FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

APRIL 28, 2010

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 09-16152

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 07-00043-CV-HL-7

RELIABLE TRACTOR, INC., 

a Georgia Corporation

d.b.a. Stafford,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JOHN DEERE CONSTRUCTION & FORESTRY COMPANY,

a Delaware corporation as successor to John Deere Industries

Equipment Company,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

________________________

(April 28, 2010)

Before BLACK, PRYOR and COX, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
Reliable Tractor, Inc. and John Deere Construction & Forestry Company

executed two dealer agreements in 1984 at John Deere’s headquarters in Maryland. 

The agreements appointed Reliable Tractor as a dealer of John Deere forestry and

utility equipment for a fourteen county region in Georgia. The dealer agreements

were open-ended—they did not contain a term of duration and allowed either party

to terminate the agreements without cause on 120 days notice. At the time the

contracts were executed, the 120 day notice provision was enforceable under

Maryland law. 

In 1987, Maryland enacted the Equipment Dealer Contract Act. Md. Code

Ann., Com. Law § 19-101 et. seq. This Act was amended in 1998 to provide that

equipment suppliers, like John Deere, may not terminate a dealer agreement without

good cause. Id. § 19-103. From 1984 through March 2007, John Deere and Reliable

Tractor performed their obligations under the dealer agreements, and neither sought

termination. On March 27, 2007, John Deere gave notice to Reliable Tractor that it

would terminate the agreements in 120 days pursuant to the agreements’ no-cause

provision. Reliable Tractor filed this suit against John Deere in the United States

District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, asserting a breach of contract claim

and a claimfor declaratory relief seeking to declare John Deere’s attempt to terminate

the dealer agreements unlawful and void under the Maryland Act.

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Reliable Tractor moved for summary judgment on its claim for declaratory

relief, and John Deere filed a motion to dismiss Reliable Tractor’s complaint. 

Reliable Tractor argued that the attempted termination of the dealer agreements

violated the Maryland Act’s good cause provision. John Deere countered: (1) that the

Act does not apply to the dealer agreements because Georgia law, not Maryland law,

applies to the 1984 agreements; (2) even if Maryland law applies, the good cause

provision in the Act only applies to contracts entered into after the effective date of

the Act; (3) even if the good cause provision applies, its application would violate the

Contracts Clause, Due Process Clause, and Full-Faith-and-Credit Clause of the

United States Constitution; and (4) even if application of the good cause provision

would not violate the Constitution, there are genuine issues of material fact as to

whether John Deere did in fact have good cause to terminate the agreements. 

The district court certified to the Maryland Court of Appeals the question

whether the good cause provision of the Act applies to contracts executed before it

was enacted in 1998. The Maryland court answered that the Act did apply to the

dealer agreements. The court recognized that under Maryland law statutes are

presumed to operate prospectively unless there is evidence of a contrary intent, and

it concluded that the Act, as applied to the agreements in this case, applied

prospectively as opposed to retrospectively. The court interpreted the agreements not

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as contracts with an indefinite term, but as a series of 120 day contracts that renewed

whenever the parties continued to perform their obligations without announcing that

they intended to exercise their rights to terminate under the 120 day notice provision. 

The court explained that “the contracts, by their terms, could be terminated by either

party at any time without good cause, merely by providing 120 days notice. It is

logical, then, that neither party could reasonably expect the contracts to continue for

more than 120 days from any given date.” (R.1-37 at 8.) It reasoned that once the

statute was enacted in 1998, John Deere and Reliable Tractor had constructive notice

of its existence. And, “[b]y continuing to perform their obligations under the

contracts without providing notice of termination, the parties effectively renewed

their contracts consistent with the applicable law in effect at the time.” (Id.) So, the

court concluded that the first renewal of the dealer agreementsthat occurred120 days

after the good cause provision became law bound John Deere to comply with that

provision. (Id.)

With the benefit of the opinion of the Maryland Court of Appeals, the district

court considered Reliable Tractor’s motion for summary judgment and John Deere’s

motion to dismiss. John Deere argued that if the Maryland court’s interpretation of

the agreements as a series of 120 day contracts wasto be adopted by the district court,

the court must find that the Act could not apply to the agreements because in 1991,

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John Deere had moved its headquartersfrom Maryland to Illinois. According to John

Deere, once its headquarters was moved, the renewals of the agreements could not

have occurred in Maryland because neither party had a presence in the state, and

under Georgia choice of law rules, Maryland law would not apply. John Deere also

reasserted that application of the Maryland Act’s good cause provision would violate

the Constitution and even if it would not, genuine issues of material fact would

preclude the grant of summary judgment to Reliable Tractor. The district court

disagreed. It explained that the Maryland court applied a “legal fiction” to conclude

that the agreements were a series of 120 day contracts. In actuality, the agreements

were executed one time, in Maryland, in 1984. Therefore, the court held, under

Georgia’s choice of law rules, Maryland law applied. (R.1-47 at 11.) The court went

on to note that it was bound to accept the Maryland court’s holding that the Act’s

good cause provision applied to the agreements. So, it held that an attempt by John

Deere to terminate the agreements without cause would violate the Act. And, because

the Maryland court concluded that the Act applied prospectively, not retrospectively,

the district court held that application of the good cause provision did not violate the

United States Constitution. (Id. at 12-13.) Further, it held that there were no genuine

issues of material fact as to whether John Deere possessed good cause to terminate

the agreements. (Id. at 19.) Therefore, the court granted Reliable Tractor’s motion

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for summary judgment as to its claim for declaratory relief, and it denied John

Deere’s motion to dismiss. (Id. at 22.) John Deere filed this interlocutory appeal

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292.

