COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

JERRY MICHAEL CHANCE D/B/A 

OUTER LIMITS GAMEROOM,

 Appellant,

v.

ELLIOT & LILLIAN, LLC,

 Appellee.

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No. 08-13-00248-CV

Appeal from the

153rd District Court 

of Tarrant County, Texas 

(TC# 153-257372-12) 

O P I N I O N

Appellant Jerry Michael Chance, doing business as Outer Limits Gameroom (Chance), 

appeals from the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Elliot & Lillian, LLC, 

(Elliot), Appellee.1 Because genuine issues of material fact exist regarding one or more elements 

of Elliot’s breach of contract claim, we reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment 

and remand the case for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

On January 10, 2012, Elliot filed a breach of contract suit against Chance, arising from a 

commercial lease agreement executed by Chance as tenant and Elliot as landlord. The lease 

 

1

As this case was transferred from our sister court in Fort Worth, we decide it in accordance with the precedent of that 

court. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2

agreement had a term of three years, commencing on December 1, 2009, and expiring on 

December 31, 2012. Under the terms of the agreement, Chance was to pay Elliot a base rent of 

$2,000 per month.

In its pleadings, Elliot alleged Chance had failed to pay rent due on September 1, 2011, and 

all subsequent months to the filing of the amended petition filed on November 19, 2012, had 

abandoned and vacated the premises on or about October 2011, and had made unauthorized and 

damaging alterations to the property causing damages to the building, requiring extensive repairs 

in an amount to be determined. Elliot additionally claimed Chance’s unauthorized alterations 

were made in violation of city ordinances, thereby causing Elliot to expend time, effort, and 

expense to refurbish the property to meet applicable regulations. In its original petition, Elliot 

requested under Rule 194 that Chance disclose information and materials “contained in Rule 

194.2.”2 On January 30, 2012, Chance answered Elliot’s assertions by filing a general denial.

On January 11, 2013, Elliot filed its motion for summary judgment in which it asserted that 

no genuine issue of material fact existed regarding its claims against Chance for breach of contract. 

In the motion, Elliot asserted that Chance had failed to pay rent under the terms of the agreement 

and had caused damage to the premises in the amount of $27,701.18, and argued that the summary

judgment evidence demonstrated as a matter of law that Chance was indebted to Elliot in the 

amount of $59,701.18 plus interest and attorney’s fees of no less than $9,007.38.

In support of the motion, Elliot presented the testimony of Robert Hafkesbring who by 

affidavit presented an executed copy of the lease agreement, and stated that Chance had failed to 

remit rental payments totaling $32,000. Hafkesbring also specified the damage to the premises 

and submitted an itemized invoice of damages and unpaid charges setting out the labor, 

 

2 This request for disclosure was omitted in Elliot’s amended petition filed on November 19, 2012.
3

equipment, and sales tax arising from the restoration of the damaged premises totaling $27,701.18. 

As a result of Chance’s breach, Hafkesbring stated he was required to engage legal counsel to 

pursue his breach of contract claims. Elliot also presented the affidavit of his attorney, Thomas E. 

McElyea, who affixed redacted billing statements setting forth the dates and hours for legal 

services rendered by Benenati Law Firm, P.C. in support of Elliot’s suit, and stated that Elliot had 

incurred fees and costs in the amount of $9,007.38. The trial court scheduled the summary

judgment motion to be heard on February 8, 2013.

In his response, Chance denied any breach on his part, and argued that no damages 

occurred as the result of any breach, but asserted that Elliot did not tender performance under the 

contract. In his affidavit, Chance stated that after commencement of the lease, his certificate of 

occupancy was “pulled,” and he was denied a new certificate of occupancy by “code enforcement” 

because Elliot would not pay to repair the parking lot of the premises or make other repairs as 

required by the terms of the lease. This, according to Chance, required that he move from the 

premises, which cost Chance money and business losses. Chance asserted that after he was 

denied a certificate of occupancy, he provided notice to Elliot that he would need to move his 

business from the premises because it was a violation of the law and of the lease for him to remain

on premises without a certificate of occupancy. Chance also asserted that he had been charged 

and forced to pay for water service for an adjacent property owned by Elliot because Elliot had not 

segregated the water bills between the two properties. Last, Chance alleged that he personally 

observed a new tenant in the premises five months after he vacated it.

On February 1, 2013, Elliot filed a reply to Chance’s response and tendered a second 

Hafkesbring affidavit. In the second affidavit, Hafkesbring contended that Chance’s certificate of 
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occupancy was revoked by the City because of Chance’s unauthorized modifications to the 

property, that the water lines to the properties maintain their own meters and are billed separately, 

and that Chance abandoned the property after refusing to pay rent. Hafkesbring also noted that 

Chance’s affidavit was the first time he had ever known of any issue with the parking lot and that 

Chance had never complained to him about “water billing or paying issues.”

