[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 15-13325

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-20160-DPG-5

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

LAZARO ENRIQUE MENDEZ,

STAVROULA PHILIPPOU MENDEZ, 

a.k.a. Stella, 

a.k.a. Estella,

MARIE ELEANOR MENDEZ, 

a.k.a. Marie Toro,

Defendants-Appellants.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(June 11, 2018)

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2

Before WILLIAM PRYOR and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI,

∗

Judge.

PER CURIAM:

Five members of the Mendez family, along with several of their associates, 

were charged in connection with a far-reaching mortgage fraud scheme, begun in 

2006 and spanning four housing developments: Parc Central Aventura, Diane 

Condominiums, Yolanda Villas, and Blue Waves. The persons charged with this 

scheme included patriarch Luis Mendez (“Luis”), his wife Stavroula Mendez 

(“Stavroula”), their sons Lazaro Mendez (“Lazaro”) and Luis Michael Mendez 

(“Michael”), and Michael’s wife Marie Mendez (“Marie”).

1 This appeal concerns 

only Lazaro, Stavroula, and Marie (collectively, “Appellants”), who were 

convicted of bank fraud, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit bank and wire 

fraud. 

Luis was a real estate developer who ran Barmeco Enterprises, Inc. 

(“Barmeco”), where Appellants were employed in various capacities. Stavroula 

worked primarily as an administrator at Barmeco’s Miami Beach office. Marie 

performed various administrative functions, including a supervisory role at 

Yolanda Villas, a Barmeco-owned apartment complex. Lazaro worked with his 

 ∗ Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by 

designation.

1 Michael pleaded guilty to conspiring to commit bank and wire fraud and had the other charges 

against him dismissed. Luis was a fugitive at the time of trial and remains a fugitive. 

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father in sales. The Mendez’s scheme involved paying mortgage brokers to recruit 

straw buyers to submit often-falsified mortgage loan applications, for the purchase 

of units in complexes owned or controlled by Mendez family members. All loan 

applications relevant to this appeal were presented to the banks through mortgage 

brokers. 

Tania and Leidy Masvidal of EZY Mortgage (“EZY”) were the first brokers 

to participate in the scheme, which began at Parc Central. Later, working with the 

Masvidals as well as other brokers who facilitated similar falsifications, the 

Mendez family expanded this scheme to Yolanda Villas, Diane Condominiums, 

and Blue Waves. Relevant to this appeal, these other brokers included: (1) Wilkie 

Perez, and his companies Kinetic Mortgage, L&P Management and Consulting, 

and VGP Management and Consultants; and (2) Jorge Assef, a broker, who 

worked with Alfredo Chacon, a recruiter of straw purchasers, and Chacon’s 

company, TCB Property Management.

Once a loan was secured, it was used to pay the unit purchase price, roughly 

$220,000 per unit. When, for example, the Masvidals had recruited a straw 

purchaser for a Yolanda Villas unit, Barmeco first used those loan proceeds to pay

down Barmeco’s mortgage on the Yolanda Villas building by $152,500. Barmeco, 

through Stavroula, then distributed the remaining money to one of two companies 

created by the Masvidals. From this sum, the Masvidals each took $7,000, as did 

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Lazaro, and straw purchasers were paid $2,000. The Masvidals used the remaining

money to satisfy monthly loan payments and cover other straw purchasers’ “cash 

to close,” as necessary. The units were thereafter rented to third parties. Stavroula

distributed monthly rental fees to the Masvidals’ companies, in the form of checks 

signed by Marie. These funds were applied to loan payments not covered by the 

loan proceeds. This scheme continued until 2008, when the real estate market 

turned and most of the properties involved in this scheme entered foreclosure. 

Following a joint trial before a jury, the district court denied Appellants’ 

motions for judgments of acquittal, and all Appellants were convicted as charged.

On appeal, Stavroula and Marie challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of 

knowledge for certain counts, all Appellants challenge the district court’s 

preclusion of arguments relating to banks’ lending practices, Lazaro and Marie 

challenge the jury instructions’ reference to the “deliberate ignorance” theory of 

knowledge, all Appellants challenge the district court’s loss calculations for 

sentencing purposes, and Marie challenges the sentencing judge’s failure to make 

relevant conduct findings. We have jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 1291. See Butler v. Sukhoi Co., 579 F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir. 2009). 

We reject all but the last challenge.

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A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The government must prove defendant’s knowledge to prove bank fraud 

under 18 U.S.C. § 1344 and intent to prove wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343.

2

 

See United States v. De La Mata, 266 F.3d 1275, 1298 (11th Cir. 2001) (bank 

fraud); United States v. Brown, 40 F.3d 1218, 1221 (11th Cir. 1994) (wire fraud).

Stavroula and Marie challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of their knowledge. 

To prevail against a motion for judgment of acquittal, the government, having the 

benefit of all reasonable inferences in its favor, must present evidence such that “‘a 

reasonable jury could have found that the evidence established the appellants’ guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt . . . .’” United States v. Starrett, 55 F.3d 1525, 1541 

(11th Cir. 1995) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Russo, 796 F.2d 

1443, 1455 (11th Cir. 1986)). “As with other fraud crimes, ‘circumstantial 

evidence may prove [a defendant’s] knowledge.’” United States v. Martin, 803 

F.3d 581, 588 (11th Cir. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. 

Williams, 390 F.3d 1319, 1325 (11th Cir. 2004)) (discussing both bank and wire 

fraud). 

Sufficient evidence indicates that Stavroula knowingly participated in the 

challenged bank and wire fraud Counts: 6, 7, and 16–19. Each concerned 

 2 The “knowingly” and “intentionally” mens rea standards at issue are substantively identical, 

and will collectively be referred to as the “knowledge element.” See United States v. Odoni, 782 

F.3d 1226, 1232 (11th Cir. 2015) (mens rea standard for mail and wire fraud is “knowingly and 

intentionally”). 

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submission of fraudulent loan documents in the names of third persons to obtain

mortgages to purchase property at Yolanda Villas. For every transaction, the 

government produced evidence that Stavroula wrote one check from Barmeco after 

each loan had closed. 

As to Counts 7 and 17, which involved checks to the Masvidals, the record 

also indicates that Stavroula supplied the Masvidals with lists of Yolanda Villas 

units for which straw buyers should be sought, and expressed a concern to Tania 

Masvidal that EZY’s president and Lazaro were listed as officers of the Masvidals’

first shell company, Hope Investments of Kendall. Such overlap could lead

lenders to seek additional assurances if the seller, Barmeco, were seen to be paying 

a company owned by the mortgage broker, who is supposed to work for the buyer 

in arm’s-length transactions. As a licensed mortgage broker, Stavroula almost 

certainly knew this. Shortly after this conversation, the Masvidals created Best 

Investments of Kendall, with Tania Masvidal as the only officer.

3

 Stavroula’s 

mortgage broker credentials and significant financial responsibility within 

Barmeco indicate an extensive awareness and understanding of Barmeco’s

activities. Cf. United States v. Elashyi, 554 F.3d 480, 497 (5th Cir. 2008) 

(affirming a knowledge finding based on the “deep familial relationship,” 

defendant’s role in the fraudulent transaction, and the small, family-run nature of 

 3 Although Leidy Masvidal was a director of EZY, Tania Masvidal was not.

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the business). Her interactions with the Masvidals, most convincingly her

provision of target units, support the jury’s conclusion that Stavroula knew the 

illicit purpose of her check-writing. 

Counts 6 and 18 involved checks to Wilkie Perez, and Counts 16 and 19 

involved checks to ML17, a company owned and directed by Marie and Michael. 

The checks were forwarded to Alfredo Chacon. Stavroula’s family and business 

relationships with other major players in the Mendez’s fraud scheme again 

indicates an awareness of that scheme. A family relationship alone, however, is 

not sufficient to prove knowledge. See United States v. Villegas, 911 F.2d 623, 

630 (11th Cir. 1990). When combined with other indicia, however, it can be 

probative of a defendant’s knowledge of the substantive offense. See United States 

v. Ritz, 548 F.2d 510, 522 (5th Cir. 1977) (“The fact of the close association of the 

several parties and their association with Robert, Sr. the father who was the source 

of four of the bills is one circumstance from which the jury might infer 

knowledge.”). 

On this record, additional indicia exist. First, the transfers at issue in these 

counts were structured essentially the same as were the earlier transactions in 

Counts 7 and 17, just with different recipients. Second, where Barmeco stood to 

benefit from a fraudulent transaction, so too did Stavroula. Third, her interactions 

with the Masvidals and other Mendez family members who were induced to form 

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shell corporations and open bank accounts indicate Stavroula’s business acumen,

and make it unlikely she was simply an unwitting dupe.4

 Fourth, Stavroula’s

checks referenced the unit numbers of the apartments sold. Combined, these 

circumstances constitute sufficient evidence that Stavroula knew her check-writing 

served to distribute proceeds of the fraud. See Martin, 803 F.3d at 588. 

Furthermore, sufficient evidence demonstrates Marie knowingly participated 

in the bank and wire fraud Counts which she challenges: 5, 8, 16, and 19. Count 5 

charged Marie with the 2006 submission of a false application used to obtain a 

mortgage loan to purchase Blue Waves Unit 206. The record contains several false

documents signed by Marie, relevant to Count 5. For Blue Waves Unit 206, Marie 

signed an affidavit indicating she would use that unit as her primary residence. 

Within a month prior to the Unit 206 transaction, Marie had signed two other such 

affidavits in applying for mortgages to purchase Blue Waves Units 214 and 218.5

There is no suggestion Marie used any of these units as her primary residence. For 

the Unit 206 transaction, furthermore, record evidence indicates Stavroula 

 4 In particular, in 2008, Stavroula persuaded her then-24-year-old nephew, who had done 

secretarial work at Barmeco’s office, to form a new company, ESJ Group, and open a 

corresponding bank account. Stavroula and Luis transferred money from their other companies 

into ESJ’s account. Stavroula was authorized to transfer money from ESJ’s account in October 

2009, whereupon she immediately moved that money to accounts in Switzerland and 

Lichtenstein. 

5 The government presented samples of Marie’s signature for comparison. The jury is competent 

to compare signatures and draw its own conclusions. United States v. Cavallo, 790 F.3d 1202,

1230 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing United States v. Bell, 833 F.2d 272, 276 (11th Cir. 1987)). 

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communicated her desire to front Marie’s “cash to close” to the loan brokers, the 

Masvidals, Stavroula wired that money to Marie, and Marie signed a HUD-1 Form 

which indicated that she was paying roughly $26,000 “cash to close.” 

Marie concedes that she signed the loan application, but argues that the loan 

application was doctored between her signing it and the Masvidals’ submitting it. 

A jury should not presume a defendant’s knowledge of documents he or she 

signed, but juries are permitted to infer such knowledge. See United States v. 

Gaines, 690 F.2d 849, 853–54 (11th Cir. 1982). From the record evidence it is 

reasonable to conclude that Marie knew her Unit 206 application contained 

falsifications when submitted to the lender.

The Unit 206 transaction occurred roughly eight months after the Masvidals 

began assisting in the overall mortgage fraud scheme. Marie worked on the rental 

and property management side of the business, not in loan procurement, but in this 

capacity she made out checks remitting rent payments to the same company which 

also received the Masvidals’ post-closing payments, and communicated with Tania 

Masvidal about these rent payments. The Masvidals’ partnership with the Mendez

family was very lucrative, and Marie’s contact with the Masvidals, coupled with 

her receipt of “cash to close” from Stavroula, and repeated submission of falsified 

documents in similar transactions, constitutes sufficient evidence supporting the

jury’s verdict.

