TRIHALOMETHANE SPECIATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO 

ELEVATED TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID CONCENTRATIONS AFFECTING 

DRINKING WATER QUALITY AT SYSTEMS UTILIZING THE 

MONONGAHELA RIVER AS A PRIMARY SOURCE DURING THE 3RD AND 

4TH QUARTERS OF 2008 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

In September 2008, a collaborative distribution field event, with representatives from the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Pennsylvania Department of 

Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD) 

was conducted at a surface water treatment facility located on the Ohio River. During 

this field event, sample analysis results for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) showed a 

high percentage of the DBPs being formed were brominated DBPs, which pose a greater 

health risk than chlorinated DBPs. A raw water sample indicated that the source water 

bromide concentration was 170 ug/L. Bromide in fresh water is typically found in areas 

influenced by saltwater intrusion or another bromide source (well drilling brines, 

industrial chemicals and agricultural chemicals). 

In October 2008, unusually high levels of sulfate and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were 

detected at points along the Monongahela River, beginning at the West Virginia border to 

the confluence with the Youghigheny River and were impacting surface water supplies in 

that same area. Sulfates and TDS are naturally occurring substances that are found in 

minerals, soil and rocks. Sulfates and TDS may also be discharged to surface water 

sources through mine drainage, gas well drilling or sewage treatment plants. In addition, 

several systems on the Monongahela River, which feeds the Ohio River, have recently 

experienced elevated THMs, as shown by their compliance monitoring results. 

The presence of bromide and subsequent formation of brominated DBPs increases overall 

DBP concentrations, specifically trihalomethanes (THMs). Although bromide may not 

create additional THMs on a molecular level, it does create brominated analogues, which 

have higher molecular weights and increase the overall concentration on a weight to 

volume basis (i.e. mg/L). The concentration of regulated haloacetic acids (HAAs) may 

decrease, since other non-regulated species, which are brominated, will most likely 

increase in concentration, while the regulated species decrease in concentration. 

Overall, the systems that were used in this study have TTHM concentrations that are 

impacted by bromide in the source water at various times during the year. In some cases 

the TTHM concentration that was comprised of mostly brominated species produced the 

highest historical TTHM value. In conjunction, the systems on the Monongahela River 

appear to have been impacted directly by the source of the TDS and sulfate, which is 

most likely also a source of bromide. Elevated concentrations of bromide, as well as 

TDS and sulfates, may also have been impacted by low river flows during the 3rd and 4th

quarters 2008, compared to historical seasonal flows. Without source water bromide 

sample results it is difficult to make a direct correlation between the TDS and sulfate 

event and the elevated brominated THM species. However, based on the speciation there 

appears to be a strong correlation between THM formation and elevated source water 

bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. 

The water systems on the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers have a more historical and seasonal 

cycle of brominated THM formation. As with the Monongahela, the source of the 

bromide contributing to the seasonal increases in brominated THMs is unknown; 

although, there appears to be a correlation between low seasonal flows and increased 

brominated THM formation. During the 3rd and 4th quarter 2008, the drinking water 

systems on the Ohio River may have been impacted by the same source of bromide as the 

systems on the Monongahela River, since it feeds into the Ohio River.
TRIHALOMETHANE SPECIATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO 

ELEVATED TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID CONCENTRATIONS AFFECTING 

DRINKING WATER QUALITY AT SYSTEMS UTILIZING THE 

MONONGAHELA RIVER AS A PRIMARY SOURCE DURING THE 3RD AND 

4TH QUARTERS OF 2008 

Paul Handke 

Water Program Specialist 

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 

Bureau of Water Standards and Facility Regulation 

BACKGROUND 

In September 2008, a collaborative distribution field event, with representatives from the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Pennsylvania Department of 

Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD) 

was conducted at a surface water treatment facility located on the Ohio River. During 

this field event, sample analysis results for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) showed a 

high percentage of the DBPs being formed were brominated DBPs, which pose a greater 

health risk than chlorinated DBPs. A raw water sample indicated that the source water 

bromide concentration was 170 ug/L. Bromide in fresh water is typically found in areas 

influenced by saltwater intrusion or another bromide source (well drilling brines, 

industrial chemicals and agricultural chemicals). 

In October 2008, unusually high levels of sulfate and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were 

detected at points along the Monongahela River, beginning at the West Virginia border to 

the confluence with the Youghigheny River and were impacting surface water supplies in 

that same area. Sulfates and TDS are naturally occurring substances that are found in 

minerals, soil and rocks. Sulfates and TDS may also be discharged to surface water 

sources through mine drainage, gas well drilling or sewage treatment plants. In addition, 

several systems on the Monongahela River, which feeds the Ohio River, have recently 

experienced elevated THMs, as shown by their compliance monitoring results. 

The presence of bromide and subsequent formation of brominated DBPs increases overall 

DBP concentrations, specifically trihalomethanes (THMs). Although bromide may not 

create additional THMs on a molecular level, it does create brominated analogues, which 

have higher molecular weights and increase the overall concentration on a weight to 

volume basis (i.e. mg/L). The concentration of regulated haloacetic acids (HAAs) may 

decrease, since other non-regulated species, which are brominated, will most likely 

increase in concentration, while the regulated species decrease in concentration. 

This report will summarize specific THM results from drinking water systems treating 

surface water from the Ohio River and Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, which 

combine to form the Ohio River. The purpose is to compare THM results, on a species 

level, to determine if there has been a recent increase in brominated species that may be 

related to the sudden increase in TDS and Sulfates. Source water bromide results are not 

available, so this report will be relying on THM speciation to determine if source water 

bromide had an impact on DBP formation. 

1 
OVERVIEW 

DBPs have been a focus of the drinking water industry since their presence in finished 

drinking water first appeared in published reports in 1974.1 Since that time, EPA has 

promulgated a THM rule (1979) and the Stage 1 (1998) and Stage 2 (2006) Disinfectants 

/ Disinfection By-Products Rules (DBPR). The DBPRs focus on four disinfection byproducts - Trihalomethanes (THMs), Haloacetic Acids (HAAs), bromate and chlorite. 

This report will focus on the formation and regulation of THMs and HAAs and present 

THM data for systems on the Monongahela, Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. 

DBPR 

The DBPR regulates four species of THMs and five (of a total of nine major) species of 

HAAs (Table 1). 

