United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh Products 

Branch

Tomatoes

Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions 

 

December 2005 

 
Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions for 

Tomatoes 

These inspection instructions are specifically developed by the Fresh Products 

Branch to assist officially licensed inspectors in the interpretation and application of the 

U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes, Section 51.1855. 

These instructions do not establish any substantial rule not legally authorized by 

the official grade standards. This publication supersedes any previously issued 

inspection instructions. 

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions for additional information pertaining 

to date, inspection point, carrier, condition of carrier, lading, etc. that is not covered in 

this handbook. Reference to “General Inspection Instructions” in all Fresh Products 

Branch publications refers to any one or all of the following - General Shipping Point 

Inspection Instructions, General Market Inspection Instructions, or Fresh Fruit and 

Vegetable Certificate Writing Handbooks. 

Any portion of these instructions beginning with the section number §51.--- and 

followed by bold print are sections or portions of sections copied directly from U.S. 

standards. The U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes, Section 51.1855 are 

printed in the appendix of this handbook. All U.S. standards are available on the 

Internet under the USDA homepage. 

This replaces Shipping Point Inspection Instructions for Fresh Tomatoes dated 

November 1987 and Market Inspection Instructions for Fresh Tomatoes dated October 

1986. 

December 2005 

This publication may be duplicated without authorization from USDA. 
i

Factors noted with (Q) are considered quality only. Factors noted with (C) are 

considered condition at market. Factors noted with (Q or C) may be quality or condition 

depending on the circumstances. Factors not designated do not pertain to either 

category. 

Table of Contents 

GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 1

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING ......................................................................... 1

SIZE OF SAMPLE ................................................................................................. 1

NUMBER OF SAMPLES ......................................................................................... 2

TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ................................... 3

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ............................................................................. 4

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE ...................................................................... 6

PRODUCT ........................................................................................................... 7

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS ........................................................................... 7

BRANDS/MARKINGS............................................................................................. 8

ORIGIN ............................................................................................................... 8

CONDITION OF PACK ........................................................................................ 8

TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ......................................................................... 9

SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 9

SIZE BASED ON U.S. STANDARD SIZE DESIGNATIONS .......................................... 10

EXEMPTIONS TO SIZE MARKINGS .................................................................... 11

FAILS TO MEET MARKING REQUIREMENTS AS TO SIZE .......................................... 11

REPORTING SIZE/OFFSIZE ................................................................................. 12

CONTAINERS MARKED TO A RECOGNIZED SIZE ................................................ 13

CONTAINERS NOT MARKED OR NOT MARKED TO A RECOGNIZED SIZE ............... 13

SIZE BASED ON FLORIDA MARKETING ORDER .................................................. 14 

SIZE BASED ON IMPORT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 14 

 SIZE SUMMARY - EN ROUTE OR DESTINATION (TERMINAL MARKETS)................. 15 

SIZE ON CHERRY TOMATOES, PLUM OR PEAR TYPE TOMATOES, AND 

 OTHER SIMILAR TYPES.........................................................................16 

STANDARD WEIGHT ........................................................................................ 16

DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) .......................................................... 18

ABNORMAL COLORING (C) ................................................................................. 18

REPORTING ABNORMAL COLORING ON FV-300 CERTIFICATE ............................ 19

ABNORMALLY SOFT AND WATERY FRUIT (C) ....................................................... 20

BACTERIAL SPECK (Q) ...................................................................................... 21
ii

BACTERIAL SPOT (Q) ........................................................................................ 21

BLOSSOM END DISCOLORATION (C) ................................................................... 22

BRUISES (C) ..................................................................................................... 22

CATFACES (Q) .................................................................................................. 23

CHILLING INJURY (C) ......................................................................................... 24

CLEANNESS (Q) ................................................................................................ 25

CLOUDY SPOT (Q) ............................................................................................ 25

COLOR, RIPENESS AND FIRMNESS ...................................................................... 26

COLOR CLASSIFICATIONS ............................................................................... 26

REPORTING COLOR ....................................................................................... 27

YELLOW COLOR RESULTING FROM HIGH TEMPERATURES AND/OR

 LACK OF VENTILATION....................................................................... 29 

FIRMNESS ..................................................................................................... 29

CUTS AND BROKEN SKINS (Q OR C) ................................................................... 30

DEVELOPMENT (Q) ............................................................................................ 31

DISCOLORATION (SILVERY-WHITE AND GOLD FLECK) (C) ..................................... 31

DISCOLORED AREAS AROUND AND/OR BENEATH STEM SCAR (Q) ......................... 32

DISCOLORED SEED AREAS (C) ........................................................................... 32

ENLARGED STEM SCARS ................................................................................... 32

SURFACE DISCOLORATION (C) ........................................................................... 33

FREEZING AND FREEZING INJURY (C) .................................................................. 33

GHOST SPOT (Q) .............................................................................................. 34

GROWTH CRACKS (Q) ....................................................................................... 34

HAIL INJURY (Q) ................................................................................................ 35

INSECT/WORM INJURY (Q OR C) ........................................................................ 35

INTERNAL DISCOLORATION (C) ........................................................................... 36

MOLDY AND/OR DECAYED STEMS (C) ................................................................. 37

MOLDY STEMS .............................................................................................. 38

DECAYED STEMS ........................................................................................... 38

MATURITY (Q)................................................................................................... 38

IMMATURE ..................................................................................................... 38

NAILHEAD SPOT (C) .......................................................................................... 39

PUFFINESS (Q) ................................................................................................. 39

SCARS (OTHER THAN CATFACES) (Q) ................................................................ 40

ZIPPER SCARS .............................................................................................. 41

SHAPE (Q) ....................................................................................................... 41

SIMILAR VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS (Q) ........................................................... 42

SKIN CHECKS (C) .............................................................................................. 43

SMOOTHNESS (Q) ............................................................................................. 44

SOIL SPOT (C) .................................................................................................. 45

SPRAY BURN OR DUST BURN SPOTS (Q) ............................................................ 45

SUNBURN (C) ................................................................................................... 46

GREEN SHOULDER DISORDER ........................................................................ 47

SUNKEN DISCOLORED AREAS (C) ....................................................................... 47

SUNSCALD (Q) .................................................................................................. 48

WAXY BLISTER (C) ............................................................................................ 48

Revised, February 2007, HU-152-18(a) 

Page ii, Table of Contents, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and 

Market Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

****  
iii

WHITE CORE (C) .............................................................................................. 49

REPORTING WHITE CORE ON THE CERTIFICATE ............................................... 50

SOFT AND DECAY (C) ........................................................................................ 50

REPORTING SOFT AND DECAY ........................................................................ 50

SOFT ............................................................................................................ 50

DECAY .......................................................................................................... 51

GRADE ............................................................................................................. 51

APPENDIX I -- U.S. GRADE STANDARDS ...................................................... 53

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF FRESH TOMATOES ........................ 53

APPENDIX II ...................................................................................................... 64

SUMMARY OF TOMATO IMPORT REQUIREMENTS ................................... 64

SUMMARY OF FLORIDA MARKETING ORDER NO. 966 .............................. 65

MAP OF REGULATED AREA ................................................................................ 67

APPENDIX III ..................................................................................................... 68

COMPARISON OF AREAS OF CIRCLES .................................................................. 68

APPENDIX IIII .................................................................................................... 69

EXAMPLE 1 – INSPECTION SCORESHEET (SPI-CA) .............................................. 69

EXAMPLE 1 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (SPI-CA) ............................................... 70

EXAMPLE 2 – INSPECTION SCORESHEET (SPI-CA) .............................................. 71

EXAMPLE 2 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (SPI-CA) ............................................... 72

EXAMPLE 3 – INSPECTION SCORESHEET (SPI-FL) ............................................... 73

EXAMPLE 3 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (SPI-FL) ................................................ 74

EXAMPLE 4 - INSPECTION CERTIFICATE FV 300 ................................................... 75

EXAMPLE 5 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE FV E300 ................................................ 76

EXAMPLE 6 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE FV E300 ................................................ 77

EXAMPLE 7 – INSPECTION CERTIFICATE FV E300 ................................................ 78

1

GENERAL 

“Tomatoes” as referenced in these instructions refers to all fresh field grown 

tomatoes unless specifically referred to as cherry, grape, roma, plum or pear type 

tomatoes, tomatoes on the vine, heirloom tomatoes or other similar types. For these 

types there may be more specific instructions noted throughout the handbook. 

Greenhouse tomatoes are covered by a separate U.S. grade standard and are 

not covered in this handbook. 

Tomatoes on the vine are covered by a separate U.S. grade standard and are 

briefly referenced in this handbook. 

Imported tomatoes are also regulated by the Marketing Order Administration 

Branch (MOAB). Fresh tomatoes are subject to Section 8e of the Agricultural Marketing 

Agreement Act of 1937, only during the period of time that the domestic commodity is 

also being shipped and regulated, (October 10th thru June 15th). The Act provides that 

when certain domestically produced commodities are regulated under a Federal 

marketing order, imports of the commodity must meet the same or comparable grade, 

size, quality and maturity requirements. For summaries of the Section 8e Import 

Requirements for Tomatoes, refer to Appendix II. 

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING 

The importance of obtaining representative samples cannot be over emphasized. 

Accurate certification is possible only if the samples examined are truly representative 

of the entire lot or accessible portion. All portions of a lot or load should receive the 

same attention in sampling regardless of the difficulty involved in reaching all layers or 

parts of a lot or load. Anytime the entire lot requested is not accessible for sampling, 

the inspection and certificate must be restricted to the accessible portion. 

Size of Sample 

The tolerances in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes are 

determined on the basis of count. 

Regular Tomatoes 

Shipping Point: A minimum of 25 tomatoes shall be examined for containers 

larger than 10 pounds. If a container does not contain 25 tomatoes or is less than 10 

pounds, the entire contents will be the sample unit. 

** **

 

Revised, April 2008, HU-153-13(a) 

Page 1, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005
2

En Route or Destination: At least 50 tomatoes shall be examined from each 

sample container. If the container does not contain 50 tomatoes, the entire contents will 

be the sample. Do not open adjacent containers to get a minimum of 50 tomatoes. 

Whenever defects exceed the container or lot tolerance in one or more samples, the 

entire contents of at least one of these samples must be examined. 

Cherry, Grape and Similar Type Tomatoes 

The individual cup or basket will be the unit for inspection. Samples should be 

selected at random from various locations within the flats. When not packed in cups, 

baskets or similar consumer units, the sample size will be a minimum of 50 tomatoes. If 

100 count samples are taken, it will not be necessary to double the sample size to 200 

specimens. The portion of the application of tolerances pertaining to samples of 5 

pounds and less will apply for individual cups or baskets or similar consumer units. 

Cello Wrapped “Tubes” and Trays 

These are generally consumer packages packed in master containers. The 

individual tube/tray will be the sample unit with a maximum of 2 samples per master 

container taken. Total samples taken should equal at least double the number of 

packages contained in the master container, i.e., if master containers contain 8 

tubes/trays, the total number of samples for that lot will be at least 16. 

Tomatoes on the Vine 

All tomatoes in the container shall be included in the sample with the container 

being the unit of inspection. However, when cluster cherry tomatoes are packed in 

mesh bags and placed in flats, the unit of inspection is the individual bag. Additional 

columns for factors affecting the vines shall also be kept based on the number of 

tomatoes in the container. 

Number of Samples 

As a general rule a minimum of 1% of the lot must be examined. For lots of less 

than 300 packages a minimum of 3 samples must be examined. It is the inspectors’ 

responsibility to examine additional representative samples when the quality, condition, 

or size in samples is decidedly different to ensure an accurate description of the lot. 

** **

****

Revised, April 2008, HU-153-13(b) 

Page 2, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005
3

TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 

In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of 

the following grades, the following tolerances shall be determined by count. 

Summary of Tolerances

Shipping Point*: 

U.S. No. 1 U.S. Comb.** U.S. No. 2 U.S. No. 3 

A. Total defects, 10% 10% 10% 10% 

 Included in “A” above: 

 1) very serious damage 5% 5% 5% 5% 

 (insects only) 

 Included in “1” above: 

 a) soft or decay 1% 1% 1% ***1% 

B. Off-size 10% 10% 10% 10% 

C. Off-color: 10% 10% 10% 10% 

Included in “C” above: 

1) For tomatoes which are 

green in color, when any 

color other than 

“Green” is specified 5% 5% 5% 5% 

*Shipping Point, as used in these standards, means the point of origin of the shipment in 

producing area or as port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or in the case of shipments 

from outside the continental United States, the port of entry into the United States. 

**The U.S. Combination grade consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 tomatoes: 

Provided, That at least 60 percent, by count, meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 grade. Higher 

percentage combinations can be specified, however lower percentage combinations cannot be specified. 

In addition, the only grades allowed in the U.S. Combination grade are U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2. 

No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of U.S. 

No. 1 tomatoes required in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 10 percent 

less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 required: Provided, That the entire lot averages within the 

required percentages. 

***This 1% decay tolerance is not included in the 5% very serious damage tolerance. 
4

En Route or at Destination: 

U.S. No. 1 U.S. Comb.* U.S. No. 2 U.S. No. 3 

A. Total defects, 15% 15% 15% 15% 

 Included in “A” above: 

1) soft and decay 5% 5% 5% 5% 

 2) shoulder bruises or 

discolored or sunken scars 10% 10% 10% 10% 

3) otherwise defective 10% 10% 10% 10% 

Included in “2” & “3” above: 

 a) very serious damage 5% 5% 5% 5% 

(insects only)

B. Off-size 10% 10% 10% 10% 

C. Off-color: 10% 10% 10% 10% 

Included in “C” above:

 

1) For tomatoes which are 

green in color, when any 

color other than 

“Green” is specified 

 

5% 5% 5% 5% 

*The U.S. Combination grade consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 tomatoes: 

Provided, That at least 60 percent, by count, meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 grade. Higher 

percentage combinations can be specified, however lower percentage combinations cannot be specified. 

In addition, the only grades allowed in the U.S. Combination grade are U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2. 

No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of U.S. 

No. 1 tomatoes required in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 10 percent 

less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 required: Provided, That the entire lot averages within the 

required percentages. 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.1862 Application of tolerances. The contents of individual 

packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the 

following limitations: 

(a) For packages which contain more than 5 pounds (2.27 kg), and a 

tolerance of 10 percent or more is provided, individual packages 

shall have not more than 1-1/2 times the tolerance specified, and for 

a tolerance of less than 10 percent individual packages shall have 

not more than double the tolerance specified, except that at least one 

defective and one off-size specimen may be allowed in any package: 

Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are within the 

tolerances specified for the grade; and, 
5

(b) For packages which contain 5 pounds (2.27 kg) or less individual 

packages shall have not more than 4 times the tolerance specified, 

except that at least one tomato which is soft, or affected by decay, 

and one off-size specimen may be permitted in any package: 

Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are within the 

tolerances specified for the grade. 

Summary of Application of Tolerances

Shipping Point* – (For packages containing more than 5 pounds) 

U.S. No. 1, U.S. Comb.** and 

U.S. No. 2 

U.S. No. 3 

A. Total defects, 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

 Included in “A” above: 

 1) very serious damage 5% x 2 = 10% 5% x 2 = 10%

 (insects only) 

 Included in “1” above: 

 a) soft or decay 1% x 2 = 2% ***1% x 2 = 2%

B. Off-size 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

C. Off-color: 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

Included in “C” above: 

1) For tomatoes which are 

green in color, when any 

color other than 

“Green” is specified 

 

 

 

5% x 2 = 10% 5% x 2 = 10%

*Shipping Point, as used in these standards, means the point of origin of the shipment in 

producing area or as port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or in the case of shipments 

from outside the continental United States, the port of entry into the United States. 

**The U.S. Combination grade consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 tomatoes: 

Provided, That at least 60 percent, by count, meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 grade. Higher 

percentage combinations can be specified, however lower percentage combinations cannot be specified. 

In addition, the only grades allowed in the U.S. Combination grade are U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2. 

No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of U.S. 

No. 1 tomatoes required in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 10 percent 

less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 required: Provided, That the entire lot averages within the 

required percentages. 

***This 1% decay tolerance is not included in the 5% very serious damage tolerance.

Packages which contain 5 pounds or less shall have not more than 4 times the 

tolerance specified. 

  

** ** 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(a) 

Page 5, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 
6

En Route or at Destination - (For packages containing more than 5 pounds)

U.S. No. 1, U.S. Comb.* and 

U.S. No. 2 

 U.S. No. 3 

A. Total defects, 15% x 1-1/2 = 22.5% 15% x 1-1/2 = 22.5%

 Included in “A” above: 

1) soft and decay 5% x 2 = 10% 5% x 2 = 10%

 2) shoulder bruises or 

discolored or sunken scars 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

3) otherwise defective 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

Included in “2” & “3” above: 

 a) very serious damage 5% x 2 = 10% 5% x 2 = 10%

(insects only) 

B. Off-size 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

C. Off-color: 10% x 1-1/2 = 15% 10% x 1-1/2 = 15%

Included in “C” above: 

1) For tomatoes which are 

green in color, when any 

color other than 

“Green” is specified 

 

5% x 2 = 10% 5% x 2 = 10%

*The U.S. Combination grade consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 tomatoes: 

Provided, That at least 60 percent, by count, meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 grade. Higher 

percentage combinations can be specified, however lower percentage combinations cannot be specified. 

In addition, the only grades allowed in the U.S. Combination grade are U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2. 

No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of U.S. 

No. 1 tomatoes required in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 10 percent 

less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 required: Provided, That the entire lot averages within the 

required percentages. 

Packages which contain 5 pounds or less shall have not more than 4 times the 

tolerance specified. 

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE 

Entries on the notesheet and certificate must be kept in a legible and accurate 

manner. It is mandatory that all information which appears on the certificate be 

supported by information on the notesheet. It is the responsibility of the inspector to 

ensure that all information is properly recorded. Notations shall be recorded so that 

anyone familiar with inspection procedures can interpret them and write a certificate. 

Also remember that notesheets and certificates are prima facie evidence and must be 

able to withstand legal scrutiny. 
7

Detailed instructions pertaining to date, inspection point, place of inspection, type 

of carrier, lading, etc., which are not covered by these instructions may be found in the 

General Inspection Instructions. Additional information and instructions may be given 

by your supervisor. 

Product 

The common name shall be used to describe this commodity in the product 

heading. Type may be reported in conjunction with tomatoes or may be reported in the 

“Product/Variety” section on the shipping point inspection certificates or in the “Lot ID” 

section on market notesheet and certificate. The following common names may be 

used: 

 Tomatoes 

 Roma, Plum or Pear type tomatoes 

 Cherry tomatoes 

 Grape tomatoes 

 Tomatoes on the Vine 

Do not certify variety. At applicant’s request, the inspector may certify as to 

shape, such as “globe, flat or elongated shape,” proceeded by general quantity terms as 

necessary. 

Number/Type of Containers 

The number of containers shall always be reported. In the market and at 

shipping point locations for stationary lot certification, the inspector shall always verify 

the container count provided by the applicant for each lot and report it as the 

“inspector’s count.” If the number of containers available for inspection does not match 

the application it is the inspector’s responsibility to confirm that the amount presented 

for inspection constitutes the lot. If an accurate count cannot be determined, the 

inspector may report the count at someone else’s authority. However, the reason for 

doing so must be reported on the notesheet (e.g., numerous pallets with mixed 

product.) 

At shipping point locations for "days-run" certification the applicant generally 

provides a manifest for count and it is acceptable to use this for the number of 

containers. 

Tomatoes are generally packed in lidded, fiberboard containers. The most 

popular size containers are the 25 pound volume fill carton, and the two and three layer 

place pack cartons. 

Some tomatoes may also be packed in “consumer packages.” These packages 

usually contain from two to eight tomatoes, packed in over wrapped “tubes,” or “trays,” 

and are usually packed in master flats or cartons. 

Roma, Plum or Pear types, or other similar types are generally packed in 25 

pound volume filled fiberboard cartons. 

Cherry tomatoes are generally packed in individual cups, plastic hinged 

containers or baskets in master fiberboard flats or cartons. 

Revised, April 2008, HU-153-13(c) 

Page 7, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005

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8

Brands/Markings 

The brand, variety, size, count, grade, weight, point of origin and other important 

information appearing on the container should be reported on the notesheet in the 

"Brands/Markings" section. Only the brand name and other key markings necessary to 

properly identify the lot for certification should appear in this section on the certificate. 

Federal and Federal-State lot numbers may be stamped on containers. 

Inspectors should take special care in recording PLI markings on the notesheet and 

certificate. Tomatoes from the regulated area of the Florida Marketing Order No. 966 

are typically positive lot identified (PLI’d). Tomatoes from the non-regulated area in 

Florida are generally not PLI’d. In addition, tomatoes shipped from other parts of the 

United States using similar brands and markings may or may not be PLI’d. For specific 

requirements for tomatoes grown under the Florida Marketing Order No. 966, refer to 

Appendix ll. 

Origin 

The inspector should not make a positive statement on their own authority, but 

when container markings list the state or country of origin, it should be quoted in the 

appropriate space on the notesheet and the certificate. If origin is not marked, it is the 

inspector’s responsibility to make an effort to obtain this information from the applicant. 

This policy is necessary because some firms may use one mark on the same product 

packed in several states. The inspector can certify only to the marks and has no means 

of verifying what state or country the tomatoes are grown. 

CONDITION OF PACK 

Tomatoes are either machine filled (usually mature greens) or place-packed 

(usually vine-ripes) depending on the ripeness, shipping location and packing facilities. 

If place-packed, a thin fiberboard sheet is usually placed between the layers. If 

tomatoes are in bulk, pack should not be reported. 

The following terms shall be used to describe the fill of containers when the 

tomatoes are jumble packed in lidded or un-lidded containers, face-packed, or volumefilled: 

Well filled - tomatoes are in firm contact with container cover. 

Fairly well filled - tomatoes are not more than 1/2 inch below top edge of 

container. 
9

Slack - pack cannot be described with any of the preceding terms. Report the 

degree of slackness in inches and fractions thereof. 

The following terms shall be used to describe tightness of pack when the 

tomatoes are place-packed in containers: 

Very tight - too tight for best results, tomatoes are packed so tightly that some 

injury to the tomatoes may result. 

Tight - the tomatoes are packed tight enough in layers so as to prevent 

movement within the container, but not so tightly that injury may result. 

Tomatoes may be in contact with the lid. 

Fairly tight - the tomatoes are packed sufficiently tight in layers so as to prevent 

movement that could cause injury under normal handling conditions. 

Loose - the tomatoes are decidedly loose within layers allowing movement which 

may cause damage to the tomatoes; and, there is sufficient space so that an 

additional row of tomatoes can be readily added to each layer in the container. 

TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT 

Inspectors would not normally determine or report temperatures at shipping 

point. However, due to the importance of the pulp temperature of fresh fruits and 

vegetables when in transit or at destination, it is essential that the inspector accurately 

determine and report the temperature or range in temperatures on each lot. Pulp 

temperature should be reported regardless of the location of the product, whether in the 

carrier, warehouse, or stacked on the platform. Remember to pre-cool the thermometer 

in order to obtain true readings. Report all temperatures to the nearest whole degree. 

A minimum of three temperatures for each lot must be taken and recorded on the 

notesheet. More temperatures must be taken if the lot is abnormally cold, heated, or 

there is a specific request for temperature, and these must be reported in greater detail 

specifying location in lot or load. 

SIZE 

Size shall be determined and reported on all quality and condition inspections for 

tomatoes except for exempt type tomatoes. (See Exemptions to Size Markings.) 

Size is not part of the basic grade requirements for tomatoes. Therefore, a 

lot of tomatoes could meet the requirements of a specified grade and fail to meet size 

requirements, or fail to meet the requirements of a specified grade and meet size 

requirements. 
10

Although many of the following requirements concern container markings, they 

are found in the “Size” section of the standard, and are considered “Size 

Requirements.” 

The following are specific requirements for size in the U.S. standards for 

tomatoes: 

 Four size designations (small, medium, large, and extra large), each with 

a 1/32-inch overlap; 

 Size of the tomatoes in any standard type shipping container shall be 

specified and marked on the container; 

 Only one size (of the four designations) may be included in, and be 

marked on the container; and, 

 Eighty-five percent (85%) of the containers shall be legibly marked with a 

size designation. 

 For off-size. Ten percent (10%) for tomatoes in any lot which are smaller 

than the specified minimum diameter, or larger than the specified 

maximum diameter. 

Size Based on U.S. Standard Size Designations 

There are four size designations listed in the U.S. standards for tomatoes. When 

referring to "size designations" based on the standard the words "small," "medium," 

"large," and "extra large" (or their abbreviations) are the size designations, not the 

corresponding diameter measurements. 

In order to meet size requirements, tomatoes packed in standard shipping 

containers (any container weighing 30 pounds or less, except consumer packages) 

shall be marked with one of the following size designations on at least 85% of the 

containers. 

§51.1859 Size...Table I 

Size 

Designations 

Inches 

Minimum 

Diameter1

Maximum 

Diameter2

Small 2-4/32 2-9/32 

Medium 2-8/32 2-17/32 

Large 2-16/32 2-25/32 

Extra Large 2-24/32 

1

Will not pass through a round opening of the designated diameter when 

tomato is placed with the greatest transverse diameter across the opening. 

2

Will pass through a round opening of the designated diameter in any position. 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(b) 

Page 10, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **   
11

Minimum Diameter

Means the greatest diameter measured at right angles to a line from stem to 

blossom end. This means that the tomato must support its own weight in the sizing ring 

in order to meet the minimum diameter. If the tomato falls through the minimum sizing 

ring, it is undersize. 

Maximum Diameter

Means the smallest dimension by passing the tomato through a round opening in 

any position. If the tomato will not fall through the maximum sizing ring in any position, 

it is oversize. 

Each office has been issued sizing rings based on the U.S. grade standards size 

designations of small, medium, large and extra large, with the designation “USDA” 

followed by the most recent year in which official sizing rings were issued. In addition, 

separate sizing rings have been issued for inspections based on the Florida Marketing 

Order (FMO). 

Abbreviations for the size designations that will be acceptable and officially 

recognized as a size marking include, but are not limited to: small ("s" or "sm") medium 

("m" or "med") large ("l," "lg," or "lge") and extra large ("e," "x," "ex," or "ext," combined 

with any of the abbreviations for large). 

Exemptions to Size Markings

Consumer packages are packages that are available to the consumer without 

the ability to add or remove tomatoes prior to purchase of the product ("tubes," “plastic 

hinged trays,” “over wrap film trays,” etc.). These usually contain from two to eight 

tomatoes. Consumer packages and their master containers are exempt from size 

(marking) requirements. However, if they are marked (either the master container or 

consumer package), all of the size (marking) requirements will apply. If consumer 

packages or their master containers are not marked, then size will not be determined 

unless specifically requested by the applicant. If they are marked to a diameter 

(minimum or minimum and maximum) then compliance with the markings will be 

determined. 

Cherry tomatoes, grape, roma, plum or pear tomatoes, or other similar 

types are exempted from marking requirements as to size. However size may be 

specified in terms of minimum diameter or minimum and maximum diameters 

expressed in whole inches, and not less than thirty-second inch fractions thereof, in 

accordance with the facts. If they are marked to a diameter (minimum or minimum and 

maximum) then compliance with the markings shall be determined. 

Fails to Meet Marking Requirements as to Size 

Containers marked to any size designations other than small, medium, large, or 

extra large, or recognized abbreviations for the sizes as defined in the U.S. standards 

for tomatoes (other than size based on the Florida Marketing Order), shall fail marking 
12

requirements and must be reported following the grade statement. “Fails to meet 

marking requirements as to size.” 

When containers are marked to more than one size designation, such as 

“medium-large,” the inspector must show whether the tomatoes in the container meet 

the markings. Perishable Agricultural Commodity Act (PACA) requires that if any 

markings are present, they must be correct. Therefore, when requested to determine 

size, the inspector shall size the tomatoes based on the container markings. Use the 

smaller of the sizes as the basis for under size, and the larger of the sizes as the basis 

for over size. Regardless of whether the markings are met, the lot will fail to meet 

marking requirements as to size. 

A final requirement in the size section of the standard is that 85% of the 

containers must be legibly marked. Ideally, 100% of the containers in a lot should be 

marked to a size. However, this is not always the case. The standard requires that 

85% of the containers must be legibly marked. Markings that are smeared or otherwise 

unreadable are not considered legible. If less than 85% of the containers are legibly 

marked, the lot would fail to meet marking requirements as to size. 

When containers meet all marking requirements, no markings statement shall be 

reported on the certificate. 

Reporting Size/Offsize 

Inspection certificates must show whether or not the lot meets the size as 

marked. Each size is considered a separate lot when applying the tolerance for offsize. 

Tomatoes fail to meet the marked or specified size requirements when the 10% lot 

tolerance or the container tolerance for size is exceeded. 

Shipping Point 

When tomatoes meet the marked size, enter the statement “Meets size as 

marked” on the certificate. 

When the lot tolerance or the container tolerance for size is exceeded, the lot 

would fail to meet size as marked. The size range, in inches and fractions thereof, 

should be shown on the certificate. Report the fact that the lot failed to meet size 

requirements following the actual grade statement, such as; “U.S. No. 1. Fails to meet 

size as marked.” 

En Route or Destination 

Size shall always be determined and reported when performing a quality and 

condition inspection. Report the size statement, including a mostly range if necessary, 

in the “Other” section of a paper FV-300 certificate, or the “Lot Description” section of an 

electronic FV-300 certificate. Do not report the percentages of offsize in the 

offsize/defects columns on the certificate unless the lot fails to meet size. 
13

All lots marked to a recognized size, (including sizes based on the Florida 

Marketing Order) which fail to meet size as marked due to excessive offsize, shall be 

reported to a PACA specialist in Washington, D.C. 

Containers Marked to a Recognized Size

Size shall be based on either the U.S. grade standard size designations (small, 

medium, large, extra large) or a Florida Marketing Order (FMO) size. Tomatoes from 

non-regulated areas using a “FMO” size must have the “FMO” designation in close 

proximity to the size marking in order to be considered a recognized size. Include the 

applicable offsize column(s) on the notesheet. Report the size in the “Other,” or 

Description of Product” section as “Meets size as marked” or “Meets size as marked, 

offsize within tolerance,” as appropriate. 

When the lot tolerance for size is exceeded, the lot would fail to meet size as 

marked. Report the fact that the lot failed to meet size requirements following the actual 

grade statement, such as; “U.S. No. 1. Fails to meet size as marked.” For en route or 

destination inspections, the percentage of offsize shall be reported in the 

Offsize/Defects column of the certificate only when the lot fails to meet size. 

Containers Not Marked or Not Marked to a Recognized Size

Containers are often not marked to size, or are marked with numerical 

designations such as 4x5, 6x6, and 5x6 etc. which are not referenced in the standards. 

These markings have no meaning to the inspector, other than possible lot identification. 

Lots with no markings, or marked in this manner would not meet size (marking) 

requirements (marked according to one of the four size designations in Table I of the 

standard). Report in the grade statement “Fails to meet marking requirements as to 

size.” 

Determine and report a size range. Show the size range, including a mostly, if 

applicable, in the “other” section on the certificate. Report “Fails to meet marking 

requirements as to size” in the grade section of the certificate. 

If the applicant specifies a recognized size (S, M, L, XL or FMO 5x6 etc.) then 

that size will be used. To report the size on the certificate, state “Meets size as 

specified” or “Meets size as specified, offsize within tolerance.” In the Remarks section 

state “size determined and reported based on XXX (denote size) at applicants request.” 

Shipping Point 

If requested, lots marked with only numerical designations may be specified on 

the basis of one of the size designations in the standard. If the applicant does not 

specify, then the inspector shall determine and report size by giving a general range in 

diameter (in inches and fractions thereof) and a mostly statement as needed. The 10% 

tolerance for offsize shall be applied. 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(c) 

Page 13, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **   
14

Size Based on Florida Marketing Order

The Florida Marketing Order No. 966 defines size requirements based on 

numerical designations (6x7, 6x6, and 5x6). 

Size 

classification 

Minimum 

Diameter in 

inches 

Maximum 

Diameter in 

inches 

6x7 2-9/32 2-19/32 

6x6 2-17/32 2-29/32 

5x6 2-25/32 No maximum 

To allow for variations incident to proper sizing, not more than a total of 10% by 

count, of the tomatoes in any lot may be smaller than the specified minimum diameter 

or larger than the maximum diameter. 

Size shall be based on designations as defined in the FMO. For lots of tomatoes 

from regulated areas, the sizes as defined in the FMO shall apply throughout the year. 

For all lots packed outside the regulated area, containers must also be marked with 

“FMO” in close proximity to the size designation to be considered a recognized size. If 

no “FMO” is marked on the container, and they are not packed in the regulated area, 

the lot will be considered as not marked to size and would fail marking requirements. 

The inspector shall also report on the notesheet and certificate “Size based on FMO 

requirements” for lots packed outside the regulated time and/or regulated area. 

Additionally, lots of tomatoes packed in the regulated area must meet all 

applicable marketing order requirements. For additional information regarding the 

inspection of tomatoes based on the Florida Marketing Order refer to Appendix ll. 

Size Based on Import Requirements 

When inspections are based on 8e import requirements, the inspector must note 

all tomatoes under the minimum diameter allowed (2-9/32). The 10% tolerance for 

offsize would apply to tomatoes failing to meet the minimum requirement. 

For containers marked to size based on Table I in the standard, compliance with 

the markings shall be determined in addition to minimum import requirements. 

