In The 

Court of Appeals 

Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

________________________

No. 07-14-00011-CR 

________________________

MICHAEL ALLEN CHAMBERLAIN, APPELLANT 

 

V. 

 

STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE 

 

 

On Appeal from the 100th District Court 

Carson County, Texas 

Trial Court No. 5332; Honorable Stuart Messer, Presiding 

 

April 16, 2015 

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 

Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ. 

 

In this case we are once again faced with an issue concerning the imposition of 

an arguably illegal sentence based on deficiencies that went unnoticed by the trial 

judge, prosecutor, and defense counsel.

1 Appellant, Michael Allen Chamberlain, 

 

1

See Grado v. State, No. 07-11-00468-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 7989 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 

2013) (mem. op., not designated for publication), (affirmed by Grado v. State, 445 S.W.3d 736 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2014); Melton v. State, No. 07-13-00032-CR, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 266 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 

13, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
2

contends the judgment of the trial court should be set aside and the case remanded 

because there is no evidence supporting the order originally placing him on deferred 

adjudication community supervision for the second degree felony offense of indecency 

with a child by sexual contact. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Because the disposition of this case does not require a detailed review of the 

facts underlying the offense, we limit our discussion to the procedural facts pertinent to 

the appeal. In that regard, on May 9, 2013, Appellant was charged by indictment with 

two counts of aggravated sexual assault, a first degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE 

ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B) (West Supp. 2014). On September 27, 2013, pursuant to a plea 

bargain, Appellant entered a plea of guilty to the lesser-included offense of ―indecency 

with a child‖—and this is where the issue in this case begins. That is so because there 

are two types of indecency with a child: (1) indecency with a child by exposure,

2

a third 

degree felony, and (2) indecency with a child by sexual contact,

3

a second degree 

felony—and the plea bargain agreement did not specify which offense applied. 

Appellant contends he pleaded guilty to indecency with a child by exposure, whereas 

the State takes the position that he pleaded guilty to indecency with a child by sexual 

contact. As discussed below, both positions have some merit; however, after 

considering the entire appellate record, we ultimately conclude the trial court was 

dealing with a plea agreement pertaining to the lesser-included offense of indecency 

 

2

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(2) (West 2011). 

3

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2011). 

 
3

with a child by sexual contact, and we will address the sufficiency issue pertinent to this 

appeal from that perspective.

4

 

At the September 27th hearing, pursuant to the agreed plea recommendation, 

Appellant executed and filed a Stipulation of Evidence which states: 

On or about the 14th day of March, 2013, in Carson County, Texas, 

[Appellant] did then and there with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual 

desire of the defendant, intentionally or knowingly expose the defendant‘s 

genitals knowing that [the victim], a child younger than 17 years of age,

was present. (Emphasis added).

This stipulation describes the offense of indecency with a child by exposure. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(2)(A) (West 2011). Conversely, the stipulation does not

describe the offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact. See id. at

§ 21.11(a)(1) (West 2011). 

In addition to the stipulation, Appellant signed another document entitled Waivers 

of Parties, which included a paragraph entitled Judicial Confession, which states: 

I, the defendant, state that I have read the indictment or information filed in 

this case and that I committed each and every allegation it contains. I am 

guilty of the offense alleged as well as all lesser included offenses. I 

swear to all of the foregoing and I further swear that all testimony I give in 

this case will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so 

help me God. (Emphasis added).

 

4

In Evans v. State, 299 S.W.3d 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), the Court of Criminal Appeals held 

that indecency with a child by sexual contact is a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault of 

a child when both offenses are predicated on the same act. Id. at 143. The court explained why this is 

true despite the fact that the indecency offense contains what might appear to be an extra element of 

intent to arouse or gratify sexual desire. See id. at 141-43. The court reasoned that ―intent to arouse or 

gratify sexual desire‖ was not an extra element because it was already part of the definition of ―sexual 

contact,‖ and sexual contact was a form of touching subsumed within the ―penetration‖ required to prove 

aggravated sexual assault. Id.
4

Although the Waiver of Parties document contained a paragraph entitled Order 

on Waivers and Judicial Confession, which included a signature line for the ―Presiding 

Judge,‖ the copy of that document filed September 27th does not bear the signature of 

the trial judge. Interestingly, however, a copy of the same document filed October 2, 

2013, does contain the judge‘s signature.

