[Cite as In re K.T., 2018-Ohio-4312.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO 

IN RE: K.T.1, A.T., K.T.2 and K.T.3 

 

 

 

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APPEAL NOS. C-180335 

 C-180376 

 C-180390 

TRIAL NO. F12-1273Z 

O P I N I O N.

 

Appeals From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Judgment 

Entered 

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: October 24, 2018 

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Donald D. Clancy, III, 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee Hamilton County Department of Job 

and Family Services, 

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Jessica Moss, Assistant 

Public Defender, Appellant Guardian ad Litem for K.T.1, A.T., K.T.2 and K.T.3, 

Christopher P. Kapsal, for W.A., Appellant Father of K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, 

Roger Kirk, for Appellant Mother. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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CUNNINGHAM, Presiding Judge. 

{¶1} These consolidated appeals arise from the custody determinations of four 

minor children, K.T.1, A.T., K.T.2, and K.T.3, who share the same mother (“Mother”), and 

were the subjects of requests for permanent custody to the Hamilton County Department 

of Job and Family Services (“HCJFS” or “the agency”). The juvenile court remanded legal 

custody of K.T.1 and A.T., the two oldest children, to the custody of Mother, and granted 

permanent custody of K.T.2 and K.T.3, the two youngest children, to HCJFS. As part of its 

analysis, the juvenile court determined that K.T.3 “could not and should not” be placed 

with Mother “within a reasonable time.” The court’s determination that placement with 

Mother was not possible is supported by clear and convincing evidence and applies 

equally to the other children. Because of this, and for the other reasons that follow, we 

affirm the juvenile court’s judgment to the extent that it granted permanent custody of 

K.T.2 and K.T.3 to HCJFS, but reverse the judgment to the extent that it failed to grant 

permanent custody of K.T.1 and A.T. to HCJFS. 

Procedural Posture 

{¶2} This case began over six years ago and is before this court for a second 

time upon a review of the permanent-custody determinations with respect to these 

children. In a judgment entered on November 20, 2017, the juvenile court remanded legal 

custody of the two oldest children to Mother and granted permanent custody of the two 

youngest children to HCJFS, after setting aside a magistrate’s decision awarding legal 

custody of the three oldest children to W.A., their father, and the youngest child to Mother. 

Mother, W.A., HCJFS, and the guardian ad litem for the children (“GAL”) appealed. Upon 

review, this court was unable to determine from the juvenile court’s judgment entry 

whether it had considered all the statutory factors when determining what disposition was 
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in the best interest of the children. We reversed the juvenile court’s judgment on that 

basis and remanded the cause for further proceedings. We instructed the court on 

remand to “consider[]” all “the best-interest factors,” and “to state with specificity its 

ruling on each of the pending motions for permanent custody of K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, 

and on the complaint requesting an initial disposition of permanent custody for K.T.3, as 

affecting each parent.” In re K.T.1, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-170667, C-170687, C-170701 

and C-170702, 2018-Ohio-1381, ¶ 16 (“In re K.T.1 I”). We determined that the other 

assignments of error were rendered moot by our disposition, except for an assignment of 

error that we overruled alleging that the juvenile court had erred by failing to specifically 

rule on objections to the magistrate’s decision. Id. at ¶ 11 and 16. 

{¶3} At the remand hearing on May 14, 2018, the juvenile court accepted 

updated Family Nurturing Center (“FNC”) records relating to Mother’s and W.A.’s 

visitation with their children during the pendency of the proceedings. On June 11, 2018, 

the juvenile court entered its judgment specifying that it was disposing of the pending 

March 10, 2015 and June 22, 2016 motions to modify HCJFS’s temporary custody of 

K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 to permanent custody, as well as entering an initial disposition for 

K.T.3. The juvenile court again remanded legal custody of K.T.1 and A.T. to Mother, after 

determining that was in their best interest, but granted permanent custody of K.T.2 and 

K.T.3 to HCJFS. With respect to both of these children, the court determined that 

termination was in their best interest, and with respect to K.T.3, the court determined that 

Mother was unsuitable. 

{¶4} In these appeals, taken from the juvenile court’s June 2018 judgment, 

Mother challenges the court’s grant of permanent custody of K.T.2 and K.T.3 to HCJFS. 

W.A., the father of K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, challenges the juvenile court’s termination of his 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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parental rights with respect to K.T.2, and the juvenile court’s rejection of the magistrate’s 

decision that had granted him legal custody of K.T.1 and A.T. The children’s guardian ad 

litem (“GAL”) appeals on behalf of K.T.1 and A.T., challenging the juvenile court’s denial of 

the motions for permanent custody of K.T.1 and A.T. The alleged father of K.T.3, L.D., has 

not appeared in the action, and HCJFS has appeared only as an appellee. 

Background Facts 

{¶5} HCJFS became involved with the family in 2012 due to Mother’s 

mental instability, substance abuse, and potential to harm the children. Mother, who 

has been diagnosed with paranoid-type schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress 

disorder, and a mild developmental disability, was hospitalized in May 2012, 

following a “psychotic breakdown.” Mother had been hospitalized four previous 

times when she had not been taking her medication, Risperdal. 

{¶6} On June 7, 2012, HCJFS filed a complaint seeking temporary custody 

of K.T.1 and A.T., who had been living with Mother. The agency could not locate 

their father, alleged in the complaint to be “Antonio W.A.” 

{¶7} HCJFS obtained interim custody of those children, who were almost 

21-months and nine-months-old respectively. At that time, the agency also obtained 

interim custody of Mother’s fifteen-year-old daughter from another relationship, 

T.B., who was eventually remanded to the legal custody of Mother under protective 

supervision after having been in the temporary custody of the agency. 

