Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 17, 2014.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-13-00378-CR

REGINALD DALE WILSON, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 228th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 1335552

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant was convicted of possessing cocaine with intent to deliver. 

Punishment was assessed at twenty-seven years’ imprisonment. On appeal, the 

question is whether the trial court reversibly erred by failing to suppress evidence 

that was seized without a warrant during a pretextual traffic stop. We conclude that 

appellant failed to preserve error on his only issue presented. Therefore, we affirm 

the trial court’s judgment.
2

BACKGROUND

Appellant was pulled over for failing to use his turn signals. During the stop, 

a uniformed police officer observed, in plain view, a plastic baggie protruding 

from an armrest compartment in appellant’s driver’s side door. The officer seized 

the baggie, which appeared to contain a white substance, and tested its contents in 

the field. The field test positively identified the presence of cocaine. Appellant was 

then charged by indictment with possession with the intent to deliver. The charge 

was enhanced by two previous felony convictions.

Appellant filed a motion to suppress, asserting that the State lacked probable 

cause to stop and search his vehicle. During the suppression hearing, the State 

produced two witnesses who testified that appellant was stopped because of a 

traffic violation. The first witness, an undercover police officer, also claimed that 

appellant was pursued because of his suspected involvement in illegal drugs.

The undercover officer testified that he was a member of a tactical division 

that had been investigating a home with recent reports of narcotics activity. The

undercover officer claimed that, during his surveillance, he witnessed appellant 

drive up to the home and conduct a brief “hand-to-hand transaction” with another 

man. The exchange lasted less than a minute, and the undercover officer felt that it 

was consistent with a drug transaction.

The undercover officer followed appellant through the neighborhood and 

watched as he made one left turn, followed shortly thereafter by a right turn. 

Appellant did not use his turn signals on either occasion. The undercover officer 

reported the violations to a uniformed officer, who was waiting nearby to assist in 

the investigation.
3

The uniformed officer approached appellant in a marked patrol car with 

lights and siren engaged. Appellant did not stop immediately, even though there 

were no obstructions on the side of the road that prevented him from stopping. 

Appellant took a “circuitous route” down several streets before finally parking his 

vehicle. The uniformed officer testified that appellant’s delayed stop suggested that 

he was either contemplating a run or hiding contraband. The uniformed officer did 

not specifically witness a signaling violation.

Appellant argued during the hearing that he had not participated in a drug 

transaction. He asserted that he drove to the house to receive a handicap parking 

sticker, not cocaine.

Appellant also disputed other aspects of the undercover officer’s testimony. 

Appellant asserted that the undercover officer could not have witnessed a hand-tohand transaction because trees and other landscaping blocked the officer’s view. 

Appellant further claimed that he never made an illegal turn. Focusing on the first 

left turn, appellant argued that a signal was not required because the street itself 

was curved and did not intersect with another road. The State agreed, conceding 

there was no traffic violation. As for the second right turn, a signal was required,

but appellant argued there was no violation because the undercover officer never 

reported a violation in his official police report. Appellant accordingly asserted that 

his stop was unjustified.

The undercover officer explained that he had omitted the right turn violation 

by mistake, believing that the perceived left turn violation was sufficient by itself

for purposes of his report. The trial court found the officer to be credible and 

concluded that there was probable cause for the stop and arrest. When the court 

denied the motion to suppress, appellant reached a deal with the State and pleaded 

guilty to the charged offense.
4

ISSUE PRESENTED

In a single issue, appellant argues that the trial court should have suppressed 

the evidence of cocaine because, despite being in plain view, its discovery was not 

inadvertent. Appellant asserts that a warrantless seizure during an advertent, 

pretextual stop is unreasonable, in violation of the Texas Constitution. See Tex. 

Const. art. I, § 9 (“The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and 

possessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches . . . .”).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress using a bifurcated 

standard of review. See Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2007). We give almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the 

historical facts that the record supports, especially when the trial court’s findings 

are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See Guzman v. State, 955 

S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We afford the same level of deference to a 

trial court’s ruling on “application of law to fact questions” or “mixed questions of 

law and fact” if resolution of those questions also turns on an evaluation of 

credibility and demeanor. Id. For pure questions of law, our review is de novo. See 

Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673.

ANALYSIS

Plain view seizures are warrantless seizures of personal property. See State 

v. Betts, 397 S.W.3d 198, 206 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). “The ‘plain view’ doctrine 

permits an officer to seize contraband which he sees in plain sight or open view if 

he is lawfully where he is.” DeLao v. State, 550 S.W.2d 289, 291 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1977). At least three requirements must be satisfied to justify the seizure of an 

object in plain view:
5

First, law enforcement officials must lawfully be where the object can 

be “plainly viewed.” Second, the “incriminating character” of the 

object in plain view must be “immediately apparent” to the officials. 

And third, the officials must have the right to access the object.

Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330, 334 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Horton v. 

California, 496 U.S. 128, 136 (1990)).

In Coolidge v. New Hampshire, a plurality of the United States Supreme 

Court held that the Fourth Amendment imposed another limitation on plain view 

seizures: the officer’s discovery of the object must also be inadvertent. See 403 

U.S. 443, 469 (1971) (plurality opinion). Several years after Coolidge, a full 

majority of the Supreme Court determined in Horton v. California that the Fourth 

Amendment does not impose an inadvertence requirement on plain view seizures. 

See 496 U.S. at 141. The Horton Court reasoned that an inadvertence requirement 

was unnecessary because Fourth Amendment interests are adequately protected 

through limitations on the area and duration of otherwise valid searches. Id. at 

139–40.

Before Horton, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals faithfully applied the 

inadvertence requirement to a plain view seizure challenge under the Fourth 

Amendment. See Hudson v. State, 588 S.W.2d 348, 353 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel 

Op.] 1979) (citing Coolidge). Since Horton, the court has held, in multiple cases, 

that discovery of an item seized in plain view need not be inadvertent. See Ramos 

v. State, 934 S.W.2d 358, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); State v. Haley, 811 S.W.2d 

597, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Joseph v. State, 807 S.W.2d 303, 307 n.3 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1991). The Haley and Joseph decisions cited federal constitutional law

in their analyses. The Ramos decision cited to the Texas Constitution, but the court 

there did not make any separate analysis as to its requirements. See Ramos, 934 

S.W.2d at 362 n.5.
6

Appellant brings this appeal on state grounds only, claiming that the Texas 

Constitution embodies the inadvertence requirement in its guarantee against 

“unreasonable seizures or searches.” See Tex. Const. art. I, § 9. Appellant 

acknowledges that the Ramos decision may foreclose his argument, but citing 

Professors Dix and Schmolesky, appellant argues in good faith that inadvertence 

may still be a possible limitation under state law. See George E. Dix & John M. 

Schmolesky, Texas Practice Series: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 8:42 (3d ed.

2011) (noting that an inadvertence requirement, though possible, is unlikely given 

other developments in state jurisprudence). On this particular claim, however, 

appellant has not preserved his argument for appellate review. Appellant did not 

move the trial court to suppress the evidence seized in this case on the basis of 

inadvertence. His theory at the suppression hearing was that the evidence should be 

suppressed because the State lacked probable cause for stopping his vehicle. 

Because appellant’s trial argument fails to comport with his argument on appeal, 

we conclude that error, if any, has not been preserved. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; 

Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

CONCLUSION

We overrule appellant’s sole issue and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

/s/ Tracy Christopher

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and McCally.

Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).