1

Filed 4/16/15 P. v. McCarthy CA1/5 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FIVE 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

JAMES TIMOTHY MCCARTHY, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 A138682 

 (Alameda County 

 Super. Ct. No. 170220) 

 Appellant James Timothy McCarthy (appellant) appeals his convictions for 10 

counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child, continuous sexual abuse of a child, and 

forcible rape of his daughter, Jane Doe. He contends he was deprived of a fair trial 

because the trial court was biased and allied itself with the prosecution. He further 

contends there was insufficient evidence of duress to support his convictions. Lastly, he 

requests this court review sealed records to determine if the trial court properly found no 

discoverable material subject to disclosure as Brady material.1

 We affirm. We conclude 

there was no judicial misconduct and sufficient evidence supports appellant’s 

convictions. We also conclude the trial court did not err in denying disclosure of the 

sealed records. 

 

1 Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83. 
2

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

Prosecution Evidence 

Doe was 18 years old at trial. She testified that when she was six years old, 

appellant, her adoptive father, showed her his penis and put her hand on it. She said this 

happened multiple times each week. She would whine and complain that she did not 

want it to happen. When asked why she did it, she responded: “Because he was supposed 

to be my dad, and he told me to do it. If you don’t do something your dad tells you to do, 

usually you get in trouble for it.” She described her father as a disciplinarian and said 

that to discipline her, he would give her a time out, take something away, or sometimes 

she would be spanked. She complied with his requests so she would not be disciplined 

and because she was “afraid.” She said appellant told her it was their “little secret” and 

asked her to promise not to tell anyone. She thought if she told anyone, she would get in 

trouble. 

 Doe was forced to perform oral sex on appellant more than once a week from the 

time she was eight years old until she was 15 years old. This would sometimes cause her 

pain because appellant would pull on her hair. When Doe was seven years old, appellant 

touched her vagina with “[h]is fingers. Sometimes his mouth.” Doe remembered 

appellant inserted his fingers into her vagina when she was 10 years old. She said she 

performed these acts due to “fear” and it was a “matter of safety.” She was afraid to tell 

anyone because “I didn’t know what [appellant] could have done . . . “I was scared out 

of my mind that he would murder my mother if she found out. I was also worried he 

would beat me.” 

 When Doe was 15 years old, she was the victim of a sexual assault by a stranger. 

She began going to therapy but did not tell the therapist about appellant’s abuse. She 

testified she could talk about the stranger’s assault because there was no fear of 

consequences, but she knew if she talked about appellant, the therapist could not keep it 

confidential. She testified she strategized ways to avoid being alone with appellant 

including locking herself in the bathroom. 
3

 When Doe began a sexual relationship with another 16-year-old, appellant became 

angry. Doe’s mother (mother) testified that appellant “was really, really scary angry. I 

mean, I thought he was gonna hurt her.” She testified that appellant was so enraged he 

was “hitting [Doe].” Doe testified appellant expressed his anger by “rap[ing]” her. He 

came into her room while she was dressing and dropped a red condom on the bed. She 

knew appellant wanted to have sex with her and she felt afraid. Appellant handed her the 

open condom to put on his penis and then he had sex with her. 

 Doe began collecting appellant’s ejaculations. After appellant ejaculated in her 

mouth, she would spit it into a tissue and save the tissue. She collected five tissues in the 

box and turned them over to the police. She also included a note so “he wouldn’t get 

away with it, even if something had happened to me.” She said she had periods where 

she was suicidal due to the abuse. The Oakland Police Department criminologist 

conducted a DNA analysis of the five tissues and concluded they contained semen and 

sperm. Three of tissues also showed the presence of saliva. The criminologist matched 

the DNA on the tissue to appellant’s DNA and found the profile would be expected to 

occur in 1 in 175 quintillion members of the population. It would be “highly unlikely” 

that “anyone else on this earth” could have provided the sperm. 

 Doe made a pretext call to appellant from the Oakland Police Department. In the 

call, appellant made several incriminating statements. He said, “Oh so you think I’m 

gonna still try to touch you right?” He said that it would not happen again but he has 

never “done anything to you, you did not approve of or want.” Doe stated they would not 

have sex again and appellant said, “no” and then she asked appellant if she would have to 

“touch you or suck you anymore” and he said, “[n]o.” He told her he did not want her to 

be upset about it. She asked him if it ever happened at the first house they lived in and he 

said no, just at “our house now” because she “had [her] own floor” and “had a lot more 

freedom here.” 
4

Defense Evidence 

 Appellant testified he never had Doe touch his penis and he never touched her 

vagina, other than one instance when she had a rash as a child. He said the only time his 

daughter ever put her mouth on his penis was when she was 16 years old. He testified 

that she tried to put her mouth on his penis when she was 14 years old and he told her it 

was not appropriate. He stated that she would try to touch his penis through his pants or 

flash her breasts at him to get a reaction. When Doe told him about having sex with her 

boyfriend, he testified he was calm, but became upset when he realized that she had left 

her brother alone at the Bart station. He said that he “swatted her on the behind.” He hit 

her three times. 

