Supreme Court of Florida

____________

No. SC12-2377

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VALERIE AUDIFFRED,

Petitioner,

vs.

THOMAS B. ARNOLD,

Respondent.

[April 16, 2015]

LEWIS, J.

Petitioner Valerie Audiffred seeks review of the decision of the First District 

Court of Appeal in Arnold v. Audiffred, 98 So. 3d 746 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012), on the 

basis that it expressly and directly conflicts with decisions of the Third, Fourth, and 

Fifth District Courts of Appeal on a question of law. We have jurisdiction. See

art. V, § 3(b)(3), Fla. Const.

FACTS

Valerie Audiffred and her husband, Robert Kimmons, filed an action against 

Thomas Arnold that arose from an automobile collision. Arnold, 98 So. 3d at 747. 

In the complaint, Audiffred sought damages for her injuries and for vehicle repairs. 
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Id. Kimmons sought damages based upon loss of consortium. Id. On April 29, 

2010, a settlement proposal was served upon Arnold which provided:

PROPOSAL FOR SETTLEMENT

Plaintiff, Valerie Audiffred, by and through the undersigned 

counsel hereby make the following proposal for settlement pursuant to 

F.S. § 768.79 and Rule 1.442 F.R.C.P., to wit:

1. NAME OF PARTY OR PARTIES MAKING THIS 

PROPOSAL:

Plaintiff: Valerie Audiffred

2. PARTY OR PARTIES TO WHOM THE 

PROPOSAL IS BEING MADE:

Defendant: Thomas B. Arnold

3. IDENTIFY THE CLAIM OR CLAIMS THE 

PROPOSAL IS ATTEMPTING TO RESOLVE:

Any and all claims Plaintiffs have brought against the 

Defendant set forth in the Complaint in the above captioned case and 

any other claim or claims that may have risen as a result of the subject 

incident set forth in Plaintiffs’ Complaint, including attorney’s fees 

and costs.

4. ANY RELEVANT CONDITIONS:

Both Plaintiffs will dismiss this lawsuit, with prejudice, as to 

the Defendant.

5. TOTAL AMOUNT OF PROPOSAL:

Seventeen Thousand Five Hundred Dollars and no cents 

($17,500.00).

Arnold constructively rejected the proposal when he did not respond within thirty 

days. Id.; see also Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.442(f)(1) (“A proposal shall be deemed 
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rejected unless accepted by delivery of a written notice of acceptance within 30 

days after service of the proposal.”). 

After a jury trial, a verdict was entered against Arnold in the amount of 

$26,055.54 for Audiffred’s past medical expenses. Arnold, 98 So. 3d at 747. 

However, the jury did not award anything to Audiffred for permanent damages or 

to Kimmons for the loss of consortium claim. Id. at 747-48. Audiffred and 

Kimmons then filed a motion that sought an award of costs and attorney’s fees 

pursuant to section 768.79, Florida Statutes (2014),

1

the offer of judgment statute, 

and Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.442. Id. at 748. Arnold moved to strike the 

settlement proposal on the basis that it was defective because it was filed only on 

behalf of Audiffred, but offered to settle the claims of both Audiffred and 

Kimmons. Arnold asserted that unapportioned settlement proposals that resolve

the claims of multiple parties are improper, even where one claim is a loss of 

consortium claim filed by a spouse.

After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion to strike and entered an 

amended final judgment that awarded Audiffred and Kimmons costs and attorney’s 

fees. The trial court explained:

the offer in this case was clear and unambiguous in that it identified 

the parties and clearly identified the monetary and non-monetary 

 

1. Section 768.79 has not been amended since the incident in this case. 

Therefore, we reference the current version of the statute. 
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conditions, that both plaintiffs would dismiss their lawsuit with 

prejudice. Regardless of whether or not Valerie Audiffred had the 

authority to bind Robert Kimmons to a voluntary dismissal in the 

event that the defendant had accepted the proposal for settlement, the 

defendant clearly had the ability to evaluate the proposal and accept it 

on its terms. . . . Under the circumstances of this case[,] where 

Kimmons was represented by the same attorney that represented 

Audiffred, the Court finds that the proposal for settlement, including a 

provision that both plaintiffs would dismiss their lawsuit against the 

defendant, was unambiguous and legally sufficient.