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Counts 8, 16, and 19 involved submission of fraudulent documents to obtain 

loans to purchase property at Diane Condominium (Count 8) and Yolanda Villas 

(Counts 16 and 19). For Diane Condominiums, sales proceeds went directly to LM 

Rentals, which was owned by Marie and Michael. LM Rentals then wired the 

money to ML17, which listed Marie as its “director-treasurer.” Finally, Marie split 

the money into two checks from ML17 to a company owned by Alfredo Chacon, 

TCB Property Management. The procedure following sales at Yolanda Villas was 

similar: sales proceeds went to Barmeco, whereupon Stavroula sent a check to 

ML17, at which point Marie wrote two checks to TCB Property Management. 

Although other nominal officers of Mendez-affiliated companies were 

inactive after helping to form those companies, Marie’s situation was markedly 

different. She was an active treasurer who wrote checks for hundreds of thousands 

of dollars from ML17 accounts. Between September 2007 and June 2008, the two 

largest of these checks went to Chacon’s company, one being for the Count 16 

sale. 

The check-writing from ML17 to TCB Property Management, in isolation, is

perhaps not “so obvious that knowledge of its character can fairly be attributed to 

[the defendant].” United States v. Moran, 778 F.3d 942, 960–61 (11th Cir. 2015)

(quoting United States v. Vernon, 723 F.3d 1234, 1273 (11th Cir. 2013)), cert. 

denied, 136 S. Ct. 268 (2015). Nevertheless, for Count 8 in particular, the money 

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took a curiously circuitous route. LM Rentals, owned by Marie and Michael, 

received the proceeds of the Diane Condominiums sale, which it wired to ML17, 

also owned by Marie and Michael. Marie then cut multiple checks to Chacon’s 

company in short succession. Likewise, for Counts 16 and 19, the association of 

the monies with specific unit numbers and Marie’s splitting of checks to Chacon 

gives more than a little pause. With Marie writing large checks, relative to 

ML17’s usual expenditures, a jury could infer that, as treasurer, she was aware of 

the purpose of those checks.6 The other party who might supply such explanations 

was ML17’s other principal, Michael, to whom Marie was married.

7

These facts, combined with Marie’s extensive interaction with the 

Masvidals, who played a role similar to that of Chacon, and the repetitive nature of 

her dealings with Chacon, supply sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude, 

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Marie understood the purpose of the transactions

at issue in Counts 8, 16, and 19. 

The foregoing likewise constitutes sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Marie knowingly participated in the overall 

conspiracy, charged in Count 1. “To sustain [a] conspiracy conviction under 18 

U.S.C. § 1349, the government must prove that (1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the 

 6 See United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 863 (11th Cir. 2011) (“A jury is not required to put 

aside its common sense or to assume that defendants have none.”).

7 There was no evidence that ML17 employed anyone else at the time of these transactions. 

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defendant knew of it; and (3) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined it.” 

Moran, 778 F.3d at 960. The knowledge required is only knowledge of “‘the 

essential nature of the conspiracy.’” Id. (quoting Vernon, 723 F.3d at 1273). 

“Guilt may exist even when the defendant plays only a minor role and does not 

know all the details of the conspiracy.” United States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 

1552, 1557 (11th Cir. 1994). The fraudulent transactions in which Marie 

participated were consistent with the overall scheme in all material respects and 

furthered its purpose. See Martin, 803 F.3d at 588–89; Hill, 643 F.3d at 864–65.

B. Preclusion of Evidence and Arguments Regarding Banks’ Lending 

Practices

On relevance grounds, the trial judge sustained the government’s objections

to arguments and questioning regarding banks’ intentionally risky lending 

practices, reasoning that these practices were only probative of the bank’s 

negligence, which is not a defense to fraud. Appellants now argue that precluding

this line of questioning violated their rights under the Sixth Amendment of the 

Constitution. U.S. Const. amend. VI. “While the district court has ‘discretionary 

authority to rule on the admissibility of evidence, including the power to limit 

cross-examination,’ this discretion is limited by the guarantee of the Sixth 

Amendment’s Confrontation Clause . . . .” United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 

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1282, 1296 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Garcia, 13 F.3d 1464, 1468 

(11th Cir. 1994)).

