NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 14-4377

___________

GERALD BUSH,

Appellant

v.

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES; CITY OF PHILADELPHIA;

MAYOR MICHAEL NUTTER; COMMISSIONER ANNE MARIE AMBROSE;

PHILADELPHIA POLICE DEPARTMENT; 

LEO CARROLL FIELDS, Child Advocate;

RONITTA BENTON, Social Worker for D.H.S.;

THOMAS J. FEERICK, Esquire; CRAIG B. SOKOLOW, Esquire;

SHARON JOHNSON, Social Worker for D.H.S.; SONIA LEE, Esquire;

ANGELA LIDDELL YANCY

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 11-cv-02612)

District Judge: Honorable C. Darnell Jones, II

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

May 6, 2015

Before: FUENTES, SHWARTZ and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 24, 2015)
2

___________

OPINION*

___________

PER CURIAM

Gerald Bush appeals from the District Court’s order dismissing his amended 

complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. We will affirm 

the District Court’s judgment.

I.

In June 2011, Gerald Bush filed a pro se civil rights action on behalf of himself, 

his daughter, and his granddaughter, against the Department of Human Services, the City 

of Philadelphia, Saint Vincent’s “and staff,” “Benten” (Ronnetta Benton,1a social worker 

involved in his case) and “Supervisor of Department of Human Services.” The complaint 

primarily alleged a due process violation based on unconstitutional delay in receiving a 

post-deprivation hearing after Bush’s minor daughter, Amirah, and her infant child were 

removed from his home. The complaint also alleged that the granddaughter sustained an 

injury at Saint Vincent’s, the shelter where the two were placed after they were removed. 

The District Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice, noting that Bush could not 

represent his daughter and granddaughter. The Court eventually set a deadline of June 

16, 2011, for Bush to file an amended complaint. 

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Appellee Benton notes that the correct spelling of her name is “Ronnetta Benton,” Brief 

for the Municipal Appellees at 6 n.1, and we will use that spelling, although the name 

appears in the district court record with various spellings.
3

Bush filed an amended complaint in July 2011, which the District Court dismissed 

as untimely. On appeal, we concluded that the Court abused its discretion in dismissing 

the complaint, but that it did not abuse its discretion in denying Bush’s many requests for 

appointment of counsel. Bush v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 485 F. App’x 594, 597 (3d Cir. 

2012). We also concluded that the District Court had properly dismissed any claims that 

Bush attempted to assert on behalf of his minor daughter and granddaughter. Id. n.5 

(citing Osei-Afriyie v. Med. Coll. of Pa., 937 F.2d 876, 882-83 (3d Cir. 1991)).2 We thus 

affirmed in part, and vacated and remanded the case for further proceedings. Id. at 597. 

On remand, Bush made several attempts to amend his complaint and added a 

number of defendants and claims. On November 20, 2013, the Court dismissed Bush’s 

third amended complaint, and granted him one final opportunity to file an amended 

complaint. The Court then dismissed Bush’s fourth amended complaint as to defendants 

Saint Vincent’s Shelter, Mayor Michael Nutter, Commissioner Anne Marie Ambrose, the 

Philadelphia Police Department, the Department of Human Services, the City of 

Philadelphia, Sonia Lee, Angela Liddell Yancey,3 Leo Carroll Fields, Thomas J. Feerick, 

and Craig B. Sokolow. The Court directed the complaint to be served on defendants 

 

2

In his supplemental brief, Bush attempts to resurrect his claims brought on the behalf of 

his daughter and granddaughter. Our prior holding is the law of the case, and we see no 

reason to reconsider our decision that Bush may not assert claims for his minor daughters 

and granddaughter. See In re City of Phila. Litig., 158 F.3d 711, 717 (3d Cir. 1998) 

(panel generally will not reconsider questions decided by another panel on prior appeal of 

same case). Because Bush’s only claims against Saint Vincent’s Shelter involved injuries 

to his granddaughter, Saint Vincent’s was properly dismissed. 

3

 Yancey indicates that her name is misspelled as “Yancy” in the District Court record. 

Brief for the Municipal Appellees at 6 n.1.
4

Benton and Sharon Johnson. The Court later granted Benton and Johnson’s motion to 

dismiss for failure to state a claim, and Bush timely appealed.

II.

 To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “plead[] factual content that 

allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 

misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. 

v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). Our review of a decision dismissing a 

complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is plenary, 

see Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 230 (3d Cir. 2008), and we may affirm 

the District Court’s decision on any basis supported by the record. Murray v. Bledsoe, 

650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam).

We agree with the District Court that Bush’s claims fail because he has not met 

the pleading standard. First, to succeed with a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must show, inter 

alia, that the defendant(s) acted under color of state law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Great W. 

Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 175-76 (3d Cir. 2010). 

Bush named as defendants Feerick and Sokolow, attorneys who apparently represented 

him in matters concerning the custody of his daughters. The District Court correctly 

noted that even though Feerick was allegedly appointed by the state, he is not a “state 

actor” for purposes of § 1983.4 Cf. Polk Cnty. v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981) 

(public defender exercising professional judgment in criminal proceeding is not acting 

 

4

It is not clear whether or when Sokolow was appointed to represent Bush, but in any 

event, there are no allegations that would allow a conclusion that he is a state actor.
5

under color of state law). Further, “[a]lthough a private party can be liable under § 1983 

if he or she willfully participates in a joint conspiracy with state officials to deprive a 

person of a constitutional right,” Max v. Republican Comm. of Lancaster Cnty., 587 F.3d 

198, 203 (3d Cir. 2009), those circumstances are not present here. Accordingly, Bush’s 

§ 1983 claims against Feerick and Sokolow were properly dismissed for failure to state a 

claim upon which relief can be granted.5

Next, we agree with the District Court that Bush cannot succeed on his claims 

against the Philadelphia Police Department, the Department of Human Services, and the 

City of Philadelphia. A municipality or other local governing body cannot be held liable 

pursuant to a theory of respondeat superior in an action under § 1983. See Groman v. 