On February 8, 2013, the trial court heard the motion for summary judgment. After each 

party objected to the other’s evidence, and after considering the respective arguments presented 

regarding the motion for summary judgment, the trial court instructed counsel to submit objections 

to the evidence the following week and explained that it would first rule on the objections to the 

evidence and would then rule on the summary judgment motion.

On February 12, 2013, Chance presented two objections. In the first, Chance asserted that 

the second Hafkesbring affidavit was inadmissible because it was filed within 21 days prior to the 

summary judgment hearing in contravention of Rule 166a(c). See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (d)(i). 

In his second objection, Chance complained that during the summary judgment hearing, Elliot 

referred to discovery evidence in general, and argued that its failure to refer to discovery evidence 

in its summary judgment motion, to file discovery with the trial court, and to include a statement of 

its intent to use specified discovery or discovery references as summary judgment proof barred the 

use of such discovery as evidence and rendered any reference to discovery inadmissible. See 

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(d)(i).

On the same date, Elliot filed its objections to Chance’s affidavit and summary judgment 

response. Elliot alleged that it had served Chance with a request for disclosure on January 13, 

2012, to which Chance never responded. Elliot argued that Chance’s failure to respond to the 
5

request for disclosure constituted an abuse of the discovery process, and contended that Chance’s 

failure to disclose evidence would prevent Chance from introducing the evidence at trial unless he 

could show good cause for such failure or that the failure to disclose did not result in any unfair 

surprise or unfair prejudice to Elliot. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 194 (requests for disclosure, generally),

193.6(a)(party who fails to make discovery response in timely manner may not introduce in 

evidence the material or information that was not timely disclosed, or offer testimony of witness 

not timely identified except on good cause and without unfair surprise or unfair prejudice to other 

parties). Citing Rule 194.2, which permits a party to request disclosure of the legal theories and, 

in general, the factual bases of the responding party’s claims or defenses, Elliot contended that 

Chase’s affidavit expounded a new legal defensive theory, namely that Elliot’s purported breach 

of the lease agreement formed the basis for Chance’s departure from the premises. See TEX. R.

CIV. P. 194.2(c)(setting out the content that party may be requested to disclose, including legal 

theories and, in general, factual bases of responding party’s claims or defenses). Elliot argued 

that Chance’s new legal theory must be presumed to be contrary to his “previous legal theory of a 

general denial of any wrongdoing” because Chance did not respond to the request for disclosure 

and he filed a general denial. Elliot noted that all of the facts alleged by Chance in his affidavit 

were known to him before the commencement of suit or were known within the discovery period 

and permitted him to serve adequate responses or supplements to Elliot’s disclosure request. 

Under these circumstances, Elliot contended that Chance’s pleadings and discovery responses 

gave Elliot no notice of Chance’s defense and that Chase failed in satisfying his burden to prove 

the applicable exceptions to Rule 193.6(a). Because Chance failed to respond to Elliot’s 

disclosure request, Elliot complained it was unable to examine Chance’s legal theory or conduct 
6

depositions of Chance, and argued that Chance’s affidavit should be excluded from evidence.

Finding no genuine issue of material fact, the trial court granted Elliot’s motion for 

summary judgment and ordered that Chance pay Elliot the sums of $32,000 for outstanding rent 

and interest in the amount of $1,866.67, $27,701.18 for property damage and interest in the 

amount of $1,615.90, and $9,007.38 for attorneys’ fees. The summary judgment order does not 

expressly state that the trial court considered or ruled on the parties’ objections.

DISCUSSION

Chance presents three issues for our review. In Issue One, Chance argues the trial court 

erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Elliot because multiple issues of material fact

exist. In Issue Two, he asks whether the trial court ruled on the parties’ evidentiary objections if 

its order for summary judgment does not reference them, and specifically asserts that because 

Elliot did not obtain a ruling on its objections to Chance’s summary judgment evidence, Elliot’s 

objections cannot be the subject of its appeal. In Issue Three, Chance asserts that even if the trial 

court implicitly sustained Elliot’s objections, the trial court abused its discretion because the 

objections are without merit.

Objections to Summary Judgment Evidence

We first address Issue Two, consider whether the trial court ruled on the parties’ 

objections, and determine the summary judgment evidence we are permitted to consider on appeal. 

The Fort Worth Court of Appeals has had occasion to address circumstances in which a party has 

raised objections to summary judgment evidence and to determine whether the trial court 

implicitly ruled on those objections.

In Mead v. RLMC, Inc., 225 S.W.3d 710, 714 (Tex.App. –Fort Worth 2007, pet. denied), 
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the Court compared two of its earlier rulings in Frazier v. Yu, 987 S.W.2d 607, 609-11 (Tex.App. 

–Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied)(no-evidence summary judgment) and Wrenn v. GATX Logistics, 

Inc., 73 S.W.3d 489, 497-98 (Tex.App. –Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). In Frazier, a trial court had 

granted defendant’s motion to strike plaintiff’s summary judgment affidavit from evidence, 

entered summary judgment for defendant, noted on its docket sheet that plaintiff had not submitted 

any summary judgment evidence, and stated in its order that it had reviewed all competent 

evidence. Frazier, 987 S.W.2d at 609-10. After observing that “error is preserved as long as the 

record indicates in some way that the trial court ruled on the objection either expressly or 

implicitly,” the Frazier Court determined that the record and circumstances in that case created an 

inference that the trial court implicitly sustained the defendant’s objections to plaintiff’s evidence. 

Id. at 610. The Court did not consider the evidence because plaintiff did not complain of the trial 

court’s implicit ruling on appeal. Id.

In Wrenn, the defendant objected to a deposition transcript in the trial court and argued on 

appeal that the Fort Worth Court of Appeals could not consider such evidence because plaintiff 

had failed to complain of the trial court’s implied ruling on appeal. Wrenn, 73 S.W.3d at 497-98. 

The Court explained that, unlike Frazier, the Wrenn record failed to show that the trial court had 

implicitly sustained defendant’s objections as the order granting summary judgment was silent as 

to any disposition regarding the objections to the evidence or to whether the trial court had 

considered the complained-of testimony. Id. at 498. The Court determined that it could not infer 

that the trial court had sustained the objections to the deposition testimony merely by its granting 

of the summary judgment motion, and stated, “When we cannot determine what implied ruling is 

to be inferred, we cannot expect the parties to be able to do so.” Id. The Court declined to hold 
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that plaintiff waived error by failing to recognize and complain of any implicit ruling sustaining 

the defendant’s objections to the summary judgment evidence. Id.

In Mead, the trial court initially granted summary judgment in favor of defendant and 

sustained defendant’s objections to plaintiff’s summary judgment evidence. Mead, 225 S.W.3d 

at 714. After the plaintiffs objected that they had not been provided notice of the trial court’s 

ruling or given and asserted their entitlement to have an opportunity to amend and cure any alleged 

defects, the trial court rescinded the summary judgment. Id. The trial court did not sign the 

proposed order granting the defendant’s objections to the plaintiff’s evidence but signed a 

summary judgment order that did not include any ruling on the defendant’s objections. Id. 

Citing Wrenn, the Court determined that the mere fact that the trial court had granted defendant’s 

summary judgment motion provided no grounds to permit it to infer that the trial court had 

sustained defendant’s objections. Mead, 225 S.W.3d at 714; Wrenn, 73 S.W.3d at 498. The 

Mead Court determined that the record did not demonstrate that the trial court had ruled impliedly 

on objections to summary judgment evidence. Mead, 225 S.W.3d at 714. The Court observed 

that it was “just as possible that the trial court considered the [plaintiff’s] summary judgment 

evidence and concluded that the evidence did not raise a genuine issue of material fact, particularly 

in light of the trial court’s rescinding the original judgment sustaining the objections, not signing 

the proposed ruling granting the objections, and entering of a final judgment that does not mention 

the objections.” Mead, 225 S.W.3d at 714. The Mead Court determined that it could consider 

the plaintiff’s summary judgment evidence in the course of its review. Id.

The record of the proceedings in this case is less complex than those presented in Frazier, 

Wrenn, and Mead. Here, at the conclusion of the summary judgment hearing, the trial court 
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expressly asked the parties to submit their objections to the evidence by the following week, and 

announced, “[B]ased upon how I rule on those, then I’ll consider what evidence there is or is not to 

support summary judgment or defeat summary judgment.” However, no proposed rulings on the 

objections are contained within the record on appeal, and the trial court’s order granting summary 

judgment in favor of Elliot makes no reference to whether it considered the objections and contains 

no ruling on the evidentiary objections. The trial court merely granted the motion for summary 

judgment.

Because the record shows only what the trial court intended to do and does not demonstrate 

that the trial court did consider and rule on the parties’ objections, we are compelled to follow the 

precedence of Wrenn and Mead. Mead, 225 S.W.3d at 714; Wrenn, 73 S.W.3d at 498. Because 

we are unable to conclude that the trial court implicitly ruled on the parties’ objections to the 

summary judgment evidence, we may consider all summary judgment evidence not otherwise 

excluded from the trial court’s consideration.

Rule 193.6

Rule 193.6 provides that a party who fails to make a discovery response in a timely manner 

may not introduce in evidence the untimely disclosed material or information or offer testimony of 

a witness not timely identified except on good cause and without unfair surprise or unfair prejudice 

to other parties. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6(a). Evidentiary exclusion under Rule 193.6 is applicable 

in summary judgment proceedings. TEX. R. CIV. P. 193.6; Ft. Brown Villas III Condominium 

Ass’n, Inc. v. Gillenwater, 285 S.W.3d 879, 881 (Tex. 2009). 

Elliot contends Chance’s affidavit in response to its summary judgment motion is 

automatically excluded from evidence under Rule 193.6. We disagree. 
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We are guided by the Supreme Court’s consideration of the facts in Gillenwater. 

Gillenwater, 285 S.W.3d at 881–82. There, the Court examined the trial court’s striking of an 

expert’s affidavit after Gillenwater failed to timely disclose the expert pursuant to a scheduling 

order, and held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking the affidavit under Rule 

193.6. Gillenwater, 285 S.W.3d at 882. The Court also determined that Gillenwater had failed 

to establish good cause or lack of unfair surprise or undue prejudice to overcome the exclusion of 

the expert. Id.

Unlike Gillenwater, the trial court in this case did not strike any evidence pursuant to Rule 

193.6, and did not rule on Elliot’s Rule 193.6 objection. A party who fails to obtain written 

rulings on objections to summary judgment evidence waives the complaint, unless the record

contains an implicit ruling by the trial court. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A)(trial court must either 

expressly or implicitly rule on objection to preserve complaint for review). As discussed above, 

nothing in the record on appeal establishes that the trial court ruled on this objection, expressly or 

implicitly. We sustain Issue Two and consider all evidence presented to the trial court in its 

review of the summary judgment motion and response. Because we have sustained Issue Two, 

we need not address Issue Three.

Summary Judgment on Breach of Contract Claim

We next consider Issue One in which Chance contends genuine issues of material fact 

barred the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Elliot.

Standard of Review

It is the burden of the traditional summary judgment movant to submit sufficient evidence 

that establishes on its face that no genuine issue exists as to any material fact and that it is entitled 
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to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.R.CIV. P. 166a(c); Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health 

Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507, 511 (Tex. 2014)(citations omitted). When a movant meets that 

burden of establishing each element of the claim or defense on which it seeks summary judgment, 

the burden then shifts to the non-movant to disprove or raise an issue of fact as to at least one of 

those elements. Amedisys, Inc., 437 S.W.3d at 511.

We review a trial court’s grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo. Mann 

Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). The party 

moving for traditional summary judgment bears the burden of showing that no genuine issue of 

material fact exists and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). 

To determine whether the non-movant raises a fact issue, we view all evidence presented in the 

motion and the response in the light most favorable to the non-movant, crediting favorable 

evidence favorable to the non-movant if reasonable jurors could do so, and disregarding contrary 

evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. See Mann Frankfort, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing City 

of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005)); see also 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 

392, 399 (Tex. 2008)(reviewing court takes as true all evidence favorable to non-movant, and 

indulges every reasonable inference and resolves any doubts in non-movant’s favor). If 

uncontroverted evidence is from an interested witness, it does nothing more than raise a fact issue 

unless it is clear, positive and direct, otherwise credible and free from contradictions and 

inconsistencies, and could have been readily controverted. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Morrison v. 

Christie, 266 S.W.3d 89, 92 (Tex.App. –Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).

Analysis

The elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) 
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performance or tendered performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the defendant;

and (4) resulting damages to the plaintiff. See Rice v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 324 S.W.3d 660, 666 

(Tex.App. –Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). Elliot’s evidence establishes the existence of a valid 

contract between the parties, Elliot’s tender of the premises to Chance for lease, Chance’s breach 

of the agreement occasioned by his failure to pay rent, and unpaid rent and repairs for unauthorized 

modifications to the premises as Elliot’s damages. 

The burden then shifted to Chance to disprove or raise an issue of fact as to at least one of 

the breach of contract elements. Amedisys, Inc., 437 S.W.3d at 511. Chance’s affidavit asserts

that Elliot did not perform or tender performance under the lease agreement when it failed to make 

repairs, and that Chance did not breach the contract but was forced to move when Elliot’s alleged 

failure to make repairs purportedly prevented him from securing a certificate of occupancy and 

occupying the property lawfully. Chance avers in his affidavit that he personally observed that 

Elliot had obtained “a new tenant five months after I moved my business out of the building.”

This conflicting evidence raises questions of fact about whether Elliot performed or 

tendered performance under the terms of the lease agreement, whether Chance acted in accordance 

with or in violation of the terms of the lease agreement, and if breach is established by the 

evidence, whether and to what extent Elliot may have suffered damages. Because genuine issues 

of material fact exist regarding the elements of Elliot’s performance, Chance’s breach, and any 

resulting damages, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment. Amedisys, Inc., 437 

S.W.3d at 511. Issue One is sustained.

CONCLUSION
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The trial court’s judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings. 

TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(d).

YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

April 8, 2015

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)

Larsen, J. (Senior Judge), sitting by assignment