For containers with no markings, or marked to numerical designations not based 

on the Florida Marketing Order, the inspector must also determine the minimum and 

maximum diameter and use a mostly statement as necessary. 
15

SIZE SUMMARY - EN ROUTE OR DESTINATION (TERMINAL MARKETS) 

Origin Time 

period Markings Request by applicant Sizer1,2 Statement(s)3

(according to the facts) 

1 Regulated area4 Regulated 

time5

5x6, 6x6 or 6x7 

(Size based on FMO6) 

Size not 

specified FL TOM1 Meets or fails to meet 

marked size. 

2 Regulated area4 Regulated 

time5

5x6, 6x6 or 6x7 

(Size based on FMO6)

Extra large, 

large, or 

medium 

Both sizers 

Meets or fails to meet 

marked size. 

Meets or fails to meet 

specified size. 

Size based on U.S. grade 

standards at applicant’s 

request. 

3 Regulated area4

Nonregulated 

time 

5x6, 6x6 or 6x7 

(Size based on FMO6 ) 

Size not 

specified FL TOM1 Meets or fails to meet size 

as marked. Size based on 

FMO requirements. 

4 Non-regulated 

area Any time 

Size based on U.S. Grade 

Standards Table 1 (extra 

large, large, medium or small) 

Size not 

specified USDA2 Meets or fails to meet size 

as marked. 

5 Non-regulated 

area Any time No markings,7 Size not specified 

Report range 

(min, max 

diameter) 

Fails to meet marking 

requirements as to size. 

6 Non-regulated 

area Any time No markings7

FMO or 

Table 1 in 

U.S. 

Standards 

FL TOM1

 or 

USDA2

 per 

request 

Meets or fails to meet size 

as specified. Size based 

on (FMO/US grade 

standard) requirements at 

applicant’s request. 

Fails to meet marking 

requirements as to size. 

7 Non-regulated 

area Any time 

Marked with both (Sizes from 

U.S grade standards and 

non-recognized numerical 

designations) 

Size not 

specified USDA2

Meets or fails to meet size 

as marked. 

Size based on U.S. grade 

standards.8

8 Non-regulated 

area Any time 5x6, 6x6, or 6x7, with some 

form of “FMO6

” indicated on 

container 

Size not 

specified FL TOM1 Meets or fails to meet size 

as marked. 

 

 

1 A three-blade set for sizing tomatoes according to the Florida Marketing Order size designations of 5x6, 

6x6, and 6x7. 

2

 A four-blade set for sizing tomatoes according to the U.S. Grade standards size designations as listed in 

Table 1 (extra large, large, medium and small). 

3

 “Meets/Fails” statement reported in the “Other/Lot description” section regardless of whether the lot 

passed or failed for quality or condition. “Fails” statements reported in the “Grade” section. Percentage 

of offsize shall only be reported in the Average Defects column if the lot fails size, or reporting a 

percentage of U.S. No. 1 quality or other grade as applicable. Lots which fail to meet size as marked will 

be misbranded as to size. 

4

 Regulated area (that portion of the State of Florida bounded by the Suwannee River, the Georgia 

Border, the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico). 

5

 Regulated Time (October 10 through June 15 of each season). 

6

 FMO indicates size is based on the Florida Marketing Order requirements for size. 7 “No markings” means containers are not marked to a recognized size according to the U.S. Grade 

Standards or Florida Marketing Order, or no actual markings on the container. 8

 Determine and report compliance with FMO (in addition to U.S. grade standards sizes) only at specific 

request of applicant. 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(d) 

Page 15, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **  
16

Size Examples Based on Summary Chart: 

1) Tomatoes from South Carolina (or any non-regulated area) any time of year in 

25# cartons stamped 6x6. The inspector shall use Scenario #5 from the chart 

and report the range (minimum to maximum diameter). The lot will also fail to 

meet marking requirements as to size. Keep in mind, any time the size terms 

6x7, 6x6 and 5x6 are used without FMO marked on the container for lots packed 

outside the regulated area, the lot is not considered to be marked to size. Upon 

applicant’s request, the inspector may determine size based on the U.S. 

standards or the Florida Marketing Order, in which case the inspector would 

apply Scenario #6. 

 

2) Tomatoes from South Carolina (or any non-regulated area) any time of year 

stamped 6x6 with FMO marked on the container. The inspector shall use 

Scenario #8. 

3) Tomatoes placed packed in two and/or three layer cartons marked to a numerical 

designation without FMO (from a non-regulated area, any time of the year). This 

is typical of vine-ripe packs from California and imports from Mexico. In this 

case, the numerical designations are simply a pack arrangement and have no 

relation to the numerical designations in the Florida Marketing Order. The 

inspector shall use Scenario #5. Report the range (minimum to maximum 

diameter). The lot will also fail to meet marking requirements as to size. If 

applying import requirements, the inspector must also determine compliance with 

the minimum diameter (2-9/32 inches). 

4) Tomatoes from Florida in a regulated area between October 10 through 

June 15th stamped 5x6. The inspector shall use Scenario #1. Tomatoes packed 

from the regulated area under the Florida Marketing Order any time of year, are 

not required to include “FMO” in the size marking on the container. 

Size on Cherry Tomatoes, Plum or Pear Type Tomatoes, and Other Similar Types 

Unless specifically requested by the applicant, size on these types of tomatoes 

shall not be determined or reported. However, if a minimum or minimum and maximum 

diameter is marked on the container, size must be determined and reported. The 10% 

tolerance for offsize applies when lots are marked to a diameter, or the applicant has 

requested a specific size. (See Exemptions to Size Markings.) 

STANDARD WEIGHT 

Certification of standard weight is an optional section of the standards and was 

included at the request of industry. Standard weight may be specified in connection 

with the grade at the request of the applicant and so noted under the "Remarks" 

** **  

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(e) 

Page 16, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 
17

section; for example: "Standard weight determination made at applicants request." 

However, standard weight is a mandatory requirement in the Federal Marketing Order 

for Florida tomatoes. 

§51.1863 Standard weight. 

(a) When packages are marked to a net weight of 15 pounds (6.80 kg) 

or more, the net weight of the contents shall not be less than the 

designated net weight and shall not exceed the designated weight by 

more than 2 pounds (0.91 kg). 

(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper sizing, not more 

than 15 percent, by count, of the packages in any lot may fail to meet 

the requirements for standard weight. 

A standard tomato shipping container is typically marked to a net weight of 25 

pounds. When this is the case, to meet the requirements of standard weight the 

container can not weigh less than 25 pounds net, or weigh more than 27 pounds net. 

Standard weight requirements would not apply if packages are marked to a net weight 

of less than 15 pounds, or if the packages are not marked to a net weight. 

Standard weight is not to be confused with certification of net weight. Be sure 

the applicant understands the difference if requesting a standard weight inspection. 

While determining compliance or non-compliance of Standard weight, a noncompliance of net weight may exist. It is important to be aware of this because of the 

tolerances for standard weight. Failure to meet net weight requirements as explained in 

the general inspection instructions are violations of PACA. For this reason, when 

requested to perform an inspection for Standard weight, weigh at least thirty-six (36) 

containers. This will avoid having to weigh additional containers if net weight is also in 

question. 

Use the following example as a guide for certification of “Standard Weight.” 

Cartons marked or designated 25 pounds net weight. 

Pack: Net weight per carton 24.50 to 27.50, average 25.50 pounds 

including 10% weighing less than 25 pounds and 5% more than 27 

pounds. (See remarks.) 

Grade: U.S.- - -. Meets Standard Weight. 

Remarks: Standard weight determination made at applicants request. 

If the lot fails to meet standard weight requirements, the grade statement is: 

“Fails to meet requirements of standard weight due to --% of cartons below 

marked weight and --% of cartons more than 2 pounds over marked weight.” 

Note, a 15% tolerance by count, of the packages in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements for standard weight. 

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions for information and instructions on 

net weight certification. Results of net weight determination on Florida tomatoes 
18

could result in a conflict with standard weight certification at Shipping Point. 

When in doubt, contact the Field Operations Section.

DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) 

Statements pertaining to freshness, maturity, shape, color, the amount and type 

of defects, and the amount of decay are shown under the appropriate headings. 

Factors noted with (Q) are considered as QUALITY only. Quality, sometimes 

referred to as "permanent" defects, means defects which do not change during storage 

or shipment (shape, scars, etc.). 

Factors noted with (C) shall be reported as CONDITION on market certificates. 

Condition defects are defects which are subject to change during shipment or storage, 

including but not limited to bruising, discoloration, shriveling and decay. 

Those factors noted with (Q or C) may be considered as QUALITY or 

CONDITION, depending on the circumstances. 

References to Area, Aggregate Area, Length or Aggregate Length are based on 

a tomato having a diameter of 2-1/2 inches. For tomatoes larger or smaller than 2-1/2 

inches in diameter, greater or lesser areas may be allowed. 

Abnormal Coloring (C) 

Tomatoes may show striped, blotchy or other color patterns that are not 

characteristic of normal coloring/ripening. The term “abnormal coloring” will be used to 

report a number of similarly appearing defects formerly identified as “virus mottling,” 

“mottling,” “irregular ripening,” “blotchy ripening,” among others, which often cannot be 

distinguished from each other with certainty. Although these defects exhibit somewhat 

different patterns (circular type blotches, striped or streaked areas or sections, 

variegated or mottled patterns from the blossom or stem end) they all affect the 

appearance, and therefore will be reported as one defect, abnormal coloring. No 

other terms can be used to describe such defects. Tomatoes affected by abnormal 

coloring will rarely be evident at shipping point. This defect is scored based on the area 

affected and the contrast in color (greens and reds). 

It is important not to confuse abnormal coloring with the normal process of 

ripening. Tomatoes will typically begin to ripen from the blossom end first, and progress 

to the walls and shoulders. During the ripening process, some striped or blotchy areas 

are normal as the tomato moves from green to red. Listed below are some guidelines 

to consider when determining abnormal coloring. 
19

Characteristics 

Normal ripening process Abnormal coloring 

Blending of colors from green to red. Distinct color change from green to red. 

May skip several color categories. 

Striped or streaked areas will blend into 

adjacent colors. 

Striped or streaked areas do not blend into 

adjacent colors, distinct color changes, 

skipping several color categories. 

Blossom area will typically ripen first, 

followed by walls, and shoulders. 

Shoulders are red, while blossom end 

remains distinct green color. 

Tan to yellow break in color typically 

occurring on blossom end. 

Yellow circular rings or blotchy areas, 

often associated with raised areas. 

Do not cut tomatoes in order to determine abnormal coloring. Abnormal 

coloring is based on the external appearance only. Tomatoes in the turning stage 

are often difficult to distinguish from abnormal coloring, when scoring abnormal coloring, 

it should be obvious that the tomato is affected. 

As a guide, tomatoes that display symptoms characterized as abnormal coloring 

will be scored and reported as “abnormal coloring,” if the tomatoes are affected to the 

extent as shown in the official visual aids TM-CP-3 and TM-CP-4. Copies of the Official 

Visual Aids are available in each inspection office. Each inspector should familiarize 

themselves with the visual aids. Also see the official visual aids for identification TM-5-

IDENT and TM-6-IDENT. 

Tomatoes that are scored and reported as “abnormal coloring” will not be 

categorized to a color classification (green, breakers, turning, pink, light red and red). 

See section “Report color as a condition factor” for further clarification. Therefore, the 

total percentage of tomatoes affected by abnormal coloring + soft + decay + color 

classifications must add up to not less than 98 percent, or not more than 102 percent. 

Abnormal coloring does not include the following specifically named defects 

and/or conditions: cloudy spot, ghost spot, sunscald, spray burn, dust burn, sunburn or 

yellow color due to high temperatures and/or lack of ventilation. For the purpose of 

classifying as to a color, tomatoes affected by the above specifically named defects will 

be included in the percentages of color classifications. For instructions on scoring and 

reporting these specific defects or conditions, see the specific sections for each defect. 

Reporting Abnormal Coloring on FV-300 Certificate

Report and score “abnormal coloring” and “white core” against the total tolerance 

for “otherwise defective” against the grade being applied. This means that when an 

inspection is based on the U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2, or U.S. No. 3 grade, report the 

percentage of abnormal coloring in the first column only on the FV-300 certificate, but 

when the inspection is based on the U.S. Combination grade, report the percentage of 
20

abnormal coloring in the first and second columns on the FV-300 certificate. Abnormal 

coloring is scored against the total tolerance for “otherwise defective,” and not against 

any restrictive tolerance. However, in the U.S. Combination grade, defects scored 

against both the No. 1 and No. 2 grades must be shown on the certificate. White core 

will be reported in the same way. For certificate examples see the FV-300 handbook 

(Example No. 34). 

Abnormally Soft and Watery Fruit (C) 

Occasionally, tomatoes will show abnormal softness which is accompanied by an 

unusual watery appearance. Various causes are given for this condition, such as 

excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizers, or excessive amounts of rainfall on rich soils. 

The appearance, edible and marketing quality is materially affected. Abnormally soft 

and watery fruit are considered very undesirable by re-packers since they will not 

withstand normal handling. 

When abnormally soft and watery fruit are cut, the walls have a translucent or 

watery appearance, and the flesh is abnormally watery. Suspicious fruit should be cut 

crosswise with a sharp knife. Cutting with a dull knife may cause the fruit to appear 

bruised, soft, or watery, when in fact it is not. 

The appearance and condition of abnormally soft and watery fruit is different than 

fruit that can be called “soft,” (yields readily to slight pressure) and should be reported 

separately. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage by abnormally soft and watery when any fruit lacks firmness 

(but not soft), and is objectionably watery when cut. 

Score as serious damage if this condition seriously affects the edible or 

marketing quality of the fruit. 

It will rarely, if ever be scored as very serious damage. However, any tomato, 

which yields readily to slight pressure, should be scored as soft against all grades, 

regardless of color. 

Abnormally soft and watery fruit should be classified as to a color. Fruit 

affected by this defect do not take away from the 98 to 102% of color classifications, 

abnormal coloring, soft and decay. If this defect is present, it should be reported before 

the soft and decay statements on the certificate. 

Cherry tomatoes typically show translucent walls. Because of their size, the 

walls of cherry tomatoes are characteristically thinner than other tomatoes. This is not a 

defect and should not be scored as abnormally soft and watery. However, if cherry 

tomatoes with translucent walls are also soft, they should be scored as “soft.” 
21

Bacterial Speck (Q) 

Bacterial speck appears as very small, smooth, slightly raised black spots. 

Specks are typically between 1/32 to 1/16 inch in diameter. The early stages are 

barely visible and the oldest lesions are usually no more than 1/32 inch in 

diameter. Affected tomatoes often show large numbers of the small black spots 

which may also coalesce. There is no decay associated with these blemishes 

and they do not develop or spread during transit. Bacterial speck may be 

distinguished from bacterial spot by the very small size of the spots, and are 

always smooth, with readily apparent margins. They do not have a light or watersoaked halo about them and do not have the checks and cracks which cause the 

scab-like appearance of bacterial spot lesions. 

Scoring Guide

Due to the small size of bacterial speck, numerous specks which do not 

exceed the allowable area may be equally objectionable depending on the 

color, size, depth and concentration. 

Score as damage when more than a circle 3/8 inch aggregate in diameter 

or more than 5 large (1/16 inch) specks are present. 

Score as serious damage when more than a circle 5/8 inch aggregate in 

diameter or more than 25 obvious specks are present. 

Score as very serious damage when more than a circle 1 inch 

aggregate in diameter or heavily concentrated and very seriously detracts 

from the appearance. 

Bacterial Spot (Q) 

Bacterial spot appears as a dark raised spot, sometimes with a narrow water 

soaked border. Enlarged spots form black, elevated scab-like areas, with irregularly 

lobed or feathered margins. The center is slightly sunken, brown, corky, and lesions 

reach a diameter of 1/8 to 1/4 inch. Lesions do not penetrate into the pulp. The 

infection of bacterial spot is of field origin. There is very little, if any, increase in the size 

of the spots during the normal transit period. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when more than a circle 3/8 inch aggregate in diameter, or is 

cracked. 

Score as serious damage when more than a circle 5/8 inch aggregate in 

diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when more than a circle 1 inch aggregate in 

diameter. 
22

Blossom End Discoloration (C) 

Blossom end rot is a physiological disorder of tomatoes which is associated with 

a calcium deficiency in the fruit. The first symptoms of blossom end rot is usually the 

appearance of small, brown or water soaked discoloration which may be slightly raised 

or sunken near the blossom end (bottom) of the fruit. As the spot enlarges the affected 

tissues dry out and become light to dark brown. The lesion develops into a welldefined, sunken spot with the affected tissue collapsed and leathery. Blossom end rot 

is not a type of decay; however, the dead tissue may be invaded by alternaria rot, 

bacterial soft rot or other secondary fungi or bacteria. Secondary invasion often results 

in a black or watery appearance. When the affected area is decayed, report as decay. 