Table 1: Regulated THM and HAA Species 

DBP Individual Species Chemical Formula Molecular 

Weight 

Chloroform CHCl3 119 g/mol 

Bromodichloromethane CHCl2Br 164 g/mol 

Dibromochloromethane CHClBr2 208 g/mol 

Trihalomethane 

Bromoform CHBr3 253 g/mol 

Monochloroacetic acid CH2ClCOOH 

Dichloroacetic acid CHCl2COOH 

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH 

Monobromoacetic acid CHBrClCOOH 

Haloacetic Acids 

Dibromoacetic acid CHBr2ClCOOH 

The DBPR establishes a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in micrograms per liter 

(ug/L) for a total of the four species of THMs (TTHMs) and a total of the five HAA 

species (HAA5) (Table 2). 

Table 2: TTHM and HAA5 MCLs 

DBP MCL (ug/L) 

Total Trihalomethanes 80 

Haloacetic Acids 60 

The DBPR also establishes a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) for some of 

the species of DBPs (Table 3). The MCLG is the maximum level of a contaminant in 

drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse health effects occur, allowing 

for an adequate margin of safety. MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals. EPA 

establishes the MCL based on the MCLG. 

2 
Table 3: TTHM and HAA5 MCLGs 

DBP Individual Species MCLG (ug/L) 

Chloroform 70 

Bromodichloromethane Zero 

Dibromochloromethane 60 

Trihalomethane 

Bromoform Zero 

Monochloroacetic acid 70 

Dichloroacetic acid Zero 

Haloacetic Acids 

Trichloroacetic acid 20 

For the Stage 1 DBPR (current compliance monitoring), sample results are used to 

calculate an overall system running annual average (RAA) that is compared to the MCL. 

For the Stage 2 DBPR (compliance monitoring to start in 2012), sample results from each 

sample location will be used to calculate a location running annual average (LRAA) that 

will be compared to the MCL. This change to an LRAA more precisely determines a 

consumer’s exposure to DBPs in a specific location during any given annual timeframe. 

THM and HAA Formation 

THMs and HAAs are, simply stated, a product of a reaction between a disinfectant 

(chlorine or monochloramine) and a precursor (natural organic matter (NOM) and 

bromide). The overall formation is affected by various parameters including 

concentration of precursors, disinfectant dose and residual, time, temperature and pH.1

During DBP formation, the disinfectant will react with NOM to form the various species 

of by-products. If bromide is present in the source water or is introduced during 

treatment, it will become oxidized by aqueous chlorine and then react with NOM to form 

brominated DBPs.1 In most fresh water sources, that are not influenced by saltwater 

intrusion or other bromide source, THM formation is dominated by chloroform and HAA 

formation is dominated by mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acids. When bromide is 

present, formation starts to include the brominated species of DBPs and as the ratio of 

bromide to NOM increases, the percentage of brominated DBPs will increase.1 Studies 

have shown that the rate of THM formation is higher in water with increased 

concentrations of bromide.1

 Once the bromide reaches a certain level, the formation of 

DBPs will also be predominantly brominated unless very high chlorine doses are used, 

which will cause the chlorine to “out-compete” the bromide.1

In 2002 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a study entitled “The 

Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: 

Results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study” (EPA/600/R-02/068) that examined 

DBP formation at systems throughout the United States. This study included drinking 

waters disinfected with the four common disinfectants: chlorine, chloramines, ozone, and 

chlorine dioxide. Because many of the high priority DBPs were brominated, the EPA 

study selected drinking water systems treating sources that contained relatively high 

bromide levels. In addition, many of the selected systems had source waters that were 

relatively high in TOC. These studies showed the same pattern of formation as described 

in the previous paragraph. 

3 
It is important to note that the EPA study found source water bromide levels as high as 

0.40 mg/L (400 ug/L), which the report classified as high levels. The report referred to a 

bromide concentration of 0.15 mg/L (150 ug/L) as a moderate concentration and 0.02 

mg/L (20 ug/L) as a low concentration. It is also important to note that the system that 

had the highest source water bromide concentration (400 ug/L), treated water impacted 

by saltwater intrusion. 

Although DBP formation will tend towards the brominated species in the presence of 

bromide in the source water, overall formation is highly variable from drinking water 

system to system, even if source water characteristics are similar. Treatment techniques, 

treatment effectiveness and chemical dosages are factors affecting formation at a water 

treatment facility. Distribution system size, distribution system maintenance and water 

age are factors influencing formation in the distribution system. 

1 Formation and Control of Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water, American Water Works 

Association, Denver, CO, 1999 

4 
STUDY APPROACH 

The objective was to determine if THM formation, and more specifically brominated 

species, increased during the same timeframe as the TDS event in the Monongahela (3rd

and 4th quarters of 2008). If so, this may indicate that the source of the sulfate and TDS 

may also be a source of bromide that is impacting THM formation. 

To determine if bromide is impacting THM formation at plants along the Monongahela, 

Allegheny or Ohio Rivers, historical THM data was collected from various drinking 

water systems that utilize these rivers for their source water. Lab sheets showing the 

breakdown of the THM species were obtained in order to determine the THM speciation 

since compliance monitoring data is reported as Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs), which 

is the sum of the species. 

Figure 1 is a map of the intakes and related Public Water System ID number (PWSID) for 

systems in the DEP Southwest Region that utilize the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny 

Rivers as at least one of their source waters. Table 4 is a list of the related system owners 

with the PWSIDs shown on the map. The green dots in Figure 1 represent the intakes of 

systems whose data is presented in this report and the green highlighted systems in Table 

4 are associated with the intakes. 

