,&i~.. United States f~ _AJ\ Department of 

• Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Division 

Fresh Products 

Branch 

Washington, D.C. 

ORNAMENTAL CROPS 

~Jlarket Inspection Instructions 

March 1974 

r - • 

. ' . .. . . . 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PART I 

Paragraph 

Numbers 

GENERAL ................................................ 1 

SAMPLING • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ·'4 

PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING HARKS 

Product ......................................... Container ....................................... Distinguishing Marks ............................ r~an i fest ....................................... . 

6 

EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ....... . ................. . 10 

CONDITION OF PACK .................................... . .. 13 

Tightness of Pack ............................... ..• 13 

Excessively tight ••••••••••••••••..•••••. 

Tight ................................... . 

Fairly Tight ...................................... Slack ............................................ Liners-Cleats ....................................... Plastic-Sleeves .............................. 

3 

5 

12 

6 

7 

8 

9 

12 

- 20 

18 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

SIZE ...................................... :.••.•........ • 21 25 

' 

Length of Stem .... : ....•...................•.... 

Di a111eter of B 1oom ••• •' ••• · .......................... . 

Weight Per Bunch ................................. 

CONDITION ............................................ 

Freshness ................................... Fresh .. ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slightly Wi 1 ted ............................. . 

Reprinted December 1976 to include 

Supplemental Instructions dated 

April 1975. 

REPRINTED FEBRUARY 2009 

.• 26 

•• 28 

22 

23 

24 

38 

31 

29 

30 
Wilted ••.•••••••••••• 

Co 1 or .................. . 

Condition Factors 

Bruising .••••• 

Discoloration 

~cay ........... . 

WRITING CERTIFICATES 

Paragraph 

Nunbers 

.32 

.34 

31 

33 

37 

35 

36 

'37 

. .. 39- 44 

ISSUING DUMP CERTIFICATES •••.••.•.••••.•••.•••••.•.•.•.••• 45 - 48 

Bunched Lots 

Loose lots 

Potted Plants 

TYPES OF FLOWERS 

.......................... 

PART II 

CARNATIONS 

46 

47 

48 

49 

STANDARD CAfUMTIONS (Fig. 1, page 12) •••.••••.••....••.•.• 50 - 59 

Report ............................... . Condition Factors 

Broken Sterns 

Bruising •.••••••••••••••. 

BlownHeads 

Sleepy ••••••• t~i 1 ting •••••• 

Discoloration 

............. 

Decay ........................... 

GENERAL EXAt1PLES ... • ...................... . 

.52 

....... 

.Page 

51 

59 

53 

5L! 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

15 

~1INIATURE CARNATIONS (Fig. 2, Page 17) ••••••••••••••••... • 6n - 61 

Report ................... . ••••• Ill •••••••••••••••••••••• 61 
Paragraph 

Numbers 

Cll RYSAtHH H1W1S 

STANDARD CHRYSANTHEI-1UNS (Figs.3&4, pages 19&20) .•••.•••.. 62 -59 

Report ........... ... Condition Factors 

Bruising 

Di scol oration 

Shattering 

Decay •••.•••. 

GENERAL EXAMPLES 

.65 

64 

69 

6f 

67 

f)R 

69 

.Page 23 

POMPON CHRYSANTHH1Ut~S (Fig. 5, Page 24) ..•..••••...••.•.• 70 73 

Report .•.•••.•••• 

Condition Factors 

Discoloration 

GLADIOLUS 

71 

72 

73 

GLADIOLUS {Fig. 6, Page 26) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 74 73 

Report ,. .................... ~ .. . Condition Factors •••..••••• 

Discoloration 

Decay ...•..••.. 

GENERAL EXA14PLES o- ...................... . 

ROSES 

•• 76 

75 

78 

77 

78 

•••••••• ~ ••••••••• Page 29 

ROSE (Fig. 7, Page 30) •.••.••••..•••.•.• " •••••••• 79 - 85 

Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 0> • 

Condition Factors •••••••.••• 

Bruising 

Discoloration 

Soft Heads •••••• 

JJe: cay .•...•.•••. 

• • 81 

81) 

85 

82 

83 

84 

85 

GENERAL EXAr1PLES ................................ , ......... . Page 33 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL t4ARKETING SERVICE 

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE OIVISIOO 

FRES~ PRODUCTS BRANCH 

MARKET INSPECTION 

INSTRUCTIONS 

ORNAMENTAL CROPS 

GENERAL 

Since the advent of market news reports on ornamental crops there has (1) 

been an increased interest by the industry in the quality of products 

flowing through trade channels. This has resulted in increased calls 

for inspection in tenninal markets on various plants, flowers and other 

ornamentals. 

Flowers and plants deteriorate in many of the same ways as fruits and (2) 

vegetables. 

- Through normal respiration; 

- By postharvest diseases; 

- Normal maturation {aging); 

- Excessive loss of moisture (wilting); 

- Careless handling (bruising); 

- Holding at temperatures too high (heating); and, 

- Holding at temperatures too low (chilling or freezing). 

These instructions have been prepared to assist market inspectors in (3) 

making condition inspections on ornamental crops, issuing dumps and writing 
certificates. General instructions are given which can and should be 

followed on all crops. Nore specific information is given on the 

"bread and butter11 items, i.e. ~:he cut flowers - - Camati ons » Chrysanthemums, Gladioli and Roses. 

SAt1PliNG 

(4) As with other coiTITIOdities, representative sampling is necessary in 

order that a 11 segments of the 1 ot are ~ ttoked at and the facts shown 

on the certificate are truly indicative of the over-all quality of the 

lot. 

(5) The inspector should strive to examine a minimum of 20 percent of the 

lot when making the inspection. On small lots this could be increased 

without too much difficulty. Regardless of the lot size, the inspector 

should examine sufficient quantities to satisfy himself that his results 

gfve a complete and accurate pict!Jre of the conditions present. 

PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND f;ISTINGUISHING t1ARKS 

(6) PRODUCT. An exact statement should be made as to type of flower/plant 

and whether it is cut or a plant. If in bunches this fact should also 

be shown. If a plant the diameter of the pot should be shown. This 

measurement should be made at the top of the pot. 
3 

CQ~TAINER. The majority of the ornamental crops will be packed in (7) 

fiberboard containers of varying dimensions. 