 When Doe was 16 years old, she came to him and said she wanted to have sex 

with him. He said he approached her as she was lying on the bed, but then he walked 

away and did not have sex with her. On cross-examination, he testified he did not insert 

his penis into her vagina, but that “[s]he grabbed me in a way that I entered her vagina 

very briefly.” He claimed Doe only put her mouth on his penis one time that day, but on 

cross-examination, he stated she sucked his penis more than once that day in order to 

explain his statements during the pretext call. 

Motion for Acquittal and Verdict 

 At the close of the People’s case, appellant moved for acquittal pursuant to Penal 

Code section 1118.12

 based on insufficiency of the evidence. Appellant argued there was 

insufficient evidence of duress for counts two through thirteen because there was no 

evidence of actual force or threats. The prosecution argued duress was established by 

evidence of psychological coercion based upon Doe’s age, the disparity in size, and 

appellant’s role as an authority figure. As to counts two, three, and four which alleged 

Doe was under 10 years old at the time of the assaults, defense counsel argued her 

testimony was speculative as to when the incidents of oral copulation occurred, and there 

was insufficient evidence the acts occurred before age 10. The court dismissed count two 

 

2

 Unless noted, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
5

after the prosecutor agreed there was an insufficient factual basis as to Doe’s age, but 

found sufficient evidence for counts three and four. The court then denied the motion for 

judgment of acquittal as to counts three and four finding sufficient evidence to sustain the 

convictions.3

 

 A jury convicted appellant of six counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child by 

oral copulation (§ 269, subd. (a)(4)), four counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child 

by sexual penetration (§ 269, subd. (a)(5)), one count of continuous sexual abuse of a 

child (§ 288.5, subd. (a)), one count of forcible oral copulation (§ 288a, subd. (c)(2)(A)), 

and one count of forcible rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2).) The court sentenced appellant to a 

determinate term of 32 years followed by an indeterminate term of 150 years to life. 

DISCUSSION 

 I. The Court Did Not Engage in Judicial Misconduct 

Appellant argues he was denied his due process right to a fair trial by an impartial 

judge because the court “interjected herself” into the proceedings by taking “over 

questioning for the prosecution,” expressing her “personal feelings,” and assisting the 

prosecution. We disagree. 

 “Although ‘the trial court has both the duty and the discretion to control the 

conduct of the trial’ [citations], ‘the Due Process Clause clearly requires a “fair trial in a 

fair tribunal,” [citation], before a judge with no actual bias against the defendant or 

interest in the outcome of his particular case.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Harris (2005) 37 

Cal.4th 310, 346 (Harris).) “‘The duty of a trial judge, particularly in criminal cases, is 

more than that of an umpire; and though his power to examine the witnesses should be 

exercised with discretion and in such a way as not to prejudice the rights of the 

 

3

 The reporter’s transcript does not reflect the court’s ruling on counts five through 

thirteen but it appears the motion was denied on all counts. Appellant, however, can raise 

a sufficiency of the evidence claim to all counts on appeal. (See People v. Butler (2003) 

31 Cal.4th 1119, 1126, quoting Tahoe National Bank v. Phillips (1971) 4 Cal.3d 11, 23, 

fn. 17 [“‘Generally, points not urged in the trial court cannot be raised on appeal. . . . The 

contention that a judgment is not supported by substantial evidence, however, is an 

obvious exception’”].) 
6

prosecution or the accused, still he is not compelled to sit quietly by and see one 

wrongfully acquitted or unjustly punished when a few questions asked from the bench 

might elicit the truth. It is his primary duty to see that justice is done both to the accused 

and to the people.’” (People v. Raviart (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 258, 272, quoting People 

v. Golsh (1923) 63 Cal.App. 609, 614-615.) 

 A “‘trial court commits misconduct if it persistently makes discourteous and 

disparaging remarks to defense counsel so as to discredit the defense or create the 

impression that it is allying itself with the prosecution.’” (People v. Sturm (2006) 37 

Cal.4th 1218, 1233, quoting People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th 312, 353, overruled 

by statute on other grounds in Verdin v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1096.) “Jurors 

rely with great confidence on the fairness of judges, and upon the correctness of their 

views expressed during trial.” (Id. at p. 1233.) “The role of a reviewing court ‘is not to 

determine whether the trial judge’s conduct left something to be desired, or even whether 

some comments would have been better left unsaid. Rather, we must determine whether 

the judge’s behavior was so prejudicial that it denied [the defendant] a fair, as opposed to 

a perfect, trial. [Citation.]’” (Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 347.) 

