In the Missouri Court of Appeals

Eastern District

DIVISION FOUR

GWENDOLYN MEDLEY, ) No. ED101434

 )

Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court

 ) of the City of St. Louis

vs. ) 1222-CC09664

 ) 

JOYCE MEYER MINISTRIES, INC., ) Honorable Edward W. Sweeney, Jr.

 ) 

Appellant. ) Filed: April 7, 2015

Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc. (“Defendant”) appeals the judgment entered upon a jury 

verdict awarding Gwendolyn Medley (“Plaintiff”) $280,000.00 on her personal injury claim 

arising out of Plaintiff’s trip and fall during a conference hosted by Defendant at the Edward 

Jones Dome (“the Dome”). We affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Evidence Adduced at Trial and Plaintiff’s Personal Injury Claim

The following evidence was adduced at the jury trial on Plaintiff’s personal injury claim. 

On September 17, 2010, Defendant hosted a women’s conference at the Dome (“the 

conference”). At least 12,000 women, including Plaintiff, attended the conference. 

Defendant set up a “boutique” area in the Dome for the display and sale of its 

merchandise to women attending the conference. Defendant considered the boutique to be a 

store. The merchandise at the boutique included items such as t-shirts, tote bags, purses, and key 

chains. 
2

In the boutique area, Defendant placed a display which the parties referred to at trial as 

the “window display.” The window display was a three-dimensional storefront, measuring 

sixteen feet long, eight feet tall, and forty-two inches deep. The front of the window display had 

a black frame and was twelve inches wide along its length, including a part that rested on the 

floor of the boutique. The window display had two purposes, to “look pretty” and to notify 

attendees of the conference of the boutique’s location. 

Defendant made the decision to create the window display, to use the display, and where 

to place the display. Defendant also designed and constructed the window display and made a 

floor plan which included Defendant’s desired location of the display. After Defendant 

submitted the floor plan to the Dome, Defendant placed the window display in the boutique at 

the place of Defendant’s choosing as set forth in Defendant’s floor plan. Two of Defendant’s 

employees, Michelle Wieczorek and Lonnie Turnbeaugh, admitted at trial that it would have 

been feasible for Defendant to place the window display in another location at the Dome. 

Turnbeaugh specifically testified that, “We could put [the window display] anywhere we wanted 

to.” 

On the day of the conference, Plaintiff went to the boutique area to purchase a t-shirt. At 

that time, there were several women waiting in line to get into the boutique, and witnesses at trial 

described the environment as “chaotic” and “congested.” Employees from Defendant’s 

advertising department managed traffic flow in and out of the boutique, holding people back and 

allowing only a few women into the boutique at a time until others exited. 

Plaintiff eventually entered the boutique and purchased a t-shirt. As Plaintiff began 

exiting the boutique, she stepped toward the front of the window display to allow another person 

room to pass beside her. Plaintiff then hit her lower leg on the display and tripped and fell, 

scraping her shin on the board at the bottom that framed the display and injuring her ankle. 
3

Subsequently, Plaintiff sought medical treatment for her injuries, and she filed a personal 

injury claim against Defendant based on a theory of premises liability. Plaintiff’s petition 

alleged in relevant part that, (1) because of the relationship between Defendant and Plaintiff, 

Plaintiff was an invitee of the Defendant; (2) “Defendant controlled or had the right to control 

that area of the premises in which Defendant constructed, or caused to be constructed, the 

[b]outique and in which Defendant placed, or caused to be placed, the [window] [d]isplay”; (3) 

Defendant negligently placed the window display in an area Defendant anticipated would be 

crowded and congested with attendees of the conference; and (4) Plaintiff suffered injuries and 

damages as a result of Defendant’s negligence. 

B. Evidence Excluded at Trial 

At trial, Defendant attempted to present evidence of a license agreement entered into by 

the St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission (“the CVC”)1and Defendant which allowed 

Defendant to use a portion of the Dome for the purpose of hosting the conference. Defendant 

also attempted to present other documentary evidence regarding the CVC’s involvement in the 

conference. Plaintiff objected to the admission of the documents on the basis that they were not 

relevant, and the trial court sustained the objection and considered the documentary evidence for 

the purposes of Defendant’s offer of proof.2 

Defendant then made an offer of proof during which multiple witnesses testified 

regarding the CVC’s involvement in the conference and the CVC and Defendant’s relationship. 

After the offer of proof, the trial court found in pertinent part that, (1) there was no evidence to 

suggest that Defendant was not in possession of the premises where Plaintiff’s injury occurred; 

 

1 The CVC is the operator of the Dome. 

2 We note that Plaintiff also objected to the admission of the documents on the basis that Defendant failed to 

produce them in discovery in response to Plaintiff’s request for production, and the trial court sustained the 

objection. Nevertheless, for purposes of this appeal we will only discuss whether it was appropriate for the trial 

court to sustain Plaintiff’s objection to the admission of the documents on the basis that they were not relevant. 
4

(2) the only relevant relationship in the case was the relationship between Plaintiff and 

Defendant; and (3) the evidence presented by Defendant in its offer of proof was not relevant. 

Accordingly, the trial court excluded evidence of the license agreement, excluded evidence 

regarding the CVC’s involvement in the conference, and excluded testimony regarding the CVC 

and Defendant’s relationship.

C. Relevant Procedural Posture

After Defendant’s offer of proof, the court held an instruction conference. Plaintiff’s 

proposed verdict director, which the trial court submitted as Instruction No. 8, was based on 

Missouri Approved Instruction (“MAI”) 22.03 (7th ed. 2012)3and MAI 37.01 and stated:

In your verdict you must assess a percentage of fault to [Defendant], 

whether or not [P]laintiff was partly at fault, if you believe: 

 First, there was a window display on the floor of [D]efendant’s boutique 

and as a result the floor was not reasonably safe, and 

Second, [D]efendant knew or by using ordinary care could have known of

this condition, and

Third, [D]efendant failed to use ordinary care to remove it, and 

Fourth, such failure directly caused or directly contributed to cause 

damage to [P]laintiff, 

Unless you believe [P]laintiff is not entitled to recover by reason of

Instruction No. 9. 

Instruction No. 9, which was also submitted to the jury, stated:

Your verdict must be for [D]efendant if you believe that the window display 

constituted a dangerous condition that was so open and obvious that [P]laintiff 

knew or by using ordinary care could have known the condition was not 

reasonably safe, unless you believe that [D]efendant should have anticipated that 

[P]laintiff might be harmed by the window display despite such danger being 

obvious.

Comparative fault instructions were also submitted to the jury. 

 

3 All references to MAI are to Missouri Approved Jury Instructions (7th ed. 2012). 
5

During the instruction conference, Defendant attempted to submit Instruction C, which 

stated, “Your verdict must be for [D]efendant if you believe that [D]efendant was not in 

possession or control of the premises.” However, the trial court refused to submit Instruction C.

After the instruction conference, the jury entered a verdict finding that Plaintiff’s total 

damages were $400,000.00. The verdict assessed Defendant seventy percent at fault and 

Plaintiff thirty percent at fault, thereby awarding Plaintiff $280,000.00 in damages. The trial 

court entered a judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict, and Defendant subsequently filed 

a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. Defendant appeals. 

II. DISCUSSION

Defendant raises three points on appeal. Defendant’s first and third points on appeal 

assert that the trial court erred in excluding evidence. Defendant’s second point on appeal 

contends that the trial court erred in refusing to submit Instruction C.

A. Exclusion of Evidence 

Because Defendant’s first and third points on appeal relate to the trial court’s exclusion of 

evidence, we will consider them together. Defendant’s first and third points claim the trial court 

erred in excluding the CVC and Defendant’s license agreement from evidence, in excluding 

evidence regarding the CVC’s involvement in the conference, and in excluding testimony

concerning the relationship between the CVC and Defendant. The trial court excluded the 

evidence on the grounds it was not relevant.4 The trial court found the evidence was not relevant 

because it did not suggest that Defendant was not in possession of the premises where Plaintiff’s 

 

4 Defendant claims that the trial court excluded the license agreement on the grounds that the agreement was a lease 

rather than a license agreement and that the CVC and Defendant’s relationship was that of landlord-tenant rather 

than licensor-licensee. In support of this claim, the only portion of the record to which Defendant refers and cites to 

is an isolated statement by the trial court that, “As I see it, [the Dome is] a rented premises. That’s what it is, [t]he 

Dome, CVC, charges [ ] Defendant a price to use a portion of the convention center for [its] boutique.” Despite that 

isolated statement and any other potential isolated statements made by the trial court, we find that a review of the 

entire transcript reveals that the trial court excluded the license agreement from evidence on the grounds that the 

agreement was not relevant. 
6

injury occurred and because the only relevant relationship in the case was the relationship 

between Plaintiff and Defendant. 

1. Standard of Review and Law Regarding Questions of Relevancy 

The trial court has broad discretion to exclude evidence and to rule on questions 

regarding the relevancy of evidence, and our Court will not reverse the trial court’s rulings 

absent an abuse of discretion. Moore v. Ford Motor Co., 332 S.W.3d 749, 766 (Mo banc 2011). 

In re Calleja, 360 S.W.3d 801, 803 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011). “An abuse of discretion occurs when 

a trial court’s ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances then before the court and is 

so arbitrary and unreasonable that it shocks the sense of justice and indicates a lack of careful 

consideration.” Calleja, 360 S.W.3d at 803. 

Evidence is admissible only if it is both logically and legally relevant. Mengwasser v. 

Anthony Kempker Trucking, Inc., 312 S.W.3d 368, 372 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). Evidence is 

logically relevant if it tends to prove or disprove a fact in issue. McGuire v. Kenoma, LLC, 375 

S.W.3d 157, 185 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012). Evidence is legally relevant where its probative value 

outweighs its prejudicial effect. Mengwasser, 312 S.W.3d at 372.

In order to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the license 

agreement, the evidence regarding the CVC’s involvement in the conference, and the testimony 

concerning the relationship between the CVC and Defendant, we must examine the applicable

law of premises liability.

2. Premises Liability 

Missouri Courts have adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965)5 with regard to 

premises liability. See Harris v. Niehaus, 857 S.W.2d 222, 225-26 (Mo. banc 1993) (adopting, 

inter alia, Restatement (Second) of Torts sections 343, 343A, and 332); Bowman v. McDonald’s 

 

5 All further references to the Restatement (Second) of Torts are to the 1965 version. 
7

Corp., 916 S.W.2d 270, 285 (Mo. App. W.D. 1995) (adopting, inter alia, Restatement (Second) 

of Torts section 328E) (overruled on other grounds). Generally, the status of an entrant on the 

land, i.e., whether the entrant is a trespasser, licensee, or an invitee, determines the specific duty 

of care owed by the possessor of land. Adams v. Badgett, 114 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Mo. App. E.D. 

2003). A possessor of land is liable for injuries suffered by an invitee due to a condition on the 

land if, (1) the possessor “knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the 

condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitee[ ]”; (2) 

the possessor “should expect that [the invitee] will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail 

to protect [herself] against it”; (3) the possessor “fails to exercise reasonable care to protect [the 

invitee] against the danger”; and (4) “[the] activity or condition on the land is [not] known or 

obvious to [the invitee], unless the possessor should anticipate the harm despite [the] knowledge 

or obviousness.” Restatement (Second) of Torts sections 343 and 343A(1); Restatement 

(Second) of Torts section 343 cmt. a. 

The Restatement defines the terms “invitee” and “possessor.” Restatement (Second) of 

Torts sections 332 and 328E. In this case, Defendant does not dispute that, assuming Defendant 

was a possessor of the boutique and window display area where Plaintiff was injured, Plaintiff 

was an invitee of Defendant when she was injured in the area after she purchased a t-shirt from 

Defendant.6 However, Defendant does dispute that Defendant was a possessor of the area where

Plaintiff was injured. Furthermore, Defendant argues that the license agreement, the evidence 

regarding the CVC’s involvement in the conference, and the testimony concerning the 

 

6

See Adams, 114 S.W.3d at 437 (an invitee is a person who enters the premises with the consent of the possessor for 

the mutual benefit of both parties); Restatement (Second) of Torts section 332(3) (defining an invitee as “a person 

who is invited to enter or remain on land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business dealings with 

the possessor of the land”); Restatement (Second) of Torts section 332 cmt. e (stating that a person who enters a 

store to make a purchase is an invitee). 
8

relationship between the CVC and Defendant was relevant to prove that Defendant was not the 

possessor. 

The Restatement (Second) of Torts defines the term “possessor” in relevant part as a 

party “who is in occupation of the land with intent to control it.” Restatement (Second) of Torts 

section 328E(a). Under that definition, a non-owner of the premises may be a possessor. See 

Bowman, 916 S.W.2d at 285 (“[o]wnership is not a requirement for possession of the land in 

order to establish liability under section[ ] 328E . . . of the Restatement”). For purposes of 

determining whether a person is a possessor, “[t]he important thing . . . is the possession, and not 

whether it is or is not rightful as between the possessor and some third person.” Restatement 

(Second) of Torts section 328E cmt. a. The term “possession” is often “used to denote the legal 

relations resulting from the facts.” Id. Moreover, when the facts surrounding the status of a 

party-defendant are not in dispute, the determination of whether the defendant is a possessor of 

land is a question of law. See Adams, 114 S.W.3d at 436 (holding that when the facts 

surrounding the status of an entrant of the land are not in dispute, the determination of whether 

the entrant is a license or invitee is a question of law).

In ascertaining whether a party intended to control the premises, the party’s conduct is an 

important factor, and we find cases from other states to be persuasive on this issue. Lahr v. 

Lamar R-1 School Dist., 951 S.W.2d 754, 756, 757 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997). Only a party who 

actually exercises control over the premises is considered a possessor of land who owes a duty to 

an invitee; a party who merely has a right to control the premises but does not exercise that right 

owes no such duty. Millette v. Connecticut Post Ltd. Partnership, 70 A.3d 126, 132 (Conn. App. 

Ct. 2013); Concklin v. Holland, 138 S.W.3d 215, 221 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003); Carroll by Carroll 

v. Jagoe Homes, Inc., 677 N.E.2d 612, 616 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997); See Lahr, 951 S.W.2d at 755-

58 (evidence that a party other than defendant maintained, repaired, grated, paved, and cleared 
9

the area where a plaintiff fell demonstrated that the party intended to control that area for 

purposes of a “possession” analysis). A party exercises its control over the premises when, inter 

alia, (1) it exercises its right to direct the use of the premises; or (2) it exercises its right to admit 

people to the premises and exclude people from it. See id.; Madden v. Paschen, 916 N.E.2d 

1203, 1214 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009) (powers associated with control over premises include the power 

to exclude people from the premises and the power to direct the use of the premises); Monnin v. 

Fifth Third Bank of Miami Valley, N.A., 658 N.E.2d 1140, 1146 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) (a 

defendant controls the premises and is liable when it exercises its right to admit people to the 

premises and exclude people from it).

3. Whether Defendant was a Possessor of the Area Where Plaintiff was Injured 

As previously stated, the Restatement (Second) of Torts defines the term “possessor” in 

relevant part as a party “who is in occupation of the land with intent to control it.” Restatement 

(Second) of Torts section 328E(a). Here, it is undisputed that Defendant was in occupation of 

the boutique and window display area where Plaintiff was injured, because Defendant’s 

employees set up the area and were stationed and working there. The issues in this case are, (1)

whether Defendant occupied the boutique and window display area with the intent to control it;

and (2) whether the license agreement, the evidence regarding CVC’s involvement in the 

conference, and the testimony concerning the relationship between the CVC and Defendant was 

relevant to prove that Defendant was not the possessor. 

i. Evidence Adduced at Trial

The following evidence pertaining to Defendant’s intent to control the boutique and 

window display area was adduced at trial, and this evidence was uncontroverted even by the 

evidence presented in Defendant’s offer of proof. First, there was uncontroverted evidence at 

trial that Defendant exercised its right to direct the use and placement of the boutique and 
10

window display area. Defendant set up the boutique area and sold its merchandise there during 

the conference, and it was selling its merchandise during the time of Plaintiff’s injury. 

Defendant made the decision to create the window display, to use the display, and where to place 

the display. Defendant also designed and constructed the window display and made a floor plan 

which included Defendant’s desired location of the display. After Defendant submitted the floor 

plan to the Dome, Defendant placed the window display in the boutique at the place of 

Defendant’s choosing as set forth in Defendant’s floor plan. Additionally, two of Defendant’s 

employees, Wieczorek and Turnbeaugh, admitted at trial that it would have been feasible for 

Defendant to place the window display in another location at the Dome. Turnbeaugh specifically 

testified that, “We could put [the window display] anywhere we wanted to.” 

There was also uncontroverted evidence adduced at trial that Defendant exercised its 

right to admit people to the boutique and exclude people from it. At the time Plaintiff was 

injured on the window display in the boutique area, Defendant’s employees were managing the 

traffic flow in and out of the boutique, holding people back and allowing only a few women into 

the boutique at a time until others exited. 

ii. Evidence Presented During Defendant’s Offer of Proof

a. Evidence of the CVC’s Rights Under the License Agreement

Defendant argues that the evidence of the CVC’s rights under the license agreement

which was presented during the offer of proof was relevant to prove that Defendant was not the 

possessor. Defendant asserts that various provisions of the license agreement demonstrate that 

the CVC, rather than Defendant, controlled the boutique and window display area. Defendant 

specifically points to the provisions of the license agreement which state, (1) the CVC must 

approve a party’s floor plans before any items are placed on the premises floor; (2) “[t]he . . . 

[p]remises, shall be at all times under the charge and control of the [CVC]”; (3) the CVC 
11

reserves the right to determine coverage and numbers for security, safety, and medical personnel; 

and (4) the CVC “shall at all times have free access to the [p]remises . . .” (this final provision is 

found in a paragraph titled “right of entry”). We find that those provisions merely demonstrate 

that the CVC had a right to control the premises of the Dome if it chose. Importantly, the 

provisions do not indicate that the CVC actually exercised any right to control the boutique and 

window display area where Plaintiff was injured. As previously stated, only a party who actually 

exercises control over the premises is considered a possessor of land who owes a duty to an 

invitee; a party who merely has a right to control the premises but does not exercise that right 

owes no such duty. Millette, 70 A.3d at 132; Concklin, 138 S.W.3d at 221; Carroll, 677 N.E.2d 

at 616. Because evidence of the CVC’s rights under the license agreement did not tend to prove

that Defendant was not the possessor of the boutique and window display area, the evidence was 

not logically relevant, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding it. See 

McGuire, 375 S.W.3d at 185; Mengwasser, 312 S.W.3d at 372.

b. Evidence of the CVC’s Involvement in the Conference

Defendant also claims that evidence presented during the offer of proof regarding the 

CVC’s involvement in the conference demonstrates that the CVC, rather than Defendant, 

controlled the boutique and window display area. Defendant points to documentary evidence 

and testimony that the CVC approved Defendant’s floor plan and that if Defendant wanted to 

move the window display it had to get approval from the CVC beforehand. We find that this 

evidence does not demonstrate that the CVC exercised any right to control the boutique and 

window display area, especially in light of the uncontroverted evidence adduced at trial that 

Defendant was the party who actually made the floor plan and controlled the placement of the 

boutique and window display. As previously stated, there was testimony that, (1) Defendant 

made the floor plan; (2) Defendant placed the window display in the boutique at the location as 
12

set forth in Defendant’s floor plan; (3) two of Defendant’s employees admitted that it would 

have been feasible for Defendant to place the window display in another location at the Dome; 

and (4) one of Defendant’s employees specifically testified at trial that “We could put [the 

window display] anywhere we wanted to.” 

Defendant points to additional evidence presented during the offer of proof regarding the 

CVC’s involvement in the conference, including that, (1) the CVC was in charge of security 

personnel and crowd control at the Dome throughout the conference; (2) representatives of the 

CVC were present at the Dome throughout the set up phase and during the conference; (3) the 

security plan provided that one of CVC’s representatives was supposed to be stationed at the 

atrium of the Dome on the day of the conference with the responsibility of “ingress/egress;” and 

(4) the boutique and window display area was located in the atrium of the Dome. Again, we find 

that none of this evidence demonstrates that the CVC actually exercised any right to control the 

boutique and window display area where Plaintiff was injured. Defendant presented no specific 

evidence that any representatives of the CVC were actually present and/or managing crowds at 

the boutique and window display area at any time during the conference or during the time 

Plaintiff was injured. Additionally, the uncontroverted evidence at trial was that at the time 

Plaintiff was injured on the window display in the boutique area, only Defendant’s employees 

were managing the traffic flow in and out of the boutique, holding people back and allowing 

only a few women into the boutique at a time until others exited. See Reed v. Beachy Const.

Corp., 781 N.E.2d 1145, 1147, 1150-51 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (defendant-construction company 

possessed and controlled premises where it was the only party present at the premises at the time 

of plaintiff’s fall). 

Based on the foregoing, we find that the evidence regarding the CVC’s involvement in 

the conference did not tend to prove that Defendant was not the possessor of the boutique and 
13

window display area. Accordingly, the evidence was not logically relevant, and the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in excluding it. See McGuire, 375 S.W.3d at 185; Mengwasser, 312 

S.W.3d at 372.

c. Evidence of the CVC’s and Defendant’s Purported LicensorLicensee Relationship

Finally, Defendant maintains that evidence of the CVC’s and Defendant’s purported 

licensor-licensee relationship (testimony regarding the relationship which was presented during 

the offer of proof as well as specific provisions of the CVC and Defendant’s license agreement7) 

is relevant to prove that Defendant was not the possessor of the boutique and window display 

area. Defendant claims that because the CVC and Defendant had a purported licensor-licensee 

relationship, the CVC, rather than Defendant, had possession and control over the area where 

Plaintiff was injured. However, Defendant does not cite to any controlling authority in support 

of its claim, and we can find none. As indicated above in Sections II.A.2 and II.A.3, the relevant 

issues in applying the Restatement (Second) of Torts in this case are, (1) the status of Plaintiff as 

an entrant on the land – which is undisputed here; and (2) whether Defendant was a possessor of 

the land, i.e., whether Defendant occupied the land with the intent to control it, by actually 

exercising control over the area where Plaintiff was injured. We find that evidence of the CVC’s 

and Defendant’s purported licensor-licensee relationship did not tend to prove that Defendant 

was not the possessor of the boutique and window display area under the circumstances of this 

case, where there was no evidence that the CVC occupied the area or no evidence offered that 

the CVC actually exercised control over the area. Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its 

 

7 The specific portions of the license agreement Defendant refers to are, (1) “this [a]greement constitutes a license to 

utilize the [p]remises, and nothing herein shall be construed as conveying to [Defendant] any right, title, or 

possessory interest in the [p]remises of any kind, type, or nature”; and (2) “[a]ll rights and obligations of the parties 

hereunder shall be interpreted as under a grant of license.”
14

discretion in excluding evidence of the CVC and Defendant’s purported licensee-licensor 

relationship. See McGuire, 375 S.W.3d at 185; Mengwasser, 312 S.W.3d at 372.

iii. Conclusion as to Points One and Three

Because Defendant exercised its right to direct the use and placement of the boutique and 

window display area where Plaintiff was injured and because Defendant exercised its right to 

admit people to the area and exclude people from it, Defendant exercised control over the area. 

Madden, 916 N.E.2d at 1214; Monnin, 658 N.E.2d at 1146. There was no evidence adduced at 

trial or presented in Defendant’s offer of proof demonstrating that any party other than 

Defendant exercised control over the boutique and window display area. Accordingly, the facts 

surrounding the status of Defendant are not in dispute, Defendant occupied the boutique and 

window display area with the intent to control it, and therefore, Defendant was a possessor of the 

boutique and window display area as a matter of law. See Adams, 114 S.W.3d at 436;

Restatement (Second) of Torts section 328E(a); Millette, 70 A.3d at 132; Concklin, 138 S.W.3d 

at 221; Carroll, 677 N.E.2d at 616. 

Moreover, the evidence presented during Defendant’s offer of proof (the license

agreement, the evidence regarding CVC’s involvement in the conference, and the testimony 

concerning the relationship between the CVC and Defendant) did not tend to prove Defendant 

was not the possessor of the boutique and window display area. Therefore, the evidence was not 

logically relevant, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding it. See McGuire,

375 S.W.3d at 185; Mengwasser, 312 S.W.3d at 372. Points one and three are denied. 

B. Refusal to Submit Instruction C

In its second point on appeal, Defendant contends the trial court erred in refusing to 

submit Defendant’s proposed Instruction C to the jury. Instruction C stated, “Your verdict must 
15

be for [D]efendant if you believe that [D]efendant was not in possession or control of the 

premises.” 

We initially note that Instruction C is an affirmative converse instruction.8 See Hiers v. 

Lemley, 834 S.W.2d 729, 734 (Mo. banc 1992) (an affirmative converse instruction presents a 

hypothetical ultimate issue which, if true, would defeat the plaintiff’s claim and the instruction 

begins, “Your verdict must be for the defendant if you believe . . ..”).

We review the trial court’s refusal to submit an affirmative converse instruction de novo. 

Wheeler ex rel. Wheeler v. Phenix, 335 S.W.3d 504, 512 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011). An affirmative 

converse instruction is appropriate where the verdict directors assume as true or omit a disputed 

ultimate issue of fact. Hiers, 834 S.W.2d at 735; Quinn v. Lenau, 996 S.W.2d 564, 570 (Mo. 

App. E.D. 1999). Moreover, an affirmative converse instruction should only be given if it is 

supported by the evidence. Hiers, 834 S.W.2d at 736. 

In this case, we find that Instruction Nos. 8 and 9 properly submitted all disputed ultimate 

issues of fact to the jury, namely the factual issues relating to whether Defendant as the possessor 

of land fell below the standard of care owed to Plaintiff as an invitee.

9

 See Quinn, 996 S.W.2d at 

568 (“[t]he applicable standard of care is a question of law for the court, and the determination of 

whether the possessor of land fell below that standard of care is a question of fact for the jury”). 

Instruction No. 8 was based on MAI 22.0310 and MAI 37.0111 and stated:

In your verdict you must assess a percentage of fault to [Defendant], 

whether or not [P]laintiff was partly at fault, if you believe: 

 

8 Missouri Courts generally disfavor affirmative converse instructions. Jone v. Coleman Corp., 183 S.W.3d 600, 

605 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005); See Hiers v. Lemley, 834 S.W.2d 729, 735-36 (Mo. banc 1992) (setting forth the reasons 

why affirmative converse instructions are disfavored). 

9 The parties’ comparative fault was an additional disputed ultimate issue of fact which was submitted to the jury,

but it is not at issue on appeal.

10 As is reflected in the title of MAI 22.03, MAI 22.03 is the verdict directing instruction for “[o]wners and 

[o]ccupiers of [l]and” when an “[i]nvitee [is] [i]njured.”

11 MAI 37.01 is the verdict directing modification in a case containing a comparative fault instruction.
16

 First, there was a window display on the floor of [D]efendant’s boutique 

and as a result the floor was not reasonably safe, and 

Second, [D]efendant knew or by using ordinary care could have known of 

this condition, and

Third, [D]efendant failed to use ordinary care to remove it, and 

Fourth, such failure directly caused or directly contributed to cause 

damage to [P]laintiff, 

Unless you believe [P]laintiff is not entitled to recover by reason of 

Instruction No. 9. 

Instruction No. 9 submitted Defendant’s affirmative defense to the jury which Defendant was 

permitted to do pursuant to MAI 22.03. Instruction No. 9 stated:

Your verdict must be for [D]efendant if you believe that the window display 

constituted a dangerous condition that was so open and obvious that [P]laintiff 

knew or by using ordinary care could have known the condition was not 

reasonably safe, unless you believe that [D]efendant should have anticipated that 

[P]laintiff might be harmed by the window display despite such danger being 

obvious.

Defendant argues that the issue of possession and control was a factual issue that should 

have also been submitted to the jury. However, there was no evidence to support the language 

set forth in Defendant’s Instruction C requiring the jury to enter a verdict for Defendant if they 

believed that “[D]efendant was not in possession or control of the premises.” As we concluded 

in Section II.A.3.iii, there was no evidence adduced at trial or presented in Defendant’s offer of 

proof demonstrating that any party other than Defendant exercised control over the boutique and 

window display area. Consequently, the facts surrounding the status of Defendant are not in 

dispute, Defendant occupied the boutique and window display area with the intent to control it, 

and therefore, Defendant was a possessor of the boutique and window display area as a matter of 

law. See Adams, 114 S.W.3d at 436; Restatement (Second) of Torts section 328E(a); Millette, 70 

A.3d at 132; Concklin, 138 S.W.3d at 221; Carroll, 677 N.E.2d at 616. Because Instruction C 
17

was not supported by the evidence, the trial court did not err in refusing to submit it to the jury. 

See Hiers, 834 S.W.2d at 736. Point two is denied. 

III. CONCLUSION

The judgment entered upon a jury verdict awarding Plaintiff $280,000.00 on her personal 

injury claim is affirmed.

ROBERT M. CLAYTON III, Judge

Patricia L. Cohen, P.J., and

Roy L. Richter, J., concur.