DISTINGUISHING MARKS. All pertinent marks should be shown on the cer- (B) 

tificate. This includes brand names, shipper's name and address, 

counts, etc. When possible show the airline flight number if it is 

available. 

MANIFEST. Give either as applicant's count; manifest; or Inspector's (9) 

count. This should show both the number of master containers and the 

number of flowers, bunches or pots (plants). Care must be exercised 

to assure that the proper count is given on the certificate and that 

it covers only that part of the lot which was inspected. 

CHRYSANTHEMUt1 plants in 6-inch pots packed ir fiberboard master containers printed 11 liVe Plants, Floral Acres, Inc., Del Ray Beach, Fla., 

This box contains potted mums". Applicant's count 200 cartons 

(1600 plants). 

Cut Standard CARNATIONS in bunches packed in fiberboard cartons 

labeled 11Niedens Hillside Floral. Inc., Encinitas, Calif., TO: 

Housto!: Flower Market, Houston, Tex ... and marked "National Airlines Air Bill Number 37, SAN 21658392 IAH, Date 3/17." ~1anifested as 6 cartons (316 bunches). 

Cut Standard CHRYSANTHEMUMS packed in fiberboard cartons 1 abe led 11 Inter-Ameri can Floral Products, Stuard, Florida, TO: Wi 11 i am J. 

Mahoney, Inc., 540 Albany St., Boston, Mass." and printed "132 

per case". Inspector's count 3 cartons. 

(10) 
4 

(11) In those instances where the inspector is unable to identify the type 

of flower or plant, a general description should be given and the type 

identified as "Manifested as ..• " 

(12) EXAMPLES: 

Cut FLOWERS in bunches in fiberboard cartons printed ..... 

• • • • 11 Manifested as 3 cartons (248 bunches) Amazon Lilies. 

FOLIAGE PLANTS in 3-inch pots packed in fiberboard cartons printed 11 ........... Inspector•s count 10 cartons. r~anifested as 

500 plants (100 each) Sansevieria, Ficus, Neanthe Bella Palm, Podocarpus and Philodendron. 

CONDITION OF PACK 

( lJ) Under this heading mention all pertinent information concerning the 

packing of the product. 

(14) TIGHTNESS OF PACK. One of the following terms should be used to describe the tightness. 

(lS) Excessively tight - means too tightly packed for best results and 

usually results in bruising or crushing of the product. 

(16) Tight - this is the optimum condition which prevents movement of 

the product within the container. 
5 

Fairly tight - some slight movement of the product is possible (17} 

but not a sufficient amount to cause bruising. 

Slack - product is so loosely packed as to allow free movement (lB) 

of the product within the container. 

LINERS - CLEATS. On roses, carnations and chrysanthemums at least one fl~) 

and often two pair of cleats are used to hold the bunches in place and 

prevent moverrent. f·1ost containers for· cut flowers are lined with either 

newspaper or foam sheets for insulation purposes. 

PLASTIC SLEEVES. Fuji chrysanthemums, carnations (both miniature and (?!J) 

standard) and other flowers often have a film (plastic)sleeve placed 

over the blooms in the bunch. 

paper strip covering the buds. 

ti fi cate. 

Roses are usually 1:1rapped in a \·Jaxed 

These should be mentioned on the cerSIZE 

Occasionally requests may be received to determine size. This request (2l) 

could be for either the length of stem; size of bloom; count per bunch; 

or, weight per bunch. Do not determine any aspect of size unless you 

have received a specific request from the applicant. When a request 

has been made make sure that you understand exactly what type of information the applicant is seeking. 
6 

(22 ) LENGTH OF STEM. length of stem shall be measured from the top of the 

bloom to the base or :::ut end of the stem. Report the range and the 

mostly to the nearest whole inch without rounding upward._ In other 

words, 17-1/2 to 24-1/2 inches should be reported as 17 to 24 inches. 

DIAMETER OF BLOOH. The diameter of bloom shall be reported to the 

nearest 1/4 inch with the measurement being the largest diameter following the '!1atura1 outline of the petals. If only one or two petals extend 

beyond the natural outline they should not be considered in taking the 

measurement. 

(Z4) WEIGHT PER BUNCH. Some flowers are packed to meet a certain weight 

per bunch. Pompon chrysanthemums~ for instance, are often packed to 

a weight of anywhere from 10 to 16 ounces, depending upon the point 

of origin. Accurate scales must be used \'/hen certifying weight. Report weight per bunch to the nearest ounce. 

(25) If the applicant states a certain length, dianieter or weight was to be 

the minimum, the certificate should show not only the range and-mostly 

(or average), but also the percent of stems, blooms or bunches under 

the mini mum (state d) factor. 

CONDITION 

(26) As a general policy, only those condition factors which are serious 

enough to affect the salability of the product should be reported on 
7 

the certificate. Certain exceptions may be made from time to time but 

it should be clearly understood that minor condition factors which do 

not affect the corrmercial value or \'lhich are not readily --~P~:~t:..:"m:: ;,;;a·;'' 

not be reported unless spedfically requested by the applicant. 

Generally, for cut flowers or for flowering plants, the freshness and (27) 

color of the foliage and the freshness of the bloom (petals) should 

be reported. On foliage plants, both freshness and color of the foliage 

should be shown. 

The tenns fresh, slightly wilted, and wilted can be used to describe (28) 

the majority of the 1 ots inspected. 

Fresh- means of normal succulence, brightness, firmness, 

color, etc. 

Slightly wilted - means the normal aging process has begun 

but the lot is not to the point where it can be classed as 

wi 1 ted. 

Wilted - means drooping, weak, lacking turgidity. Usually 

caused by rapid transpiration. 

{?0) \ ',,'' 

! ~/) \ · .. .J .-) 

(31) 

When considering the color of the foliage it must be remembered that (32 ) 

the foliage of tinted flowers will take on a cast similar to the tint 

used. This is especially true on those flowers tinted through absorp-
8 

tion. This cond,i tion is normal and accepted by the trade and should 

not. be reported on the certificate. 

