IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT MEMPHIS

February 25, 2015 Session

FAIRY BERRY v. CITY OF MEMPHIS

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County

No. CT00310304 Karen R. Williams, Judge

No. W2014-01236-COA-R3-CV – Filed April 13, 2015

This appeal arises from the trial court’s award of damages stemming from an automobile 

accident. In 2003, plaintiff was injured when her vehicle was struck by a Memphis Police 

Department officer’s car in an intersection. After a non-jury trial, the trial court awarded 

plaintiff damages for pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life. The City of 

Memphis appeals these damages, arguing (1) plaintiff’s expert non-treating physician 

was not qualified to opine as to emergency room treatment or costs; (2) plaintiff should 

not recover for her failure to mitigate her damages by exacerbating her injury; and (3) 

plaintiff’s testimony wherein she explains her ongoing pain did not warrant the amount of 

damages she was awarded. Discerning no error, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Affirmed 

and Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ARNOLD B.

GOLDIN, J., and BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., joined.

Roane Waring, III, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, City of Memphis.

James M. Gulley and Daniel F.B. Peel, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Fairy 

Berry.
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OPINION

Background

On May 31, 2003, Fairy Berry and her daughter, Demetria Rhodes,1 were injured 

when her vehicle was struck by Officer Fred Williams’ police car at an intersection. Ms. 

Berry was rendered unconscious because of the impact, and responders removed her from 

her vehicle using the jaws of life. She was immediately transported to Saint Francis 

Hospital’s (“hospital”) emergency room where she received treatment, including x-rays 

and a CT scan. Ms. Berry sustained a large contusion on her head and numerous 

musculo-skeletal injuries to her head, neck, back, and chest. However, Ms. Berry’s x-rays 

showed no abnormalities. The hospital discharged Ms. Berry several hours later. Two 

days after the accident, Ms. Berry saw her private doctor complaining of a headache, 

neck pain, lower back pain, and leg pain. Her doctor referred her to HealthSouth for 

physical therapy, and she completed treatment at HealthSouth on July 23, 2003. 

HealthSouth recommended several exercises for Ms. Berry to complete at home, which 

Ms. Berry did. On May 27, 2004, Ms. Berry filed a complaint against the City of 

Memphis and Officer Williams alleging negligence.

On March 4, 2013, the trial court presided over a bench trial, which spanned 

several days, concluding on April 11, 2013.2 At trial, three witnesses testified in person, 

including Ms. Berry; Demetria Rhodes, Ms. Berry’s daughter and passenger at the time 

of the accident; and Carolyn Hughey, Ms. Berry’s friend. Two more witnesses, Officer 

Williams and Dr. Robert H. Ball, M.D., testified by deposition. Although liability was an 

issue at trial, liability is undisputed for purposes of this appeal. Accordingly, we focus 

our recitation of the facts on the subject matter of this appeal, which include Ms. Berry’s 

physical injuries and non-economic damages.

Ms. Berry’s testimony detailed her injuries resulting from the accident. 

Immediately following the accident, Ms. Berry experienced pain in her neck, back, legs, 

and head. She testified that, following the accident, her consciousness went in and out. 

She also testified that she had multiple bruises on her body from the accident, specifically 

on her legs, chest, and back. She testified that the bruises on her back resulted from when 

her “seat crushed on my back.” Additionally, she stated that her air bag never deployed. 

 

1Ms. Rhodes initially filed her own lawsuit as an injured plaintiff. However, Ms. Rhodes’ and Ms. Berry’s 

cases were consolidated. The City has only appealed the award of damages to Ms. Berry, and not to Ms. 

Rhodes.

2There is no explanation in the record for the delay between Ms. Berry’s filing of her complaint and the 

trial date, approximately 9 years later.
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Ms. Berry, who has been employed by the Internal Revenue Service for nearly 30 years, 

missed approximately 45 days of work as a result of the accident. Although the accident 

had occurred ten years prior to trial, Ms. Berry testified that she still experienced pain on 

a daily basis. She also stated that she now requires a special chair to alleviate her pain 

while sitting at her job, and she also must periodically walk around to help with the pain 

associated with prolonged sitting. Still, Ms. Berry stated that she believed continual 

physical therapy to be unnecessary, testifying: “I just didn’t go back to therapy. But I do 

the exercises that they gave me. And with my chair and my stretches, the things that I 

know that helps me during the day, I just - - daily basis, those things help me, so I just 

continue to do those to function through my daily activities.”

