## Pest List for the

Importation of Fresh Papaya
, Carica papaya L. , from Malaysia into the Continental United States

August 24 , 2010

Revision 0 6

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 2 

### 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of fresh papaya

, Carica papaya L. , as fresh fruit for consumption, from Malaysia into the continental United
States.

This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on papaya (in any country) and present in Malaysia (on any host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant
part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on commercially exported fresh papaya , and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered likely to follo w the pathway with a gray background ( Table 1 ) , and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not subjected to further analysis for a variety of reason s. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.

The Malaysia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a pest mitigation
measure for papaya . All of the insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera will be effectively neutralized with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007) , but neither pupae nor adults are expected to be associated with harvested fruit.

1.2. Notes on Pest List

Pests identified only to genus or hi gher ta xa would only be analyzed, in some cases, if the g enus is not present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyzing an entire genus that may contain many non

- pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not
iden tified to the species level because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the species level) may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may re

- evaluate their risk.

Pests listed with limited distribution in the United States are considered quarantine significant pests if under official control by the state or federal government. All quarantine pests with limited distribution in Table 1 are under official control unless otherwise specified.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 3 Table 1

. Pests reported on papaya, Carica papaya

, and present in Malaysia

. Pest Scientific Name Reported on Papaya Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Banks Aubert et al

. , 1981 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) Nakasone and Paull, 1998 MY US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Nakasone and Paull, 1998 MY US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY (Bolland et

al

. , 1998) Yes L No

Panonychus citri (McGregor) Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY (Bolland et

al

. , 1998) Yes L, F No 4

Tetranychus kanzawai
Kishida Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY, US

(Bolland et al

. , 1998) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus marianae McGregor CABI, 2006 MY, US (CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus neocalidonicus
Andre Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY, US

(Bolland et al

. , 1998) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus piercei McGregor Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY (Bolland et

al

. , 1998 ) Yes L, F (PestID, 2008) No 4

Tetranychus truncatus
Ehara Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY (CABI,

2006) Yes L No

1 MY = Malaysia; US = United States; CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas. US distribution is not listed
for non

- quarantine pests. Al though the PRA is only for the Continental United States, the distribution for Hawaii is listed for transparency purposes. Many databases list pests as “occurring in the United States” even if they occur only in Hawaii.
Without fu rther explanation, this could be confusing to trading partners.

2 N/A = Not Applicable. Plant part association and pathway information are not necessary for non

- quarantine pests unless those pests are vectors for quarantine pests.

3 Plant parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence/Flower, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem

4 Papaya do not suffer substantial loss from insect or mite pests (Tandon, 1993). Only when mite pressure is very high will mites occasionally move onto the fruits (Tandon, 1993), a situation not expe cted from commercial fruit.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Tetranychus urticae Koch =
T. cinnibarinus (Boisduval) Boudreaux (Bolland et al

. , 1998) Bolland et al

. , 1998 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) Waterhouse,
1993 MY

(Waterhouse, 1993), US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Batocera rufomaculata De
Geer Gressitt, 1951 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes R, S No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes S (CABI, 2006) No

Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae
Litargus sp. Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae
Haptoncus sp.

. Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes F (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No 5

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus versutus Harold CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes S (CABI, 2006), L (Vargo, 2000) No

Coleoptera: Scolytidae Hypothenemus crudiae (Panzer) CABI, 2006; Wood, 1992 MY (CABI,

2006; Wood, 1992) US (Walker, 2008) No N/A N /A

Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) US (HI) (Samuelson, 1981) Yes S ( CABI, 2006) No

Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

5 Infests overripe or rotting fruit not of marketable quality.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 5 Pest Scientific Name Reported on Papaya Distribution 1 Quaran

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part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) = Xyleborus semigranosus Blandford ( CABI, 2006) Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) US (CABI, 2006) No S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Diptera: Muscidae Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (= Aphiochaeta scalaris Loew) Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Atherigona orientalis
Schiner CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Diptera: Stratiomyidae Ptilocera quadridentata
Fabricius Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera carambolae
Drew & Hancock CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schin.) Syn: Dacus frauenfeldi
Schin. White and Elson

Harris, 1994 MY (Tan and

Lee, 1982) Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew
& Hancock CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (FL, HI,

