SECOND DIVISION 

FEBRUARY 21, 2006 

No. 1-05-1702 

SAM PAPPAS and MARY PAPPAS, ) Appeal from the 

individually and as parents and next ) Circuit Court of 

friends of Thanos Pappas, and on ) Cook County. 

behalf of a class of others similarly ) 

situated, ) 

) 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) 

) 

v. ) 

) 

PELLA CORPORATION, an Iowa Corporation; ) 

and PELLA WINDOWS & DOORS, a Delaware ) 

Corporation, ) Honorable 

) Barbara J. Disko, 

Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE WOLFSON delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiffs Sam and Mary Pappas bought windows from defendants Pella 

Corporation and Pella Windows and Doors (Pella). They claim the windows were 

defective, causing premature wood rot and deterioration. They allege Pella knew about 

the defects but did not inform buyers. The question is whether the plaintiffs have 

successfully plead a cause of action under the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive 

Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act). 815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2000). 

The trial court dismissed the plaintiffs= complaint. We reverse and remand. 

FACTS 

In their Third Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege Pella knew of and concealed 
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or failed to disclose to plaintiffs the following facts: (1) the aluminum cladding applied to 

the bottom sash of the windows was manufactured and designed with an upward facing 

seam that allowed water to enter the space between the aluminum cladding and 

wooden sash; (2) the butyl sealant applied to the upward facing seam would 

prematurely deteriorate and allow water to enter the space; (3) the preservative applied 

to the wooden sash failed to prevent deterioration and wood rot; and (3) the wooden 

sashes of the aluminum clad windows were deteriorating and rotting due to water 

damage. 

Plaintiffs allege all of the aluminum clad windows manufactured and sold by 

Pella, including the windows sold to plaintiffs, had latent, undiscoverable defects at the 

time of sale. Pella never publicized the defects, or attempted to notify customers of the 

defects, or recalled the defective windows. 

As a direct and proximate result of the defects, say the plaintiffs, the wooden 

frames of their windows experienced premature wood rot and deterioration. Plaintiffs 

say they would not have purchased the windows had they known of the defects. They 

allege Pella=s concealment, suppression, or omission of material facts constitutes unfair, 

deceptive, or fraudulent business practices under the Consumer Fraud Act. They allege 

the concealment had an effect on consumers generally, implicated the general market, 

and was immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, and otherwise presented 

consumer protection concerns. Their complaint contains three counts--fraudulent 

concealment, unjust enrichment, and consumer fraud. 
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Pella brought a motion to dismiss under section 2-615 of the Code of Civil 

Procedure, 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2002). Pella contended plaintiffs failed to plead an 

actionable omission because the complaint contained only "opinions and conclusions 

unsupported by specific factual allegations." Pella contended plaintiffs= complaint was 

an attempt to circumvent a warranty claim based on their failure to plead a breach of 

warranty in the complaint. 

The trial court dismissed all three counts of plaintiffs= complaint. The Consumer 

Fraud Act count was dismissed with prejudice. The court found the plaintiffs failed to 

state how Pella=s alleged concealments were "immoral, unethical, oppressive, or 

unscrupulous." The court held plaintiffs failed to allege how the contract between the 

parties, specifically the warranty provisions, would not provide adequate relief to the 

plaintiffs. The trial court=s order did not address the class action claims. The plaintiffs=

appeal is limited to their individual Consumer Fraud Act claim. 

DECISION 

A motion under section 2-615 attacks the legal sufficiency of the complaint by 

asserting that it fails to state a cause of action on which relief can be granted. Oliveira 

v. Amoco Oil Co., 201 Ill. 2d 134, 147, 776 N.E.2d 151 (2002), citing Weatherman v. 

Gary-Wheaton Bank of Fox Valley, N.A., 186 Ill. 2d 472, 491, 713 N.E.2d 543 (1999). 

In determining whether a complaint states a cause of action, the allegations in the 

complaint are construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 

147. We accept as true all well-pleaded facts and reasonable inferences drawn from 
No. 1-05-1702

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those facts. Our review is de novo. Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 147. 

