# SECTION 7.1

RE SIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION

(Revised October 2015)



# BACKGROUND

T his methodology is used to estimate the criteria pollutant emissions from the various types of

residential wood combustion for each county throughout the state. This document contains

e missions estimates for wood-burning fireplaces and wood stoves (which includes fireplace

inserts and pellet stoves)

. However, no annual emission estimation method has been derived, or

included here, for the category “Residential Wood Combustion (Unspecified).” In addition, this

methodology does not include emissions estimates for fireplaces or other similar devices that

burn natural gas. Significant c hanges have occurred since the last edition of this methodology,

dated July 1997. These include changes to equations, emission factors, activity data, annual

emissions , and temporal profile estimates.



# SOURCES

T he types of devices that burn wood in a typical residence are fireplaces, wood-burning stoves,

fireplace inserts , and pellet stoves. The most common wood-burning device in a home is the

fireplace. A fireplace is generally a masonry or prefabricated (metal) enclosure with the side

facing the interior of the house left open and a chimney to exhaust the flue gas. The combustion

air can be supplied from the outside air or from the inside air.

W ood stoves are enclosed stand -alone devices that vent exhaust gas through an existing chimney

or flue. Wood stoves radiat e heat from the ir exterior surface s and they are commonly used in

residences as space heaters. They are used both as the primary source of residential heat and to

supplement conventional heating systems. Wood stoves control burning or burn time by

restricting the amount of air that can be used for combustion (U.S. EPA, 1996a). This

methodology estimates emissions for four different types of wood stoves: (1) the conventional

wood stove; (2) the noncatalytic wood stove; (3) the catalytic wood stove; and (4) the pellet

stove. EMISSION INVENTORY SOURCE CATEGORY

Miscellaneous Processes/Residential Fuel Combustion

E MISSION INVENTORY CODES (CES CODES) AND DESCRIPTION

610-600-0230-0000 (82115) Residential Wood Combustion - Wood Stoves

610-602-0230-0000 (82123) Residential Wood Combustion - Fireplaces

610-604-0230-0000 (47225) Residential Wood Combustion – Unspecified

7.1-1

## C onventional wood stoves do not have any emission reduction technology or design features

and, in most cases, were manufactured before July 1, 1986 (U.S. EPA, 1996a). Noncatalytic

wood stoves do not contain catalysts but th ey do have emission reducing technology or features.

Older, noncatalytic wood stoves reduce emissions by directing unburned hydrocarbons and

carbo n monoxide (CO) into a secondary chamber, where mixing with fresh, preheated makeup

air enhances further combustion (U.S. EPA, 1996a). Newer noncatalytic wood stoves have three

internal characteristics that create a good environment for complete combustio n : firebox

insulation ; a large baffle to produce a longer, hotter gas flow path; and pre-heated combustion air

introduced through small holes above the fuel in the firebox. The baffle and some other internal

parts of a non- catalytic stove need replacement periodically as they deteriorate with the high heat

of efficient combustion (WHO, 2013).

C atalytic wood stoves are equipped with a ceramic or metal honeycomb device, called a

combustor or converter that is coated with a noble metal such as platinum or palladium. The

catalyst material reduces the ignition temperature of the unburned hydrocarbons and CO in the

exhaust gases, which allows these pollutants to be burned at normal stove operating

temperatures

. As these polluta nts burn, the temperature inside the catalyst increases to a point

where the ignition of the gases is essentially self -sustaining (U.S. EPA, 1996a). All catalytic

stoves have a lever -operated catalyst bypass damper which is opened for starting and reloading.

The catalytic honeycomb degrades over time and must be replaced, but its durability is largely in

the hands of the stove user. The catalyst can la st more than six seasons if the stove is used

properly, but if the stove is over-fired, garbage is burned and regular cleaning and maintenance

are not done, the catalyst may break down in as little as two years (WHO, 20 13).

R esidential wood stoves are classified as Phase I, Phase II and Pre

- Phase I. Phase II stoves are

those certified to meet the July 1, 1990, EPA standards; Phase I stoves meet only the July 1,

1988, EPA standards; and Pre-Phase I stoves do not meet any of the EPA standards (U.S. EPA,

2006). Some Pre -Phase I stoves may use older catalytic technology; however, for the purposes

of this methodology, we make the conservative assumption that all Pre- Phase I stoves are

conventional devices.

F ireplace inserts can be described as wood stoves tha t fit into the firebox of a fireplace. These

devices are used to heat a house, or a portion of the house. Inserts are generally more effective at

providing heat than a fireplace. They radiate the heat to the interior house space, or with the aid

of a fan, circulate air around the insert and vent the heated air into the house. Since fireplace

inserts share operating and combustion characteristics with wood stoves, the same emission

factors are used for both fireplace inserts and wood stoves ( HPBA , 2009a ; U.S. EPA, 1996a ;

WHO, 20 13).

P ellet stoves are fueled with pellets of sawdust, wood products, and other biomass materials

pressed into manageable shapes and sizes. These stoves have active air flow systems and unique

grate design s to accommodate pelleted fuel. Some pellet stove models are subject to the 1988

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), while others are exempt due to a high air- to

- fuel

ratio (i. e., greater than 35

- to -1) (U.S. EPA, 1996a).

7.1-2

# E MISSION ESTIMATION ME THODS

T he previous 1997 version of this methodology contained two types of emissions estimates: (1)

San Joaquin Valley (SJV) emissions based on 1993 data; and (2) emissions for the remainder of

the state based on 1991 data. For both the 1991-based and 1993-based inventories, energy needs

and activity data were estimated using the thermal properties of a typical residence and countyspecific heating degree days.

F or the latest revision (based on 2005 data), the methodology was updated to reflect more recent

survey data, emission factors , and calculation approaches. Methodologies are provided for

activity data based on two approaches :

• Preferred Method - Local Residential Wood Combustion Survey data; and

• Alternative Method - United States Census Bureau American Housing Survey data.

T hese methods are described below.



# P REFERRED METHOD – A ctivity Data from L ocal S urveys

S ince the previous version of this methodology, several districts have conducted surveys to

compile local activity data when adopting rules that impact residential wood combustion

(BAAQMD, 2007; OMNI, 2003; OMNI, 2006; PCAPCD, 2007; SJVUAPCD, 1997, 2008, 2010 ;

SMAQMD, 2007). These survey data can be used to estimate emissions from wood -burning

fireplaces, wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet stoves , when deemed appropriate.

1.0 W OOD -B URNING F IREPLACES

1.1 Determine the number of wood

- burning fireplaces that are actually used.

Equation 1 : FP all 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P fp 

## ]*[P fp,u 

## ] *[ M fp 

## ]

Where

FP all 

### = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

H total 

### = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

P fp 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace

P fp,u 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace that was actually used during the burn season

M fp 

### = Average number of fireplaces per home (to account for multiple fireplaces in some homes)

= 1.1, default (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 1. 2. Determine the amount of wood burned in fireplaces

.

F or fireplaces, we assume that three types of fuel are burned: (1) cord wood; (2) bundle wood;

and (3) wax/sawdust manufactured logs (e.g., Duraflame, Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc.).

Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for the different fireplace

fuels.

7.1-3

## 1.2.1. Fireplaces – Cord Wood & Bundle Wood

A standard cord of wood is defined

as a stack of wood with a volume of

128 cubic feet (4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.)

B undle wood is typically purchased from a retail store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in

plastic. Fireplaces burn cord wood and bundle wood for aesthetic purposes and for heating

purposes. This methodology assumes wood consumption rates that include both cord wood and

bundle wood. In addition, it is assumed that fireplaces burn more wood when they are used for

heating purposes, as compared to aesthetic purposes (Houck, 2001a). This is a change from the

previous methodology where it was assumed that all homes with fireplaces had the same

consumption rate (0.28 cords /home/year).

P rovided below is a method to determine the percentage of fireplaces used for aesthetic and

heating purposes, and the associated wood consumption rate for each of these uses. For

fireplaces, the total amount of wood consumed is based on the number of individual fireplace

units, rather than the number of homes that have fireplaces. This is done to maintain consistency

with the units for the estimated consumption rate.

Equation 2 : FP

ae s 

## = [ FP all 

## ]* [P f p,cord 

## ] *[P f p,aes 

## ]

E quation 3 : F

aes 

## = [ FP

aes 

## ]*[N cord,aes 

## ] *[W cord 

## ]

Where

FP

aes 

### = Number of fireplaces being used primarily for aesthetic purposes

FP all 

### = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

P fp,cord 

### = Percent of fireplaces that burn cord wood = 88%

, default (Houck, 2001b)

P fp,aes 

### = Percent of fireplace use that is described as aesthetic

F

aes 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in fireplaces for aesthetic purposes, tons wood/year

N cord,aes 

### = Number of cords burned in fireplaces

– aesthetics = 0.069 cords/fireplace/year , default

(Houck, 2001 a )

W cord 

### = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1. 54 tons/cord , default (OMNI, 200 6 )



## Equation 4 : FP heat 

## = [ FP all 

## ]*[P f p,cord 

## ]*[P fp,heat 

## ]

E quation 5 : F heat 

## = [ FP heat 

## ]*[N cord,heat 

## ] *[W cord 

## ]

Where

FP heat 

### = Number of fireplaces being used primarily for heating purposes

FP all 

### = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

P fp,heat 

### = Percent of fireplace use that is for heating purposes (non

- aesthetic)

F heat 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in fireplaces for heating purposes, tons wood/year

N cord,heat 

### = Number of cords burned in fireplaces

– heating = 0.656 cords/fireplace/year , default

(Houck, 2001 a )

W cord 

### = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1. 54 tons/cord , default (OMNI , 200 6 )

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 7.1-4

## 1.2.2 . Fireplaces - Manufactured Wax/Sawdust Logs

Manufactured Wax/Sawdust Logs (e.g., Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc. ) are made from a mixture

of sawdust, wax , and binders. S tatewide sales data can be used to determine California’s total

consumption, which can then be distributed among the various counties, air basins, and districts

(i.e., each COABDIS com bination) (OMNI, 2006). Provided below is a method to determine the

manufactured log consumption rate for fireplaces.

Equation 6 : H fp,m l 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P fp 

## ]*[P fp,u 

## ] *[P f p,ml 

## ] for each COABDIS combination

Equation 7 : F ml 

## = ( [H fp,m l ,each COABDIS 

## ]/ [H fp,m l ,statewide total 

## ])*[ CA Mfrd. Log Sales 

## ]

W here

H fp,m l 

### = Number of homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs

H total 

### = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if

needed)

P fp 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace

P fp,u 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace that was actually used during the burn

season

P fp,ml 

### = Percent of active fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs = 12%

, defaul t (Houck, 2001b)

F ml 

### = Amount of manufactured logs burned in fireplaces, tons/year

H fp,ml,each COABDIS 

### = Number of homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs for

each county/air basin/district combination

H fp,ml,statewide total 

### = Statewide total for all homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured

logs (sum of all 

### H fp,ml ,each COABDIS 

### )



### CA Mfrd. Log Sales

= Total sales of manufactured logs in California, tons/year

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 2.0. W OOD STOVES

2. 1. Determine the number of homes with wood stov es that are actually used.

Equation 8 : H

w ,u 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P

w 

## ]*[P

w ,u 

## ]

W here

H

w,u 

### = Number of homes with wood stoves that are actually in use

H total 

### = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

P

w 

### = Percent of homes with a wood stove

P

w,u 

### = Percent of homes with a wood stove that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

. 

## 2 .2. Determine the amount of wood burned in wood stov es.

F or wood stoves, we assume that only cord wood is burned , because survey data indicate that

wood stove owners do not purchase bundles of wood (OMNI, 2003). In addition, wax/sawdust

manufactured logs are not recommended for use in wood stoves (HPBA, 2009b). There are three

types of wood stoves that are addressed in this methodology:

7.1-5

## (1) Conventional Wood Stoves

(2) Phase II Catalytic Wood Stoves

(3) Phase II Non -Catalytic Wood Stoves

Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for wo od stoves.

2.2.1. Wood Stoves - Cord Wood

This methodology assumes that all wood stoves in use burn cord wood. In addition, it is

assumed that wood stoves are used for heating purposes only. Provided below is a method to

determine the cord wood consumption rate for wood stoves.

Total Cord Wood Consumption for All Wood Stoves

Equation 9 : F

w 

## = [H

w,u 

## ]*[N cord 

## ]*[W cord 

## ]

Where

F

w 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

H

w,u 

### = Number of homes with wood stoves that are actually in use

N cord 

### = Number of cords burned in wood stoves, cords/home/year

W cord 

### = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1. 54 tons/cord (OMNI, 200 6 )



## Cord Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 10 : F

w,con 

## = [F

w 

## ]*[100% - P ph 

## ]

Where

F

w,con 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in conventional wood stoves, tons wood/year

F

w 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II



## Note: It is assumed that all wood stoves purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are conventional

non- catalytic units and all wood stoves purchased on or after 1 July 1990 are Phase II

EPA

- certified units (catalytic and non- catalytic) . Therefore, the estimated percentage of

conventional wood stoves is [100% - P ph 

## ].

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 11 : F w,cat 

## = [F

w 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[P

c 

## ]

Where

F w,cat 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II catalytic wood stoves, tons wood/year

F

w 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II

P

c 

### = Percent of wood stoves that are catalytic



## Note: It is assumed that all wood stoves purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were

conventional non- catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic wood stoves was

only applied to Phase II wood stoves purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Non- Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 12 : F w,ncat 

## = [ F

w 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[100% - P

c 

## ]

W here



## 7.1-6

### F w,ncat 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II non

- catalytic wood stoves, tons wood/year

F

w 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II (i.e., purchased after 1 July 1990)

P

c 

### = Percent of wood stoves that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 3.0. F IREPLACE INSERTS

3 .1. Determine the number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually used.

Equation 13 : H fi ,u 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P fi 

## ]*[P fi ,u 

## ]

W here

H fi,u 

### = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

H total 

### = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

P fi 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace insert

P fi,u 

### = Percent of homes with a fireplace insert that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 3 .2. Determine the amount of wood burned in fireplace inserts

.

Fo r fireplace inserts, we assume that three types of fuel are primarily burned: (1) cord wood; (2)

bundle wood; and (3) compressed sawdust logs which are 100% sawdust and wood shavings

with no wax or binders (e.g., Pres -to Logs, Eco-Logs, etc.).

Similar to wood stoves, t here are three types of fireplace inserts that are addressed in this

methodology:

( 1) Conventional Fireplace Insert s

(2) Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

(3) Phase II Non

- Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

E missions for fireplace inserts are reported under EIC 610-600-0230-0000, the general wood

stove category. Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for fireplace

inserts.

3.2.1. Fireplace Insert s - Cord Wood

This methodology assumes that fireplace insert s burn cord wood for heating purposes only.

Provided below is a method to determine the cord wood consumption rate for fireplace insert s.

Total Cord Wood Consumption for All Fireplace Insert s

Equation 14 : F fi ,cord 

## = [H fi ,u 

## ]*[N cord 

## ] *[W cord 

## ]

W here

F fi,cord 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

H fi,u 

### = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

N cord 

### = Number of cords burned in fireplace inserts, cords/home/year

W cord 

### = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1. 54 tons/cord (OMNI, 200 6 )



## 7.1-7

## Cord Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 15 : F fi ,con 

## = [F fi,cord 

## ]*[100% - P ph 

## ]

W here

F fi,con 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in conventional fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,cord 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II



## Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are

conventional non-catalytic units and all fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July

1990 are Phase II EPA- certified units (catalytic and non -catalytic). Therefore, the

estimated percentage of conventional fireplace insert s is [100% - P ph 

## ].

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 16 : F fi ,cat 

## = [F fi,cord 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[P

c 

## ]

Where

F fi,cat 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,cord 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

P

c 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic



## Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were

conventional non-catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic firepla ce inserts

was only applied to Phase II fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Non- Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 17 : F fi ,ncat 

## = [ F fi,cord 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[100% - P

c 

## ]

Where

F fi,ncat 

### = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II non

- catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,cord 

### = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II (i.e., purchased after 1 July 1990)

P

c 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

. 

## 3.2.2. Fireplace Insert s - Bundle Wood

Bundle wood is typically purchased from a retail store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in

plastic. Depending on the type of survey data available, bundle wood may be included with cord

wood or it may be broken out separately. This methodology assumes that 9 .4 % of fireplaces

burn bundle wood in addition to cord wood, based on average survey results (OMNI, 2003).

However, this percentage may change if m ore detailed usage data are available. Average s urvey

results may also be used to estimate the averag e consumption rate for bundles of wood (OMNI,

2003). Provided below is a method to determine the bundle wood consumption rate for fireplace

insert s.

Total Bundle Wood Consumption for All Fireplace Insert s

Equation 18 : F fi,b undle 

## = [H fi ,u 

## ] *[P f i,bundle 

## ]*[N bundle 

## ]*[W bundle 

## ]

7.1-8

### Where

F fi,bundle 

### = Amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

H fi,u 

### = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

P fi,bundle 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that burn bundle wood = 9.4%, default (OMNI, 2003)

N bundle 

### = Number of bundles burned in fireplaces, bundles/home/year

W bundle 

### = Weight of an average bundle of wood = 0.0 24 ton/bundle (assuming 1 bundle = 1/64 of a

cord or 1ft.x1ft.x2ft.) (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## Bundle Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 19 : F fi,con ,b 

## = [F fi,bundle 

## ]*[100% - P ph 

## ]

W here

F fi,con ,b 

### = Amount of bundle wood burned in conventional fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,bundle 

### = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II



## Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are

conventional non-catalytic units and all fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July

1990 are Phase II EPA- certified units (catalytic and non -catalytic). Therefore, the

estimated percentage of conventional fireplace inserts is [100% - P ph 

## ].

Bundle Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 20 : F fi,cat,b 

## = [F fi, bundle 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[P

c 

## ]

W here

F fi,cat ,b 

### = Amount of bundle wood burned in Phase II catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,bundle 

### = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

P

c 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic



## Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were

conventional non-catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic fireplace inserts

was only applied to Phase II fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

Bundle Wood Consumption for Phase II Non-Catalytic Fireplace Insert s

Equation 21 : F fi,ncat ,b 

## = [ F fi, bundle 

## ]*[P ph 

## ]*[100% - P

c 

## ]

W here

F fi,ncat ,b 

### = Amount of bundle wood burned in Phase II non

- catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

F fi,bundle 

### = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

P ph 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

P

c 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 3.2.3. Fireplace Inserts – Compressed Wood Logs

Compressed Wood Logs are made from 100% compressed sawdust and wood shavings (e.g.,

Pres -to Logs, Eco- Logs, etc. ). Survey data are available to estimate average consumption rates

for compressed wood logs (OMNI, 2003). The use of compressed wood logs is very limited,

when compared to the other fuels, and emissions from compressed wood logs often represent a

7.1-9

## negligible part of the emissions inventory. For that reason, this methodology estimates an

overall consumptio n rate, rather than allocating the compressed wood log usage among different

types of fireplace inserts (conventional, catalytic, non- catalytic). Provided below is a method to

determine the overall compressed wood log consumption rate for fireplace insert s.

