IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 11-20906

RONALD CURTIS; CEDRIC JOHNSON; CURVIS BICKHAM,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

W. ANTHONY, Houston Police Department Sergeant; R. CHAPPELL,

Houston Police Department Officer; C. W. STIVERS, Houston Police

Department Officer; UNKNOWN HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT

EMPLOYEES; CITY OF HOUSTON; MILTON WRIGHT, Fort Bend County

Sheriff; KEITH PIKETT, Former Fort Bend County Sheriff's Department

Deputy; UNKNOWN FORT BEND COUNTY EMPLOYEES; FORT BEND

COUNTY,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and KING and OWEN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Plaintiffs-Appellants, Ronald Curtis, Cedric Johnson, and Curvis Bickham

(collectively, “Appellants”) appealthe district court’s grant of summary judgment

on their claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in favor of Defendants-Appellees: (i) W.

Anthony, a sergeant in the Houston Police Department (“HPD”); (ii) R. Chappell,

an officer in the HPD; (iii) C. W. Stivers, an officer in the HPD; (iv) the City of

Houston; (v) Milton Wright, the Sheriff of Fort Bend County, Texas; (vi) Keith

Pikett, a former deputy in the Fort Bend County Sheriff's Department; and (vii)

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

March 6, 2013

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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Fort Bend County (collectively, “Appellees”).1

 For the reasons provided below,

we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

I. Background on Dog-Scent Lineups

Appellants challenge Appellees’ reliance on “dog-scent lineups,” which

Pikett conducted and which the municipalities used to arrest, charge, and hold

Appellants.

A. Pikett’s Procedures

To conduct his lineups, Pikett made use of scent-discriminating

bloodhounds. First, Pikett would obtain a scent sample from the suspect under

investigation by wiping the suspect with a sterile gauze pad. The gauze pad,

containing the suspect’s “human scent” and “skin cells,” would be stored in a

Ziploc bag until the time of the lineup.

At the time of the lineup, a second officer would arrange six cans, one

containing the suspect’s scent pad and the other five containing scent pads from

other persons of the same gender and race. The officer would arrange the cans

approximately ten feet apart and positioned perpendicular to the wind so as to

minimize the crossing of scents.

Thereafter, Pikett would expose a bloodhound to a scent sample taken

from the crime scene. The trained bloodhound would “alert” if the scent pad

from any of the six cans matched the crime scene sample. Pikett would repeat

the exercise with a second bloodhound to confirm the first bloodhound’s alert.

2. Pikett’s Connection to the HPD

Although Pikett was a deputy with the Fort Bend County Sheriff’s

Department, he volunteered his services to the HPD.

1 Appellants also assert claims against “unknown” HPD and Fort Bend County

employees. Additionally, to the extent Appellants assert claims against Anthony, Chappell,

Stivers, and Wright in their official, as opposed to their individual, capacities, we address

those claims in our discussion of Appellants’ claims against the City of Houston and Fort Bend

County.

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3. Texas Caselaw Concerning the Use of Dog-Scent Lineups

Texas state jurisprudence concerning the use of dog-scent lineups has

evolved over the past decade. However, at the time of the events at issue in this

case, approximately 2007 to 2009, the Texas courts uniformly had accepted

Pikett as an expert on dog-scent lineups. Furthermore, the Texas courts

uniformly had accepted the results of his lineups as inculpatory evidence in

criminal proceedings.

The following is a representative timeline of recent Texas cases concerning

the use of dog-scent lineups. Each of these cases personally involved Pikett:

(i) Winston v. State, 78 S.W.3d 522, 527 (Tex. App. 2002)

(concluding that the use of dog-scent lineups is a

“legitimate field of expertise”);

(ii) Robinson v. State, No. 09-06-51-CR, 2006 WL 3438076,

at *4 (Tex. App. Nov. 29, 2006) (unpublished) (applying

Winston to reach the same conclusion);

(iii) Winfrey v. State, 323 S.W.3d 875, 884-85 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010) (holding that inculpatory evidence obtained

from dog-scent lineups “may raise a strong suspicion of . .

. guilt,” but “is merely supportive” and, “when used alone

or as primary evidence, [is] legally insufficient to support

a conviction”);2

(iv) State v. Smith, 335 S.W.3d 706, 712 (Tex. App. 2011)

(affirming the trial court’s finding that the state had failed

to establish the reliability of Pikett’s dog-scent lineups, but

declining to reach whether the use of such lineups remains

a legitimate area of expertise in light of Winfrey v. State);

and

2 This “Winfrey” case, which proceeded in state court, is the predicate criminal

proceeding to Winfrey v. San Jacinto County, No. 11-20555, 2012 WL 3062159 (5th Cir. Jul.

27, 2012) (unpublished), a federal constitutional tort case discussed throughout this opinion.

All subsequent references to “Winfrey” refer to the federal proceeding.