TX) (CABI, 2006) Yes L (Pantoja et al

. , 2002) No

Aleurodicus dispersus
Russell Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (FL,

HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes L 6 (CABI, 2006) N o

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis gossypii Glover Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch Blackman and Eastop, 2000 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

6 CABI (2006) reported that A. dispersus eggs may be transported on fruit, but we found no other confirming reference in the
literature.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Aphis fabae Scopoli Blackman and Eastop, 2000 MY, US (CABI,

2006 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola (Patch) Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Blackman and Eastop, 2000 MY, US (FL,

HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Eutettix disciguttus (Walker, 1857) Li

- zhong, 2002 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002) Yes L 7 (CABI, 2006) No

Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler, 1896) Li

- zhong, 2002 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002) Yes L (Dietrich, 2008) No

Hemiptera: Coccidae Coccus hesperidum (L.) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) PestID, 2008;
Williams and Watson, 1990 MY, US (FL,

HI) (Ali, 1971; CABI, 2006) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2006; PestID, 2008) No 8

Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008; Williams and Watson,
1990 MY (Ben

- Dov et

al

. , 2008;
Williams and Watson, 1990) Yes L, F (PestID, 2008) N o 9

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) Ben

- Dov, 1993 MY (Ben

- Dov, 1993), US (Miller et al

. , 2005) No N/A N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

7 V ery little biological information is available for E. disciguttus

. Eutettix spp. affect leaves (CABI, 2007)

. 8 Coccus viridis was intercepted once in 2003 on papaya in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is the only reference to C. viridis on papaya, and therefor e we consider it not to be a true host and unlikely to follow the pathway.

9 Drepanococcus chiton has been intercepted three times on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008), but is unlikely to be present with, or become established through, the pathway of commercial fruit shipments.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886) MacGillivray, 1921 Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2007) No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria polygonata
Cockerell = Chloropulvinaria polygonata (Cockerell) Li

- zhong, 2002 MY (Li

- zhong, 2002) Yes L, S (Srivastava, 1997) No

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Conchaspidae Conchaspis angraeci (Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) = Aspidiotis
orientalis Newstead Pantoja et al

. , 2002; Yunus and Hua, 1980 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Aonidomytilus albus (Cockerell) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis sp. Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980), US (Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008) No F, L, S ( CABI,
2006 ) [Yes] 11

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Williams and Watson, 1988 MY, US (FL)

(Watson, 2005) Yes L (Pantoja et al

. , 2002; Watson, 2005) No 10

10 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are not expected to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) CABI, 2006 MY (Waterhouse, 1993) US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae Icerya purchasi Maskell Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes L, S (CABI, 2006) No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonard) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov et

al

. , 2008) No 11 N/A N/A

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008; CABI,
2006 MY, US (CABI,

2006; Ben

- Dov
et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov et

al

. , 2008), US (CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes L, F, S (CABI, 2006) No 12

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY (Ben

- Dov et

al

. , 2008), US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes L, F, S (CABI, 2006) No 13

Planococcus citri (Risso) McGuire and Crandall, 1967 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel &
Miller CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Ben

Dov et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

11 Dysmicoccus grassi is a non

- reportable pest (PestID, 2008).

12 Maconellicoccu s sp . has never been intercepted by the U.S. agricultural inspectors on papaya (PestID, 2008).

13 Papaya is a nominal host for N. viridis , and Ni paecoccus sp . has never been intercepted by U.S. insp ectors on papaya (PestID, 2008). It is a leaf feeder that only occasionally damages fruit when infestation levels are high. In an extensive review of the biology and hosts of N. viridis , papaya was unmentioned (Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). This pest is highl y unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Rastrococcus invadens
Williams CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes I, L, F, S (Agricola et al

. , 1990; CABI, 2006) No 14

Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Schedorhinotermes javanicus Kemner Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Isoptera: Termitidae

Termes malaccensis Hav. Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S (Yunus and Hua, 1980) No

Nasutitermes havilandi

Desrenx. Yunus and Hua,
1980 MY (Yunus and

Hua, 1980) Yes S ( Yunus and Hua, 1980 ) No

Lepidoptera: Lymacodidae

Darna diducta (Snellen) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Asota caricae (Fabricius) Herbison