{33) Foliage color may also vary according to varieties. The foliage on 

carnations, for example, may range from a pale green to blue-green to 

deep green and still be considered as healthy color. 

(34) CONDITION H\CTORS. The more colllllOn condition facto:"s are: Bruising, 

discoloration, and decay. 

(35) Bruising. In describing show the extent to which the blooms/ 

foliage/plants are affected and, if still in the containers, 

the location in the container(s) where the bruising occurs. 

{36) Discoloration. As with bruising, show the extent to which the 

blooms/foliage/plants are affected and the color or color range 

involved. It will not be necessary to state the cause for the 

discoloration, whether it be from a disease, freezing, high 

temperatures or other factors. 

(37) Decay. Again show the extent affected and the location on the 

flower or plant. The trade uses the term "Botryti s" to cover 

a multi tude of sins. DO NOT NAME THE DECAY, DESCRIBE IT. 
9 

It must be remembered that since U. S. standards do not exist on orna- (38) 

mental crops (with the exception of Cut Peonies in the Bud and Asparagus 

Plumosis) "damage 11 and 11Serious damage 11 , as such, cannot be described. 

Describe the condition as "affected by11 or 11 shows". For example: 

"Most plants have lower 3 to 5 leaves affected by brown to black discoloration, some plants have occasional leaves showing brown discoloration around leaf margins. 11 

WRITING CERTIFICATES 

In writing the certificate for ornamental crops there are certain pro- (39) 

cedures or policies to be followed which differ from those for fruits 

and vegetables. On the majority of our certificates we express the 

amount of damage, serious damage, etc. in exact percentages. This is 

done because we are able to define exactly what constitutes damage or 

serious damage. 

On ornamental crops we will follow the procedures used on fruits and (4o) 

vegetables in describing factors which do not affect the appearance or 

quality to the extent they are considered damage. By this we mean.the 

use of general terms. 

For defects other than decay - when the product is bunched - use gen- ( 41) 

eral terms as well as the mmber of flowers affected. For example: 
10 

(42 ) .. Most bunches have 1 to 4 flowers, some bunches have 5 to 8 flowers 

(43) 

showing . • • • • • • • 11 

If the product is not bunched show in general terms considering the 

container. For example: "In most cartons many flowers show . 

REME113ER: 00 NOT SHOW AN AVERAGE PERCENT OF DEFECTS PRESENT. 

(

44) When decay is involved, the same procedures will be followed with the 

exception that the average percent of decay will be shown. For 

example: "Many bunches have 2 to 6 flowers showing decay, many none, 

average 4%, generally affecting . • • • . • " 

ISSUING DUMP CERTIFICATES 

(45) It is important to remember that when a dump certificate is issued 

you are saying that the lot "has no c0fi1Tierci al value". 

The general policy to be followed is: 

(46 ) Bunched lots. When in bunches, the dump must be issued on a 

bunch basis. As a general rule, when 70 percent or more of 

either the blooms or foliage (or any combination thereof) in 

II 

the bunch is bad, the bunch can be considered to have no 

commercial value. Issue the dump only on the bad bunches. These 

should first be segregated by the applicant. 
ll 

Loose lots. When flowers are packed loose (not in bunches) the (47) 

condition of the majority of the flowers in the container must 

be considered. The dump should be made on a container basis and 

not on the individual flowers. 

Potted plants. Dumps must be issued on the basis of the individ- {43) 

ual plants. The plants which are considered to be of no further 

conrnercial value must first be segregated by the applicant. 

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * 

PART II 

The basic procedures outlined on the previous pages of the instructions (4g} 

will also apply to the 11 bread and butter" items, the six principal 

cut flower crops. Slightly more detail is given on these on the 

following pages, especially in the naming of more specific problems 

which can occur. 
FLOWER 

12 

Standard CARNATION 

tD 

r 

0 

~ 

en 

-t 

m 

s:: 

----PETALS 

CALYX 

Figure ( 1} 

LEAVES 
13 

Standard CARNATIONS 

Carnations are generally sold in bunches of 25. They are usually 

packed in fiberboard cartons with approximately 24 to 30 bunches to 

the carton. The bunches may or may not ~ave plastic sleeves covering 

the blooms. Coming into more and more prominence in- J-ecent years is 

th~ consume-Fbunch consisting of anyhwere from 8 to 12 flowers. 

REPORT: 

Freshness and color of stems and foliage. Also, the freshness of the 

petals. Remember that the normal color of the foliage may vary from 

a pale green to blue-green to deep green and still be considered as a 

healthy color, depending upon the variety. Keep in mind when considering the freshness of the petals that the flowers generally will not, 

have been in water for a period of 24 to 48 hours and have experienced 

some dehydration. 

The leaves of the carnation may vary from straight to a tight curl. 

Growing conditions account for the variance. Either is acceptable 

and need not be reported on the certificate. 

(51) 

CONDITION FACTORS. Follm'ling is a list of the more common condition (52) 

factors that will be found in carnations. It does not contain all 

possible factors which can be found. 
14 

(53) _!3roken Stems. The stems, especially when cool, are subject to 

snapp~ng or breaking during rough handling. When the break is 

\'lithin 4 inches of the bloom, ,report as "broken heads ... When 

the break is more than 4 inches from the bloom, report as .. broken 

stems ... 

(54) 1lruising. Bruising affecting the foliage is not usually a factor 

in carnations. Generally the petals become slightly matted during 

transit but these will fill out and open after several hours in 

water. Creasing of the petals, where a sharp fold or crease is 

involved, is harmful in that the flow of water to the outer edges 

of the petals is cut off and these outer edges will soon discolor. 

Report all bruising present but make sure the degree and number 

of petals affected is mentioned. Seldom will there be sufficient 

bruising present to say a lot no longer has commercial value. 

(55) Blown Heads. This term is used by the trade to indicate that the 

flower (bloom) has opened fully and is consi-:..tered 11 0Vermature". 

The petals at the center are no lCinger tight and the calyx is 

very soft and has an empty feel in g. 