 A. Appellant’s Claim is Waived 

 Where a defendant contends the court “‘consistently displayed a bias in favor of 

the prosecution’” but never objected to the trial court’s participation in the examination 

of witnesses, defendant has waived any claim of error. (People v. Raviart, supra, 93 

Cal.App.4th at p. 269.) “It is settled that a judge’s examination of a witness may not be 

assigned as error on appeal where no objection was made when the questioning 

occurred.” (People v. Corrigan (1957) 48 Cal.2d 551, 556.) Here, appellant’s failure to 

object on the ground of judicial bias forfeits the claim on appeal. (People v. Chatman

(2006) 38 Cal.4th 344, 397; Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 350; People v. Snow (2003) 

30 Cal.4th 43, 78.) 

 B. Appellant Has Not Demonstrated Judicial Bias 

 We consider appellant’s claim of judicial misconduct on the merits and reject it. 

Appellant’s examples fall into three categories: (1) the court was sympathetic to the 
7

prosecution; (2) the court was antagonistic to the defense; and (3) the court overstepped 

its bounds during trial. 

 i. The Court’s Interaction with Prosecution Witnesses 

 Appellant asserts the court displayed a sympathetic attitude to the victim and 

assisted her with her testimony. Appellant argues the court improperly commented on 

personal items Doe had with her in court. The court stated: “So the record should reflect 

that she has a Rubik’s [C]ube, which is perfectly aligned. I don’t know if that’s just out 

of the package. But good going. And then a picture that she has with her. Cute dog.” In 

response to questions about the Rubik’s Cube and picture, Doe explained they are a 

comfort to her. The court then responded to Doe’s statements that her biological father 

and brother can solve the Rubik’s Cube, just like she can. Appellant cites no authority to 

support his claim that the court’s comments were in any way improper. As the People 

point out, the court was attempting to put Doe at ease and there is nothing improper about 

the court being “nice” to a witness. She was an 18-year-old being asked to testify in 

court about molestations by her father which presented an uncomfortable and 

intimidating situation.4

 (See Cal. Code Jud. Ethics, canon 3B(4) [“A judge shall be 

patient, dignified, and courteous to litigants, jurors, witnesses, lawyers, and others with 

whom the judge deals in an official capacity . . .”]; Cf. People v. Sturm, supra, 37 Cal.4th 

at p. 1240 [it is misconduct for a trial judge to convey to the jury disdain for witnesses 

and their testimony].) 

 Appellant contends that the court improperly clarified Doe’s testimony. There are, 

in fact, several examples throughout the witnesses’ testimony of the court clarifying 

dates, time periods, and other facts. Appellant does not and cannot demonstrate these 

clarifications are prejudicial or inappropriate. “‘Numerous courts including our own have 

recognized that it is not merely the right but the duty of a trial judge to see that the 

 

4

 Appellant also argues, without citation to authority, the court improperly referred to 

Doe as “my dear.” While it may have been preferable not to use a term of endearment, 

the court only used it once, in the context of trying to put the victim at ease. This isolated 

incident was not prejudicial to appellant. 
8

evidence is fully developed before the trier of fact and to assure that ambiguities and 

conflicts in the evidence are resolved insofar as possible.’” (People v. Raviart, supra, 93 

Cal.App.4th at p. 270, quoting People v. Carlucci (1979) 23 Cal.3d 249, 255.) 

 According to appellant, one of these clarifications helped the prosecution establish 

duress. Doe testified when appellant would ask her to touch him, she would whine about 

it. The court clarified the time period, “Just for the record, we were talking about when 

you were 7. Did you whine when you were 6, as well as sort of your response?” The 

court’s clarification was not improper. A trial court’s participation in the examination of 

witnesses involving “questions seeking to clarify the testimony” does not constitute 

judicial misconduct. (People v. Raviart, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 270.) Here, the 

court’s questions were “neither repetitious, disparaging, nor prejudicial.” (Id. at p. 271; 

People v. Hawkins (1995) 10 Cal.4th 920, 947-948, overruled on other grounds in People 

v. Lasko (2000) 23 Cal.4th 101, 109-110 [a trial judge may question witnesses to clarify 

testimony or assist the jury in understanding the evidence].) 

 Appellant also argues the court improperly engaged in an extensive colloquy with 

Doe. In attempting to clarify Doe’s testimony about disclosing the abuse to her mother 

and her mother calling the crisis hotline, the court asked Doe seven questions. The 

questions summarized and clarified Doe’s testimony about the topic. “Evidence Code 

section 775 “‘“confers upon the trial judge the power, discretion and affirmative duty . . . 

[to] participate in the examination of witnesses whenever he believes that he may fairly 

aid in eliciting the truth, in preventing misunderstanding, in clarifying the testimony or 

covering omissions, in allowing a witness his right of explanation, and in eliciting facts 

material to a just determination of the cause.’’’ (Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 350, 

quoting People v. Carlucci , supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 256; People v. Pierce (1970) 11 

Cal.App.3d 313, 321 [“The mere fact that a judge examines a witness at some length does 

not establish misconduct, nor does the fact that the testimony elicited by the judge’s 

questions would probably have been elicited by counsel.”].) We conclude “[t]he court’s 

questions were neither repetitious, disparaging, nor prejudicial.” (People v. Raviart, 

supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 271.) 
9

 ii. The Court’s Interaction with Appellant and Appellant’s Counsel 

 Appellant asserts the court had an antagonistic attitude toward appellant and his 

counsel. “A trial court commits misconduct if it persistently makes discourteous and 

disparaging remarks to defense counsel so as to discredit the defense or create the 

impression it is allying itself with the prosecution.” (People v. Carpenter, supra,15 

Cal.4th at p. 353; People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 1107.) Here, “[w]e have read 

each of the alleged instances of hostility in context. They fall far short of establishing 

misconduct or ‘betray[ing] a bias against defense counsel.’” (People v. Carpenter, supra, 

15 Cal.4th at p. 353, quoting People v. Wright (1990) 52 Cal.3d 367, 411, overruled on 

other grounds in People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 459.) 