{¶8} The juvenile court adjudicated K.T.1 and A.T. dependent on July 27, 

2012, and granted temporary custody to HCJFS, with the continuation of 

reunification services. These reunification services focused on Mother’s 
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management of her mental illness, including medication management, therapy and 

case management. 

{¶9} K.T.1 and A.T. were first placed with a maternal aunt upon removal 

from Mother, but were removed from that home a short time later after Mother and 

the aunt violated a safety plan. Evidence at the permanent-custody hearing 

demonstrated that these two children were then placed together in the same foster 

home where they have remained. 

{¶10} Early in the case, Mother was not compliant with her mental-health 

and substance-abuse treatment at Crossroads, and was transferred to the Central 

Community Health Board (“CCHB”). At CCHB, Mother was assigned to Christina 

Glynn, a mental-health specialist who remained Mother’s case manager during the 

case. 

{¶11} K.T.2 was born in January 2013, and was placed in the interim 

custody of HCJFS upon her discharge from the hospital. At the time of K.T.2’s birth, 

Mother was staying in a homeless shelter, not taking her medications, and was 

exhibiting signs of her mental illness. Although Mother had been attending weekly 

supervised visitation with her children, her parenting was not appropriate. The 

juvenile court adjudicated K.T.2 dependent on April 1, 2013, and awarded temporary 

custody to HCJFS, with the continuation of reunification services. K.T.2 was placed 

with a foster family, where she remains. 

{¶12} In October 2013, HCJFS moved to modify temporary custody of K.T.1, 

A.T., and K.T.2 to permanent custody. In April 2014, however, at the agency’s 

urging, the request for permanent custody was held in abeyance due to Mother’s 

progress. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶13} But Mother regressed and continued to experience psychotic 

symptoms, including delusions and auditory hallucinations, and was intermittently 

homeless. Thus, in March 2015, the GAL moved to change temporary custody of 

K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 to permanent custody, on the allegation that each child had 

been in the temporary custody of HCJFS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-

month period, and that it was in each child’s best interest for the court to grant 

permanent custody to the agency. The GAL also contended that the children could 

not be returned to either parent within a reasonable time or should not be returned 

to either parent, citing, among other things, Mother’s failure to obtain mental-health 

and housing stability, and the alleged father’s (listed as Antonio W.A.) lack of 

commitment to the children for failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate 

with the children. The children, the GAL reported, were too young to express their 

wishes. 

{¶14} Mother gave birth to K.T.3 in May 2015, and HCJFS filed a complaint 

alleging that W.A. was the father and requesting a disposition of permanent custody. 

On May 3, 2015, the juvenile court placed K.T.3 in the interim custody of HCJFS 

upon his discharge from the hospital. 

{¶15} Around June 2015, W.A. appeared and the court appointed him an 

attorney. The court also ordered an independent psychological assessment of 

Mother at the request of her guardian ad litem. The assessor confirmed at the 

November 2015 assessment that Mother met the criteria for “Unspecified 

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder” and “Borderline Intellectual 

Functioning,” and determined that Mother had a deficiency in basic parenting 

problem-solving skills. For Mother to parent effectively, the assessor recommended 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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Mother’s continued attendance at individual or group therapy, continued adherence 

to prescribed medications, and continued regular appointments with her prescriber 

to assess her symptoms. 

{¶16} In a report filed in October 2015, the children’s GAL recommended 

permanent custody for K.T.3. At the same time, she updated her recommendation 

with respect to K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, maintaining that permanent custody to HCJFS 

was in their best interest. That same month, the agency amended its complaint with 

respect to K.T.3 to allege that L.D. was his father, after DNA testing ruled out W.A. as 

the father of the child. 

{¶17} The juvenile court adjudicated K.T.3 dependent on April 20, 2016. At 

that time, the court found, based on the evidence presented, that Mother had not 

successfully or satisfactorily engaged in necessary mental-health services, was 

inconsistent in taking her medications, had only marginally progressed in her 

visitation, and had not received sufficient prenatal care during her pregnancy. The 

court continued the proceedings for disposition. 

{¶18} In May 2016, HCJFS withdrew its October 2013 request for 

permanent custody with respect to K.T.1 and A.T. when it filed a motion to terminate 

temporary custody and award legal custody of those two children to W.A., who had 

been confirmed as their father, and K.T.2’s father, by DNA testing. The agency 

withdrew that motion, however, upon learning that W.A. was the subject of a 

substantiated sexual-abuse allegation involving J.A., his daughter from another 

relationship. In June 2016, HCJFS again moved for permanent custody of K.T.1 and 

A.T. on the same grounds as set forth in the October 2013 motion. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶19} The permanent-custody hearing for K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 started in 

May 2015, and was later combined with the dispositional hearing for K.T.3. The 

combined hearing was still in progress on January 5, 2017, when the magistrate 

ordered that the testimony be set aside and the hearing be restarted due to 

developments in the case. The combined restarted hearing occurred over four days 

beginning in March 2017 and ending in May 2017. 

{¶20} During this combined hearing, various witnesses testified on behalf of 

the parties, including Kendra Collins, the HCJFS caseworker assigned to the children 

in the fall of 2015 until she left the agency in February 2017, who recommended a 

grant of permanent custody to the agency. According to Collins, Mother had been 

diagnosed with paranoid-type schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and a 

mild cognitive delay. Mother’s psychological evaluation indicated that she required a 

strong support system to succeed in competently parenting the children, and her 

case plan involved consistent individual mental-health therapy, medication 

management with her psychiatrist, and visitation with the children. Collins 

explained that Mother had progressed to the point of acknowledging her paranoidtype schizophrenia and taking her medications, but that she had a history of “going 

back and forth” with respect to understanding her mental-health issues. Mother also 

still presented with “significant paranoia” and at times her mental-health issues 

“affected her ability to function.” 