(56) Sleepy. One of the more important condition defects to be concerned with in carnations. The flower(s) affected are not salable 

and should be considered as such regardless of the severity. This 
15 

factor is Gsually easy to distinguish in that the tips of the 

petals, particularly the inner ones, curve inward rather than 

folding outward as in a normal healthy flower. 

Wilting. Ideally the foliage and ~ '~Jom should be fresh. Any (57} 

amount of obvious wilting affecting either should be reported. 

Discoloration. Discoloration of the foliage will not generally (58) 

be a problem unless the stems have been allowed to dry out or 

the lot is getting old. Discoloration of the petals may occur 

for various reasons --age, bruising, heating, freezing, etc. 

When encountered,describe the intensity or severity as well as 

the color and location~ 

Decay. Decay may be found in various stages. Generally it is (SQ) 

not a problem on the foliage. On the petals it appears as a tan 

or light brown patch with a some\'Jhat watersoaked appearance. 

Advanced stages are usually accompanied by a light gr<JWth of 

gray spore masses. The 1 oca ti on of the decay ( fo 1 i age, ca 1yx 

or petals) as well as the severity should be described. The 

trade usually refers to all dec::ty as 11BotrytiS 11 • DO NOT NAME 

THE DECAY. 
16 

GENERAL EXAMPLES 

Pack: Tight in cartons. Cartons paper lined. Cleats across 

stems in center portion of cartons. Film sleeves over 

blooms in each bunch. 

Size: Stems generally range from 22 to 28, mostly 24 to 26 

inches in length. Average 3% under 22 inches. Diameter 

of bloom ranges from 2-1/2 to 3-1/4, mostly 2-3/4 to 

3 inches. 

Condition: Stems and foliage fresh and.green. Petals generally fnesh, few slightly wilted. In most bunches none, in 

some bunches from 1 to 4 flowers have 3 or 4 outer pet- als affected by bruising. Many bunches have 6 to 10 

flowers showing tan to dark brown discoloration affecting edges of outer petals. No decay. 

Condition: Stems and foliage fresh and green. Petals mostly fresh, 

some slightly wilted, few badly wilted. In most bunches 

none, in some bunches 3 or 4 flowers have blown heads. 

In most bunches no decay, in some 1 to 3 flowers, average 2% decay, mostly affecting 1 to 3 outer petals, some 

affecting calyxes. Decay is ------(describe color and mold 

growth, if any). 

Remarks: Length of stem and diameter of bloom determined at 

applicant's request. Applicant states above lot purchased 

as 22 inch minimum length. 
17 

Miniature CARNATION 

(WILl OPEN) 

I 

FLOWER 

LEAVES 

Fi aure (2) ~ ' ' 
18 

t4ini ature CARNATIONS 

(60) Unlike most pompon chrysanthemums which are usually bunched on the 

basis of weight, miniature carnations are bunched so there will be 

anywhere from 25 to 35 open blooms or buds showing sufficient color 

to indicate that they wi 11 open (about 1/4 inch). The number depends, to a great extent, on the individual grower/shipper and the 

point or origin. It will not be necessary to report the number of 

open blooms or buds unless this is a specific complaint of the appHcant. 

REPORT: 

(Gl) The factors affecting standard carnations will also be found in 

the miniatures. However, b~oken stems will not usually be a problem. 
19 

Standard CHRYSANTHEMUM 

----- PETALS 

FLOWER 

Figure ( 3) 
FLOWER 

Ill 

I'"" 

0 

i 

20 

Fuji CHRYSANTHEMUM 

---PETALS 

Figure { 4) 
21 

Standard CHRYSANTHEMUMS 

The standard chrysanthemum is normally one of two types, the incurved {62) 

mum (commonly called the football mum and often mistakenly called a 

pompon) and the Fuji {Spider) mum. 

The standard incurved mum is not bunched but packed loose (separately (63) 

or singly) while the Fuji is generally packed 12 to a bunch with a 

. plastic sleeve protecting the blooms. 

REPORT: 

Freshness and color of the stems and foliage. Also, the freshness of ( f>!i) \ ~ . 

the petals. 

CONDITION FACTORS. ihe following condition factors are the ones that (65) 

v1il1 most likely be encountered when ~nspecting chrysanthemums. They 

are not only ones that can be found. 

Bruising. Bruising affecting the petals is more likely to occur (

66 ) 

on the delicate Fuji mum than on the incurved mum where it is not 

usually a factor. It is not too often that bruising will be a 

factor affecting the foliage. Report all bruising making sure 

that the severity is described. 

Discoloration. Discoloration affecting either the foliage or the (67) 

bloom should be reported. It is not considered as being very 
22 

critical when affecting only the foliage. Describe the color or 

colors involved, location (leaves, petals, etc.) and the severity 

or degree. 

(68) Shattering. As the flower starts to age the petals have a tendency to shatter upon handling. This condition should be noted 

describing the ease of shattering. For example: 11 Some slight 

shattering of petals noted ... or 11Most flowers have petals which 

shatter readily upon handling ... 

(

69) Decay. Unlike carnations, decay will frequently be found on the 

foliage of chrysanthemums. Report location (foliage, ~etals) 

and the severity. DO NOT NAME THE DECAY. 
23 

GENERAL EXAf'.1PLES 

Pack: Tight in cartons. Cartons paper lined. Cleats across 

sterns i_n center portion of carton. 

Size: 

Condition: 

(Fuji) 

Condition: 

( incurved) 

Stems generally range from 26 to 32, mostly 28 to 30 

inches in length. Average 5% under 26 inches. Diameter 

of bloom ranges from 4-1/2 to 7, mostly 5 to 6 inches. 

Stems and foliage fresh and green. Petals generally 

fresh, few slightly wilted. In most bunches none, in 

some bunches 2 to 4 flowers have 4 to 10 petals affected 

by bruising. ~1any bunches have 1 to 3 flowers showing dark brown discoloration affecting 4 to 6 outer petals. No decay. 

