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The Honorable John R. Tunheim, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 05-4454

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BancInsure, Inc. *

*

 Appellee, *

* Appeal From the United States

v. * District Court for the 

* District of Minnesota

Marshall Bank, N.A., *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: June 16, 2006

Filed: July 17, 2006

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Before SMITH, HEANEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

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HEANEY, Circuit Judge.

Marshall Bank, N.A. (Marshall Bank) appeals the district court’s1

 grant of

summary judgment in favor of BancInsure, Inc. (BancInsure). We affirm.

Marshall Bank is a banking corporation based in Hallock, Minnesota.

BancInsure, an Oklahoma banking corporation, provided Marshall Bank with a

standard financial institution bond that indemnified Marshall Bank for certain losses.

Among other things, the bond provided coverage for loans made based on the good
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faith belief that the loan was secured by a guarantor, but where the guarantor’s

signature was actually a forgery. Marshall Bank’s policy limit for this type of loss

was $500,000, with a $5,000 deductible.

In 2003, Patrick Forciea approached Marshall Bank for the purpose of obtaining

business financing. Forciea, acting on behalf of two corporations, Agenzia Sports,

Inc. and Landers, LLC, sought a $2.56 million loan to purchase one minor league

hockey team and refinance another. Marshall Bank agreed to fund the loan, provided

that Forciea secure personal guarantees from his business associates, Ford Nicholson

and Philip Ordway, in the amount of $1.25 million each.

Two days before the loan proceeds were scheduled to be disbursed, Forciea

visited Marshall Bank’s offices and executed most of the loan documents. He did not,

however, provide the personal guarantees of Nicholson and Ordway at that time.

Forciea assured Marshall Bank that he would fly to Florida, meet with Nicholson and

Ordway there, and have them execute their loan documents. On March 25, 2004,

Marshall Bank received by fax the personal guarantees of Nicholson and Ordway.

Marshall Bank disbursed the loan proceeds the next day.

Soon after Marshall Bank disbursed the loan proceeds, irregularities surfaced

with respect to the loan. The bank’s president read in a newspaper that Forciea was

under criminal investigation, and thereafter sought original personal guarantees from

Nicholson and Ordway. Forciea sent Marshall Bank documents that were not

satisfactory to the bank. Eventually, Marshall Bank discovered that Forciea had

forged the personal guarantees of Nicholson and Ordway.

Marshall Bank sustained a significant loss as a result of the loan to Forciea. It

made a claim for coverage under its BancInsure bond. BancInsure denied coverage,

and then instituted a declaratory judgment action, seeking a ruling that Marshall

Bank’s loss was not covered under the bond policy. The district court granted
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summary judgment to BancInsure. It held that, under Minnesota law, coverage only

attached if Marshall Bank was in actual physical possession of the original guarantees

before disbursing the loan proceeds. Because the undisputed evidence showed that

Marshall Bank only had faxed copies at the time it disbursed the loan proceeds, it had

not satisfied all conditions precedent to coverage. This appeal followed.

Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no dispute as to any material

fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c). We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Cousineau

v. Norstan, Inc., 322 F.3d 493, 495 (8th Cir. 2003). The parties agree that Minnesota

law governs this contract dispute. In Minnesota, “[c]ontract interpretation is

determined as a matter of law,” and a contract’s “construction and effect are also

questions of law, unless the contract terms are ambiguous.” Cousineau, 322 F.3d at

496 (citing Lake Superior Paper Indus. v. Minnesota, 624 N.W.2d 254, 258 (Minn.

2001) and Brookfield Trade Ctr., Inc. v. County of Ramsey, 584 N.W.2d 390, 394

(Minn. 1998)). Thus, we review these matters de novo as well. Mapes v. MTR

Gaming Group, Inc., 299 F.3d 706, 707 (8th Cir. 2002).