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(v) Powell v. State, No. 14-09-398-CR, 2011 WL 1579734,

at *2 n.2, 3 (Tex. App. Apr. 21, 2011) (unpublished)

(affirming the trial court’s finding that Pikett’s dog-scent

lineups were reliable with respect to the “procedures

employed in this particular case,” and noting that the

appellant had not challenged the facial legitimacy of dogscent lineups).

II. Background on Winfrey v. San Jacinto County

On July 27, 2012, this Court issued a decision in Winfrey v. San Jacinto

County, No. 11-20555, 2012 WL 3062159 (5th Cir. Jul. 27, 2012) (unpublished),

which resolved legal issues that directly parallel those raised in this appeal and

which addressed much of the same evidence.3In Winfrey, the plaintiff, who was

represented by the same counsel as the Appellants here, brought a similar action

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 pertaining to a dog-scent lineup conducted by Pikett. 

The Winfrey plaintiffs sued Fort Bend County; Pikett; and Wright; as well as

San Jacinto County, Texas; various San Jacinto County officers; and various

Texas Rangers.

As in the instant case, the plaintiffs argued that (i) Pikett’s dog-scent

lineups were a fraud; (ii) the other individual defendants knew it, and either

actively conspired with Pikett or failed to intervene; and (iii) the municipal

defendants had failed to establish policies to monitor the use of the lineups for

fraud and unreliability. As in the instant case, the individual defendants

asserted qualified immunity defenses. The municipal defendants argued that

there was no obligation to establish a policy to monitor the lineups, and that the

absence of such a policy would have created liability only if the municipalities

had failed to establish one specifically to evade liability.

3 Winfrey is an unpublished opinion and, therefore, is not binding precedent in this

Circuit. However, in light of Winfrey’s significant overlap with the instant case, we quote its

well-reasoned analysis where appropriate, as persuasive authority, and cite to its facts for the

limited purpose of comparing and contrasting them with the instant ones in order to highlight

the instant case’s distinct factual posture.

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The same district court judge as in the instant case granted summary

judgment to all defendants. As in the instant case, the district court denied the

plaintiffs’ request for supplemental discovery pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure (“FRCP”) 56(d).

On appeal, the Winfrey panel reversed summary judgment as to the San

Jacinto County officers, citing, inter alia, a factual dispute over whether the

officers had acted recklessly by submitting search and arrest warrant affidavits

containing false statements and material omissions. It also reversed summary

judgment as to Pikett, citing a factual dispute over whether a videotape of the

dog-scent lineup at issue demonstrated that Pikett had manipulated his

bloodhounds to cue false alerts during the lineups. The panel affirmed summary

judgment as to the remaining defendants on qualified immunity grounds and for

failure to establish municipal liability.

III. Background on the Instant Case

A. Facts Pertaining to Curtis

A T-Mobile store in Harris County, Texas was burglarized in June 2007. 

The perpetrator had pried open the store’s back door and left mud at the store’s

entrance.

The HPD responded, and officers spotted Curtis and a passenger in a car

near the store. Curtis had a lengthy criminal record.

In the car, the officers spotted a crowbar, a sledge hammer, a bolt cutter,

and two tire irons. Markings on the store’s back door matched markings on the

crow bar. While the officers checked the driver’s licenses of Curtis and the

passenger, they noticed that someone had moved the crowbar from the car’s

center console to under the rear floorboard.

Both Curtis and the passenger were wearing muddy shoes. Additionally,

the officers spotted two unopened T-Mobile phones and an unopened T-Mobile

battery in the car.

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Curtis and the passenger provided conflicting accounts to the HPD officers. 

At first, Curtis stated that the tools found in the car were his, and that he and

the passenger had been using them to perform car maintenance work before

stopping to eat at a restaurant next to the T-Mobile store. Later, Curtis denied

that he owned the tools. At first, the passenger stated that he and Curtis had

been at the store because Curtis had driven the passenger to the store to pay his

T-Mobile bill. Later, the passenger stated that, after Curtis had driven him to

the T-Mobile store, Curtis had attempted to break into the store using the

crowbar.

The HPD officers arrested Curtis and the passenger. However, the officers

released them the same day after the magistrate judge found that there was

insufficient probable cause to hold them.

Stivers had been investigating a string of burglaries involving two other

T-Mobile stores within the vicinity. Upon learning of Curtis’s arrest, Stivers

compared Curtis’s driver’s license photo with a still photo from a surveillance

video of another T-Mobile store burglary. He determined that the photos

matched.

Notwithstanding the above, a wallet, fingerprints, and blood left at one of

the burglary scenes did not match Curtis. Therefore, Stivers approached Pikett

to conduct a dog-scent lineup. Pikett had conducted lineups for Stivers in two

prior cases.