{¶21} Collins noted that Mother’s “belligerence” while with her oldest 

daughter at a local casino in January 2016 had led to her arrest for disorderly 

conduct and criminal trespass, charges that were still pending at the time of the 

permanent-custody hearing. Further, Mother was inconsistent in attending 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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appointments with her treating psychiatrist and had not completed her 

recommended mental-health therapy. 

{¶22} With respect to Mother’s income, Collins relayed that Mother receives 

some income from Social Security and was employed at times, but often changed 

jobs. With respect to housing, Collins stated that Mother had appropriate housing at 

the time of the hearing, but had been homeless several times over the years. Collins 

noted that Mother was not at fault for her most recent period of homelessness, 

occurring in 2016 when the house she rented was foreclosed upon, but expressed 

concern that it had taken Mother six months to regain appropriate housing. 

{¶23} Collins acknowledged that Mother had bonded with her children 

during her weekly four-hour visitations that were supervised by someone from the 

FNC. But since visitation began in 2012, Collins explained, Mother had not been 

able to progress to any unsupervised visitation with the children. 

{¶24} Collins testified that she first met W.A. in September or October of 

2015, by chance, when he was present during a visit at Mother’s house. Collins told 

W.A. that the children were in the agency’s custody, and he did not ask to visit them. 

{¶25} W.A. did not start visiting with the children until around February 

2016, about a month after DNA testing confirmed his parentage of those children. 

DNA testing did not occur earlier because W.A. “was not present during the case.” 

W.A. submitted to a requested diagnostic assessment that revealed no diagnoses or 

treatment recommendations. The agency then promoted that he obtain custody, and 

his visits progressed to unsupervised visitation with K.T.1 and A.T. W.A.’s visitation 

with K.T.2 remained supervised, as she had reacted poorly to the interaction and was 

regressing. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶26} In June 2016, HCJFS stopped W.A.’s visitation with K.T.1, A.T., and 

K.T.2, after substantiating an allegation that W.A. had sexually abused J.A., his 

daughter from a different mother. J.A.’s two brothers were placed in the legal 

custody of W.A. after HCJFS concluded its investigation of the allegation, but J.A. 

was not. Collins could not recommend that K.T.1, A.T., or K.T.2 be placed with him 

because of the allegation and vulnerable ages of those children. W.A.’s visitation 

with K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 resumed in February 2017 by court order at W.A.’s 

request. 

{¶27} Collins’ testimony with respect to the foster families indicated that the 

children were comfortable with their foster homes and were excelling. The foster 

mother of K.T.2 and K.T.3 provided testimony further establishing that those two 

children were happy and healthy, and had bonded with their foster family. This 

foster mother also indicated her willingness to adopt K.T.2 and possibly K.T.3, both 

of whom called her “Mommy.” 

{¶28} Psychiatrist Dr. Cyma Khalily testified that she had begun treating 

Mother in August 2013, about a year after Mother’s involuntary hospitalization. Dr. 

Khalily explained that Mother had been diagnosed as having schizophrenia with a 

mood and thought disorder involving some paranoia and psychosis. She emphasized 

the importance of Mother’s understanding that she needed mental-health treatment, 

and her continuation with the prescribed dosage of Risperidone, the generic for 

Risperdal, for Mother to stabilize her mental health. Dr. Khalily believed that 

Mother had finally become consistent in taking her prescribed dosage of 

Risperidone, but that Mother often exhibited only “fair” or “poor” insight into her 

condition. And Dr. Khalily noted that mother exhibited “fair” or “poor” judgment 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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with respect to her daily decision making. For instance, Mother did not obtain 

prenatal care during her pregnancy with K.T.3. Finally, Dr. Khalily reported that 

Mother was not compliant with the requirement that she attend appointments every 

90 days, and had not met with Dr. Khalily between July 2016 and December 2016. 

{¶29} Dr. Khalily concluded that Mother’s improvement over the three-andone-half years of treatment was not steady, but instead had fluctuated and continued 

to be marked with “ups and downs.” 

{¶30} Christina Glenn, Mother’s mental-health specialist at the Central 

Community Health Board since 2013, testified to her concerns with Mother’s mentalhealth stability. Glenn had observed since late 2015 a general improvement in 

Mother’s compliance with taking her medication and understanding of the necessity 

of taking her medications and attending therapy. But Glenn recalled that, in March 

2016, Mother reported that she was not mentally ill and did not need to take 

medication, and in May 2016, Mother denied a need for treatment. Further, Glenn 

had to “redirect” Mother’s hostility towards HCJFS for removing her children “pretty 

much every time” they met. And, although there was a recommendation that Mother 

meet with Glenn at a minimum of once a month, Mother had only met with Glenn 

once between August 2016 and February 2017. 

{¶31} Mother and her adult daughter T.B. also testified. Mother indicated 

that she had become compliant with taking the a dosage of 2 mg of Risperidone, 

unless pregnant, to “take[] away the noise” caused by her paranoid schizophrenia. 

She conceded that she had not completed her recommended mental-health therapy 

with Glenn, claiming that the failure was due to her confusion caused by a change or 

a proposed change in service providers. When asked if she would continue mental-
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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health therapy in the future, she indicated that it was not necessary because she 

could “cope out there” without it and would continue therapy only if her case 

manager recommended she do so. At the same time, she agreed that the mentalhealth therapy helped her to manage and reduce the symptoms of her mental illness. 