Stems and foliage mostly fresh and green, some foliage turning yellow and slightly wilted. Some flowers petals shatter readily upon handling. Average 4% decay affecting 

petals. Decay is ----- (describe color and mold growth, if any}. 
24 

Pompon CHRYSANTHEMUM 

BLOOMS 

BUDS (Will OPEN1 

BUDS (Will NOT OPEN) 

FLOWER 

LEAVES 

/ 

Figure (5) 
25 

Pompon CHRYSANTHEMUMS 

Pompon chrysanthemums are usually bunches on a weight basis and not (70) 

on the number of stems or blooms/buds. Weight may vary from 10 to 16 

ounces with about 12 ounces being the average. This will generally 

be 5 or more stems. Report neither the number of stems nor the number 

of blooms/buds unless specifically requested to do so by the applicant. 

REPORT: 

As with standard chrysanthemums3 report freshness and color of stems (71) 

and foliage and the freshness of the blooms {petals). Othen'lise, the 

factors affecting pompons are basically the same as with the standard 

chrysanthemums. 

CONDITION FACTORS. One particular problem occurs with some regularity (?2) 

on pompons. When they are harvested while damp, the foliage will turn 

yellow and the blooms brown much more rapidly than through the nonnal 

aging process. Breakdown frequently follows or is associated with 

this, affecting all portions of the flowers. 

Discoloration. Discoloration affecting the foliage is much more (73) 

critical on the pompon chrysanthemum than it is on the standards. 
26 

GLADIOLUS 

FLORETS 

SPIKE 

LEAVES 

Figure (6) 
27 

GLADIOLI 

Gladioli are normally shipped in a container called a hamper. They (74) 

are always shipped upright. The normal bunch consists of 10 spikes. 

REPORT: 

The freshness and color of the foliage and the freshness of the petals. (75) 

The most desirous condition of the spikes upon arrival is to have the 

lower 3 or 4 florets showing color. After the lower florets have .~p,;r> 

edit becomes increasingly difficult to merchandise the product. The 

condition (openness) of the florets therefore should be described on 

the certificate. Always do this using general terms (number of spikes) 

and exact figures (number of florets). For example: 11Most spikes have 

1 or 2 open florets with 4 to 5 florets tight and showing l/4 to 3/4 

inch of color, some spikes have 3 to 5 open florets with remainder showing 1/4 to l inch of color ... 

CONDITION fACTORS. There are not too many problems that will occur on (76) 

gl adi o 1 i. Mast camp l ai nts wi 11 be one the openness of the florets. 

Discoloration. Discoloration of the foliage is not often a prob- (77) 

lem in gladioli. When it does occur it will usually be in the 

form of yellowing due to age. Occasionally some discoloration 

will be found which has been caused by a disease. 
28 

Discoloration affecting the petals is more co11111on. It will 

usually affect the tips of the petals on those florets which have 

opened. Although it often appears to have been caused by brui sing, this is not usually the case. 

Report all discoloration, describing the color and the area or 

part of the spike affected. This should be done in general tenns. 

(78) Decay. Not usually a problem in gladioli. Follow the procedures 

outlined for the other crops. 
Pack: 

Size: 

Condition: 

Condition: 

29 

GENERAL EXAf4PLES 

Tight in hampers. 

Spike length ranges from 40 to 48, mostly 43 to 45 inches. 

Bud chain length ranges from 17 to 23, mostly 19 to 

21 inches. 

Foliage fresh and green. Petals fresh. Most spikes have lower 3 or 4 florets open with remaining florets 

showing 1/4 to 3/4 inch of color, some spike have 1 

or 2 lower florets open re:malning florets showing no 

color to 1/2 inch or color, few spike have lower 3 or 

4 florets showing l/4 to 1/2 inch of color, remaining florets showing no color. No decay. 

Foliage generally fresh and green. Few turning yellow. Spikes generally have 2 or 3 lower florets showing 1/4 to 1/2 inch color, remaining of florets show no 

color. Few spikes have 3 or 4 lower florets open, remainder showing 1/4 to l/2 inch color. Petals of 

open florets have light to dark brown discoloration 

affecting outer edges. No decay. 
30 

ROSE 

FLOWER 

Figure (7) 
31 

ROSES 

Most roses are shipped 25 to a bunch, however, in recent years, consumer 

bunches of 12 roses have been increasing in popularity. The principal (79) 

varieties in the standard rose are American Beauty and Forever Yours. 

When packed, the bunches are generally held in place by means of cleats 

spaced approximately 18 inches apart in the center of the shipping container. There are usually two sets of these cleats. Crushed ice is 

generally placed between the upper set of cleats over the cut ends of 

the stems. This generally keeps the flowers adequately cooled and 

provides moisture (humidity). Local roses are generally shipped 

slightly more open than are those shipped from a distance. The lower 

leaves may or may not be strieped from the stems. 

REPORT: 

Freshness and color of the foliage and freshness of the bloom (petals). (80) 

CONDITION FACTORS. The following condition factors are the more common (81) 

ones that wi 11 be encountered on roses. 

Bruising. Although not generally a factor to be contended with (82) 

occasional shipments will show slight amounts of bruising affecting the blooms. Bruising affecting the leaves is seldom a factor. 

Discoloration. At times mildew may be a factor causing discolor- (83) 

ation on the foliage. However, care should be exercised not to 

.. ~··. 
32 

nane the specific cause of discoloration. Just describe the 

color and the amounts of discoloration present. Discoloration 

can also affect the blooms. 

( 84) Soft heads. Be sure to check the b 1 ooms. Occas 1 on ally one will 

find blooms {buds) which are tight (when considering openness) 

but are soft to the touch at the base of the bud. This is considered by the trade to be a defect. 

{ 85) Decay. Give the location on the flower and the severity but do 

not name the decay. 
Pack: 

Size: 

Condition: 

Condition: 

33 

ROSES 

Tight in cartons. Cartons foam lined. Two pair of 

deats across stems in center portion of cartons. 

Small amounts of pack ice present between pairs of 

cleats. ~Jaxed paper strips around buds in each bunch. 

Bunches marked 13-14, 15-16, and 1>-jB ;ru:.-ets size as 

marked. Bunches marked 19-20 generally 18-22, mostly 19-20 inches in length. Average 6% under 19 inches. 