Figure 1: DEP SW Region Drinking Water Intakes on the Ohio, Monongahela and 

Allegheny Rivers 

5 
6 

Table 4: DEP SW Region Drinking Water Systems with Intakes on the Ohio, 

Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers

PWSID SYSTEM NAME PRIMARY SOURCE 

5630039 AUTH OF BORO OF CHARLEROI MONONGAHELA RIVER 

5020039 PA AMER WATER CO-PITTSBURGH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5630045 TRI CNTY JT MUNI AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5260004 BELLE VERNON BORO MUNI AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5260005 PA-AMERICAN WATER-BROWNSVILLE MONONGAHELA RIVER

5260009 WASHINGTON TWP MUNI AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5260013 MASONTOWN MUNI WATER WORKS MONONGAHELA RIVER

5260014 NEWELL MUNI AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5300005 CARMICHAELS MUNI WATER AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5300007 DUNKARD VALLEY JT MUNI AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5300012 EAST DUNKARD WATER ASSN MONONGAHELA RIVER

5300017 SOUTHWESTERN PA WATER AUTH MONONGAHELA RIVER

5020036 OAKMONT BORO MUNI AUTH ALLEGHENY RIVER

5020038 PITTSBURGH WATER & SEWER AUTH ALLEGHENY RIVER

5650070 NEW KENSINGTON MUNI AUTH ALLEGHENY RIVER 

5020006 BRACKENRIDGE BORO WATER DEPT ALLEGHENY RIVER

5020055 TARENTUM BORO WATER DEPT ALLEGHENY RIVER

5020056 WILKINSBURG-PENN JT WATER AUTH ALLEGHENY RIVER

5020108 HARRISON TWP WATER AUTH ALLEGHENY RIVER

5030019 BUFFALO TWP MUN AUTH FREEPORT ALLEGHENY RIVER

5020011 MOON TWP MUNI AUTH OHIO RIVER 

5020045 ROBINSON TWP MUNI AUTH OHIO RIVER 

5020043 WEST VIEW BORO MUNI AUTH OHIO RIVER 

5040038 MIDLAND BORO MUNI AUTH OHIO RIVER

5040300 NOVA CHEMICALS BEAVER VLY PLT OHIO RIVER

Data was obtained from two systems from each of the three rivers, including data from a 

consecutive system (Oakdale Borough) of PA American Water Company - Pittsburgh (7 

total systems). Most of the systems where data was obtained utilize free chlorine as their 

primary disinfectant. The exception is Oakmont Borough which utilizes chloramination 

from May 15th to November 15th. 

The goal was to obtain at least two years of DBP data for each system, although the data 

obtained varies from three and a half years to one year. This data was compiled using 

Microsoft Excel and graphed to determine if there was a trend in speciation that would 

indicate an increase in brominated species of THMs. The following items were trended 

graphically for each sample location where DBP samples were obtained: 

• Chloroform concentration in ug/L 

• Bromodichloromethane concentration in ug/L 

• Dibromochloromethane concentration in ug/L 

• Bromoform concentration in ug/L 

• Total trihalomethane concentration in ug/L 

• % of the total trihalomethane concentration that are brominated species 

Low river flows may also contribute to increased concentrations of contaminants, 

including bromide. Flow data from one United States Geological Survey (USGS) Stream 

Gauge on each river was obtained from the USGS National Water Information System. 

The monitoring station selected was the one most representative of flows near the intakes 

of the systems presented in this report. Figure 2 is a map of the USGS Stream Gauges on 

the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, and their tributaries, in the DEP 
Southwest Region. Table 5 is a list of the related monitoring station names with the ID 

numbers shown on the map, for those gauges that are located on the rivers. The green 

triangles in Figure 2 represent the monitoring stations whose data is presented in this 

report and the green highlighted names in Table 5 are associated with the stream gauges. 

Figure 2: DEP SW Region USGS Stream Gauges on the Ohio, Monongahela and 

Allegheny Rivers and Their Tributaries 

Table 5: DEP SW Region USGS Stream Gauges on the Ohio, Monongahela and 

Allegheny Rivers

STATION 

NUMBER STATION NAME RIVER 

3075070 ELIZABETH, PA MONONGAHELA RIVER 

3063000 LOCK & DAM 8 AT POINT MARION, PA MONONGAHELA RIVER

3072655 MASONTOWN, PA MONONGAHELA RIVER

3075000 CHARLEROI, PA MONONGAHELA RIVER

3049500 NATRONA, PA ALLEGHENY RIVER

3086000 SEWICKLEY, PA OHIO RIVER 

3085734 EMSWORTH DAM LOWER POOL OHIO RIVER 

3108490 MONTGOMERY DAM & LOCKS AT OHIOVIEW, PA OHIO RIVER

7 
STUDY RESULTS 

The data is presented for each system by source. In order to better manage the size of 

this report, only one or two representative locations are shown for each system. These 

graphs represent typical speciation throughout the system. Tabular data for all systems 

and all sample locations is located in Appendix A. In Appendix A, the highest 

percentage of brominated species and highest TTHM value are highlighted in yellow for 

each sample location data set. 

Flow data from one USGS monitoring station on each river is also presented graphically 

for the years 2005 through 2008. 

Monongahela River 

Authority of the Borough of Charleroi 

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

Sep-05

Mar-06

Oct-06

Apr-07

Nov-07

Jun-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

PA American Water Company – Pittsburgh 

USC Twp Building - 119

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Jan-08

Feb-08

Apr-08

Jun-08

Jul-08

Sep-08

Oct-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

8 
Independence Booster - 156

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

Jan-08

Feb-08

Apr-08

Jun-08

Jul-08

Sep-08

Oct-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

Oakdale Borough 

Huckleberry's - 003

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

9 
Oakdale UP Church - 014

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

Discussion 

All three systems experienced a significant increase in the percentage of the TTHM that 

was brominated in the 4th quarter of 2008 (all sample results, including those not shown, 

indicated between 85% and 95% were brominated). 

At the Authority of the Borough of Charleroi, the sample results for the 4th quarter 2008 

showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the chloroform 

concentration decreased significantly. This would indicate a high bromide to NOM ratio 

since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the 

transfer of speciation to brominated species did lead to a significant increase in TTHMs, 

compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results and historical data. 

At the Pennsylvania American Water Company – Pittsburgh system, the sample results 

for the 4th quarter 2008 also showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated 

species, the chloroform concentration decreased significantly, indicating a high bromide 

to NOM ratio since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data 

shown, the transfer of speciation to brominated species did not lead to an increase in 

TTHMs, compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results. Although the brominated species 

appear to be trending upwards in the 3rd quarter 2008, which would indicate bromide in 

the source water, chloroform has the highest concentration of the four species of THMs. 