On appeal, the First District reversed the award of costs and attorney’s fees. 

Arnold, 98 So. 3d at 747. The district court concluded that the settlement offer

constituted a joint proposal because, when read as a whole, it clearly expressed that 

Audiffred and Kimmons would dismiss their claims against Arnold with prejudice 

upon acceptance. Id. at 748. The district court also noted:

The Florida Supreme Court stated in Willis Shaw Express, Inc. 

v. Hilyer Sod, Inc. that “[a] strict construction of the plain language of 

rule 1.442(c)(3) requires that offers of judgment made by multiple 

offerors must apportion the amounts attributable to each offeror.” 849 

So. 2d 276, 278-79 (Fla. 2003). When multiple offerors make a 

proposal for settlement to a single offeree, that individual is entitled to 

know the amount and terms attributable to each offeror in order to 

properly evaluate the offer. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Materiale, 787 So. 2d 

173, 175 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). 

Id. Relying on Hilyer Sod, the First District held that the proposal was invalid for 

failure to comply with section 768.79 and rule 1.442 because it did not apportion 

the settlement amount between Audiffred and Kimmons. Id. at 747-48.

We granted review of Arnold based upon express and direct conflict with 

decisions that hold a proposal for settlement made by a single offeror to a single 
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offeree which upon acceptance will dismiss the entire action, including claims for 

or against a party who is neither an offeror nor offeree, is not an undifferentiated 

“joint proposal” that renders the offer invalid and unenforceable. See, e.g.,

Andrews v. Frey, 66 So. 3d 376 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011); Eastern Atl. Realty & Inv. 

Inc. v. GSOMR LLC, 14 So. 3d 1215 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009); Alioto-Alexander v. 

Toll Bros., Inc., 12 So. 3d 915 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009). 

ANALYSIS

Relevant Provisions

Section 768.79, Florida Statutes, governs offers of judgment, and rule 1.442

delineates the procedures that implement this statutory provision. See Hilyer Sod, 

849 So. 2d at 278. Section 768.79 provides, in relevant part:

(1) In any civil action for damages filed in the courts of this 

state, if a defendant files an offer of judgment which is not accepted 

by the plaintiff within 30 days, the defendant shall be entitled to 

recover reasonable costs and attorney’s fees incurred by her or him or 

on the defendant’s behalf pursuant to a policy of liability insurance or 

other contract from the date of filing of the offer if the judgment is 

one of no liability or the judgment obtained by the plaintiff is at least 

25 percent less than such offer, and the court shall set off such costs 

and attorney’s fees against the award. . . . If a plaintiff files a demand 

for judgment which is not accepted by the defendant within 30 days 

and the plaintiff recovers a judgment in an amount at least 25 percent 

greater than the offer, she or he shall be entitled to recover reasonable 

costs and attorney’s fees incurred from the date of the filing of the 

demand. . . .

(2) The making of an offer of settlement which is not accepted 

does not preclude the making of a subsequent offer. An offer must:
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(a) Be in writing and state that it is being made pursuant to this 

section.

(b) Name the party making it and the party to whom it is being 

made.

(c) State with particularity the amount offered to settle a claim 

for punitive damages, if any.

(d) State its total amount.

The offer shall be construed as including all damages which may be 

awarded in a final judgment. 

Rule 1.442 provides, in relevant part:

(c) Form and Content of Proposal for Settlement.

. . . .

(2) A proposal shall:

(A) name the party or parties making the proposal and the party 

or parties to whom the proposal is being made; 

. . . .

(C) state with particularity any relevant conditions;

(D) state the total amount of the proposal and state with 

particularity all nonmonetary terms of the proposal;

. . . . 

(3) A proposal may be made by or to any party or parties and 

by or to any combination of parties properly identified in the proposal. 

A joint proposal shall state the amount and terms attributable to each 

party.

Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.442 (emphasis supplied).2 

 

2. In 2011, the rule was amended to add subdivision (c)(4). The new 

subdivision, which is not applicable to this case, states: 

Notwithstanding subdivision (c)(3), when a party is alleged to 

be solely vicariously, constructively, derivatively, or technically 

liable, whether by operation of law or by contract, a joint proposal 

made by or served on such a party need not state the apportionment or 
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In the recent case Pratt v. Weiss, No. SC12-1783 (Fla. Apr. 16, 2015), we 

articulated the standards under which motions for costs and attorney’s fees sought 

pursuant to section 768.79 and rule 1.442 are evaluated:

The eligibility to receive attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 

section 768.79 and rule 1.442 is reviewed de novo. See Frosti v. 

Creel, 979 So. 2d 912, 915 (Fla. 2008). This Court has held that 

subdivision (c)(3) of rule 1.442, which requires a joint proposal to

state the amount and terms attributable to each offeror or offeree, must 

be strictly construed because it, as well as the offer of judgment 

statute, is in derogation of the common law rule that each party is 

responsible for its own fees. See Hilyer Sod, 849 So. 2d at 278; see 

also Gershuny v. Martin McFall Messenger Anesthesia Prof. Ass’n, 

539 So. 2d 1131, 1132 (Fla. 1989) (“[T]he rule in Florida requires that 

statutes awarding attorney’s fees must be strictly construed.”). [n.4] 

Thus, to be valid, an offer of judgment presented by multiple offerors 

must apportion the amount that is attributable to each offeror. Hilyer 

Sod, 849 So. 2d at 278-79. 

[N.4.] This Court has also strictly applied other 

provisions of the offer of judgment statute and rule. See

Campbell v. Goldman, 959 So. 2d 223, 226-27 (Fla. 

2007) (holding that settlement proposal was invalid for 

failing to cite section 768.79 as mandated by both the

statute and the rule).

The purpose of the apportionment requirement in the rule is to 

allow each offeree to evaluate the terms and the amount of the offer as 

it pertains to him or her. See id. at 278 (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v. 

Materiale, 787 So. 2d 173, 175 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001)). On more than 

one occasion, the Fourth District has referred to the requirement as a 

“bright line rule,” to be applied without exception. See Cano v. 

 

contribution as to that party. Acceptance by any party shall be 

without prejudice to rights of contribution or indemnity.

In re Amends. to Fla. Rules of Civ. Pro., 52 So. 3d 579, 588 (Fla. 2010). 
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Hyundai Motor America, Inc., 8 So. 3d 408, 411 (Fla. 4th DCA 

2009); Graham v. Yeskel, 928 So. 2d 371, 373 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006). 

Strict application of the requirement has resulted in the invalidation of

offers of judgment where two plaintiffs presented an unapportioned 

settlement offer to one defendant, see Hilyer Sod, 849 So. 2d at 277; 

where one plaintiff presented an unapportioned settlement offer to two 

defendants, even though one defendant was alleged to be only 

vicariously liable, see Lamb[ v. Matetzschk, 906 So. 2d 1037, 1040

(Fla. 2005)]; [n.5] and where one defendant presented an offer to two 

plaintiffs that was conditioned upon the acceptance of both plaintiffs, 

see Attorneys’ Title Insurance Fund, Inc. v. Gorka, 36 So. 3d 646, 

647-48 (Fla. 2010). We held that the proposal in Gorka was invalid 

because the conditional nature of the offer divested each plaintiff of 

independent control over the decision to settle. Id. at 649. 

[N.5.] Lamb was decided prior to the 2011 amendment 

to rule 1.442. 

Id. at 6-8. Further, in Materiale, the Second District Court of Appeal noted that 

apportionment of the settlement amount can be particularly important where a loss 

of consortium claim is involved because a defendant may elect to settle the 

consortium claim for a minimal amount, but proceed to trial on the primary claim. 

787 So. 2d at 175; see also id. at 176 (Casanueva, J., concurring) (“[W]here a 

consortium claim is joined with a claim for personal injuries, the former claim may 

be more amenable to settlement than the latter because it may involve less 

money.”).

Also relevant to our analysis today is subdivision (c)(2)(C) of rule 1.442, 

which requires that a proposal state “with particularity” any relevant conditions. 

While the rule does not require an offer to be completely free of ambiguity, we 
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have explained that the proposal must be sufficiently clear to permit the offeree to 

reach an informed decision without the need of clarification. State Farm Mut. 

