(33)

(34)

(35)

~10-

TOLERANCES

Tolerances do not apply when the request for inspection is to report
the percentages of U. S. No. 1, U. S. No. 2, Culls and specified sizes.
The percentages determined should be reported on a special federal-
state products (or pears) for Processing form. If one is not available,
the results of the inspection may be reported on a FY-184 Shipping Point

Certificate in tabular form. (See examples)

When a lot must meet a specific grade, such as U. S. No. 1, the
following tolerances apply:
1. For defects--10% by weight, including not more than 5% of

pears with worms or worm holes and not more than 2% affected by decay.

2. Not more than 5% undersize or 10% oversize if size limi tations
are specified. There are no container tolerances for either size or

grade defects.

PEARS FOR PROCESSING TO CANADA AND OTHER EXPORT

Pears for processing exported in bins, bags, boxes or other containers
must meet all of the requirements of the U. S. Export Apple and Pear
Act. Pears exported in bulk (loose in a car or truck) are not regu-
lated by the U. S. Export Act. The minimum Processing grade permitted

under this act is U. S. No. 1 for Processing.


Size

§ 2851.1349 Size.

Size may be specified in connection
with a grade by agreement between
buyer and seller and stated in terms of
minimum diameter or minimum and
maximum diameters. Diameters shall
be specified in inthes and not less
than eighth-inch fractions thereof. In
addition, size may be stated in terms
of ratio of length to diameter.

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

§ 2851.1350 Application of standards.

(a) Tolerances shall not apply in the
application of the standards to deter-
mine the percentages of U.S. No. 1 and
U.S. No. 2 quality, culls and off-size in
a lot of pears; for example, when de-
termining compliance with a grower-
processor contract.

(b) Tolerances: The following toler-
ances, by weight, shall apply when a
lot of pears has been sorted to meet a
specific grade, such as a shipment to a
processor which is intended to meet
the requirements of the U.S. No. 1

le:

(1) For defects. 10 percent for pears
which fail to meet the requirements of
the grade: Provided, That included in
this amount not more than the follow-
ing percentages shall be allowed for
the defects listed:

(i) 2 percent for pears which are af-
fected by decay.

Gi) 5 percent fo. pears which are in-
fested by worms or have worm holes.

(2) For off-size. 5 percent for pears
which are smaller than any specified
minimum size, and 10 percent for
pears larger than any specified maxi-
mum size.

DEFINITIONS

§ 2851.1351 Mature.

“Mature” means that the pear has
reached the stage of maturity which
will insure the proper completion of
the ripening process.

§ 2851.1352 Handpicked.

“Handpicked” means that the pears
do not show evidence of having been
on the ground.

§ 2851.1353 Firm.

“Firm” means that the pear is fairly
solid and yields only very slightly to
moderate pressure, and is not wilted,
shriveled, rubbery or flabby.

§ 2851.1354 Weil Formed.

“Well formed” means that the pear
has the shape characteristic of the va-
riety, so that after paring, cutting in
halves, and coring, each half of the
pear shall be well formed. Bartlett
pears shall have at least a fairly well
developed neck.

§ 2851.1355 Damage.

“Damage” means any injury or
defect which materially affects the
processing quality of the fruit. After
paring, cutting in halves, and coring,
each half of the pear shall be well
formed or the pear is considered dam-
aged. Pears showing surface blemishes
shall be considered damaged when the
injury cannot be completely removed
in the ordinary process of paring for
commercial use.

§ 2851.1356 Pears grown from late blooms.

“Pears grown from late blooms”.
Such pears often have excessively long
stems (commonly termed “rat tails’),
or may be misshapen or slightly
rough. Such pears do not ripen proper-
ly for ordinary canning use.

§ 2851.1357 Seriously deformed.

“Seriously deformed” means that
the pear is so badly misshapen as to
cause a loss during the usual commer-
cial preparation for use of over 20 per-
cent, by weight, of the pear in excess
of that which would occur if the pear
were well formed. Round or apple-
shaped pears shall not be considered
seriously deformed.


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH

INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
PEARS FOR PROCESSING 1/

GENERAL

The inspector will be guided by the instructions in this handbook, the (1)
latest U. S. Standards for Grades of Pears for Processing, and by any
additional instructions which may be given him either orally or in

writing by his Supervisor. These instructions cover inspection of

pears for processing which are intended for domestic or export shipment

as well as inspection of orchard run lots received at processing plants

or inspection stations. When in doubt on any matter that is not fully
covered, the inspector should get in touch with his Supervisor. If it

is necessary to take immediate action, he must use his best judgement,

and advise the Supervisor of the action that was taken so that correc-

tionscan be made if the proper procedure was not followed.

JHE STANDARDS FOR INSPECTION (2)

All inspections of pears for processing will be based on the United
States Standards for Grades of Pears for Processing or on comparable

state or marketing order standards. An agreement may be reached

{7 These instructions do not establish a new or revised subs
rule. (United States Standards for Grades of Pears for Processing,
CFR §§51.1345-51.1359).

REPRINTED SEPTEMBER 1988 TO INCLUDE
BRANCH NOTICES AND INSPECTION
INSTRUCTION MEMOS.



United States Standards



2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
PEARS FOR PROCESSING

Source: 35 FR 6957, May 1, 1970, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR

22514, June 27, 1977.

Effective July 1, 1970

GENERAL

Sec.
2851.1345 General.

2851.1346
2851.1347

2851.1348
Sux
2851.1349 Size.
APPLICATION OF STANDARDS:
2851.1350 Application of standards.
DEFINITIONS

Mature.
Handpicked.
Firm.

Well Formed.
Damage.

2851.1351
2851.1352
2851.1353
2851.1354
2851.1355
2851.1356
2851.1357
2851.1358
2851.1359

Pears grown from late blooms.
Seriously deformed.

Serious damage.

Diameter.

AvtHority: The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as
amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622,
1624.

GENERAL

§ 2851.1345 General.

All percentages shall be calculated
on the basis of weight.

1 Compliance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State
laws and regulations.

GRADES

§ 2851.1346 U.S. No. 1.

“U.S. No. 1” consists of pears of one
variety which are mature, handpicked,
firm, well formed, free from scald,
hard end, black end, internal break-
down, decay, worms and worm holes,
and from damage caused by broken
skins, limbrubs, sprayburn, sunburn,
scab, russeting, bruises, hail, frost,
drought spot, disease, insects, me-
chanical or other means. Unless other-
wise specified, the pears shall not be
further advanced than yellowish
green. Tree-ripened pears and pears
grown from late blooms shall not be
considered as meeting the require-
ments of this grade. (See §§ 2851.1349
and 2851.1350.)

§ 2851.1347 U.S. No. 2.

“U.S. No. 2” consists of pears of one
variety which are mature, handpicked,
firm, not seriously deformed, free
from scald, hard end, black end, inter-
nal breakdown, decay, worms and
worm holes, and free from serious
damage by any other cause. Unless
otherwise specified, the pears shall not
be further advanced than yellowish
green. Tree-ripened pears and pears
grown from late blooms shall not be
considered as meeting the require-
ments of this grade. (See §§ 2851.1349
and 2851.1350.)

CULLs

§ 2851.1348 Culls.

“Culls” are pears which do not meet
the requirements of either of the fore-
going grades.


Fy-18h

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FRODICT | _ St — OTHER ; DECAY, |... GRADE
> U.S. tio. 1 aaisiaicemenmnetn ei is Geert eee
PEARS Processing, ins 2-1/ to 3-1/h inches with 5% Processing
———eriett | Cannery | under 2-3/8 inches UsSe Noe dL .,
i 1
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T
Meets U.S Export. Antle end Fear Acts Se.
i
Meets Carpdian Import Kequirements for Frocessing es
aN
_ &
~ Fee: $20.00
a
a)

Joe Doakes.
inspector



(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

DEFINITION OF TERMS.

“Mature" means that the pear has reached the stage of maturity which

will insure the proper completion of the ripening process. Satisfac-
tory maturity for a crop is usually determined by the processor's

field man before a grower is permitted to start his harvest.

Pressure tests indicating maturity of Bartlett pears range between
20 and 23 pounds depending on the area of production. A soluble solids

test is also used as a guide to maturity by some field men.

"Handpicked" means that the pears do not show evidence of having been
on the ground such as dirt, discolored bruises, advanced ripening, a

shriveled rubbery condition or brown and shriveled stems.

“Firm! means that the pear is fairly solid and yields very slightly to
moderate pressure and is not wilted, shriveled, rubbery or flabby.
The processor may specify a minimum acceptable pressure test. This

may be 13, 14, 15, or 16 pounds, depending on the contract.

A pressure testing procedure for minimum maturity of Bartlett pears
nas been developed by the C&idS Statistical Staff, and consists of the
following steps:
1. Select 15 pears at random, sight unseen, which are free from
defects, from the same bins that are selected for grading the

sample. Select them as the pears are being dumped for grading


or other type scale must be available for weighing defects and under-

size or size classifications.

Curved cannery pear peeling knives set for exactly 1/8 inch thickness (7)
must be furnished each inspector. Check peel thickness frequently by
doubling the peel, skin side out, and measure the thickness with a

Stanley 3 inch or other accurate caliper.

Sizing rings or sizing plates with proper size openings shall be (8)
provided the inspector by the inspection service. Clamps or brackets

on these for fastening to side boards facilitate their use.

The inspection service shall furnish official work note sheets, (9)

certificates and other reporting forms to the inspector.

SAMPLING BINS

Most pears are harvested into bins holding about 1000 pounds each. (10)
When there is any appreciable volume of these to be inspected, the
applicant should be requested to furnish a mechanical sampler and a fork
lift, with operator, to move the bins to be sampled. Mechanical

samplers can be of the belt type, the Blackwelder type, or a sampling

head attached to a fork lift.

When a mechanical sampler is not available the inspector should dig (11)

to the bottom of bins being sampled. A rubberized “ring” about


(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

between the Federal Supervisor and the applicant as to modification of
these standards, or the use of others, which may be included in the
contract between the processor and the grower. The inspector is to
accept instructions as to such modifications only from the Supervisor

and not from the applicant.

When an Inspection Circular or Instruction has been issued to apply to
a state or marketing order standard for pears for processing, its
instructions should be followed for pears inspected on that standard

or state regulation.

When terms used in contracts or other specifications are not defined,
the definitions in the U. S. Standards and in this handbook shall be

used,

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

The applicant should be required to make adequate space with good
light available to the inspector. Artificial light should be equiva-
Tent to daylight. Proper protection from sun and weather for outdoor
inspection stations should be required of the applicant. The grading
station should be at a convenient distance from the location from which

the sample is to be acquired.

A platform scale “officially sealed" for the current year for weighing

the sample must be furnished by the applicant. An accurate dial type


Serpie Ko.

--

CERTIFICATE ELSELES

Certificate was originated by %

ne inspector.

Depariment of Agriculture Burcau of Weights £ &

EULER -YECLOW BUYER OFF WRITE FEAR ZONE. GREEN $F) GCLDLNKOD BUYER PINK WEGHSASIES

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Weighmaster’s Certificate of Weight and He

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err
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FECTS

Penccar Grebe
REPORY ©
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7

(40)


Bin Sampling Schedule as)
2 to 6 bins draw 2 samples of 50 lbs each
7 to 12 bins "3°" nu “
13 to 20 bins ar a now a
21 to 30 bins "5 8 wou "
31 or more bins "6 " wou "

The above sampling ratios were determined by official statistical

sampling technicians. They should be used in all instances.

Other Sampling Methods: Sampling in the process of bin filling in (16)
packing rooms, sampling off conveyer belts, etc.should be at the same
ratio as the above. Samples should be random and representative of the

entire lot. Consult with a supervisor when in doubt.

a (17)
After the samples have been selected, the pears should be segregated

into U. S. No.1's (First Grade), U.S. No.2's (if provided in the

contract or sale) and Culls. They should also be segregated into the
various size groupscalled for (if any) in the contract. When grading
of the sample for a lot has been completed, each segregation should be
weighed and percentage determined and entered on the inspection report

or certificate.


§ 2851.1358 Serious damage. $2851.1359 Diameter.

“Serious damage” means any injury “Diameter” means the greatest di-
or defect which cannot be removed mension of the pear taken at right
during the usual commercial prepara- angles to a line running from the stem
tion for use without a loss of over 20 to the blossom end.
percent, by weight, of the pear in
excess of that which would occur if
the pear were not defective. Dated: April 28, 1970.

G. R, GRANGE,

Deputy Administrator,
Marketing Services.

{F.R. Doc. 70-5359; Filed, Apr. 30, 1970;
8:48 a.m.]

4U.S. Government Printing Office + 1988 - 241-821/80559


\ United States
3} Department of
g Agriculture

Agricultural
Marketing
Service
Fruit and
Vegetable
Division

Fresh Products
Branch

Washington, D.C.

"| December 1970

PEARS FOR PROCESSING

INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS



(24)

(26)

(27)

crooked necks or off-centered stems shall not be considered fairly well

formed.

"Seriously deformed" means that the pear is so badly misshapen as to
cause a loss during usual commercial preparation for canning of over
20%, by weight,of the pear in excess of that which would occur if the
pear were well formed. Round pears and apple shaped pears shall not be

considered seriously deformed.

"Not very badly misshapen" as used in California Second Grade means

that the pear has one good half that is at least fairly well formed.

Pears that fail to meet the above requirement should be reported as

very badly misshapen.

"Damage" means any injury or defect which materially affects the pro-
cessing quality of the fruit. After paring, halving, and coring,each
half of the pear shall be well formed or the pear is considerd damaged.
Pears showing surface blemishes shall be considered damaged when the
injury is not completely removed by a peeling one eighth (1/8) inch in
depth. In addition:

(a) Limbrubs may have only slight discoloration after the 1/8
inch peel is made. The hard core cannot be torn out to a greater depth

than 1/8 inch.


-7-

the sample. The pears selected must be in proportion with the
bins sampled, for example: from 5 bins sampled, select 3 pears
for testing out of each bin; for a 2 sample lot, select 7 pears
out of one bin and & from the other. Always select 15 pears

regardless of the size of the lot.

