SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

1273 

KA 14-01338 

PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, CARNI, DEJOSEPH, AND CURRAN, JJ. 

 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT, 

V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

MICHAEL C. KRAATZ, ALSO KNOWN AS MICHAEL KRAATZ, 

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

THE LEGAL AID BUREAU OF BUFFALO, INC., BUFFALO (TIMOTHY P. MURPHY OF

COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

LAWRENCE FRIEDMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, BATAVIA (WILLIAM G. ZICKL OF

COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT. 

 

Appeal from a judgment of the Genesee County Court (Robert C.

Noonan, J.), rendered July 24, 2014. The judgment convicted

defendant, upon a jury verdict, of robbery in the second degree. 

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is

affirmed. 

Memorandum: On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury

verdict of robbery in the second degree (Penal Law § 160.10 [2] [a]),

defendant contends that the conviction is not supported by legally

sufficient evidence that the victim sustained a physical injury. We

reject that contention. The victim testified that defendant grabbed

her arm during the robbery and kept “squeezing and squeezing” while

threatening to kill her. She further testified that she felt like the

bones in her arm were going to break, that the resulting pain was

“excruciating” and “like 9 to 10 to 11” on a scale of one to ten, and

that her arm was bruised afterward. We conclude that her testimony is

legally sufficient to establish that her pain was substantial, i.e.,

“more than slight or trivial,” and thus that she sustained a physical

injury (People v Chiddick, 8 NY3d 445, 447; see Penal Law § 10.00 [9];

People v Henderson, 77 AD3d 1311, 1311, lv denied 17 NY3d 953; cf.

People v Lunetta, 38 AD3d 1303, 1304, lv denied 8 NY3d 987). Viewing

the evidence in light of the elements of the crime as charged to the

jury (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 349), we also reject

defendant’s further contention that the verdict is against the weight

of the evidence on the issue of physical injury (see generally People

v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495). Although the victim did not seek any

medical treatment as a result of the incident or miss any time from

work, the jury was entitled to credit her testimony concerning the

extent of the pain she experienced (see People v Guidice, 83 NY2d 630,

636; People v Smith, 45 AD3d 1483, 1483, lv denied 10 NY3d 771; see
-2- 1273 

KA 14-01338 

also People v Spratley, 96 AD3d 1420, 1421).

We reject defendant’s contention that he was denied effective

assistance of counsel by his attorney’s failure to make certain

objections at trial (see generally People v Taylor, 1 NY3d 174, 176-

177; People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712-714), and we conclude that

the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.

All concur except CURRAN, J., who dissents and votes to modify 

in accordance with the following memorandum: I respectfully dissent. 

In my view, the People failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt

that the victim suffered a physical injury, i.e., either “impairment

of physical condition or substantial pain” (Penal Law § 10.00 [9]), as

is required for a conviction of robbery in the second degree under

Penal Law § 160.10 (2) (a). I would therefore modify the judgment by

reducing the conviction to robbery in the third degree (§ 160.05; see

CPL 470.15 [2] [a]) and vacating the sentence, and I would remit the

matter to County Court for sentencing on the conviction of robbery in

the third degree (see CPL 470.20 [4]). 

In my view, the majority’s decision conflicts with the decisions

reached by this Court in People v Coleman (134 AD3d 1555, 1556, lv

denied 27 NY3d 963), People v Haynes (104 AD3d 1142, 1143, lv denied

22 NY3d 1156), and People v Lunetta (38 AD3d 1303, 1304, lv denied 8

NY3d 987). The majority relies on People v Chiddick (8 NY3d 445, 447-

448), but that reliance is misplaced. That case is distinguishable

inasmuch as the defendant in Chiddick bit and broke the victim’s

finger, thereby causing the victim to bleed. Thus, although the Court

of Appeals considered the victim’s subjective pain as an important

factor, the injury defendant inflicted, viewed objectively, was

“[p]erhaps [the] most important [factor]” (Chiddick, 8 NY3d at 447). 

Moreover, unlike here, the victim in Chiddick “sought medical

treatment for the wound defendant inflicted—an indication that his

pain was significant” (id.). Finally, the Court in Chiddick noted

that “the whole point of the bite was to inflict as much pain as

[defendant] could” (id. at 448). I have no doubt that this was a

frightening event for the victim, but to the extent that the

majority’s decision endorses an entirely subjective standard for

determining whether a victim suffered a physical injury, I cannot

agree with it. 

Entered: February 10, 2017 Frances E. Cafarell

Clerk of the Court