Foliage fresh and green. Petals generally fresh. In 

most bunches none,in some 2 to 4 flowers show black 

discoloration affecting edge of outer petals. Average 2% decay. Decay is -------(describe color and mold 

growth , i f any) • 

Foliage generally fresh and green, some turning yellow and 

slightly wilted. Petals mostly fresh, some slightly wilted. 

Most bunches none, some bunches have 1 or 2, few 

bunches have 3 to 5 flowers with soft heads. No decay. 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE 

ORNAMENTAL CROPS 

SUPPLEMENTAL MARKET 

INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS 

FOR 

CERTIFICATION OF CARNATIONS UNDER SAF STANDARD GRADES 

APRIL 1975 

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION 

FRESH PRODUCTS BRRiCH 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 

SUPPLEMENTAL 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Paragraph 

Numbers 

CERTIFICATION OF CARNATIONS UNDER SAF GRADES .••..•••.. , 1 

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS •..•• , • . • . . • . • .. • . • .. • • • . . . • • • . . • • 2 

TOLERANCES ••••.•.••.•••• , • . . . . • • . • • • • . . . . . • . • . • . • . . • • • • 3 

SAMPLING •. , . • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . • • . . • • • • • • . • . . 4 

ILLUSTRATION (Fig. 1) ..••••...••.•••..•.•..•....•. , •• ,Page 2 

DETERMINATION OF DIAMETER • . . • • . . • . . . . • . . . • . • • . . . . • • • . . . 5 

SIZE ........................................... ' ..... . 6 

Diameter of 81 oom . . . . . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . . . • . . • . • . • • . . 7 

Descriptive terms . . • • • • . • . . . . • • . . . • . • . . • . . • . • • . • • 8 

Diameters specified • . . . . . .. .. .. . .. • . • .. • .. . • .. .. • 9 

ILLUSTRATION OF TIGHTNESS(Fig. 2) •.••..•.• ~ ••...•••.••• Page 5 

Stem 1 ength • . . • • . • . • . . . . . • • . . • . . . . • • • . • . . • . . . . • . . 1 0 

Stem measurement . . • • • . . • • . . • • • . . . • . . . • . . • . . . . • • . • 11 

Examp1 es • • • • . . . • . . • . • • • • . • . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . • • . • . • . 12 

QUALITY .•..•.•....••....•.•.•.•••.......••••.....•.••. 13 - 25 

ILLUSTRATION OF STEM STRENGTH (Fig. 3&4) .••..••..•.•• Page 9 

ILLUSTRATION OF SPLIT CALYX (Fig. 5&6) ..•..••....•.•• Page 11 

Cleanness • . • . • . . • • • . • • . • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . • . . • . . • 14 

Mature .••.•....•.....•...•••••...•.•••.•.•. ~ • . • • 15 

Mutation ••••.•..••••.••.••.•••.•.••••••.••• , . •. . • 16 
II 

Paragraph 

Numbers 

Stem strength .............•.. , .•......•..... , . . • . 17 

Stem :Shape .....•..•.. , ..•.. , .. , .. , .. , •....•.. , .. , 18 

Bull head .... , ..•........•.. , ..•.. , ........ , . . • . . 19 

Singles ................•.......•..•.. , .. , · .. , . . . . .. 20 

D i sbud ............. , .....•..... , .. , .. , ..... ·. . . . . . 21 

Side shoot or breaks .............. , .. ,........... 22 

Cling side ................ , .. ,.................... 23 

Insect damage, discoloration ...............•.. , . . 24 

Examples .......................... , . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

-CONDITION .••...••.•••• , •• ·, •.•••••••.•••• , .•• , •..•••. , . 26 ~ 36 

Fre·shness .................... , ..... , .. , .. , . . . . . . . 27 

Color of foliage .................. , ..... , ..... , .. 28 

Blown heads ............•.. , .. , ..•.. , .. , . . . . . . . . . . 29 

Broken stems ............•.. , ...............•.. , . . . 30 

Bruising ...............•.. , .. , .. , .. , ..•.. , .. , •. , . . . 31 

Discoloration ..... , .. , ........•..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Insects .............. , .. , .. , ..... , ..... , . . • . . • . • . 33 

S 1 eepy ...................... , .. , .. , .. , .....•....• , 34 

Split calyx .............................. ,...... .... 35 

Decay ............................ , ......... , .•..• , . 36 

Examples ....................•......•.•........ , . . 37 

GRADE ...............•....••.... , ........•.. , .......... 38 - 39 

Examp-les ....................• , ......•..... , . . • . . • . . 39 

REMARKS ••••••••.•••••••••••••••• , •••.•••••. , •••.• , ••••••• 40 ... 41 

Examp 1 es ...................... , ..•.•.. .- ~ .. , •.•.. , . 41 
SUPPLEMENTAL 

INSPECTION INSTRUCTION FOR 

CERTIFICATION OF CARNATIONS 

UNDER SAF GRADE STANDARDS 

CERTIFICATION OF CARNATIONS UNDER SAF GRADES 

Inspection and certification of CARNATIONS as to meeting one of the (1) 

specified SAF grades, when requested, shall be accomplished using the 

SAF Standards Grades for Carnations. (See Figure 1 for parts of 

carnation.) 

Detailed instructions pertaining to Products Inspected, Distinguishing (2) 

Marks and Condition of Pack are explained in Ornamental Crops, Market 

Inspection Instructions, March 1974. 

TOLERANCES 

The SAF Standard Grades for Carnations has an allowance of 12% for (3) 

blooms that fail to meet any specified grade. 

off-size and off-length. 

SAMPLING 

This allowance includes _::_:_~.=.;:...:c..::.. -----

Representative sampling is the key to inspection procedure. Inspection (4) 

of ornamental crops is accomplished by the same method as fruits and 
- 2 ,. 

CARNATION 

DISBUDS 

CURLED LEAVES 

---/ 

FIGURE 1. 
- 3 -

vegetables. Selection of flowers to be used in grade determination 

should be predetermined and the sample should consist of not less 

than 100 flowers. Most Carnations are shipped 25 to a bunch with 

from 24 to 30 bunches per carton. Therefore, bunches selected should 

be taken from various locations within the package. 

step 1 

STEPS TO DETERMINE DIAMETER 

- Determine the grade to be used by: color code, 

applicant's request, manifested, etc. 