E quation 22 : F fi,c wl 

## = [H fi ,u 

## ] *[P f i,cwl 

## ]*[N

cw l 

## ] *[W

cw l 

## ]

W here

F fi,cwl 

### = Amount of compressed wood logs burned in fireplace inserts, tons/year

H fi,u 

### = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

P fi,cwl 

### = Percent of fireplace inserts that burn compressed wood logs

N cwl 

### = Number of compressed wood logs burned in fireplace inserts, logs/home/year

W cwl 

### = Weight of an average compressed wood log = 5 lbs/log or 0.0025 tons/log (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 4.0 P ELLET S TOVES

4 .1 Determine the number of homes with wood

- burning pellet stoves that are actually used.

Equation 23 : H

ps ,u 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P

ps 

## ]*[P

ps ,u 

## ]

W here

H

ps,u 

### = Number of homes with pellet stoves that are actually in use

H total 

### = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

P

ps 

### = Percent of homes with a pellet stove

P

ps,u 

### = Percent of homes with a pellet stove that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## 4 .2. Determine the amount of wood burned in pellet stoves.

The methodology assume s that all pellet stoves in use burn only one type of fuel

– compressed

wood pellets. Survey data are available to estimate average consump tion rates for sacks of

pellets (OMNI, 2003). Provided below is a method to determine the consumption rate for sacks

of pellets used in pellet stoves:

Equation 24 : F

ps 

## = [H

p s,u 

## ]*[ N sacks 

## ] *[W sack 

## ]

Where

H

ps,u 

### = Number of homes with pellet stoves that are actually in use

F

ps 

### = Amount of pellets burned in pellet stoves, tons/year

N sacks 

### = Number of sacks of pellets burned in pellet stoves, sacks/home/year

W sack 

### = Weight of an average sack of pellets = 40 lbs/sack or 0.02 tons/sack (HPBA, 2009c)

Appendix A contains the default and region

- specific non

- default values for the variables

.



## E missions for pellet stoves are reported under EIC 610-600-0230-0000, the general wood stove

category

.

7.1-10

## 5.0 E MISSION S CALCULATIONS

A fter fuel consumption data are determined as described above, emissions are calculated using

the following general equation:

Equation 25 : E = [ EF ]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

W here

E

= Emissions, tons/year

F

= Amount of fuel burned, tons/year

EF

= Emission Factor, lbs pollutant/ton fuel burned



## T able 1 contains default values for emission factors. These factors have been updated to reflect

data used by U.S. EPA to develop the 2002 National Emission Inventory (NEI) and information

from other wood combustion studies. It is important to note that U.S. EPA emission factors

assume that Total PM, PM 10 

## and PM 2.5 

## are all equivalent. This is not consistent with ARB’s

designated particulate size fractions for residential wood combustion ([PM 10 

## ] = 0.935*[Total

PM]; [PM 2.5 

## ] = 0.9001*[Total PM]). To ensure consistency with ARB size fractions, emission

factors have been adjusted to correspond to the appropriate size fraction. For example, if U.S.

EPA provided an emission factor fo r the PM 10 

## size fraction, we determined the corresponding

PM 2.5 

## emission factor by applying the ratio of size fractions (PM 2.5 

## /PM 10 

## = 0.9001/0.935 ). Using

this approach, PM 2.5 

## emission factors are 96.3% of PM 10 

## emission factors

.

T able 2 contains 2005 estimated fuel use and emissions for fireplaces. Table 3 contains 2005

estimated fuel use and emissions for wood stoves (including wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and

pellet stoves). Detailed data on fuel use and emissions are presented in Appendix A.

7.1-11

## Table 1 Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors

EMISSION FACTORS (lbs/ton fuel burned)

Device Description Fuel Type CO NO X 

## PM 2.5 

## PM 10 

## SO 2 

## VOC /

ROG NH 3



## Fireplace Cord Wood,

Bundles 1 49 4 

## 2.6 2 

## 2 2

. 7 7 

## 23.6 1 

## 0.4 2 

## 18. 9 4 ,8 

## 1. 8 3



## Fireplace Manufactured

Log 1 37 4 

## 6

. 5 4 

## 46 .4 7 

## 48

. 2 4 

## 4.2 4 

## 3 3

. 8 4 

## 0.004 4



## Woodstove: Conventional

(non

- EPA certified) Cord Wood 230.8 5 

## 2.8 5 

## 29

. 5 7 

## 30.6 5 

## 0.4 5 

## 53 5 

## 1.7 3



## Woodstove: Phase II EPA

certified, Non

- Catalytic Cord Wood 140.8 5 

## 2. 28 4 

## 14. 1 7 

## 14.6 5 

## 0.4 5 

## 12 5 

## 0

. 9 3



## Woodstove: Phase II EPA

certified, Catalytic Cord Wood 10 4.4 1 

## 2 5 

## 1 9

. 6 7 

## 20.4 5,9 

## 0.4 5 

## 15 5 

## 0. 9 3



## Fireplace Inserts:

Conventional (non

- EPA

certified) Cord Wood,

Bundles 230.8 5 

## 2.8 5 

## 29.5 7 

## 30.6 5 

## 0.4 5 

## 53 5 

## 1.7 3



## Fireplace Inserts: Phase II

EPA certified; Non

- Catalytic Cord Wood,

Bundles 140.8 5 

## 2. 28 4 

## 14.1 7 

## 14.6 5 

## 0.4 5 

## 12 5 

## 0.9 3



## Fireplace Inserts: Phase II

EPA certified; Catalytic Cord Wood,

Bundles 104.4 1 

## 2 5 

## 19.6 7 

## 20.4 5 ,9 

## 0.4 5 

## 15 5 

## 0.9 3



## Fireplace Inserts: All Compressed

Wood Log 201.2 6 

## 2.8 5 

## 25.0 7 

## 26.0 6,7 

## 0.4 5 

## 15.1 6 

## 1.7 3



## Pellet Stove Pellets 15.9 4 

## 3.8 4 

## 2

. 9 7 

## 3. 06 4 

## 0.3 2 4 

## 0.04 4 

## 0.3 3,4



### References and Notes :

1. 20 02 National Emission Inventory (Pechan, 2006; Broderick, 2005)

2 . U .S. EPA AP

- 42 Section 1.9 (U.S EPA, 1996b)

3. U .S. EPA Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EC/R, 2002; EIIP, 2004)

4

. M id

- Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) study (Houck, 2006)

5 . U .S. EPA AP

- 42 Section 1.10 (U.S EPA, 1996a) and Houck, J.E., J. Crouch, and R.H. Huntley. 2001. Review of

Wood Heater and Fireplace Emission Factors

. 6

. O regon Department of Energy study (Barnett, 1992). Note: ARB PM Speciation Profile #424 was used to convert

from Total PM to PM 10 

### (ARB, 2005).

7 . This emission factor was adjusted to match ARB’s particulate size fractions.

8. U .S. EPA 2005 NEI Technical Support Document (U.S. EPA, 2010)

9

. F or wood stoves classified as “Catalytic

- Phase II”, U.S. EPA AP

- 42 lists a PM 10 

### emission factor of 16.2 lb/ton.

Since the deterioration of the catalyst in these stoves can result in higher emissions, ARB staff are using the mor e

co nservative AP

- 42 emission factor for “Catalytic

– All” wood stoves (20.4 lb/ton).

10

. T he EIIP document did not include an ammonia emission factor for Phase II Catalytic wood stoves. Therefore,

i t was assumed that the ammonia emission factor for Phase II Non

- Catalytic wood stoves w as appropriate for

Phase II Catalytic wood stoves

. 11 . The Oregon Dept. of Energy study did not include NO X 

### or SO 2 

### emission factors for fireplace inserts burning

compressed wood logs. Therefore, it was assumed that the emission factors for conventional fireplaces with

inserts were appropriate for estimating emissions.

12

. [ Total PM] = [PM 10 

### ]/[0.935]; [Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385 [ ARB S peciation Profile #424 ]

13

. “ Outdoor wood burning device s” include chimeneas, patio firepits

, etc. For these devices, it was assumed that

the emission factors for fireplaces without inserts were appropriate for estimating emissions

. 14

. A mmonia emission factors were generally estimated by using a molar ratio of ammonia to carbon monoxide,

based on emissions data from the combus tion of forest fuels (EC/R, 2002; EIIP, 2004).