2. Hake one slice or peel on the best side of each selected pear

and make only one punch with the pressure tester.

3. From these tests, an average or median ean be determined.

"Well formed" means that the pear has the shape characteristic of the (22)
variety so that after paring, cutting in halves, and coring,each half
of the pear shall be well formed. Bartlett pears shall have at least

a fairly well developed neck.

"Fairly well formed" does not appear in the U. S. Standards for Pears (23)
for Processing but is used in some of the state standards, chiefly
California. It is defined as a pear that may be abnormal in shape but
not to an extent which will materially detract from the usefulness of

the fruit for canning purposes. Short shaped pears and pears with
corrugated calyx ends, among other types of pears, shall be considered
fairly well formed. No pear shall be considered fairly well formed

which does not lend itself to the ordinary process of mechanical

preparation for canning. Apple-shaped pears or pears with badly


(12)

(13)

(14)

14 inches in length and diameter can be used to keep the pears from
rolling down, or the bin can be tilted to about a 30° angle to facili-

tate securing samples from the full depth of the bin.

When it is not possible to draw a representative sample from top to
bottom of the bins, the certificate or inspection report must be
restricted to that portion of the bins from which the sample was taken,
for example: "Inspection restricted to upper 18 inches of pears in

bins".

The inspector must always select his own sample or designate, for the
fork lift operator, the sample bin to be selected. If, for any reason,
this is not possible the inspection report or certificate must be marked

“SUBMITTED SAMPLE".

NUMBER _OF SAMPLES

Boxes or field lugs: Two containers out of the first hundred or less
should be selected as a sample. One additional lug should be
selected as a sample from each hundred or less lugs in the lot. For
example: 401 to 500 lugs, select 6 samples at random from through-out

the load.






-le-

Pears for processing going to Canada must move under an exemption which (36)
may be granted to a Canadian receiver by the Canadian authorities for
specific shipments. The authorities in Ottawa, Canada, forward the
exemption information to officials in our Washington, D. C. office who

pass it on to the shipping point involved.


(38)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph
_Numbers
GENERAL... cece cece cece cece eee e tence ence eee eeeeeateees 1
THE STANDARDS FOR INSPECTION........2eeseeeeeeeeeeees 2- 3
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ......ceeeeeeeesseecec erences 5-9
SAMPLING BINS... ..ccce cece eee ceee ee eeeeueees deeeeeeee 19 - 13
NUMBER OF SAMPLES ...... ccc cece ee eee cece eee e teen eerees 14 - 16
Boxes or Field Lugs......cceceeeeeeeeeeceeeeeee 14
Bin Sampling Schedule. 15
Other Sampling Hethods..........sseeeeeee . 16
MAKING THE INSPECTION... . 2. cece cece e cece sense eeeeees 7
DEFINITION OF TERMS. 1... ec cece eee cece reece tere nee eee 18 - 32
Mature... cece cece cece e eee e este ene eeeeene vee 18
Handpicked. » 19
Firm......ee- wee 20 - 21
Well Forned....... 22
Fairly Well Formed.. 23
Seriously Deformed....... 24
Not Very Badly Misshapen. wee 25 ~ 26
Damage...........- eeccccccees been eceseeeeeeee oe 27 - 3
TOLERANCES 6. cece cece cece e eect eee e eee e nee eeeeeenes 33 - 34
PEARS FOR PROCESSING TO CANADA AND OTHER EXPORT...... 35 - 36
GENERAL EXAMPLES... .. cece eesee ese e sence eee neseeeenes 37 - 40

APPENDIX I wceececueecaueee U.S. STANDARDS






(b) Any discoloration beneath a scab spot must be completely

removed by a peel 1/8 inch in depth.

“Worms and Worm Holes": These are defects of all grades and should be
reported separately. To determine the presence of concealed worms, a
5 to 10 pound sub-sample should be cut from each 59 pound sample, and
the percentage determined on the basis of the cut sub-samples. The
percentage of pears with worms or worm holes visible without cutting

should be determined on the basis of the 59 pound samples.

"Hard end": Cut off 3 one-eighth inch slices from the calyx end of
the pear. If any part of the third slice is dry, tough or woody the

pear shall be considered damaged.
"Black End": Score any amount against all grades.
"Decay and Breakdown": Score against all grades .

“Serious damage" means any injury or defect that cannot be removed
during the usual commercial preparation for canning without a loss of
over 20% of the pear, by weight,in excess of that which might have
occured if the pear had not been defective. Trimming should be done
with a rounded or curved cut. Trimming should be confined to only one
half of the pear so that one well formed half is left. Obviously if
any appreciable amount of trimming were done on both halves neither

half would be usable for other than pulping and thus would be a cull.

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)


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