After Curtis refused to provide a voluntary scent sample, Stivers obtained

one by subpoena. Pikett used his dogs to compare Curtis’s scent with scent

samples taken from the three burglarized stores. Stivers obtained these scent

samples weeks and, in some cases, months after the times of the burglaries. 

Accordingly, the burglarized stores had experienced routine cleanings and

customer traffic between the times of the burglaries and the times that Stivers

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obtained the scent samples. Nevertheless, the dogs alerted to a match between

each store’s scent sample and Curtis’s scent.

Curtis again was arrested. Based on the photographic evidence and the

lineup confirmation, the magistrate judge found that there was probable cause

to hold him. A Harris County assistant district attorney charged Curtis with

burglary and theft. Two grand juries indicted him on the charges.

The string of burglaries at T-Mobile stores continued after Curtis’s arrest. 

After eight months in jail, Curtis was released and the charges were dropped

without a trial.

B. Facts Pertaining to Johnson and Bickham

Three people were murdered in a Houston home in November 2007. 

Thereafter, the perpetrators set the home on fire. When HPD officers responded

to the scene, they found the charred remnants of a gasoline can, a cigarette

lighter, and two guns, as well as the remains of the victims, who had been shot

in the head.

The HPD assigned Anthony and Chappell to lead an investigation. 

Anthony and Chappell traced the charred gas can to a nearby service station,

where they obtained a surveillance video of two men purchasing the can. The

HPD released still photos from the surveillance video to the public, whereupon

multiple witnesses identified Johnson because his distinctive girth and tattoos

matched one of the men in the released photos. Some of those witnesses

revealed that Johnson, at one time, had worked at an apartment complex that

one of the shooting victims had managed. The witnesses reported that Johnson

and the victim frequently had argued.

Johnson’s alibi was that he was working at the time of the shootings. 

However, Johnson’s present boss informed the HPD that Johnson had left work

several hours prior to the murders. Johnson’s job site was situated immediately

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across the street from the service station where the perpetrators had purchased

the gas can.

After learning of Pikett from a fellow officer, Anthony and Chappell

approached him to conduct a dog-scent lineup that included Johnson. Johnson

provided a voluntary scent sample. Pikett compared Johnson’s scent with scent

samples taken from all four items recovered at the murder scene. The dogs

alerted to a match for each item.

Johnson was arrested, and the magistrate judge found that there was

probable cause to hold him. The district attorney filed charges for two of the

murders, and the grand jury indicted him on those charges.

A few months into Johnson’s incarceration, Will Samuels, Johnson’s cell

mate, contacted the district attorney’s office to report that Johnson had

confessed to the shootings. Samuels then met with Anthony and Chappell in the

presence of his attorney. He relayed to them crime scene details known only to

the investigators.

In April 2008, Samuels notified Anthony and Chappell that Johnson had

identified Bickham as his accomplice in the shootings. Anthony and Chappell

again approached Pikett, who compared Bickham’s scent with scent samples

taken from the four items recovered at the murder scene. At that point, the

scent samples from the murder scene were more than a year old. Nevertheless,

the bloodhounds alerted to a match for three of the four items. Bickham was

arrested, charged, and indicted for two of the murders.

Subsequently, Samuels recanted his statements. Indeed, Samuels

confessed to perpetrating the murders himself. In May 2009, Johnson and

Bickham were released, and the charges against them were dropped. Johnson

had been incarcerated for approximately eighteen months, and Bickham for

seven months. Later, the HPD determined that Samuels could not have

perpetrated the murders because he was working in Boston at the time of the

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shootings. A dog-scent lineup conducted by Pikett indicated that Samuels’s

scent did not match any of the items recovered at the murder scene. Samuels

ultimately advised Anthony that he had falsely confessed to the murders in

order to stop threats and attacks, made by gang members affiliated with

Johnson, within the prison.

C. Procedural History

Appellants brought the instant action against (i) Stivers, Anthony, and

Chappell in their individual capacities; (ii) Wright in his individual capacity; (iii)

the City of Houston; and (iv) Fort Bend County, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.4

Among other things, Appellants alleged: (i) that Pikett had manipulated

and misrepresented the results of his dog-scent lineups to manufacture

fraudulent inculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83

(1963); (ii) that Anthony, Chappell, and Stivers had failed to intervene to

prevent Pikett’s alleged frauds; (iii) alternatively, that Anthony, Chappell, and

Stivers actively had conspired with Pikett to manufacture fraudulent evidence;

(iv) that Anthony and Chappell had coerced Samuels to implicate Johnson and

Bickham falsely; (v) that Wright was liable for failing to train or supervise

Pikett; and (vi) that Fort Bend County and the City of Houston were liable under

Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), for failing to

establish policies to monitor the use of dog-scent lineups for unreliability and

fraud.