Section 2 of the Consumer Fraud Act prohibits: 

"[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts 

or practices, including but not limited to the use or 

employment of any deception, fraud, false pretense, false 

promise, misrepresentation or the concealment, suppression 

or omission of any material fact, with intent that others rely 

upon the concealment, suppression or omission of such 

material fact, *** in the conduct of any trade or commerce" 

815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2002). 

Section 10a(a) of the Act provides for a private cause of action for "any person who 

suffers actual damage as a result of a violation of this Act." 815 ILCS 505/10a(a) (West 

2002). 

To adequately plead a cause of action under the Act, a plaintiff must allege: (1) a 

deceptive act or practice by the defendant, (2) the defendant=s intent that the plaintiff 

rely on the deception, (3) the occurrence of the deception in the course of conduct 

involving trade or commerce, and (4) actual damage to the plaintiff (5) proximately 

caused by the deception. Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 149; Zekman v. Direct American 

Marketers, Inc., 182 Ill. 2d 359, 373, 695 N.E.2d 853 (1998). A complaint alleging a 

violation of consumer fraud must be pled with the same particularity and specificity as 

that required under common law fraud. Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., 174 Ill. 2d 
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482, 501, 675 N.E.2d 584 (1997). 

An omission or concealment of a material fact in the conduct of trade or 

commerce constitutes consumer fraud. Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 504. Concealment is 

actionable where it is employed as a device to mislead. First Midwest Bank, N.A. v. 

Sparks, 289 Ill. App. 3d 252, 257, 682 N.E.2d 373 (1997). 

In Connick, the plaintiffs filed a class action lawsuit alleging that the Suzuki 

Samurai vehicles they purchased were unsafe due to their excessive rollover risk. 

Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 487-88. The plaintiffs contended, among other things, that 

Suzuki fraudulently concealed material facts by failing to inform consumers of the 

Samurai=s rollover tendency and selling the Samurai without disclosing the safety risks. 

Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 504. 

The court held the plaintiffs adequately pled a consumer fraud violation. 

Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 505. 

"Plaintiffs alleged that Suzuki was aware of the Samurai=s 

safety problems, including its tendency to roll over and its 

inadequate protection for passengers. Plaintiffs further 

alleged that Suzuki failed to disclose these defects. Finally, 

plaintiffs alleged that the safety problems of the Samurai 

were a material fact in that they would not have purchased 

the vehicles if Suzuki had disclosed the Samurai=s safety 

risk." Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 505. 
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In a similar case, Perona v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 292 Ill. App. 3d 59, 684 

N.E.2d 859 (1997), the plaintiffs alleged defendants knowingly concealed defects in 

their Audi vehicles that caused "unintended acceleration." Plaintiffs alleged Audi was 

aware of the Audi 5000's safety problems but failed to disclose those defects. Plaintiffs 

further alleged the unintended acceleration was a material fact in that they would not 

have purchased the Audi 5000 vehicles if Audi previously had disclosed the safety risk. 

Perona, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 69. The court held the plaintiffs adequately alleged a 

consumer fraud violation based on a material omission by Audi. Perona, 292 Ill. App. 

3d at 68. 

Relying on the Illinois Supreme Court=s decision in Avery v. State Farm Mutual 

Automobile Insurance Co., 216 Ill. 2d 100, 835 N.E.2d 801 (2005), Pella contends the 

plaintiffs are at most alleging a simple breach of warranty while refusing to pursue their 

warranty remedies. Merely alleging that a defendant failed to call its product defective, 

Pella says, does not convert a breach of warranty into consumer fraud. 

The plaintiffs= claim in Avery was based on State Farm=s specification of nonOEM ("Original Equipment Manufacturer") replacement parts. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 110. 

 State Farm contended the plaintiffs= consumer fraud count was simply a duplicate of 

the breach of contract count and should be dismissed. State Farm pointed to language 

in the complaint asserting that State Farm installed inferior parts despite having 

"promised" to use parts of "like kind and quality." Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 155-56. In their 

appellate brief, the plaintiffs repeatedly referred to State Farm=s violation of the express 
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written promises in its policies and State Farm=s failure to fulfill its contractual 

obligations. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 168-69. 

The court held a breach of contractual promise, without more, is not actionable 

under the Consumer Fraud Act. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 169. " >Were our courts to accept 

plaintiff=s assertion that promises that go unfulfilled are actionable under the Consumer 

Fraud Act, consumer plaintiffs could convert any suit for breach of contract into a 

consumer fraud action.= " Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 169, quoting Zankle v. Queen Anne 

Landscaping, 311 Ill. App. 3d 308, 312, 724 N.E.2d 988 (2000). 

In this case, there is no evidence that the claims in plaintiffs= Third Amended 

Complaint are based on a simple breach of warranty or breach of contract by Pella. 

Plaintiffs allege Pella knew its aluminum clad windows would allow water to enter, 

causing wood rot and deterioration, and failed to disclose these facts to plaintiffs prior to 

their purchase of the windows. Plaintiffs do not allege Pella breached any promises to 

them. They say, rather, that Pella knowingly withheld material facts about its windows, 

that they would not have purchased the windows had they been informed of those facts. 

 

It is not necessary for plaintiffs to plead that the warranty provisions of their 

contract would not provide them adequate relief. There is no such requirement in the 

Act. See 815 ILCS 505/2, 505/10a(a) (West 2002). "The Act was intended to protect 

consumers against fraud, unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts or 

practices in the conduct of trade or commerce." Elson v. State Farm Fire & Casualty 
No. 1-05-1702

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Co., 295 Ill. App. 3d 1, 14, 691 N.E.2d 807 (1998). The Act was designed to provide 

broader protection for consumers than the common law action of fraud. Elson, 295 Ill. 

App. 3d at 14. A consumer fraud action is different from a warranty action. In some 

cases, courts have affirmed the dismissal of plaintiffs= breach of warranty claims while 

allowing Consumer Fraud Act claims to stand. See Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 505; Perona, 

292 Ill. App. 3d at 69. 

Pella=s references to plaintiffs= prior complaints and their "abandoned" claims and 

theories, including breach of warranty, are irrelevant. Where a party files an amended 

pleading that does not refer to or adopt the prior pleadings, the earlier pleadings cease 

to be a part of the record. Foxcroft Townhome Owners Ass=n v. Hoffman Rosner Corp., 

96 Ill. 2d 150, 153-54, 449 N.E.2d 125 (1983). The prior allegations no longer are at 

issue. 

The plaintiffs in Avery also contended State Farm failed to disclose the 

categorical inferiority of the non-OEM parts. The plaintiffs contended the failure to 

disclose constituted "the concealment, suppression or omission of any material fact," in 

violation of the Consumer Fraud Act. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 178, citing 815 ILCS 505/2 

(West 1998). The court rejected the plaintiffs= argument: 

"Under plaintiffs= reasoning, it would appear that to avoid 

liability under the Act, every knowing sale of a brand of 

product which is not the top brand would have to carry a 

disclaimer: >Notice, our brand is not, on the whole, as good 
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as our competitor=s.= Thus, adopting plaintiffs= argument 

would appear to work a significant expansion of liability 

under the Act." Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 193. 

Pella contends the allegations in plaintiffs= complaint are equivalent to a claim 

that Pella=s products are inferior or disappointed plaintiffs= commercial expectations. 

Pella says Avery means the Consumer Fraud Act does not require it to proclaim the 

alleged inferiority of its products. 

We are not persuaded by Pella=s reliance on the Avery decision. In Avery, the 

plaintiffs did not claim that any of the non-OEM parts specified by State Farm in its 

repair estimates was defective. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 170. The plaintiffs= claim was more 

general in nature--that non-OEM parts, as a whole, were not as good as OEM parts. 

Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 170-71. The court declined to hold that State Farm=s specification 

of "categorically inferior" nondefective parts, in and of itself, was fraudulent. Avery, 216 

Ill. 2d at 171. In addition, the court found the plaintiffs had not suffered any actual 

damage. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 197. The non-OEM parts used on the vehicle did not 

affect the value of the vehicle. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 196. 

Here, the plaintiffs do not contend Pella should have disclosed its windows were 

inferior to other windows from other manufacturers. Rather, the plaintiffs specify a 

feature of the windows that allowed water to enter the frames and cause damage to the 

windows. Further, the plaintiffs allege they suffered actual damage because their 

windows underwent rotting and deterioration. Unlike the plaintiffs in Avery, the plaintiffs 
No. 1-05-1702

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contend the windows they purchased contained undisclosed defects. We next 

consider Pella's contention that plaintiffs have not made 

reference to any legal definition of "defect." Pella contends 

that under Illinois law, a product is not "defective" unless it 

is "unreasonably dangerous." See Mele v. Howmedica, Inc., 348 

Ill. App. 3d 1, 808 N.E.2d 1026 (2004); Illinois Pattern Jury 

Instructions for Strict Product Liability, Civil, No. 400.02 

(2005 ed.) Pella criticizes plaintiffs for failing to plead 

according to this standard. Pella appears to argue that where an 

allegedly defective product is involved, a plaintiff must plead 

that a product is "unreasonably dangerous" to state a claim under 

the Consumer Fraud Act. Pella's citations do not support its 

implicit argument. The Mele decision concerns strict product 

liability and negligent design claims, both product liability 

claims. The decision makes no reference to the Consumer Fraud 

Act. Similarly, the pattern jury instructions cited concern only 

strict product liability, not the Consumer Fraud Act. 

Pella's suggestion that the Consumer Fraud Act incorporates 

a strict product liability standard is not supported by Illinois 

law. While a plaintiff bringing a product liability claim must 

allege that a defect renders a product "unreasonably dangerous," 

neither "defect" nor "unreasonably dangerous" are elements of a 

Consumer Fraud Act claim. Rather, for a claim based on an 
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omission, plaintiffs are required to allege an omission of a 

material fact in the conduct of trade or commerce. See Connick, 

174 Ill.2d at 504, citing 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 1994). A material 

fact exists where a buyer of a product would have acted 

differently if it had known about the allegedly omitted 

information, or where that information is the kind a buyer would 

be expected to rely on in deciding whether to purchase the 

product. Connick, 174 Ill.2d at 505, 675 N.E.2d 584. 

A defect need not be life-threatening. Dewan v. Ford Motor 

Co., No. 1-04-3020, slip op. at 8 (Ill. App. Ct. December 30, 

2005). A defect could fall well short of the "unreasonably 

dangerous" standard yet still be serious enough that a reasonable 

buyer would not purchase the product if made aware of the defect. 

An omission need not concern potential bodily harm. The 

Consumer Fraud Act provides remedies for omissions resulting in 

purely economic injury. See, e.g., Dewan, No. 1-04-3020, slip 

op. at 3, ("[t]he diminished value of a product due to defects 

associated with the product is a compensable injury in consumer 

fraud *** causes of action" where the value of car was allegedly 

diminished due to defective front height sensors); Bauer v. 

Giannis, 359 Ill. App. 3d 897, 834 N.E.2d 952 (2005) (seller of 

home allegedly failed to disclose that basement had flooded once 

before sale); Lipinski v. Martin J. Kelly Oldsmobile, Inc., 325 
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Ill. App. 3d 1139, 759 N.E.2d 66 (2001) (seller of car allegedly 

concealed defect that resulted in the "excessive oil consumption 

and cause[d] severe damage to the engine from insufficient oil"); 

Oldendorf v. General Motors Corp., 322 Ill. App. 3d 825, 751 

N.E.2d 214 (2001) (car manufacturer allegedly misrepresented 

extent of coverage under extended warranty); Board of Managers of 

Weathersfield Condominium Ass'n v. Schaumburg Ltd. Partnership, 

307 Ill. App. 3d 614, 717 N.E.2d 429 (1999) (developer of 

condominiums allegedly failed to maintain adequate reserves for 

repairs and to disclose the status of the reserve account); 

Garcia v. Overland Bond & Investment Co., 282 Ill. App. 3d 486, 

668 N.E.2d 199 (1996) (car dealership allegedly engaged in 

deceptive advertising regarding purchasing and financing terms); 

Washington Courte Condominium Association-Four v. Washington-Golf 

Corp., 267 Ill. App. 3d 790, 643 N.E.2d 199 (1994) (seller of 

condominiums allegedly failed to disclose history of water 

infiltration problems); Grove v. Huffman, 262 Ill. App. 3d 531, 

634 N.E.2d 1184 (1994) (home builder liable for 

misrepresentations that house would be free of water problems 

where builder constructed garage floor below the level of the 

roadway). 

Pella further contends the plaintiffs= complaint amounts to a claim of nonactionable puffery and "subjective and comparative opinions." " >Puffing= denotes the 
No. 1-05-1702

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exaggerations reasonably to be expected of a seller as to the degree of quality of his or 

her product, the truth or falsity of which cannot be precisely determined." Avery, 216 Ill. 

2d at 173-74. The claim that Pella should have advertised that its windows are 

defective, Pella says, is a corollary to Pella stating that its products are high quality. 

The court in Avery affirmed that mere puffery cannot form the basis of a consumer fraud 

claim. See Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 173 (phrases "quality replacement parts" and "high 

performance criteria" amounted to non-actionable puffing). We disagree with Pella=s 

suggested re-characterization of the complaint in this case. Plaintiffs= claim is not based 

on any affirmative representations, of any kind, true or false, made by Pella. It is based 

on the alleged concealment or omission of material facts. We see nothing in the 

plaintiffs= Third Amended Complaint to suggest puffery is at issue. 

Pella contends, and the trial court held, that plaintiffs failed to plead with 

specificity "how Defendants= statements were >immoral, unethical, oppressive, or 

unscrupulous= as to these Plaintiffs." In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged: 

"[t]he above-described concealments, suppressions or 

omissions by Pella have had an effect on consumers 

generally, implicate the general market, are immoral, 

unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, and otherwise present 

consumer protection concerns. Pella knew of the material 

defects and continued to manufacture, distribute and sell the 

windows to the unsuspecting public (consumers) without 
No. 1-05-1702

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disclosure. Furthermore, Pella knew of the defects and 

failed to recall or repair the defects." 

It is not a requirement in every case under the Consumer Fraud Act for plaintiffs 

to plead the defendant=s actions were "immoral, unethical, oppressive, or 

unscrupulous." The Act declares unlawful "unfair methods of competition and unfair or

deceptive acts or practices." (Emphasis added.) 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2002). 

Because the statute is in the disjunctive, and because the plaintiffs allege 

deception, not unfairness, we see no need to require plaintiffs to plead the elements of 

unfairness. The factors to be considered in determining unfairness are: (1) whether the 

practice offends public policy; (2) whether it is immoral, unethical, oppressive, or 

unscrupulous; (3) whether it causes substantial injury to consumers. Robinson v. 

Toyota Motor Credit Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 403, 417-18, 775 N.E.2d 951 (2002), citing 

Federal Trade Comm=n v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 405 U.S. 233, 244, n. 5, 92 S. Ct. 

898, 31 L. Ed. 2d 170 (1972). As the court said in Robinson: "Recovery may be had for 

unfair as well as deceptive conduct." Robinson, 201 Ill. 2d at 417. Robinson was 

treated as an unfairness case. 

Pella also contends plaintiffs do not sufficiently plead proximate cause. Pella 

contends plaintiffs never plead facts in their third amended complaint to establish they 

were Aactually deceived@ by Pella=s alleged material omissions or misrepresentations 

regarding the quality of the windows. 