Ms. Berry’s daughter, Ms. Rhodes, also testified about the accident and how it 

affected her mother. She corroborated her mother’s testimony concerning the accident 

and the impact. She also stated she sustained minor injuries in the accident. Concerning 

her mother after the accident, Ms. Rhodes testified: “I thought she was dead, when I was 

first sitting there and after she wasn’t talking. But I’m - - I’m just thankful that we’re 

alive.” She recounted trying to wake Ms. Berry up after the accident by tapping her on 

her shoulder and saying “Mama. Mama.” She testified that she watched a nurse on the 

scene take Ms. Berry’s pulse. Ms. Rhodes stated that Ms. Berry was either unconscious 

or unresponsive when she initially was admitted into the hospital.

Carolyn Hughey, Ms. Berry’s friend, also expounded on Ms. Berry’s injuries and 

her recovery. She visited Ms. Berry at the hospital immediately following the accident. 

Ms. Hughey similarly testified that, upon her arrival at the hospital, Ms. Berry “was out” 

and not responding or communicating. She testified that for the next three weeks she 

came to Ms. Berry’s house to assist her with household duties because Ms. Berry had 

difficulty walking and remained in pain. Ms. Hughey stated that even six months after the 

accident, Ms. Berry still showed signs of her injury and complained of pain. Further, Ms. 

Hughey testified that Ms. Berry continues to walk differently, “wobbly like,” because of 

the accident.

Regarding Ms. Berry’s medical treatment and bills, Dr. Robert H. Ball testified by 

deposition as an expert witness. Dr. Ball has experience as a family physician in internal 

medicine, physical therapy, and emergency medicine, although he had not worked in an 

emergency room for around 25 years. After summarizing and explaining the costs for 

Ms. Berry’s treatment, he testified that Ms. Berry’s medical bills were reasonable and 

necessary.

On May 27, 2014, the trial court issued a letter to all counsel and parties detailing 

its findings of facts and conclusions of law. After determining that Ms. Berry was not at 
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fault, the trial court ultimately found in favor of Ms. Berry in the amount of $151,766.36. 

The trial court awarded damages in the following manner:

Medical bills: $9,315.56

Loss of automobile: $11,500.00

Lost wages: $5,950.00

Pain and suffering: $90,000.00

Loss of enjoyment of life: $35,000.00

The trial court also awarded Ms. Berry her court costs and discretionary costs. The City 

filed a timely appeal.

Analysis

The City raises one issue for appellate review, as taken from its brief: “Whether 

the trial court abused its discretion in its award to the Appellee of her pain and suffering 

and loss of enjoyment of life damages.” The City’s argument, as explained in the 

argument section of its appellate brief, as to this issue is three-fold. We address each of 

the City’s contentions in turn. 

The City first contends that Dr. Ball was not properly qualified to testify as an 

expert witness concerning certain medical bills incurred by Ms. Berry. Before addressing 

the merits of this argument, we must first analyze whether the City properly designated 

this issue for appeal. We conclude that it did not. In its brief, the City argues that Dr. Ball 

lacks the necessary qualifications to serve as an expert witness and offer an opinion as to 

Ms. Berry’s medical bills. However, the City’s Statement of the Issues specifically only 

challenges the award of non-economic damages to Ms. Berry. Accordingly, the City has 

waived the issue regarding Ms. Berry’s medical bills. See Forbess v. Forbess, 370 

S.W.3d 347, 356 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (holding that litigant waived an issue by his 

failure to designate it as an issue in his statement of the issues).

Further, even assuming arguendo that the City properly designated the issue of the 

qualifications of Dr. Ball as an expert witness in its Statement of the Issues, we still must 

conclude that this issue is waived for the City’s failure to properly preserve the issue for 

appeal in the trial court. It is well-settled that a “party must complain and seek relief 

immediately after the occurrence of a prejudicial event.” Gotwald v. Gotwald, 768 

S.W.2d 689, 694 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). As such, a litigant must bring an error to the 

attention of the trial court, typically by contemporaneous objection. Id. The failure to 

make a timely, specific objection to the trial court prevents an appellant from challenging 

the introduction of evidence for the first time on appeal. Ehrlich v. Weber, 88 S.W. 188, 
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189 (Tenn. 1905); see also In re R.C.V., W2001-02102-COA-R3JV, 2002 WL 31730899 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 18, 2002) (“Failure to object to evidence in a timely and specific 

fashion precludes taking issue on appeal with the admission of evidence.”); Bates v. 