{¶32} Mother relayed that she had a strong bond with her children, who 

called her “Mommy,” and that she could care and provide for them. Although she 

had appropriate housing, her income was limited to Social Security payments of 

$800 a month, and she was unemployed at the time of the hearing after voluntarily 

terminating her employment at a local hotel. She expressed an interest in obtaining 

her GED and a job in the future. Mother also acknowledged that she had had periods 

of homelessness and difficulty paying her bills over the years, and that she had failed 

to appear in court on the disorderly-conduct and criminal-trespass charges that 

remained pending against her, resulting in the issuance of bench warrants. 

{¶33} T.B., who was 20 years old at the time of the permanent-custody trial, 

testified that Mother had appropriately parented her, K.T.1, A.T., and an older 

sibling. T.B. further claimed that at the many visitations with Mother and halfsiblings that she had attended, Mother had acted appropriately with K.T.1, A.T., 

K.T.2 and K.T.3, and T.B. had observed bonding within the entire family and the 

children treating Mother as their “mom.” T.B. indicated that she would be present to 

help Mother with the children, but she also expressed an interest in furthering her 

training and getting a job, and admitted that she had moved back into Mother’s 

home only a few months before the permanent-custody hearing. 

{¶34} Anthony Jackson testified that he was the HCJFS caseworker 

involved in another case with three of W.A.’s other children, including J.A. Jackson 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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confirmed that J.A.’s brothers were living with W.A. in a three-bedroom home that 

W.A. shared with two other adults, including W.A.’s mother. According to Jackson, 

he had recommended that W.A. be remanded legal custody of J.A.’s two brothers, 

because W.A., who was never charged criminally based on J.A.’s allegation, had 

performed well on a Sexual Offender Diagnostic Assessment (“SODA”) administered 

in November 2016 and a Family Access Integrated Recovery Assessment (“FAIR”) in 

March 2016. Further, Jackson found W.A.’s parenting with respect to those two sons 

appropriate and the sons’ ages and maturity allowed them to self-protect. But 

Jackson conceded that there was not a reunification plan for W.A. and his daughter 

J.A. 

{¶35} The SODA report, accepted into evidence, contains W.A.’s statement 

that he did not know about the pending case involving K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 for 

several years because correspondence from the agency sent to his home had been 

addressed to a person identified by the first name “Antonio.” The latter part of this 

statement is consistent with notations in the court’s docket reflecting agency 

correspondence addressed to “Antonio A.” and delivered to the address where W.A. 

stated he had lived since 2008. But the FAIR report was also accepted into evidence, 

and contains W.A.’s statement that he knew about the agency’s involvement with 

K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, yet decided to “focus on the three children that he had,” 

claiming that Mother had told HCJFS that he was not their father and he “did not 

know what to do.” 

{¶36} Nikki Richardson, the FNC visitation facilitator for W.A.’s supervised 

visitation with the children that started in late February 2017, testified that W.A. had 

attended every weekly visitation through May 24, 2017. She had observed bonding at 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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the visitations, and indicated that she would recommend the switch to a supervisedbut-less-restrictive visitation with all three children if the visits continued to be 

appropriate. 

{¶37} W.A.’s mother and sister also testified, advocating that W.A. be 

granted custody of K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 due to his parenting skills and the bonding 

they had observed. They both recalled that W.A. had indicated that he believed he 

was the father of K.T.1 and A.T. when they were born. His mother stated that she 

was introduced as their grandmother. His sister recalled that W.A. was still in a 

relationship with Mother when K.T.2 was born, and she had learned of K.T.2’s birth 

from W.A. 

{¶38} W.A.’s mother and sister were both unaware, however, that W.A. had 

not supported or visited his children for years after the agency had obtained custody 

of them. And his mother indicated that she did not know about the agency’s 

involvement until 2016 because, until that time, all the paperwork from the agency 

had come to their house addressed to “Antonio A.,” not “W.A.” 

{¶39} At the remand hearing in May 2018, additional FNC records were 

admitted into evidence. Those records demonstrated that W.A. had stopped 

visitation with his children in November 2017 and, as a result, FNC had terminated 

his visitation. Further, the records showed that Mother’s visitation had been 

changed to the more restrictive facilitated level in October 2017, with the 

recommendation to continue at this level due to Mother’s emotional outbursts and 

her difficulty in redirecting K.T.1 and A.T. 

{¶40} Also at the remand hearing, the GAL updated the court with an oral 

report of the children’s wishes. To that end, she said that K.T.1, A.T., K.T.2 had not 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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expressed any consistent desire to live with either parent, and that K.T.3 was still too 

young to express his wishes. 

{¶41} In this appeal, Mother presents one assignment of error, raising 

several issues and seeking a reversal of the juvenile court’s judgment terminating her 

parental rights to K.T.2 and K.T.3. W.A. presents three assignments of error, and 

seeks a reversal of the juvenile court’s judgment terminating his parental rights to 

K.T.2, with an award of custody of that child to him or Mother. Alternatively, he 

urges that custody of K.T.1, A.T. and K.T.2 be awarded to him, as recommended by 

the magistrate in a decision that the juvenile court set aside. The GAL raises three 

assignments of error, seeking to reverse the juvenile court’s judgment to the extent 

that it denied the motions for permanent custody and awarded legal custody of K.T.1 

and A.T. to Mother. 