After limited discovery, consisting largely of an exchange of documentary

evidence, including videos of Johnson’s and Bickham’s lineups, Appellees moved

for summary judgment. In their motion, Appellees argued: (i) that no

constitutional right of Appellants had been violated; (ii) regardless, that the nonmunicipal Appellees were protected by qualified immunity, with respect to the

4 As noted earlier, Appellants also assert claims against “unknown” HPD and Fort

Bend County employees.

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claims brought in their individual capacities, because their actions were

objectively reasonable and did not violate any clearly established rights;(iii)that

Wright was not personally involved in the events at issue; (iv) that the

magistrate judges’ findings of probable cause, the prosecutors’ filings of charges,

and the grand juries’ indictments had severed causation; (v) that the municipal

Appellees had no obligation to establish a policy to monitor dog-scent lineups,

and that the absence of such a policy would have created liability only if the

municipalities had failed to establish one specifically to evade liability; (vi) that

Appellants had offered no evidence to support their claims other than expert

reports, which Appellees attacked as unreliable, contradictory, and conclusory;

and (vii) that Appellants, in general, had offered only vague and conclusory

allegations, which lacked sufficient evidentiary support.

In response, Appellants submitted an affidavit, pursuant to FRCP 56(d),

requesting supplemental depositions and interrogatory discovery in order to

develop additional facts to oppose Appellees’ motion. The district court denied

Appellants’ FRCP 56(d) request as insufficiently articulated and speculative,

especially in light of the non-municipal Appellees’ assertions of qualified

immunity. The district court then granted summary judgment in favor of

Appellees, citing, inter alia, qualified immunity and insufficient evidence of

constitutional violations.

Appellees pursue the same claims on appeal. However, they also challenge

the district court’s denial of their FRCP 56(d) request as an abuse of discretion.

IV. Standard of Review

A. Summary Judgment

This Court reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment

on the issue of qualified immunity and applies the same standards as the district

court. Mack v. City of Abilene, 641 F.3d 547, 555 (5th Cir. 2006) (per curiam)

(citation omitted). “Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings and

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evidence demonstrate that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Pluet v. Frasier, 355 F.3d

381, 383 (5th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When

reviewing grants of summary judgment, this Court “construe[s] all facts and

inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Murray v. Earle,

405 F.3d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). “Rule 56(c) mandates the

entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion,

against a party who fails . . . to establish the existence of an element essential

to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at

trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

B. FRCP 56(d) Requests for Supplemental Discovery

We review for abuse of discretion “the district court’s decision to preclude

further discovery prior to granting summary judgment.” Krim v. BancTexas

Grp., Inc., 989 F.2d 1435, 1441 (5th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). 

Notwithstanding this discretion, FRCP 56(d) “allows for further discovery to

safeguard non-moving parties from summary judgment motions thatthey cannot

adequately oppose.” Culwell v. City of Fort Worth, 468 F.3d 868, 871 (5th Cir.

2006) (citation omitted). “Such motions are broadly favored and should be

liberally granted.” Id. (citation omitted). Nevertheless, because qualified

immunity “is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability,” the

district court should limit the extent of discovery if it is avoidable. See Mitchell

v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985) (4-3) (emphasis in original).

V. Discussion

As noted above, Appellants brought claims alleging: (i) that Pikett had

manipulated and misrepresented the results of his lineups to manufacture

fraudulent evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, (ii) that Anthony,

Chappell, and Stivers had failed to intervene to prevent Pikett’s alleged frauds;

(iii) alternatively, that Anthony, Chappell, and Stivers actively had conspired

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with Pikett to manufacture fraudulent evidence; (iv) that Anthony and Chappell

had coerced Samuels to implicate Johnson and Bickham; (v) that Wright was

liable for failing to train or supervise Pikett; and (vi) that Fort Bend County and

the City of Houston were liable under Monell v. Department of Social Services,

for failing to establish policies to monitor the use of dog-scent lineups for

unreliability and fraud.

On November 9, 2012, we directed counsel to “file simultaneous letter

briefs addressing in detail the significance of” Winfrey, 2012 WL 3062159, which

resolved legal issues that directly parallel those raised in this appeal and

addressed much of the same evidence.5 The panel in Winfrey affirmed the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in part, but vacated summary

judgment as to two of the San Jacinto County officers and as to Pikett.

Here, for the same reasons provided in Winfrey, we affirm summary

judgment as to Wright, Fort Bend County, the City of Houston, and the

unknown HPD and Fort Bend County employees, on qualified immunity grounds

and for failure to establish municipal liability. That said, the factual

circumstances here are such that, fully applying the reasoning from Winfrey, we

also affirm summary judgment as to the remaining Appellees.

A. For the same reasons provided in Winfrey, we affirm summary

judgment as to Wright, Fort Bend County, the City of Houston,

and the unknown HPD and Fort Bend County employees.

