BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 1

Innovative Transport Solutions.

The Reality of Electric Driving.

Cooperations and key learnings. 

Dr. Thomas Becker, AK-4,

Vice President Governmental Affairs, BMW Group
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 2

Efficient ICE 

Technology

Intelligent Use of Aerodynamics

Light Weight 

Material 

Intelligent 

Energy 

Management/ 

Active Hybrid

Alternative Fuels: 

Hydrogen, 

Electricity

EfficientDynamics.

Short-, Medium- and Long-Term Solutions. 

Short-Term Mid-Term Long-Term
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 3

Challenges. 

Megacities with different needs.

New York

USA

Mexico City

Mexico

London

UK

Tokyo

Japan

Los Angeles

USA

Shanghai

China

Barcelona

Spanien

Paris

Frankreich
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 4

Presentation project i.

Use cases for electric vehicles.

E-Hybrid series/parallel

Pure BEV

50 km

50 km

25 km

Bereich

Zero Emission

100 km

Type 1

City dweller

Typ 2

EV-Anxiety

?

Typ 4

Sports canon

Typ 3

Commuter

Average daily

vehicle trip

Germany 35 km

USA 53 km

Singapore 20 km
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 5

Presentation project i.

Overview of MINI E technical data.

Curb weight 1.465 kg (3,230 lbs)

Payload 195 kg (430 lbs)

Acceleration 0-100km/h (62 mph) in 8,5 sec

Top speed 95 mph, electronically regulated

Output 150 kW/ 204 hp

Consumption 0.19 kWh/mls / 0.12kWh/km

Torque 220 Nm

Range depending on profile, FTP72: 156 mls

Seats 2
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 6

MINI E Projects.

Organisational Structures.

Infrastructure 

Utilities

Goverment

Scientific 

reasearch

Fleet

50 Cars

*

* Governmental funding

40 Cars

**

* * Governmental funding

500 Cars in total

50 Cars in 

project

Various utilites

***

* ** rreports to CARB an CARB
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 7

MINI E Project Berlin. 

User profile – overview.

Block Stories / hypothesis / 

questions

Results – summarizing version

1 Applicants/User profile:

Who applied for and who uses the MINI E? 

 In general: Mainly 35 years and older, 

male, highly educated and above average 

income, affinity to new technologies

 Second car in household, majority would 

use the MINI E for daily commuting and 

the range offered fits daily mobility needs

 Brand newcomer

 High interest in eco issues and interest in 

MINI E even though rarely experiences 

with E-driving 

2 What are the reasons for being interested 

in the MINI E?

Structure of motivational factors:

• (New) Technology

• Ecological impact 

• Brand loyalty 

• Reducing costs 

 Most important factor: experiencing new 

sustainable and clean technology 

(Sustainability meets Technology)

 Second : supporting environmental 

protection and getting away from oil 

(running out, security issue)

 Less important: reducing costs for daily 

mobility 
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

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116i Mini Cooper MINI E (D)

Number of users 18 22 40

Age Ø 51 years Ø 40 years Ø 48 years

Gender Male N=13

Female N=7

Male N=6

Female N=16

Male N=33

Female N=7

Distribution of

vehicles

(town / country) 

City of Berlin 

Trips 13574/

125.197 km

Up to now: 13449/

145.030 km

Up to now: 15.951/

146.713 km

MINI E User Behavior. 

Overview Samples Datacollection Car.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 9

MINI E User Behavior.

Single trip lengths.

Source:

Berlin Data 

loggers

Results:

Measured trip lengths don‘t differ – no objective limitations measured. 

Average single trip length Germany: 14,1 km

Source: infas/DLR 2008; DIW 2008 

Bisher längste Fahrt mit MINI E: 158 km.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 10

Source:

Berlin Data 

loggers

MINI E User Behavior.

Daily driving behavior.

Results:

Measured daily driving behavior does not differ in the same segment. But highly 

relevant differences between compact car and sedan segments. 
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 11

MINI E User Behavior. 

Parked periods.

Results:

Electric cars do not require longer parking periods – no objective limitations 

through charging process measured. 