Dennis, 30 Tenn.App. 94, 203 S.W.2d 928, 934 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1947) (“Whether this 

evidence was competent is not in question, for there was no objection to it on the trial and 

no complaint is made here of its admission. Hence it is to be considered for what it is 

worth, however little.”). Moreover, on appeal, Rule 6 of the Rules of the Court of 

Appeals of Tennessee requires the following:

(a) Written argument in regard to each issue on appeal shall 

contain:

(2) A statement showing how such alleged error was 

seasonably called to the attention of the trial judge with 

citation to that part of the record where appellant’s challenge 

of the alleged error is recorded. 

(Emphasis added). Here, a thorough review of the record reveals that the City did not 

raise an objection before the trial court arguing that Dr. Ball lacked the necessary 

qualifications to be admitted as an expert.3 Accordingly, this issue is waived.

Next, we turn to the City’s two remaining contentions that Ms. Berry’s own 

actions and her own testimony demonstrate that the trial court’s award of non-economic 

damages to her was in error. Before we can address the substance of these issues, we 

must discuss the deficiencies in the City’s appellate brief, as it has a significant effect on 

this part of the City’s argument. Specifically, the second and third sections of the City’s 

argument (i.e. Ms. Berry’s failure to mitigate her damages and Ms. Berry’s testimony not 

warranting the amount of damages awarded) are completely devoid of any citation to 

 

3We recognize that counsel for the City did make an objection at the beginning of Dr. Ball’s deposition. 

However, we conclude that the City’s objection at the deposition is properly categorized as a hearsay 

objection concerning the unavailability of witnesses pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 804. 

Specifically, the City, in its objection, stated that Dr. Ball was required to be present and testify at trial. In 

its appeal to this Court, however, the City instead characterizes its issue as one relating to the 

qualifications of Dr. Ball to testify as an expert witness, and not merely whether he must be deemed 

“unavailable” before his deposition can be admitted at trial. As such, because the only objection to Dr. 

Ball’s deposition concerned its admissibility, and not Dr. Ball’s qualifications, we conclude that the City 

failed to seasonably call the alleged error to the trial court’s attention, and it has waived this issue. See R. 

Ct. App. Tenn. 6; Ehrlich, 88 S.W. at 189.
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authority.4

Rule 27 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that an 

appellant’s brief “shall contain”:

An argument, which may be preceded by a summary of 

argument, setting forth:

(A) the contentions of the appellant with respect to the 

issues presented, and the reasons therefor, including 

the reasons why the contentions require appellate 

relief, with citations to the authorities . . . . 

(Emphasis added). Our courts have repeatedly held that the failure to cite to relevant legal 

authority to support an argument may result in a waiver of the argument on appeal. See, 

e.g., Forbess v. Forbess, 370 S.W.3d 347, 355 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011); Chiozza v. 

Chiozza, 315 S.W.3d 482, 489 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009); Lett v. Collis Foods, Inc., 60 

S.W.3d 95, 105 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d 52, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

2000); Rampy v. ICI Acrylics, Inc., 898 S.W.2d 196, 210 (Tenn. Ct. App. 11 1994). 

Here, the City has cited no authority demonstrating to this Court why Ms. Berry’s actions 

or testimony demonstrate that the trial court’s award of non-economic damages was 

excessive. Accordingly, we must conclude that the City has waived this part of its 

argument.

Because of the City’s failure to make seasonable objections to the qualification of 

Dr. Ball as an expert, and because of the City’s failure to cite to any authority on the 

remaining parts of its argument, we conclude that the entirety of the City’s appeal has 

been waived. It is not the function of the appellate court to research and construct the 

parties’ arguments. Coleman v. Coleman, No. W2011-00585-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 

479830, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 4, 2015). Based on the lack of authority cited in the 

City's brief to support its argument that the trial court abused its discretion, we can only 

 

4As an example of the brevity of the City’s argument, we have reproduced the City’s argument 

concerning Ms. Berry’s failure to mitigate her damages, in its entirety:

The records of HealthSouth show during her treatment that she knew 

what was causing her pain. Setbacks in the Appellee’s therapy program 

were caused by her own actions. On July 1, 2003, the Appellee reported 

that both her neck and back were stiff. She stated her discomfort was 

caused by sitting two and half [sic] hours. On July 2, 2003, the Appellee 

reported that the stiffness in her neck and back were caused by attending 

a play and sitting for two and a half hours.
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conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Ms. Berry noneconomic damages. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and remand 

for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

Conclusion

The judgment of the Circuit Court of Shelby County is affirmed and this cause is 

remanded to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this Opinion. Costs 

of this appeal are taxed to Appellant City of Memphis, and its surety.

_________________________________

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE