United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 22-2617

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Deanah Chelagat Cheboss

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Iowa - Central

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 Submitted: April 13, 2023

Filed: August 11, 2023

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Before LOKEN, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges. 

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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

Deanah Chelagat Cheboss appeals her conviction for having knowingly

procured her naturalization contrary to law in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1425(a). Ms.

Cheboss made several false statements in procuring her naturalization. The issues on

appeal are whether the government met its burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that the false statements were material, as that element of the § 1425(a) offense was

defined in Maslenjak v. United States, 582 U.S. 335 (2017), and whether they were
made “under oath,” see 18 U.S.C. § 1015(a). We review these issues de novo,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and affirming if

a reasonable finder of fact could find the conviction supported beyond a reasonable

doubt. See United States v. Coleman, 584 F.3d 1121, 1125 (8th Cir. 2009) (standard

of review); United States v. Santos, 947 F.3d 711, 730 n.12 (11th Cir. 2020). 

Applying this deferential standard, we affirm. 

I. Background

This prosecution has a complex history. We limit our review to facts and

procedural history relevant to the issues on appeal. In August 1999, Kenyan-born

Gideon Tanui entered the United States on a tourist visa. He overstayed the visa,

leaving the United States in 2001. That made him ineligible for admission into the

United States for ten years. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II). The government

denied Gideon a second tourist visa in 2004. In September 2005, his Kenyan wife,

Deanah Kipyego, now Deanah Cheboss,1 entered the United States on a diversity visa

as a lawful permanent resident. The diversity visa application, signed in May 2004,

listed Gideon Tanui as Deanah’s husband. Immigration records reflect that, in an

April 2005 visa interview in Kenya, she falsely claimed Gideon Tanui passed away.2

In October 2008, Gideon Tanui, now in Kenya, used the false alias “Gideon

Cheboss” to obtain a G2 visa, a nonimmigrant visa for government representatives,

1Because the change in her surname is an important aspect of this prosecution,

we are referring to her as “Deanah” to avoid confusion.

2Deanah argues no interview took place. But she signed the diversity visa

application where applicants are instructed to sign during interviews, and a

Department of State “Immigrant Data Summary” prepared after the interview listed

her marital status as widowed. A government witness testified at trial that Gideon’s

Department of Homeland Security immigration file contains a Department of State

document affirming that Deanah said Gideon Tanui died. 

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falsely stating he would represent Kenya at the 63rd session of the United Nations

General Assembly. The G2 visa authorized Gideon to stay in the United States until

the end of the U.N. session in September 2009. Instead, Gideon entered the United

States and never left. In June 2009, Deanah filed a Form I-130 Petition for Alien

Relative on behalf of “Gideon Cheboss,” her new husband. The Petition falsely

stated that Deanah was married to Gideon Tanui until April 2005 and married Gideon

Cheboss in October 2008. She attached a Kenyan document certifying her marriage

to Gideon Cheboss and a false Kenyan death certificate for Gideon Tanui. The

Petition was approved on August 11, 2010. 

On July 21, 2010, Deanah signed a Form N-400 Application for Naturalization. 

Above her signature, Deanah “certif[ied], under penalty of perjury under the laws of

the United States of America, that this application, and the evidence submitted with

it, are all true and correct.” The Application repeated the false statement that Deanah

had married twice, provided the date of the “new” marriage, and attached Gideon

Tanui’s false death certificate. Deanah answered “No” to Question 23: “Have you

ever given false or misleading information to any U.S. Government official while

applying for any immigration benefit . . . ?”

Department of Homeland Security regulations provide that, “[s]ubsequent to

the filing of an application for naturalization, each applicant shall appear in person

before a [United States Citizenship and Immigration Services] officer designated to

conduct examinations” for an examination which “shall be uniform throughout the

United States and shall encompass all factors relating to the applicant’s eligibility for

naturalization.” 8 C.F.R. § 335.2(a). Deanah’s Application recites that USCIS

Officer D. Howe interviewed her on December 20, 2010 in Des Moines, Iowa. 