1. The Applicable Law

a. Qualified Immunity

“Qualified immunity shields federal and state officials from money

damages unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1) that the official violated a

5 We refer to the parties’ respective letter briefs as the “Appellants’ Letter Br.,” the

“FBC Letter Br.” (Wright, Pikett, Fort Bend County, and the unknown Fort Bend County

employees), and the “Hous. Letter Br.” (Stivers, Anthony, Chappell, the City of Houston, and

the unknown HPD employees).

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statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was ‘clearly established’

at the time of the challenged conduct.” Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.

Ct. 2074, 2080 (2011) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)

(citations omitted)). “A Government official’s conduct violates clearly established

law when, at the time of the challenged conduct, ‘[t]he contours of [a] right [are]

sufficiently clear’ that every ‘reasonable official would have understood that

what he is doing violates that right.’” Id. at 2083 (quoting Anderson v.

Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987) (alterations in original)).

This inquiry into the objective legal reasonableness of the official’s conduct

operates to ensure that the official is on notice that his conduct is unlawful

before he can be subjected to suit. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 244 (2009)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, “[q]ualified immunity

gives government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken

judgments about open legal questions. When properly applied, it protects ‘all

but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Al-Kidd,

131 S. Ct. at 2085 (quoting Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986)).

b. Probable Cause

“[P]robable cause requires only a probability or substantial chance of

criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity.” Ill. v. Gates, 462 U.S.

213, 245 n.13 (1983). Thus, “[p]robable cause exists when the totality of facts

and circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge at the moment of arrest

are sufficient for a reasonable person to conclude thatthe suspect had committed

or was committing an offense.” Mack, 641 F.3d at 552 n.1 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

A trial court “considers the expertise and experience of the law

enforcement officials when considering what a ‘reasonable person’ would have

concluded.” Id. (citation omitted). This Court reviews the trial court’s probable

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cause determination de novo. United States v. Lopez-Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 430

(5th Cir. 2005) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)).

c. Municipal Liability

“Knowledge on the part of a policymaker that a constitutional violation

will most likely result from a[n] . . . official custom or policy is a sine qua non of

municipal liability under section 1983.” Burge v. St. Tammany Parish, 336 F.3d

363, 370 (5th Cir. 2003) (footnote omitted). Accordingly, a plaintiff must

establish that the body governing a municipality, or an official to whom the body

had delegated its policy-making authority, had actual or constructive knowledge

of the custom or policy at issue. Id. (citation omitted).

2. The Panel’s Analysis in Winfrey

The Winfrey panel concluded that the plaintiff’s claims against the

defendants, other than Pikett and the two San Jacinto County officers, “fail[ed]

because, even if [the plaintiff] allege[d] violations of clearly-established

constitutional rights, he lack[ed] evidence showing that the Defendants were on

notice that their actions were unlawful.” 2012 WL 3062159, at *4 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 244 (citation omitted)).

In reaching that conclusion, the panel determined that the defendants had

not been “objectively unreasonable in seeking Pikett’s assistance and then using

the resulting information as part of their investigation.” Id. After all, at the

time of the defendants’ investigation, “Pikett enjoyed a solid reputation.” Id.

“[A]t least one Texas court had held that scent line-ups were a ‘legitimate field

of expertise’ and that Pikett’s methods properly relied upon and utilized the

principles involved in the field.” Id. (quoting Winston, 78 S.W.3d at 527, and

citing Robinson, 2006 WL 3438076, at *4). Thus, Pikett’s conduct alone could

not “establish that [the defendants] knowingly passed along Pikett’s allegedly

false evidence, consciously disregarded a duty to intervene, or willfully conspired

to violate [the plaintiff’s] constitutional rights.” Id. at *5.

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Moreover, “nothing in the record show[ed] that Wright had any direct,

personal involvement in the . . . investigation.” Id. at 9 n.6 (citing Thompson v.

Steele, 709 F.2d 381, 382 (5th Cir. 1983)). Additionally, the panel noted that the

plaintiff had failed to offer summary judgment evidence of knowledge or “any

[other] municipal liability element.” Id.

Nothing about the above analysis necessarily limits it to the specific facts

and circumstances of Winfrey. Accordingly, because the analysis resolved legal

issues that directly parallel those raised in this appeal and addressed much of

the same evidence, we hold that it fully applies to Appellants’ claims against

Wright, Fort Bend County, the City of Houston, and the unknown HPD and Fort

Bend County employees. We thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment as to those Appellees.

B. Winfrey is distinguishable as to the claims against Stivers,

Anthony, and Chappell.

1. Background on Winfrey

In Winfrey, the panel concluded that the plaintiff had raised a sufficient

factual issue as to whether the San Jacinto County officers had “used false

information to secure search and arrest warrants and [had] failed to disclose

exculpatory evidence.” 2012 WL 3062159, at *6. The panel noted that, “even

without respect to the question of Pikett’s methods,” the officers “may have acted

recklessly in submitting warrant affidavits that contained false statements and

material omissions that affected [the plaintiff’s] constitutional rights.” Id.

Specifically, the search and arrest warrant affidavits that the officers

submitted had stated that a “drop-trail” from the crime scene to the plaintiff’s

home had used the plaintiff’s scent. Id. However, the record showed that the

officers knew a third person’s scent had been used by mistake. See id. at *7.6

6 Pikett was not responsible for this mistake. See Winfrey, 2012 WL 3062159, at *7.

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Since the officers had executed the warrant affidavits two years after the droptrail, the panel concluded that “no time exigency existed that would have

explained the absence of accurate information.” Id. Moreover, the affidavits had

reported facts gleaned from an inmate informant, without disclosing several

“major” inconsistencies in the informant’s story. Id.

The panel noted that the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement

“imposes an obligation to set forth particular facts and circumstancesunderlying

the existence of probable cause, so as to allow the magistrate to make an

independent evaluation of the matter.” Id. at *8 (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). It added that this obligation “extends to providing facts

concerning the reliability of the information and the credibility of its source and

to avoiding deliberately or recklessly false statements.” Id.(citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

The panel observed that the “warrant affidavits here fail[ed] this

standard” because they “likely deprived the magistrate of the opportunity to

independently weigh whether [the officers’] evidence established probable

cause.” Id. at *8-9. The panel explained that the record indicated the officers

had “heavily relied on the false drop-trail representation and incomplete

information regarding [the informant].” Id. at *8. Indeed, in one of the search

warrant affidavits, one of the officers had explained that the evidence from the

drop-trail and the evidence from the informant “were the two primary reasons

the officers had enough [probable cause] to get [the] search warrant.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

For these reasons, the panel concluded that the plaintiff had “made a

sufficiently substantial preliminary showing to make [qualified immunity]

summary judgment for [the officers] inappropriate at [that] juncture.” Id. at *9

(internal quotation marks omitted). In reaching this conclusion, the panel noted

that the plaintiff had made a “threshold showing of objective unreasonableness.” 

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Id. at *10 (footnote and citation omitted). Therefore, the district court should

have allowed the plaintiff “to conduct additional discovery to determine whether

[the officers had] executed affidavits with at least a reckless disregard for the

truth, i.e., [had] acted objectively unreasonably.” See id. at *9 (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citing United States v. Astroff, 578 F.2d 133, 135-36

(5th Cir. 1978) (en banc)). Accordingly, the panel reversed the district court’s

summary judgment, which the district court had granted on the basis of

qualified immunity. Id. at *10.

In general, the panel concluded that the district court had not abused its

discretion by denying the plaintiff’s request for supplemental FRCP 56(d)

discovery. Id. at *12. However, the panel determined that the district court

should have allowed the plaintiff limited supplemental discovery on the abovediscussed issues. Id.

2. The Parties’ Arguments Concerning the Applicability of

Winfrey

a. Appellants

In their letter brief, Appellants do not directly address whether Winfrey

is distinguishable as to the claims against Stivers, Anthony, and Chappell. 

However, Appellants note that there is additional evidence in the instant case’s

record that raises a factual dispute. Appellants’ Letter Br. at 3. Namely,

Appellants cite to an affidavit from an assistant district attorney for Harris

County, averring that “Pikett’s methodology seemed so blatantly unreliable that

[the attorney] went so far as to send out an all-prosecutor email in case any

other similar cases had been filed . . . based on this type of unreliable evidence.” 

Id. at 3-4 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).7

7 The assistant district attorney did not work on the instant case other than as an

expert witness for Appellants. The parties dispute whether the prosecutors who did work on

this case received the above-referenced email prior to filing charges.

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Additionally, Appellants argue that the Winfrey record on appeal did not

include the videotape of the lineup in question. Id. at 4. In the instant case, by

contrast, the record on appeal includes tapes of two of the lineups—Johnson’s

and Bickham’s. Id. Appellants contend that the two tapes are additional

“evidence supporting a dispute of fact” as to whether Stivers, Anthony, and

Chappell actively conspired in or failed to prevent Pikett’s alleged fraud. Id.8

b. Appellees

In response, Appellees note that Winfrey’s reversal of summary judgment

as to the San Jacinto County officers was predicated on possible constitutional

violations “even without respect to the question of Pikett’s methods.” FBC

Letter Br. at 4 (emphasis, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). In

other words, even if Pikett had not caused the Winfrey plaintiff any

constitutional injury, the San Jacinto County officers had done so for

independent reasons.

Having distinguished Winfrey, Appellees then cite to Scott v. Harris, 550

U.S. 372, 378-81 (2007), for the proposition that “when a videotape is available,

the Court should view the facts in the light depicted by the videotape . . . rather

than by resorting to the differing versions offered by various witnesses so as to

create disputed issues of fact.” FBC Letter Br. at 4-5. Moreover, Appellees

argue that the fact that Anthony and Chappell videotaped the lineups of

Johnson and Bickham demonstrates that the officers “were not trying to hide

anything” with respect to the lineups. Hous. Letter Br. at 4.