The Sixth Amendment guarantees defendants’ “right to have a meaningful 

opportunity to present a complete defense.” Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 

319, 331 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Appellants contend that 

evidence of banks’ lending practices was relevant to the jury’s assessment of: (1) 

the materiality of Appellants’ false statements; and (2) Appellants’ fraudulent 

intent. 

Regarding materiality, Appellants argue that the misrepresentations 

contained in the various loan applications were immaterial, as they were incapable 

of influencing the banks. United States v. Svete, 556 F.3d 1157, 1165 (11th Cir. 

2009) (en banc),

8 establishes two alternative modes of proof: an objective 

standard, which formed the basis of Appellants’ conviction, and a subjective 

standard.9

 The district court’s jury instruction, which indicated that materiality 

could be satisfied where defendant “should have known that a mortgage lender 

would likely regard the statement as important,” is consistent with Svete’s

standard. Regardless of whether these particular mortgage lenders acted with 

 8 Svete interprets the federal mail fraud statute, 556 F.3d at 1161–62, but the bank and wire fraud

statutes at issue in this case cover a similarly broad scope of fraud. 

9 In contrast to this matter, the subjective rather than objective standard occupied much of the 

court’s discussion in Svete. 556 F.3d at 1165–70.

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intentional disregard for suspected falsity, the falsehoods contained in the 

mortgage applications could have been relied upon by an objectively reasonable

mortgage lender. Additional evidence of these particular mortgage lenders’

unreasonable lending practices would not be relevant to an objective assessment of 

materiality.

As for fraudulent intent, Svete clearly holds that victim negligence does not 

vitiate a fraudster’s criminal intent. 556 F.3d at 1165.10 Svete does not directly 

address the relevance of a victim’s intentional malfeasance, though it does note 

that “‘[t]he focus of the language defining a scheme to defraud is on the violator, 

not the victim.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Drake, 932 F.2d 861, 864 (10th Cir. 

1991)).

Appellants’ arguments regarding the intent element fail because a victim’s 

actions upon encountering defendants’ fraudulent scheme do not vitiate the 

defendant’s prior intent in pursuing the fraudulent transaction. Even if the victim 

later embraced the scheme despite being aware of the fraud, that would not 

extinguish the scheme itself, or the defendant’s initial intent to deceive. As Svete

 10 Because the focus of the mail fraud statute, like any criminal statute, is on 

the violator, the purpose of the element of materiality is to ensure that a 

defendant actually intended to create a scheme to defraud. Proof that a 

defendant created a scheme to deceive reasonable people is sufficient 

evidence that the defendant intended to deceive, but a defendant who 

intends to deceive the ignorant or gullible by preying on their infirmities is 

no less guilty. Either way, the defendant has criminal intent. 

Svete, 556 F.3d at 1165.

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notes, one can be convicted of mail or wire fraud “‘even if his targeted victim 

never encountered the deception—or, if he encountered it, was not deceived.’” Id.

at 1166 (quoting Pelletier v. Zweifel, 921 F.2d 1465, 1498 (11th Cir. 1991), 

abrogation on other grounds recognized by Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc., 851 

F.3d 1060, 1067 (11th Cir. 2017)). Appellants have made no allegation that the 

banks were part of the Mendezes’ scheme from its inception. Thus, no 

constitutional violation occurred because Appellants were precluded from 

advancing only an irrelevant defense. Appellants do not argue, and the court does 

not conclude, that the district court otherwise abused its discretion. 