Complicating matters further, the Punishment Recommendations signed by the 

district attorney, defense counsel, and Appellant on September 27th indicates that the 

State is recommending ―[p]rosecution for lesser included offense of INDECENCY WITH 

A CHILD – PC 22.11(a) – A 2ND DEGREE FELONY‖ and a recommendation of ten 

years deferred adjudication community supervision in exchange for Appellant‘s plea of 

guilty. The problem here is that section 22.11(a) of the Texas Penal Code does not 

describe the second degree felony offense of indecency with a child at all—instead, it 

describes the third degree felony offense of harassment by persons in certain 

correctional facilities. Because section 21.11 of the Texas Penal Code does describe 

the offense of indecency with a child, we must assume the difference between 22.11 

and 21.11 is but a scrivener‘s error, another lack of attention to detail. 

But wait, the confusion does not stop there. At the hearing on the original plea, 

for reasons that completely escape us, the trial court conducted three pleas, of three 

separate defendants, with three separate defense counsel, from two separate counties, 

in one consolidated proceeding. At the commencement of that proceeding, the 

following exchange occurred:
5

THE COURT: The Court further calls Carson County Cause 

Number 5332, the State of Texas versus 

Michael Allen Chamberlain. State?

[Appearances made.]

DEFENSE COUNSEL: [Defense counsel] for the Defendant, Your 

Honor. We‘re ready under an agreed plea 

recommendation.

 * * * 

THE COURT: How do you plead to the first degree felony 

offense of aggravated sexual assault of a 

child?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge, we‘re pleading under a lesser-included 

indecency charge, under the recommendation.

 * * * 

THE COURT: Let me back up a little bit. Mr. Chamberlain, if I 

accept you plea to a second degree felony, a 

second degree of indecency has a maximum 

punishment of 20 years and a minimum 

punishment of two. And again, there can be a 

fine not to exceed $10,000.

Do you understand that?

DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

 * * * 

THE COURT: How do you plead to the lesser-included second 

degree felony offense of indecency with a child --

DEFENDANT: True.

THE COURT: -- guilty or not guilty?

DEFENDANT: Guilty.
6

After several admonishments to the various defendants, the proceeding 

continued with this exchange: 

THE COURT: And in Mr. Chamberlain ̳s case?

PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, in that case, Cause Number 5332 

out of Carson County, the plea bargain would 

be ten years deferred adjudication with a fine 

of $1,000, court costs of $665.

When it came time to offer evidence to support Appellant‘s plea, this additional

exchange occurred:

PROSECUTOR: Thank you. Your Honor, in the Chamberlain 

case, 5332 out of Carson County, Your Honor, 

we would offer the States Stipulation of 

Evidence which is State‘s Exhibit 1, bearing the 

Defendant‘s signature in the middle of the 

page, Your Honor.

State‘s Exhibit 1, the Stipulation of Evidence referenced above, only admits to 

the offense of indecency with a child by exposure. Without the introduction of any other 

evidence relevant to Appellant‘s plea, the record continues with the following statement:

PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, that‘s all the evidence the State 

would offer, at this time, in all three cases. The

State would rest and close in all three cases, 

Your Honor.

During the plea proceeding, no inquiry was made of Appellant concerning the 

facts necessary to substantiate the offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact

and no testimony from any other source was offered. Although the Judicial Confession

appears of record, it is never mentioned. Towards the conclusion of the multi-plea 

proceeding, the trial court continued:
7

THE COURT: In Cause Number 5332 out of Carson County, I 

find there is sufficient evidence to find the 

Defendant, Michael Allen Chamberlain, guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt of the second 

degree lesser-included offense of indecency 

with a child.

Pursuant to the plea agreement announced, and based on nothing other than the

plea of guilty, the stipulation of evidence and the judicial confession, the trial court 

suspended the imposition of sentence and placed Appellant on deferred adjudication 

community supervision for a term of ten years.5 Adding further complication to the 

already confusing plea agreement, the Order of Deferred Adjudication recites the 

offense as ―indecency with a child, a lesser included offense than alleged in the 

indictment,‖ pursuant to Penal Code ―section 22.11(a)(2),‖ a ―second degree felony.‖ 

Again, as stated above, 22.11(a)(2) is harassment in a correctional facility; whereas, 

21.11(a)(2) is indecency with a child by exposure. Because the record of the plea 

clearly reflects both the trial court and Appellant were discussing a plea to a second 

degree felony, again we assume the difference between subsection (a)(2) and 

subsection (a)(1) is nothing more than another example of a long line of scrivener‘s 

errors.

Forty days after being placed on deferred adjudication community supervision, 

the State filed a motion to adjudicate. A hearing was held on January 14, 2014, and 

 

5

A defendant convicted of the offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact pursuant to 

section 21.11(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code is not eligible for deferred adjudication community 

supervision unless the judge makes a finding in open court that placing the defendant on community 

supervision is in the best interest of the victim. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 5(a) (West 

Supp. 2014). Even though no such finding was made in this case (another lapse of attention to detail), 

the trial court‘s failure to do so is not grounds to set aside the plea, deferred adjudication, or any 

subsequent conviction or sentence. Id.
8

Appellant entered a plea of ―not true‖ to the allegations contained in the State‘s motion. 

During the revocation hearing the following exchange took place:

THE COURT: The Court calls Carson County Cause Number 

5332, the State of Texas versus Michael Allen 

Chamberlain.

[Appearances made.]

THE COURT: And this is an aggravated sexual assault of a 

child case?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: No, Your Honor.

PROSECUTOR: Your Honor, it‘s a plea to a lesser included --

THE COURT: Lesser included.

PROSECUTOR: -- on indecency with a child, a second degree 

felony with a regular punishment range of --

THE COURT: Of two to 20?

PROSECUTOR: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: [Defense Counsel], do you concur it‘s a two to 

20 on an indecency?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes. Indecency with a child is a second 

degree felony, two to 20.

Following the presentation of evidence pertaining to alleged violations of the 

conditions of community supervision, the trial court revoked Appellant‘s deferred 

adjudication and entered a finding of guilt, not as to the offense of indecency by 

exposure, but rather as to the offense of indecency by sexual contact. The trial court 

then assessed Appellant‘s sentence at the maximum period of confinement for that 

offense, to-wit: twenty years. The written Judgment Adjudicating Guilt repeated the 

same errors that appeared in the Order of Deferred Adjudication, reciting the offense as 
9

―indecency with a child,‖ pursuant to section ―22.11(a)(2),‖ a ―2ND degree felony.‖ 

Again, we construe these inconsistencies as additional scrivener‘s errors—the correct 

recitation being ―indecency with a child by sexual contact,‖ pursuant to section 

21.11(a)(1), a second degree felony.

By his sole issue, Appellant contends his conviction is ―void‖ because the only 

evidence supporting the conviction is State‘s Exhibit 1, the Stipulation of Evidence, 

which only confesses to the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child by 

exposure.6 In response, the State contends (1) Appellant agreed to enter a plea of 

guilty to the offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact and (2) while the 

Stipulation of Evidence is insufficient to support a conviction as to that offense, the

written judicial confession filed of record compensates for that deficiency. 

Based on the totality of the record before us, we begin our analysis with a finding

that, notwithstanding the inconsistencies and deficiencies that appear of record, both 

the trial court and Appellant contemplated a plea to a lesser-included, second degree 

felony offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact, and the trial court orally 

pronounced guilt as to that offense (albeit, not specifying the offense to be indecency 

with a child by sexual contact).

7

 While we see issues with both the stipulation of 

evidence and the judicial confession, we find the overall record supports the trial court‘s 

 

6

Appellant does not raise, and we do not address, any issues concerning the effective assistance 

of counsel or the voluntariness of his plea, issues more appropriately suited to an article 11.07, habeas 

corpus proceeding. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.07 (West Supp. 2014).

7 When a trial court‘s oral pronouncement of sentence conflicts with the written judgment, the oral 

pronouncement controls. Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 135 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.01, § 1 (West Supp. 2014)). In such circumstances, this Court should 

reform the judgment to reflect the sentence pronounced. Id. at 137.
10

judgment. Because we ultimately conclude the evidence supports the judgment 

entered, we will affirm.

ANALYSIS

Under the Code of Criminal Procedure, the State is obligated to ―introduce 

evidence into the record‖ of a defendant's guilt, and trial courts are not permitted to 

render a conviction without evidence establishing a defendant's guilt. See TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.15. See also Menefee v. State, 287 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2009). In that regard, an oral plea of guilty alone is insufficient because ―even if 

the defendant states that he or she is pleading guilty to the charges in the indictment 

under oath, [a guilty plea] does not constitute a judicial confession because the 

defendant is merely entering a plea,  ̳not confessing to the truth and correctness of the 

indictment or otherwise providing substance to the plea.‖ Baggett v. State, 342 S.W.3d 

172, 174 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref‘d) (quoting Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13, 

15). As such, Appellant‘s guilt is not sufficiently supported by his plea of guilty alone. 

Evidence establishing a defendant's guilt sufficient to satisfy the statutory 

requirements of article 1.15 ―may take many forms,‖ including a ―written stipulation of 

what the evidence against him would be, without necessarily admitting to its veracity or 

accuracy.‖ Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13. See also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.15

(providing that evidence establishing guilt may be stipulated to by the defendant). 

When considering the sufficiency of a written stipulation of evidence, the stipulation will 

be sufficient if ―it embraces every constituent element of the charged offense.‖ 

Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13. Conversely, a stipulation that fails to establish every 
11

element of the offense does not authorize a conviction. Id. at 14. Here, Appellant 

contends his stipulation of evidence is deficient because it does not provide proof of 

sexual contact, an element essential to a finding of guilt of indecency with a child by 

sexual contact. While the State does not disagree with Appellant‘s contention that the 

stipulation is deficient, it contends the deficiency is one of form which may be 

compensated for by other competent evidence in the record. Dinnery v. State, 592 

S.W.2d 343, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). While we agree with Appellant that the 

stipulation of evidence in this case does not support a finding of guilt as to the offense of 

indecency with a child by sexual contact, we also agree with the State that other 

evidence may satisfy the requirements of article 1.15. 

PLEA OF GUILTY AND ORAL TESTIMONY AT TRIAL

As stated above, Appellant‘s oral plea of guilty alone does not satisfy the 

requirement that the State introduce evidence to establish his guilt. Furthermore, 

Appellant‘s oral testimony at trial does not compensate for the lack of evidence 

supporting the plea because Appellant never testified at the plea hearing and never 

verbally acknowledged any act constituting sexual contact. As such, neither Appellant‘s 

plea of guilty nor his statements at trial are sufficient to satisfy the requirements of 

article 1.15. 

JUDICIAL CONFESSION

A sworn written confession acknowledging guilt as to the offense charged may, 

however, constitute a form of permissible evidence that will satisfy the requirements of 

article 1.15. Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13. ―A written judicial confession provides 
12

evidentiary support for a plea of guilty to the charges alleged in the indictment or to 

some lesser included offense of that which is alleged in the indictment.‖ See Puente v. 

State, 320 S.W.3d 352, 358 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13). 

See also Stewart v. State, 12 S.W.3d 146, 148 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no 

pet.) (explaining that a ―judicial confession alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction‖ and 

that a ―judicial confession may take the form of an affirmative acknowledgment by the 

defendant that the indictment was true and correct‖). In that regard, it is well 

established that a judicial confession alone is sufficient to support a plea of guilty. 

Dinnery v. State, 592 S.W.2d at 352. 

A judicial confession need not be offered into evidence to support a plea of guilty 

as long as it has been approved by the court and appears in the record. See Jones v. 

State, 373 S.W.3d 790, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) But see 

McDougal v. State, 105 S.W.3d 119, 120-21 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref'd)

(stating that the contents of the clerk's record are not evidence unless the trial court 

takes judicial notice of them or they are offered into evidence). Here, the trial court did 

not sign the document containing the judicial confession and that document was not

offered into evidence, referred to, or otherwise recognized by judicial notice at any time 

during the plea hearing; however, it does appear in the appellate record and as such, 

we find it constitutes some evidence supporting Appellant‘s plea of guilty.

Although the stipulation of evidence in this case is deficient with respect to the 

element of sexual contact and the record is devoid of any direct testimony which might 

compensate for that deficiency, we nevertheless conclude the judicial confession, when 

considered in conjunction with Appellant‘s acknowledgments to the trial court made in 
13

open court, sufficiently support the trial court‘s finding of guilt as to the lesser-included 

second degree felony offense of indecency with a child by sexual contact. Accordingly, 

Appellant‘s issue is overruled.

CONCLUSION

Despite an imprecise and somewhat misleading plea agreement, a stipulation 

that describes another offense, a convoluted plea hearing, the failure to offer the written 

confession into evidence or conclusively establish that the trial court considered it, a 

probation order that describes the wrong statutory basis of conviction and defers an

adjudication of guilt as to an offense not generally eligible for deferred adjudication, and 

a judgment that repeats the wrong penal code section found in the order of deferred 

adjudication, we hereby reform the judgment to reflect the offense of conviction to be

indecency with a child by sexual contact and the operable statute to be Penal Code 

section 21.11(a)(1). As reformed, we affirm the judgment of conviction.

Per Curiam

Do not publish.