At the Oakdale Borough consecutive system, the sample results for the 4th quarter 2008 

also showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the chloroform 

concentration decreased significantly, indicating a high bromide to NOM ratio since the 

speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the transfer of 

speciation to brominated species did not lead to an increase in TTHMs at the 

Huckleberry’s sample location, compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results or historical data. 

It did however produce the highest TTHM concentration at the Oakdale UP Church, 

compared to the historical data shown. Although the brominated species appear to be 

trending upwards in the 3rd quarter 2008 at both sites, which would indicate bromide in 

the source water, chloroform has the highest concentration of the four species of THMs. 

10 
Allegheny River 

Oakmont Borough Municipal Authority 

255 Unity Tressle - 001

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Mar-06

Jul-06

Oct-06

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

11803 Frankstown Road - 003

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Mar-06

Jul-06

Oct-06

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

11 
Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority 

Mission Pump Station (Highland #2)

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

Feb-05

Sep-05

Mar-06

Oct-06

Apr-07

Nov-07

Jun-08

Dec-08

Jul-09

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

1022 Chestnut (Lanpher)

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

Feb-05

Sep-05

Mar-06

Oct-06

Apr-07

Nov-07

Jun-08

Dec-08

Jul-09

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

Discussion 

Both systems experienced an increase in the percentage of the TTHM that was 

brominated in the 4th quarter of 2008 (all sample results, including those not shown, 

indicated between 85% and 94% were brominated). 

12 

At the Oakmont Borough Municipal Authority, the sample results for the 4th quarter 2008 

showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the chloroform 

concentration decreased significantly. This would indicate a high bromide to NOM ratio 

since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the 
transfer of speciation to brominated species did not lead to an increase in TTHMs, 

compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results or historical data. During 2007, the same pattern 

occurred with increased brominated species in the 4th quarter, but a lower TTHM result 

compared to the 3rd quarter, which was also predominantly brominated. The elevated 3rd

quarter TTHMs during 2007 appear to be related to elevated bromide in the source water 

(i.e. elevated brominated species) compared to the elevated 3rd quarter 2008 TTHM 

results in which chloroform is present in the highest concentration. It is important to note 

that the Oakmont Borough Municipal Authority utilizes chloramines as their primary 

disinfectant from May 15th to November 15th. Therefore, the majority of the DBPs 

formed during this timeframe are formed in the treatment process, prior to 

chloramination. 

Sample results for the 4th quarter 2008 from the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority 

also showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the chloroform 

concentration decreased significantly. This would indicate a high bromide to NOM ratio 

since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the 

transfer of speciation to brominated species did not lead to an increase in TTHMs, 

compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results. Samples taken during the 3rd quarter 2008, 

specifically August 19th, had results that also showed elevated brominated species (all 

sample results from August 19th, including those not shown, indicated between 82% and 

84% were brominated). These results did produce a significant increase in TTHM. 

During 2007, the same pattern occurred with elevated TTHMs in the 3rd quarter, but in 

2007 the percentage of brominated species was higher in the 3rd quarter compared to the 

4th quarter results. Both of the elevated 3rd and 4th quarter 2007 TTHMs appear to be 

related to elevated bromide in the source water (i.e. elevated brominated species). 

Ohio River 

Moon Township Municipal Authority 

1935 Hassam Road

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Sep-05

Mar-06

Oct-06

Apr-07

Nov-07

Jun-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

13 
Carnot Storage Tanks

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Sep-05

Mar-06

Oct-06

Apr-07

Nov-07

Jun-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

Municipal Authority of the Township of Robinson 

Waste Tank Cleaning

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

14 
Highland Towers

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jan-07

Apr-07

Aug-07

Nov-07

Feb-08

Jun-08

Sep-08

Dec-08

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Chloroform(ug/L)

Bromodichloromethane(ug/L)

Dibromochloromethane(ug/L)

Bromoform(ug/L)

Total(ug/L)

% of Total

Discussion 

Both systems experienced an increase in the percentage of the TTHM that was 

brominated in the 4th quarter of 2008 (all sample results, including those not shown, 

indicated between 87% and 98% were brominated). 

At the Moon Township Municipal Authority, the sample results for the 4th quarter 2008 

showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the chloroform 

concentration decreased significantly. This would indicate a high bromide to NOM ratio 

since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the 

transfer of speciation to brominated species did not lead to an increase in TTHMs at one 

sample location, 1935 Hassam Road, but did at the other sample location, Carnot Storage 

Tanks. Compared to historical data, the increase in TTHMs at the Carnot Storage Tanks 

during the 4th quarter 2008 was significant. During 2006 and 2007, the same pattern 

occurred with increased brominated species in the 4th quarter and associated elevated 

TTHM results at only the 1935 Hassam Road sample location. The 3rd and 4th quarter 

2007 sample results at the Carnot Storage Tanks were very similar, with elevated 

brominated speciation but only slightly elevated TTHMs. 

At the Municipal Authority of the Township of Robinson, the sample results for the 4th

quarter 2008 showed, in conjunction with the increase in brominated species, the 

chloroform concentration decreased significantly, indicating a high bromide to NOM 

ratio since the speciation was predominantly brominated. Based on the data shown, the 

increase in speciation to the brominated species in the 4th quarter 2008 did not lead to an 

increase in TTHMs, compared to the 3rd quarter 2008 results, where the THMs were also 

highly brominated. Compared to historical data, the increase in TTHMs at all sample 

locations, including those not shown, during the 3rd quarter 2008 was significant. During 

2007, the same pattern occurred with increased brominated species in the 4th quarter, but 

a lower TTHM value compared to the 3rd quarter, where the THMs were highly 

brominated as well (all sample results, including those not shown, indicated between 84% 

and 93% were brominated). 

15 
River Flow Data 

16 
Discussion 

All three rivers have had significant seasonal changes in flow from 2005 though 2008. 

With the exception of occasional spikes during any given seasonal cycle, most likely due 

to precipitation or snow melt, the flows are typically lower during the warmer and 

typically dryer months (summer and early fall) and higher in the cooler and typically 

more precipitant months (late winter and spring). 

The Monongahela River has very comparable seasonal high and low flows, with the 

exception of the summer and early fall of 2008, which, at times, had slightly lower than 

normal flows. The lower flows may have contributed to the increased concentrations of 

TDS, sulfates and, potentially, bromide. 

The Allegheny and Ohio Rivers also have very comparable seasonal high and low flows. 