C. Deliberate Ignorance Instruction 

Over defendants’ objections, the court issued a deliberate ignorance 

instruction. Appellants argue that this instruction was inappropriate because record 

evidence points only to actual knowledge. A deliberate ignorance instruction is 

proper where “the facts . . . support the inference that the defendant was aware of a 

high probability of the existence of the fact in question and purposely contrived to 

avoid learning all of the facts in order to have a defense in the event of a 

subsequent prosecution.” United States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563, 1571 (11th Cir. 

1991) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Alvarado, 838 F.2d 311, 314 

(9th Cir. 1987)). “A district court should not instruct a jury regarding deliberate 

ignorance when the evidence only points to either actual knowledge or no 

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knowledge on the part of the defendant.” See United States v. Schlei, 122 F.3d 

944, 973 (11th Cir. 1997) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

Nevertheless, “instructing the jury on deliberate ignorance is harmless error 

where the jury was also instructed and could have convicted on an alternative, 

sufficiently supported theory of actual knowledge.” United States v. Steed, 548 

F.3d 961, 977 (11th Cir. 2008); see also Hill, 643 F.3d at 855. Appellants argue 

this situation is unique, as the government’s closing argument urged Lazaro’s guilt 

because he “should have known” he was participating in a fraudulent deal. Yet, 

Appellants failed to object to the impugned statement, and the district court 

“emphasize[d] that negligence, [carelessness] or [foolishness] isn’t enough to 

prove that a defendant knew about the bank fraud or wire fraud,” in its instructions

to the jury.

Assuming, arguendo, there was insufficient evidence to support a deliberate 

ignorance finding, and that such instruction was therefore improper, this situation 

does not warrant deviation from our approach in Steed. As we explained above, 

the evidence was sufficient for the jury to infer Stavroula’s and Marie’s actual 

knowledge of the fraudulent scheme. There was also sufficient evidence as to 

Lazaro’s actual knowledge to render the deliberate ignorance instruction harmless 

error. For example, the Masvidals testified they had conversations with Lazaro 

about providing false employment information for borrowers, and that Lazaro 

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provided that information. Furthermore, Tania Masvidal testified that Lazaro 

encouraged her to create a corporation to accept and distribute mortgage proceeds. 

Because the district court’s instructions cured any defect created by counsel’s 

statement, and jurors are presumed to follow the court’s instructions, see, e.g., 

Jamerson v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 410 F.3d 682, 690 (11th Cir. 2005), we 

discern no reversible error in giving the deliberate ignorance instruction. 

D. Sentencing Challenges

Appellants raise three specific challenges to the district court’s calculation of 

overall loss for sentencing purposes:

11 (1) for loans not subject to a foreclosure 

judgment, the calculations failed to use lender records to incorporate payments 

against the principal; (2) for Federal Housing Administration insured loans, the 

calculations included interest; and (3) the outstanding principal balance is not an 

accurate measure of loss to successor lenders, which held an indeterminate number

of Appellants’ mortgages at the time of sentencing. 

The Sentencing Guidelines do not require a precise determination, but rather 

a reasonable estimate of the loss, based on available evidence that is “reliable and 

specific.” United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1197–98 (11th Cir. 2011)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted); U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, cmt. n. 3(C). 

 11 Under the Sentencing Guidelines in force at the time of Appellants’ July 8, 2015, sentencing 

hearing, a 22-point enhancement applied to losses over $20 million and under $50 million. 

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(L) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2014). The district court found that 

Appellants’ caused a loss of $27,882,027.68. 

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Appellants’ first argument applied to roughly ten percent of the loans involved, and

the agent of the Federal Housing Finance Agency who performed these 

calculations testified that principal payments did not significantly alter the loss 

amount for the other ninety percent of loans.

12 The district court accordingly 

found that these principal payments could not reduce the total loss below the $20 

million Sentencing Guidelines threshold, and used available information to 

estimate the loss amount. This is reasonable, and we are not “‘left with a definite 

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” United States v. 