Step 2 - Determine the degree of openness of the particular 

bloom in question. (See Figure 2) 

Step 3 - Measure the diameter 

Step 4 - See if the diameter (Step 3) of the bloom meets 

the requirements for the degree of openness (Step 2) 

as set forth in the grade (Step 1). 

SIZE 

(5) 

The minimum diameter requirement is determined by the openness of the (6) 

bloom. 

Diameter of bloom means the greatest dimension of the petals 

measured through the center of the bloom excluding one or two petals 

(7) 
~ 4 -

that extend beyond the natural outline of the bloom. On "open 11 

blooms, the guard petals*shall be held in a horizontal position when 

determining size. 

(8) The following terms shall be used to describe minimum diameter of 

blooms using general quantity terms: 

Tight means the guard petals*are up and center petals up 

but fluffed. 

Fairly tight means guard petals*are horizontal and center petals 

are up and fluffed. 

Open means the guard petals*are horizontal or lower and 

center petals are out or down. 

(*Guard petals are the petals in the first row adjacent 

the calyx leaves). 

(9) Each grade has- a specified minimum diameter of-blooms as shown; 

GRADE 

SAF Blue Grade (I) 

(Fancy) 

SAF Red Grade (II) 

(Standard) 

SAF Green Grade (III) 

(Short) 

TIGHT FAIRLY TIGHT OPEN 

2 inches 2-1/2 inches 3 inches 

1-3/4 inches 2-1/4 inches 2-3/4 inches 

No Requirement 
l: 

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(1 0) 

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( 12) 

(13) 

- 6 ,.. 

Each grade has a specified minimum stem length as listed: 

GRADE 

SAF Blue (I) Fancy 

SAF Red Grade (II) Standard) 

SAF Green Grade (III) (Short) 

MINIMUM LENGTH 

22 inches 

17 inches 

12 inches 

Stem length: The length of stem shall be measured from the top of 

the bloom to the cut end of the stem. Report the range and the 

mostly to the nearest whole inch without rounding upward. In other 

words, 17-1/2 to 24-1/2 sha 11 be reported as 17 to 24 inches. 

EXAMPLES: 

Stems generally clipped to 22 inches~ 7% under 22 inches. Most 

blooms tight (2 to 2-3/4 inches); some fairly tight (2-1/2 to 3 

inches), few open. 3% under 2 inches in diameter. 

Stems mostly clipped to 17 inches. Most blooms fairly tight 

(2-1/2 to 3 inches), many tight (l-3/4 to 2-1/2 inches). 2% 

under l-3/4 inches. 

QUALITY 

The following factors shall be reported under the quality heading 
- 7 -

of the certificate as major defects affecting all grades: 

Cleanness 

Maturity 

Mutation 

Stem strength 

Stem shape 

Bull heads 

Singles 

Disbud 

Side shoot (breaks) 

Cleanness: Although not specifically defined in the SAF Standards (14) 

cleanness should be reported on all lots. The terms clean, fairly 

clean, slightly dirty, etc. should be used when they justly describe 

the lot. 

Mature: This is the stage the bloom has reached where, with proper (15) 

handling, it will open fully. 

Mutation: The normal growth habits of flowers are altered 

occasionally. This reversion appears in the form of different 

colored petals. When 3 or more petals of a bloom are different in 

color from the rest of petals, such as red petals in a pink bloom, 

the bloom shall be counted as a defect. 

( 16) 
~ 8 .... 

(17) Stem strength: The strength of the stem shall be determined by 

holdlng the stem one (l) inch above the minimum length for the grade 

in a horizontal position and the head shall not deviate more than 30 

degrees below the horizontal plane with the natural curvature down. 

(See Figure 3). Stem strength should not be affected unless the 

flower is subjected to prolonged heat or cold and then the foliage 

will normally be affected to the extent that it would be classified 

as a major defect under discoloration. Inserting the flowers in 

water for extended periods of time wi 11 have 1 ittl e affect on stem 

strength. 

(18) Stemshape: The shape of the stem shall be described as straight 

when not more than slight curvature is noted; essentially straight 

when not more than two (2} curves are noted (this is the maximum 

permitted in all SAF GRADES) (See Figure 4); misshapen when more than two 

slight or one predominate curve is noted. 

(19) Bullhead: A "bullhead" is a bloom that has more than one (l) center 

and is characterized by a hard calyx. 

(20) Singles: A "Single''is a bloom with an excessively low petal count 

for the variety as opposed to a full flower symmetrical in shape 

with good petal count. 
- 9 ':" 

STEM STRENGTH 

FIGURE 3. 

FIGURE 4. 
( 21 ) 

(22) 

- 10 .,. 

Disbud: Latera 1 single stem growths with buds on the end are ca 11 ed 

11 disbuds 11 • They generally develop from the axils of the upper 

leaves. (See Figure 1). 

Side shoot or breaks: A vegetative growth developing from the axils 

of the lower leaves that will develop into a flower if left on the 

plant is called a 11 break11 or 11Side shoot 11 • These are not considered 

defects but should be explained using general quantity terms if 

present. 

(23) Cling side (slab side): Flowers which fail to open symmetrically, 

meaning the petals on part of the circumference are still straight 

up while the remaining peta 1 s have opened normally, are ca 11 ed cling 

sided blooms. (See Figure 6). 

(24) 

(25) 

Insect damage, discoloration: or damage by other means, to the 

extent that the appearance or marketing quality is affected, that can 

definitely be traced to shipping point through advanced drying or 

oxidation should be classified as quality factors. 

Examples: 

Blooms mature, clean, generally red color. Stems straight, 

mostly strong. Average 2% fairly straight. Average 3% below 

required strength. Average 4% mutations with from 5 to 7 

white petals. 
- 11 -

CARNATION 

SPLIT CALYX 

MAXIMUM ALLOWED 

FIGURE 5. 

SLAB-SIO.ED BLOOM 

FIGURE 6. 
- 12 -

Blooms mature, clean, generally red color. Stems straight, mostly 

strong. Range from 4 to 16, average 9% below required strength. 