Deanah again signed the N-400 under penalty of perjury, reaffirming her previous

answers, the basis for this prosecution. The N-400 form contains red marks next to

answers that she was married twice, the date of her “new” marriage to Gideon, and

that she had never given false or misleading information to a governmental official

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while applying for an immigration benefit. In addition, red handwriting states that

Deanah’s marriage to Gideon Tanui ended in May 2005. It is undisputed these

statements were false. The regulations provide that an applicant is questioned “under

oath or affirmation,” and the officer “shall correct written answers . . . to conform to

the oral statements made under oath or affirmation.” 8 C.F.R. § 335.2(c). At trial,

Carrie Harmsen, a USCIS supervisory officer who has conducted thousands of

naturalization interviews, testified it is USCIS practice to use red check marks or

slashes to indicate answers the applicant orally confirmed at the interview, and that

information in red handwriting means the applicant provided it at the interview.

The N-400 Application was approved and Deanah became a United States

citizen in January 2011. Now the spouse of an American citizen, Gideon Cheboss

could immediately apply for permanent residency, avoiding what is often long delays. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). He applied in February 2011 and became a permanent

resident in July 2011.

John Haase, special agent with Homeland Security Investigations, received a

referral from the USCIS fraud detection unit regarding Deanah and Gideon. Haase

uncovered the true immigration story after interviewing Gideon and matching

fingerprint records between Gideon Cheboss and Gideon Tanui. A federal grand jury

indicted Deanah for unlawful procurement of naturalization in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1425(a) and Gideon for various violations of the immigration laws. Gideon pleaded

guilty to attempted naturalization fraud prior to trial. 

The government and Deanah proceeded to a one-day bench trial. The

government first called Gideon, who invoked his privilege not to testify against his

wife. The government then submitted the above-summarized immigration

documents. Special Agent Haase and Carrie Harmsen testified for the government. 

Immigration lawyer Laura Lichter testified as a defense expert that in about one of

15 naturalization interviews, the interviewer fails to place the applicant under oath. 

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After closing arguments, the district court3

 noted that the government “can establish

somebody’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt through circumstantial evidence” and

found that the government “has established with proof beyond a reasonable doubt that

Ms. Cheboss did commit the crime of which she’s charged.” The court subsequently

sentenced Deanah to three years supervised release and granted the government’s

motion to revoke her citizenship. See 8 U.S.C. § 1451(e). 

II. Discussion

A conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1425(a) requires the government to prove that

Deanah “knowingly procure[d] . . . contrary to law, the naturalization of any person.” 

18 U.S.C. § 1425(a). It is “contrary to law” if a person “knowingly makes any false

statement under oath, in any . . . matter relating to . . . naturalization, citizenship, or

registry of aliens.” 18 U.S.C. § 1015(a). However, in Maslenjak, resolving a conflict

in the circuits, the Supreme Court held that, to support a conviction under 18 U.S.C.

§ 1425(a), a knowingly false statement that violates § 1015(a) must be “material,”

that is, the government must prove “the defendant lied about facts that would have

mattered to an immigration official.” 582 U.S. at 338. The false statements must

have “somehow contributed to the obtaining of citizenship.” Id. at 342. On appeal,

Deanah argues the government failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (i) she

made a material false statement under oath during her naturalization application, and

(ii) she did not qualify for naturalization, a complete defense to a § 1425(a) charge.

A. Material False Statement. In Maslenjak, after concluding that § 1425(a)

requires proof of a causal connection -- that a material false statement “played some

role” in procuring naturalization -- the Supreme Court addressed how this

requirement would apply. If the facts the defendant misrepresented would themselves

3The Honorable Stephanie M. Rose, Chief Judge of the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Iowa. 

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disqualify the applicant for naturalization, such as falsely representing physical

presence in the United States for the period required in 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(1), “there

is an obvious causal link between the defendant’s lie and her procurement of

citizenship.” 582 U.S. at 348. But even where the true facts are not themselves

disqualifying, the Court explained, the government can prove the requisite causal link

by relying on an “investigation-based theory,” which requires proof that (i) the

misrepresented fact was sufficiently relevant to a naturalization criterion that it would

have prompted reasonable officials to undertake further investigation, and (ii) “that

the investigation would predictably have disclosed some legal disqualification.” Id.

at 349-50 (quotation omitted). 