Source:

Berlin Data 

loggers
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 12

MINI E User Behavior. 

Range: How do users evaluate the actual range in 

terms of everyday mobility? 

Source:

User 

feedback

•According to the users about 80% of daily trips could be made with 

MINI E. If cargo and passenger space was not limited, more than 90 % 

of the trips could be made with MINI E.

• About 66% of the users rate the flexibility with MINI E as high as with a 

conventional vehicle. 

•Only a limited number of trips cannot be made with MINI E. According 

to the travel diaries, users could not use MINI E due to its restrictions 

in 14% of their trips. This is often the case on the weekends. 

• Mobility behavior has changed among 35 % of the users. Users 

quickly learn to adapt to vehicle s characteristics.

• The mean maximum range tested by the users is 150 km. For users 

as target values for range...

• Less than 100 km would be insufficient

• 200 km would be sufficient

• Approx. 250 km would be the optimum 

:
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 13

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Chargings per week.

Results:

Users charge the MINI E approx. only every 3 days. 

Source:

Berlin Data 

loggers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Ladevorgänge pro Woche

Anzahl Ladevorgänge

Häufigkeit [%]

14

16

20

14

12

8

7

4

2

1

< 1 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1

Chargings per week 2009-11-10

Mean: charging every 3 days
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 14

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Charging – public infrastructure Berlin.

Private Users

Public 

Charging

30 public charging spots

24 on private property *

6 on public ground

* Private property, but 24/7 

accessible
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 15

0

50

100

150

200

250 Nürnberger Str. 122 IAV-2, Helmholtzstr. 41 Kurfürstendamm 312 REWE-1, Emmentaler Str. 130 REWE-4, Malteserstr. 138 Leipziger Platz 19 Friedrichstr. 191 IAV-1, Helmholtzstr. 41 Contipark, Hamburger BHF IHK, Fasanenstr. 852 Contipark, Clayallee 3282 REWE-2, Rauchstr. 56 Bismarckstr. 102 Messe, Hammerskjöldplatz 1 Arbeit (kWh)

0

10

20

30

40

50 Tankvorgänge

Arbeit Tankvorgänge

Typ (Alle) Nutzer 40 Nutzer

Standort

Daten

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Charging on public infrastructure – by 

charging spot.

Source:

Vattenfall

Result :

Only 3 of the 30 public charging spots have been used frequently. 

Quelle: Vattenfall
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 16

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Charging – Where do users charge.

Source:

User 

feedback

Charing at home clearly dominates user behavior: 

•56% of the users have never used public charging stations 

• Reasons for not using public charging stations:

1. 94% say wallbox at home is sufficient

2. Charging stations are not at places where users usually spend their time: 56%

3. There are too few charging stations: 46%

4. MINI E would have to be parked for too long at the charging station due to long 

charging time: 40% 

Possible factors to increase usage:

- Density and right locations of charging stations

- Information about location e.g. demand for navigation system

- Information about availability

- Keep parking privileges 

- Shorter charging duration

:
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 17

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Do users need a public charging 

infrastructure?

Source:

User 

feedback

:

After three months of driving:

• ideal places for charging stations:

1.Parking lots of companies: 92% agree

2.Parking garages: 91% agree

3.Transfer places (airports/ railroad stations/ Park&Ride): 86% 

agree

4.Shopping Center, supermarkets: 74% agree

5.Museums, cinemas/ sports center: 74% agree

6.Local recreation area: 63% agree

Important factor for ideal spots for charging stations:

-Where is the car usually located, if users are not at home/ near the 

wallbox (e.g. transfer places, parking garages, parking lots of 

companies)

-For some (26%) important: Anxiety, that others could disrupt the 

charging process (e.g. removal of the cable)

 users may feel safer charging at parking garages or at parking lots of 

companies
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 18

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. 

Why do we need to use Energy from renewable 

sources for charging EVs?

• Electric energy gained by the current German „energy mix“ is not regarded 

as eco-friendly. Only 18 % of the users regard energy from an „energy mix“ 

as eco-friendly.

• Electric energy gained by renewable energy is regarded as eco-friendly 

(93% of users).

• Before driving the car: 95 % of the users regard it important to use 

renewable energy for charging EVs.

• After three months: 97 % of the users regard it important to use renewable 

energy for charging EVs.

• Only 12% agree that EVs are environmentally friendly without charging with 

renewable energies (same results before receiving the car and after three 

month)

Conclusion: The EV alone isn’t enough - the ecological benefit comes 

with the usage of renewable energies. This is completely different in the 

US. 

Source:

User 

feedback

:
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 19

MINI E Ecological relevance. 

What is more important, – the eco aspects of 

the car or experiencing the technology? 

Source:

User 

feedback

:

Three subgroups of users:

• For 41% of the users, it is a composition of both technical and ecological

• aspects – more or less equally important.

• For 38 % of the users, the technical aspects are more important, eco

• aspects less important or unimportant

• For 21% of the users, the eco aspects are more important – technical

• aspects less important or unimportant

Conclusion: combination important – technology meets sustainability
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 20

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Time of charging at wallbox (at home).

Results:

On avarage only 1⁄4 of the MINI E are connected to a wall box during the night

- Implication for using wind energy and perform sheduled charging – wind2grid

Source:

TU 

Ilmenau

Tageszeit

Number of cars at wallboxes (home charging)

N = 40

Source: TU Ilmenau
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 21

Define the overall rules of the Game.

1. Enable full competition and customer choice on all stages of the e-mobility chain

2. Ensure transparency on the carbon impact of all fuels (fossil, Biofuels, electricity, 

hydrogen etc.)

3. Define responsibilities and incentives between car-makers and energy utilities 

Spend public money right.

1. Create new instruments where they are really needed. Check all existing taxes and 

incentives around electric driving for possible readjustment 

2. Lower the cost threshold for consumers in the initial phase of technology

3. Ensure public charging is sufficient but support charging infrastructure at home and at 

the workplace as strongly as possible.

International Cooperation is key

1. Avoid the divergence of technical standards that occurred for conventional driving from 

the outset. 

2. Consider new additional instruments for road transport (like Low Carbon Fuel 

Standards, Cap and Trade etc.) in shaping the overall legislative framework. 

3. EU, USA and China should take the lead together.

Preliminary Conclusions.

The role for Government.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 22

Thank you for your attention ! 
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 23

Back up 
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 24

Verständnis nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens.

Verankerung des Themas in der BMW Group.

für ihre Produkte Clean Mobility: Fahren ohne Emissionen

als Industrie- verantwortungsvoller Umgang 

unternehmen mit Ressourcen

als aktives Mitglied gezieltes gesellschaftliches 

der Gesellschaft Engagement

im Unternehmen Grundüberzeugungen

Vorstandsbeschluss aus dem Jahr 2000: „Nachhaltigkeit ist 

richtungsweisendes Prinzip unserer Unternehmensstrategie.“

„Nachhaltigkeit in der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette ist mit dem Erfolg 

der BMW Group verbunden und gehört zu unserem unternehmerischen 

Selbstverständnis. Wir übernehmen Verantwortung. Aus Überzeugung 

und aus eigenem Interesse – heute und in Zukunft.“

Dr. Norbert Reithofer, Vorsitzender des Vorstands der BMW AG im Sustainable Value Report 2007/2008 

Strategy Number One (09/2007). 

BMW Group übernimmt Verantwortung:
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 25

Verständnis nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens.

Commitments und Grundsätze der BMW 

Group.

Die BMW Group bekennt sich zu:

 Zehn Prinzipien des UN Global Compact 

 Cleaner Production Deklaration des Umweltprogramms der UN 

(UNEP) 

Darüber hinaus orientiert sich die BMW Group an:

 Vereinbarungen der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO) 

 Leitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen der OECD 

 Business Charter for Sustainable Development der 

IntHandelskammer (ICC)

BMW Group Grundüberzeugungen:

 Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften bedeutet für uns einen dauerhaften positiven 

Beitrag zum ökonomischen Erfolg des Unternehmens. Dies ist die Basis 

für die Wahrnehmung der ökologischen und sozialen Verantwortung.

 Die Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung gehört für uns 

untrennbar zu unserem unternehmerischen Selbstverständnis.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 26

MINI E User Behavior. 

What do people do to prolong the range? 

Source:

User 

feedback

:

In order to prolong range, users report different strategies:

Common strategies involve

Driving style

• 94% of the users tried to use regenerative braking as much as 

possible.

• 74% of the users tried to drive with constant speed most of the time.

• 71% of the users tried to accelerate moderately. 

• 69% of the users tried to drive with lower speed.

Switching off energy consumers

• 63% of the users tried to save energy by switching off the A/C.

• Only 3% of the users tried to prolong their range by switching off their 

Radio.

Strategies which are not applied by the majority of the users

• 34% of the users reported that they have selected routes which are 

energy saving.

• Almost a third of the users reported considering range when choosing 
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 27

MINI E User Behavior. 

How do people deal with the restrictions? 

Source:

User 

feedback

:

In order to deal with the restrictions, users report different strategies:

• Planning of the trips and deciding on who will use the car the next 

day, becomes part of the daily routine in MINI E households. 

• Due to the fact that 95 % of the users have access to a second car 

the restrictions affect the users only slighty.

• For shopping tours -if the cargo space is insufficient- users 

normally drive their second car.

• Users will also take their second car, if they need to transport 

more than one passenger.

• If longer trips are intended with MINI E, users actively plan their 

charging spots e.g. to charge at friends houses or their holiday 

homes. If time is limited, the second car is usually chosen.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 28

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. 

Why do we need to use Energy from renewable 

sources for charging EVs?

Präferenz Strom für Elektromobilität

Items aus Fragebogen (ausgefüllt bei 

technischer Einweisung); N = 40

Item 51: M = 5.70

97,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu

Item 49: M = 5.60

95% der Nutzer stimmen zu

Item 50: M = 5.53

97,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu

Item 53: M = 2.55

32,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu

Item 52: M = 1.98

7,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu

1 = stimmt gar nicht

6 = stimmt völlig

Source:

User 

feedback

1 2 3 4 5 6

Kohlekraft

Atomkraft

Wasserkraft

Windkraft

Solar

vor Fahrzeugübergabe: Die Ladeinfrastruktur sollte 

unbedingt Strom aus folgender Energieform bereitstellen

Stimmt stimmt Stimmt Stimmt Stimmt Stim

gar nicht weitgehend eher nicht eher weitgehend vö

Mittlere Zustimmung

:
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 29

MINI E Charging & Infrastructure.

Do users need a public charging 

infrastructure?

Source:

User 

feedback

:

•Are public charging stations necessary?

-Before driving the car: 83% agree

-After three months of experience: 57% agree

Users still like the option (but don’t use it) 

• Why do still 57% of users agree that charging stations are necessary?

-Good feeling of having the possibility to charge at a station, if the wallbox is not 

accessible

This results in high agreement for spots for charging stations, 

where the car is most likely during the day/ during work.

-Transfer places

-Parking lots of companies

-Parking garages

Users feel good about having charging stations available but during the 

first three months they rarely used them.
BMW Group

COP 15

December 2009

Page 30

MINI E Project Berlin. 

Expectations – overview.

Block Stories / hypothesis / 

questions

Results – summarizing version

1 Expectations in terms of restrictions

Restrictions in terms of daily mobility 

needs

Are these restrictions accepted?

 Range is the most important 

restriction users expect

 Users expect to be able to cope with 

restrictions e.g. using second car

 Also knowing about the range 

restriction nearly all users expect that 

vehicle will fulfill their daily mobility 

needs

 Users expected more cargo room 

2 Expectations in terms of security 

issues

Fears and anxieties of battery issues 

 Almost all users feels as safe as with a 

conventional car.

 Not many substantial fears of batteries 

in terms of safety

 Even though users do have a need for 

more information on EV specific topic 

such as batteries (such as car 

washes).