- Evans and Crossley,
2007 MY (Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2007) Yes L (Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2007) N o

Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes F, L (CABI, 2006) No 15

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck)

= Othreis fullonia CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Yes F, L (CABI, 2006) No 16

Spodoptera litura Fabricius Robinson et al

. , 2001 MY, US (HI)

(CABI, 2006) Yes L ( Robinson
et al

. , 2001 ) No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker CABI, 2006; PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2006) Yes

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (L.) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

14 Pest rarely feeds on fruit, especially in managed settings (Agricola et al., 1990)

. 15 Larvae feed on leaves, and only rarely feed on the surface of the fruit, leaving obvious frass and damage (CABI, 2006, EPPO, 2004). Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

16 Adult moths pierce fruit, but are unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest. Therefore, thi s pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes privatana (Walker) Robinson et al

. , 2001 MY (CABI,

2006) Yes Bud, I, F, L, (Meijerman
and Ulenberg, 2004) Yes

Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa africana Palisot
de Beauvois Le Pelley, 1959 MY, US (HI), (CABI, 2006) Yes R, Seed, S (CABI, 2006) No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Pantoja et al

. , 2002 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes I (PestID, 2008) No

FUNGI

Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. [Hyphomycetes] Farr et al

. , 1989 MY, US (Cosmopolitan) (Farr et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Teigh. [Hyphomycetes] Gabler et al

. , 2004 MY, US

(Cosmopolitan) (Farr et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Syn: C. americana A. Möller [ Zygomycetes: Mucorales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum
Berk. & M.A. Curtis [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 1980) US (Farr
et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/APest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Cladosporium sp. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes I, F, L, (Manicom et al

. , 2003) Yes

Cochliobolus intermedius
R.R. Nelson Anamorph: Curvularia
intermedia Boedijn [ Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) US (FL) (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R.
Nelson & Haasis Anamorph: Curvularia
lunata (Wakker) Boedijn [ Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby [Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Penz. & Sacc. Telomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk [Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp. Syn: Vermicularia sp

. [Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes F (Persley and Ploetz, 2003) Yes

Corticium rolfsii Curzi [teleomorph] [Basidiomycetes: Aphyllophorales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)
C.T. Wei [ Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008;
Mohan et al

. , 1988 MY, US (Farr et

al

. , 2008; CABI, 2006) No N/A N/APest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Fusarium solani (Mart.)
Sacc. Telomorph:

Haematonectria
haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels &

Rossman [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980 MY, US (Farr et

al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980) No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980 MY, US (Farr et

al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980) Yes F (Persley and Ploetz, 2003) Yes

Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Griffiths & Maubl. Syn: Botryodiplodia
theobromae [Dothideomycetes :Xylariales] Bazan de Segura, 1973; Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI,

2006; Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G.
Arnaud [ Ascomycetes: Erysiphales] Bazan de Segura, 1973; Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid [ Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Bazan de Segura, 1973; Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US Farr et

al

. , 2008 CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella caricae Syd. & P. Syd. Anomorph: Phoma

caricae

- papayae (Tarr) Punithalingam [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Mohan, 1988; Singh, 1980 MY, US (Farr et

al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980) No N/A N/A

Myrothecium roridum Tode : Fr. [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 1980) US (Farr
et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Nectria mauritiicola (Henn.) Seifert &
Samuels Syn: Sphaerostilba repens
Berk. & Br. [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980 MY (Singh,

1980)US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/APest List for Papaya from Malaysia

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part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason [Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY , US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Periconia byssoides Pers. [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Phaeoseptoria papayae Speg. [ Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes L ( Farr et al

. , 2008) No

Phoma sp. [ Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes L (CABI,
2007 No

Phyllosticta sp. [ Ascomycetes, Dothideales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US ( CABI, 2006; Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes L (CABI, 2007) No

Phytophthora cinnamomi

var. cinnamomi Rands [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Haan Syn: P. parasitica Dastur [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora var. palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Pseudoperonospora
cubensis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzev [Oomycetes: Peronosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. Syn : P. butleri [Oomycetes: Peronosporales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY US (CABI, 2006; Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pythium deliense Meurs; Syn P. indicum Balakrishnan; P. indicum
M.S. Balakr [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/APest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 14 Pest Scientific Name Reported on Papaya Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

Pythium irregulare Buisman [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pythium middletonii Sparrow [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Pythium sp. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) US (Farr
et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Pythium vexans de Bary [Oomycetes: Pythiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY (Farr et al

. , 2008) US (Farr
et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia sp

. [Ustilaginomycetes: Incertae sedis] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (Farr et al

. , 2008) Yes R (Hwang and Benson, 2002) No

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. : Fr.) Vuill. 1902 [Zygomycetes: Mucorales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980 MY (Singh,

1980) US (Farr
et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.: Fr.) Overeem Syn: R. lignosus (Klotzsch) Imazeki: Fomes lignosus (Klotzsch) Bres. [ Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 1980) US (Farr
et al

. , 1989) No N/A N/A

Sphaerulina sp. [Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales] Farr et al

. , 2008; Singh, 1980 MY (Singh,

1980) Yes L (Farr et al

. , 1989) No

Stilbella annulata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seifert Syn: S. proliferans F.
Stevens [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006; Farr et al

. , 2008) No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] Farr et al

. , 2008 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

MOLLUSCA

Achatinidae Achatina fulica (Bowdich) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 2006) Yes L (CABI, 2006) NoPest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 15 Pest Scientific Name Reported on Papaya Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest Plant

part(s) 2
, 3 Follow

pathway 2

NEMATODA Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus
multicinctus (Cobb) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner)
Golden CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis
Linford & Oliveira Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

Tylenchida: Criconematidae

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi CABI, 2006; El

Borai and Duncan, 2005 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Tylenchida: Heteroderidae Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White)
Chitwood Bazan de Segura, 1975; Ploetz,
2003 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood Jaraba et al

. , 2007 MY, US (CABI,

2006) No N/A N/A

VIRUS
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Potyviridae = Papaya Mosaic Virus (Brunt et al

. , 1996 onwards) Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No NA N/A

Tobacco streak virus (TSV)
Bromoviridae Brunt et al

. , 1996
onwards MY (CABI,

2006), US (Brunt et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt virus Bunyaviridae Gonsalves, 1996 MY, US (CABI, 2006) No N/A N/A

1.3. Pest List Discussion

We found seven plant pests likely to follow the pathway on papaya from Malaysia (Table 2).

Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) was listed as being present in Malaysia in a 1992 APHIS decision for fresh papaya from Malaysia (CPHST, 2008). The risk assessment cited the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) for this in formation. Currently, B. passiflorae is not li sted as present in Malaysia, and it is no longer listed in the EPPO PQR database (EPPO, 2008).Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 16 Similarly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (= Dacus dorsalis Hendel) has been reported in Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982) , but we did not include it in the pest list because most records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia and Indonesia were probably misidentifications (White and Elson

- Harris, 1994). R ecords for the species in that country probably involve one or more closely relat ed, sibling species (Drew & Hancock, 1994; Clarke et al., 2001). N either the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006) nor EPPO (EPPO, 2007) currently includes Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis

.

The armored scales identified in this risk analysis (H emiptera: Diaspididae) are unlikely to follow the pathway and were not further analyzed because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become established, and therefore
introduce d, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007 ). A recent critical review of the literature, APHIS

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be par thenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or co ntaminants constitutes an extremely low risk ( PERAL, 2007 ). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment ( PERAL, 2007 ). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities: Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings
but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only du ring a time period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate. Dispe rsal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. C rawlers are highly unlikely to active ly disperse by wal king from their natural host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces ( PERAL, 2007 ).

Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh papaya from Malaysia

Order Family Genus and species Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae

B. cucurbitae

B. frauenfeldi
B. papayae Lepidoptera Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis

Tortricidae Adoxophyes privatanaPest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 0 6 August 24 , 2010 17 

### 2. Authors and Reviewers

U

. S

. D epartment of A griculture, A nimal and P lant H ealth I nspection S ervice

P lant P rotection and Q uarantine, C enter for P lant H ealth S cience and T echnology

Authors Shawn Robertson, Entomologist Scott Redlin, Plant Pathologist

Reviewers Tom Culliney , Entomologist Cynthia Landry , NCSU Cooperator



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