Analysis

{¶42} We begin our analysis by reviewing W.A.’s first assignment of error, 

contending that the juvenile court’s June 2018 judgment did not comply with this 

court’s remand order, in violation of the law-of-the-case doctrine. 

{¶43} The law-of-the-case doctrine functions to compel trial courts to follow 

the mandate of a reviewing court. Nolan v. Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 3, 462 N.E.2d 410 

(1984). Generally, a trial court errs when its entry on remand does not fulfill the 

requirements of that mandate. See id. at 3-4. W.A. argues that the juvenile court did 

not comply with our specific mandate that it “consid[er]” all the best interest factors 

because the court did not “discuss” in its entry all the best interest factors as applied 

to each parent. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶44} In support for his argument, W.A. cites a case from the Eleventh 

District Court of Appeals, In re Kelley, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2002-A-0088, 2003-

Ohio-194. The court in that case, following its own precedent, held that the juvenile 

court’s failure to discuss each of the factors set forth in R.C. 2151.414(D) when 

reaching a determination concerning the best interest of the child was prejudicial 

error. Id. at ¶ 25. 

{¶45} This court, however, has never held that the juvenile court must 

“discuss” each of the best-interest factors to meet the mandate that it “consider” all 

the elements of R.C. 2151.414(D) when making the best-interest determination. In 

re K.T.1 I, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-170667, C-170687, C-170701 and C-170702, 

2018-Ohio-1381, at ¶ 14. During the initial appeal of this case, this court reversed 

for the reason that the juvenile court had omitted a reference to the mandatory R.C. 

2151.414(D)(1)(e) factors in its opinion, and had not otherwise provided any 

indication in its opinion that those factors had been considered. Id. 

{¶46} We strongly encourage the juvenile court’s discussion of each factor, 

but we cannot find error in the juvenile court’s failure to discuss each factor if the 

record otherwise indicates that all of the necessary factors were considered. See id. 

{¶47} Here, the juvenile court in its June 2018 judgment specified that it 

had considered all of the statutory best-interest factors when disposing of the 

pending motions affecting the parental rights of Mother and W.A. And, as discussed 

more fully below, it also stated findings that were relevant to its analysis. Thus, 

while the juvenile court did not discuss each best-interest factor, it was not required 

to do so in light of this record. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶48} Because we are satisfied that the juvenile court complied with our 

mandate to consider all of the best-interest factors on remand, we overrule W.A.’s 

first assignment of error. Further, to the extent that Mother’s sole assignment of 

error raises this issue, we overrule it for the same reason. 

{¶49} Next we address the assignments of error from Mother, W.A., and the 

GAL challenging the sufficiency and weight of the juvenile court’s permanentcustody determinations. Before a natural parent’s constitutionally protected liberty 

interest in the care and custody of that parent’s child may be terminated, the state is 

required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the statutory standards for 

terminating parental rights have been met. See R.C. 2151.414; Santosky v. Kramer, 

455 U.S. 745, 769, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982); In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 

538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809; In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007-Ohio1105, 862 N.E.2d 829. 

{¶50} This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the juvenile 

court where some competent, credible evidence supports its determination. See In 

re W.W., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110363 and C-110402, 2011-Ohio-4912, ¶ 46. 

Like in other civil cases, there is a difference between our review for the sufficiency of 

the evidence and a review for the weight of the evidence. In re A.B., 1st Dist. 

Hamilton Nos. C-150307 and C-150310, 2015-Ohio-3247, ¶ 14. Our sufficiency 

review asks whether enough evidence exists to justify the juvenile court’s relevant 

findings under a clear-and-convincing standard. Our review for weight involves a 

determination of the persuasiveness of that evidence in comparison with the other 

evidence. See id. at ¶ 15-16. We review de novo issues of law including whether a 

juvenile court misapplied a statute. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

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{¶51} Analysis for K.T.3. K.T.3 was born in May 2015, almost three years 

after HCJFS had commenced this action. At the time of his birth, three of his halfsiblings were in the temporary custody of HCJFS, and HCJFS sought permanent 

custody of him as the initial disposition in the complaint alleging that he was 

dependent. 

{¶52} When a children-services agency seeks permanent custody under R.C. 

2151.353(A)(4) as an initial disposition for an abused, neglected or dependent child, 

without first seeking reunification, the juvenile court must apply a two-pronged test. 

The court must first determine whether “the child cannot be placed with one of the 

child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent,” 

based on at least one factor enumerated under R.C. 2151.414(E). 

{¶53} As relevant to this case, the factors enumerated under R.C. 

2151.414(E) provide 

 (2) Chronic mental illness, chronic emotional illness, intellectual 

disability, physical disability, or chemical dependency of the parent 

that is so severe that it makes the parent unable to provide an 

adequate permanent home for the child at the present time and, as 

anticipated, within one year after the court holds the hearing pursuant 

to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of 

section 2151.353 of the Revised Code. 

(4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the 

child by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the 

child when able to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness 

to provide an adequate home for the child. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

19 

(10) The parent has abandoned the child. 

{¶54} Additionally, if the court makes the cannot-or-should-not 

determination, it must also determine whether it is in the best interest of the child to 

grant permanent custody to the agency considering the factors in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) 

with respect to the child. 