 Appellant argues the court limited any introductory testimony while appellant was 

on the stand, but allowed such testimony from Doe. The record does not support this 

assertion. Defense counsel asked appellant several introductory questions, including how 

long he had been married, where he met his wife, and the type of work he did. The 

prosecutor objected on relevance grounds when counsel asked appellant what he studied 

in college and the court sustained the objection. After the prosecutor objected to the 

details of appellant’s work history as irrelevant, the court overruled the objection and 

allowed appellant to testify because it was “background and foundational.” 

 Appellant also argues the court’s clarifying questions during his testimony 

demonstrated bias. Appellant identifies two instances where the court asked specific 

questions clarifying the time frame in which an incident occurred, one instance where the 

court clarified who appellant meant when he used the term “her bedroom,” and one 

instance where the court responded to an objection by the prosecutor that defense counsel 

had not posed a proper question. Appellant asserts these questions were designed to 

interrupt defense counsel’s questioning and demonstrated the court’s bias. We disagree. 

The record demonstrates the court asked clarifying questions about specific dates, ages, 

names, and time frames of other witnesses at trial including Doe, mother, and one of the 

investigating officers. As we have stated, a judge may ask questions to clarify witness 

testimony and to assure the evidence is fully developed. (People v. Raviart, supra, 93 
10

Cal.App.4th at p. 270; People v. Hawkins, supra, 10 Cal.4th at pp. 947-948; People v. 

Abel (2012) 53 Cal.4th 891, 917, quoting People v. Santana (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1194, 

1206 [“‘[T]he court has a duty to see that justice is done and to bring out facts relevant to 

the jury’s determination’”]; People v. Carlucci, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 255 [“‘[I]f a judge 

desires to be further informed on certain points mentioned in the testimony it is entirely 

proper for him to ask proper questions for the purpose of developing all the facts in 

regard to them.’”].) 

 Appellant next asserts the court contradicted him when he stated preseason for the 

NFL began in September or October and preseason games were in October. When 

defense counsel asked: “Pre-season?,” the court stated, “No. I can take judicial notice of 

the fact that it is in August and may be the first week of September.” Defense counsel 

stated, “I am with the judge on that one, but that’s all right.” Appellant then said, “I’m 

sorry” and the court responded, “That’s all right.” While it may have been preferable for 

the court to avoid such distracting comments, they were not prejudicial. Our Supreme 

Court has held that even where a sarcastic or joking remark was improper, it does not 

create prejudice if it could not have had an effect of the jury’s verdict. (People v. Abel, 

supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 916.) Here, appellant asserts the court’s comment was designed to 

demonstrate the court’s “lack of belief in [appellant’s] credibility.” The comment could 

just as likely been the court’s attempt to ease tension by reference to a shared area of 

interest. (Id. at p. 915 [“[A]s with the other remarks made by the court throughout the 

trial, the comment reflects the court’s propensity for quipping whenever the opportunity 

arose”].) 

 Appellant also claims that when he began to testify about a prohibited issue, the 

court responded too “abruptly.” During his testimony, appellant began to talk about Doe 

at the time of her adoption and said, “Well, she came to us fairly--.” The prosecutor 

objected and the court said, “Whoa. I am with you now.” The court told the jury counsel 

needed to appear in chambers before appellant responded. Outside the presence of the 

jury, the court advised counsel it was concerned appellant would testify Doe was abused 

before she came to live with appellant and defense counsel agreed. Defense counsel 
11

offered to move on to another topic, but the court stated that it needed to admonish 

appellant directly, outside the presence of the jury. Appellant needed to understand it 

was “not an appropriate subject” and the court did not want to risk contaminating the 

jury. The court returned to the courtroom and told the jury, “I am going to need to take a 

quick break outside of your presence because I need to put some things on the record that 

are not for the jury’s purview.” 

 In accordance with its duty to control the proceedings, when it became apparent 

appellant was going to provide inadmissible evidence, the court interrupted appellant’s 

testimony and conferred with counsel outside the presence of the jury. (§ 1044 [“It shall 

be the duty of the judge to control all proceedings during the trial, and to limit the 

introduction of evidence and the argument of counsel to relevant and material matters, 

with a view to the expeditious and effective ascertainment of the truth regarding the 

matters involved.”]; People v. Sturm, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1237 [“The trial court has a 

statutory duty to control trial proceedings, including the introduction and exclusion of 

evidence.”]) 

 Next, appellant argues that when the court asked him about his tone of voice 

during a dramatic interaction with his daughter, it showed the court disbelieved his 

testimony. Appellant described an incident when Doe snuck up on him and put her hand 

on his penis and tried to put her mouth on his penis. Appellant testified that he said, 

“Honey, you need to leave.” The court then inquired: “In the same tone you are using 

now?” and appellant said, “yes.” The court stated, “A very calm voice; is that how you 

described it.” Appellate counsel attempts to draw an inference that this exchange 

demonstrated the court “disbeliev[ed] [appellant’s] testimony.” We could, however, 

reach the opposite conclusion and find the court was attempting to assist appellant by 

emphasizing his calm voice. We cannot deduce the court’s reason from the record and 

cannot conclude that the court’s attempt to clarify appellant’s tone was misconduct. 

 In passing, appellant cites People v. Santana (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1194 

(Santana), where the Second District reversed a conviction for judicial misconduct. In 

Santana, the trial court asked extensive questions of the defense witnesses and belabored 
12

points of evidence that were adverse to Santana taking “on the role of prosecutor rather 

than that of an impartial judge.” (Id. at p. 1207.) Defense counsel objected multiple 

times to both the court’s questioning of witnesses and using facial expressions that 

indicated the court did not believe the appellant. The Santana court held the trial court 

“intervened as an adversary to such an extent” to constitute misconduct, and explained 

the “record before us reveals the trial court repetitiously, disparagingly and prejudicially 

questioned defense witnesses[.]” (Ibid.) “By continuing this adversarial questioning for 

page after page of reporter’s transcript, the trial court created the unmistakable 

impression it had allied itself with the prosecution in the effort to convict Santana. These 

instances of impropriety are so egregious as to require reversal of Santana’s conviction.” 

(Ibid.) 

 Unlike Santana, we do not find the court was allied with the prosecution or biased 

against appellant or defense counsel. On appeal, appellant fails to cite examples where 

the court made rulings favorable to the defense or assisted during appellant’s testimony. 

At one point during cross-examination of Doe, the prosecutor objected that defense 

counsel had mischaracterized Doe’s testimony. The court sustained the objection and 

provided a detailed explanation to defense counsel and then stated, “But I understand 

what you’re getting to and I just think the way it is characterized I am just going to 

sustain it.” Counsel stated he understood and the court replied, “You got it. We just have 

to get it in the right form.” At another instance, during the direct examination of 

appellant, the court sustained an objection by the prosecutor to a question about Doe 

manipulating her brother. After a few additional questions, the court stated, “I am going 

to reverse my ruling” and explained the testimony was relevant to appellant’s state of 

mind. (People v. Raviart, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at pp. 271-72 [“Defendant contends the 

trial court “‘consistently displayed a bias in favor of the prosecution’” but offers no 

concrete example of any such bias, and we find none ourselves.”].) 

 Finally, at the sentencing hearing the court complimented both counsel on the 

record: “Counsel, I really want to commend each of you for trying what I will call an 

admirably professionally tried and competently tried case for both the People, as well as 
13

for the defense. [¶] You have a lot of legal acumen, both of you. Clearly your experience 

in trying cases shows, but your professionalism and your respect that you showed to one 

another and to the Court in this sensitive type of a case is absolutely noted by the Court, 

and it really has been an honor for me as the judge to have both of you in this courtroom 

to try this matter.” (See People v. Wright (1990) 52 Cal.3d 367, 411, overruled on other 

grounds in People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 459 [finding no merit to appellant’s 

contention that the judge was biased against the appellant or defense counsel where “the 

trial court voiced considerable praise for counsel’s abilities and performance.”].) 

 iii. The Court Did Not “Overstep” its Role

 Appellant asserts the court overstepped its bounds by questioning witnesses and 

providing explanatory rulings restating witness testimony. The court asked questions of 

all six witnesses. As detailed in the previous two sections, many of these questions were 

to clarify facts for the jury. One example appellant provides is during the testimony of 

the criminalist, the court asked several clarifying questions. The court stated, “For those 

of us who took biology a long time ago, I just want to make sure we are all following 

you” and then asked about the DNA typing of epithelial cells. Later the court asked the 

criminalist to explain what alleles are. When the witness identified the match of 

appellant’s profile to the examined cells from the tissues as 1 in 175 quintillion, the court 

asked, “It is like 18 zeros?” When the witness stated the probability as 1 in 127 

quintillion, the court asked if the earth has less people and the witness said the earth has 7 

billion people and the court asked if this number is greater than that. We do not need to 

go through a myriad of examples because we conclude that the court asked questions of 

both prosecution and defense witnesses equally. (Cf. People v. Sturm, supra, 37 Cal.4th 

at p. 1241.) The court’s questions were limited in quantity and sought only to clarify 

each witnesses’ testimony. We have “thoroughly reviewed the transcript of the trial and 

each instance of the trial court’s participation in the questioning of witnesses, and we are 

satisfied that the trial court’s involvement did not constitute misconduct.” (People v. 

