COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-14-00003-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF W.M.H., A 

CHILD

----------

FROM THE 393RD DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. 97-10804-16

----------

MEMORANDUM OPINION1

----------

Appellant, the father of W.M.H., appeals the trial court’s December 2, 2013 

order denying his motion to clarify a 2005 agreed order regarding child support. 

Father also attempts to appeal a September 18, 2013 associate judge’s order 

denying his motion to cease child support withholding, which also imposed 

sanctions upon him. We dismiss the appeal of the September 18, 2013 order

and affirm the December 2, 2013 order.

 1

See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2

Background

Father and Mother were divorced in 1998; they have two children. In a 

2000 order modifying their divorce decree, Father was ordered to pay child 

support for both children. In July 2005, Mother filed a further petition to modify, 

alleging that she believed “the parties will enter into a written agreement 

containing provisions for modification of the order providing for support of the 

children.” [Emphasis added.] The trial court signed an order incorporating this 

agreement on September 26, 2005. The provision for child support said, “The 

parties have agreed that no child support is due by either party.”

In 2007, after W.M.H.’s older sister had turned 18 and graduated from high 

school, the trial court rendered another order setting child support for W.M.H.,

payable from Father to Mother, who was W.M.H.’s primary conservator. At that 

time, Father was in arrears as to child support that had become due before the 

2005 order was rendered; however, neither Mother nor the Office of the Attorney 

General (OAG) sought collection of the arrearage in 2007.

In April 2013, Father filed a motion to cease withholding of child support 

effective upon W.M.H.’s graduation from high school in June 2013. Thereafter, 

he filed a motion to alleviate child support arrears and withholding of income for 

child support, adding the allegation that he did not owe any arrears for child 

support accruing from May 2005 through June 2007. He also filed a motion to 

clarify the September 2005 order regarding child support.
3

On September 18, 2013, the associate judge, sitting as a Title IV-D 

master, rendered an order denying Father’s motion to cease withholding of 

income. The associate judge also imposed Rule 13 sanctions against Father for 

filing pleadings for which there is no appropriate remedy and for abusing the 

judicial process. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 13. The associate judge awarded 

attorney’s fees to Mother. Father attempted to appeal the associate judge’s 

ruling to the presiding judge by filing a notice of appeal on September 27, 2013. 

On October 21, 2013, Father filed a motion for new trial of the associate judge’s 

order.

In November 2013, Father filed an amended motion to clarify the 2005 

agreed order, claiming that the parties “intended [in that order] to forgive any past 

due child support as well as any child support due to each other in the future.” 

After a hearing, the presiding judge of the trial court denied the motion for 

clarification and also confirmed an arrearage of $10,153.05; the presiding judge 

also rendered a judicial withholding order for the arrearage. The presiding judge 

further found that the September 18, 2013 associate judge’s order was not timely 

appealed and that the motion for new trial was untimely. Thus, the presiding 

judge found that the September 18 order was final. The presiding judge also 

awarded attorney’s fees to Mother’s counsel.

Father timely appealed the trial court’s December 2, 2013 order to this 

court.
4

Jurisdiction

Father contends that the presiding judge erred by determining that the 

September 18, 2013 associate judge’s order was final and that Father’s 

attempted de novo appeal of that order was untimely. Family Code section 

201.1042(b) provides that an appeal to the district court from an associate 

judge’s order in a Title IV-D capacity must be filed no later than three working 

days after the order is rendered. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 201.1042(b) (West 

2014). Father’s appeal to the district court was not filed until the seventh working 

day after rendition of the order. Thus, by operation of law, the order became a 

final order of the district court. Id. § 201.1041(a) (West 2014); see also Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 329b(f). Because Father’s motion for new trial was not filed until more 

than thirty days after the date of the order, the district’s court plenary power over 

the order had expired. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a)–(b), (d).

Likewise, the late motion for new trial could not extend the time to appeal 

the order to this court. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(a)(1). We find no other 

document in the record that could be construed as a bona fide attempt to timely 

appeal that order to this court.2

 See In re J.M., 396 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tex. 

2013). Accordingly, we do not have jurisdiction to review the September 18, 

 2

Although Father references section 201.016 in his brief, which provides 

that the date of the referring court’s ratification of the associate judge’s order is 

controlling for purposes of appeal to this court, that section does not apply here 

because the associate judge’s order became final by operation of law without the 

need for ratification by the presiding judge. Compare Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§§ 201.015–.016, with § 201.1041(a).
5

2013 associate judge’s order, including the award of sanctions therein. See Tex. 

R. App. P. 25.1(b); In re K.A.F., 160 S.W.3d 923, 927–28 (Tex.), cert. denied, 

546 U.S. 961 (2005).

We overrule Father’s third through fifth, eighth, and eleventh issues. We 

address only those issues involving the presiding judge’s December 2, 2013 

order denying Father’s motion to clarify.

Motion to Clarify

Father’s Interpretation of 2005 Order

In his first issue, Father contends that the trial court erred by refusing to 

define and clarify the child support language in the 2005 agreed order even after 

finding that the language is vague and confusing.3

 Father contends that the 

words “child support” in the phrase, “no child support is due by either party,”

includes “child support arrearages” as well as future child support, and that the 

trial court should have clarified the language to define the terms “due,” 

“arrearages,” and “child support,” as well as the clause as a whole.

Although the trial court found that the language in the 2005 order is vague 

and confusing, it also denied Father’s requested relief to clarify the order to say

that Father had no obligation to pay child support that had accrued and was due 

before entry of the 2005 order (i.e., child support accruing from April through 

 3

His ninth issue is related. In his ninth issue, Father argues that the trial 

court erroneously “infer[red] the intent” of the judge who signed the 2005 order 

while ignoring the intent of the parties.
6

September 2005, as well as the arrearage that existed for periods before April 

2005). Mother testified that the parties did not agree in 2005 that she would 

forgive any arrearages accruing before the trial court rendered an order 

incorporating the parties’ agreement. No party asked for any other clarification of 

the agreed order. Thus, having determined that the phrase did not mean what 

Father urged it to mean, the trial court did not err by refusing to grant Father’s 

requested relief. We overrule Father’s first and ninth issues.

In part of his second issue, Father contends that the trial court’s order 

denying his motion for clarification is contradicted by its findings that the 2005 

agreed order was a valid contract and that the parties had “a pre-existing 

agreement that neither parent was obligated to pay child support while each had 

one of their children living with them.” According to Father, that agreement 

began in April 2005 when his daughter moved in with him before the 2005 

agreed order was ratified and signed by the trial court. He argues that the “no 

child support is due” language in the agreed order meant that the parties agreed 

that no arrearage existed when the 2005 order was rendered.

There is no evidence other than Father’s testimony that the parties 

intended their agreement to retroactively apply to the April through September 

2005 payments accruing between the time their daughter moved in with Father 

and the time the trial court approved their agreement; likewise, there is no other 

evidence as to when they made the agreement to mutually forego child support. 

Mother’s testimony that the parties intended their agreement to apply only going 
7

forward from the date of the 2005 order contradicts Father’s testimony. In 

addition, Father’s testimony is contradicted by evidence that when the 2005 order 

was rendered, he was in arrears for child support that had accrued before April 

2005.

4

 We overrule that part of Father’s second issue.

In his sixth issue, Father contends that the trial court could not issue a 

withholding order for child support arrears, having previously concluded that the

phrase “no child support is due” in the 2005 order did not include arrears. 

Appellant contends the trial court has used two different definitions of “child 

support,” one including arrears and one excluding arrears. We disagree. In 

construing the 2005 order, the trial court construed the meaning of “is due” to be 

prospective; in other words, it construed the phrase to mean that no child support 

would be due beginning on the effective date of the 2005 order. We overrule 

Father’s sixth issue.

Judgment Supported by Pleadings

In the remainder of his second issue, and in his seventh issue, Father 

argues that the presiding judge was not authorized to render a judgment and 

judicial withholding order for arrearages because no pleadings sought such relief.

 4

Even if child support payments Father made in April through June 2005 

were credited only toward that arrearage––$4,284.89 as of March 31, 2005––

rather than to the April through June monthly payments, an arrearage of 

$1,027.91 still remained as of September 1, 2005. However, because the 

payments Father made in April through June 2005 were credited to monthly 

accruing payments, the arrearage as of September 28, 2005––the date of the 

agreed order––was $7,651.09.
8

A trial court’s judgment must conform to the pleadings. Tex. R. Civ. P. 

301. A trial court may not grant a party relief in the absence of supporting 

pleadings unless the issue was tried by consent. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 67; Stoner 

v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679, 682 (Tex. 1979). An issue is tried by consent 

when both parties present evidence on an issue and the issue is developed 

during trial without objection. Ingram v. Deere, 288 S.W.3d 886, 893 (Tex.

2009). Trial by consent is intended for the exceptional case in which it appears 

clearly from the record that the parties tried an unpleaded issue. City of The 

Colony v. N. Tex. Mun. Water Dist., 272 S.W.3d 699, 744 (Tex. App.––Fort 

Worth 2008, pet. dism’d). When evidence relevant to both a pleaded and an 

unpleaded issue has been admitted without objection, the doctrine of trial by 

consent should not be applied unless clearly warranted. Id.