When blossom end rot is encountered, the tomato should be cut to determine to 

what extent the tomato is affected. The term “blossom end discoloration” shall be 

used to describe this defect. Do not use the term “blossom end rot.” 

If the discoloration only affects the skin of the tomato, use the following 

guidelines. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the affected area exceeds 3/8 inch in diameter. 

Score as serious damage when exceeding 5/8 inch in diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when exceeding 1 inch in diameter. 

These guidelines refer to discoloration affecting the skin only. When blossom 

end discoloration is sunken and/or the underlying tissues are affected, lesser amounts 

will be allowed. 

Bruises (C) 

Bruised tomatoes will usually appear as soft areas, slight or deep indentations, 

split walls or crushed fruit. Bruising can result from a tight pack, or by rough handling or 

transportation. Fruit with some percentage of color will bruise more readily than mature 

green fruit. Mature green tomatoes showing indentations usually fill out and ripen 

satisfactorily. However, mature green fruit can be bruised severely enough to score as 

a defect. When soft areas are encountered (resulting from bruising), they should be 

described and reported as bruises, not as soft. Flattened areas without underlying 

damage to the flesh shall be ignored. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when more than 3/8 inch aggregate area is affected. 

Score as serious damage when more than 5/8 inch aggregate area is affected. 

Score as very serious damage when more than 3/4 inch is very seriously 

affected. Tomatoes that are cracked or split open will be scored as very serious 

damage. 
23

For en route or destination inspections, bruising affecting the shoulders shall be 

reported separately from other bruises. Shoulder bruises shall be scored against the 10 

percent tolerance for “tomatoes damaged by shoulder bruises, or by discolored or 

sunken scars.” 

Keep in mind, these guidelines are based on a tomato 2-1/2 inches in diameter. 

Larger or smaller areas may be scored based on the size of the tomato as well as the 

type. The thickness of walls and depth of the bruised area shall also be considered 

when determining damage, serious damage and very serious damage. 

Any time bruising is unique or occurs in excessive amounts, the location should 

be described in the “Remarks/Other” section on the certificate, showing the location in 

the container, load and or pallet. 

Catfaces (Q) 

Catfaces are characterized by misshapen or puckered blossom ends. The 

condition apparently involves imperfect development of certain areas which, at maturity, 

are represented by an irregular, leathery scar. Small channels may penetrate almost 

into the locules. When tomatoes advance in color or are subjected to pressure, these 

channels may leak and provide an entrance for decay. The weakness of the tissue can 

usually be determined by applying moderate pressure with the fingers next to the 

channel which may cause it to leak. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Catfaces 

Damage. Scars are rough or deep, channels are very deep or wide, 

channels extend into a locule, or a fairly smooth catface aggregating 

more than a circle 1/2 inch...in diameter. 

Serious damage. Scars are rough or deep, channels are very deep or 

wide, channels extend into a locule, or a fairly smooth catface 

aggregating more than a circle 3/4 inch...in diameter. 

Very serious damage. Channels extend into the locule, wall has 

been weakened to the extent that slight pressure will cause a tomato 

to leak, or a fairly smooth catface aggregating more than a circle 1 

inch...in diameter. 

The interpretation of the definitions can be confusing. The definitions of damage, 

serious damage, and very serious damage allow a progressively greater area affected 

by a "fairly smooth" catface. However, each definition also states that when a "channel 

extends into a locule," it is scorable as damage, serious damage and very serious 

damage. Since this is stated in all three definitions, if a channel extends into a locule it 

shall be scored as very serious damage. Scars that are rough or deep are defined both 

as damage and serious damage. Therefore, if scars are rough or deep score as serious 

damage. Likewise if channels are very deep or wide, score as serious damage. 
24

Scoring Guide 

The standards do not define wide, deep, very deep or rough, therefore it may be 

difficult to apply these definitions to the various characteristics of catfaces. It is often 

difficult to distinguish between a deep scar and the beginning of a channel. In order to 

avoid confusion, the following guidelines shall be followed. Wide, rough, deep and very 

deep shall all be considered more than 1/4 inch in depth or width. Greater or smaller 

areas may be allowed depending on the size of the tomato. Additionally, pinhole-type 

catfaces (very narrow channel on the blossom end of tomato which extends into the 

tomato), may extend more than 1/4 inch in depth into the tomato and typically do not 

leak or extend into a locule. This type of catface typically does not affect the 

marketability to the same degree as very deep or wide channels. Care should be used 

in determining the severity of pinhole type catfaces. The inspector may need to cut the 

tomato to accurately determine the amount of damage, serious damage and very 

serious damage. Do not score pinhole-type catfaces unless the channel extends into a 

locule or causes the tomato to leak. 

See official visual aid TM-2-IDENT for identification photographs. 

Chilling Injury (C) 

Chilling injury is caused by exposure to low temperatures, usually below 50° F. 

for an extended period of time. Mature green tomatoes are more susceptible to chilling 

injury than tomatoes with some break in color. Chilling injury can occur in the field, 

during transit, or after they reach the market if held at low temperatures. The symptoms 

or affects of chilling injury usually will not become apparent until a few days after the 

injury occurs. In general, chilling injury will appear as some other defect. For this 

reason, do not use the phrase “chilling injury” on the certificate. Describe affected 

tomatoes using either other defect names or descriptions (such as sunken discolored 

areas, discolored areas around stem scar, etc.), according to the facts. Additionally, it is 

distinct in appearance from freezing injury. (See section on freezing injury.) 

The symptoms and indications of chilling injury vary depending on the severity. It 

may be severe enough to kill cells in the fruit, leading to slow or abnormal ripening. 

Indications of chilling injury may include: 

 Dullness or lack of sheen to the surface of the fruit. 

 Slightly rough or coarse feel to the surface. 

 Possible pattern of occurrence in containers or load (similar to freezing 

injury pattern). 

 Alternaria Rot around the stem scar or numerous lesions elsewhere on the 

fruit. 

 Abnormal coloring. 
25

Cleanness (Q) 

All grades require tomatoes to be clean. 

§51.1867 Clean. “Clean” means that the tomato is practically free 

from dirt or other foreign material. 

Occasionally, tomatoes will show dirty streaks or dried water droplets. Tomatoes 

may appear dirty if they are not washed or washed in dirty water. Tomatoes with 

adhering leaves which are not attached by leaf stems and adhering glue caused during 

the lidding process are examples of foreign material which may cause the tomato to be 

considered damaged by foreign material and would not meet the basic requirement of 

“clean.” If the tomato cannot be described as being “practically free from dirt or other 

foreign material,” it should be reported as “not clean.” 

Scoring Guide 

Tomatoes affected by dirt, glue, spray residue or other foreign material, when 

thickly smeared and greater than 3/8 inch diameter in aggregate or lightly smeared 

more than 5/8 inch in diameter in aggregate shall be scored as “not clean.” Score 

against the total tolerance for the grade. 

Cloudy Spot (Q) 

Cloudy spot is believed to be caused by stinkbugs and related insects during 

feeding by sucking fluids from the tomato cells and injecting enzymes. The affected 

area appears as light colored, silvery white to yellow areas with indistinct boarders, 

occurring in the fleshy tissue under the epidermis. As the tomatoes ripen, the spots do 

not turn red, but are usually a light tan to yellow color. White to yellow spongy tissues 

or cavities are found below the feeding scar when the skin is cut back. The resulting 

contrast in color affects the appearance. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the spots aggregate more than the area of a circle 3/8 

inch in diameter. 

Score as serious damage when the spots aggregate more than an area 5/8 inch 

in diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when the spots aggregate more than an area 1 

inch in diameter. 
26

Color, Ripeness and Firmness 

Color, ripeness and firmness are important factors in determining the marketability 

of tomatoes. Mature tomatoes pass through several stages of ripeness, which are 

characterized by changes in color and firmness. 

Color Classifications

The standards define the terms, which may be used in connection with the grade 

statement. The color classifications “green,” “breakers,” “turning,” “pink,” ‘light red,” and 

“red” may be reported in connection with the grade; provided, they are mature and not 

more than 10 percent in the lot fail to meet the color specified including not more than 5 

percent for tomatoes which are green, when any term other than “green” is specified. If 

a lot is irregular in color but does not contain more than 5 percent green it may be 

certified as meeting the designated color classification. Any lot not meeting the 

requirements of any color classification may be designated as “Mixed Color.” 

Additionally, two classes of color may be reported together, for example, “light red and 

red” or “turning and pink,” provided those failing to meet these colors are within the 

permitted tolerances. When applicable, these terms shall be used to report color under 

“Condition” and “Grade” headings. 

§51.1860 Color classification. (a) The following terms may be used, 

when specified in connection with the grade statement, in describing 

the color as an indication of the stage of ripeness of any lot of 

mature tomatoes of a red fleshed variety: 

(1) Green. “Green” means that the surface of the tomato is 

completely green in color. The shade of green color may vary from 

light to dark; 

(2) Breakers. “Breakers” means that there is a definite break in color 

from green to tannish-yellow, pink or red on not more than 10 

percent of the surface; 

(3) Turning. “Turning” means that more than 10 percent but not 

more than 30 percent of the surface, in the aggregate, shows a 

definite change in color from green to tannish-yellow, pink, red, or a 

combination thereof; 

(4) Pink. “Pink” means that more than 30 percent but not more than 

60 percent of the surface, in the aggregate, shows pink or red color; 

(5) Light red. “Light red” means that more than 60 percent of the 

surface, in the aggregate, shows pinkish-red or red: Provided, that 

not more than 90 percent of the surface is red color; and, 
27

(6) Red. “Red” means that more than 90 percent of the surface, in 

the aggregate, shows red color. 

(b) Any lot of tomatoes which does not meet the requirements of any 

of the above color designations may be designated as “Mixed 

Color.” 

(c) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

Reporting Color

Color will be reported according to the color classifications listed in the 

standards, that is, “green,” “breakers,” “turning,” “pink,” “light red,” and “red,” or by the 

groupings, “green and breakers,” “turning and pink,” “light red and red.” No other color 

combinations other than those noted are permitted for red varieties. Color shall be 

reported in groupings on the notesheet and certificate unless specifically requested by 

the applicant to report colors individually prior to the start of the inspection. 

At shipping point, practically all tomatoes are green. When there is 3 percent or 

more advanced to breakers, the percentage of color should be shown to the nearest 

multiple of 5, (i.e. “Generally green, average approximately 5 percent breakers.” Or 

“Average approximately 75 percent green, 20 percent breakers and 5 percent turning.”) 

When inspecting tomatoes with color, report the same way, i.e. “Average approximately 

40 percent breakers, 40 percent turning and pink, 20 percent light red.” Report only the 

percentages of colors found in the lot, for example, if the lot shows only green, 

breakers, and turning fruit, report as “average approximately 35% green and breakers, 

65% turning.” Always report color classifications in multiples of 5 percent. For example, 

report 72 percent as “Average approximately 70 percent.” 

Tomatoes that are affected by “abnormal coloring” shall not be categorized 

according to the color classifications noted above. Abnormal coloring affects the 

inherent color that the tomatoes would show if they were not affected by this defect. 

Because of the nature of the defect it is difficult to accurately determine the normal color 

of tomatoes. Therefore, the total percentage of color classifications + soft + decay + 

abnormal coloring must total at least 98, but not more than 102 percent. If, after rechecking the figures, the total is not between 98 and 102 percent, adjust the color 

classification with the highest percentage. For example; with 20% green and breakers, 

45% turning and pink, and 40% light red and red, adjust the turning and pink percentage 

to 40% to obtain a total percentage between 98 and 102. 

Important points to remember when reporting color. 

 Use color groupings (green and breakers, turning and pink, light red and red). 

 Report in multiples of 5. (7 is reported as 5%, 8 is reported as 10%.) 

 Report color as “Average approximately” when there is 3% or more advanced to 

breakers. 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(f) 

Page 27, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **

 
28

 Soft, decay and abnormal coloring are not included in color categories. 

 Add all color categories + soft + decay + abnormal coloring to total 98 to 102 

percent. 

 To obtain a total of 98 to 102 percent, adjust the color category with the highest 

percent as necessary. 

Yellow (or Orange) Flesh Tomatoes 

There may be occasions when inspections involve yellow or orange flesh 

tomatoes. In these cases, it is permissible to report the color using the following terms: 

green, breakers, turning, yellowish (orangish) green, light yellow (light orange) and 

yellow (orange). They can be grouped in the same manner as with red-fleshed 

varieties, and will be reported individually only if requested by the applicant. The 

comparable color (percentage of surface with the color) in the standards for yellowish 

(orangish) green is pink, light yellow (light orange) is light red, and yellow (orange) is 

red. The green, breakers, and turning are the same as for red-fleshed varieties. 

Heirloom Tomatoes 

Heirloom varieties come in a variety of colors and color patterns in addition to the 

usual red and yellow-fleshed varieties. The color statement is designed to report the 

stage of maturity of the tomato; however, this may be difficult to determine in many 

varieties of heirlooms. For example, the Green Zebra variety stays green when ripe, 

while other varieties will be yellow, orange, pink, purple, purplish black and varying 

combinations of each. In the case of heirloom tomatoes, inspectors may use additional 

color terms which best describe the color of the tomatoes. If the inspector is unable to 

determine the appropriate stages of color, it will not be necessary to report color as 

outlined above. However, a color statement using general terms to best describe the 

color shall be reported on the notesheet and certificate. (For example: “Mostly purplish 

red, some purple to dark purple,” or “Mostly yellowish green, some green, few green 

with yellow stripes.”) 

Mixed Varieties 

When dissimilar varieties are packed in the same carton (red flesh mixed in with 

yellow flesh tomatoes), and not packed or designated as a mixed pack (i.e. mixed 

varieties of heirloom tomatoes, or mixed colors of cherry tomatoes) additional color 

columns must be kept on the notesheet. The dissimilar variety would be scored as a 

quality factor, and also included in separate color categories. (I.e. “Approximately 40% 

turning and pink, 25% turning and yellowish green, 10% light yellow and yellow, and 

25% light red and red.”) 

If the tomatoes are intentionally packed as a mixed pack, separate color 

categories will be required as noted above; however, the inspection shall be done on a 

condition only basis. If grade is requested, all tomatoes of dissimilar varieties will be 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(g) 

Page 28, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **

 
29

scored against the grade you are applying. (See section on Similar Varietal 

Characteristics.) 

Yellow Color Resulting From High Temperatures and/or Lack Of Ventilation

High temperatures and/or a lack of ventilation may cause a yellow to reddish-tan 

color over the entire surface of the tomato. Normal color usually returns within a day or 

two after yellow colored tomatoes are provided with adequate ventilation and 

appropriate temperature. The yellow to reddish-tan color does not damage the 

appearance or affect the grade. 

When the color is present to a marked extent or the tomatoes are entirely yellow 

in color they should be described as to color. Fruit soft and yellow in color should be 

scored against the destination tolerance for soft, but would not be scored because of 

yellow. 

Examples: 

1. Pink and light red have 25 to 50% of surface tannish-yellow to yellow color 

affecting tomatoes scattered throughout container and lot. 

2. Average approximately 40% pink, 30% light red and red, 30% full yellow color. 

1/2 to 3/4 of surface of light red and red tomatoes have tannish yellow to yellow 

color scattered throughout container and lot. 

Firmness

Color alone is not a reliable indicator of ripeness. However, “green,” “breakers,” 

and “turning” are normally hard, while “pink,” “light red,” and “red” may be hard or firm. 

Firmness depends upon thickness of walls and partitions and the amount of juice. 

Green tomatoes, which lack firmness, should be scored more severely than those 

further advanced in color having the same degree of firmness. Under normal 

circumstances the color classification terms will be sufficient to describe the product. 

Upon specific request or in unusual circumstances amounts of hard and firm may be 

reported. It is always necessary to report soft when present, since soft is a defect of all 

grades. See section entitled Soft and Decay. 

Firmness Terms 

Hard yields only slightly, if at all, to considerable pressure and even in those 

which are fully red, there will be no loss of juice or pulp when sliced. 

Firm yields slightly to moderate pressure and a few drops of juice, pulp, or seeds 

may be lost when sliced. 

Soft yields readily to slight pressure. Tomatoes of any color classification may 

occasionally be soft. Thickness of the walls and amount of juice present should 
30

Revised, February 2007, HU-152-18(b), 

Page 30, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

 Inspection Instructions, December 2005

be considered when judging softness. Most “soft” will lose some juice, pulp, or 

seeds when sliced. 

Cuts and Broken Skins (Q or C) 

Tomatoes may have cuts or skin breaks from various causes including growing 

conditions, mechanical damage, and rough handling. Tomatoes that are firmly attached 

to the stem are susceptible to the skin tearing around the stem end at the time of 

harvesting. Identify this defect as pulled stems. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Cuts and broken skins

Damage. Not shallow or not well healed, or shallow, well healed cut 

more than 1/2 inch...in length, or other shallow, well healed skin 

breaks aggregating more than a circle 3/8 inch...in diameter. 