## 7.1-12

## The emission factors provided in Table 1 are based on the mass of fuel burned and they may not

provide an accurate basis for comparison among different types of wood burning devices or

different fuels . For example, the emission factors for manufactured logs may be higher than for

cord wood, but fireplace users may burn only one manufactured log to provide the same type of

fire that would otherwise require several pieces of cord wood. Similarly, the e mission factors for

wood stoves may be higher than those for fireplaces, but wood stoves are much more efficient

for heating purposes and studies show that certified wood stoves produce lower emissions per

unit of heat delivered when compared to fireplaces or conventional stoves (Houck, 1998 ; Houck,

2005).

6.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Estimating Annual Emissions for Residential Fireplaces : El Dorado County (Mountain Counties)

I n 2005, El Dorad o County had 65,962 houses (14,220 in the Lake Tahoe Air Basin and 51,742

houses in the Mountain Counties Air Basin). A survey was conducted in 2001 that gathered data

for the Sacramento Valley area, including El Dorado County (OMNI, 2003). Based on that

survey data, the emission calculations for wood- burning fireplaces are provided below for the

Mountain Counties Air Basin portion of El Dorado County:

Fr om Equation 1 , determine the number of fireplaces that are actually being used in El Dorado

County (Mountain Counties Air Basin portion) :

FP all 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P fp 

## ]*[P fp,u 

## ] *[M fp 

## ]

Based on survey data, 39% of homes in El Dorado County have fireplaces and 71% of those

fireplaces are being used (OMNI, 2003). Also, the average number of fireplaces per home is 1.1,

to account for the fact that some homes have multiple fireplaces (OMNI, 2003).

FP all 

## = [51,742]*[39%]*[71%]*[1.1] = 15,760 f ireplaces in use

Fo r c ord wood and bundle wood, use Equations 2 and 4 to determine the number of fireplaces

being used for aesthetic and heating purposes :

FP

ae s 

## = [ FP all 

## ]*[P f p,cord 

## ]*[P f p,aes 

## ]

FP heat 

## = [ FP all 

## ]*[P f p,cord 

## ]* [P fp,heat 

## ]

S urvey data indicate that 56% of the fireplaces in El Dorado County are used for aesthetic

purposes and the remaining 44% are used for heating purposes (OMNI, 2003). Also, it is

estimated that 88% of fireplaces burn primarily cord wood (Houck, 2001b).

FP

ae s 

## = [15,760 fireplace s]*[88%] *[ 56%]

= 7,767 firepla ces used for aesthetic purposes

FP heat 

## = [ 15,760 fireplac es ]*[88%]*[44%]

= 6,102 fireplaces used for heating purposes

U se Equations 3 and 5 to determine the amount of cord wood and bundle wood burned in

fireplaces for aesthetic and heating purposes:

7.1-13

## F

aes 

## = [ FP

aes 

## ]*[N cord,aes 

## ] *[W cord 

## ]

F heat 

## = [ FP heat 

## ]*[ N cord,heat 

## ]*[W cord 

## ]

The methodology for U.S. EPA’s 2002 National Emission Inventory assumes that two different

consumption rates should be used for fireplaces burning cord wood: 0.656 cords/fireplace/year

for heating and 0.069 cords/fireplace/year for aesthetic purposes (Houck, 2001a; Pechan, 2006).

The average weight for a cord of wood is assumed to be 1.54 tons/cord (OMNI, 2006 ).

F

aes 

## = [7,767 fireplaces ]*[0.069 cords/fireplace/year ]*[1.54 tons/cord]

= 825 tons burned/year for aesthetic purposes

F heat 

## = [6,102 fireplaces ]*[0.656 cords/fireplace/year ]*[1.54 tons/cord]

= 6,165 tons burned/year for heating

U sing Equation 25, calculate emissions from fireplaces burning cord wood:

E = [EF]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

From Table 1, the PM2.5 emission factor is 2 2.7 lbs PM2.5/ton burned

E = [2 2.7 lbs PM2.5/ton]*[825 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton

= 9 tons PM2.5 /year for aesthetic purposes

E = [2 2.7 lbs PM2.5/ton]*[6,165 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton

= 70 tons PM2.5 /year for heating

F or manufactured logs, use Equations 6 and 7 to determine the number of fireplaces being used

for aesthetic and heating purposes:

Equation 6 : H fp,ml 

## = [H total 

## ]*[P fp 

## ]*[P fp,u 

## ]*[P f p,ml 

## ]

It is estimated that 12% of homes that use their fireplace primarily burn manufactured logs

(Houck, 2001b).

H fp,m l 

## = [51,742 homes]*[39%]*[71%] *[ 12%]= 1,719 homes for El Dorado County

(Mountain Counties Air Basin portion)

H fp,ml,statewide total 

## = 377,085 homes statewide

Equation 7 : F ml 

## = ( [H fp,m l ,each COABDIS 

## ]/ [H fp,m l ,statewide total 

## ])*[ CA Mfrd. Log Sales 

## ]

F ml 

## = ( [1,719 homes]/[377,085 homes])*[60,825 tons/yr] = 277 tons burned/year

U sing Equation 25, calculate emissions from fireplaces burning manufactured logs:

E = [EF]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

From Table 1, the PM 2.5 

## emission factor is 46.4 lbs PM 2.5 

## /ton burned

E = [ 46.4 lbs PM 2.5 

## /ton]*[ 277 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton = 6.4 tons PM 2.5 

## /year

T otal emissions from fireplaces in El Dorado County (Mountain Counties Air Basin portion ):

E = 9 + 70 + 6 = 8 6 tons PM 2.5 

## /year

7.1-14

## Table 2: Fireplaces

– 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air Basin) Cord

Wood Mfrd.