The bond in this case provides coverage, in relevant part, for

Loss resulting directly from the Insured having, in good faith, for its own

account or the account of others, . . . extended credit . . . on the faith of

any original . . . personal Guarantee . . . which . . . bears the signature of

any . . . guarantor . . . which is a Forgery.

(Appellant’s App. at A42-A43.)

 The bond requires “[a]ctual physical possession” of the guarantee as “a

condition precedent to the Insured’s having relied on the faith” of the guarantee. (Id.

at A43.) The bond also states, however, that an original signature on the document
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is not a condition precedent to coverage: “A mechanically reproduced facsimile

signature is treated the same as a handwritten signature.” (Id.) 

Minnesota law makes clear that actual physical possession of the document is

necessary for the bond’s indemnification provision to apply. Nat’l City Bank v. St.

Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 447 N.W.2d 171, 176-78 (Minn. 1989). National City

Bank instructs with certainty that actual physical possession of the guarantee is a

condition precedent to enforcing the bond, and “no legal principle permits violation

of a contract condition to be completely ignored.” 447 N.W.2d at 178. 

Marshall Bank does not dispute that it was required to possess the guarantees

in order for coverage to attach. Rather, it argues that we ought to read the bond to

treat faxed copies of the guarantees as if they were the originals, and accordingly to

hold that its possession of the faxed guarantees satisfied the bond’s physical

possession condition. For support, Marshall Bank draws our attention to the statement

that “[a] mechanically reproduced facsimile signature is treated the same as a

handwritten signature.” (Appellant’s App. at A43.) 

We are unpersuaded. By its own terms, the clause at issue speaks to what type

of signature is acceptable. It does not, however, except the bank from maintaining

actual physical possession of the original guarantee; indeed, the bond specifically

requires such possession. The district court aptly recognized that Marshall Bank’s

interpretation is antithetic to the remainder of the relevant section of the bond:

Marshall Bank’s interpretation makes the language requiring possession

of the original documents either contradictory or meaningless. It simply

makes no sense to require possession of the original documents, and then

state that a facsimile copy has the same effect as the original[.]

BancInsure, Inc. v. Marshall Bank, N.A., 400 F. Supp.2d 1140, 1144 (D. Minn. 2005).
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The policy’s requirement that the bank possess original documents recognizes

that the bank is often in the best position to protect itself from a borrower’s fraud.

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A contract is to be read as harmonious, such that each of its terms are given

effect consistent with one another. Telex Corp. v. Data Prods. Corp., 135 N.W.2d

681, 685 (Minn. 1965). Here, the clear meaning of the clause regarding use of a

mechanically reproduced facsimile signature is that it treats a reproduction signature

the same as the original signature, not that it permits copied documents to serve as

proxies for originals. This is precisely what the district court concluded, and we find

no error therein.

Marshall Bank alternatively argues that if it cannot prevail under its theory of

contract interpretation, it is nonetheless entitled to relief under the illusory coverage

doctrine. The illusory coverage doctrine operates to provide coverage to an insured

where the policy unfairly denies it. Jostens, Inc. v. Northfield Ins. Co., 527 N.W.2d

116, 118 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995). The doctrine is “best applied” where a specific

portion of the insured’s premium is allocated to coverage that turns out to be

“functionally nonexistent.” Id. at 119.

Again, we cannot agree that the coverage against forgery that Marshall Bank

purchased was meaningless. The protection afforded by the policy is against forgery,

but not forgery committed by use of faxed documents, accepted by the bank without

perusal of the originals.2

 Several factual scenarios, all involving forgery, would have

clearly resulted in coverage under the policy. Most notably, Marshall Bank could

have simply waited for original documents to arrive before disbursing funds. The fact

that an insured’s circumstance is outside a policy’s realm of coverage does not,

without more, render the policy illusory. Marshall Bank paid for protection from

forgery and, in most instances, the policy provided that coverage. This is not one of

those instances, however, and we will not read such coverage into the policy.
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For the reasons stated above, we affirm the well-reasoned opinion of the district

court in all respects.

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