Index
535

Index

AASHTO study 307 

agricultural commodities 23 

agriculture 

importance to U.S. economy 3 

need for flexible transportation 367 

need for transportation 1 

Alameda Corridor 424 

funding requirements 458 

antitrust exemptions 

ocean carriers 463 

railroads 464 

apples 78 

Army Corps of Engineers See Corps 

barges 6, 337, See also Inland waterways, 

See also locks and dams 

cost of delays 350 

demurrage charges 342 

description 341 

history 7, 336 

industry structure 7, 339 

number of barges 340 

rates 341 

tariff rates 342 

traffic 337 

historical 351 

Barges 

Tariff 477 

beef 55 

exports 57 

biodiesel 118 

biofuels 118, See also ethanol 

demand uncertainty 133 

expansion of demand 131 

projected consumption 123 

BNSF 288 

terminal dwell times 294 

Booz/Allen study 308 

bottleneck rates See railroads,bottleneck 

rates 

bridges 

maintenance 377 

bulk vessels 396 

sizes 397 

C-114 covered hoppers 267 

Cambridge Systematics 279, 304 

captive shippers 5, 322, See also paper 

barriers 

charters See shipping charters 

Christensen Associates 279 

pricing model 158 

Christensen study 310 

Clean Trucks Program 426 

coal 137 

demand 142 

production 138 

western movement of 141 

transportation 152 

transportation mode 152 

use for electricity 142 

Columbia River 337 

Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) 27 

Commodity Flow Survey 18 

competition 180 

Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) 26 

containers 400 

availability 11, 395, 431, 457 

effect on exporters 433 

shortages 436 

cooperatives, electric power 150 

corn 29 

exports 33 

modal shares 31 

supply and demand 29 

transportation 30 

Corps 336, 337, 347, 351 

Corps of Engineers See Corps 

Coumbia-Snake River System 356 

dairy 64 

exports 66 

regional changes 64 

supply and demand 66 

DDGS 127, 130 
536

demurrage charges 

barges 342 

density, railroad 6 

disruptions to service 455 

economy 

recent changes 15 

EISA 117, 132 

electricity 144 

consumption of coal 142 

providers 148 

elevators 27 

storage capacity 28 

environmental regulations 

cost of 379 

effect on trucking 379 

environmentat issues 

cost of compliance 466 

ethanol 117, See also biofuels 

and crude oil imports 118 

blend wall 134 

cellulosic 122 

distribution 118 

transportation status 128 

exemption 

hours-of-service requirement 466 

exports 

filing requirements 436, 446 

fees 

per-container 424, 462 

fertilizers 90 

consumption 94 

international trade 97 

outlook 100 

price 91 

production 93 

transportation 91, 99 

trends 91, 92 

FMC grievance process 439 

Freight Analysis Framework Study 307 

freight rates 

affected by fuel costs 449 

ocean bulk and container 453 

volatility 451 

fruit and vegetables 69 

exports 72 

production by State 70 

transportation 74 

fruits and vegetables 

trends in consumption 87 

fuel 

surcharges 239 

fuel costs 

affect on freight rates 449 

funding requirements 457 

highways 461 

inland waterways 460 

ports 462 

railroads 459 

public funding of 460 

grains 

railroad rates for 233 

grains and oilseeds 23 

exports 24 

production outlook 24 

transportation 25 

Hepburn Act 177 

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index 192 

analysis of grain shipments 194 

calculating 192 

Highway Trust Fund 11 

highways 11, 15, See also roads 

capacity 280 

funding of 461 

Hurricane Katrina, barge traffic disruption

 346 

hurricanes 

effect on transportation 455 

ICC 177, 223, 322 

ICC Act 223 

ICCTA 322 

Infrastructure Cargo Fee 427 

Inland Waterway Revenue Act of 1978 8 

inland waterways 337, See also barges 

funding of 358 

funding of 460 

investment needs 359 

Inland Waterways Trust Fund 359 

intermodal facilities 407 
537

rural 408 

intermodal shipping 456 

Interstate Commerce Commission See ICC 

Interstate Commerce Commission 

Termination Act of 1995 178 

inverse HHI See Herfindahl-Hirschman Index 

lettuce 81 

liner vessels 396 

livestock 47 

export outlook 52 

international trade 51 

projections 51 

transportation 49 

locks and dams 8, 336, 349 

locomotive availability 302 

MARAD 394 

Maritime Administration See MARAD 

maritime transportation See shipping 

meat consumption, trends 50 

merger premiums 

effect on rail rates 242 

Mississippi River 336 

Missouri River 354 

reservoirs 354 

traffic 355 

modal share 18, 25 

MTBE 117 

multimodal 

capacity and service 

history 453 

multimodal issues 447 

freight rates and 448 

fuel efficiency and 449 

Navigation and Ecosystem Sustainability 

Program 351 

Norbridge study 280 

Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998 405 

ocean transportation See shipping 

ocean transportation system 

definition 394 

Olmstead Locks and Dam 358 

Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009 377 

Packets 336 

Panama Canal 

expansion of 422 

paper barriers See railroads, paper barriers, 

See railroads, paper barriers 

PierPASS program 425 

policy issues 463 

railroads 464 

pork 58 

exports 60 

supply and demand 59 

ports 411 

bulk 414 

capacity 394 

capacity constraints 419 

environmental issues 420 

container 413 

expansion plans 441 

fees 420, 424, 425, 427 

funding 421 

funding of 462 

limitations to expansion 395 

Los Angeles/Long Beach 421 

Los Angeles/LongBeach 423 

major U.S. grain 416 

Mississippi Gulf 418 

Texas Gulf 419 

traffic 412 

use by agriculture 412 

potatoes 84 

poultry 61 

exports 63 

supply and demand 61 

profile 

grains and oilseeds 23 

profiles 

apples 78 

beef 55 

corn 29 

dairy 64 

fertilizers 90 

fruit and vegetables 69 

lettuce 81 

livestock 47 

pork 58 

potatoes 84 
538

poultry 61 

rice 43 

soybeans 34 

wheat 39 

R/VC ratios 196 

railcar ownership 232, 300 

railroads 3 

agriculture, importance to 174 

antitrust exemptions 464 

anti-trust immunity ix, 186 

as a decreasing-cost industry 323 

bottleneck rates 169, 249 

capacity 279 

AASHTO study 307 

Booz/Allen study 308 

Cambridge Systematics study 310 

Christensen study 310 

Freight Analysis Framework study 307 

capital expenditures 303, See also

railroads, investments 

captive shippers See captive shippers 

Class I railroads 16 

competition 174 

and collusive behavior 185 

and distance to barges 202 

effective 181 

geographic 185 

intermodal 181 

rail-to-rail 182 

with barges 202 

complaints 256, 274 

concentration of 188 

congestion 283 

contracts 325 

cost transfer to shippers 235 

costs 246 

crew shortages 284 

demand 280, 307 

by agriculture 282 

demurrage charges 257 

differential pricing 322 

fuel surcharges 239 

funding requirements of 459 

Government promotion of 176 

history of regulation 223 

investment 306, 311, See also railroads, 

capital expenditures 

sources 317 

lane closures 264 

line abandonment 268 

market dominance 325 

mergers 

problems with 284 

paper barriers 269, See also captive 

shippers 

coal 167 

performance 5, 255 

profitability 

measures of 245 

railcar fleet size 301 

railcar size 267 

rate appeals 321, 335 

Coal Rate Guidelines 326 

Cost of Capital Models 329 

Simplified Guidelines 329 

Simplified Procedures See Simplified 

Guidelines 

rates 5, 222 

appeals 224 

contract and tariff 203 

effect of size and distance 233 

effects of merger premiums 242 

for agriculture 229, 252 

for coal 155 

importance of reasonable 222 

recent 225 

Stand-Alone Cost test See SAC 

rationalization 5, 268 

regulation 177 

deregulation 179 

regulatory history 4, 176, 321 

revenue 252 

adequacy 244 

compared to costs 248 

service 255, 315 

capacity 163 

complaints 166 

disruptions 256 
539

for coal 159 

on-time delivery 164, 257 

reliability 162 

terminal dwell times 292 

train speed 160, 285 

short line 5 

shuttle trains 265 

track availability 298 

regulations 

effect on service and rates 454 

rice 43 

exports 46 

supply and demand 43 

transporation 44 

rivers 

navigation 336 

road damage by trucks 266 

roads See also highways 

investment needs 378 

maintainence 377 

funding 378 

rural economy 103 

rural manufacturing 109 

rural populations 

compared to metropolitan 103 

nature of 102 

rural Quality of Life Index 109, 116 

rural vitality 

freight transportation and 113 

SAC 326, 328 

salmon 356 

San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan

 423 

security 

cost of compliance 466 

ship construction 403 

shipping 9, 394 

anti-trust exemption 405 

backhaul cargo 408 

bulk shipping 396 

rates 428 

bulk vessels 9 

capacity 394 

charters 396, 406 

container shipping 400 

competition 404 

fleet capacity 402 

rates 430 

headhaul cargo 408 

industry structure 9, 395 

rates 428, 435 

grievance process 407 

regulation 10, 404 

tariff rates 405 

vessel registration 398 

shipping containers See containers 

ships 395 

shuttle trains 265 

Simplified SAC 330, See also SAC 

soybeans 34 

exports 38 

modal share 36 

transportation characteristics 35 

Staggers Act 222, 321 

Staggers Rail Act of 1980 178 

Stand-Alone Cost test See SAC 

STB 178, 185, 186, 244, 249, 321, 322, 324 

and deregulation 222 

jurisdiction 324 

Surface Transportation Authorization Act of 

2009 378, 392 

Surface Transportation Board See STB 

talking agreements 405 

tariff 

shipping 401 

tariff rates 

barges 342 

Tariff, barges 477 

Three Benchmark test 330, 332 

trade growth, United States 307 

tramp vessels 396 

transload facilities 408 

transporation data 458, 467 

transportation 

agriculture's need for 1 

Transportation Act of 1920 177 

transportation demand 458 

transportation network 15 
540

Transportation Worker Identification 

Credential See TWIC 

truck rates 

correlation with fuel cost 450 

trucking 364 

agricultural exemptions 368 

capacity 366 

commercial drivers license 374 

minimum age 376 

requirements 390 

competitiveness 365 

deregulation 381 

driver availability 366 

driver training 374 

environmental regulations 379 

flexibility 367 

funding 13 

hours of service requirement 368, 369, 

374 

importance to agriculture 364 

industry structure 12, 365, 366 

loading and unloading 375 

rates 381 

fruit and vegetables 382 

grain 384 

safety regulations 373 

trucks 11 

chassis 376 

costs 365 

farm-owned 387 

fuel costs 365, 382 

hours-of-service requirement 466 

operating costs 12 

size and weight limits 370 

TWIC 376 

cost of compliance 466 

UMR-IW 347 

agricultural traffic 353 

wildlife protection areas 350 

Uniform Grain and Rice Storage Agreement 

(UGRSA) 28 

unit trains 265 

United States Warehouse Act (USWA) 27 

UP 288 

terminal dwell times 295 

Upper Mississippi River and Illinois 

Waterway See UMR-IW 

vessels 

sizes 10 

waterways 17 

wheat 39 

exports 43 

modal share 41 

supply and demand 39 

transportation 40