Our supreme court has held that Ain a cause of action for fraudulent 
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misrepresentation brought under the Consumer Fraud Act, a plaintiff must prove that he 

or she was actually deceived by the misrepresentation in order to establish the element 

of proximate causation.@ Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 199. See also Shannon v. Boise Cascade 

Corp., 208 Ill. 2d 517, 805 N.E.2d 213 (2004); Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d 134; Zekman, 182 Ill. 

2d 359. 

In Shannon, Oliveira, and Zekman, the court held deceptive advertising could not 

be the proximate cause of damages under the Act unless the advertising actually 

deceived the plaintiffs. Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 525; Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 140-41; 

Zekman, 182 Ill. 2d at 375-76. 

In Oliveira, the plaintiff contended the defendant=s advertisements for its premium 

gasoline were false and misleading and omitted material facts. Relying on Zekman, the 

supreme court affirmed the dismissal of the plaintiff=s claim under the Act because his 

complaint Afailed to allege that the representative plaintiff was in any manner deceived 

by defendant=s advertisements.@ Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 154-55. Because the plaintiff 

did not see, hear, or read any of the defendant=s ads, he could not contend he believed 

he was buying gasoline that benefitted the environment or improved engine 

performance. Oliveira, 201 Ill. 2d at 154-55. See also Zekman, 182 Ill. 2d at 375-76 

(affirming summary judgment in favor of the defendant because the plaintiff=s deposition 

testimony established he was not actually deceived by the defendant=s advertising). 

In Shannon, the plaintiff contended the defendant=s composite siding was 

defective because it was subject to rotting, buckling, warping, wick moisture, and 
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general failure. The plaintiffs contended the defendant deceptively advertised the 

composite siding as Alow maintenance,@ Aof inherent good quality,@ and Adurable.@ 

Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 520. The supreme court affirmed summary judgment in favor of 

the defendant because the defendant=s advertising Adid not in any way deceive the 

plaintiffs.@ Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 525-26. The court said: 

AIt is certainly possible that evidence might demonstrate that 

the siding would not have been installed on plaintiffs= homes 

but for [defendant=s] promotional literature. It does not 

follow, however, that the literature distributed to unnamed 

persons 20 or more years ago, who may or may not have 

been deceived, induced plaintiffs to accept the siding. 

Without such a nexus, the alleged deception is simply too 

remote from the claimed damages to satisfy the element of 

proximate causation.@ Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 525. 

In Avery, the supreme court held the plaintiff had to establish he was actually 

deceived by the defendant=s representations or omissions in order to prove his claim. 

Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 200. The court concluded the notion that the plaintiff was deceived 

by omissions or representations in his repair estimate and brochure into accepting 

inferior automotive parts was categorically refuted by the record. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 

200. The plaintiff=s deposition testimony made it abundantly clear that he was not 

actually deceived by anything the defendant said or did not say. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 
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202. The court, relying on Oliveira, concluded plaintiff had failed to establish proximate 

causation. Avery, 216 Ill. 2d at 203. 

Unlike the plaintiffs in Avery, Shannon, Oliveira, and Zekman, plaintiffs here are 

not relying on allegedly deceptive advertising in order to establish their consumer fraud 

claim against Pella. Instead, plaintiffs allege that Pella, even though aware of a material 

defect, never notified its customers that the aluminum clad wood windows were 

defective. In effect, plaintiffs allege they relied on Pella=s concealment by silence. 

Requiring anything more would eviscerate the spirit and purpose of the Consumer 

Fraud Act. 

We find plaintiffs adequately plead proximate causation in their third amended 

complaint for consumer fraud. See Connick, 174 Ill. 2d at 504 ("the required allegation 

of proximate cause is minimal since that determination is best left to the trier of fact"); 

Perona, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 68-69. 

CONCLUSION 

We reverse the trial court=s decision dismissing plaintiffs= Third Amended 

Complaint and remand this cause for further proceedings. 

Reversed and remanded. 

GARCIA, P.J., and HALL, J., concur.