{¶55} “Cannot or should not.” In accordance with R.C. 2151.414(E), the 

juvenile court entered a finding that K.T.3 “cannot and should not be placed with the 

parents within a reasonable time.” Although the court did not specify which of the 

R.C. 2151.414(E) factor or factors applied, the GAL argues, and we agree, that clear 

and convincing evidence supported the juvenile court’s “cannot and should not” 

determination with respect to each parent.1

{¶56} First, there was clear and convincing evidence that Mother has a 

chronic mental illness that made her unable to provide an adequate permanent home 

for K.T.3 at the time of the custody hearing and as anticipated for one year after. See

R.C. 2151.414(E)(2). The evidence showed that Mother suffered from a mental 

illness identified as paranoid-type schizophrenia, a mood and thought disorder that 

had led to her hospitalization and the involvement of HCJFS in 2012 when her 

children’s safety was compromised. 

{¶57} While Mother had finally become compliant with taking her 

medication, she still questioned her need for mental-health services, and failed to 

consistently obtain the mental-health services necessary for her mental-health 

stability. Her volatile behavior was born out in her arrest for disorderly conduct in 

 

1 We note that if a court grants permanent custody under R.C. 2151.353(A)(4), it “shall file a 

written opinion setting forth its findings of facts and conclusions of law in relation to the 

proceeding” if requested by any party. No request was filed in this case. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

20

January 2016 and, importantly, in FNC’s move of her supervised visits from her 

home to FNC’s own facility in late 2017. At the time of the permanent-custody 

hearing, Mother could not provide an adequate and permanent home for K.T.3 due 

to her chronic mental illness. 

{¶58} The juvenile court could not anticipate that Mother would be able to 

provide an adequate and permanent home for K.T.3 within one year. Despite the 

years of services offered by the agency to reunite Mother with K.T.3’s half-siblings, 

K.T.1, A.T. and K.T.2, almost three years when the agency filed K.T.3’s complaint, 

Mother had failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy these 

conditions, causing K.T.3 to be placed outside the home. Mother’s plan for 

reunification with her older children required her consistent participation in mentalhealth services for her schizophrenia, which she failed to do, for a period of almost 

six years at the time of the May 2018 remand hearing. 

{¶59} Mother had become compliant with taking her medication after 

multiple years of noncompliance, but she still remained noncompliant with 

reunification services designed to give her the stability she needed to parent: 

mental-health services, including regular attendance at mental-health therapy and 

regular appointments with her treating psychiatrist. And the evidence, including 

Mother’s own testimony, indicated that she still waivered in her understanding and 

acknowledgment of her mental illness. Mother’s inability to progress beyond 

visitation in a supervised setting was in large part due, directly and indirectly, to her 

failure to adequately address her mental illness, as well as her cognitive disabilities. 

This lack of progress greatly reduced the chance that Mother could provide an 

adequate and permanent home for K.T.3 within one year. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

21

{¶60} Finally, with respect to K.T.3’s alleged father, L.D., there was clear 

and convincing evidence that he had abandoned K.T.3. The evidence showed that he 

had refused a paternity test, had no involvement with K.T.3., never engaged in any 

services requested by HCJFS, and stopped responding to HCJFS’s communications 

in 2016. 

{¶61} Best-interest determination. In addition to determining that K.T.3 

could not or should not be returned to either parent within a reasonable time, the 

juvenile court determined, after considering all of the factors of R.C. 

2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e), that a grant of permanent custody to HCJFS was in K.T.3’s 

best interest. That determination was supported by clear and convincing evidence. 

{¶62} Of relevance, the evidence showed that K.T.3 had been removed from 

Mother within days of his birth and placed in a foster home with K.T.2 where he was 

healthy and lived happily with his foster family. While there was evidence that 

Mother had bonded with K.T.3 during visitation, the bond was not strong. 

{¶63} During the years that K.T.3 has been in the agency’s custody, Mother 

never progressed beyond supervised visitation with him, had not remedied the 

mental-health issues that prompted his removal, and had not demonstrated an 

ability to provide K.T.3 with long-term stability. 

{¶64} The evidence also showed that K.T.3 was healthy, happy, and bonded 

with his foster family. At the time of the permanent-custody hearing in the spring of 

2017, K.T.3 had been living with his foster family for two years. He was still residing 

with them at the time of the remand hearing in May 2018. 

{¶65} K.T.3’s foster mother reported that K.T.3 had a strong bond with her, 

her family, and K.T.2. She testified that, if given the opportunity, she would adopt 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

22 

K.T.2, and was committed to maintaining a relationship between the siblings. 

Further, she said that the more time K.T.3 spent in her care made it more likely that 

she would commit to adopting K.T.3, too. 

{¶66} K.T.3 had no bond with his alleged father, L.D., who had abandoned 

him. The GAL consistently urged the court to award permanent custody to HCJFS, 

although K.T.3 was not old enough to express his wishes. 

{¶67} Finally, the evidence showed that K.T.3 needs a legally secure 

permanent placement that is only possible with a grant of permanent custody to the 

agency. His parents are not suitable and no family members have moved for 

custody. 

{¶68} After our review, we hold that the juvenile court’s determinations are 

supported by clear and convincing evidence, and are not against the manifest weight 

of that evidence. The record reflects that K.T.3 cannot be placed with either parent 

with a reasonable time, or should not be placed with either parent, since Mother still 

has not obtained mental-health stability and remedied the conditions that led to 

K.T.3’s removal, and L.D. has refused to participate in the case. Further, it is in 

K.T.3’s best interest, after what is now over three years of temporary custody, to be 

placed in the permanent custody of the agency so that he may be adopted. 

{¶69} Analysis for K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2. The combined permanentcustody hearing also involved motions to modify the agency’s temporary custody of 

K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 to permanent custody.2 R.C. 2151.414 provides that, with a few 

exceptions, before a juvenile court may terminate parental rights and place children 

in the permanent custody of a children-services agency, it must make two 

 

2 We apply the version of the applicable statutes in effect when the March 2015 and June 2016 

permanent-custody motions were filed. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

23

determinations. The court must determine whether one of the five factors set forth 

in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) applies, including: 

(d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public 

services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more 

months of a consecutive twenty two month period * * *. 