Raviart, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 271.) 
14

 Appellant cites two instances where the court summarized Doe’s testimony in 

asking a question or ruling on an objection. The court summarized Doe’s testimony 

about why she remembered the first time she orally copulated appellant and asked Doe if 

the court’s summary was correct. In another exchange, the prosecutor asked Doe if she 

feared there would be consequences if she did not perform sex acts with appellant when 

she was 12 or 13 years old. Doe replied yes and the prosecutor asked, “What did you 

think might happen?” Defense counsel objected to the question as “[a]sked and 

answered” and the court overruled the objection and stated that an earlier response was 

not referencing Doe at age 12 or 13. The court stated, “I know she has described the 

safety issue, but I think more specifically he is asking, What did you think, in fact, would 

occur. I know she has described some things when she was at 6-ish and 7, but I don’t 

know that we have 12 and 13. It’s overruled.” The prosecutor asked a few questions 

about her safety concerns at ages 12 and 13 and Doe seemed not to understand the 

questions. The court then interjected, “She did say that she felt there was a safety issue, 

she felt in terms of trying to get out of the situation, she needed to tell someone, and she 

was scared out of her mind that the [appellant] might murder her mother, that he would 

beat her if she went about it the wrong way. So that is part of the testimony now, 

Counsel.” 

 We do not endorse the trial judge’s explanatory rulings restating testimony. “[W]e 

would not endorse all of the trial court’s questioning quoted above and, indeed, would 

find some of it inappropriate. On the facts of this case, however, we find no prejudice.” 

(Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 350.) While we find that some of the court’s comments 

“would have been better left unsaid,’” we do not believe the court’s behavior “‘was so 

prejudicial that it denied [defendant] a fair, as opposed to a perfect, trial.’” (People v. 

Snow, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 81, quoting United States v. Pisani (1985) 773 F.2d 397, 

402.) 

 The court was actively engaged in the trial but did not express its personal beliefs 

or exhibit bias toward appellant. “A careful examination of the record convinces us that 

the judge’s questions were not a guise for conveying to the jury the court’s disbelief in 
15

defendant’s evidence but were asked to get the truth established, and that they fairly and 

impartially brought out relevant and material testimony.” (People v. Rigney (1961) 55 

Cal.2d 236, 244.) 

 C. Appellant Cannot Demonstrate Prejudice 

 The Supreme Court has applied the standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 

818 (Watson), to analyze prejudice in like circumstances. (Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at 

pp. 350-351.) Under the Watson standard, reversal is required if it is reasonably probable 

a different outcome would have resulted in the absence of the misconduct. Here, the 

evidence of appellant’s guilt was overwhelming. Doe testified to years of abuse and 

provided clear testimony about the types of abuse beginning at age six. She collected 

appellant’s ejaculations in tissues and saved them. The criminologist testified the sperm 

contained appellant’s DNA. In the pretext call, appellant admitted the abuse by telling 

Doe she would no longer have to touch him, suck him, or have sex with him. Appellant 

admitted when Doe was 16 years old, she performed oral sex on him and his penis 

“entered her vagina very briefly.” 

 Further, we presume the jurors followed the court’s instructions and decided the 

case based on the evidence before them. (Harris, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 350.) The court 

instructed the jury: “It is not my role to tell you what your verdict should be. Do not take 

anything I said or did during the trial as an indication of what I think about the facts, the 

witnesses, or what your verdict should be.” It is not reasonably probable that the jury 

would have reached a different verdict in the absence of the court’s participation in the 

trial. (Id. at p. 347 [some of trial judge’s questions to defendant were inappropriate, but 

not prejudicial because the evidence of guilt was strong].) 

 II. Duress 

 Appellant contends there was insufficient evidence of duress for his convictions 

on counts three through fourteen because appellant never threatened Doe to get her to 

agree to the sexual acts. We disagree. 

 In reviewing a claim of insufficiency of the evidence of duress, we determine 

whether, on the record as a whole, any rational trier of fact could find appellant guilty 
16

beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Manibusan (2013) 58 Cal.4th 40, 87, citing 

People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 357.) “[W]e review the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the prosecution and presume in support of the judgment the existence 

of every fact the jury could reasonably have deduced from the evidence.” (Ibid.) 

 The convictions for aggravated sexual assault of a child under section 269 

reference section 288(a) for oral copulation and section 289 for sexual penetration. These 

two sections require the sexual acts be committed “against the victim’s will by means of 

force, violence, duress, menace or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury.” (§§ 

288, subd. (c)(2)(A), 289, subd. (B).) Duress is defined as “a direct or implied threat of 

force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary 

susceptibilities to perform an act which otherwise would not have been performed, or 

acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total 

circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the 

defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.” (§ 261, subd. 

