IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs February 1, 2019

DEXTER LEE WILLIAMS v. TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF 

CORRECTION ET AL.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hickman County

No. 16-CV-5755 Michael Binkley, Judge

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No. M2018-01375-COA-R3-CV

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Appellant, an inmate in the custody of the Tennessee Department of Correction, appeals 

the trial court’s dismissal of his petition for common law writ of certiorari. Appellant

raises several issues regarding violations of the Tennessee Department of Correction’s 

uniform disciplinary procedures. The inmate was found guilty of refusal/attempt to alter 

a drug test. After exhausting his administrative appeals, he filed an application for a writ 

of certiorari in the trial court. The trial court granted the writ of certiorari, and on review 

of the record, dismissed Appellant’s petition. Finding no error, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Affirmed and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS R.

FRIERSON, II and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

Dexter Lee Williams, Pikeville, Tennessee, appellant, pro se.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter, Andrée Sophia Blumstein, 

Solicitor General, and Jennifer L. Brenner, Senior Assistant Attorney General, for the 

appellees, Tennessee Department of Correction, Commissioner, TN. Dept. of Correction, 

Debra Johnson, and D. Epley.

OPINION

I. Background

Appellant Dexter Lee Williams is an inmate in the custody of the Tennessee 

03/01/2019
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Department of Correction (“TDOC”). According to his petition for common law writ of 

certiorari, on December 2, 2015, Mr. Williams was called to the institutional drug testing 

area for a drug screen “based upon a reasonable suspicion of drug usage.” Mr. Williams 

was first searched by a prison employee, Officer Godwin, who then requested that Mr. 

Williams provide a urine sample for testing. Mr. Williams complied. Officer Godwin 

field tested the urine sample, which yielded a positive result for an “abnormal specific 

gravity.” Officer Godwin then sent the sample to a laboratory for confirmation of the 

field test. The independent lab, US Diagnostics, confirmed that the field test did, in fact, 

show a low specific gravity level of 1.0003, a reading which indicated that the specimen 

had been diluted.

On December 8, 2015, Mr. Williams was cited with a disciplinary infraction for 

Refusal/Attempt to Alter a Drug Test. As reflected in the incident description, the 

infraction alleged that “confirmation was received that indicates that Inmate Williams did 

dilute his urine specimen. Inmate Williams is being charged with Altering Drug Screen.” 

On January 12, 2016, a disciplinary hearing was conducted, at which time Mr. Williams 

was convicted of Refusal/Attempt to Alter a Drug Test. 

After exhausting his administrative appeals, on April 15, 2016, Mr. Williams filed 

a petition for common law writ of certiorari in the Chancery Court for Hickman County 

(“trial court”). Mr. Williams filed an amended petition for common law writ of certiorari 

on December 27, 2016. Mr. Williams named TDOC; Derrick Scofield, the 

Commissioner of TDOC; Debra Johnson, Warden; and Sargent Daniel Epley, the 

Disciplinary Board Chairman (together with TDOC, Mr. Scofield, and Ms. Johnson, 

“Appellees”). In his petition, Mr. Williams alleged that the board’s decision was 

arbitrary and illegal because: (1) there was no material evidence to support the board’s 

decision; (2) the board refused to allow Mr. Williams to present the testimony of relevant 

witnesses; and (3) the board failed to state its reasons for the decision. Appellees did not 

oppose the trial court’s granting of the petition for certiorari, and the record from the 

disciplinary proceedings was transmitted to the trial court for review by order of May 17, 

2017. By order of July 6, 2018, the trial court dismissed Mr. Williams’ petition for 

common law writ of certiorari finding that Mr. Williams’ “[l]imited due process rights 

were not violated at the disciplinary hearing.” He appeals.

II. Issue

The sole issue for review is whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellant’s 

petition for common law writ of certiorari.

III. Standard of Review

The common-law writ of certiorari serves as the proper procedural vehicle through 

which prisoners may seek review of decisions by prison disciplinary boards, parole 
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eligibility review boards, and other similar administrative tribunals. See Willis v. Tenn. 

Dep’t of Corr., 113 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2003); Rhoden v. State Dep’t of Corr., 984 

S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citing Bishop v. Conley, 894 S.W.2d 294 (Tenn.

Crim. App.1994)). The issuance of a writ of common-law certiorari is not an 

adjudication of anything. Keen v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. M2007-00632-COA-R3-

CV, 2008 WL 539059, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2008) (citing Gore v. Tenn. Dep’t 

of Corr., 132 S.W.3d 369, 375 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)). Instead, it is “simply an order to 

the lower tribunal to file the complete record of its proceedings so the trial court can 

determine whether the petitioner is entitled to relief.” Hawkins v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 

127 S.W.3d 749, 757 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Hall v. McLesky, 83 S.W.3d 752, 757 

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

Review under a writ of certiorari is limited to whether the inferior board or 

tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction or acted illegally, arbitrarily or fraudulently, and if there 

is any material evidence to support the board’s findings. Watts v. Civil Serv. Bd. of 

Columbia, 606 S.W.2d 274, 276-77 (Tenn. 1980); Davidson v. Carr, 659 S.W.2d 361, 

363 (Tenn. 1983); Harding Acad. v. Metropolitan Gov't of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 

222 S.W.3d 359, 363; (Tenn. 2007); see also Stewart v. Schofield, 368 S.W.3d 457, 463 

(Tenn. 2012). These determinations are issues of law. Watts, 606 S.W.2d at 277.

The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that the use of the common law writ of 

certiorari is appropriate to provide judicial relief from: (1) fundamentally illegal rulings;

(2) proceedings inconsistent with essential legal requirements; (3) proceedings that 

effectively deny parties their day in court; (4) decisions that are beyond the decisionmaker’s authority; and (5) decisions that involve plain and palpable abuses of discretion. 

State v. Lane, 254 S.W.3d 349, at 355 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712). 

A common law writ of certiorari proceeding does not empower the courts to re-determine 

the facts found by the entity whose decision is being reviewed. Tennessee Waste 

Movers, Inc. v. Loudon Cnty., 160 S.W.3d 517, 520 n. 2 (Tenn. 2005); Cooper v. 

Williamson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 746 S.W.2d 176, 179 (Tenn. 1987). Accordingly, we 

have repeatedly cautioned that a common-law writ of certiorari does not authorize a 

reviewing court to evaluate the intrinsic correctness of a governmental entity’s decision. 

See, e.g., Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712; Stewart, 368 S.W.3d at 465; Arnold v. Tennessee 

Bd. of Paroles, 956 S.W.2d 478, 480 (Tenn. 1997). As previously stated by this Court:

At the risk of oversimplification, one may say that it is not the correctness 

of the decision that is subject to judicial review, but the manner in which 

the decision is reached. If the agency or board has reached its decision in a 

constitutional or lawful manner, then the decision would not be subject to 

judicial review.

Powell v. Parole Eligibility Review Bd., 879 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). 

Accordingly, we consider Mr. Williams’ arguments within these parameters. “A board’s 
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determination is arbitrary and void if it is unsupported by any material evidence.” Watts, 

606 S.W.2d at 276–77. Whether there existed material evidence to support the board’s 

decision is a question of law that should be determined by the reviewing court based on 

the evidence submitted. Id. This Court must review a trial court’s conclusions of matters 

of law de novo with no presumption of correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). This Court 

“will not ‘inquire into the intrinsic correctness of the [b]oard’s decision,’ but will uphold 

the decision if it was reached lawfully and in a constitutional manner.” Hopkins v. Tenn. 

Bd. of Paroles and Prob., 60 S.W.3d 79, 82 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

IV. Analysis

We are cognizant that Mr. Williams is a prison inmate and is proceeding pro se. 

The courts should take into account that many pro se litigants have no legal training and 

little familiarity with the judicial system. Garrard v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., No. M2013-

01525-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 1887298, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 8, 2014) (internal 

citations omitted). It is well-settled that “pro se litigants are held to the same procedural 

and substantive standards to which lawyers must adhere.” Brown v. Christian Bros. 

University, No. W2012-01336-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3982137, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Aug. 5, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 15, 2014). While a party who chooses to 

represent himself or herself is entitled to the fair and equal treatment of the courts, 

Hodges v. Tenn. Att’y Gen., 43 S.W.3d 918, 920 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), “[p]ro se 

litigants are not . . . entitled to shift the burden of litigating their case to the courts.” 

Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32 S.W.3d 222, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

Furthermore, in disciplinary hearings, prisoners have only very limited due 

process rights. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 555 (1974) (“Prisoner disciplinary 

proceedings are not part of a criminal prosecution, and the full panoply of rights due to a 

defendant in such a proceeding does not apply.”). The minimum requirements for 

satisfaction of a prisoner’s due process rights for a disciplinary hearing are satisfied if: (1) 

the prisoner receives notice of the charges; (2) the prisoner has the opportunity to be 

heard; and (3) the factfinders make a written statement concerning the evidence relied on 

and the reasons for the disciplinary action. Id. at 563-69.

With the foregoing in mind, we turn to address each of Mr. Williams’ assignments 

of error concerning his disciplinary hearing.

A. Sufficient Material Evidence to Support the Board’s Findings

Mr. Williams asserts that there was “no evidence” to support the board’s 

determination that he diluted his urine specimen. Specifically, he argues that the certified 

disciplinary record was “totally devoid of any lab report or other confirmation.” The 

TDOC TOMIS Disciplinary Report, which is included in the record, describes the 

evidence against Mr. Williams as follows:
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On 12/2/2015 Inmate Dexter Williams. . . was given a drug test and field 

tested positive for abnormal specific gravity. His urine sample was sent to 

US Diagnostics Lab for testing. Confirmation was received that indicates 

that Inmate Williams did dilute his urine specimen. Inmate Williams is 

being charged with altering drug screen. Capt. David Breece was notified 

and approved.

The report indicates that it was prepared by Officer Steven Palk. Pursuant to TDOC 

Policy No. 502.01(IV)(I), which is included in the record, the prison disciplinary board 

only has to meet the “preponderance of the evidence” standard to convict Mr. Williams 

of the charged disciplinary offense. Preponderance of the evidence is defined, in the 

TDOC Policy, as “the amount of evidence necessary for a party to prevail at the 

disciplinary hearing,” or “more probable than not.” 

Turning to the evidence, Officer Palk testified, in person, at the disciplinary 

hearing. In relevant part, Officer Palk stated that the specific gravity of Mr. Williams’ 

urine sample was “less than 1.003.” Specifically, Officer Palk testified that the lab report 

showed “that inmate’s sample was diluted due to specific gravity and creatinine level 

being low which by policy these things are checked to see if dilution has occurred.” At 

Mr. Williams’ request, Officer Godwin and Officer Serna also testified at the hearing. 

On Mr. Williams’ questioning, Officer Godwin testified that he remembered giving Mr. 

Williams the drug screen and that he did not see Mr. Williams alter or tamper with the 

sample. 

Mr. Williams contends that because there are no lab results included in the 

disciplinary record, the board’s decision to convict him was arbitrary. Although the lab 

results are not included, it is clear that Officer Godwin, who conducted the field test, was 

in possession of the lab results from US Diagnostics while giving testimony at the 

hearing. The “Description of Physical Evidence Introduced” section of the TDOC 

Disciplinary Report Hearing Summary, which is included in the record, indicates that the 

“Report and US Diagnostic Lab Report” were introduced at the hearing. Mr. Williams’ 

inmate advisor, Christopher Crysler, also appears to have had a copy of the lab report at 

the hearing as he referenced it in his cross-examination of Officer Godwin. In view of 

the respective testimony of the officers involved in the events giving rise to the 

disciplinary action against Mr. Williams, we cannot conclude that the absence of the 

physical lab results was such a deviation from the Uniform Disciplinary Procedures as to 

have “effectively denied [Mr. Williams] a fair hearing.” Jeffries v. Tennessee Dep’t of 

Corr., 108 S.W.3d 862, 873 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

Concerning the urine sample, Mr. Williams asserts that it was “illegal” for the 

board to render a finding of guilty based on a urine sample that had been diluted as 

indicated by low specific gravity or creatinine. We disagree. TDOC Policy No. 

502.05(VI)(A)(54) states that attempting to alter a drug test is a punishable offense. The 
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Policy defines “Refusal of/or Attempt to Alter Test” as: “Refusal to provide an adequate 

breath or urine sample for a drug or alcohol screen upon request, refusal to sign any chain 

of custody forms, or attempting to change or modify documents, urine, or blood content 

for the purpose of creating false negative test results.” Here, Mr. Williams was convicted 

of altering/diluting his urine sample to avoid detection of drugs. This is the precise 

offense contemplated under TDOC Policy No. 502.05 (VI)(A)(54). 

Mr. Williams also argues that the board’s “failure to follow recommendations by 

the laboratory constitutes a clear and palpable abuse of discretion.” In making this 

argument, Mr. Williams relies on testing recommendations from Alere Laboratory. 

However, Alere Laboratory did not conduct the specimen testing in this case, and there is 

no indication that the initial field test was conducted using an Alere Laboratory test kit. 

Accordingly, any recommendations regarding Alere Laboratory testing or procedures are 

not relevant to Mr. Williams’ case. Furthermore, Alere Laboratory recommendations 

were not made part of the disciplinary hearing record; accordingly, Mr. Williams cannot 

rely on such recommendations on appeal. 

Finally, Mr. Williams appears to suggest that his urine sample was diluted based 

on the fact that he was working at his prison job when he was called to give the sample. 

Mr. Williams argues that because he had been instructed to drink plenty of fluids, the 

excess fluids caused his urine to become diluted. There is no evidence in the disciplinary 

board record to support Mr. Williams’ contention. Rather, this argument challenges the 

intrinsic correctness of the board’s decision; as discussed above, the common law writ of 

certiorari cannot be used to challenge the intrinsic correctness of an administrative 

finding so long as there was some evidence to support it. Willis, 113 S.W.3d at 712; 

Stewart, 368 S.W.3d at 465; Arnold, 956 S.W.2d at 480.

B. Witnesses

Mr. Williams alleges that the disciplinary board acted “arbitrarily and illegally by 

refusing to allow him to present the testimony of relevant witnesses.” If an inmate 

wishes to call witnesses at his or her disciplinary hearing, TDOC Policy No. 

502.01(VI)(L)(4)(d)(1) requires that the inmate complete form CR-3511, Inmate Witness 

Request, and submit the form to the hearing officer at least twenty-four hours prior to the 

hearing. If an inmate does not complete the witness form, the hearing officer has 

discretion to deny the live witness. However, even if the hearing officer denies in person 

testimony from the witness, the inmate may submit a written witness statement.

Here, the disciplinary record contains three witness request forms—one for 

Officer Godwin, one for Counselor Setzer, and one for Officer Serna. As discussed 

above, both Officer Godwin and Officer Serna testified at the hearing. The record 

indicates that Mr. Williams’ request for Counselor Setzer to testify was denied because 

Counselor Setzer lacked training to read lab tests. As noted above, TDOC policy allowed 
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Mr. Williams to file a written witness statement from Counselor Setzer after live 

testimony was denied. However, there is no indication that Mr. Williams attempted to 

submit such a statement. Regardless, there is no basis for a finding that Mr. Williams’ 

request for Counselor Setzer’s testimony was denied arbitrarily; rather, the reason given 

was that Counselor Setzer had no training to read lab tests. 

C. Findings

Mr. Williams asserts that the disciplinary hearing officer failed to provide detailed 

reasons for the board’s decision in contravention of TDOC Policy No. 

502.01(VI)(L)(4)(n). This policy requires the hearing officer to state detailed reasons for 

the board’s decision and to summarize the evidence that led to its decision. Here, the 

hearing officer described the evidence as follows: “Report and US Diagnostics Lab 

Report.” The hearing officer further described the findings of fact and evidence the 

board relied on as follows: “Guilty based on lab report that inmate’s sample was diluted 

due to specific gravity and creatinine level being low which by policy these things are 

checked to see if dilution has occurred.” Based on the actual evidence adduced at the 

hearing, as discussed above, the hearing officer’s report adequately sets forth the 

evidence and findings of fact that the board relied on in reaching its decision. Mr. 

Williams does not elaborate concerning what additional findings or information should 

have been included in the officer’s report. From the totality of the circumstances, the 

reporting official complied with the relevant policy requirements.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order. The case is remanded 

for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with the opinion. 

Costs of the appeal are assessed against the Appellant, Dexter Lee Williams. Because 

Mr. Williams is proceeding in forma pauperis in this appeal, execution for costs may 

issue if necessary.

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KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE