presence and character of the morphine pills. 

The evidence also supports a finding that the pills were subject to appellant’s dominion and 

control. The bottle was in the center console, directly beside appellant’s seat in the vehicle. 

Ms. Dervin testified that appellant could have put them in the console without her knowledge. In 

sum, the evidence supports a finding that appellant constructively possessed the morphine pills; 

therefore, the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to strike the evidence. 

IV. Conclusion 

For the foregoing reasons, we find the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s 

motion to suppress or motion to strike. Accordingly, we affirm the ruling of the trial court. 

Affirmed.