Serious damage. Not shallow or not well healed, or shallow, well 

healed cut more than 1/2 inch...in length, or other shallow, well 

healed skin breaks aggregating more than a circle 1/2 inch...in 

diameter. 

Very serious damage. Fresh or healed and extending through the 

tomato wall. 

Scoring Guide 

Score cuts, skin breaks, or pulled stems when tomatoes are affected more than

the lengths or areas on the chart below: 

 Damage Serious 

Damage 

Very Serious 

Damage 

Unhealed (fresh) cuts or

skin breaks: Score any amount 

Shallow, well healed

cut, (maximum length): 

1

2" 12" 

No limit if 

well healed 

unless cut 

extends 

through wall 

Shallow well healed

skin breaks and pulled 

stems (maximum area): 

3

8 " 1

2" 34 " 

For abrasions or rubs with the skin not visibly broken, refer to the “Sunken 

Discolored Areas” section. 

** **

 
31

Revised, February 2007, HU-152-18(c), 

Page 31, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005

Development (Q) 

“Well developed” is a basic requirement in all grades. Tomatoes will be 

either "well developed" or "not well developed." Tomatoes that are peaked and ridged 

at the stem end and have dry tissue and usually contain open spaces below the levels 

of the stem scar are not well developed. Tomatoes which are not well developed shall 

be scored against the general tolerance for the grade being applied. 

§51.1868 Well developed. “Well developed” means that the tomato 

shows normal growth. Tomatoes which are ridged and peaked at the 

stem end, contain dry tissue, and usually contain open spaces below 

the level of the stem scar, are not considered well developed. 

Scoring Guide 

Suspicious specimens should be cut crosswise just below the stem scar. If there 

is an appreciable amount of tissue that is dry and one or more large open spaces below

the level of the cut, the tomato is not well developed. Open spaces above the level of 

the stem scar should be disregarded. Open spaces below the cut should not be 

confused with open spaces in the stem end of normally developed mature green 

tomatoes. 

Tomatoes which are peaked and ridged at the stem end but do not have dry 

tissue, or large open spaces below the level of the cut, may be scorable for shape or 

smoothness, but should not be scored as being "not well developed." (See the sections 

on shape and smoothness for further explanations.) 

Discoloration (Silvery-White and Gold Fleck) (C) 

The surface of the tomato can be affected by small irregular silvery white to gold 

flecked discolored areas. Similar in appearance to cloudy spots; however, there is no 

underlying spongy tissue or cavities beneath the skin. The cause of this condition is 

unknown. 

This type of discoloration is difficult to detect while tomatoes are green. The 

discoloration typically occurs on the shoulders and around the stem scar; however, it 

may occur anywhere on the tomato surface. As the tomato ripens the spots do not turn 

red, and the contrast in color affects the appearance. Report as “silvery-white” or “gold 

fleck” discoloration according to the facts. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when aggregating more than 3/4 inch in diameter. 

Score as serious damage when aggregating more than 1-1/4 inches in 

diameter. 

** ** 

  
32

Score as very serious damage when very seriously detracting from the 

appearance. 

Discolored Areas Around and/or Beneath Stem Scar (Q) 

Some tomatoes will show dark brown or black areas around the stem scar 

margins and/or in the pithy tissue immediately beneath it. Usually there is no external 

evidence of this condition. However, if it is apparent, it will appear as a narrow band of 

brown or black around the margin of the stem scar. This band may be slightly sunken. 

The brown or black color may extend into the tissue of the tomato 1/16 to 1/4 inch in 

depth. The cause of the defect is unknown, but may be caused by disease. Although 

Alternaria can often be found in isolation from such spots, they should not be classed as 

decay unless the tissue is in a disintegrating state (flesh is softer, spongy and noticeably 

discolored). The inspector should make a thin slice just under the stem scar to 

determine if it is scorable. It will rarely be scored as serious damage. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the discoloration materially affects the appearance or is 

still apparent after a 1/4-inch slice has been removed. 

For serious damage, allow an additional 1/8 inch cut for a total of 3/8 inch depth 

below the stem scar. 

This defect would rarely be scored as serious or very serious damage. 

Discolored Seed Areas (C) 

At times the jelly surrounding the seeds in one or more locules of turning to red 

fruit is discolored and dried out. The color is usually dark green to black, and the flavor 

of such portions is not normal. At times the discoloration will be indicated externally by 

a translucent appearance of the walls of the tomato. The defect will be described as 

“discolored seed areas.” 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the appearance of one or more locules is objectionable. 

Generally any discoloration that is apparent will be considered objectionable. This 

defect will rarely be scored as serious damage or very serious damage. 

Enlarged Stem Scars 

Occasionally, lots of tomatoes are seen with enlarged stem scars. The stem scar 

will be larger than usual, although it has the same general color and appearance. This 

is not a defect. If requested, the range of stem scar diameter and percentage of fruit 

affected can be reported on the certificate, not affecting grade. 
33

Surface Discoloration (C) 

Surface discoloration refers to discolored areas which may be caused by various 

factors, including scuffing of the surface of the tomato, usually over a large area and is 

often a result of the tomato being rolled excessively on the packing lines or in the boxes 

during transit. The discoloration may change over time. It does not refer to sunken 

discolored areas or spots, for which there are separate scoring guidelines. 

Discoloration affecting the surface only shall be reported as “Surface discoloration” and 

include a description of color and location as needed. (Tan to brown surface 

discoloration affecting shoulders.) See official visual aid TM-3-IDENT for identification 

photographs of external discoloration. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when aggregates more than 3/8 inch in diameter. 

Score as serious damage when aggregates more than 5/8 inch in diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when aggregates more than 1 inch in diameter. 

These guidelines only refer to area affected. It is also important to consider the 

color of the discoloration when determining the severity. Dark or black discoloration is 

more detracting than a tan or light brown discoloration. 

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) 

“Freezing injury” is the term used when it is evident that the tomatoes have been 

frozen but are not in a frozen condition at the time of inspection. Tomatoes affected by 

freezing injury appear water soaked, with the walls and other tissue collapsed. 

The term “frozen shall only be used when ice crystals are present. Tomatoes 

that have been completely frozen will usually collapse when thawed. When cut the jelly 

and seeds of affected fruit usually pour out of the locules. The average freezing 

temperature for a mature tomato is approximately 30.5 degrees Fahrenheit. 

When reporting freezing or freezing injury it is important to give the following 

information: 

Pulp temperatures taken at various locations. 

Extent of injury in the lot or load. 

Extent of injury in the containers. 

Degree to which individual specimens are affected. 

The pattern of freezing or freezing injury in clear, concise terms. 

When the location of the injury indicates where or when the freezing occurred 

this is to be stated. For example: “Freezing injury is so located as to indicate freezing 

occurred after packing but not in present location,” or “Freezing injury is so located as to 

indicate freezing occurred in the trailer.” 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(h) 

Page 33, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** **  
34

Ghost Spot (Q) 

Ghost spot is a superficial defect characterized by a silvery white to yellowish 

white circle or ring occurring in the skin. These circles are usually 1/8 to 3/16 inch in 

diameter. The inner part of the circle is normal in color on green tomatoes. During the 

ripening process the inner circle area may develop a yellow color. The very center will 

have a very small brown speck. The white circle remains throughout the stages of 

ripening but may become less evident as red color develops. 

Ghost spot is caused by Botrytis cinerea. The pathogen attacks a young tomato 

but fails to establish itself. Ghost spot is superficial and confined to the skin which can 

be distinguished from cloudy spot, which affects the underlying tissue. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when spots are scattered and exceed an aggregate 

area more than 3/4 inch in diameter. 

Score as serious damage when spots are scattered and exceed an 

aggregate area of 1-1/4 inches in diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when very seriously detracting from the 

appearance. 

If the spots are concentrated in a small area, the appearance will be affected to a 

greater extent than if the spots are scattered over the surface. 

Growth Cracks (Q) 

Growth cracks are cracks in the skin and flesh of the tomato. They occur in the 

field while the tomatoes are growing on the plants and usually heal over prior to 

harvesting. They generally appear as concentric or radial cracks around the stem scar 

and over the shoulders. They do not form during transit, but may increase in length, 

width or depth due to pressure exerted on individual fruit during packing and loading 

operations. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Growth cracks 

Damage. Not well healed, more than 1/8 inch...in depth, individual 

radial cracks more than 1/2 inch...in length, aggregate length of all 

radial cracks more than 1 inch...measured from edge of stem scar. 

Any lot of tomatoes which are at least turning may have cracks 

which are not well healed provided they are not leaking. 

Serious damage. Not well healed, more than 1/8 inch...in depth, 

individual radial cracks more than 3/4 inch...in length, aggregate 

length of all radial cracks more than 1-3/4 inch...measured from edge 

of stem scar. Any lot of tomatoes which are at least turning may 

have cracks which are not well healed provided they are not leaking. 
35

Very serious damage. Not well healed, more than 1/4 inch...in depth, 

individual radial cracks more than 1 inch...in length, aggregate 

length of all radial cracks more than 2-7/8 inches...measured from 

edge of stem scar. Any lot of tomatoes which are at least turning 

may have cracks which are not well healed provided they are not 

leaking, not more than 1/8 inch...in depth, individual radial cracks are 

not more than 3/4 inch...in length. 

The scoring guides for damage, serious damage and very serious damage each 

state, “Any tomato that is at least turning may have cracks, which are not well healed, 

provided they are not leaking.” However, the same depth and length requirements for 

each grade still apply. In cases where a crack is healed for part of its length and the 

remainder is not healed, consider it as unhealed. As a guide in scoring not well healed 

growth cracks or broken skins, not well healed means the surface of the crack is moist or

has a fresh appearance. When the surface is dried out and/or corked over, it is healed. 

See official visual aid TM-1-IDENT and the standard for identification 

photographs. 

Hail Injury (Q) 

Hail injury is caused by hail hitting the fruit when it is on the plant. The severity of 

injury depends on the size of the hail and the force of the hailstorm. Hail causes 

indentations in the fruit, sometimes breaking the skin. The hail marks generally occur 

over the shoulders and stem end, and are usually sunken but firm, white or yellow 

spots. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Hail 

Damage. Deep, rough, not well healed and corked over, or fairly 

smooth, shallow hail marks aggregating more than a circle 3/8 

inch...in diameter. 

Serious damage. Deep, rough, not well healed and corked over, or 

fairly smooth, shallow hail marks aggregating more than a circle 5/8 

inch...in diameter. 

Very serious damage. Fresh, very deep or fairly smooth, shallow hail 

marks aggregating more than a circle 1 inch...in diameter. 

See official visual aid TM-1-IDENT for identification photographs. 

Insect/Worm Injury (Q or C) 

Tomatoes are affected by various types of worms and other insects. Injury can 

occur as stings, feeding injury and/or the presence of live or dead worms and insects. 
36

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Insect Injury 

Damage. Materially detracts from the appearance or any insect is 

present in the fruit. 

Serious damage. Seriously detracts from the appearance or any 

insect is present in the fruit. 

Very serious damage. Very seriously detracts from the appearance 

or any insect is present in the fruit. 

Inspectors should look closely around the stem scar and under the calyx, if 

present, for the evidence of insects. Worm injury may be caused by several types of 

worms. The eggs are laid by a moth on the stem end portion of the fruit, usually under 

the calyx lobes or sepels. Worm injury appears as chewed out areas or holes in the 

fruit. Because the worms are tiny, and holes are minute, they may be overlooked at 

shipping point. The worms grow and develop in transit, especially in warm weather. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when stings aggregate more than 3/8 inch in diameter, or 

feeding injury materially detracts from the appearance. 

Score as serious damage when stings aggregate more than 5/8 inch in 

diameter, or feeding injury seriously detracts from the appearance. 

Score as very serious damage when stings aggregate more than 1 inch in 

diameter, or feeding injury, or feeding injury very seriously detracts from the 

appearance. Any insect in the fruit, or feeding injury which extends through 

the wall or into the interior of the tomato, shall be scored as very serious 

damage. 

In transit or at destination, if damage is fresh, or if live insect(s) are present or a 

combination of live and dead, report as a condition factor. Report as a quality factor 

when the damage is old or if the insect(s) are dead. 

See official visual aid TM-2-IDENT-A for identification photographs. 

Internal Discoloration (C) 

Green tomatoes affected by internal discoloration appear to have a grayishbrown discoloration within the walls. On the surface, discolored areas may appear as 

longitudinal sunken streaks, faint circular areas, or as irregular sunken areas. This is 

caused by the discolored flesh being visible through the healthy green flesh and skin. 

When more of the flesh is affected, and the discoloration extends to the surface, the 

external appearance tends to be more brown than gray. The margins of affected areas 

are indistinct. In mild cases the surface is slightly sunken. However, in severe case the 

surface is sharply sunken, producing a lumpy or corrugated appearance. On ripened 

tomatoes the affected area may fail to develop a good red color. Such areas will usually 

remain greenish or yellow in color. If the tomatoes are cut, the inner surface of the walls 
37

appear somewhat bleached or whitish, especially when the tomatoes are ripe. If the 

seeds and pulp are removed, it becomes evident that the vascular bundles and inner 

surface of the walls are affected first. In severely affected tomatoes definite ring 

patterns, irregular blotches and streaks with diffused margins are apparent on the inner 

surface of the walls. 

Usually, the tomatoes are affected more on the sides, however, internal 

discoloration can occur anywhere in the fruit. Generally, only the outer wall is affected, 

but in severe cases the inner walls and even the basal portion of the seed bearing 

tissue is affected. Internal discoloration occurs while the tomatoes are still on the plant. 

The affected area does not increase over time, however, the outer surface may become 

more sunken and discolored after harvest. It appears first in the vascular bundles and 

on the inner surface of the walls. Tomatoes of any stage of development may be 

affected. Generally, the second and third pickings of a field show the disorder. 

The term "internal discoloration" will be used to report these similarly appearing 

defects. They were formerly identified singularly as "vascular browning," "internal 

browning," and "gray wall." Internal discoloration is caused by a wide variety of factors. 

However, from the Inspection Service standpoint, they often cannot be distinguished 

from each other with certainty. Although these defects exhibit somewhat different 

patterns they all affect the appearance, and therefore will be reported as one defect; 

“internal discoloration.” No other terms can be used to describe such defects. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when an aggregate area of more than 1/2 inch in diameter is 

affected. 

Score as serious damage when an aggregate area of more than 1 inch is 

affected. 

Score as very serious damage when an aggregate area of more than 1-1/4 

inches is affected. 

Suspicious specimens should be cut to determine the degree to which tomatoes 

are affected. Percentages should be calculated based on the entire sample, not just the 

cut specimens. 

See official visual aid TM-2-IDENT-A for identification photographs for internal 

discoloration (external and internal view). 

Moldy and/or Decayed Stems (C) 

Both of these defects are objectionable on all types of tomatoes (including cherry 

and plum tomatoes) and affect the appearance, edible and marketing quality of the 

tomatoes. Stems and calyxes of tomatoes are usually removed in the harvesting and 

packing operations; however, they can be present, especially on cherry tomatoes. 
38

Moldy Stems

Tomatoes having moldy stems and/or calyxes are considered objectionable 

when materially detracting from the appearance and shall be scored as damage only.

Slight amounts of mold affecting the tips of the stem or edges of the calyx shall be 

disregarded. The inspector should rub their fingers across the stems and calyxes of 

tomatoes with moderate to heavy concentrations of mold to check for the presence of 

decay. 

Decayed Stems 

Tomatoes having decayed stems and/or calyxes shall be scored as serious 

damage against the 10 percent lot tolerance for tomatoes which are otherwise 

defective, not the decay tolerance. Do not subtract stem decay against the color 

classifications. 

In the “Tomatoes on the Vine” standards, moldy stems/vines shall be scored 

against the 10% tolerance for defects affecting the vines, but not more than 5% shall be 

allowed for decayed stems/vines. Decayed stems/vines shall be scored as serious 

damage. 

Maturity (Q) 

All grades require tomatoes to be mature. Tomatoes which do not meet the 

following requirements of mature shall be reported as “immature” and scored as very 

serious damage against all grades.

§51.1865 Mature. “Mature” means that the tomato has reached the 

stage of development which will insure a proper completion of the 

ripening process, and that the contents of two or more seed cavities 

have developed a jelly-like consistency and the seeds are well 

developed. 

Immature

Immature tomatoes are those fruit that have been harvested prior to reaching 

the stage of development that will ensure a proper completion of the ripening process. 

Cutting for Immaturity 

Cut 1/4 inch below the stem scar at a right angle to a line from stem to blossom 

end. Immature tomatoes will cut “dry,” meaning, when cut open they will not show jelly 

surrounding the seeds. The seeds will not be well developed (white instead of tan). 

Fruit will not have the contents of two or more seed cavities containing a jelly-like 

consistency. 