Subject matter jurisdiction in this case is based on diversity of citizenship.

Thus, the forum state’s substantive law applies, including its choice of law rules. 

Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S. Ct. 1020 (1941). Georgia,

the forum state, applies the lex loci contractus doctrine in determining what state’s

law applies to contracts. The lex loci rule provides that contracts “are to be governed

. . . by the law of the place where they were made, except where it appears from the

contract itself that it is to be performed in a State other than that in which it was

made, in which case . . . the laws of that sister State will be applied.” Convergys

Corp. v. Keener, 582 S.E.2d 84, 86 n.1 (Ga. 2003) (quotations and citations omitted).

We assume arguendo that Reliable Tractor is correct that Maryland law applies to the

agreements at issue. And, we are bound to accept the Maryland Court of Appeals’

conclusion that, under Maryland law, the Act’s good cause provision applies to the

agreements. Even so, we conclude that application of the good cause provision

would violate the Contracts Clause of the United States Constitution. 

Article I, § 10 ofthe United StatesConstitution providesthat no state shall pass

any law impairing the obligation of contracts. In determining whether a state law

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violates the Contracts Clause, we ask “whether there is a contractual relationship,

whether a change in law impairs that contractual relationship, and whether the

impairment issubstantial.” General Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 186, 112

S. Ct. 1105, 1109 (1992). Because we are asked to interpret the United States

Constitution, federal law controlsthisinquiry. “The question whether a contract was

made is a federal question for purposes of Contract Clause analysis, and whether it

turns on issues of general or purely local law, we can not surrender the duty to

exercise our own judgment.” Id. at 187, 112 S. Ct. at 1110 (quotations and citations

omitted). While the Maryland Court of Appeals held that for purposes of Maryland

law the dealer agreements in this case should be considered a series of 120 contracts,

we are not bound to adopt this interpretation. Rather, we must conduct an

independent federal law analysis of the agreements for purposes of the Contracts

Clause inquiry.

The plain language ofthe dealer agreements demonstratesthat they were openended contracts with no term of duration that could be terminated without cause by

either party on 120 days notice. We see no reason to conclude, asthe Maryland court

did, that continued performance under the contracts beyond the 120-day notice period

equated to the making of a new contract. Rather, we give effect to the terms of the

agreements themselves and conclude that they were executed once, in 1984, and that

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the original agreements continued to be in force until John Deere attempted to

exercise its rights under the 120 notice provision in 2007. See 11 WILLISTON ON

CONTRACTS § 32:3 (4th ed.) (“The plain, common or normal meaning of language

will be given to the words of a contract unless the circumstances show that in a

particular case a special meaning should be attached to them.”). 

Because the original 1984 dealer agreements were in force in 1998 when the

Maryland Act’s good cause provision became law, the Act effected a change in law

that impaired an existing contractual relationship—it limited a contractual right to

terminate the dealer agreements. And, we conclude that this impairment was

substantial. A provision granting the right to terminate a contract without cause is a

material provision of that contract. See Fornaris v. Ridge Tool Co., 423 F.2d 563,

568 (1st Cir. 1970), rev’d on other grounds 400 U.S. 41, 91 S. Ct. 156 (holding that

a law converting a contractual relationship terminable by either party without cause

into one which can be terminated only under certain conditions was a “change of

great magnitude” that violated the Contracts Clause). The Maryland Act impairs the

contractual right of one party, John Deere, to terminate the contract without cause on

120 days notice. Applying the Act would effectively extend the dealer agreements

indefinitely unless John Deere can meet the terms of the Act’s good cause provision. 

We conclude that this would substantiallyimpairthe contractual relationship between

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John Deere and Reliable Tractor and would violate the Contracts Clause. See

Morgan v. Kemper Ins. Cos., 754 F.2d 145, 147-48 (4th Cir. 1985) (holding that a

retroactive application of a statute impairing an insurer’s contractual right to

terminate an agent without cause violated the Contract Clause); Garris v. Hanover

Ins. Co., 630 F.2d 1001, 1006 (4th Cir. 1980) (same). We therefore reverse the grant

of summary judgment for Reliable Tractor, and remand for entry of a judgment in

favor of John Deere.

REVERSED AND REMANDED. 

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