(b).) Other pertinent factors include threats to harm the victim, physically controlling the 

victim, and warning the victim that revealing the molestation would jeopardize the 

family. (People v. Cochran (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 8, 14 (Cochran).) That an appellant 

does not use force or overt threats does not prevent a finding of duress because the 

victim’s testimony should be considered in light of her age and relationship to the 

appellant. (Ibid.) 

 Appellant claims duress is determined under an objective standard based on the 

appellant’s wrongful act, not the victim’s response to it. (People v. Soto (2011) 51 

Cal.4th 229, 246 (Soto) [holding the victim’s consent is not a defense to the crime of 

lewd acts on a child under age 14 under section 288 and has no effect when the lewd acts 

are committed by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear].) The People argue that the 

objective test only applies to violations of section 288 and not to violations of section 269 

as charged here, because section 269 contains the language against the victim’s will 

allowing for the court to look at the victim’s response. We need not resolve this issue 

because, as detailed below, there was sufficient evidence appellant’s actions created a 
17

“‘direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, hardship or retribution sufficient to 

coerce” Doe to acquiesce to his sexual demands and that she did so out of “fear” and for 

her “safety.” (Soto, supra, at p. 246 [the jury could find duress without overt threats 

based on the “inherent imbalance of power in an encounter between a child and an adult 

bent on sexual conduct”].) 

 Appellant relies on People v. Espinoza and People v. Hecker, where two courts 

concluded fathers’ molestations of their daughters were not accomplished by duress. 

(People v. Espinoza (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1287 (Espinoza); People v. Hecker (1990) 

219 Cal.App.3d 1238 (Hecker).) In Espinoza, defendant molested his daughter on 

multiple occasions. The daughter was “‘too scared to do anything’” and she was afraid 

defendant “‘would do something’” if she reported what happened. (Espinoza, supra, at 

p. 1293.) The court, relying on Hecker, held that the daughter’s fear, without more, did 

not establish duress. In Hecker, the court found no duress where a stepfather molested 

his 13-year-old stepdaughter and told her not to reveal the molestations because it would 

hurt his marriage and career. (Hecker, supra, 219 Cal.App.3d at p. 1242.) The victim 

admitted she was not afraid stepfather would harm her but she felt “‘pressured 

psychologically.’” (Id. at p. 1250.) The Hecker court held that psychological coercion 

without more does not establish duress. (Id. at pp. 1250-1251.) 

 This argument that “‘[p]sychological coercion’ without more does not establish 

duress’” has been rejected by several courts.5

 In the context of a family member with a 

young victim the “very nature of duress is psychological coercion.” (Cochran, supra,

103 Cal.App.4th at p. 15; People v. Senior (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 765, 775 [“duress 

involves psychological coercion”]; People v. Superior Court (Kneip) (1990) 219 

Cal.App.3d 235, 238 (Kneip) [psychological coercion can amount to duress].) 

 This case is more akin to Cochran, where the court found sufficient evidence of 

duress where a father was convicted of forcible lewd conduct on his nine-year-old 

daughter. (Cochran, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 12.) The daughter testified she was not 

 

5

 In Cochran, the Fourth District, which decided Hecker, disapproved of this language, 

finding it “overly broad.” (See Cochran, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 15.) 
18

afraid of her father but her father told her not to tell anyone because he would get into 

trouble and go to jail. (Ibid.) The court noted that even though the defendant did not beat 

or punish her, he still coerced her into performing the various sex acts. (Id. at p. 15.) 

Cochran held the daughter was a “vulnerable and isolated child who engaged in sex acts 

only in response to her father’s parental and physical authority.” (Ibid.) Given the age 

and size difference between defendant and the victim, their father-daughter relationship, 

and the implicit threat that she would break up the family if she did not comply, there was 

sufficient evidence of duress. (Id. at p. 16; see also People v. Senior, supra, 3 

Cal.App.4th at p. 775 [finding duress where a father molested his 14-year-old daughter 

because the defendant was the victim’s father and an authority figure to her; defendant 

threatened to hit her; and he told her that if she did not submit to the molestation that it 

could result in a divorce, thus jeopardizing the family unit].) 

 In People v. Veale, the court held there was sufficient evidence of duress where 

the defendant molested his seven-year-old stepdaughter. (People v. Veale (2008) 160 

Cal.App.4th 40 (Veale).) The stepdaughter testified that although defendant never 

threatened her, she was afraid to tell her mother because defendant might hurt her or do 

something to her mother. (Id. at pp. 44-45.) She stated the defendant did not threaten her 

or use physical force and that on one occasion, when defendant asked her to put her 

mouth on his penis, she got mad and threw clothes around the room. (Id. at p. 46.) The 

court found that although defendant never threatened the stepdaughter, numerous factors 

established duress: defendant was an authority figure in the home; the stepdaughter 

feared defendant might harm her or her mother; the stepdaughter’s young age; and the 

difference in size between defendant and the stepdaughter. (Id. at p. 47.) 