The preceding factors are the only reliable indications of immaturity. Other, less reliable 

indications of immaturity include: 

** ** 

 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(i) 

Page 38, Tomatoes, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 
39

 Immature tomatoes will have an epidermis that feels hard and dry, with a dull 

green color, in contrast with the smooth, slick feel and glossy green color of a 

mature tomato. 

 Some varieties will show a whitish-green color to the stem "eye," in contrast 

to the wide brown ring of a mature tomato. 

 Seeds may cut instead of being pushed aside. (However, in some meaty 

varieties the seeds will cut instead of being pushed aside, even when 

mature.) 

 Immature tomatoes may have a white or gray color over the shoulders in 

contrast to the glossy green color of mature fruit. 

Nailhead Spot (C) 

Nailhead Spot is a fungal disease appearing as small, circular, slightly sunken, 

grayish-brown superficial spots. In early stages the spots are smooth and tan in color. 

As they enlarge, the margins become more defined and dark brown to black in color. 

The centers change to grayish-brown and become sunken. The spots range in size 

from 1/16 to 3/8 inch in diameter. In certain conditions, the disease can develop rapidly 

while tomatoes are in transit. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when aggregate more than the area of a circle 3/8 inch in 

diameter. 

Score as serious damage when the spots aggregate more than the area of a 

circle 5/8 inch in diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when the spots aggregate more than the area of 

a circle 1 inch in diameter. 

Puffiness (Q) 

Puffiness is a physiological defect resulting in the fruit having a puffy 

appearance. Affected fruit may have flattened sides, ridged shoulders, spongy texture 

and less than normal weight for the size. It may be difficult to determine puffiness from 

external indications on thick-walled tomatoes that are of normal weight. When puffy 

tomatoes are cut, open spaces are found in the cavities that would normally contain 

seeds and a jelly-like substance. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Puffiness 

Damage. Open space in 1 or more locules materially detracts from 

appearance of tomato cut through center at right angles to a line 

from stem to blossom end. 
40

Serious damage. Open space in 1 or more locules seriously detracts 

from appearance of tomato cut through center at right angles to a 

line from stem to blossom end. 

Very serious damage. Open space in 2 or more locules very 

seriously detracts from appearance of tomato cut through center at 

right angles to a line from stem to blossom end. 

Inspectors should cut those tomatoes having external indications and avoid 

excessive cutting if no puffiness is present. If the lot contains a substantial amount of 

puffiness not apparent by external indications, the inspector should cut a sufficient 

amount of tomatoes to accurately determine the severity and percentage of puffiness 

present. Percentages should be based on the entire sample. Cut the entire contents of 

at least one container before putting the lot out of grade due to puffiness. 

The cut to determine puffiness should be made mid-way between the blossom 

end and stem end at a right angle to the longitudinal axis. The cross section cut on both 

halves of the fruit should be used in making the determination. Inspectors should use 

caution when cutting fruit past the turning stage, or tomatoes which tend to be watery, to 

avoid confusing the loss of locule contents (seeds and jelly) with puffiness. 

Flattened sides may also be a result of pressure from a tight pack. In some 

cases walls may be indented from pressure. If the contents of the seed cavities have 

been pushed aside from pressure it may be difficult to detect if such fruit are puffy. If 

there is any doubt as to the original position of the walls or pulp, the fruit should not be 

scored as puffy. If severe enough, the fruit may be scorable as damage (or serious 

damage or very serious damage) by bruising. 

Illustrations in the standard represent the "lower limits" of puffiness allowed in the 

grades. Both thin-walled and thick-walled tomatoes are illustrated. Remember that a 

larger open space is permitted in thick-walled tomatoes than in thin-walled tomatoes. 

Scars (Other Than Catfaces) (Q) 

Scars are usually caused by whipping or rubbing against a stake, twine or vine. 

They can appear as smooth scars with no depth to coarse, irregular bark-like scars. 

Scars may appear on any part of the tomato. 

§51.1877 Classification of Defects. Table II...Scars (other than 

catfaces). 

Damage. No depth and aggregating more than a circle 3/8 inch...in 

diameter. 

Serious damage. No depth and aggregating more than a circle 5/8 

inch...in diameter. 

Very serious damage. No depth and aggregating more than a circle 1 

inch...in diameter. 
41

Score smooth radial type scars adjacent to the stem scar using the general 

definitions of damage, serious damage and very serious damage. 

Smaller areas of deep scars are permitted compared to scars with no depth, and 

smaller areas of dark or rough scars are permitted compared to light colored smooth 

scars. In each case the appearance of the tomato cannot be affected more than it 

would be by a scar of no depth with the areas allowed for the respective grades. For 

example, a scar 1/4 inch diameter with depth may be scorable as damage, a 1/2 inch 

diameter dark or rough scar may be scorable as serious damage. 

Zipper Scars

A “zipper” like scar develops on fruit from the stem down to the blossom end. 

Zipper scars shall be scored on the basis of appearance under the general definitions 

of damage, serious damage and very serious damage. Zipper scars may be thin and 

smooth or wide and rough with a “stitching” appearance. The exact cause is unclear, 

but they are believed to be caused by poor pollination. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the aggregate length exceeds the length from the outer 

edge of the stem scar to the blossom end of the tomato. 

Score as serious damage when the aggregate length exceeds more than 2 

times the length from the outer edge of the stem scar to the blossom end of the 

tomato. 

Score as very serious damage when holes or channels occur along the scar to 

a greater extent than allowed for other scars and or catfaces. 

When judging the severity, it is important to consider the width and 

smoothness as well as the length of the zipper scar. A zipper scar that is thin and 

fairly smooth may be less detracting than one which is rough and or wide, 

therefore, greater or lesser areas may be allowed depending on thickness and 

roughness. 

See official visual aids TM-CP-1 and TM-CP-1-A for scoring guides of Zipper 

scars. 

Shape (Q) 

The U.S. standards for tomatoes specify the following minimum requirements for 

shape: 

U.S. No. 1: Fairly well formed. 

U.S. No. 2: Reasonably well formed. 
42

U.S. No. 3: Allows misshapen tomatoes provided they do not very seriously 

affect the appearance. 

The following terms shall be used to describe shape: 

Well formed. Means normal shape for the variety. 

§51.1869 Fairly well formed. “Fairly well formed” means that the 

tomato is not more than moderately kidney-shaped, lop-sided, 

elongated, angular, or otherwise moderately deformed. 

§51.1872 Reasonably well formed. “Reasonably well formed” means 

that the tomato is not decidedly kidney-shaped, lop-sided, elongated, 

angular, or otherwise decidedly deformed. 

§51.1875 Misshapen. “Misshapen” means that the tomato is 

decidedly kidney-shaped, lop-sided, elongated, angular or otherwise 

decidedly deformed: Provided, That the shape is not affected to an 

extent that the appearance or the edible quality of the tomato is very 

seriously affected. 

Badly misshapen. Means misshapen to the extent that the appearance or 

edible quality is very seriously affected (score against all grades). 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when not fairly well formed. 

Score as serious damage when not reasonably well formed. 

Score as very serious damage when badly misshapen. 

See official models for Shape and Smoothness. Although not specifically 

mentioned in the standard, tomatoes with decidedly pointed tips on the blossom end 

would be considered “otherwise decidedly deformed,” and shall be scored against the 

shape requirement when affecting the appearance to a greater extent than allowed 

under the grade being applied. 

Similar Varietal Characteristics (Q) 

All grades require that the tomatoes be of "similar varietal characteristics." 

§51.1864 Similar varietal characteristics. “Similar varietal 

characteristics” means that the tomatoes are alike as to firmness of 

flesh and shade of color (for example, soft-fleshed, early maturing 

varieties are not mixed with firm-fleshed, mid-season or late 

varieties, or bright red varieties mixed with varieties having a 

purplish tinge). 
43

Inspectors should not certify variety. However, if the similarity of individual 

tomatoes varies significantly in the lot, the inspector should describe the shape, 

firmness of flesh, shade of color and general appearance. A sufficiently detailed 

description should be included on the notesheet to justify reporting a lot out of grade 

account of "dissimilar varietal characteristics." 

For specialty packs which are clearly distinguishable and are intentionally packed 

and/or designated (by the applicant, markings, or dividers within the package) as a 

mixed pack (i.e. mixed heirlooms or mixed cherry tomatoes), the inspection may be 

performed as one lot on a “condition only” basis. 

Skin Checks (C) 

These occur as numerous small, slit-like cracks in the waxy coating (cuticle) over 

the skin. They generally occur over the shoulders appearing as short concentric circles 

near the stem scar; however, they may occur anywhere on the surface of the fruit. At 

shipping point, the slits are almost undetectable, however, as the fruit ripens they 

become more apparent. Skin checks may become discolored and the surrounding 

surface slightly sunken during the transit and ripening period. For this reason the 

scoring guide for damage is different depending on the color of the fruit. 

Skin checks, (also called cuticle cracking, russeting, shrink cracking, rain checks 

and crazing by the industry,) is caused by conditions which affect the water balance of 

the fruit. Temperature, humidity, condensation, and high fruit load per plant are a few 

factors which can influence the presence of skin checks. As the internal water pressure 

of the skin cells increases, they rapidly expand, and the cuticle cracks. It is important to 

note that healed concentric growth cracks may appear similar to skin checks, however 

they will have a raised scar-like tissue occurring over the shoulders and shall be scored 

under the guidelines for growth cracks as a quality factor. 

All areas affected by skin checks should be considered regardless of the 

concentration. However, keep in mind that these areas listed below are a guide, and 

lesser areas of heavily concentrated skin checks that appear worse than the guide or 

skin checks thinly scattered over a greater area that appear worse than the guide can 

be scored using the general definitions of damage, serious damage, or very serious 

damage. 

Based on a tomato 2-1/2 inches in diameter, skin checks may not aggregate 

more than the area of a circle with the following diameter: 
44

Scoring Guide 

Tomato 

Color Damage Serious 

Damage

Very Serious 

Damage

“Green or 

Breaker” Any amount

readily apparent

5/8” 1” 

“Turning to Red” 3/8” 5/8” 1” 

Any skin checks that are sunken and discolored shall be scored as sunken 

discolored areas. 

Keep in mind that the “ten percent for tomatoes damaged by shoulder 

bruises, or by discolored or sunken scars...” applies to skin checks and sunken 

discolored areas when applying en route or destination tolerances. 

Smoothness (Q) 

Smoothness refers to the curves or ridges over the shoulders of the tomatoes, 

not the texture of the skin. The U.S. standards for tomatoes specify the following 

minimum requirements for smoothness: 

U.S. No. 1: Fairly smooth. 

U.S. No. 2: Slightly rough. 

U.S. No. 3: There are no smoothness requirements for the U.S. No. 3 grade. 

Rough tomatoes are permitted, provided that the appearance or edible quality is 

not very seriously affected. 

Use the following terms to describe smoothness: 

Smooth. The tomato has a smooth surface with only slight superficial 

grooves over shoulders next to the stem scar. 

§51.1870 Fairly smooth. “Fairly smooth” means that the tomato is 

not conspicuously ridged or rough. 

§51.1873 Slightly rough. “Slightly rough” means that the tomato is 

not decidedly ridged or grooved. 

Rough. Decidedly ridged or has conspicuous deep grooves. 
45

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when not fairly smooth. 

Score as serious damage when more than slightly rough. 

Score as very serious damage when tomatoes are rough and the appearance 

or edible quality is very seriously affected. 

See official models for Shape and Smoothness. 

Soil Spot (C) 

Soil spot is a disorder that frequently affects tomatoes following periods of rainy 

weather and can vary greatly in appearance and severity. In early stages it usually 

appears as dark brown to black discolored areas which generally occur over the 

blossom end half of the tomato. It may appear as raised superficial discolored areas, 

and remain this way throughout the ripening process. It may also appear as discolored 

areas that become sunken, enlarged and darker in color. This defect is scored 

differently depending upon whether the area is sunken or not. 

Scoring Guide 

Soil Spots:

Damage when Soil Spots aggregate more than the area of a circle 3/8 

inch in diameter. 

Serious damage when the spots aggregate more than the area of a circle 

1/2 inch in diameter. 

Very serious damage when the spots aggregate more than an area 3/4 

inch in diameter. 

Sunken Soil Spots:

Damage when soil spots aggregate more than the area of a circle 1/4 inch 

in diameter. 

Serious damage when the spots aggregate more than the area of a circle 

3/8 inch in diameter. 

Very serious damage when the spots aggregate more than an area 5/8 

inch in diameter. 

See official visual aids TM-CP-2 and TM-CP-2-A for identification photographs 

and scoring guides. 

Spray Burn or Dust Burn Spots (Q) 

Spray burn or dust burn spots are caused by spray or dust residue remaining on 

the surface of the fruit and appear as small brownish spots usually with light brown 
46

centers which resemble nailhead spot in appearance, but do not develop or become 

larger. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when spray burn and/or dust burn spots exceed three in 

number, or when the aggregate area exceeds 3/8 inch, or when the appearance 

is materially affected. 

Score as serious damage when exceeds an aggregate area of 5/8 inch in 

diameter, or the appearance is seriously affected. 

Score as very serious damage when the appearance is very seriously affected. 

Sunburn (C) 

Sunburn is characterized by discoloration of tissue, usually over the shoulders or 

upper half of the tomato. Sunburn on green tomatoes appears as dark-green, yellow or 

tan areas on the shoulders and/or sides of the tomatoes which have been exposed to 

the sun. As the tomato ripens and turns from green to red the affected tissue turns 

yellow. The affected areas may be confined to the skin which may become thickened or 

leathery. In more severe cases the flesh is also discolored and sunken. If sunburn 

does affect the flesh of tomatoes, it will appear as a yellow ring over the shoulders 

contrasting sharply with the lower part of the tomato. 

Sunburn is reported as a condition factor because the appearance changes 

as the tomato ripens. If the affected area contrasts with the remainder of the surface, 

score on an appearance basis using the general definitions of damage, serious damage 

and very serious damage. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when more than 20 percent of the surface has a yellow color 

that contrasts with the remainder of the surface color. 

Score as serious damage when more than 30 percent of the surface has a 

yellow color that contrasts with the remainder of the surface color. 

Score as very serious damage when more than 50 percent of the surface has a 

yellow color that contrasts with the remainder of the surface color. 

Keep in mind that these areas listed above are a guide. Areas of sunburn that 

appear worse than the guide due to underlying discolored flesh and or sunken 

areas occurring over the shoulders creating a distinct line of demarcation 

between sunburned and unaffected flesh shall be scored using the general 

definitions of damage, serious damage or very serious damage. 

See official visual aid TM-3-IDENT for identification photographs on sunburn. 
47

Green Shoulder Disorder 

Green shoulder disorder can be caused by high temperatures as well as direct 

sunlight. Excessive temperatures during the growing process may inhibit the tomato 

from properly developing full color on the shoulders. The extent of injury to the shoulder 

area is also influenced by the genetic background of the tomatoes. 

The discoloration of the shoulders is characterized by dark green skin usually 

over the shoulders of the tomato. As the tomato ripens and turns from green to red, the 

affected tissue will not turn red. The affected areas may be confined to the skin which 

may become thickened or leathery similar to sunburn. Green shoulder disorder will 

appear as a dark green ring over the shoulders contrasting sharply with the lower part of 

the tomato. 

Scoring Guide 

The same scoring guides as sunburn will be used when considering the amount 

of surface area affected. The resulting contrast of green shoulders on tomatoes which 

would otherwise be light red or red color is objectionable. Due to varietal and ripening 

characteristics, it may be difficult to distinguish until the fruit has fully ripened. 

Tomatoes shall only be scored when the green color contrasts with the light red 

or red color of the tomato (or normal ripe color). Do not score on fruit which is pink 

or lighter in color. 

Sunken Discolored Areas (C) 

Sunken discolored areas can be caused by various growing, packing and 

handling conditions which result in small skin abrasions. These abrasions may occur 

anywhere on the surface, however they most frequently occur over the shoulders. They 

may appear inconsequential at shipping point and are often overlooked unless the 

tomato is examined closely. These affected areas often become slightly sunken and 

discolored in transit or within a few days after reaching the market. These defects affect 

the appearance and should be scored using the general definitions of damage, serious 

damage and very serious damage. 

Report as “Sunken Discolored Areas” on the certificate. A more detailed 

description of the location on the tomato, and in the containers may be shown in the 

“Other” section, if necessary. 
48

Scoring Guide 

Score sunken and/or discolored areas when tomatoes are affected more than the 

lengths or areas on the chart below: 

 Damage Serious 

Damage 

Very Serious 

Damage 

"Green" or "Breaker" 1

4 " 3

8 " 58 " 

"Turning" to "Red" 3

8 " 1

2" 34 " 

Slightly sunken or pitted areas with skin not visibly broken that do not affect the 

appearance to the extent described above should be disregarded.

See official visual aids TM-1-IDENT and TM-3-IDENT for identification 

photographs of sunken areas and sunken discolored areas. 

For en route or destination inspections, sunken discolored areas shall be scored 

against the 10 percent tolerance for “tomatoes damaged by shoulder bruises, or by 

discolored or sunken scars.” 

Sunscald (Q) 

Sunscald occurs when tomatoes are subjected to direct and intense exposure to 

the sun. It usually occurs on the sides, shoulders or upper half of the tomato, but may 

occur wherever the rays of the sun strike most directly. 

Sunscald first appears as a whitish, shiny area on the side of the fruit facing the 

sun. Later there is blistering and finally the killed tissue becomes a flattened, grayishwhite to pale yellow spot with a dry paper-like surface. Such spots are frequently 

invaded by decay-causing organisms. 

Scoring Guide 

U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 grades require tomatoes to be "free from" 

sunscald. This means that any amount of sunscald is scored in both these grades as 

serious damage. 

U.S. No. 3 grade requires tomatoes to be free from serious damage by 

sunscald. Sunscald, which seriously affects appearance, is blistered, shriveled, or 

shows a sunken whitish, bleached color. 

Waxy Blister (C) 

Waxy blisters, also known as "fruit tumors," appear as wax-like blisters on the 

surface of mature green fruit. The blisters are white to cream colored, irregular in 

shape, and can range from 1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter and usually more than 1/8 inch 

high. On green tomatoes the blisters remain raised and swollen. As the fruit ripens the 
49

blisters change to a light to dark brown color and eventually become sunken and crack. 

The blisters usually develop after packing or in transit. 

Score using the general definitions of damage, serious damage and very 

serious damage. 

Do not confuse the presence of waxy blisters as an indication of infection 

associated with abnormal coloring. These areas should be described as "waxy blisters" 

and reported as a condition defect. 

White Core (C) 

On occasion tomatoes may develop a hard, fibrous, white core. Stressful 

growing conditions, usually aggravated by excessive fertilization may cause the central 

core to become tough and turn white. This white core will never develop normal internal 

coloring, and therefore make the tomato undesirable. It may be apparent in tomatoes 

that appear to have normal external coloring, as well as tomatoes that show abnormal 

external coloring. 

During the course of an inspection several fruit should be cut to determine if the 

internal quality is acceptable (development, maturity, discolored and dried out jelly in 

locules, etc.) If tomatoes with a hard, fibrous white core are found, they should be 

scored as defects, and reported as “White Core.” 

However, if a tomato shows abnormal coloring based on the external 

appearance, it should be reported as abnormal coloring, regardless of the internal 

appearance. The exception is if the tomato is immature, in which case it will be 

reported as immature and scored as very serious damage. If a tomato shows normal 

coloring, but upon cutting shows a hard, fibrous white core it should be scored as “white 

core.” 

It should be noted that tomatoes ripen from the inside to the outside. The core of 

a mature green tomato will show a very light green color. This is normal, and will 

change to pink, and red as the normal ripening process progresses. The core of 

tomatoes affected by “white core” will be white. If any shade of color (green to 

red) is present, the core will be considered normal. 

The cut to determine if white core is present must be made mid-way between the 

blossom end and stem end at a right angle to the longitudinal axis. In some instances 

the center cut may not show any white core, whereas a cut made just below the stem 

scar may show white core. However, in order to ensure uniformity, all determinations 

are to be made on the basis of the center cut without additional exploratory cuts. The 

inspector should cut enough fruit to accurately determine the percentage of white core 

present, while not causing the unnecessary destruction of fruit. The percentage of white 

core shall be based on the entire sample, not the number of cut tomatoes. Cut the 

entire contents of at least one container before putting the lot out of grade due to white 

core. 
50

Reporting White Core on the Certificate 

White core should be scored against the total tolerance for “otherwise defective” 

against the grade that is being applied, (U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 2 or U.S. No. 3). In the 

U.S. Combination grade, defects scored against both the No. 1 and No. 2 grades must 

be shown on the FV-300 certificate in the second column. 

Soft and Decay (C) 

The tolerances for shipping point include a restrictive 1% tolerance for soft 

and decayed tomatoes in all grades. Therefore, the combined total of soft and 

decayed tomatoes cannot exceed 1%. 

The tolerances for en route or destination include a restrictive 5% tolerance 

for soft and decayed tomatoes. In the U.S. No. 1, U.S. Combination and U.S. No. 2 

grades, the restrictive 5% tolerance for soft and decayed is included in the total 

tolerance of 15%, and not included in the restrictive tolerances for "otherwise defective," 

"shoulder bruises or sunken scars," or "very serious damage." In the U.S. No. 3 grade 

the 5% tolerance for soft and decay is included in the total tolerance, but not in the 

restrictive tolerance for very serious damage by insects only. 

Although soft and decay are scored against the same tolerance, they shall be 

reported separately on the notesheet and certificate at shipping point and en route or 

destination inspections. 

Reporting Soft and Decay 

Tomatoes that are soft, or affected by decay will not be classified as to color. 

(See section on Reporting Color for further explanation.) 

Report the percentage of soft and decay as separate entries on the certificate, 

regardless of whether the lot is in or out of grade. Report soft and decay after all other 

quality and condition defects (always report soft, if present, before decay). They should 

be the last entries, before the "checksum." A statement should always be made about 

decay, even if none is present (report as 00% decay). If a lot does not show any soft 

tomatoes, no statement shall be made on the notesheet or certificate. Do not report 

00% soft. 

Soft

Soft is one of the most objectionable and serious defects of tomatoes and 

seriously affects the edible and marketing quality. 

§51.1866 Soft. “Soft” means that the tomato yields readily to slight 

pressure. 
51

Inspectors should judge soft using the palm and closed fingers of one hand. 

Apply a slight amount of pressure. If the tomato "gives" uniformly over the surface it is 

soft. Do not squeeze the tomato with your fingertips. If there is some give in a localized 

area, the tomato may be affected by a bruise. A ripe tomato with a bruise shall be 

scored as bruised. See the section on bruises for further explanation and scoring 

guidelines. If tomatoes are soft in green through pink stages of color, this shall be noted 

on the notesheet. A ripe tomato is not the same as soft. A soft tomato is scored under 

the most restrictive tolerance included with decay, and is considered past marketability. 

Decay

All grades require that tomatoes be “free from decay.” Therefore, any amount of 

decay is scored. 

When decay is in excess of the tolerance, report the degree of advancement as; 

early, moderate, or advanced in the “Description of Products” section of the shipping 

point certificates and in the “Other” or “Lot Description” section on the market 

certificates in general terms. 

For General Information 

Decays are progressive in nature and seriously affect the market value of 

tomatoes. Some decays are easy to identify, while others are more difficult. Although 

we do not identify the type of decay, the inspector must be able to identify the presence 

of decay (the affected tissue must be in a disintegrating state). Early stages of some 

decays are difficult to distinguish from discoloration. Cutting into the flesh beneath 

suspicious areas will often disclose a firm decay which extends toward the center. 

Decays exhibit various characteristics including the presence of raised, pimple-like 

fruiting bodies, having distinct margins of affected tissue while others appear as sunken, 

water soaked spots. Affected tissue may remain firm and leathery or be soft, watery 

and slimy. Decays can occur anywhere on the fruit - shoulders, walls, or the blossom 

end. Decays common in tomatoes include: Alternaria Rot, Bacterial Soft Rot, Blossom 

End Rot, Gray Mold Rot, Phoma Rot, Phytopthora Rot, Pleospora Rot, Rhizopus Rot, 

and Watery Soft Rot. All decays should be described as to the degree of advancement 

rather than named on the certificate. For a complete description of market diseases of 

tomatoes, see USDA Agricultural Handbook "Market Diseases of Tomatoes, Peppers, 

and Eggplants." 

Grade 

State the grade of the lot or report the percentage of the grade quality. When a 

lot is reported as failing to meet requirements of a grade, the reason must be stated; 

e.g., “Fails to grade U.S. No. 1, account condition” or “Fails to grade U.S. No. 1, account 

quality defects.” 

Percentage Lots 

When certifying “percentage lots,” progressive defects in excess of the grade 

tolerance are reported after the percentage of grade quality. When determining the 
52

percentage of U.S. No. 1 quality, the percentage of soft and/or decay must be added to 

other defects, and the total subtracted from 100 percent. Size is not a part of grade 

requirements so undersize and oversize are not included in determining percentage of 

U.S. No. 1 quality. 

The FV-300 market certificate lists the percentages of quality defects and 

individual condition defects. Therefore, percentage grade statements will not be 

qualified by showing a percentage of defects of a progressive nature for en route or 

destination inspections. 

Combination Grades 

At shipping point, tomatoes are typically certified as “U.S. Combination, with at 

least 85% (or some other percentage) U.S. No. 1 quality.” This is different from a 

percentage grade in that the lot must meet both the requirements of a U.S. 

Combination, and the specified percentage of No. 1 quality. 

Destination inspections of lots originally certified at shipping point as U.S. 

Combination, with at least 85 percent U.S. No. 1 quality, may show the lot to grade U.S. 

No. 1 due to destination tolerances for condition defects. Report the lot as U.S. No. 1 

and not as a percentage of U.S. No. 1 quality. 

En route or Destination inspections shall be based on the U.S. No. 1 grade 

unless specifically requested by the applicant to certify the lot on the basis of a 

U.S. Combination (or other grade). 
53

Appendix I -- U.S. Grade Standards 

United States Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes 1

October 1, 1991 

Grades 

51.1855 U.S. No. 1. 

51.1856 U.S. Combination. 

51.1857 U.S. No. 2. 

51.1858 U.S. No. 3. 

Size 

51.1859 Size. 

Color Classification 

51.1860 Color classification. 

Tolerances 

51.1861 Tolerances. 

Application of Tolerances 

51.1862 Application of tolerances. 

Standard Weight 

51.1863 Standard weight. 

Definitions 

51.1864 Similar varietal characteristics. 

51.1865 Mature. 

51.1866 Soft. 

51.1867 Clean. 

51.1868 Well developed. 

51.1869 Fairly well formed. 

51.1870 Fairly smooth. 

51.1871 Damage. 

51.1872 Reasonably well formed. 

51.1873 Slightly rough. 

51.1874 Serious damage. 

51.1875 Misshapen. 

51.1876 Very serious damage. 

51.1877 Classification of defects. 

Grades 

§51.1855 U.S. No. 1. 

“U.S. No. 1” consists of tomatoes which meet the following requirements: 

(a) Basic requirements: 

(1) Similar varietal characteristics; 

(2) Mature; 

(3) Not overripe or soft; 

(4) Clean; 

(5) Well developed; 

(6) Fairly well formed; and, 

(7) Fairly smooth. 

(b) Free from: 

(1) Decay; 

 

1

Compliance with the provisions of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions 

of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State laws and regulations. 
54

(2) Freezing injury; and 

(3) Sunscald. 

(c) Not damaged by any other cause. 

(d) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

§51.1856 U.S. Combination. 

“U.S. Combination” consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 tomatoes: Provided, That at 

least 60 percent, by count, meet the requirements of U.S. No. 1 grade. 

(a) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

§51.1857 U.S. No. 2. 

“U.S. No. 2” consists of tomatoes which meet the following requirements: 

(a) Basic requirements: 

(1) Similar varietal characteristics; 

(2) Mature; 

(3) Not overripe or soft; 

(4) Clean; 

(5) Well developed; 

(6) Reasonably well formed; and, 

(7) Not more than slightly rough. 

(b) Free from: 

(1) Decay; 

(2) Freezing injury; and, 

(3) Sunscald. 

(c) Not seriously damaged by any other cause. 

(d) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

§51.1858 U.S. No. 3. 

“U.S. No. 3” consists of tomatoes which meet the following requirements: 

(a) Basic requirements: 

(1) Similar varietal characteristics; 

(2) Mature; 

(3) Not overripe or soft; 

(4) Clean; 

(5) Well developed; and, 

(6) May be misshapen. 

(b) Free from: 

(1) Decay; and, 

(2) Freezing injury. 

(c) Not seriously damaged by: 

(1) Sunscald. 

(d) Not very seriously damaged by any other cause. 

(e) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

Size 

§51.1859 Size. 

(a) The size of tomatoes packed in any standard type shipping container shall be specified and marked 

according to one of the size designations set forth in Table I. Individual containers shall not be marked 

with more than one size designation. Consumer packages and their master container are exempt; 

however, if they are marked, the same requirements would apply. 

(1) When containers are marked in accordance with Table I, the markings on at least 85 percent of the 

containers in a lot must be legible. 

(2) In determining compliance with the size designations, the measurement for minimum diameter shall 

be the largest diameter of the tomato measured at right angles to a line from the stem end to the blossom 

end. The measurement for maximum diameter shall be the smallest dimension of the tomato determined 

by passing the tomato through a round opening in any position. 

(b) In lieu of marking containers in accordance with (a) above or specifying size in accordance with the 

dimensions defined in Table I, for Cerasiforme type tomatoes commonly referred to as cherry tomatoes 

and Pyriforme type tomatoes commonly referred to as pear shaped tomatoes, and other similar types, 

size may be specified in terms of minimum diameter or minimum and maximum diameter expressed in 

whole inches, and not less than thirty-second inch fractions thereof, or millimeters in accordance with the 

facts. 
55

(1) Tomatoes of these types are exempt from marking requirements. However, when marked to a 

minimum or minimum and maximum diameter, the markings on at least 85 percent of the containers in a 

lot must be legible. 

(c) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

Table I 

Size Designations 

Inches 

Minimum 

Diameter1

Maximum 

Diameter2

Small 2-4/32 2-9/32 

Medium 2-8/32 2-17/32 

Large 2-16/32 2-25/32 

Extra Large 2-24/32 

1

Will not pass through a round opening of the designated diameter when tomato is placed with the 

greatest transverse diameter across the opening. 

2

Will pass through a round opening of the designated diameter in any position. 

Color Classification 

§51.1860 Color classification. 

(a) The following terms may be used, when specified in connection with the grade statement, in 

describing the color as an indication of the stage of ripeness of any lot of mature tomatoes of a red 

fleshed variety: 

(1) Green. “Green” means that the surface of the tomato is completely green in color. The shade of 

green color may vary from light to dark; 

(2) Breakers. “Breakers” means that there is a definite break in color from green to tannish-yellow, pink 

or red on not more than 10 percent of the surface; 

(3) Turning. “Turning” means that more than 10 percent but not more than 30 percent of the surface, in 

the aggregate, shows a definite change in color from green to tannish-yellow, pink, red, or a combination 

thereof; 

(4) Pink. “Pink” means that more than 30 percent but not more than 60 percent of the surface, in the 

aggregate, shows pink or red color; 

(5) Light red. “Light red” means that more than 60 percent of the surface, in the aggregate, shows 

pinkish-red or red: Provided, That not more than 90 percent of the surface is red color; and, 

(6) Red. “Red” means that more than 90 percent of the surface, in the aggregate, shows red color. 

(b) Any lot of tomatoes which does not meet the requirements of any of the above color designations may 

be designated as “Mixed Color.”. 

(c) For tolerances see §51.1861. 

(d) Tomato color standards U.S.D.A. Visual Aid TM-L-1 consists of a chart containing twelve color 

photographs illustrating the color classification requirements, as set forth in this section. This visual aid 

may be examined in the Fruit and Vegetable Programs, AMS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, South 

Building, Washington, D.C. 20250; in any field office of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Inspection Service; 

or upon request of any authorized inspector of such service. Duplicates of this visual aid may be 

purchased from The John Henry Co., Post Office Box 1410, Lansing, Michigan 48904. 

Tolerances 

§51.1861 Tolerances. 

In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of the foregoing grades, the 

following tolerances, by count, are provided as specified: 

(a) U.S. No. 1 - (1) For defects at shipping point.2

 Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to 

meet the requirements for this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 

 

2

Shipping point, as used in these standards, means the point of origin of the shipment in producing area 

or at port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or in the case of shipments from outside the 

continental United States, the port of entry into the United States. 
56

percent, shall be allowed for defects causing very serious damage, including therein not more than 1 

percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; and, 

(2) For defects en route or at destination. Fifteen percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements for this grade: Provided, That included in this amount not more than the following 

percentages shall be allowed for defects listed: 

(i) Five percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; 

(ii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are damaged by shoulder bruises or by discolored or sunken scars on 

any parts of the tomatoes; and, 

(iii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are otherwise defective: And provided further, That not more than 5 

percent shall be allowed for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by any cause, exclusive of soft 

or decayed tomatoes. 

(b) U.S. Combination - (1) For defects at shipping point.3

 Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which 

fail to meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 2 grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this 

tolerance, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for defects causing very serious damage, including 1 percent for 

tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; and, 

(2) For defects en route or at destination. Fifteen percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements of the U.S. No. 2 grade: Provided, That included in this amount not more than the 

following percentages shall be allowed for defects listed: 

(i) Five percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; 

(ii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are seriously damaged by shoulder bruises or by discolored or sunken 

scars on any parts of the tomatoes; and, 

(iii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are otherwise defective: And provided further, That not more than 5 

percent shall be allowed for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by any cause, exclusive of soft 

or decayed tomatoes. 