The exception is on the Ohio River during the summer and early fall of 2005 which, at 

times, had slightly lower than normal flows. 

Conclusion 

Overall, the systems that were used in this study have TTHM concentrations that are 

impacted by bromide in the source water at various times during the year. In some cases 

the TTHM concentration that was comprised of mostly brominated species produced the 

highest historical TTHM value. In conjunction, the systems on the Monongahela River 

appear to have been impacted directly by the source of the TDS and sulfate, which is 

most likely also a source of bromide. Elevated concentrations of bromide, as well as 

TDS and sulfates, may also have been impacted by low river flows during the 3rd and 4th

quarters 2008, compared to historical seasonal flows. Without source water bromide 

sample results it is difficult to make a direct correlation between the TDS and sulfate 

event and the elevated brominated THM species. However, based on the speciation there 

appears to be a strong correlation between THM formation and elevated source water 

bromide concentrations in the Monongahela River. 

The water systems on the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers have a more historical and seasonal 

cycle of brominated THM formation. As with the Monongahela, the source of the 

bromide contributing to the seasonal increases in brominated THMs is unknown; 

17 
18 

although, there appears to be a correlation between low seasonal flows and increased 

brominated THM formation. During the 3rd and 4th quarter 2008, the drinking water 

systems on the Ohio River may have been impacted by the same source of bromide as the 

systems on the Monongahela River, since it feeds into the Ohio River. 

As stated previously, it is important to note that THMs are, simply stated, a product of a 

reaction between a disinfectant (chlorine or monochloramine) and a precursor (natural 

organic matter (NOM) and bromide). In order to control DBP formation various 

parameters must be properly managed including the concentration of precursors, 

disinfectant dose and residual, time, temperature and pH. Although THM formation will 

tend towards the brominated species in the presence of bromide in the source water, 

overall formation is highly variable from drinking water system to system, even if source 

water characteristics are similar. Treatment techniques, treatment effectiveness and 

chemical dosages are factors affecting formation at a water treatment facility. 

Distribution system size, distribution system maintenance and water age are factors 

influencing formation in the distribution system. 

When contemplating and investigating options to control DBP formation, it is important 

to remember that the primary function of water treatment and distribution system 

management is the removal or inactivation of pathogens and prevention of pathogenic 

contamination and consumption. Pathogens present an acute (conditions are severe and 

sudden in onset), and potentially widespread, health risk. DBPs, on the other hand, 

present a chronic (long-developing syndrome) health risk from continued exposure over 

an extended timeframe. Although the control of DBPs is an important aspect of water 

treatment and distribution, the treatment for the removal or inactivation of pathogens 

should not be compromised in an effort to reduce DBP formation. 
Appendix A 

A-1 

APPENDIX A 

MONONGAHELA RIVER 

Charleroi 

Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppm) Total(ppb) % of Total 

1/23/06 13.8 7.2 2.3 0.5 23.8 42% 

4/18/06 20.4 13.0 5.0 0.5 38.9 48% 

7/12/06 54.9 9.4 2.2 0.5 67.0 18% 

11/6/06 30.1 14.7 3.3 0.5 48.6 38% 

1/22/07 16.4 6.9 1.6 0.5 25.4 35% 

4/27/07 24.6 8.4 2.1 0.5 35.6 31% 

7/30/07 48.5 28.1 28.1 0.7 105.3 54% 

10/25/07 31.5 28.5 18.8 2.6 81.3 61% 

1/22/08 13.5 8.5 4.0 0.5 26.5 49% 

6/24/08 43.5 15.9 6.0 0.5 65.9 34% 

7/30/08 57.0 28.0 13.0 1.2 99.2 43% 

10/20/08 9.0 28.3 57.2 45.1 139.6 94% 

PA American - Pittsburgh 

USC Twp Building - 119 PAWC – Valley Operations Center – 145 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) 

Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/13/08 32.1 9.3 2.8 0.5 44.7 28% 2/13/08 36.1 11.9 3.2 0.5 51.7 30% 

5/12/08 25.7 4.4 13.2 1.0 44.3 42% 5/12/08 26.2 4.5 14.5 1.0 46.2 43% 

8/12/08 42.5 20.2 35.7 2.8 101.2 58% 8/12/08 47.0 19.1 34.9 2.6 103.6 55% 

11/19/08 4.5 34.7 16.2 34.6 90.0 95% 11/19/08 5.6 34.7 16.7 32.9 89.9 94% 

Independence Booster – 156 Malone Ridge Booster – 136 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/13/08 39.2 11.8 3.2 0.5 54.7 28% 2/13/08 38.7 12.6 3.6 0.5 55.4 30% 

5/12/08 28.2 6.6 14.0 1.0 49.8 43% 5/12/08 20.4 5.1 12.5 1.0 39.0 48% 

8/12/08 62.4 16.4 35.7 1.8 116.3 46% 8/12/08 59.2 19.0 37.3 2.5 118.0 50% 

11/19/08 6.6 44.8 22.1 41.7 115.2 94% 11/19/08 4.4 15.4 32.1 33.2 85.1 95% 
Appendix A 

A-2 

Independence Booster – 156 Malone Ridge Booster – 136 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/13/08 44.2 10.9 2.5 0.5 58.1 24% 2/13/08 46.3 13.7 3.4 0.5 63.9 28% 

5/12/08 51.5 5.3 19.0 1.0 76.8 33% 5/12/08 51.4 4.5 17.1 1.0 74.0 31% 

8/12/08 58.3 19.1 37.2 2.2 116.8 50% 8/12/08 55.0 16.5 34.6 1.9 108.0 49% 

11/19/08 5.2 14.9 11.8 7.3 39.2 87% 11/19/08 6.3 16.5 14.0 7.6 44.4 86% 

Homestead PRV Station - 151 Waterways Plumbing - 138 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/13/08 44.2 10.7 2.4 0.5 57.8 24% 2/13/08 45.9 13.4 3.4 0.5 63.2 27% 

5/12/08 51.0 4.2 18.0 1.0 74.2 31% 5/12/08 55.6 4.3 16.4 1.0 77.3 28% 

8/12/08 49.9 15.7 32.1 1.7 99.4 50% 8/12/08 52.8 15.3 32.1 1.8 102.0 48% 

11/19/08 4.6 12.5 10.1 6.0 33.3 86% 11/19/08 6.8 17.1 14.1 7.9 45.9 85% 

Oakdale Borough (PA American Pittsburgh Consecutive) 