In the context of arguing against Father’s requested clarification, Mother’s 

counsel pointed out that Father neglected to pay twelve months of child support 

for W.M.H. after the parties’ daughter had been emancipated, in contravention of 

their agreement. Counsel stated that if the trial court found that all child support 

accruing before the 2005 order was forgiven as a result of the agreement, then 

the court should take into account that twelve-month period Father did not pay 

child support. The trial court reminded counsel that “[t]he only thing before the 

Court today is the clarification of the -- if any -- of the 2005 order and what 

retroactive effect, if any, that order should be given.”
9

During the hearing, Mother and the OAG presented evidence of the child 

support Father owed when the 2005 order was rendered, including an arrearage 

for amounts that had accrued before April 2005. At the end of the hearing, the 

trial court indicated that it was going to confirm an arrearage of $10,153.05. The 

trial court also indicated that it would render a new withholding order and that the 

withholding order Father had challenged before the associate judge would be 

effective only until November 1, 2013. Father’s counsel interjected as follows:

I just have a quick question. And it’s just procedural. Since 

the only thing you were doing was hearing a clarification and the 

appeal was not heard before the Court, shouldn’t just whatever was 

ordered already be ordered and we can’t really confirm the 

arrearage because that was already done?

The trial court responded, “I disagree. Because the clarification is -- and it works 

both ways. I’m clarifying the orders and saying, this is what I find was meant by 

that 2005 order. And this is the consequence of that clarification.” Counsel went 

on to say, “I just wanted to make sure that we weren’t -- you know, that it was 

okay to do that. I’m fine with you doing that. I just want to make sure that

procedurally it’s okay.” [Emphasis added.]

What happened here is similar to what happened in In re D.B.M. No. 05-

02-00322-CV, 2003 WL 22838948, at *1 (Tex. App.––Dallas Dec. 1, 2003, no 

pet.) (mem. op.). In that case, the appellant had moved to reduce the amount of 

his child support payments. Id. His counsel originally objected to testimony 

regarding confirmation of any arrearage because the proceeding was not an 

enforcement action. Id. However, when appellant was later questioned again 
10

regarding arrearages, and appellant’s counsel had again objected, the following 

exchange occurred:

The Court: Well, we need to have an-it’s not going to be contempt 

but we need to have an order that has a finding in there as to what 

the current arrearage is.

Ms. Allen: How do we determine if we don’t have the child support 

records and I had not had a chance to do it?

The Court: I guess y’all are going to provided [sic] them for me and I 

will have to go through them I assume.

Ms. Allen: Okay. That would be a fair way to do it Judge, let her 

testify as to what.

The Court: We will take a look.

Ms. Allen: Absolutely.

Id. (emphasis added). The Dallas Court of Appeals determined that because the 

appellant had agreed to let the trial court review the child support records to 

determine an arrearage, the issue had been tried by consent. Id.

We conclude and hold that the situation here is similar. Although Father’s 

counsel brought the matter to the trial court’s attention and the record shows that 

the trial court understood the potential procedural problem, counsel ultimately 

acquiesced in the trial court’s determining the arrearage as part of the 

clarification proceeding. Accordingly, we conclude and hold that the issue was 

tried by consent. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 67; D.B.M., 2003 WL 22838948, at *1. 

Moreover, Father’s attempt to challenge an already-existing withholding order 
11

was the basis of his motion to clarify.5

 We overrule this part of Father’s second 

issue and his seventh issue.

Attorney’s Fees

In his tenth issue, Father contends that the trial court erred by making the 

attorney’s fees award enforceable “by any means available for the enforcement 

of a judgment for child support.” According to appellant, the supreme court’s 

opinion in Tucker v. Thomas prohibits such an order. 419 S.W.3d 292, 295 (Tex. 

2013).

In Tucker, the supreme court held that a trial court may not award 

attorney’s fees in a nonenforcement modification suit as necessaries or 

additional child support. Id. Family code section 106.002(b) provides that “[a] 

judgment for attorney’s fees and expenses [in a nonenforcement suit] may be 

enforced in the attorney’s name by any means available for the enforcement of a 

judgment for debt.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 106.002(b) (West 2014). Thus, the 

trial court erred by ordering the attorney’s fees enforceable as child support 

rather than an ordinary debt. See id.; Naguib v. Naguib, 183 S.W.3d 546, 548 

(Tex. App.––Dallas 2006, no pet.). We sustain Father’s tenth issue and modify 

the trial court’s judgment to state that Phillip E. Romero may enforce the 

attorney’s fees judgment “by any means available for the enforcement of a 

 5

It appears from comments in the record that Father was subject to an 

administrative withholding order by the OAG, which the trial court’s order 

replaced. See generally Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 158.502 (West 2014).
12

judgment for debt.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 106.002(b); see Tucker, 419 S.W.3d 

at 297, 300; Naguib, 183 S.W.3d at 547–48.

Conclusion

Having sustained Father’s tenth issue, we modify the trial court’s judgment 

for attorney’s fees to provide that Phillip E. Romero may enforce the judgment for 

attorney’s fees “by any means available for the enforcement of a judgment for 

debt.” Having overruled or dismissed all of Father’s remaining issues, we affirm 

the trial court’s December 2, 2013 order.

/s/ Terrie Livingston

TERRIE LIVINGSTON

CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MCCOY and MEIER, JJ.

DELIVERED: November 6, 2014