 The factors identified in Cochran and Veale are present here. The abuse began 

when Doe was very young, only six years old, and continued until appellant was arrested 

when she was 16 years old. Appellant was Doe’s father and an authority figure in the 

home. When Doe testified why she acquiesced to her father’s abuse, she stated: 

“Because he was supposed to be my dad, and he told me to do it. If you don’t do 

something your dad tells you to do, usually you get in trouble for it.” She described her 
19

father as a disciplinarian and said that to discipline her, he would give her a time out, take 

something away, or spank her. 

 Appellant argues there was no evidence of any negative consequences when Doe 

refused to submit to her father’s requests. But this does not disprove duress. (See Veale, 

supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at pp. 44-45.) Appellant exercised authority and power over Doe 

and could discipline her. (See Kneip, supra, 219 Cal.App.3d at p. 239 [where the 

defendant is a family member and the victim is young, “the position of dominance and 

authority of the defendant and his continuous exploitation of the victim” is relevant to 

establishing duress]; see also Cochran, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 15 [finding duress 

where the victim was a “vulnerable and isolated child who engaged in sex acts only in 

response to her father’s parental and physical authority”].) Doe testified she complied 

with his requests so she would not be disciplined and because she was “afraid.” 

 There was a substantial age difference between Doe and her father. When the 

abuse began Doe was 6 and appellant was 41 years old. There was also a size difference. 

Doe was an “average” size child and appellant was 5’8” tall and weighed approximately 

150 to 160 pounds when Doe was a child. The age of the victim and her relationship to 

appellant are factors to be considered in appraising the existence of duress. (See People 

v. Pitmon (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 38, 51 [“We note that at the time of the offenses, [the 

victim] was eight years old, an age at which adults are commonly viewed as authority 

figures. The disparity in physical size between an eight-year-old and an adult also 

contributes to a youngster’s sense of his relative physical vulnerability.”].) 

 Doe believed that disclosing the abuse would jeopardize her family. Like the 

victim in Cochran, Doe testified appellant told her it was their “little secret” and asked 

her to promise not to tell anyone. “A simple warning to a child not to report a 

molestation reasonably implies the child should not otherwise protest or resist the sexual 

imposition.” (People v. Senior, supra, 3 Cal.App.4th at p. 775.) Doe testified if she told 

anyone, she would get in trouble. Doe’s participation was motivated by “fear” and she 

described it as a “matter of safety.” She was afraid to tell anyone because “ I didn’t know 

what [appellant] could have done.” She said, “I was scared out of my mind that he would 
20

murder my mother if she found out. I was also worried he would beat me.” Both Doe 

and her mother testified to appellant’s angry and physical response when Doe began a 

sexual relationship with her boyfriend. Doe’s mother testified that appellant “was really, 

really scary angry. I mean, I thought he was gonna hurt her.” She testified that appellant 

was “hitting [Doe].” Doe testified that appellant expressed his anger by “rap[ing]” her. 

 The evidence amply supports a finding of duress. Doe was abused by her father, 

an authority figure in the home, beginning at the age of six. When a victim is young and 

is molested by her father in the family home, “in all but the rarest cases duress will be 

present.” (Cochran, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 16, fn. 6.) We conclude that given the 

father-daughter relationship, appellant’s position of authority in the family, the difference 

in age and size between appellant and Doe, appellant’s instruction to keep the abuse a 

secret, and Doe’s testimony about her ongoing fear, there is sufficient evidence to support 

appellant’s convictions on all counts. 

III. Doe’s Psychiatric Records 

 Appellant requests this court review the sealed records from Doe’s therapy 

sessions to determine if the trial court ruled correctly there was no discoverable material 

that needed to be disclosed to the defense. 

 Before trial, defense counsel subpoenaed Doe’s records from her therapy sessions 

following the 2009 sexual assault by a stranger. The packet of psychiatric records was 

reviewed by a judge before the preliminary hearing. The prosecution requested the trial 

judge review the records to determine if there was any discoverable material. Defense 

counsel asked that the court disclose any impeaching or potentially exculpatory material 

under Brady v. Maryland, supra, 373 U.S. 83. The court reviewed the records in camera 

and stated: “there is nothing in the records I see as Brady” and nothing that would 

preclude defense counsel from asking Doe about whether she disclosed her father’s abuse 

to her therapist. The court held a further hearing to determine if defense counsel could 

question Doe about whether she specifically told the psychotherapist about abuse by her 

father. The court reiterated its finding: “I don’t find that the records are essential to the 
21

defendant’s right to confrontation as it is now presented . . . [¶] I am ruling that the 

records won’t be disclosed.” 

 An appellate court’s role is to review the confidential records that were not 

disclosed by the trial court “to determine whether they were material and should have 

been disclosed.” (People v. Martinez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 399, 453.) We have reviewed 

Doe’s sealed therapy records in camera and conclude the undisclosed information was 

not material to defense and the trial court did not err in denying disclosure. 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. 
22

 _________________________ 

 Jones, P.J. 

We concur: 

_________________________ 

Needham, J. 

_________________________ 

Bruiniers, J.