Auto. Ins. Co. v. Nichols, 932 So. 2d 1067, 1079 (Fla. 2006). If ambiguity within 

a proposal could reasonably affect the decision of an offeree, the proposal will not 

satisfy the particularity requirement. Id. 

This Case

Based upon these standards, we hold that the proposal for settlement did not 

comply with section 768.79 and rule 1.442. The complaint in this case involved 

separate claims by Audiffred and Kimmons. Although the proposal lists Audiffred 

as the sole offeror, if accepted by Arnold, the offer would have resolved all 

pending claims by both Audiffred and Kimmons. Thus, the proposal had the effect 

of settling claims by two plaintiffs against one defendant. Under the required strict 

construction of the rule and the statute, this ultimate effect of the offer requires that 

it be treated as a joint proposal.3 Accordingly, for the proposal to be valid, it was 

 

3. Not only did the offer have the effect of a joint proposal, but the 

subsequent motion for costs and attorney’s fees filed after rendition of the verdict 

supports a conclusion that the offer was a joint proposal because it expressly 

provided:

Plaintiffs, VALERIE AUDIFFRED and ROBERT KIMMONS, 

by and through undersigned counsel, and pursuant to Florida Statute § 

768.79, as well as Florida Rules of Civil Procedure, 1.442 and 1.525, 

hereby respectfully requests this Court to enter judgment against the 

Defendant in the amount of Plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees . . . which have 
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necessary for the amount offered to be apportioned between Audiffred and 

Kimmons. 

The proposal, however, does not describe what portion of the amount 

offered would be applicable to Audiffred, and what portion would be applicable to 

Kimmons. As written, the proposal does not clearly convey whether the settlement 

amount would be divided evenly between Audiffred and Kimmons, whether one 

plaintiff would take nothing while the other would receive the full amount offered, 

or whether some measure between the two was intended. Although Audiffred 

asserts that the intent of the proposal was for Kimmons not to receive any portion 

of the settlement amount for his loss of consortium claim, the actual language of 

the proposal is not at all clear on this matter. Instead, the proposal states only that 

upon payment of $17,500, Audiffred and Kimmons would “dismiss this lawsuit, 

with prejudice, as to the Defendant.” 

We conclude that due to this patent ambiguity, the offer lacked sufficient 

clarity to permit Arnold to reach an informed decision with regard to the settlement 

amount against the pending claims by Audiffred and Kimmons. See generally

Nichols, 932 So. 2d at 1079. Accordingly, the settlement proposal was fatally 

 

accrued since the date Plaintiffs served their Proposal for Settlement 

on Defendant.

(Emphasis supplied.) Thus, the motion recognized that the proposal, had it been 

accepted, would have settled the claims of two plaintiffs. 
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ambiguous and, therefore, invalid because it failed to state with particularity this 

critical condition of the offer. Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.442(c)(2)(C). Accordingly, the

First District properly reversed the award of costs and attorney’s fees to Audiffred

and Kimmons.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we approve the decision in Arnold. We hold that 

when a single offeror submits a settlement proposal to a single offeree pursuant to 

section 768.79 and rule 1.442, and the offer resolves pending claims by or against 

additional parties who are neither offerors nor offerees, it constitutes a joint 

proposal that is subject to the apportionment requirement in subdivision (c)(3) of 

the rule. We conclude that the statute and the rule mandate apportionment under 

such circumstances to eliminate any ambiguity with regard to the resolution of 

claims by nonofferor/nonofferee parties. The decisions in Frey, GSOMR, and

Alioto-Alexander are disapproved to the extent they are inconsistent with this 

opinion.

It is so ordered. 

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, QUINCE and PERRY, JJ., concur.

CANADY, J., dissents with an opinion, in which POLSTON, J., concurs.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 

IF FILED, DETERMINED.
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CANADY, J., dissenting.

Because there is no express and direct conflict of decisions underpinning the 

Court’s review, I would dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction under article V, 

section 3(b)(3) of the Florida Constitution.

