Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Opinion | 45A05-1408-JT-377 | April 14, 2015 Page 1 of 13

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this 

Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as 

precedent or cited before any court except for the 

purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Deidre L. Monroe

Gary, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Gregory F. Zoeller

Attorney General of Indiana

Robert J. Henke

David E. Corey

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination 

of the Parent-Child Relationship 

of:

Br.S & B.S.

And

E.S. (Mother)

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

The Indiana Department of Child 

Services,

Appellee-Petitioner.

April 14, 2015

Court of Appeals Cause No.

45A05-1408-JT-377

Appeal from the Lake Superior 

Court.

The Honorable Thomas P. 

Stefaniak, Jr., Judge.

Cause No. 45D06-1312-JT-264 & 

45D06-1312-JT-265

Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1] Appellant-Respondent, E.S. (Mother), appeals the trial court’s Order 

terminating her parental rights to her twins, B.S. and B.S. (the Children).

[2] We affirm. 

ISSUE

[3] Mother raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as: Whether there was 

sufficient evidence to support the termination of Mother’s parental rights.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[4] On November 23, 2012, Mother went to St. Anthony Health Hospital in Crown 

Point, Indiana, for an emergency C-section. Upon admission, Mother’s urine 

was subjected to testing and she “yielded a blood alcohol level of 0.168.” 

(Transcript p. 130). Mother gave birth to premature twins, a boy and a girl.

1

 

The following day, the hospital called the Department of Child Services (DCS) 

and reported the incident. On November 25, 2012, DCS commenced its 

investigation by sending family case manager, Davis Shelby (FCM Shelby), to 

visit Mother in hospital. FCM Shelby learned that the Children were born with 

 

1

 M.H. was named as the Children’s father. During the pendency of this case, paternity was never 

established. He is not a party to this appeal. 
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alcohol in their system and were suffering from withdrawal. He also 

established that Mother had three other children.2 G.S. and T.S aged, five and 

six respectively, tested for positive for cocaine at birth. Mother’s parental rights 

had been terminated, and both children had been adopted by Mother’s parents

(Grandparents). In addition, Grandparents were appointed as legal guardians 

to Mother’s oldest child, C.G., after Mother’s attempt to commit suicide. 

Mother admitted to FCM Shelby that she drank alcohol before delivering the 

Children, however, she claimed that she had been sober for the duration of her 

pregnancy. Mother confessed that she smoked marijuana but only when she 

was nauseous. Mother stated that she had a past cocaine addiction but had

been clean for several years. 

[5] On December 4, 2012, DCS filed a petition alleging that the Children were

children in need of services (CHINS) based on Mother’s drug and alcohol 

abuse. That same day, the trial court held a joint detention and initial hearing 

and found that the Children’s removal from Mother’s custody was in their best 

interest. The trial court then granted temporary wardship of the Children to 

DCS and ordered placement of the Children with Grandparents once they were 

discharged from hospital. The record shows that placement of the Children 

 

2

 Mother’s other children are not part of this appeal. 
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with Grandparents proved to be unsuccessful since Grandparents already had 

their hands full with G.S. and T.S. In addition, Grandparents claimed that they 

“could not take on two newborns with special needs” due to grandfather’s 

diminishing health, and grandmother working full-time. (Tr. p. 132). On 

November 30, 2012, DCS was forced to place the Children in foster care. On 

February 20, 2013, the trial court held a dispositional hearing on the CHINS 

petition, at which Mother was ordered to participate in counseling, visit the 

Children, complete a substance abuse assessment, submit to random drug 

screens, allow random DCS visits, undergo a psychological evaluation, 

maintain stable housing and employment, and remain drug free. 

[6] Thereafter, Mother sporadically submitted to drug screens, and she tested 

positive for cocaine on at least four occasions. On April 30, 2013, Akia White

(White), a drug tester with Metropolitan Oasis, was sent to Mother’s residence 

to conduct a hair follicle drug screen. When White arrived, there were several 

cars in the driveway and it appeared as if Mother was hosting a party. As she 

approached the front door to the house, she detected the smell of burnt 

marijuana coming from inside. White knocked and she was let in. “[T]hree or 

four guys” were sitting on the couch, and as soon as White walked inside, they 

“put out the marijuana.” (Tr. p. 85). One of the male friends called for Mother 

and announced White’s presence. According to White, Mother was “fidgety 

and fumbling. Her clothes were disheveled. Her hair was kind of all over her 

head. She looked like she had been up, maybe, for a few days. [Her] make[-]up 

was [] running. [She] was sweating and couldn’t stand still.” (Tr. p. 88). 
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White suspected Mother was under the influence. In the kitchenette area, 

White requested Mother to submit to a hair follicle drug screen. Mother, 

however, declined to submit to one, she stressed that she did not understand the 

nature of the test, and that she needed to speak to her lawyer. In turn, Mother 

asked White if she could postpone the assessment until the next day. White 

rejected Mother’s request since drug screens were intended to be random. 