Oakdale Maintenance Garage - 012 Huckleberry’s - 003 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

3/7/07 30.0 8.1 1.8 0.5 40.4 26% 3/7/07 28.6 7.8 1.7 0.5 38.6 26% 

5/10/07 28.0 11.0 4.3 0.5 43.8 36% 5/10/07 23.0 9.8 4.0 0.5 37.3 38% 

8/8/07 48.2 37.4 21.8 2.7 110.1 56% 8/8/07 45.2 36.9 22.3 3.0 107.4 58% 

10/3/07 62.0 44.0 22.0 3.9 131.9 53% 10/3/07 59.0 41.0 24.0 4.0 128.0 54% 

6/9/08 28.7 6.7 2.1 1.0 38.5 25% 6/9/08 12.6 3.5 0.5 0.5 17.1 26% 

8/7/08 90.8 45.4 18.6 1.4 156.2 42% 8/7/08 88.4 47.3 19.8 1.6 157.1 44% 

10/17/08 14.6 39.0 78.8 61.2 193.6 92% 10/17/08 14.9 33.5 40.4 38.1 126.9 88% 
Appendix A 

A-3 

Oakdale UP Church - 014 405 Clinton Ave. Ext. - 011 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

3/7/07 28.6 7.6 1.6 0.5 38.3 25% 3/7/07 32.8 10.1 2.4 0.5 45.8 28% 

5/10/07 25.0 11.0 4.5 0.5 41.0 39% 5/10/07 32.0 12.0 4.5 0.5 49.0 35% 

8/8/07 46.9 37.5 24.4 3.5 112.3 58% 8/8/07 46.8 34.4 19.6 2.5 103.3 55% 

10/3/07 60.0 34.0 19.0 3.7 116.7 49% 10/3/07 64.0 40.0 22.0 3.7 129.7 51% 

6/9/08 18.5 4.0 1.8 1.1 25.4 27% 6/9/08 27.8 6.8 2.7 1.2 38.5 28% 

8/7/08 78.8 41.7 17.4 1.4 139.3 43% 8/7/08 88.0 45.8 19.4 1.6 154.8 43% 

10/17/08 13.2 32.6 73.3 46.2 165.3 92% 10/17/08 14.4 39.6 71.1 55.9 181.0 92% 
Appendix A 

A-4 

ALLEGHENY RIVER 

Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority 

Mission Pump St. (Highland #2) Bedford Fire House Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