Although the proposal for settlement in the case before us stated at the outset 

that it was submitted only by Audiffred, the First District concluded that it actually 

constituted a joint proposal. Arnold v. Audiffred, 98 So. 3d 746, 748 (Fla. 1st 

DCA 2012). The district court reasoned that the proposal was jointly made 

because, when read as a whole, it clearly expressed a promise that both plaintiffs 

Audiffred and Kimmons would dismiss their individual claims against Arnold 

upon acceptance. Id. Because the joint proposal did not apportion the amount 

offered between Audiffred and Kimmons, the district court held that the proposal 

was invalid. Id. at 747. 

The majority granted review of this case based upon express and direct 

conflict with the decisions of the other district courts in Andrews v. Frey, 66 So. 3d 

376 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011), Eastern Atlantic Realty & Investment Inc. v. GSOMR 

LLC, 14 So. 3d 1215 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009), and Alioto-Alexander v. Toll Brothers, 

Inc., 12 So. 3d 915 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009). Majority op. at 4-5. However, the 

district courts concluded that the proposals in each of those cases were made by a 

sole offeror, and therefore they were not required to state the amount and terms 
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attributable to each party. Frey, 66 So. 3d at 379; Eastern, 14 So. 3d at 1222; 

Alioto-Alexander, 12 So. 3d at 916-17.

In Frey and Alioto-Alexander, the proposals at issue were made by a single 

defendant and were conditioned on the plaintiff releasing from liability both the 

offeror defendant and a second nonofferor defendant. Frey, 66 So. 3d at 378; 

Alioto-Alexander, 12 So. 3d at 916. The district courts in both cases found that the 

proposals were not jointly made and that a proposal from one party conditioned on 

the offeree also releasing another party from liability does not transform an offer 

into a joint proposal. Frey, 66 So. 3d at 378; Alioto-Alexander, 12 So. 3d at 917. 

However, the First District distinguished the proposals in Frey and AliotoAlexander from the instant case because the proposals in those cases “did not 

promise that another individual would take affirmative action upon acceptance of 

the proposal,” but here Audiffred’s proposal promised that another individual, 

Kimmons, would take affirmative action—i.e., dismiss his claims against Arnold—

upon acceptance of the offer. Arnold, 98 So. 3d at 749.

In Eastern, both Biscayne Joint Venture, Ltd. (“BJV”) and GSOMR, LLC 

(“GSOMR”) filed claims against Eastern Atlantic Realty and Investment, Inc.

(“Eastern”). 14 So. 3d at 1218. Eastern then counterclaimed against BJV, and the

cases were consolidated. Id. BJV served a proposal for settlement offering 

$20,000 and dismissal of both BJV’s and GSOMR’s claims against Eastern, in 
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exchange for Eastern’s dismissal of its claims against BJV. Id. The Third District 

held that the proposal was not a joint proposal that failed to apportion the amount 

offered between BJV and GSOMR because it “explicitly state[d] that BJV was the 

party making the offer to pay Eastern $20,000.” Id. at 1221.

The cases on which the majority relies to establish this Court’s jurisdiction 

based on express and direct conflict are factually distinguishable from Arnold. 

While the proposal in Arnold was determined to be a joint proposal that failed to 

apportion the settlement amount between the two offerors, the proposals in Frey, 

Eastern, and Alioto-Alexander were found to be made by a single offeror. 

Consequently, the First District did not reach an opposite holding based on the 

same or closely similar controlling facts to those in Frey, Eastern, or AliotoAlexander. Therefore, I conclude that this Court is without jurisdiction to review 

Arnold based on express and direct conflict. Accordingly, I dissent.

POLSTON, J., concurs.

Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Direct 

Conflict of Decisions 

First District - Case No. 1D11-6583

(Escambia County)

Marcus Joseph Michles, II of Michles & Booth, P.A, Pensacola, Florida, and Louis 

Kahn Rosenbloum of Louis K. Rosenbloum, P.A, Pensacola, Florida, 
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for Petitioner

Jeffrey Errol Bigman of Smith, Hood, Loucks, Stout, Bigman, & Brock, P.A., 

Daytona Beach, Florida, and Michelle Lynn Hendrix of Vernis & Bowling, 

Pensacola, Florida,

for Respondent