To be eligible for naturalization, an applicant must show that she “has been and

still is a person of good moral character” for the five years prior to applying for

naturalization up to the time of admission. 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a)(3). One of eight

statutorily enumerated conditions that preclude a person from being found to be of

good moral character is giving “false testimony for the purpose of obtaining” an

immigration benefit. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6); see 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(b)(2)(vi);

Amador-Palomares v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 864, 867 (8th Cir. 2004).4 In this case,

relying on the “investigation-based theory” articulated by the Supreme Court in 

Maslenjak, the government argued the false statements in Deanah’s N-400

Application for Naturalization were material because, had the true facts been

disclosed, immigration officers would have undertaken further investigation and

learned the false statements were given for the purpose of obtaining an immigration

4Section 1101(f)(6) is limited to false testimony for the purpose of obtaining

immigration benefits. “Willful misrepresentations made for other reasons, such as

embarrassment, fear, or a desire for privacy” are insufficient. Kungys v. United

States, 485 U.S. 759, 780 (1988).

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benefit for Gideon in violation of § 1101(f)(6),5

 and denied naturalization under

§ 1427(a)(3) because Deanah was not a person of good moral character. 

At trial, Carrie Harmsen testified that questions relating to good moral

character are thoroughly investigated; had they known of Deanah’s false statements,

USCIS would have investigated and denied naturalization for lack of good moral

character under § 1101(f)(6). This testimony, combined with the highly suspicious

timing of Gideon’s G2 visa expiration, Deanah’s Form I-130 Petition and Application

for Naturalization, and Gideon’s immediate petition for permanent residency when

Deanah was granted citizenship, are sufficient to meet the government’s burden

regarding the likelihood and outcome of a further investigation. See Santos, 947 F.3d

at 733-34; United States v. Haroon, 874 F.3d 479, 483-84 (6th Cir. 2017).

Deanah argues she never lied to obtain immigration benefits. She cites

testimony by defense expert Lichter that Gideon did not in fact overstay his G2

“duration of status” visa6

 and could have applied for an immigration waiver to permit

a permanent residency adjustment. Therefore, Deanah becoming a citizen was not a

benefit to Gideon. 

5Gideon, a person in the United States who had overstayed his nonimmigrant

G2 visa, could not adjust to permanent resident status within the United States. See

8 U.S.C. § 1255(c)(2). This bar would not apply if Deanah became a United States

citizen. In addition, with Deanah a citizen, Gideon could avoid the months or years

applicants normally wait to obtain a visa to become a permanent resident. § 1255(a). 

The regulations make clear that one who gives false testimony to obtain immigration

benefits for another lacks good moral character. See 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(b)(2)(vi). 

Deanah does not argue otherwise. 

6See generally Guilford Coll. v. Wolf, No. 1:18CV891, 2020 WL 586672, at

*1 (M.D.N.C. Feb. 6, 2020).

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Whether Deanah acted with the requisite intent is a question of fact. Kungys,

485 U.S. at 782. We conclude a reasonable factfinder could find she acted to obtain

immigration benefits for her spouse. Deanah began her lies after Gideon’s second

tourist visa was denied. She repeated the false statements in subsequent immigration

documents. Gideon applied for permanent residency a month after Deanah became

a citizen, taking full and immediate advantage of the benefits she obtained. It is hard

to imagine any purpose of the falsehoods except to benefit Gideon, even if merely to

protect Gideon’s unlawful presence in the United States. Cf. Liwanag v. I.N.S., 872

F.2d 685, 689 (5th Cir. 1989). Moreover, Deanah’s false answer to Question 23 --

that she had never given false or misleading information to a government official --

was for the purpose of obtaining an immigration benefit for herself; a truthful answer

would have showed she lacked good moral character and therefore was ineligible for

naturalization. “There can be no doubt that one who falsely denies during a

naturalization interview that she has previously given false or misleading information

to a government official does so for the purpose of obtaining naturalization benefits.” 

Yemer v. USCIS, 359 F. Supp. 3d 423, 431 (E.D. Va. 2019). 

Deanah argues the false statements were immaterial because they did not

necessarily establish she lacked good moral character. We disagree. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(f) provides that “[n]o person shall be regarded as, or found to be, a person of

good moral character who” gives false testimony to obtain an immigration benefit in

violation of § 1101(f)(6). See 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(b)(2)(vi); Reynoso v. Holder, 711

F.3d 199, 210-11 (1st Cir. 2013). 

B. Under Oath. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(6) provides that no person “who has given

false testimony for the purpose of obtaining any [immigration] benefit” may be

regarded as having good moral character. Deanah argues that “false testimony” is

limited to false statements given verbally under oath. As the government failed to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the false statements in her N-400 Application

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for Naturalization were given orally and under oath, the government failed to present

sufficient evidence and we “need not even address materiality.” We disagree.

Deanah argues the government failed to prove the answers she provided at the

naturalization interview were made “under oath” because (i) the Form N-400 does not

say so; (ii) USCIS interviewing officer Howe did not testify; (iii) USCIS supervisory

officer Harmsen had no first hand knowledge and could only testify as to how officers

should conduct the interviews; and (iv) defense expert Lichter testified that based on

her experience interviewers frequently do not put naturalization applicants under

oath. In addition, Deanah argues, Harmsen’s testimony that the red markings

indicated what questions Howe asked was speculative.

These are questions of fact. Harmsen testified it is standard for interviewers

to place naturalization applicants under oath at the beginning of the interview, that

federal regulations require it, and that USCIS trains interviewers to do so. See 8

C.F.R. § 335.2(c). Given the strict requirements in the regulations, Harmsen’s

testimony she has followed those procedures in thousands of interviews, and the

confirming red slashes and handwriting on Deanah’s N-400 Application, there was

powerful circumstantial evidence that Deanah confirmed under oath at the

naturalization interview that she made the false statements. 

The district court was free to find the testimony of Harmsen more credible than

the contrary opinion of Lichter, who admitted she had never attended a naturalization

interview in Des Moines. See Santos, 947 F.3d at 734. In addition, other courts have

relied on red ink annotations by immigration officers conducting naturalization

interviews. See United States v. Mohammad, 249 F. Supp. 3d 450, 454 n.3 (D.D.C.

2017) (citing cases); Haroon, 874 F.3d at 483. And Deanah points to no case

imposing the unrealistic requirement that the interviewing USCIS officer must attend

a § 1425(a) trial long after the naturalization interview and testify that he or she

complied with the uniform USCIS practice of having naturalization questions

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answered under oath. As in Haroon, 874 F.3d at 483, we conclude that “[a]mple

evidence showed that [Deanah] orally ratified [her] written responses” at the

interview.7

C. Qualified for Citizenship. Finally, Deanah argues she has an independent

defense to the § 1425(a) charge because, whatever lies she might have made, she still

legitimately qualified for naturalization. In Maslenjak, the Supreme Court noted that

§ 1425(a) “is not a tool for denaturalizing people who . . . were actually qualified for

the citizenship they obtained.” 582 U.S. at 351. However, because Deanah gave

false testimony to obtain an immigration benefit, she lacked the good moral character

required to qualify for naturalization. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(f)(6), 1427(a). 

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

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7Therefore, we need not decide whether Deanah is correct in arguing that “false

testimony” must be given orally to violate 8 U.S.C. § 1015(a). The argument is based

on a statement in Kungys. In ruling that § 1106(f)(6) does not contain a materiality

requirement for false testimony, the Court stated:

“testimony” is limited to oral statements made under oath. The United

States concedes that it does not include other types of misrepresentations

or concealments, such as falsified documents or statements not made

under oath.

485 U.S. at 780 (cleaned up). Deanah argues that 18 U.S.C. § 1015(a) independently

imposes this same requirement, separate from materiality. In United States v.

Mensah, the First Circuit, citing 28 U.S.C. § 1746 and Federal Rule of Evidence 603,

held that § 1015(a) requires a false statement under oath, but the statement does not

need to be verbal; “signing a statement under penalty of perjury satisfies the standard

for an oath or affirmation.” 737 F.3d 789, 806 (1st Cir. 2013) (quotation omitted). 

We are inclined to agree. The government made no contrary concession in this case,

as it apparently did in Kungys. 

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