Logs Total All

Fuels CO NO X PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 ROG NH 3

GBV GBU Alpine 161 7 168 12 0 2 2 0 2 0

GBV GBU Inyo 1,719 73 1,792 133 2 21 22 0 17 2

GBV GBU Mono 1,858 79 1,937 144 3 23 24 1 19 2

LC LAK Lake 4,053 172 4,226 314 6 50 52 1 41 4

LT ED El Dorado (LT) 1,921 77 1,998 148 3 24 25 1 19 2

LT PLA Placer (LT) 811 33 843 63 1 10 10 0 8 1

MC AMA Amador 3,259 138 3,398 252 5 40 42 1 33 3

MC CAL Calaveras 3,037 129 3,166 235 4 37 39 1 31 3

MC ED El Dorado (MC) 6,990 281 7,271 540 10 86 89 2 71 6

MC MPA Mariposa 1,190 51 1,240 92 2 15 15 0 12 1

MC NSI Nevada 6,566 279 6,845 508 9 81 84 2 67 6

MC NSI Plumas 2,896 123 3,019 224 4 36 37 1 29 3

MC NSI Sierra 422 18 440 33 1 5 5 0 4 0

MC PLA Placer (MC) 1,459 59 1,518 113 2 18 19 0 15 1

MC TUO Tuolumne 3,606 153 3,760 279 5 45 46 1 37 3

MD AV Los Angeles (MD) 367 374 741 53 2 13 13 1 10 0

MD KER Kern (MD) 2,351 86 2,437 181 3 29 30 1 24 2

MD MOJ Riverside (MD) 39 34 72 5 0 1 1 0 1 0

MD MOJ San Bernardino

(MD) 819 708 1,527 110 3 26 27 2 20 1

MD SC Riverside (MD) 23 20 43 3 0 1 1 0 1 0

NC MEN Mendocino 8,223 349 8,573 637 12 102 105 2 84 7

NC NCU Del Norte 2,549 108 2,657 197 4 31 33 1 26 2

NC NCU Humboldt 10,404 442 10,846 805 15 128 133 3 106 9

NC NCU Trinity 1,886 80 1,966 146 3 23 24 1 19 2

NC NS Sonoma (NC) 4,720 141 4,861 361 7 57 59 1 47 4

NCC MBU Monterey 17,909 760 18,669 1,386 26 221 230 5 182 16

NCC MBU San Benito 2,513 107 2,619 194 4 31 32 1 26 2

NCC MBU Santa Cruz 18,841 800 19,641 1,458 27 233 242 5 192 17

NEP LAS Lassen 2,876 122 2,998 223 4 36 37 1 29 3

NEP MOD Modoc 980 42 1,022 76 1 12 13 0 10 1

NEP SIS Siskiyou 5,504 234 5,737 426 8 68 71 2 56 5

SC SC Los Angeles (SC) 12,031 12,045 24,076 1,721 55 416 432 28 317 11

SC SC Orange 5,907 6,024 11,931 853 27 207 215 14 158 5

SC SC Riverside (SC) 2,965 2,564 5,530 397 12 93 97 6 71 3

SC SC San Bernardino (SC) 2,855 2,469 5,325 382 12 90 93 6 69 3

SCC SB Santa Barbara 10,276 1,066 11,342 839 17 141 147 4 115 9

SCC SLO San Luis Obispo 17,360 737 18,098 1,344 25 214 223 5 177 16

SCC VEN Ventura 32,306 1,372 33,678 2,501 46 399 414 9 328 29

SD SD San Diego 5,683 5,189 10,872 779 24 185 192 12 141 5

SF BA Alameda 49,507 2,477 51,983 3,858 72 620 644 15 510 45

SF BA Contra Costa 94,221 2,316 96,536 7,178 130 1,124 1,168 24 930 85

SF BA Marin 8,479 806 9,285 687 14 115 119 3 94 8

SF BA Napa 8,995 310 9,305 691 13 109 114 2 90 8

SF BA San Francisco 6,181 1,112 7,294 537 12 96 100 4 77 6

SF BA San Mateo 16,689 1,897 18,586 1,373 28 234 243 7 190 15

SF BA Santa Clara 70,647 2,643 73,290 5,444 100 864 897 20 712 64

SF BA Solano (SF) 19,433 564 19,997 1,486 27 234 243 5 193 17

SF BA Sonoma (SF) 31,913 952 32,866 2,443 45 385 400 8 318 29

SJV SJU Fresno 49,461 715 50,176 3,734 67 578 601 11 479 45

SJV SJU Kern (SJV) 29,189 422 29,611 2,204 39 341 355 7 283 26

SJV SJU Kings 5,752 83 5,835 434 8 67 70 1 56 5

SJV SJU Madera 7,325 106 7,430 553 10 86 89 2 71 7

SJV SJU Merced 12,920 187 13,106 975 17 151 157 3 125 12

SJV SJU San Joaquin 69,428 1,003 70,431 5,241 94 812 843 16 673 62

SJV SJU Stanislaus 41,253 596 41,849 3,114 56 482 501 10 400 37

SJV SJU Tulare 29,252 423 29,675 2,208 39 342 355 7 284 26

SS IMP Imperial 876 59 935 69 1 11 12 0 9 1

SS SC Riverside (SS) 807 698 1,506 108 3 25 26 2 19 1

SV BUT Butte 11,548 464 12,012 892 17 142 147 3 117 10

SV COL Colusa 894 36 930 69 1 11 11 0 9 1



## 7.1-15

## Table 2: Fireplaces

– 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air Basin) Cord

Wood Mfrd.

Logs Total All

Fuels CO NO X PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 ROG NH 3

SV FR Sutter 4,023 162 4,184 311 6 49 51 1 41 4

SV FR Yuba 2,975 120 3,094 230 4 37 38 1 30 3

SV GLE Glenn 1,284 52 1,336 99 2 16 16 0 13 1

SV PLA Placer (SV) 6,854 658 7,513 556 11 93 97 3 76 6

SV SAC Sacramento 33,252 3,194 36,446 2,696 54 452 469 13 368 30

SV SHA Shasta 9,216 370 9,586 712 13 113 118 3 93 8

SV TEH Tehama 3,027 122 3,149 234 4 37 39 1 31 3

SV YS Solano (SV) 3,282 315 3,598 266 5 45 46 1 36 3

SV YS Yolo 4,386 421 4,807 356 7 60 62 2 49 4

Totals (tons/year) = 842,407 60,825 903,233 66,926 1,293 10,981 11,406 296 8,989 758

Totals (Annual Avg. tons/day) = 2,308 167 2,475 183 4 30 31 1 25 2

E mission Inventory Code (EIC): 610

- 60 2- 0230

- 0000

[Total PM] = [PM 10 ]/[0.935], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[PM 2.5 ] = [Total PM]*[0.9001] = [PM 10 ]*[0.9001/0.935] = [PM 10 ]*[0.963], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385, per ARB organic profile code #549



## Table 3 : All Wood Stoves

– 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

(includes Wood Stoves, Fireplace Inserts, and Pellet Stoves)

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air

Basin) Cord

Wood:

Convn tl. Cord

Wood:

Phase II,

Non

Catalytic Cord

Wood:

Phase II,

Catalytic Comp

. Wood

Logs Pellets Total for

All Fuels CO NO X PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 ROG NH 3

GBV GBU Alpine 115 72 26 0 0 212 20 0 2 3 0 4 0

GBV GBU Inyo 1,225 767 276 1 0 2,268 210 3 26 27 0 39 2

GBV GBU Mono 1,324 830 298 1 0 2,452 227 3 28 29 0 42 2

LC LAK Lake 5,148 3,251 1,134 3 0 9,535 882 12 110 114 2 164 6

LT ED El Dorado

(LT) 3,732 2,148 722 5 114 6,721 621 9 77 80 1 117 4

LT PLA Placer (LT) 1,575 906 305 2 48 2,836 262 4 33 34 1 49 2

MC AMA Amador 4,270 2,717 921 2 0 7,910 732 10 91 95 2 136 5

MC CAL Calaveras 6,660 4,250 1,423 2 0 12,335 1,142 16 142 147 2 213 8

MC ED El Dorado

(MC) 13,579 7,818 2,628 18 414 24,456 2,260 31 282 292 5 427 16

MC MPA Mariposa 1,534 969 338 1 189 3,030 264 4 33 34 1 49 2

MC NSI Nevada 9,992 6,336 2,176 4 0 18,507 1,713 23 213 221 4 319 12

MC NSI Plumas 4,129 2,631 887 1 0 7,648 708 10 88 91 2 132 5

MC NSI Sierra 301 189 68 0 0 557 52 1 6 7 0 10 0

MC PLA Placer (MC) 2,834 1,632 548 4 86 5,104 472 7 59 61 1 89 3

MC TUO Tuolumne 8,322 5,315 1,774 2 0 15,413 1,427 19 177 184 3 266 10

MD AV Los Angeles

(MD) 998 178 88 0 0 1,264 132 2 17 17 0 28 1

MD KER Kern (MD) 863 428 41 0 0 1,332 132 2 16 17 0 26 1

MD MOJ Riverside

(MD) 199 35 17 0 0 251 26 0 3 3 0 6 0

MD MOJ San

Bernardino

(MD) 4,488 799 394 0 0 5,682 595 8 76 79 1 127 4

MD SC Riverside

(MD) 119 21 10 0 0 151 16 0 2 2 0 3 0

NC MEN Mendocino 11,927 7,601 2,560 4 0 22,092 2,046 28 254 264 4 381 15

NC NCU Del Norte 2,587 1,638 567 1 0 4,793 444 6 55 57 1 83 3

NC NCU Humboldt 14,467 8,960 2,204 5 0 25,635 2,416 33 298 309 5 454 17

NC NCU Trinity 1,343 842 302 1 0 2,489 230 3 29 30 0 43 2

NC NS Sonoma (NC) 2,600 3,089 1,262 0 731 7,682 589 10 73 76 2 97 4

NCC MBU Monterey 9,158 5,666 2,136 9 0 16,969 1,568 21 196 203 3 293 11

NCC MBU San Benito 1,722 1,078 389 1 0 3,190 295 4 37 38 1 55 2

NCC MBU Santa Cruz 12,567 7,858 2,847 9 0 23,281 2,153 29 268 279 5 402 16



## 7.1-16

## Table 3 : All Wood Stoves

– 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

(includes Wood Stoves, Fireplace Inserts, and Pellet Stoves)

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air

Basin) Cord

Wood:

Convn tl. Cord

Wood:

Phase II,

Non

Catalytic Cord

Wood:

Phase II,

Catalytic Comp

. Wood

Logs Pellets Total for

All Fuels CO NO X PM 2.5 PM 10 SO 2 ROG NH 3

NEP LAS Lassen 4,087 2,603 878 1 0 7,569 701 10 87 91 2 131 5

NEP MOD Modoc 698 438 157 0 0 1,293 120 2 15 15 0 22 1

NEP SIS Siskiyou 7,504 4,777 1,615 3 0 13,900 1,287 18 160 166 3 240 9

SC SC Los Angeles

(SC) 32,280 5,749 2,832 0 0 40,860 4,278 55 544 565 8 911 31

SC SC Orange 6,015 1,071 528 0 0 7,614 797 10 101 105 2 170 6

SC SC Riverside

(SC) 15,173 2,702 1,331 0 0 19,207 2,011 26 256 265 4 428 15

SC SC San

Bernardino

(SC) 15,650 2,787 1,373 0 0 19,810 2,074 26 264 274 4 442 15

SCC SB Santa Barbara 8,830 5,637 1,885 0 0 16,352 1,514 21 188 195 3 282 11

SCC SLO San Luis

Obispo 9,552 5,928 2,208 9 0 17,697 1,636 22 204 212 4 305 12

SCC VEN Ventura 9,590 5,733 2,436 16 0 17,775 1,639 22 206 214 4 307 12

SD SD San Diego 31,486 5,608 2,762 0 0 39,856 4,173 53 530 551 8 889 31

SF BA Alameda 370 440 180 0 31,096 32,086 330 60 56 58 5 14 5

SF BA Contra Costa 10,823 12,862 5,254 0 15,272 44,211 2,550 64 324 336 8 404 20

SF BA Marin 13,531 16,080 6,568 0 4,042 40,220 3,068 52 383 398 8 504 22

SF BA Napa 4,643 5,517 2,254 0 1,619 14,033 1,055 18 132 137 3 173 8

SF BA San Francisco 347 412 168 0 12,052 12,979 174 24 27 28 2 13 2

SF BA San Mateo 4,458 5,298 2,164 0 18,696 30,617 1,149 50 152 158 5 167 10

SF BA Santa Clara 7,927 9,420 3,848 0 19,274 40,469 1,932 62 249 259 7 296 16

SF BA Solano (SF) 692 823 336 0 1,994 3,845 171 6 22 23 1 26 1

SF BA Sonoma (SF) 17,578 20,889 8,532 0 4,941 51,941 3,984 66 497 516 10 655 29

SJV SJU Fresno 9,274 4,599 438 0 0 14,311 1,417 19 173 180 3 277 10

SJV SJU Kern (SJV) 4,214 2,090 199 0 0 6,503 644 8 79 82 1 126 5

SJV SJU Kings 614 304 29 0 0 947 94 1 11 12 0 18 1

SJV SJU Madera 3,835 1,902 181 0 0 5,919 586 8 72 74 1 114 4

SJV SJU Merced 6,921 3,432 327 0 0 10,680 1,057 14 129 134 2 206 8

SJV SJU San Joaquin 4,351 2,158 206 0 0 6,714 665 9 81 84 1 130 5

SJV SJU Stanislaus 8,180 4,057 387 0 0 12,624 1,250 16 153 159 3 244 9

SJV SJU Tulare 17,215 8,538 814 0 0 26,567 2,630 35 322 334 5 514 19

SS IMP Imperial 91 16 8 0 0 115 12 0 2 2 0 3 0

SS SC Riverside

(SS) 4,091 729 359 0 0 5,179 542 7 69 72 1 115 4

SV BUT Butte 22,433 12,915 4,341 30 684 40,402 3,733 52 465 483 8 705 27

SV COL Colusa 1,737 1,000 336 2 53 3,128 289 4 36 37 1 55 2

SV FR Sutter 7,814 4,499 1,512 10 238 14,074 1,300 18 162 168 3 245 9

SV FR Yuba 5,779 3,327 1,118 8 176 10,408 962 13 120 124 2 182 7

SV GLE Glenn 2,495 1,436 483 3 76 4,493 415 6 52 54 1 78 3

SV PLA Placer (SV) 14,852 7,005 4,874 60 3,901 30,692 2,499 41 322 335 6 473 19

SV SAC Sacramento

72,052 33,982 23,644 291 18,923 148,892 12,12

1 200 1,564 1,624 29 2,293 90

SV SHA Shasta 17,904 10,307 3,464 24 546 32,245 2,979 41 371 386 6 562 22

SV TEH Tehama 5,881 3,386 1,138 8 179 10,592 979 14 122 127 2 185 7

SV YS Solano (SV) 7,112 3,354 2,334 29 1,868 14,697 1,196 20 154 160 3 226 9

SV YS Yolo 9,503 4,482 3,119 38 2,496 19,638 1,599 26 206 214 4 302 12

Totals (tons/year) = 555,358 306,317 122,958 609 139,708 1,124,949 93,243 1,516 11,753 12,209 219 17,484 687

Totals (Ann

. Avg. tons/day) = 255 4 32 33 1 48 2

E mission Inventory Code (EIC): 610

- 600

- 0230

- 0000

[Total PM] = [PM 10 ]/[0.935], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[PM 2.5 ] = [Total PM]*[0.9001] = [PM 10 ]*[0.9001/0.935] = [PM 10 ]*[0.963], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385, per ARB organic profile code #549



## 7.1-17

# A LTERNATIVE METHOD – U nited States Census Bureau American

Housing Survey Data

T he P referred Method described in Sections 1 through 4 above is based on survey data that have

become available since 2000, primarily for areas in Northern and Central California where

residential wood combustion is more prevalent. In Southern California, fewer surveys have been

conducted in recent years to gather activity data for residential wood combustion. For these

areas

, ARB used an alternative method based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American

Housing Survey (AHS) to estimate wood consumption. This alternative method has been used

by U.S. EPA to develop nationwide emissions estimates (Houck, 2001a, 2001b). AHS reports

are available for several large metropolitan areas in California and they include the number of

housing un its with fireplaces and stoves. Additional data (e.g., the number of homes that use

wood as a heating fuel) can be obtained through the U.S. Census Bureau’s American FactFinder

tool.



# T EMPORAL INFORMATION

M ost residential wood burning occurs during the cold season (typically in the fall, winter and

early spring). To determine monthly emissions throughout the year , multiply annual average

emissions b y the monthly temporal factors. Daily emissions (tons/day) are calculated by ARB’s

emission forecasting system, based on the applicable temporal profile and the season (annual

average, winter, or summer). Default temporal factors are provided below:

Table 4: Default Temporal Profiles (%)

EIC Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

61060002300000 18

. 2 18

. 2 12

. 7 9

. 1 0 0 0 0 0 9

. 1 14

. 5 18

. 2

61060202300000 18

. 2 18

. 2 12

. 7 9

. 1 0 0 0 0 0 9

. 1 14

. 5 18

. 2



## S everal districts have established local temporal profiles that differ from the defaults shown

above. These local profiles are provided below:

Table 5: Other Temporal Profiles (%)

Dis County Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

NS SONOMA 17.8 17.8 14.3 10.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.3

SHA SHASTA 17.8 17.8 14.3 10.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.3

SJU FRESNO 25.2 16.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 0. 5 0 0 0.2 1. 7 27.5 26.3

SJU KERN 25.7 16 2.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0 0 0 2 23.5 28.9

SJU KINGS 24.9 16.1 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0 0 0.1 1.8 26 28

SJU MADERA 25 16.3 1.8 0.5 0. 5 0.5 0 0 0.2 1.8 27.5 25.9

SJU MERCED 25 17.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0 0 0.1 1.8 26.6 26

SJU SAN JOAQUIN 23.6 16.9 1.8 0.5 0.5 0. 5 0 0 0.3 1.8 28 26.1

SJU STANISLAUS 25.4 17 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.2 1.8 25.3 27

SJU TULARE 25 16.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.1 1.8 26.3 27.2



## T o estimate emissions for the summer and winter seasons, multiply annual average emissions by

the seasonal temporal factors. Default seasonal temporal factors are 0.183 for s ummer (May

– October) and 1.818 for winter (November – April).

7.1-18

## The statewide temporal cycle codes for wood stoves and fireplaces are:

Table 6: Temporal Cycle Codes

Dis trict Description Cycle

Code Definition

Default Hours/Day 33 M ax activity 7

- 9 a

. m . & 7

- 11 p

. m

., av e during day

, low at

night ( resident combst )



## Default Days/Wk 7 7 day per week

– uniform activity every day of the week



## SJU Hours/Day 24 24 hours per day

– uniform activity during the day



## SJU Days/Wk 7 7 day per week

– uniform activity every day of the week



## 7 .0 SPECIATION PROFILES & FRACTIONS

A RB has established the following default speciation profiles for the residential wood

combustion categories:

• O rganic Profile Code #549

• Particulate Matter Profile Code #424

W hile the standard emission factors in Section 5 are generally the sam e for PM 2.5 

## and PM 10 

## , there

may be some cases where it i s necessary to estimate PM fractions based on other emission

factors. In addition, air quality modeling programs require the use of speciated data that identify

individual chemicals. The spe ciation profiles listed above can be used to assign weight fractions

and to identify the chemical species that are contained in the organic and particulate emissions.

Details are provided below:

Table 7: ROG and PM Weight Fractions

EIC Description Weight

Fraction ROG Weight Fraction

PM 10 

### Weight Fraction

PM 2.5



## 610

- 600

- 0230

- 0000 Wood Stoves

0.4385*TOG 0.935*TSP 0.9001*TSP 610

- 602

- 0230

- 0000 Fireplaces

610

- 604

- 0230

- 0000 Unspecified

ROG = Reactive Organic Gases; TOG = Total Organic Gases; TSP = Total Suspended Particulate

R eferences:

ARB Organic Profile Code #549, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/orgspecvv10001_list.php

ARB PM Profile Code #424, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/pmspecvv10001_list.php



## Table 8 : Organic Speciation Profile Code#549

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction of TOG

isomers of heptane 0.1883

isomers of pentane 0.0353

methane 74828 0.511

ethane 74840 0.0057

ethylene 74851 0.0158

propane 74986 0.0055

propylene 115071 0.0105



## 7.1-19

## Table 8 : Organic Speciation Profile Code#549

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction of TOG

n

- butane 106978 0.0355

formaldehyde 50000 0.0423

acetaldehyde 75070 0.0393

propionaldehyde 123386 0.0619

isomers of xylene 1330207 0.0075

toluene 108883 0.0124

Reference: ARB Organic Profile Code #549,

http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/orgspecvv10001_list.php



## Table 9 : PM Speciation Profile Code #424

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction

of Total PM Weight Fraction

of PM 10 

## Weight Fraction

of PM 2.5 

## carbon organic 0.524014 0.486306 0.535706

unknown pm 0.221475 0.274118 0.258324

aluminum 7429905 1.40E

- 05 4.10E

- 05 1.40E

- 05

antimony 7440360 8.00E

- 06 1.30E

- 05 1.50E

- 05

arsenic 7440382 3.00E

- 06 2.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06

barium 7440393 0.000106 0.00012 7.00E

- 05

bromine 7726956 4.50E

- 05 4.50E

- 05 4.40E

- 05

cadmium 7440439 4.00E

- 06 9.00E

- 06 4.00E

- 06

calcium 7440702 0.001237 0.000736 0.000327

chromium 7440473 0 0 0

cobalt 7440484 1.00E

- 06 2.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06

copper 7440508 2.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06 0

chlorine 7782505 0.008116 0.007987 0.00783

carbon elemental 7440440 0.220351 0.207016 0.174252

gallium 7440553 0 0 0

iron 7439896 1.20E

- 05 9.00E

- 06 7.00E

- 06

lead 7439921 1.10E

- 05 1.50E

- 05 1.40E

- 05

indium 7440746 1.00E

- 06 3.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06

manganese 7439965 2.50E

- 05 1.70E

- 05 1.00E

- 05

molybdenum 7439987 0 0 0

nickel 7440020 0 0 0

mercury 7439976 0 0 0

lanthanum 7439910 0.000104 0.000128 7.00E

- 05

palladium 7440053 1.00E

- 06 2.00E

- 06 0

phosphorous 7723140 0 0 0

selenium 7782492 1.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06

tin 7440315 9.00E

- 06 4.00E

- 06 0

titanium 7440326 3.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06 3.00E

- 06

vanadium (fume or dust) 7440622 1.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06 2.00E

