Opinion issued April 16, 2015

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-14-00076-CR

———————————

KATELYNN ROSE GARZA, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4

Brazoria County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 198893

O P I N I O N

Appellant Katelynn Garza was charged with misdemeanor possession of 

marijuana. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.121(b)(1). A jury found her 

guilty and imposed a $500 fine as punishment. 
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In this appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it denied her 

request for a jury instruction regarding illegally obtained evidence. See TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. art. 38.23(a). We conclude that the evidence did not demonstrate any 

material fact dispute implicating the legality of the traffic stop that led to the 

discovery of marijuana in Appellant’s car. Accordingly, we affirm.

Background

Around midnight on December 18, 2012, Pearland Police Officer N. Palomo 

pulled over a car because he observed that its passenger-side headlamp was not 

functioning properly. Appellant was driving the car. Palomo walked up to the car,

and Appellant stated, “headlights.” Palomo said, “yes,” to which she replied, “I just 

got stopped for that in Friendswood.” As Palomo spoke with Appellant about the 

car’s headlamp, he smelled the odor of marijuana coming from the car. 

Palomo asked Appellant to exit the car, which she did. She admitted that she 

had been smoking marijuana earlier that evening. A search of the vehicle 

uncovered several marijuana cigarettes, which Appellant admitted were hers. 

Palomo arrested her for possession of marijuana. 

The State charged Appellant with the misdemeanor offense of possession of 

marijuana. At the end of trial, Appellant proffered for inclusion in the jury charge 

an article 38.23 instruction to the effect that evidence should not be considered if it 

was the result of an illegal traffic stop. Specifically, her counsel questioned 
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whether there was reasonable suspicion to justify the traffic stop, explaining at the 

charge conference that a fact issue existed about “what condition [her] vehicle was 

in . . . specifically, the headlamps and the amount of light that they were 

emitting . . . .”

The court denied the requested charge, and the jury found Appellant guilty. 

This appeal followed. 

Analysis

In a single issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it denied 

her request for a jury instruction regarding illegally obtained evidence. She argues 

that the instruction was warranted by a factual dispute concerning her passengerside headlamp: whether it was working and the amount of light it produced. We 

review a challenge to a jury charge using a two-step process. See Sakil v. State, 287 

S.W.3d 23, 25–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). First, we must determine whether the 

jury charge contained an error. Id. at 25. If it did, we then evaluate whether the 

error was harmful so as to constitute reversible error. Id. at 25–26. 

“To conduct a traffic stop in compliance with the Fourth Amendment, an 

officer must have ‘reasonable suspicion.’” E.g., Hamal v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302, 

306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). An officer has reasonable suspicion when he is aware 

of “specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences from 

those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that a particular person has 
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engaged or is (or soon will be) engaging in criminal activity.” Id. (quoting York v. 

State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 536 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). “The reasonable suspicion 

standard is wholly objective; the subjective intent of the officer conducting the 

investigation is irrelevant.” Id. “The standard requires only ‘some minimal level of 

objective justification” for the stop.’” Id. (quoting Foster v. State, 326 S.W.3d 609, 

614 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). “Whether the facts known to the officer amount to 

reasonable suspicion is a mixed question of law and fact subject to de novo 

review.” Id. (citing State v. Mendoza, 365 S.W.3d 666, 669–70 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012)). “A police officer’s reasonable mistake about the facts may yet legitimately 

justify his own conclusions that there is probable cause to arrest or reasonable 

suspicion to detain.” Robinson v. State, 377 S.W.3d 712, 720 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2012).

The traffic stop in this appeal occurred at nighttime, when the use of motorvehicle headlights was required. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 547.302(a). A motor 

vehicle must be equipped “with at least two headlamps,” and “[a]t least one 

headlamp shall be mounted on each side of the front of the vehicle. Id. 

§ 547.321(a) & (b). A motor-vehicle headlight must produce “an uppermost 

distribution of light or composite beam that is aimed and emits light sufficient to 

reveal a person or vehicle at a safe distance of at least 450 feet ahead during all 
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conditions of loading.” Id. § 547.333(b)(1).

1 The headlight shall produce “a 

lowermost distribution of light or composite beam that” must be aimed and emit 

light “sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of at least 150 feet 

ahead.” Id. § 547.333(b)(1)(A). Generally speaking, a car’s headlights at night 

must emit light “sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle at a safe distance ahead of 

the vehicle.” Id. § 547.333(c).