{¶70} If one or more R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) factors apply, the court must 

determine whether it is in the child’s best interest to grant permanent custody to the 

agency. Both determinations must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. 

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). 

{¶71} 12 of 22. First, clear and convincing evidence supported the juvenile 

court’s determination that K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 had been in the temporary custody 

of HCJFS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period at the time the 

relevant motions for permanent custody were filed. The GAL filed her motion with 

respect to K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 in March 2015, and HCJFS filed a new motion to 

change temporary custody of K.T.1 and A.T. to permanent custody in June 2016. By 

statute, for purposes of calculating the time provision of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), we 

look to the date each child was adjudicated dependent, or the date that is 60 days 

after the child was removed from home, whichever is earlier. The earlier date is 

August 2012 for K.T.1 and A.T, and March 2013 for K.T.2., and the children were 

continuously in the temporary custody of HCJFS from those dates, meeting the “12 

of 22” criterion of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). 

{¶72} Best-interest determination. Mother challenges the juvenile court’s 

best-interest determinations with respect to K.T.2 and K.T.3. W.A. challenges the 

best-interest determination with respect to K.T.2., which resulted in an award of 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

24

permanent custody to the agency. He also challenges the best-interest determination 

respect to K.T.1 and A.T., which resulted in Mother obtaining legal custody of those 

children. The GAL contends that the juvenile court’s best-interest determination 

with respect to K.T.2 that supported a termination of parental rights was sustained 

by sufficient and unassailable evidence, and that the juvenile court erred by not 

making a similar determination with respect to K.T.1 and A.T. based on similar 

evidence. Additionally, the GAL argues, as she did below, that the juvenile court was 

required to find that it was in the best interest of K.T.1, A.T., K.T.2 to be committed 

to the permanent custody of the agency and to commit the children to the permanent 

custody of HCJFS based on the provisions of R.C. 2151.414(D)(2). 

{¶73} R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) sets forth an alternative set of circumstances for 

the juvenile court to find that permanent custody is “per se” in the best interest of the 

child. In re J.R., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-698, 2018-Ohio-1474, ¶ 41. This 

statute provides that 

 [i]f all of the following apply, permanent custody is in the best interest 

of the child, and the court shall commit the child to the permanent 

custody of a public children services agency or private child placing 

agency: 

(a) The court determines by clear and convincing evidence that one or 

more of the factors in division (E) of this section exist and the child 

cannot be placed with one of the child’s parents within a reasonable 

time or should not be placed with either parent. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

25

(b) The child has been in an agency’s custody for two years or longer, 

and no longer qualifies for temporary custody pursuant to division (D) 

of section 2151.415 of the Revised Code. 

(c) The child does not meet the requirements for a planned permanent 

living arrangement pursuant to division (A)(5) of section 2151.353 of 

the Revised Code. 

(d) Prior to the dispositional hearing, no relative or other interested 

person has filed, or has been identified in, a motion for legal custody of 

the child. 

(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2151.414(D)(2). 

{¶74} If all of the requirements of R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) are satisfied, then the 

juvenile court must grant the permanent-custody motion. In re C.M., 1st Dist. 

Hamilton Nos. C-150365 and C-150396, 2015-Ohio-3971, ¶ 14; In re K.M.D., 4th 

Dist. Ross No. 11CA3289, 2012-Ohio-755, ¶ 30. In this case, there was no dispute 

that the latter three factors had been met with respect to K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2. The 

children had been in HCJFS’s custody for well over two years at the time of the 

permanent-custody hearing and no longer qualified for temporary custody; they 

were too young (under 16) to qualify for a planned permanent living arrangement; 

and there was no other motion for legal custody of them. Therefore, the only 

remaining inquiry is whether the first factor had been met. 

{¶75} That inquiry requires us to revisit the “cannot and should not” factors 

of R.C. 2151.414(E). If at least one factor under division (E) exists, and the child 

“cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be 

placed with the parents,” permanent custody must be granted to the agency. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

26

{¶76} Here, the juvenile court determined with respect to W.A. that he had 

abandoned his children, citing the factor in division (E)(10). That determination was 

supported by clear and convincing evidence. Of relevance to this case, a 

presumption of abandonment arises when a parent fails to visit or maintain contact 

with a child for more than 90 days, even if the parent resumes contact with the child 

after that period of 90 days. R.C. 2151.011(C). The evidence showed in this case that 

W.A. went years without visiting or contacting K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, whom he 

believed were his children. 

{¶77} From the time of K.T.1’s and A.T.’s removal in June 2012 until 

February 2016, W.A. did not attempt to make contact with either child. Similarly, 

W.A. did not attempt to make contact with K.T.2, born in January 2013, until 

February 2016. Accepting W.A.’s statement in the SODA report that he was 

unaware of the agency’s involvement, or accepting his statement in the FAIR report 

that he was aware of the agency’s involvement, there is no evidence that he 

attempted to contact these children through Mother or the agency. 

{¶78} Further, the record shows that W.A. has stopped visiting these 

children, even after DNA testing established his parentage. At the time of the 

remand hearing in May 2018, W.A. had been removed from the visitation schedule at 

FNC for failing to attend visits, his last visit having occurred in November 2017, a 

period well over 90 days. 