8/11/05 66.1 49.0 75.2 12.8 203.1 67% 8/1/05 25.9 34.7 44.9 20.0 125.5 79% 

8/16/05 37.2 45.0 54.3 20.6 157.1 76% 8/11/05 43.1 36.7 66.0 12.9 158.7 73% 

8/30/05 14.2 22.5 29.8 16.1 82.5 83% 8/16/05 18.2 30.8 46.1 26.1 121.2 85% 

9/13/05 8.8 23.3 45.6 38.3 115.9 92% 8/30/05 7.7 13.4 24.4 18.3 63.8 88% 

2/14/06 11.8 10.5 8.1 1.5 31.8 63% 9/13/05 19.0 27.9 44.0 27.3 118.3 84% 

5/16/06 12.4 14.3 14.0 4.1 44.9 72% 2/14/06 8.0 8.4 7.1 1.6 25.0 68% 

8/29/06 31.9 31.9 38.0 16.3 118.1 73% 5/16/06 6.4 12.8 15.2 7.3 41.8 85% 

10/25/06 25.6 22.0 11.7 1.5 60.9 58% 8/29/06 13.8 21.9 35.7 14.9 86.2 84% 

11/14/06 31.3 16.7 7.1 0.8 55.9 44% 11/14/06 21.4 14.2 7.7 0.9 44.2 51% 

11/29/06 23.6 14.6 5.3 0.0 43.5 46% 2/15/07 5.5 7.1 6.4 2.5 21.6 75% 

2/15/07 11.2 10.2 7.5 2.5 31.4 64% 5/15/07 18.5 14.4 11.2 1.8 45.9 60% 

5/15/07 33.0 19.5 9.5 1.3 63.3 48% 8/14/07 5.8 16.7 40.5 49.1 112.1 95% 

8/14/07 5.0 15.8 42.7 56.6 120.1 96% 11/14/07 12.2 22.1 25.4 12.6 72.3 83% 

11/14/07 16.7 24.4 32.6 16.7 90.3 82% 1/15/08 8.7 7.6 6.8 2.0 25.1 65% 

1/15/08 7.7 7.4 7.2 1.8 24.1 68% 2/14/08 10.7 7.6 4.3 0.8 23.4 54% 

2/14/08 12.9 8.8 5.3 1.3 28.3 55% 3/18/08 8.1 6.4 4.7 1.5 20.7 61% 

3/18/08 13.6 8.3 5.2 1.1 28.1 52% 4/15/08 10.7 8.4 6.8 1.3 27.2 61% 

4/15/08 11.2 6.0 3.5 0.8 21.5 48% 5/13/08 9.1 10.4 13.7 5.3 38.5 76% 

5/13/08 10.3 12.6 16.2 5.7 44.8 77% 6/17/08 11.0 17.0 22.6 10.6 61.2 82% 

6/17/08 18.9 23.0 23.3 9.4 74.5 75% 7/24/08 41.9 43.0 32.0 6.6 123.6 66% 

7/24/08 54.5 49.0 36.4 5.9 145.8 63% 8/19/08 15.8 27.0 39.4 14.6 96.8 84% 

8/19/08 26.9 53.5 53.0 15.9 149.2 82% 11/18/08 5.6 15.7 26.5 20.1 67.8 92% 

11/18/08 5.0 17.3 33.3 25.9 81.4 94% 
Appendix A 

A-5 

1022 Chestnut (Lanpher) Homestead Fire House Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

8/1/05 25.1 36.4 45.6 20.9 128.0 80% 8/1/05 22.5 32.6 44.2 20.9 120.2 81% 

8/11/05 34.4 35.1 66.1 18.7 154.2 78% 8/11/05 46.6 33.9 56.7 12.9 150.0 69% 

8/16/05 19.8 32.9 46.4 24.5 123.6 84% 8/16/05 22.5 28.0 39.4 25.2 115.1 80% 

8/30/05 13.2 19.2 26.7 16.4 75.4 83% 8/30/05 8.4 12.9 21.3 16.6 59.1 86% 

9/13/05 12.4 25.1 45.4 39.2 122.1 90% 9/15/05 38.2 36.9 49.4 31.9 156.4 76% 

12/2/05 16.4 20.1 18.1 5.1 59.7 73% 2/14/06 10.2 9.7 8.6 1.9 30.4 67% 

2/14/06 11.0 11.3 9.4 1.9 33.6 67% 5/16/06 8.3 13.4 15.5 6.5 43.6 81% 

5/16/06 12.3 16.1 16.1 5.3 49.8 75% 8/29/06 15.3 23.1 29.6 12.6 80.5 81% 

8/29/06 18.1 24.5 34.5 14.4 91.5 80% 11/14/06 23.7 14.7 8.6 1.1 48.1 51% 

11/14/06 27.5 18.3 8.8 1.0 55.5 51% 2/15/07 3.3 6.9 7.1 3.4 20.7 84% 

2/15/07 7.5 8.8 6.0 1.6 24.0 69% 5/15/07 18.2 12.2 10.9 1.6 43.0 58% 

5/15/07 18.1 16.0 11.6 1.5 47.2 62% 8/14/07 6.7 12.9 32.8 45.4 97.8 93% 

8/14/07 4.8 16.8 42.7 61.3 125.6 96% 11/14/07 9.2 17.6 26.1 16.4 69.4 87% 

11/14/07 12.5 24.1 34.2 21.0 91.7 86% 1/15/08 9.1 8.4 7.1 1.9 26.5 66% 

1/15/08 9.0 9.3 6.4 2.1 26.7 66% 2/14/08 12.2 8.3 5.4 1.5 27.5 55% 

2/14/08 9.4 9.2 6.7 2.1 27.4 66% 3/18/08 9.5 7.1 5.3 1.4 23.3 59% 

3/18/08 8.4 7.0 5.2 1.6 22.2 62% 4/15/08 10.2 8.3 7.2 1.8 27.4 63% 

4/15/08 10.6 9.4 6.9 1.4 28.4 63% 5/13/08 10.7 11.1 13.3 3.9 39.0 72% 

5/13/08 9.5 12.8 16.1 5.1 43.6 78% 6/17/08 7.8 8.8 9.8 3.4 29.8 74% 

6/17/08 17.2 22.1 21.0 7.5 67.8 75% 7/24/08 33.0 33.0 29.8 7.4 103.3 68% 

7/24/08 25.8 24.0 16.9 4.3 71.1 64% 8/19/08 12.8 24.2 30.7 11.7 79.4 84% 

8/19/08 18.5 36.5 42.7 16.9 114.5 84% 11/18/08 7.5 17.8 28.8 16.3 70.3 89% 

11/18/08 6.5 18.9 31.8 8.2 65.4 90% 
Appendix A 

A-6 

Oakmont Borough Municipal Authority 

255 Unity Tressle - 001 238 McClure Drive – 002 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

5/9/06 16.3 16.5 9.8 1.0 43.6 63% 5/9/06 16.3 16.5 9.8 1.0 43.6 63% 

8/8/06 62.1 20.4 6.1 0.5 89.1 30% 8/8/06 62.1 20.4 6.1 0.5 89.1 30% 

11/1/06 27.1 12.1 2.6 0.5 42.3 36% 11/1/06 27.1 12.1 2.6 0.5 42.3 36% 

1/16/07 22.2 13.2 4.3 0.5 40.2 45% 1/16/07 22.2 13.2 4.3 0.5 40.2 45% 

4/9/07 18.8 12.6 5.0 0.5 36.9 49% 4/9/07 18.8 12.6 5.0 0.5 36.9 49% 

7/17/07 16.7 26.9 23.3 8.1 75.0 78% 7/17/07 16.7 26.9 23.3 8.1 75.0 78% 

10/8/07 15.0 21.0 23.0 6.5 65.5 77% 10/8/07 15.0 21.0 23.0 6.5 65.5 77% 

1/14/08 25.0 17.2 6.9 0.6 49.7 50% 1/14/08 25.0 17.2 6.9 0.6 49.7 50% 

4/7/08 20.1 12.0 4.0 0.9 37.0 46% 4/7/08 20.1 12.0 4.0 0.9 37.0 46% 

7/8/08 51.4 33.6 13.6 1.6 100.2 49% 7/8/08 51.4 33.6 13.6 1.6 100.2 49% 

10/7/08 11.3 21.5 30.1 10.5 73.4 85% 10/7/08 11.3 21.5 30.1 10.5 73.4 85% 

11803 Frankstown Road - 003 Best Wholesale Tire - 004 Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) 

Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

5/9/06 62.1 20.4 6.1 0.5 89.1 30% 5/9/06 59.4 19.4 5.7 0.5 85.0 30% 

8/8/06 58.4 18.9 5.7 0.5 83.5 30% 8/8/06 61.4 18.9 5.5 0.5 86.3 29% 

11/1/06 28.0 13.2 3.1 0.5 44.8 38% 11/1/06 29.7 14.4 3.6 0.5 48.2 38% 

1/16/07 21.7 12.0 3.9 0.5 38.1 43% 1/16/07 29.2 17.4 6.4 0.5 53.5 45% 

4/9/07 14.0 11.3 5.4 0.5 31.2 55% 4/9/07 17.5 12.4 5.3 0.5 35.7 51% 

7/17/07 18.2 26.9 31.1 7.4 83.6 78% 7/17/07 18.6 27.9 32.8 8.3 87.6 79% 

10/8/07 12.0 21.0 27.0 8.1 68.1 82% 10/8/07 16.0 22.0 25.0 7.1 70.1 77% 

1/14/08 27.0 16.5 5.8 0.5 49.8 46% 1/14/08 25.8 15.8 6.4 0.5 48.5 47% 

4/7/08 23.0 13.9 4.8 0.5 42.2 45% 4/7/08 22.5 13.8 4.4 0.5 41.2 45% 

7/8/08 46.0 31.2 13.9 2.2 93.3 51% 7/8/08 42.3 31.6 18.3 3.2 95.4 56% 

10/7/08 9.0 20.8 31.1 11.2 72.1 88% 10/7/08 10.8 21.8 29.4 9.8 71.8 85% 
Appendix A 