Average 4% mutations with from 5 to 7 white petals, 

Blooms generally mature, clean, stems straight, strong. Average 

2% disbuds. Average 2% clihg sided blooms. 

CONDITION 

(26) The following factors shall be reported under the condition heading 

of the certificate: 

~reshness (Petals & Foliage) (wilting) 

Color of foliage and stems 

Blown heads 

Broken stems (heads) 

Bruising · 

Discoloration 

Insects 

Sleepy 

Split calyx 

Decay 

(27) Freshness: Foliage and petal freshness should be reported as fresh, 

slightly wilted or wilted. Any amount of obvious wilting affecting 

either should be scored and reported. Leaves of the carnation may vary 

from straight to a tight curl through growing conditions and should 

not be reported. 1See Figure 1) 

.· )• 
- 13 .. 

Color of foliage and stems: The normal color of the foliage may vary (28) 

from a pale green to blue-green to deep green and still be considered 

as a healthy color, depending upon the variety. The same is also true 

for tinted flowers which take on a cast similar to the tint used. 

Blown heads: This term is used to describe an excessively open 

bloom and is considered 11 overmature 11 • The petals at the center are no 

longer tight and the calyx is very soft and has an empty feeling. 

(29) 

Broken stems: The stems are subject to snapping or breaking \<Jhen (30) 

handled rough, especially after exposure to cool temperatures. When 

the break is within i inches of the bloom, report~ 11 broken heads 11 • 

When the break is more than 1 inches from the bloom, report ~ 

11 broken stems 11 • The stem does not have to be completely broken. 

Bruising: Seldom will there be sufficient bruising to render a ship- (31) 

ment to be of 11 no commercial value''. Petals that become slightly 

matted in transit will normally fill out after several hours in water. 

Sharp folds or creases in petals are harmful. The edges will discolor 

from lack of water due to the folds or creases. Report all bruising 

including the degree and number of petals affected. 

Discoloration: Discoloration of the foliage will not generally be (32) 

a problem unless the stems have been allowed to dry out or the lot 
is getting old. Petal discoloration may occur for many reasons -----

age, bruising, heating, freezing, etc. Describe the severity, location, 

color and other data relating to the problem. 

(33) Insects: The presence of insects or discoloration from fresh insect 

damage on stems or blooms shall be classified as a major defect and 

scored against all grades. 

(34) SleePY: One of the more important condition factors that is 

characterized by the inward curving of the tips of the petals as 

opposed to the straight or outward curving of healthy blooms. A 

soft calyx and some loss of color in the petals usually accompanies the 

sleei?Y appearance. (Sleepy shall be deducted from maturity). 

(35) Split Calyx: Blooms are quite often banded with tape, rubber bands 

or wire ties to prevent the calyx from splitting. The calyx should 

not be split any further than the distance from the top of the inner 

leaves to the top of the outer or lower leaves (sepals). 

(See Figure 5) 

(36) Decay: Decay may be found in various stages and is usually referred to 

as "Botrytis" by the trade. DO NOT NAME THE DECAY. Describe it, the 

location and severity. On the petals it appears as a tan or light 

brown patch with a somewhat watersoaked appearance. Advanced stages 

are usually accompanied by a light growth of gray spore masses. 
~ 15 -

Examples: 

Stems and fo 1 i age fresh and green. Petals generally fresh. Range ( 37) 

from 4 to 13%, average 7% slightly wilted. In most samples none, 

some 1 to 4%, average 2% bruising affecting from 3 to 5 outer 

petals on blooms adjacent sides and ends of cartons. 

Stems fresh and green. Foliage generally fresh and green. Petals 

mostly fresh. Generally samples show none, few 34%, average 3% 

brown discolored leaves occurring in cartons marked 11 8-17 11 • 

Range from 9 to 31% average 24% decay oftannish brown discolored 

areas with gray mold. 

Stems and foliage fresh and green. Petals fresh. Average 3% 

broken stems. Average 2% broken heads. Average 3% sleepy blooms. 

No decay. 

GRADE 

Under the 11Grade 11 heading of the certificate a definite statement (38) 

pertaining to the lot as meeting or failing one of the SAF GRADES 

and the reason for failing s.hou 1 d be made. 

EXAMPLES: 

(39) 

GRADE: SAF Blue Grade (Fancy) (I) 

GRADE: SAF Red Grade (Standard) (II) 20 inch minimu~ 

REMARKS: Above lot inspected on above basis at applicant's 

request. 
GRADE: 

GRADE: 

GRADE: 

GRADE: 

GRADE: 

16 .,. 

Meets quality requirements but fails to meet SAF Blue 

Grade (Fancy) (1) account of condition. 

Fails to meet SAF Red Grade (Standard) (II) account 

of qua 1 i ty factors. 

Fails to meet SAF Green Grade (Short) (III) account 

of short length. 

Meets quality requirements but fails to meet SAF Red 

Grade (Standard) (II} account of condition. 

Meets qua 1 i ty requirements but fails to meet SAF Blue 

Grade (Fancy) (I) account of condition. 

REMARKS 

Explanatory or qualifying statements that are necessary to complete 

the certificate should be made under this heading. These inClude~ 

but would not be restricted to the following: 

1. When all or part of a shipment is unloaded at time of inspection, 

identify the lot by showing carrier name and/or number, freight, 

flight or airway bill numbers etc.· Also, show the source of 

this information, such as applicant, carrier representative etc. 

2, Restrictions indicating the portion of the lot examined when 

the entire lot is not accessible . 

.. ·· /'''' 
- 17 -

When two or more certificates are issued on carnations in a mixed 

load, they should be linked together by proper reference under 

''Remarks.'' 

When it is necessary to issue a corrected certificate is should 

be explained under "Remarks." 

Examples: 

REMARKS: Applicant states above lot arrived on TWA Flight 472 

under Bill of Lading A-17647. 

REMARKS: Inspection and certificate restricted to above lot 

which applicant states was unloaded from trailer number Arizona 

72ZB45. For remainder of load see certificate numbers 

A-7968 and A·7969. 

tru.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OmCE: 1987 • '716-080-02117