This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-1067

Rojelio Castillo, petitioner,

Appellant,

vs.

State of Minnesota,

Respondent.

Filed April 13, 2015

Affirmed

Connolly, Judge

Dakota County District Court

File No. 19HA-CR-11-4346

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Carol Comp, Special Assistant 

Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

James Backstrom, Dakota County Attorney, Phillip Prokopowicz, Heather Pipenhagen, 

Assistant County Attorneys, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)

Considered and decided by Worke, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and 

Connolly, Judge. 
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U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

CONNOLLY, Judge

In this postconviction appeal, appellant argues that (1) the postconviction court

abused its discretion when it denied his postconviction petition where he alleged 

deficiencies at the Saint Paul Police Department Crime Lab that should allow him to 

withdraw his plea based on newly discovered evidence, a Brady violation, manifest 

injustice, and ineffective assistance of counsel; and (2) the court abused its discretion 

when it denied appellant’s request for an evidentiary hearing where the facts asserted in 

the petition demonstrate that he is entitled to relief. We affirm.

FACTS

On December 7, 2011, a police officer learned that illegal drug activity was 

possibly occurring at an Eagan hotel. The officer knocked on the door of the room in 

question, and appellant Rojelio Castillo answered. As the officer entered the room, he 

noticed one plastic bag of suspected marijuana, three plastic bags containing a white 

powdery substance, drug paraphernalia, and a large sum of money. Based on these 

observations, law enforcement obtained and executed a search warrant for the hotel room 

and seized five plastic bags containing a white crystal substance and $2,242. The state 

sent the suspected controlled substances to the Saint Paul Police Department Crime Lab 

(SPPDCL) for testing, which indicated that the seized substance was methamphetamine. 

The state subsequently charged appellant with one count of controlled-substance crime in 

the first degree (sale) in violation of Minn. Stat. § 152.021, subd. 1(1) (2010), and one 

count of controlled-substance crime in the first degree (possession) in violation of Minn. 
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Stat. § 152.021, subd. 2(a)(1) (2010). On March 21, 2012, appellant pleaded guilty to the 

possession charge, and the district court sentenced him to 138 months in prison. 

In 2012, investigations revealed serious errors in laboratory protocols and testing 

processes at SPPDCL. See Roberts v. State, A14-0598 (Minn. App. Jan. 12, 2015)

(outlining the deficiencies at SPPDCL). These problems led to SPPDCL losing its 

certification. On March 20, 2014, appellant petitioned for postconviction relief on the 

basis of widespread deficiencies in the controlled-substance testing performed by 

SPPDCL. In his petition, appellant alleged that (1) there was newly discovered evidence 

that allowed him to withdraw his plea; (2) his guilty plea was not made accurately, 

voluntarily, or intelligently, and that the postconviction court should allow him to 

withdraw his plea to correct a manifest injustice; and (3) the state violated appellant’s 

constitutional rights by failing to disclose exculpatory evidence pursuant to Brady v. 

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963). The postconviction court denied 

appellant’s petition and his request for an evidentiary hearing.

D E C I S I O N

Appellant argues that the postconviction court abused its discretion when it denied 

his postconviction petition where he alleged deficiencies at SPPDCL that should allow 

him to withdraw his plea based on newly discovered evidence. We disagree. 

A person convicted of a crime who claims his conviction was obtained in violation 

of his constitutional rights “may commence a proceeding to secure relief.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 590.01, subd. 1 (2014). The district court may summarily deny a petition for 

postconviction relief without an evidentiary hearing if the files and records conclusively 
4

show that the petitioner is not entitled to relief. Minn. Stat. § 590.04, subd. 1 (2014). 

“We review a denial of a petition for postconviction relief, as well as a request for an 

evidentiary hearing, for an abuse of discretion.” Riley v. State, 819 N.W.2d 162, 167 

(Minn. 2012). In reviewing a postconviction court’s decision to deny relief, issues of law 

are reviewed de novo and issues of fact are reviewed for sufficiency of the evidence. 

Leake v. State, 737 N.W.2d 531, 535 (Minn. 2007).

A. Newly discovered evidence

Appellant argues that the postconviction court abused its discretion when it denied 

appellant’s petition because “the substantial and widespread problems at the SPPDCL 

meet the test for ‘newly discovered evidence.’” We disagree.

A new trial based upon newly discovered evidence may be granted when a 

defendant proves: “(1) that the evidence was not known to the defendant or his/her 

counsel at the time of the trial; (2) that the evidence could not have been discovered 

through due diligence before trial; (3) that the evidence is not cumulative, impeaching, or 

doubtful; and (4) that the evidence would probably produce an acquittal or a more 

favorable result.” Rainer v. State, 566 N.W.2d 692, 695 (Minn. 1997).

In this case, the postconviction court found that appellant’s “attorney could have 

discovered the problems [with SPPDCL] by seeking documents regarding the lab’s 

procedures and protocols for testing controlled substances,” and that “the evidence was 

discoverable with due diligence.” This court recently discussed a similar issue in Roberts 

v. State, 856 N.W.2d 287 (Minn. App. 2014), review denied (Jan. 28, 2015) (Roberts I). 

In Roberts I, we concluded that appellant failed to show that he could not have 
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discovered the issues with SPPDCL’s testing protocols with due diligence. Roberts I, 

856 N.W.2d at 291. We reasoned:

[Appellant] does not claim that he made any effort to 

investigate the validity of the test results. Nor does he claim 

that anyone prevented him from doing so. Instead, he merely 

asserts that the deficiencies in the crime lab’s procedures 

could not have been discovered with due diligence because no 

one had reason to suspect problems at the crime lab. That 

assertion is belied by [appellant’s] postconviction 

submissions, which show that the defendant in the 2012 

Dakota County case discovered the deficiencies. 

Id. In this case, the record does not indicate that appellant made any effort to investigate 

or question SPPDCL’s test results, indicating that he did not exercise due diligence in 

questioning the validity of the test results before pleading guilty. See id.

Moreover, any evidence of SPPDCL’s testing problems would have constituted 

impeaching evidence had appellant gone to trial. “We will not grant a new trial on the 

basis of evidence that is merely impeaching.” Pippitt v. State, 737 N.W.2d 221, 228 

(Minn. 2007). Although appellant argues that the evidence concerning SPPDCL’s 

procedures renders the methamphetamine inadmissible, he does not present evidence that 

SPPDCL’s deficiencies affected his particular case. Therefore, we conclude that the 

evidence regarding SPPDCL’s problems would affect the weight of a lab analyst’s 

testimony, rather than preclude the evidence from being admitted. See, e.g., Sentinel 

Mgmt. Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 615 N.W.2d 819, 824-25 (Minn. 2000) (holding that 

alleged deficiencies in an expert witness’s procedures “went to the weight, rather than to 

the admissibility of his testimony.”).
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Additionally, under the newly discovered evidence exception, appellant must 

show that the evidence would probably produce an acquittal or a more favorable result. 

Rainer, 566 N.W.2d at 695. But appellant has not offered evidence indicating that the 

chemical composition of the seized methamphetamine in his case is not what SPPDCL 

said it was. Instead, he argues that “[w]ithout a valid, reliable laboratory analysis, the 

[s]tate cannot meet its burden of proving that the item at issue contained controlled 

substances. Thus, this new evidence would probably produce a dismissal of the charges, 

an acquittal or a more favorable result on retrial.” We disagree.

At his plea hearing, appellant admitted that officers seized a substance from his 

hotel room that tested positive for methamphetamine. He has not produced any evidence 

to show that the problems at SPPDCL directly affected his case. And he did not 

challenge the statement in his criminal complaint that he admitted to officers in a 

Mirandized statement that he possessed the methamphetamine and that he sells 

methamphetamine. Because appellant has not met his burden of establishing that the new 

evidence regarding SPPDCL could not have been discovered with due diligence or that it 

would probably lead to an acquittal or more favorable result, we conclude that the 

postconviction court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s petition for 

postconviction relief on this ground.

B. Brady violation 

Appellant next argues that the state’s failure to disclose SPPDCL’s testing 

problems before trial was a violation of its obligation to disclose exculpatory or 

impeaching evidence under Brady. We disagree. To warrant a new trial due to a Brady
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violation, a petitioner must establish that (1) the evidence was favorable to him as 

exculpatory or impeaching; (2) the evidence was suppressed by the prosecution; and 

(3) the evidence was material, resulting in prejudice to the petitioner. Walen v. State, 777 

N.W.2d 213, 216 (Minn. 2010). 

The information regarding SPPDCL’s deficiencies brings the credibility of the lab 

results into question and thus constitutes impeaching evidence. We therefore conclude 

that appellant has satisfied the first prong of the Brady test. But, under the second prong 

of the Brady test, appellant has not alleged any facts which indicate that the state knew of 

SPPDCL’s problems at the time of appellant’s plea. And appellant has not alleged facts 

to demonstrate that the facts regarding SPPDCL’s deficiencies would have altered the 

outcome of his case. Consequently, we conclude that the postconviction court did not err 

by denying appellant’s petition for postconviction relief based on the alleged Brady

violation. 

C. Manifest injustice

Appellant argues that “[t]he [p]ost-[c]onviction [c]ourt abused its discretion when 

it denied [a]ppellant’s motion for post-conviction relief because his plea of guilty was not 

made accurately, voluntarily, or intelligently.” We disagree. A court shall allow a 

defendant to withdraw his guilty plea when “necessary to correct a manifest injustice.” 

Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd. 1. A manifest injustice occurs if a guilty plea is not 

accurate, voluntary, and intelligent. Perkins v. State, 559 N.W.2d 678, 688 (Minn. 1997). 

A plea is accurate when a proper factual basis supports the conclusion that appellant is

guilty. State v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Minn. 2010). A plea is intelligent when 
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“the defendant understands the charges, the rights being waived and the consequences of 

the guilty plea.” Perkins, 559 N.W.2d at 689 (quotation omitted).

The following exchange occurred at appellant’s plea hearing:

Q: [Y]ou came into contact with agents of the Dakota 

County Drug Task Force, is that correct?

A: Yes.

Q: As a result of that, they found in your possession a 

number of baggies, is that correct?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: You are aware that those baggies were tested and it was 

determined that they contained methamphetamine, is that 

correct?

A: Yes.

Q: And the approximate weight of the methamphetamine 

was 70 grams, is that correct?

A: Yes, sir.

Q: And you know that possession of methamphetamine is 

illegal in the State of Minnesota because that is a controlled 

substance?

A: Yes, sir.

Although the test results served as a basis for appellant’s plea, appellant did not at any 

point challenge SPPDCL’s findings or claim that the seized substance was anything but 

methamphetamine. In fact, by pleading guilty, appellant specifically waived his right to 

cross-examine any witnesses or present his own defense. Therefore, we conclude that 

appellant has not demonstrated that his plea was inaccurate or unintelligent. 

D. Ineffective assistance of counsel

Appellant also argues that the postconviction court erred by denying his petition 

for postconviction relief because his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by 

failing to investigate SPPDCL’s testing procedures and protocols. Again, we disagree. 

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must demonstrate 
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that (1) “counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” and 

(2) “a reasonable probability exists that the outcome would have been different but for 

counsel’s errors.” State v. Beecroft, 813 N.W.2d 814, 854 (Minn. 2012) (quotation 

omitted). “The extent of counsel’s investigation is considered a part of trial strategy,” 

which this court generally does not review. Opsahl v. State, 677 N.W.2d 414, 421 (Minn. 

2004). 

There is no evidence in the record to suggest that appellant told his attorney that 

the substance seized by law enforcement was not methamphetamine. In light of this 

evidence, appellant’s counsel pursued a plea agreement and did not investigate 

SPPDCL’s test results, which we conclude constitutes unreviewable trial strategy. 

Furthermore, even if appellant’s counsel had obtained information regarding SPPDCL’s 

deficiencies and appellant had not pleaded guilty, the strong evidence of appellant’s guilt 

would likely have led to a conviction at trial. Consequently, we conclude that appellant 

has failed to demonstrate that his counsel performed below an objective standard of 

reasonableness and that a reasonable probability exists that the outcome would have been 

different but for counsel’s actions.

E. Evidentiary hearing

Lastly, appellant argues that the postconviction court abused its discretion when it 

denied appellant’s request for an evidentiary hearing where the facts asserted in the 

petition for postconviction relief demonstrate that he is entitled to relief. Because, based 

on the above analysis, the files and records of the proceeding conclusively show that 

appellant is not entitled to relief, we conclude that the postconviction court did not abuse 
10

its discretion by denying appellant’s petition for postconviction relief without holding an 

evidentiary hearing. 

Affirmed.