(c) U.S. No. 2 - (1) For defects at shipping point.2

 Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to 

meet the requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 

percent, shall be allowed for defects causing very serious damage, including therein not more than 1 

percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; and, 

(2) For defects en route or at destination. Fifteen percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements for this grade: Provided, That included in this amount not more than the following 

percentages shall be allowed for defects listed: 

(i) Five percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; 

(ii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are seriously damaged by shoulder bruises or by discolored or sunken 

scars on any parts of the tomatoes; and, 

(iii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are otherwise defective: And provided further, That not more than 5 

percent shall be allowed for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by any cause, exclusive of soft 

or decayed tomatoes. 

(d) U.S. No. 3 - (1) For defects at shipping point.2

 Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to 

meet the requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 

percent, shall be allowed for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by insects and not more than 

one-tenth of the tolerance, or 1 percent, for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; and, 

(2) For defects en route or at destination. Fifteen percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements for this grade: Provided, That included in this amount not more than the following 

percentages shall be allowed for defects listed: 

(i) Five percent for tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay; 

(ii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by shoulder bruises or by discolored or 

sunken scars on any parts of the tomatoes; and, 

(iii) Ten percent for tomatoes which are otherwise defective: And provided further, That not more than 5 

percent shall be allowed for tomatoes which are very seriously damaged by insects. 

(e) For off-size. Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which are smaller than the specified minimum 

diameter, or larger than the specified maximum diameter. 

 

3

Shipping point, as used in these standards, means the point of origin of the shipment in producing area 

or at port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or in the case of shipments from outside the 

continental United States, the port of entry into the United States. 
57

(f) For off color. Ten percent for tomatoes in any lot which fail to meet the color specified, including 

therein not more than 5 percent for tomatoes which are green in color, when any term other than “Green” 

is specified. 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.1862 Application of tolerances. 

The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the following 

limitations: 

(a) For packages which contain more than 5 pounds (2.27 kg), and a tolerance of 10 percent or more is 

provided, individual packages shall have not more than 1-1/2 times the tolerance specified, and for a 

tolerance of less than 10 percent individual packages shall have not more than double the tolerance 

specified, except that at least one defective and one off-size specimen may be allowed in any package:

Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified for the grade; and, 

(b) For packages which contain 5 pounds (2.27 kg) or less individual packages shall have not more than 

4 times the tolerance specified, except that at least one tomato which is soft, or affected by decay, and 

one off-size specimen may be permitted in any package: Provided, That the averages for the entire lot 

are within the tolerances specified for the grade. 

Standard Weight 

§51.1863 Standard weight. 

(a) When packages are marked to a net weight of 15 pounds (6.80 kg) or more, the net weight of the 

contents shall not be less than the designated net weight and shall not exceed the designated weight by 

more than 2 pounds (0.91 kg). 

(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper sizing, not more than 15 percent, by count, of the 

packages in any lot may fail to meet the requirements for standard weight. 

Definitions 

§51.1864 Similar varietal characteristics. 

“Similar varietal characteristics” means that the tomatoes are alike as to firmness of flesh and shade of 

color (for example, soft-fleshed, early maturing varieties are not mixed with firm-fleshed, midseason or 

late varieties, or bright red varieties mixed with varieties having a purplish tinge). 

§51.1865 Mature. 

“Mature” means that the tomato has reached the stage of development which will insure a proper 

completion of the ripening process, and that the contents of two or more seed cavities have developed a 

jelly-like consistency and the seeds are well developed. 

§51.1866 Soft. 

“Soft” means that the tomato yields readily to slight pressure. 

§51.1867 Clean. 

“Clean” means that the tomato is practically free from dirt or other foreign material. 

§51.1868 Well developed. 

“Well developed” means that the tomato shows normal growth. Tomatoes which are ridged and peaked 

at the stem end, contain dry tissue, and usually contain open spaces below the level of the stem scar, are 

not considered well developed. 

§51.1869 Fairly well formed. 

“Fairly well formed” means that the tomato is not more than moderately kidney-shaped, lop-sided, 

elongated, angular, or otherwise moderately deformed. 

§51.1870 Fairly smooth. 

“Fairly smooth” means that the tomato is not conspicuously ridged or rough. 

§51.1871 Damage. 

“Damage” means any specific defect described in §51.1877, Table II; or an equally objectionable variation 

of any one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which materially detracts 

from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the tomato. 

§51.1872 Reasonably well formed. 

“Reasonably well formed” means that the tomato is not decidedly kidney-shaped, lop-sided, elongated, 

angular, or otherwise decidedly deformed. 

§51.1873 Slightly rough. 

“Slightly rough” means that the tomato is not decidedly ridged or grooved. 

§51.1874 Serious damage. 

“Serious damage” means any specific defect described in §51.1877, Table II; or an equally objectionable 

variation of any one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which seriously 

detracts from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the tomato. 
58

§51.1875 Misshapen. 

“Misshapen” means that the tomato is decidedly kidney-shaped, lop-sided, elongated, angular or 

otherwise decidedly deformed: Provided, That the shape is not affected to an extent that the 

appearance or the edible quality of the tomato is very seriously affected. 

§51.1876 Very serious damage. 

“Very serious damage” means any specific defect described in §51.1877, Table II; or an equally 

objectionable variation of any one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which 

very seriously detracts from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the tomato. 

§51.1877 Classification of defects. 

Table II 

References to Area, Aggregate Area, Length or Aggregate Length are based on a tomato having a 

diameter of 2-1/2 inches (64 mm)1

Factor Damage Serious Damage Very serious damage

Cuts and broken skins Not shallow or not well 

healed, or shallow, well 

healed cut more than 1/2 

inch (13 mm) in length, or 

other shallow, well 

healed skin breaks 

aggregating more than a 

circle 3/8 inch (10 mm) in 

diameter. 

Not shallow or not 

well healed, or 

shallow, well healed 

cut more than 1/2 

inch (13 mm) in 

length, or other 

shallow, well healed 

skin breaks 

aggregating more 

than a circle 1/2 inch 

(13 mm) in diameter. 

Fresh or healed and 

extending through the 

tomato wall. 

Puffiness Open space in 1 or more 

locules materially 

detracts from appearance 

of tomato cut through 

center at right angles to a 

line from stem to blossom 

end. 

Open space in 1 or 

more locules 

seriously detracts 

from appearance of 

tomato cut through 

center at right angles 

to a line from stem to 

blossom end. 

Open space in 2 or 

more locules very 

seriously detracts from 

appearance of tomato 

cut through center at 

right angles to a line 

from stem to blossom 

end. 

Catfaces Scars are rough or deep, 

channels are very deep 

or wide, channels extend 

into a locule, or a fairly 

smooth catface 

aggregating more than a 

circle 1/2 inch (13 mm) in 

diameter. 

Scars are rough or 

deep, channels are 

very deep or wide, 

channels extend into 

a locule, or a fairly 

smooth catface 

aggregating more 

than a circle 3/4 inch 

(19 mm) in diameter. 

Channels extend into 

the locule, wall has 

been weakened to the 

extent that slight 

pressure will cause a 

tomato to leak, or a 

fairly smooth catface 

aggregating more than 

a circle 1 inch (25 mm) 

in diameter. 

Scars (other than 

catfaces) 

No depth and 

aggregating more than a 

circle 3/8 (10 mm) in 

diameter. 

No depth and 

aggregating more 

than a circle 5/8 (16 

mm) in diameter. 

No depth and 

aggregating more than 

a circle 1 inch (25 mm) 

in diameter. 

1

Conversion to metric equivalent, made to nearest whole millimeter. 
59

Growth cracks 

(radiating from or 

concentric to stem 

scar)

Not well healed, more 

than 1/8 inch (3 mm) in 

depth, individual radial 

cracks more than 1/2 

inch (13 mm) in length, 

aggregate length of all 

radial cracks more than 1 

inch (25 mm) measured 

from edge of stem scar. 

Any lot of tomatoes which 

are at least turning may 

have cracks which are 

not well healed provided 

they are not leaking. 

Not well healed, 

more than 1/8 inch (3 

mm) in depth, 

individual radial 

cracks more than 3/4 

inch (19 mm) in 

length, aggregate 

length of all radial 

cracks more than 1-

3/4 inch (44 mm) 

measured from edge 

of stem scar. Any 

lot of tomatoes which 

are at least turning 

may have cracks 

which are not well 

healed provided they 

are not leaking. 

Not well healed, more 

than 1/4 inch (6 mm) in 

depth, individual radial 

cracks more than 1 

inch (25 mm) in length, 

aggregate length of all 

radial cracks more than 

2-7/8 inch (73 mm) 

measured from edge of 

stem scar. Any lot of 

tomatoes which are at 

least turning may have 

cracks which are not 

well healed provided 

they are not leaking, 

not more than 1/8 inch 

(3 mm) in depth, 

individual radial cracks 

are not more than 3/4 

inch (19 mm) in length. 

Hail Deep, rough, not well 

healed and corked over, 

or fairly smooth, shallow 

hail marks aggregating 

more than a circle 3/8 

inch (10 mm) in diameter. 

Deep, rough, not well 

healed and corked 

over, or fairly 

smooth, shallow hail 

marks aggregating 

more than a circle 

5/8 inch (16 mm) in 

diameter. 

Fresh, very deep or 

fairly smooth, shallow 

hail marks aggregating 

more than a circle 1 

inch (25 mm) in 

diameter. 

Insect Injury Materially detracts from 

the appearance or any 

insect is present in the 

fruit. 

Seriously detracts 

from the appearance 

or any insect is 

present in the fruit. 

Very seriously detracts 

from the appearance or 

any insect is present in 

the fruit. 

1

Conversion to metric equivalent, made to nearest whole millimeter. 
60

Illustration TOMFR 1 
61

Illustration TOMFR 2 
62

Illustration TOMFR 3 
63

Illustration TOMFR 4 
64

Appendix II 

SUMMARY OF TOMATO IMPORT REQUIREMENTS 

Field grown tomatoes are subject to 8e requirements. 8e requirements specify that 

imported commodities must meet the same or comparable minimum grade, size, 

quality, and maturity requirements, as those specified under the Marketing Order.

Complete information regarding Tomato Import Requirements may be obtained from the 

Marketing Order Administration Branch (MOAB) at: 

http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/8e/tomato.htm or 

Marketing Order Administration Branch, Headquarters 

Chief

1400 Independence Avenue, SW 

Stop Code 0237, Room 2525-S 

Washington, D.C. 20250-0237 

Phone: (202) 720-2491 

Fax: (202) 720-5698 

INSPECTION REQUIRED - All tomatoes imported into the United States must meet the 

following minimum grade and size requirements prior to importation, in accordance with 

§980.212 (7 CFR Part 980). This tomato import regulation is issued under Section 8e 

(7 U.S.C. 608e-1) of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7 

U.S.C. 601-674). Grade and size requirements are in effect from October 10 through 

June 15 of each year. 

GRADE REQUIREMENTS - All tomatoes must grade at least U.S. No. 2. 

SIZE REQUIREMENTS - All tomatoes must be at least 2-9/32 inches in diameter. 

The certificate must also indicate compliance with import requirements. The 

inspector shall include in the grade statement “Meet/Fails to meet U.S. Import 

requirements under section 8e of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, as 

amended.” Additionally, the customs entry number shall be included in the remarks 

section. Copies of import certificates shall be faxed to MOAB whenever they fail to 

meet import requirements. 

Note: Tomato requirements do not apply to minimum quantities not exceeding 

60 pounds per day. Pear shape or paste tomatoes including romas, cherry tomatoes, 

hydroponic, and greenhouse tomatoes are exempt from import requirements. 
65

SUMMARY OF FLORIDA MARKETING ORDER NO. 966 

Official Regulatory Bulletins may be obtained from The Florida Tomato Committee, 800 

Trafalgar Court, Suite 300, Maitland FL 32751, phone: 407-660-1949 or from their 

website at: http://www.floridatomatoes.org. 

Provided below is a brief summary of FMO No. 966. Inspectors shall obtain the current 

regulatory bulletin when applying FMO requirements. 

HANDLING REGULATIONS: FMO No. 966 is in effect during the period October 10 

through midnight June 15, of each year. 

GRADE: Tomatoes shall be graded and meet the requirements for U.S. No. 1, U.S. 

Combination or U.S. No. 2 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes. When 

not more than 15 percent of tomatoes in any lot fail to meet the requirements of U.S. 

No. 1 grade and not more than one-third of this 15 percent (or 5 percent) are comprised 

of defects causing very serious damage, including not more than one percent of 

tomatoes which are soft or affected by decay, such tomatoes may be shipped and 

designated as at least 85% U.S. No. 1 grade. 

SIZE: (i) All tomatoes packed by a Registered Handler shall be at least 2-9/32 inches in 

diameter and be sized with proper equipment in one or more of the following ranges of 

diameters. Measurements of diameters shall be in accordance with the methods 

prescribed in §51.1859 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Tomatoes. 

 Inches 

Size Classification Min. Diameter Max. Diameter

6x7 2-9/32 2-19/32 

6x6 2-17/32 2-29/32 

5x6 2-25/32 

(ii) Tomatoes of designated sizes may not be commingled and each container or lid 

shall be marked to indicate the designated size. 

(iii) Only 6x7, 6x6 and 5x6 may be used to indicate the above listed size designations 

on containers of tomatoes. 

(iv) To allow for variations incident to proper sizing, not more than a total of 10 percent, 

by count, of the tomatoes in any lot may be smaller than the specified minimum 

diameter or larger than the maximum diameter. 

CONTAINERS: (i) All tomatoes packed by a Registered Handler shall be in 

containers of 10, 20, or 25 pounds designated net weights and the designated net 

weight of the contents shall not be less than the designated net weight and shall not 

exceed the designated weight by more than two pounds. Section 51.1863 of the U.S. 

Tomato Standards shall apply to all containers. 

(ii) Each container or lid shall be marked to indicate the designated net weight and must 

show the name and address of the Registered Handler (as defined in §966.7) in letters 
66

at least one-fourth (1/4) inch high and such containers must be packed at the 

Registered Handler's facilities and meet the minimum size requirements of 2-9/32 

inches in diameter. 

(iii) The containers in which tomatoes are packed must be clean and bright in 

appearance without marks, stains, or other evidence of previous use. 

EXEMPTIONS: For Types. The following types of tomatoes are exempt from these 

regulations: Elongated types commonly referred to as pear-shaped or paste tomatoes 

and including but not limited to San Marzano, Red Top and Roma varieties; cerasiform 

type tomatoes commonly referred to as cherry tomatoes; hydroponic tomatoes; and 

greenhouse tomatoes. Specialty packed red ripe tomatoes, yellow-meated tomatoes, 

and single and two-layer place-packed tomatoes are exempt from the container net 

weight requirements specified in Paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, and the requirement 

that each container or lid shall be marked to indicate the designated net weight as 

specified in Paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, but must meet all other requirements. 

Producer field-packed tomatoes must meet all of the requirements of this section 

except: The requirement that all containers must be packed at registered handler 

facilities as specified in Paragraph (a)(3)(ii); the requirement that such tomatoes 

designated as size 6x6 must meet the maximum diameter requirement specified in 

Paragraph (a)(2)(i) and the labeling requirement specified in Paragraph (a)(2)(iii): 

Provided, that “6x6 and larger” is used to indicate the listed size designation on 

containers. 
67

Map of Regulated Area 

 
68

Appendix III 

Comparison of Areas of Circles 

To compare the area of a small circle with a larger one, select the diameter of the 

small circle from the vertical list on the left side. Follow the horizontal row beside this 

diameter to the right and stop under the diameter of the larger circle to be compared. 

This will show the area of the number of small circles needed to equal the area of the 

larger circle. 

Examples: 

It takes nine circles 1/8 inch in diameter to equal the area of a circle 3/8 inch in 

diameter; or, 

It takes 1-2/5 circle 1/2 inch in diameter to equal the area of a circle 5/8 inch in 

diameter: or, 

It takes 4 circles 3/8 inch in diameter to equal the area of a circle 3/4 inch in diameter. 
69

Appendix IIII 

Example 1 – Inspection Scoresheet (SPI-CA) 
70

Example 1 – Inspection Certificate (SPI-CA) 
71

Example 2 – Inspection Scoresheet (SPI-CA) 
72

Example 2 – Inspection Certificate (SPI-CA) 
73

Example 3 – Inspection Scoresheet (SPI-FL) 

(Scoresheet represents page one of Harllee brand only.) 
74

Example 3 – Inspection Certificate (SPI-FL) 
75

Example 4 - Inspection Certificate FV 300 
76

Example 5 – Inspection Certificate FV E300 
77

Example 6 – Inspection Certificate FV E300 

FL

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-22(j) 

Page 77, Tomatoes Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, December 2005 

** ** ****
78

Example 7 – Inspection Certificate FV E300