A-7 

OHIO RIVER 

Moon Township Municipal Authority 

1935 Hassam Road 1000 Stoop Ferry Road Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/7/06 12.4 9.7 4.1 0.5 26.8 54% 2/7/06 11.7 10.0 4.5 0.5 26.6 56% 

4/18/06 11.2 11.5 6.4 1.1 30.1 63% 4/18/06 10.1 8.8 4.0 0.6 23.5 57% 

7/10/06 16.3 20.0 14.9 2.5 53.7 70% 7/10/06 12.4 16.1 11.0 1.7 41.2 70% 

10/10/06 17.5 25.6 20.2 3.9 67.2 74% 10/10/06 11.4 18.5 15.5 3.2 48.6 77% 

1/16/07 16.3 11.3 4.3 0.5 32.4 50% 1/16/07 19.3 13.3 5.2 0.6 38.4 50% 

4/10/07 13.6 14.0 9.1 1.3 38.0 64% 4/10/07 12.7 12.8 8.4 1.3 35.2 64% 

7/10/07 7.2 10.9 11.3 2.8 32.2 78% 7/10/07 6.0 9.9 10.1 2.3 28.3 79% 

10/16/07 10.0 20.3 30.1 12.4 72.8 86% 10/16/07 5.8 13.0 18.5 8.0 45.3 87% 

1/15/08 20.6 16.8 8.4 1.0 46.8 56% 1/15/08 17.2 12.2 5.7 0.8 35.9 52% 

4/15/08 16.0 14.2 7.6 0.9 38.7 59% 4/15/08 13.9 12.3 6.5 0.8 33.5 59% 

7/15/08 15.6 18.2 25.2 29.4 88.4 82% 7/15/08 9.9 11.0 9.6 1.5 32.0 69% 

10/14/08 5.2 11.2 17.4 7.0 40.8 87% 10/14/08 3.7 9.5 17.6 10.0 40.8 91% 

1700 Beaver Road Carnot Storage Tank Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

2/7/06 16.0 10.5 3.9 0.5 30.9 48% 2/7/06 27.9 18.4 8.3 0.9 55.5 50% 

4/18/06 17.3 19.4 13.1 0.5 50.3 66% 4/18/06 21.1 20.1 12.1 1.9 55.2 62% 

7/10/06 19.1 20.0 14.0 2.2 55.3 65% 7/10/06 19.4 25.0 19.9 4.2 68.5 72% 

10/10/06 15.8 23.3 20.2 4.5 63.8 75% 10/10/06 12.9 20.1 20.8 5.6 59.4 78% 

1/16/07 22.1 15.5 6.0 0.7 44.3 50% 1/16/07 24.7 19.1 8.7 1.0 53.5 54% 

4/10/07 25.0 14.3 6.1 0.5 45.9 46% 4/10/07 25.3 16.3 7.8 0.8 50.2 50% 

7/10/07 8.3 14.5 18.3 5.3 46.4 82% 7/10/07 10.1 18.1 24.3 7.1 59.6 83% 

10/16/07 10.8 19.9 19.9 8.9 59.5 82% 10/16/07 9.4 17.5 20.6 7.1 54.6 83% 

1/15/08 19.5 12.8 5.9 0.9 39.1 50% 1/15/08 24.8 16.5 7.7 1.1 50.1 50% 

4/15/08 15.2 13.4 7.2 0.9 36.7 59% 4/15/08 26.4 15.3 6.1 0.5 48.3 45% 

7/15/08 13.3 12.8 9.5 1.5 37.1 64% 7/15/08 18.0 17.0 15.9 3.1 54.0 67% 

10/14/2008 4.2 11.1 18.7 9.2 43.2 90% 10/14/2008 6.1 15.7 34.0 23.0 78.8 92% 
Appendix A 

A-8 

Municipal Authority of the Township of Robinson 

Waste Tank Cleaning Robinson Public Works Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date Chloroform(ppb) 

Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

5/7/07 4.1 5.3 5.3 0.8 15.5 74% 5/7/07 15 11 9.8 1.2 37.0 59% 

8/13/07 2.8 8 16.1 10.5 37.4 93% 8/13/07 9 18.9 33.7 18.4 80.0 89% 

11/5/07 1.1 4.1 10.8 7.4 23.4 95% 11/5/07 8.3 21 45.7 31.5 106.5 92% 

2/4/08 4.5 5.1 4.4 0.5 14.5 69% 2/4/08 7.5 9.1 6.2 0.9 23.7 68% 

5/5/08 3.3 4.6 6.6 1.5 16.0 79% 5/5/08 5.1 6.2 7.3 1.5 20.1 75% 

8/4/08 10.5 13.8 13.9 2.8 41.0 74% 8/4/08 19.1 20.9 19.7 3.5 63.2 70% 

11/3/08 0.5 3.7 13.4 14.5 32.1 98% 11/3/08 1.5 8.6 22.4 19.0 51.5 97% 

Highland Towers MATR Office Date Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total Date 

Chloroform(ppb) Bromodichloromethane(ppb) Dibromochloromethane(ppb) Bromoform(ppb) Total(ppb) % of Total 

5/7/07 16 11 9.9 1.3 38.2 58% 05/07/07 17 11 11 1.5 40.5 58% 

8/13/07 13.4 25.3 35.6 14.8 89.1 85% 08/13/07 15.3 26 37 15.5 93.8 84% 

11/5/07 3.3 10.8 26.3 19 59.4 94% 11/05/07 6.9 18.4 40.5 28.2 94.0 93% 

2/4/08 10.8 14.3 12.9 0.5 38.5 72% 2/4/08 11.9 15.3 14.5 0.7 42.4 72% 

5/5/08 15.1 13.0 16.0 3.9 48.0 69% 5/5/08 20.0 14.3 16.2 3.6 54.1 63% 

8/4/08 27.9 31.5 33.4 9.3 102.1 73% 8/4/08 32.4 32.6 33.4 9.0 107.4 70% 

11/3/08 6.2 21.3 41.2 28.8 97.5 94%