Appellees also contend that, in Winfrey,the evidence corroboratingPikett’s

dog-scent lineup itself—from the drop-trail and from the informant—was

8 While the record on appeal does not include a videotape of Curtis’s lineup, we treat

the tapes of Johnson’s and Bickham’s lineups as representative of Curtis’s lineup and,

therefore, as evidence representative of whether Stivers actively conspired in or failed to

prevent Pikett’s alleged fraud.

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compromised by alleged constitutional violations. FBC Letter Br. at 5. In the

instant case, by contrast, independent and untainted sources of corroboration

included, with respect to Curtis: (i) his vicinity to the crime scene; (ii) the

crowbar with markings matching the T-Mobile store’s door, which HPD officers

spotted in Curtis’s car and which Curtis seemingly attempted to conceal; (iii) the

unopened T-Mobile merchandise in Curtis’s car; and (iv) the apparent match of

Curtis’s driver’s license photo to the still from the surveillance video. Hous.

Letter Br. at 4 n.1.9 With Respect to Johnson and Bickham, sources of

corroboration included: (i) the surveillance video of the gasoline can purchase

by both men; (ii) the witnesses from the general public who identified Johnson;

(iii) a motive on the part of Johnson; and (iv) a false alibi on the part of Johnson. 

Id.10 Thus, Appellees contend that the instant Appellants cannot show that the

HPD’s reliance on Pikett’s lineups caused them any harm “because probable

cause would have existed . . . with or without Pikett’s evidence.” FBC Letter Br.

at 5 (citation omitted).

Finally, Appellees note that, in the instant case, Appellants allege that

Anthony and Chappell “coerced” Samuels into becoming “a jailhouse snitch.” 

Hous. Letter Br. at 4. Appellees characterize this allegation as made up “out of

thin air, without one shred of evidence” Id. They contend that FRCP 56(d)

discovery based on this allegation would have been inappropriate because

“nothing stopped Appellants from contacting [Samuels] or his attorney and

obtaining an affidavit or evidence of any alleged coercion, or from presenting

9 Additional independent and untainted sources of corroboration, not cited in Appellees’

letter briefs, were the inconsistent alibis of Curtis and his passenger.

10 An additional independent and untainted source of corroboration, not cited in

Appellees’ letter briefs, was the information from Samuels, who identified Bickham and

reported Johnson’s confession.

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evidence from Johnson himself regarding [Samuels].” Id. Nothing in the record

suggests that Appellants did so.

3. Analysis

Winfrey is clearly distinguishable as to the claims against Stivers,

Anthony, and Chappell. Unlike in Winfrey, the instant Appellants do not assert

constitutional tort claims that are independent of Pikett’s dog-scent lineups. 

Indeed, Appellants implicitly concede as much. In their letter brief, they fail to

address the Winfrey panel’s “even without respect to [Pikett]” language.

Here, unlike in Winfrey, there is sufficient evidence to extinguish any

genuine dispute as to whether Stivers, Anthony, and Chappell acted objectively

unreasonably by being party to Pikett’s lineups. The collective

record—enumerated in the previous section discussing Appellees’

arguments—shows that the officers would have satisfied the standard for

probable cause even without the evidence from Pikett’s lineups.11 Therefore, the

Winfrey panel’s reversal of summary judgment as to the San Jacinto County

officers was limited to the distinct factual posture of that case.

Furthermore, the particular facts of this case provide no additional reason

to reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment. The assistant district

attorney’s opinion of Pikett’s lineups, while probative, was justthat—an opinion. 

Indeed, it is unclear if the actual prosecutor of this case was even aware of the

assistant district attorney’s opinion.

Finally, as Appellants note, the instant record includes videotapes of two

of the lineups, which we have reviewed. Consistent with the Supreme Court’s

decision in Scott, we treat those tapes as conclusive as to the facts depicted in

11 For clarity, we note that, while the magistrate judge initially determined that there

was insufficient probable cause to hold Curtis, the magistrate judge made that determination

before Stivers matched Curtis’s driver’s license photo to the still from the surveillance video.

At that point, if not earlier, Stivers had sufficient probable cause to continue investigating

Curtis “even without respect to” Pikett’s lineups.

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them. See 550 U.S. at 378-81. In other words, we will not recognize a fact

dispute sufficient to overturn the summary judgment if the tapes settle that

dispute.

Here, the tapes are not conclusive as to Appellants’ “fraud” allegations. 

