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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

UNPUBLISHED 

April 18, 2017 

v No. 331268 

Muskegon Circuit Court 

HOWARD WAYNE RUCKER, LC No. 15-066639-FH 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

Before: BECKERING, P.J., and MARKEY and SHAPIRO, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Defendant appeals by right his conviction of resisting and obstructing a police officer, 

MCL 750.81d(1). The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual offender, 

MCL 769.12, to 30 months to 10 years’ imprisonment. This case arises out of a parole 

compliance check on defendant, who was living in a transitional residence with two other 

parolees in Muskegon, Michigan. During the check-in, defendant failed to comply with several 

commands from the police officer and parole agents. He was arrested for a parole violation. 

 Defendant argues that the trial court violated his right to a unanimous jury verdict by 

failing to give a special jury instruction regarding unanimity; however, defense counsel 

expressed his approval of the jury instructions twice during defendant’s trial. “Thus, by 

expressly and repeatedly approving the jury instructions on the record, defendant waived any 

objection to the erroneous instructions, and there is no error to review.” People v Kowalski, 489 

Mich 488, 504; 803 NW2d 200 (2011). 

 In the alternative, defendant contends that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing 

to request a specific unanimity instruction. We disagree. 

 “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of 

fact and constitutional law.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). The 

trial court’s “factual findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations 

are reviewed de novo.” People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004). 

Because defendant failed to move for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing, this Court’s review of 

his ineffective assistance of counsel claim is limited to errors apparent on the record. People v 

Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). 
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 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish that 

“(1) the performance of his counsel was below an objective standard of reasonableness under 

prevailing professional norms and (2) a reasonable probability exists that, in the absence of 

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” Id. 

“A defendant must overcome a strong presumption that the assistance of his counsel was sound 

trial strategy, and he must show that, but for counsel’s error, the outcome of the trial would have 

been different.” Id. 

 A jury verdict in a criminal case must be unanimous, and a jury must be so instructed. 

Const 1963, art 1, § 14; People v Cooks, 446 Mich 503, 510-511; 521 NW2d 275 (1994). 

Generally, this duty is fulfilled though a general instruction on unanimity. Cooks, 446 Mich at 

512-513. But a specific unanimity instruction is appropriate “if alternative acts allegedly 

committed by [the] defendant are presented by the state as evidence of the actus reus element of 

the charged offense,” and “1) the alternative acts are materially distinct (where the acts 

themselves are conceptually distinct or where either party has offered materially distinct proofs 

regarding one of the alternatives), or 2) there is reason to believe the jurors might be confused or 

disagree about the factual basis of defendant’s guilt.” Id. at 524. 

 A special unanimity instruction was not required in this case. In Cooks, the “defendant 

was charged with one count of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, but testimony elicited from 

the complainant at trial referred to three incidents of sexual penetration.” Cooks, 446 Mich at 

505. Our Supreme Court held that the acts of penetration the prosecution alleged were materially 

identical because the complainant testified to “an anal penetration, occurring in the same house 

over an unspecified three-day period . . . while only she and [the] defendant were in the room.” 

Id. at 528. “Thus, the multiple acts alleged by the prosecutor were tantamount to a continuous 

course of conduct.” Id. Further, the Court concluded that because “neither party presented 

materially distinct proofs regarding any of the alleged acts, the factual basis for the specific 

unanimity instruction . . . was nonexistent.” Id. at 528. Accordingly, the Court held that a 

specific unanimity instruction was not required. Id. at 529. 

 In this case, defendant’s several acts of resistance during the check were not materially 

distinct. First, all of defendant’s acts occurred during a parole compliance check involving one 

police officer. Second, the prosecutor presented evidence that defendant ignored the officer’s 

command to remain outside the residence, that defendant failed to follow the officer’s 

instructions to properly submit to a preliminary breath test (PBT), and that defendant refused the 

officer’s commands to exit and reenter the police cruiser. Therefore, defendant’s failure to 

comply with several of the officer’s commands during the compliance check constituted “a 

continuous course of conduct.” Cooks, 446 Mich at 528. 

 Furthermore, in this case, neither party presented materially distinct proof regarding any 

of the alleged acts. Testimony from the police officer and the two parole agents was offered to 

establish that defendant failed to comply with several of the officer’s commands. Defendant 

claimed that he complied with the officer’s requests to the best of his ability while maintaining 

his safety. See Cooks, 446 Mich at 528 (where “the sole task of the jury was to determine the 

credibility” of the witnesses “with respect to the pattern of alleged conduct” a factual basis does 

not exist for a specific unanimity instruction). Thus, neither the prosecutor nor the defendant 

offered materially distinct proof regarding any of the alleged acts. Id. 
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 In addition, there is no evidence in the record that supports defendant’s contention that 

the jury was confused or disagreed about the factual basis of defendant’s guilt. Cooks, 446 Mich 

at 524. The jury asked no questions during deliberations and delivered a unanimous verdict. See 

Cooks, 446 Mich at 529 (holding a specific unanimity instruction is not required in the absence 

of any indication of juror confusion or disagreement concerning the alternative acts). So, a 

special unanimity instruction was not required in this case. Id. 528-530. 

 Additionally, defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a special 

unanimity instruction because one was not necessary in this case. The failure to assert a 

frivolous or meritless motion will not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Matuszak, 263 Mich App at 58; Sabin, 242 Mich App at 660. In sum, defendant has not 

established that his defense counsel was ineffective. 

 We affirm. 

/s/ Jane M. Beckering 

/s/ Jane E. Markey 

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro