[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-13573

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:12-cr-00331-VMC-AEP-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

DANNY CRANE, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(April 14, 2015)

Before HULL, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), Danny Crane’s supervised release was 

revoked for, inter alia, having broken the law by possessing cocaine. On appeal, 

Mr. Crane argues that by admitting a chemist’s laboratory report that identified the 

substance in a bag he possessed as cocaine without requiring that the chemist 

testify at the revocation hearing, the district court violated his narrow due process 

right to confront adverse witnesses against him.

Whether a defendant’s constitutional rights have been violated is a mixed 

question of law and fact. See United States v. Revolorio-Ramo, 468 F.3d 771, 774 

(11th Cir. 2006). “We review the court’s factual conclusions under the clearly 

erroneous standard and the court’s legal conclusions de novo.” Id. Although the 

Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply at a supervised release revocation hearing, 

United States v. Frazier, 26 F.3d 110, 114 (11th Cir. 1994), a defendant is entitled 

to certain minimal due process requirements at a revocation hearing, including the 

right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. Fed. R. Crim. P. 

32.1(b)(2)(C); Frazier, 26 F.3d at 114. However, a court may decline to allow 

confrontation if, after weighing the government’s reason for denying confrontation 

against the defendant’s right to confront adverse witnesses, it finds the hearsay 

evidence to be reliable and decides that the government had good cause for not 

producing the witness. Frazier, 26 F.3d at 114. If a court erroneously denies a 

defendant the right to confront a witness at a revocation hearing, this Court 

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nevertheless may affirm the revocation if the error was harmless. Error is harmless 

when “the properly considered evidence overwhelmingly demonstrated” that the 

defendant violated the terms of his supervised release. Id.

A violation of supervised release need only be proven by a preponderance of 

the evidence. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3); United States v. Cunningham, 607 F.3d 

1264, 1268 (11th Cir. 2010). A defendant’s supervised release can be revoked 

whether or not the defendant has been subject to a separate prosecution for the 

conduct, and the grade of the violation depends not on the conduct charged in the 

separate proceeding, but on the actual conduct of the defendant. U.S.S.G. § 7B1.1

cmt. n.1. A report on the chemical analysis of a substance is not required to prove 

that the substance is cocaine. United States v. Baggett, 954 F.2d 674, 677 (11th 

Cir. 1992) (holding that the government could prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that a substance was cocaine through circumstantial evidence).

Mr. Crane argues that the laboratory report identifying the substance in the 

bag as cocaine was hearsay and should not have been admitted without the 

testimony of the chemist who prepared the report and without the district court 

performing the analysis and making the findings required by Frazier. But, the 

record shows that the district court and the parties thoroughly discussed Frazier

and its requirements, Mr. Crane’s constitutional objection, the reason for the 

government’s delay in obtaining the chemist’s report, and the question whether the 

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chemist should be required to testify in the light of all the other non-hearsay 

evidence. The court overruled Mr. Crane’s objection and admitted the chemist’s 

report. Before continuing with the presentation of evidence, however, the court 

offered Mr. Crane the opportunity to continue the hearing so that he could 

subpoena the chemist and cross-examine him about the report. Mr. Crane declined 

the court’s offer.

Although the district court does not appear to have erred in admitting the 

report, we need not decide this issue because any error would have been harmless.

Mr. Crane admitted ownership of the bag containing the substance when he pled 

guilty to possession of drug paraphernalia—namely, the bag. The only question 

the district court needed to resolve was whether the substance in the bag was in 

fact cocaine. The uncontested evidence showed that Deputy Robert Wilfong, 

according to his usual practice, searched the backseat of his police vehicle before 

arresting Mr. Crane and found nothing. No one except Mr. Crane rode in the 

backseat of the vehicle that day. After Mr. Crane was moved to another vehicle for 

transport, Deputy Wilfong searched his vehicle again and discovered a bag 

containing a white powdery substance. Deputy Wilfong performed a field test on 

the substance, which tested positive for cocaine. Although Deputy Wilfong 

admitted on cross-examination that field tests sometimes yield false positive 

results, the evidence was sufficient for the government to prove by a 

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preponderance of the evidence that the substance was cocaine. See Cunningham, 

607 F.3d at 1268. While the chemist’s report analyzing the substance supported 

the government’s case, the government met its burden of proof without the report.

See Baggett, 954 F.2d at 677. Therefore, any error in admitting the report would 

have been harmless. See Frazier, 26 F.3d at 114. Accordingly, we affirm the 

revocation judgment.

AFFIRMED.

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