Ghertler, 605 F.3d 1256, 1267 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Clarke, 

562 F.3d 1158, 1165 (11th Cir. 2009)).

Assuming arguendo that Appellants properly raised their interest-related 

claims,13 although the Sentencing Guidelines do provide that interest shall not be 

factored into a loss amount calculation, U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, Advisory Note 3(D)(i), 

this error affected only six out of the 181 loans at issue. As the district court 

found, even if combined with the excluded principal payments referenced above,

this amount would not reduce loss calculations enough to impact Appellants’ 

Sentencing Guidelines offense level. “A sentencing error, under the Guidelines, is 

 12 The total amount of the loans was roughly $35.2 million. Credits associated with the ninety 

percent of loans which had entered foreclosure reduced the total by $6.5 million, to $27.8 

million. This reduction accounted for both money received as principal payments and the value

of the property. 

13 Appellants specifically declined to raise this challenge at trial because the affidavit by the U.S. 

Probation Officer who calculated the loss amount did not mention any FHA loans. 

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harmless if a court considers the proceedings in their entirety and determines that 

the error did not affect the sentence or had but very slight effect.” United States v. 

Campa, 529 F.3d 980, 1013 (11th Cir. 2008) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). The record indicates that the district court was aware of the foregoing 

two issues, and does not suggest that those marginal differences played a role in 

determining Appellants’ sentences.

Appellants’ final loss calculation argument – that they were entitled to a loss 

amount deduction for loans that were sold to successor lenders – was not raised in 

the district court, and thus we review it for plain error. See United States v. Anaya 

Castro, 455 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 2006). “The plain-error test has four 

prongs: there must be (1) an error (2) that is plain and (3) that has affected the 

defendant’s substantial rights; and if the first three prongs are met, then a court 

may exercise its discretion to correct the error if (4) the error ‘seriously affect[s] 

the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States 

v. Madden, 733 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Olano, 

507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1776 (1993)) (alteration in original). “[A]t 

least where the explicit language of a statute or rule does not specifically resolve 

an issue, there can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the Supreme 

Court or this Court directly resolving it.” United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d 

1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003). Appellants cited Martin for support, but that opinion 

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addressed how to apportion restitution among specific victims, not how to 

calculate overall loss. See 803 F.3d at 594–96. There, we affirmed the defendant’s 

sentence, despite remanding for a redetermination of restitution awards. Id. at 596. 

Having found no binding precedent requiring that loss calculations account for the 

sale of a mortgage to a successor lender, we find no plain error. 

Finally, Marie argues that the district court failed to make an individualized 

finding about the scope of relevant conduct attributable to her, as is required by the 

Sentencing Guidelines. Marie raised this argument before and during the 

sentencing hearing. The Sentencing Guidelines require that the sentencing level

for a defendant convicted of participating in a conspiracy be based on “all 

reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly 

undertaken criminal activity.” United States v. Hunter, 323 F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th 

Cir. 2003) (emphasis omitted) (language unchanged in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B)).

Under Section 1B1.3, “a sentencing court should make explicit relevant-conduct 

findings in order to facilitate appellate review . . . Importantly, however, a district 

court’s failure to make such explicit findings . . . does not warrant reversal—

‘where the court’s decisions are based on clearly identifiable evidence.’” United 

States v. Siegelman, 786 F.3d 1322, 1331 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States 

v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293 (11th Cir. 2011)). Here, while the district court 

made general statements as to Marie’s role in the scheme, it did not clearly make

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relevant conduct findings.

14 This failure to make explicit findings is error under 

Siegelman. Accordingly, we vacate Marie’s sentence and remand for the district 

court to make the necessary findings as to the relevant conduct applicable to Marie. 

In all other challenged respects, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

AFFIRMED in part, VACATED and REMANDED in part.

 14 At oral argument, the government highlighted a passage in which the district court overruled 

an objection to a finding that Marie used sophisticated means. In its brief, the government cited 

the downward variance portion of the sentencing hearing. Neither section contained relevant 

conduct findings. 

Case: 15-13325 Date Filed: 06/11/2018 Page: 21 of 21