{¶79} Notwithstanding this unrefuted evidence, W.A. argues he rebutted the 

presumption of abandonment because the evidence undisputedly demonstrates that 

he immediately engaged in visitation with K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 in 2016 after 

paternity was established. We cannot find error in the juvenile court’s ultimate 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

27

conclusion that the evidence clearly and convincingly supported a finding of 

abandonment. The presumption of abandonment is not rebutted by the mere fact 

that the father had not established paternity during the period when he did not visit 

the child. See In re K.R., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2017-02-015, CA2017-02-019 and 

CA2017-02-024, 2017-Ohio-7122, ¶ 32-33. 

{¶80} W.A.’s failure to even attempt to contact the children who he had held 

out as his own was prolonged, spanning years. And his more recent disappearance 

from their lives, after paternity was established, occurred at perhaps the most 

relevant time in the case for determining his long-term commitment to these 

children and their best interests. 

{¶81} In addition to finding that W.A. had abandoned the children under 

R.C. 2151.414(E)(10), the juvenile court also concluded, that he “clear[ly] lack[ed] 

[]commitment to the Children by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate 

with the children,” language that mirrors the factor set forth in R.C. 2151.414(E)(4). 

Therefore the court’s determination that the children could not be placed with W.A. 

within a reasonable time or should not be placed with W.A. was established by clear 

and convincing evidence. 

{¶82} The R.C. 2151.414(E) analysis with respect to Mother is more 

complicated. While the juvenile court made a specific finding that a sibling, K.T.3, 

could not be returned to Mother within a reasonable time or should not be returned 

to Mother, the juvenile court did not make this specific determination with respect to 

K.T.1, A.T., or K.T.2. The GAL argues that due to the facts in this case, the evidence 

supporting the finding with respect to K.T.3 clearly and convincingly demonstrated 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

28

that K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2 could not be returned to Mother within a reasonable time 

or should not be returned to Mother. We agree. 

{¶83} We concur with the GAL, because the facts of this case do not allow 

for any other determination. K.T.3’s case was tried on a complaint indicating that his 

removal from Mother’s care was necessary because Mother had not complied with 

services offered to allow for her reunification with K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2. Mother’s 

reunification plan required her consistent participation in mental-health services to 

stabilize her mental health, including therapy and regular visits with her psychiatrist, 

and taking her prescribed medication. We have already discussed why the evidence 

of Mother’s failure to remediate the reasons for K.T.3’s removal resulted in an 

appropriate finding that K.T.3 could not be returned to Mother within a reasonable 

time or should not be returned to Mother. Ultimately, without Mother’s consistent 

participation in services, adherence to her prescribed medication, and a clear 

understanding of her need for mental-health treatment, she would continue on the 

path of instability that had threatened her children’s well-being and led to their 

initial removal and adjudication of dependency. 

{¶84} The threat from Mother’s mental-health instability remains not just 

for K.T.3, but for K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, too. These children are now only eight, 

seven, and five years old respectively, and are far too young to self-protect. The 

record does not contain any evidence that K.T.3 is more at risk. He has no special 

needs that would involve additional parental care. Essentially, there was no 

evidentiary basis for a determination that K.T.1 and A.T. should be placed with 

Mother or that K.T.2 could be placed with Mother. See In re C.M., 1st Dist. Hamilton 

Nos. C-150365 and C-150396, 2015-Ohio-3971; compare In re G.K., 12th Dist. Preble 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

29

Nos. CA2015-01-006 and CA2015-02-007, 2015-Ohio-2581, ¶ 40 (Evidentiary basis 

existed to support juvenile court’s decision granting permanent custody of threeyear-old autistic child to a children’s services agency when the court had previously 

determined that an older brother could be returned to the same mother within a 

reasonable time, including ten-year age difference, younger child’s more severe 

medical problems, and the older child’s relationship with grandparents and his 

bonding with mother, who had a history of addiction and mental-health issues.). 

{¶85} Under these circumstances, we conclude that the juvenile court erred 

when it determined that K.T.3 cannot and should not be returned to Mother within a 

reasonable time, but failed to make the same determination with respect to K.T.1, 

A.T., and K.T.2., and then failed to apply R.C. 2151.414(D)(2).3

{¶86} In summary, because the condition of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) and all 

the conditions of R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) were established by clear and convincing 

evidence with respect to K.T.1, A.T., and K.T.2, the juvenile court erred by not 

committing them to the permanent custody of HCJFS on this basis, as required by 

statute. For this reason, we sustain the GAL’s assignments of error. And because of 

this disposition, we overrule W.A.’s second and third assignments of error and the 

remainder of Mother’s sole assignment of error. 

 

3 The juvenile court did not address the application of R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) in its judgment. It 

found, instead, that the remand of custody of K.T.1 and A.T. to Mother was in their best interest, 

in part so they could be permanently placed in the same home, a result the court deemed possible 

only with a remand of custody to Mother. Part of the court’s analysis was based on its erroneous 

finding that K.T.1 and A.T. had not been placed in the same foster home together. We do not 

need to review the court’s best-interest analysis with respect to either parent, however, because 

reunification within a reasonable time was not possible and the requirement of R.C. 

2151.414(D)(2) applied. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS 

30

Conclusion 

{¶87} We affirm the juvenile court’s judgment to the extent that it granted 

permanent custody of K.T.2 and K.T.3 to HCJFS, reverse the judgment to the extent 

that it failed to grant permanent custody of K.T.1 and A.T. to HCJFS on the GAL’s 

March 2015 motion, and enter judgment granting permanent custody of K.T.1 and 

A.T. to HCJFS. 

Judgment accordingly. 

ZAYAS AND MILLER, JJ., concur.

Please note: 

 The court has recorded its own entry this date.