- 06

silicon 7440213 1.60E

- 05 2.00E

- 06 0

silver 7440224 0 3.00E

- 06 3.00E

- 06

zinc 7440666 0.000554 0.000548 0.00056

strontium 7440246 9.00E

- 06 5.00E

- 06 2.00E

- 06



## 7.1-20

## Table 9 : PM Speciation Profile Code #424

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction

of Total PM Weight Fraction

of PM 10 

## Weight Fraction

of PM 2.5



## sulfur 7704349 0.002682 0.002668 0.002598

rubidium 7440177 2.00E

- 05 1.80E

- 05 1.80E

- 05

potassium 7440097 0.01735 0.016702 0.016685

yttrium 7440655 0 0 0

sodium 7440235 0.000674 0.000617 0.000629

zirconium 7440677 0 0 0

ammonium ion 14798039 0.000553 0.000586 0.000564

nitrates 14797558 0.00222 0.002228 0.002214

sulfates 0.007473 0.007459 0.00741

carbonate ion 0.000378 4.50E

- 05 2.80E

- 05

Reference: ARB PM Profile Code # 424

, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/pmspecvv10001_list.php



# GROWTH FACTORS

A RB’s default growth parameters for fireplace and woodstove emissions are based on historical

residential wood combustion survey data published by the U.S. Energy Information Agency ’s

State Energy Data System ( U.S. EIA SEDS ) and residential wood burning forecasts from the

EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook (U.S. EIA, 2011 ). These default growth factors are used for most

districts, but some districts have submitted alternative growth data based on local information

and updated rules that limit growth of wood-burning appliances.



# S UMMARY OF METHODOLOGY CHANGES

T he previous 1997 version of this methodology estimated emissions based on 1993 data for S JV

and 1991 data for the remainder of the state. This revised methodology is based on 2005 data for

all regions in the state.

F or fireplaces, t he previous methodology assumed a single statewide average wood consumption

rate of 0.28 cords/year/ho me

. For all regions in the state, t he revised methodology us es either

district survey data (where available) or two default consumption rates: (1) 0.069

cords/year/fireplace for units that burn wood primarily for aesthetics purposes; and (2) 0.656

cords/year/fireplace for units that burn wood primarily for heating (Houck, 2001a) . Survey data

are used to determine the split between aesthetic and heating uses.

Fo r SJ V, it was determined that

, prior to full implementation in 2009 of District Rule 4901

, Wood Burning Fireplaces and Wood Burning Heaters , a higher fireplace wood consumption rate

based on a 1997 district survey was more representative than the default values

. Therefore, the

revised methodology assumes a consumption rate of 0.91 cords/year/fireplace for 2005 (Franz,

1997), and the default rates starting in 2009 and there after. Appendix B presents the summary of

fireplace fuel use and associated emissions in 2009 for all counties in SJV.

T he previous methodology used a single PM emission factor for all fireplaces (31.1 lb/ton),

based on the 1992 version of U.S. EPA AP-42. The revised methodology uses a PM 10 

## emission

7.1-21

## factor that was used for U.S. EPA’s 2002 National Emission Inventory (23.6 lb/ton). U.S. EPA

staff chose to use the revised emission factor, because it is based on an improved data set (34

studies and 360 test runs), as compared to the old value (based on 4 studies, and 54 test runs)

(Broderick, 2005). Emission factors for other criteria pollutants have also been updated, based

on the results of newer emiss ions tests and research studies

.

F or wood stoves, the previous methodology determined wood consumption rates by estimating

energy needs bas ed on the thermal properties of a typical residence and the number of heating

degree days in each county. The revised methodology uses survey data to estimate wood

consumption rates for each county.

The previous methodology assumed that all wood stoves were conventional units and emissions

were based on the highest emission factor. The revised methodology uses survey data to

estimate the percentage of wood stoves that are Phase II EPA certified units (catalytic and non

catalytic). Emission factors for certified units have been revised to reflect the lower emissions

levels of the Phase II units.

T he previous methodology only estimated emissions from burning cord wood in fireplaces and

wood stoves. The updated version provides estimation methodologies for cord wood, bundle

wood, artificial/manufactured wax/sawdust logs, compressed sawdust logs, and pellets. In

addition, the types of devices now include fireplaces, wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet

stoves. Emissions for wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet stoves are reported under EIC

610-600-0230-0000, the general wood stove category.



# D IFFERENCES BETWEEN PREVIOUS AND CURRENT EMISSION

ESTIMATES

T he new methodology results in lower statewide PM emissions estimates for both fireplaces and

wood stoves. Using the previous methodology, t he projected 2005 statewide PM 10 

## emission

estimates we re 16,000 tons/year for fireplaces and about 24,000 tons/year for wood stoves,

including the effects of growth and emission reductions from district rules. With the new

methodology, the 2005 statewide PM 10 

## estimates decline to approximately 11,400 tons/year for

fireplaces and about 12,200 tons/year for wood stoves. The 2005 statewide PM 2.5 

## emission

estimates also decline from about 15,000 to 11,000 tons/year for fireplaces and from 23,000 to

11,800 tons/year for wood stoves. For fireplaces, these declines are primarily due to reduced

wood consumption estimates and the use of lower PM emission factor s. For wood stoves,

emission s declined primarily because it was no longer assumed that all stoves were conventional

units. A portion of the wood use was attributed to EPA

- certified stoves that have lower emission

rates. In addition, the overall fuel consumption rate for wood stoves de creased s ligh tly.

7.1-22

## T he accuracy of the residential wood burning category could be increased by conducting more

local surveys to document the number of wood burning devices and fuel usage. Many districts

have adopted local rules that govern wood burning activities and some districts have established

incentive programs to encourage the purchase of cl eaner wood burning devices that produce less

particulate pollution. It is expected that these efforts will result in the need to update wood

burning activity data more frequently to account for equipment turnover.

A s with many area source methodologies, the possibility of incorporating geographic

information system data may allow more accurate depictions of local emissions inventories.

7.1-23

# ACRO NYMS AND GLOSSARY

AEO Annual Energy Outlook

Bundle Wood Wood that is typically purchased in small bundles from a retail

store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in plastic.

CAS Chemical Abstract Service

CES Category of Emission Source code. A 5

- digit code that has

been used by ARB to identify area source categories. The CES

code has been replaced by the 14 -digit Emission Inventory

Code (EIC).

CO Carbon Monoxide

Compressed Wood Logs Manufactured logs that are made from 100% compressed

sawdust and wood shavings (e.g., Pres

- to Logs, Eco

- Logs, etc.)

Cord A stack of wood with a volume of 128 cubic feet (4 feet x 4 feet

x 8 feet)

EF Emission Factor

EIC Emission Inventory Code. A 14

- digit code that ARB uses to

identify stationary and area source categories.

Heating Degree Day The number of heating degree days is the number of degrees

that the average daily temperature is below 65°F.

NEI National Emission Inventory

NH 3 

## Ammonia

NO X 

## Nitrogen Oxides

NSPS New Source Performance Standard

Phase I Stoves U.S. EPA designation for stoves certified to meet a 5.5 grams

per hour (gm/hr) for catalytic wood heaters and 8.5 gm/hr

noncatalytic wood heaters particulate matter emission standards

manufactured on or after July 1, 1988 or sold after July 1, 1990.

Phase II Stoves U.S. EPA designation for stoves certified to meet a 4.1 gm/hr

for catalytic wood heaters and 7.5 gm/hr for noncatalytic wood

heaters particulate matter emissions standards manufactured on

or after July 1, 1990 or sold after July 1, 1992.

PM 2.5 

## Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or

equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometers.

PM 10 

## Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or

equal to a nominal 10 micrometers.

ROG Reactive Organic Gases

SO 2 

## Sulfur Dioxide

TOG Total Organic Gases

Ton 2000 pounds

TSP Total Suspended Particulate

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

Wax/Sawdust Logs Manufactured logs that are made from a mixture of sawdust,

wax, and binders (e.g., Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc.)

7.1-24

# PREPARED B Y

Monique Davis

July 2011

REVIS ED BY

C haranya Varadarajan

February 2013

Added Appendix B and revised methodology text to reflect this update.

Janet Spencer

October 2015

Added reference to footnote 9 for woodstove and fireplace inserts PM10

emission factors in Table 1, Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors.

7.1-25

# RE FERENCES

A RB, 2005. California Air Resources Board; 2005 Inventory: Main Speciation Profiles; PM

Profile Code #424; http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/speciate.htm

B AAQMD, 2005. Bay Area Air Quality Management District; “Spare the Air Tonight Study,

2004-2005 Winter Wood Smoke Season; April 2005;

http://www.sparetheair.org/~/media/STA/Files/ 3/STA/2004WinterReport.ashx

B AAQMD, 2006. Bay Area Air Quality Management District; “Spare the Air Tonight Study,

2005-2006 Winter Wood Smoke Season; April 2006;

htt p://www.sparetheair.org/~/media/STA/Files/3/STA/2005WinterReport.ashx

B AAQMD, 2007a. Bay Area Air Quality Management District; “Spare the Air Tonight Study,

2006-2007 Winter Wood Smoke Season; March 2007;

http://www.sparetheair.org/~/media/STA/Files/3/STA/2006WinterReport.ashx

B AAQMD, 2007 b . Bay Area Air Quality Management District; “Spare the Air Tonight Study,

2007-2008 Winter Wood Smoke Season; March 2007;

http://www.sparetheair.org/~/media/STA/Files/3/STA/2007WinterReport.ashx

B arnett, 1992. Barnett, Stockton G. and Roger D. Bighouse (OMNI Environmental Services,

Inc. ); "In -Home Demonstration of the Reduction of Woodstove Emissions from the Use of

Densified Logs"; prepared for the Oregon Department of Energy and the U.S. EPA; July 7, 1992;

http ://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=7270018

Br oderick, 2005. Broderick, David R. and James E. Houck (OMNI Consulting Services, Inc.),

John Crouch (Hearth Patio & Barbecue Association); “ Development of a Fireplace Baseline

Particulate Emissi on Factor Database” ; January 31, 2005;

http://www.omni -test.com/publications/baselinepaper1.pdf

E C/R, 2002. "Development of Emissions Inventory Methods for Wildland Fire, Final Report",

Table 39; February 2002; Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Contract

No. 68-D-98-046; Prepared by EC/R Incorporated;

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E IIP, 2004. “Estimating Ammonia Emissions From Anthropogenic Nonagricultural Sources -

Draft Final Report”, Section III.D, Table III-8; April 2004; Prepared for the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP); Prepared by E.H. Pechan

& Associates, Inc.;

http://www.epa.gov/ttn chie1/eiip/techreport/volume03/eiip_areasourcesnh3.pdf

F ranz, 1997. Jennifer D. Franz ( JD Franz Research ); "San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution

Control District, Residential Wood Combustion Survey, Final Draft Report"; November, 1997.

7.1-26

## Houck, 1998. Houck , James E. and Paul E. Tiegs (OMNI Environmental Services , Inc. ) ;

“ Review of Fireplace Use and Technology” , Table 1; October 5, 1998;

http://www.omni

- test.com/publications/firepl.pdf

Houck, 2001 a . Houck, James E. (OMNI Consulting Services), Joseph Mangino (U.S. EPA),

Garry Brooks (Eastern Research Group), and Roy H. Huntley (U.S. EPA); "Recommended

Procedure for Compiling Emission Inventory National, Regional and County Level Activity Data

for the Residential Wood Combustion Source Category"; I n proceedings from U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency Emission Inventory Conference, Denver, CO; 2001 ;

http://www. omni

- test.com/publications/Compiling Emission.pdf

Houck, 2001 b . Houck, James E. (OMNI Consulting Inc. ), "Recommended Procedure for

Compiling Emission Inventory Data for Manufactured Wax/Sawdust Fireplace Logs", prepared

for Roy Huntley (U.S. EPA, OAQPS); October 10, 2001;

http://www.omni

- test.com/publications/actfire.pdf

Houck, 2005. Houck , James E. and David R. Broderick (OMNI Environmental Services , Inc. ) ;

“PM2.5 Emission Reduction Benefits of Replacing Conventional Uncertified

Cordwood Stoves with Certified Cordwood Stoves or Modern Pellet Stoves” , prepared for the

Hearth, Patio and Barbecue Association; May 26, 2005 ;

http://www.omni

- test.com/publications/Emission_Reduction.pdf

Houck, 2006. Houck, James E. and Brian N. Eagle (OMNI Consulting Services) ; “Task 6,

Technical Memorandum 4 (Final Rep ort), Control Analysis and Documentation for Residential

Wood Combustion in the MANE

- VU Region”; prepared for the Mid

- Atlantic Regional Air

Management Association, Inc. (MARAMA); December 19, 2006.

http://www.marama.org/publications_folder/ResWoodCombustion/RWC_FinalReport_121906.p

df

HPBA, 2009 a . Hearth, Patio, & Barbecue Association; “Fireplace Inserts Fact Sheet”;

http://www.hpba.org/fileadmin/factsheets/product/FS_FireplaceInsert.pdf

HPBA, 2009 b . Hearth, Patio, & Barbecue Association; “ Hearth Product Fuel s Fact Sheet”;

http://www.hpba.org/fileadmin/factsheets/product/FS_HearthProductFuels.pdf

HPBA, 2009c. Hearth, Patio, & Barbecue Association; Fuel Options (1/22/09). Pellets come in

40

- pound bags; http://www.hpba.org/index.php?id=69

Li, 2006. Li, Victor S. (Environment Canada) and Steven Rosenthal (U.S. EPA); “Content and

Emission Characteristics of Artificial Wax Firelogs”; prepared for the U.S. E PA 15th

International Emission Inventory Conference ; May, 2006 ;

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei15/poster/li.pdf

NCRA, 1988. Northern California Research Associates ; “ Th e California Residential Wood

Consumption Survey, Draft ”; May 1988.

7

. 1

- 27

## OMNI , 2003. Broderick, David R. and James E. Houck (OMNI Consulting Services, Inc.) ;

"Results of Wood Burning Survey - Sacramento, San Joaquin, and San Francisco Areas,

University of California Berkeley/California Air Resources Board - GIS Study"; Jan. 15, 2003;

http://www. omni-test.com/publications/final.pdf

O MNI, 2006. Houck, James E. and Brian N. Eagle ( OMNI Environmental Services Inc. ) ;

"Residential Wood Combustion Emission Inventory, South Coast Air Basin and Coachella

Portion of Salton Sea Air Basin, 2002 Base Year"; October 24 2006;

http://www.omni

- test.com/publications/SCAQMD -RWC4.pdf

P CAPCD, 2007. Placer County Air Pollution Control District; “Rule 225, Wood Burning

Appliances”; December 13, 2007;

http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Air/~/media/apc/documents/Rules/Reg%202/Rule225Wo

odBurningAppliances.ashx

P echan, 2001. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. " Development of Emission Growth Surrogates

and Activity Projections Used in Forecasting Point and Area Source Emissions, Final Report”,

prepared for ARB under Contract No. 98-719, February 26, 2001.

P echan, 2006. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. "Documentation for the Final 2002 Nonpoint

Sector (Feb. 06 Version) National Emission Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air

Pollutants", Appendix A, Tables 4 - 10; prepared for U.S. EPA, Contract No. 68-D-02-063; July

2006.

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002finalnei/documentation/nonpoint/2002nei_final_nonpoint_d

ocumentation0206version.pdf

S JVUAPCD, 2008. San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District; “Draft Staff

Report, Amendments to Rule 4901 (Wood Burning Fireplaces and Wood Burn ing Heaters)”;

September , 2008;

http://www.valleya ir.org/board_meetings/gb/agenda_minutes/Agenda/2008/September/Item_20/

Agenda%20Sept2008%20Item_19.pdf

S JVUAPCD, 2010. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District; "District's

Comprehensive Public Outreach and Education Program"; summary of survey conducted by

CC&G (Feb. -May 2010); presented at the September 29-30, 2010 board hearing ;

http://www.valleyair.org/Board_meetin gs/GB/agenda_minutes/Agenda/2010/Study_Session/Age

nda_Item_13_Sep_29_2010.pdf

S MAQMD, 2007. Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District; "2007 Wood

Burn Research Study, Final Report"; prepared by Aurora Research Group; May, 2007;

http://www.airquality.org/bod/2007/JulWoodBurningResearchReport.pdf

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http://www.eia.gov/beta/state/seds/

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2011” ; http:/ /www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/aeo11/index.cfm

7.1-28

## U .S. EPA, 1996a. United States Environmental Protection Agency; AP -42, Compilation of Air

Pollutant Emission Factors, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources

, Section

1.0, 1.10 Residential Wood Stoves; October 1996;

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s10.pdf

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Pollutant Emission Factors, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources

, Section

1.0, 1.9 Residential Fireplaces; October 1996;

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U .S. EPA, 2006. United States Environmental Protection Agency; “Guidance for Quantifying

and Using Emission Reductions from Voluntary Woodstove Changeout Programs in State

Implementation Plans”; EPA -456/B-06-001, January 2006;

http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/guidance_quantfying_jan.pdf

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Document: Preparation of Emissions Inventories for the Version 4, 2005- based Platform ”,

Section 2.2.3 and “Appendix A: Methodology to Revise VOC from Residential Wood

Combustion ”; May, July, 2010;

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissions_tsd_07jul2010.pdf

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissions_tsd_appendices_11may2010.pdf

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http://www.woodheat.org/wood-appliances.html (as of January 2013)

7.1-29