Article 38.23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that evidence 

obtained in violation of the Constitution or laws of Texas or the United States shall 

not be admitted in evidence against the accused in a criminal case. TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. art. 38.23(a). In any case in which “the legal evidence” raises such an 

issue, “the jury shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt” that 

the evidence was illegally obtained, “then and in such event, the jury shall 

disregard any such evidence so obtained.” Id. A defendant must meet three 

requirements before she is entitled to a jury instruction under article 38.23(a): 

(1) the evidence heard by the jury must raise an issue of fact; (2) the evidence on 

 1 Appellant asserts that a lamp identified by section 547.321(a) includes “a 

combination of” her headlamps, such that one dimly lit headlamp and one 

brightly lit headlamp together could produce the statutorily required light 

sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of at least 450 feet. The 

State interprets the Code to require each headlamp to produce independently 

the statutorily required amount of light. As a result, the State contends that 

any headlamp emitting less than the required “uppermost distribution of 

light” violates the Code. Our disposition of this appeal does not depend upon 

resolving this interpretive dispute. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
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that fact must be affirmatively contested; and (3) the contested factual issue must 

be material to the lawfulness of the challenged conduct in obtaining the evidence. 

Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 306. If other undisputed facts are sufficient to establish the 

lawfulness of the challenged conduct, then the disputed fact issue is not submitted 

to the jury because it is not material to the ultimate admissibility of the evidence. 

Madden v. State, 242 S.W.3d 504, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Rocha v. State, 

No. 01-13-00897-CR, 2015 WL 1122279, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

Mar. 12, 2015, no. pet. h.).

“The first requirement for obtaining a jury instruction under Article 38.23, is 

that the defendant requests an instruction on a specific historical fact or facts.” 

Madden, 242 S.W.3d at 511. “The jury decides facts; the judge decides the 

application of the law to those facts.” Id. To raise a disputed fact necessary for an 

article 38.23(a) instruction, there must be some affirmative evidence that puts the 

existence of that fact into question. Id. at 513. Nevertheless, a fact issue about 

whether evidence was legally obtained may be raised “from any source, and the 

evidence may be strong, weak, contradicted, unimpeached, or unbelievable.”

Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting Wilkerson v. 

State, 933 S.W.2d 276, 280 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d.)). 
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At trial, the reason Palomo gave for pulling Appellant over was that her 

passenger-side headlamp “was not operating.” Palomo explained the difference 

between a headlight and a parking light:

There’s a set of parking lights, when you . . . either click your lights 

over once—or however your vehicle is set up—turns on the parking 

lights or just turns on the taillights and the two amber lights on the 

outside corners of the vehicle without turning on the actual headlights 

themselves, the white lights that illuminate in front. Secondly is the 

actual headlight where . . . you . . . turn the dial over one more click 

and it actually illuminates the headlights which produces the white 

lights for you to be able to visually see everything at nighttime in 

front of your vehicle as you would need to.

He explained why he perceived one of the headlights to be malfunctioning:

I could see that the light—the actual headlight itself was not 

illuminated; so it was not actually shining out the white light that is 

necessary for the driver to be able to see everything 90 degrees from 

the rearview mirror to the right side of the vehicle . . . or passenger’s 

side of the vehicle, correctly. I could see that the parking light was 

working; it was emitting an orange light going around where the 

headlight should be but was obviously not the white headlight as it 

should be.

The testimony was illustrated through the use of video recorded by Palomo’s 

car and still images captured from the video. Palomo compared the image of 

another car to Appellant’s car. He showed how the other car’s two headlights 

produced “distinct lighting” that could be seen “on the ground . . . coming from the 

front of each headlight as that vehicle travels.” In contrast, he explained what he 

perceived on the night of the arrest, and his review of the video confirmed that 

with respect to Appellant’s car:
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You’ll notice that the driver’s side light is illuminated, and there is a 

white aura that’s striking the [pavement] directly in front of the 

driver’s side light. The passenger one is notably dimmer, and there is 

no aura striking directly in front of where this light is. The reason for 

this is because this one has the headlight that is illuminated and is 

actually shining out onto the roadway. This one’s a parking light 

that’s shining through the housing of the headlight.

Palomo also showed how the same effect could be observed in the video after he 

had turned his car around to follow Appellant’s. He explained:

As you can see on the left side of the vehicle, or the driver’s side of 

the vehicle, there’s a white light that extends all the way out and also 

shines all the way up into this area here. Now, that white light is very 

visible . . . from our perception of where we’re sitting at now. On the 

passenger’s side of the vehicle, there’s no white light; there’s a slight 

lighting right here on the side from where the parking light is 

illuminated at, but obviously absent of the white light that the driver’s 

side would be producing.

Palomo testified that he conducted a traffic stop based on his perception of 

an absence of light on the passenger side of Appellant’s car. He further explained 

the traffic stop by stating that “it’s necessary for a vehicle to have two headlights to 

maintain safe driving standards on the roadway at nighttime,” “it’s a violation not 

to have the two headlamps,” and that he initiated the stop “to notify the driver of it 

because many drivers do not check their own headlights and taillights and all that 

and let them know of the violation.” When he approached Appellant after pulling 

her over, she acknowledged, “headlights.” He said, “yes,” to which she replied, “I 

just got stopped for that in Friendswood.”
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Appellant presented evidence, through her father’s testimony, disputing

Palomo’s testimony that the passenger-side headlamp was “not operating.” After 

he viewed the still images from the patrol car video, Mr. Garza testified without 

objection that “they look like they’re both working” because “they’re both shining 

and illuminating. You can see the lights there and there on the street.” He further

testified that he maintained the car and that, since the arrest, he had not changed 

the passenger-side headlamp because it “hasn’t been out.” After viewing the video 

on cross-examination, Mr. Garza claimed he saw one working headlamp and “a 

little bit of light” from the passenger-side headlamp. When asked on crossexamination if he saw “two operable headlamps,” he answered, “I just see one.”2

But he later reasserted: “To me, in looking at that picture, the light is not out.” 

The defense also offered into evidence a photograph taken by Mr. Garza

days before trial, depicting the car with its lights on but the passenger-side 

headlamp disconnected. The evidence was offered in an attempt to demonstrate 

that had the entire passenger-side headlamp been out as Palomo testified, the car 

would have produced far less light than was depicted in the State’s exhibits.

 2 The State contends that there is “no dispute” that the passenger-side 

headlamp was “not functioning” at the time of Garza’s arrest, because 

Mr. Garza testified on cross-examination that he saw only one “operable” 

headlamp. To the extent that this testimony suggested that the headlamp was 

producing no light at all, however, it merely contradicts Mr. Garza’s 

previous testimony and other defense evidence. See Garza v. State, 126 

S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
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Mr. Garza further testified that he had tested the lights and verified that he could 

see “both lights on” from 1,000 feet away, and that at the time of the test, the car 

was in the same condition as on the night of the arrest.

The legal justifications for the traffic stop depend on whether Palomo had 

reasonable suspicion that Appellant had a faulty headlight in violation of the 

Transportation Code. Reasonable suspicion existed in this case to the extent that 

Palomo was aware of specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational 

inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that Appellant’s 

headlights failed to emit light sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle at a safe 

distance ahead. See Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 306; see also TEX. TRANSP. CODE

§ 547.333(c).

Appellant contends that a fact issue was raised as to reasonable suspicion to 

justify the traffic stop because Mr. Garza testified that “he believed both headlights 

were functioning normally.” The record does not support that characterization of 

his testimony. Mr. Garza testified that it appeared to him from the still image of the 

patrol car video that the headlights were “both working.” But that was not 

sufficient to affirmatively controvert Palomo’s detailed testimony about a distinct 

difference between the quality of light emanating from each headlight. As he 

perceived the vehicle coming toward him, Palomo testified that the right headlight 

“was not actually shining out the white light that is necessary for the driver to be 
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able to see everything 90 degrees from the rearview mirror to the right side of the 

vehicle . . . or passenger’s side of the vehicle, correctly.” Instead, “it was emitting 

an orange light going around where the headlight should be but was obviously not 

the white headlight as it should be.” Palomo explained how the video showed the 

driver’s side headlight was illuminated, with “a white aura that’s striking the 

[pavement] directly in front of the driver’s side light.” In contrast, the passenger 

side headlight was “notably dimmer,” with “no aura striking directly in front” of 

the car on the street. When Palomo turned his car around to follow Appellant’s, he 

perceived an absence of light on the passenger side of Appellant’s car. 

Immediately upon being pulled over, Appellant acknowledged an issue with her 

headlights, stating that she “just got stopped for that in Friendswood.”

Even to the extent Appellant has demonstrated an issue of material fact as to 

whether the headlight was “working” to some degree, she presented no evidence 

that the headlight was “functioning normally.” Nor did she present any other

evidence to create a fact issue as to whether Palomo was either lying or 

unreasonably mistaken in his perception that the headlight on the passenger side 

was “notably dimmer,” to the degree that a reasonable police officer would believe 

that Appellant might have committed a traffic violation because her headlights 

failed to emit light sufficient to reveal a person or vehicle at a safe distance ahead.

See Robinson, 377 S.W.3d at 720–21 (explaining that an article 38.23(a) 
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instruction is appropriate when “there is a dispute about whether a police officer 

was genuinely mistaken, or was not telling the truth”); Francis v. State, 425 

S.W.3d 554, 559 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, no pet.) (“‘At a safe distance’

requires evidence of the existing conditions, including darkness, atmospheric 

conditions, traffic, and roadside hazards.”).

Because appellant did not raise any material fact issue, she was not entitled 

to an article 38.23 jury instruction. Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 306. Accordingly, the 

trial court did not err in denying her request for the jury instruction.

Conclusion

The evidence did not raise an affirmatively contested material issue of fact

concerning the legality of the traffic stop that led to the discovery of marijuana in 

appellant’s car. As such, she was not entitled to an article 38.23 jury instruction. 

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Michael Massengale

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Bland, and Massengale.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).