A reasonable jury might or might not find them suggestive of a fraud by Pikett,

and of a failure to prevent, or of an active participation in, that fraud by Stivers,

Anthony, and Chappell. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence

corroborating probable cause. Thus, even if Pikett did manipulate or

misrepresent his results, which is uncertain, Appellants were not incrementally

harmed. They could have been arrested, charged, and indicted regardless. We

will not disturb the district court’s summary judgment in such circumstances.12

In sum, Winfrey is distinguishable as to the claims against Stivers,

Anthony, and Chappell. Moreover, the unique facts of this case provide no

alternative reason to reverse summary judgment or the district court’s denial of

Appellants’ FRCP 56(d) request. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant

of summary judgment as to those officers.

C. Winfrey is distinguishable as to the claims against Pikett.

1. Background on Winfrey

The Winfrey panel concluded that the plaintiff had raised a sufficient

factual issue as to whether “Pikett [had] cued his dogs during the scent line-up”

in question. 2012 WL 3062159, at *6. It explained that the scent lineup had

been videotaped, but that the tape had not been included in the record on appeal. 

Id. Nevertheless, both parties had offered conflicting interpretations of the

tape’s contents. Id.

The plaintiff’s expert had opined that Pikett’s lineup procedures were

“more consistent with him using his ability to see inside the cans and identify

12 The fact that the officers willingly permitted Pikett’s lineups to be officially recorded

further counsels against their liability for fraud, or for the failure to prevent it.

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which can contains the target pad than relying on his dogs to identify the can by

odor.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The expert had added that

Pikett’s actions “were consistent with attempting to induce a behavior, i.e.,

cuing, specifically ‘jerking’ on the dogs’ leashes and strategically stopping as he

paced down the row of cans.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Pikett, by

contrast, had “denie[d] that he cued the dogs or otherwise used procedures that

allowed him to ‘cheat.’” Id.

Thus, the panel on appeal identified “a sufficient issue of material fact” as

to whether “Pikett [had] made knowing efforts to secure a false identification.” 

Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Such efforts would have

“violate[d] clearly established constitutional rights.” Id. (citation omitted). 

Accordingly, the panel reversed the district court’s summary judgment, which

the district court had granted on the basis of qualified immunity. Id.

In general, the panel concluded that the district court had not abused its

discretion by denying the plaintiff’s request for supplemental FRCP 56(d)

discovery. Id. at *12. However, the panel determined that the district court

should have allowed the plaintiff’s specific request for a report that Pikett had

prepared, in connection with another case, that the plaintiff’s expert had alleged

“was a substantially different version of the same report produced in this case.” 

Id. The panel noted that, “[g]iven this potential material discrepancy in a

heavily relied-upon report and the specificity of [the plaintiff’s] request, the

district court should have allowed [the plaintiff] access to the document.” Id.13

2. The Parties’ Arguments Concerning the Applicability of

Winfrey

a. Appellants

13 This report concerned the drop-trail from the crime scene. Since the instant case did

not involve a drop-trail, the report is inapplicable to the instant case’s disposition.

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Appellants argue that “the Winfrey Court answered a pure question of law

when it credited certain expert reports and concluded that they were sufficient

to create a dispute of fact” as to whether Pikett had manipulated or

misrepresented the results of his lineups. Appellants’ Letter Br. at 2. “Because

that very same issue is now before this Court in a virtually identical fact

pattern,” this Court should rule the same way as to that legal question. Id.

b. Appellees

In response, Appellees argue that “Winfrey reverse[d] the district court’s

grant of summary judgment . . . based upon a narrow evidentiary ruling,”

namely that “the video [was] not in the record on appeal.” FBC Letter Br. at 4

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In the instant case, by contrast,

the record on appeal includes videotapes of two of the lineups in question. Id.

Appellees also repeat the same arguments, provided above in the previous

section, concerning independent corroborating evidence: namely, that Pikett’s

lineups did not cause Appellants any harm “because probable cause would have

existed . . . with or without Pikett’s evidence.” Id. at 5 (citation omitted).

3. Analysis

Here, Winfrey again is distinguishable. In Winfrey, the plaintiff’s expert

submitted a report documenting his review of the dog-scent lineup at issue,

which had been videotaped. The tape itself was not in the record on appeal. In

the instant case, the same expert is participating on behalf of Appellants. 

However, unlike in Winfrey, tapes of two of the lineups are in the record on

appeal, and the expert has not reviewed them. The Winfrey panel’s reversal of

summary judgment as to Pikett, for narrow evidentiary reasons, is

distinguishable on that basis alone.

Furthermore, the particular facts ofthis case provide no alternative reason

to reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Here, in contrast to

Winfrey, there is independent and untainted evidence—recited in detail

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above—corroborating the results of Pikett’s lineups. In light of that evidence,

the tapes alone do not create a genuine issue of fact sufficient to overturn

summary judgment.

In sum, Winfrey is distinguishable as to the claims against Pikett. 

Moreover, the unique facts of this case provide no alternative reason to reverse

summary judgment or the district court’s denial of Appellants’ FRCP 56(d)

request. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment

as to Pikett.

VI. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of

summary judgment as to all Appellees.

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