[7] Due to Mother’s prolonged drug history, DCS recommended that Mother 

should attend, at the least, a lengthy inpatient substance abuse treatment

program. Mother attended a nine-day program at Sycamore Springs in 

Lafayette, Indiana in July 2013. Mother had been diagnosed with Bipolar 

disorder at age sixteen and she also suffered from ADHD. Mother was 

required to complete a psychological assessment for her mental health issues

during the CHINS proceedings, which she failed to do. 

[8] As for Mother’s supervised visits with the Children, several problems surfaced. 

Out of twenty-one visits, Mother only attended thirteen. Furthermore, the 

visitation supervisor observed that Mother’s interaction with the Children was

unsuitable. As mentioned earlier, the Children were born premature, and

because their skulls had not fully developed, they had to wear helmets. Yet,

enough, Mother was extremely rough with the Children, and she did not 

understand the interaction required for two special needs babies. On March 11, 

2013, DCS filed a request to suspend Mother’s supervised visitation. In that 

petition, DCS alleged that Mother had constantly failed her drug tests and had 
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not conformed to random drug screens. On March 14, 2013, the trial court 

granted DCS’ petition. 

[9] At the review hearing held on July 22, 2013, the court changed the permanency 

plan from reunification to adoption and termination of parental rights. Also, 

the trial court ordered that the services be stopped due to Mother’s 

noncompliance. On December 6, 2013, DCS filed its petition to terminate 

Mother’s parental rights to her Children. On July 29, 2014, the trial court 

conducted an evidentiary hearing. The following day, July 30, 2014, the trial 

court issued its Order terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Children. 

[10] Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Standard of Review 

[11] In reviewing the termination of a parent’s rights, it is a long-settled tenet of this 

court that the trial court is entitled to considerable deference. In re D.B., 942 

N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct .App. 2011). Our court does not reweigh evidence or 

assess the credibility of witnesses. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260 (Ind.

2009). Rather, we will consider only the evidence, and any inferences 

reasonably derived therefrom, most favorable to the trial court’s judgment. Id. 

In addition, Indiana Code section 31-37-14-2 requires that a finding in a 

termination proceeding “be based upon clear and convincing evidence.”

Accordingly, in reviewing whether the trial court’s findings or judgment are 

clearly erroneous, we must determine “whether the evidence clearly and 
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convincingly supports the findings and the findings clearly and convincingly 

support the judgment.” In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d 1127, 1132 (Ind. 2010).

II. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

[12] The traditional right of parents to direct the care, custody, and control of their 

“children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” In re G.Y., 

904 N.E.2d at 1259 (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). The 

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents the State 

from unduly interfering with parents’ decisions regarding the upbringing of their 

children. C.A. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85, 93 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). 

However, parental rights are not absolute; in fact, they are “subordinate [ ] to 

the children’s interests when the children’s emotional and physical development 

is threatened.” Lang v. Starke Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 

371 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied.

[13] A court may terminate parental rights “when parties are unable or unwilling to 

meet their responsibility as parents.” In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 805 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2005), trans. denied. Because the termination of parental rights 

permanently severs the parent-child relationship, it is an extreme sanction that 

“is intended as a last resort, available only when all other reasonable efforts 

have failed.” C.A., 15 N.E.3d at 92. The purpose of termination is to protect 

the children, not to punish the parents. Lang, 861 N.E.2d at 371. In such cases, 

Indiana law stipulates that DCS must establish, in part,

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in 
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the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of 

the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a 

child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the 

child.

[14] Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove each statutory element by clear 

and convincing evidence. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 2014). On 

appeal, Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial 

court’s conclusion that there is either a reasonable probability that the 

conditions necessitating the Children’s removal will not be remedied or that the 

continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the Children’s 

well-being, as well as that termination is in the Children’s best interests.

A. Reasonable Probability that Conditions Will Not Be Remedied3

[15] In determining whether there exists a reasonable probability that the conditions 

resulting in a child’s removal or continued placement outside a parent’s care 

 

3 We note that the involuntary termination statute is written in the disjunctive and requires proof of only one 

of the circumstances listed in Indiana Code section 31-35–2-4(b)(2)(B). Because we find it to be dispositive 

under the facts of this case, we limit our review to whether DCS established that there was a reasonable 

probability that the conditions resulting in the removal or reasons for placement of Child outside the home 

will not be remedied. See I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i).
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will not be remedied, a trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his or 

her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration 

evidence of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2001), trans. denied. The court must also “evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns 

of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the 

child.” Id. Pursuant to this rule, courts have properly considered evidence of a 

parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, 

failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment. A.F. 

v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App.

2002), trans. denied. A trial court may also consider the services offered to the 

parent by DCS office and the parent’s response to those services as evidence of 

whether conditions will be remedied. See id. at 1252. Finally, we point out that 

DCS office is not required to provide evidence ruling out all possibilities of 

change; rather, it need establish only that there is a reasonable probability that a 

parent’s behavior will not change. See In re Kay L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2007). 

[16] As stated above, DCS had to demonstrate, among other things, a reasonable 

probability that the conditions that resulted in the Children’s initial removal 

 
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would not be remedied. I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i). Any improvement in 

Mother’s ability to care for the Children since the filing of the CHINS petition 

is relevant. However, the trial court must also evaluate Mother’s habitual 

patterns of conduct to determine their long-term effect on Mother’s short-term 

improvements. In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 201 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).

[17] This balancing of past conduct in light of present behavior is even more crucial 

where, as here, the Children at issue have never resided with Mother. As such, 

our focus is on the conditions that led to DCS’s retention of custody and we 

consider whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will be 

remedied. In re W.B., 772 N.E.2d 522, 530 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Here, DCS 

took custody of the Children because they were born with fetal alcohol 

syndrome and because Mother admitted that she was addicted to drugs and 

alcohol. DCS endeavored to engage Mother in various services—including a 

parenting assessment, substance abuse treatment, random drugs tests, and a 

psychological evaluation. Mother argues that she “participated fully and 

addressed her issues head on.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 11). 

[18] Our review of the record reveals that there is ample evidence to support the trial 

court’s findings, which, in turn, support the trial court’s ultimate decision to 

terminate Mother’s parental rights to her Children. During the termination 

hearing, Mother stated that she started using marijuana at age nineteen. By the 

time she was twenty-five, Mother was using cocaine and she admitted that she 

was dependent on it for seven years. In addition, Mother confessed to using 

crack cocaine for two-and-one-half years in 2003. Despite Mother’s assertion 
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that she no longer used cocaine, she repeatedly tested positive during the 

CHINS proceedings. Moreover, Mother admitted to using marijuana to curb 

her nausea while pregnant with the Children. Due to Mother’s long-term use of 

drugs, DCS recommended that Mother should participate in an extensive

inpatient drug treatment program such as Transitions in Fort Wayne, Indiana. 

Mother completed only nine days at a different center, and did not comply with 

DCS’ recommendation for additional treatment. At the termination hearing, 

DCS’ family case manager, Jessica Montello (FCM Montello), stated that 

Mother would have benefited from the Transitions program and Mother’s nineday treatment was insufficient to address her lengthy drug habit.

[19] Mother’s therapist informed the trial court that before the services were stopped 

in July of 2013, Mother’s goals were to address her mental and substance abuse 

issues. The record reveals that Grandparents could not control Mother’s 

delinquent teenage son, C.G., and they returned him to Mother’s care. At the 

evidentiary hearing, Mother’s therapist stated that during the CHINS 

proceedings, Mother was living with C.G., and Mother had a tough time 

controlling him. Mother’s therapist believed that C.G. triggered her drug use. 

Mother’s therapist also believed that Mother had her hands full with C.G. and 

she informed the court that it would be chaotic and stressful for her, to handle 

C.G. and a couple of young children with special needs. 

[20] As for Mother’s mental issues, it is uncontroverted that Mother was diagnosed 

with Bipolar and ADHD disorders as a teenager. Mother claimed that she 

regularly took her medication. At the evidentiary hearing, FCM Montello 
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stated that Mother successfully completed her clinical assessment, however; she 

was supposed to follow it up with a psychological evaluation. FCM Montello 

stated that Mother was twice scheduled to undergo a psychological assessment,

but Mother failed to appear. Despite Mother’s claim that she habitually took 

her medication, FCM Montello stated that she had received reports from 

Mother’s service providers that Mother was inconsistent with her medication.

[21] It is well-settled that a court does not have to wait for a child to become 

irreversibly influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his physical, mental, and 

social growth is permanently impaired before it can terminate the parent-child 

relationship. See In re E.S., 762 N.E.2d 1287, 1290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). Given 

Mother’s refusal to address her substance abuse and mental health issues, as 

well as her noncompliance with the services provided to her, she cannot show 

that she will be able to provide adequate care or permanency for the Children in 

the future. In this regard, we agree with the trial court that the termination of 

Mother’s parental rights was appropriate under Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-

4(b)(2)(B)(ii).

III. Best Interests

[22] Lastly, Mother argues that that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial 

court’s conclusion that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the 

Children’s best interests. In determining what is in the best interests of a child, 

the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. A.F., 762 

N.E.2d at 1253. In doing so, the trial court must subordinate the interests of the 

parent to those of the child involved. Id.
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[23] On appeal, Mother makes no specific claim regarding the Children’s best 

interests but asserts only that she should be afforded the opportunity raise her 

Children or at least have a relationship with them. The trial court heard 

Mother’s testimony in this regard, and Mother’s current argument is merely an 

invitation for us to reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do. See D.B., 942 

N.E.2d at 871. When DCS removed the Children in 2012, the Children were a 

few weeks old. At the time of the termination hearing, the Children were 

nearly two years and had been out of Mother’s care for their entire lives. FCM 

Montello testified that the Children were thriving in foster care, that the foster 

parents were seeking to adopt them, and that termination of Mother’s parental 

rights is in the best interests of the Children. Mother’s drug problem, mental 

health issues, and her inability to comply with court-ordered services supports 

the trial court’s conclusion that the Children’s best interests will be served by 

the termination of Mother’s parental rights. Based upon the totality of the 

evidence, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has 

been made. We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment.

CONCLUSION 

[24] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that there was clear and convincing 

evidence to support the termination of Mother’s parental rights. 

[25] Affirmed.

[26] Bailey, J. and Barnes, J. concur