Twp. of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 637 (3d Cir. 1995). Rather, the complaint must contain 

allegations that allow a court to draw an inference that the governing body had a policy, 

custom, or practice that led to the constitutional violation. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. 

Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). Bush’s conclusory statement that “all of the 

Commonwealth defendants acted pursuant to an affirmative Pennsylvania state policy of 

purposeful refusal to compel DHS and Saint Vincent’s to comply with reasonably safe 

child welfare practices” fails to adequately allege that these Defendants have adopted and 

maintained a policy, custom, or practice that resulted in a violation of his constitutional 

 

5 We agree with Feerick that Bush’s complaint fails to include allegations supporting an 

attorney malpractice claim; rather, he raises only constitutional claims against Feerick 

(and Sokolow).
6

rights. See Groman, 47 F.3d at 637 (vague assertions of a policy not sufficient to impose 

liability under Monell).6 

Bush’s complaint also alleges that Mayor Nutter, Commissioner Ambrose, Sharon 

Johnson, Ronnetta Benton, Leo Carrol Fields, Sonia Lee, and Angela Yancey were all 

“directly involved in violating his 14th Amendment rights” to procedural and substantive 

due process by failing to keep his children safe in state custody, by failing to afford him a 

post-deprivation hearing within 72 hours, and by subjecting him to false evidence at a 

dependency hearing. We agree with the District Court that despite his conclusory 

statement that all of these defendants were “directly involved,” the only allegations that 

come close to averring personal involvement are the procedural due process claims 

against Benton and Johnson. Thus, the claims against the other defendants were properly 

dismissed. See Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 353 (3d Cir. 2005) (to establish civil 

rights violation, defendant must have personal involvement in alleged wrongdoing). We 

turn next to the claims against Benton and Johnson.

III.

It is well settled that a parent has a liberty interest in the care and custody of his 

children. Doe ex rel. Doe v. Governor of N.J., 783 F.3d 150, 156 (3d Cir. 2015). 

Interference with that interest may implicate the parent’s right to due process. B.S. v. 

Somerset Cnty., 704 F.3d 250, 271 (3d Cir. 2013). Due process requires, among other 

 

6 Although Bush’s complaint contains other statements concerning the Monell

requirement, the language quoted here is his clearest statement of any “policy.” Further, 

it appears that these allegations relate to the alleged injuries to his daughter and/or 

granddaughter, rather than any injuries he experienced.
7

things, an opportunity for the parent to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful 

manner after a child is removed from his home. Miller v. City of Phila., 174 F.3d 368, 

373 (3d Cir. 1999) (citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976)). 

As for Benton and Johnson (both social workers with the Department of Human 

Services), Bush’s complaint can be construed as alleging that they failed to hold a postdeprivation hearing within 72 hours,7

introduced false testimony at a dependency hearing, 

and instigated an investigation concerning his other daughter, Niara, in retaliation for his 

filing a federal complaint. We hold that Benton and Johnson are absolutely immune with 

respect to the claim that they introduced false testimony at a dependency hearing. See

B.S., 704 F.3d at 262, 265-66 (state child welfare caseworkers are “absolutely immun[e] . 

. . from liability with respect to their actions on behalf of the state in preparing for, 

initiating, and prosecuting dependency proceedings”; immunity includes formulation and 

presentation of recommendations to court) (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, 

they are absolutely immune from liability for a claim that they retaliated by initiating 

 

7 Pursuant to 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6332(a):

An informal hearing shall be held promptly by the court or master and not 

later than 72 hours after the child is placed in detention or shelter care to 

determine whether his detention or shelter care is required under section 

6325 (relating to detention of child), [and] whether to allow the child to 

remain in the home would be contrary to the welfare of the child . . . . 

Reasonable notice thereof, either oral or written, stating the time, place, and 

purpose of the hearing shall be given to the child and if they can be found, 

to his parents, guardian, or other custodian.

The statute also provides that if the parent “has not been notified of the hearing, did not 

appear or waive appearance at the hearing, and files his affidavit showing these facts, the 

court or master shall rehear the matter without unnecessary delay . . . .” § 6332(b).
8

protective custody proceedings with regard to Niara. See id.; cf. Light v. Haws, 472 F.3d 

74, 80 (3d Cir. 2007) (prosecutor’s motivations are irrelevant; as long as prosecutor acted 

with colorable authority, absolute immunity shields her performance); see also Hartman 

v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 262 (2006) (§ 1983 action for retaliatory prosecution cannot be 

brought against prosecutor, as prosecutor is absolutely immune from liability arising from 

decision to prosecute).

Bush’s amended complaint also alleges that he did not receive a timely postdeprivation hearing when his daughter Amirah was removed from his home. However, 

we agree with the District Court that the complaint contains insufficient facts to show that 

the social workers were responsible for scheduling such a hearing or notifying Bush of 

the hearing. In other words, the complaint does not contain “factual content that allows 

the court to draw the reasonable inference that the [social workers are] liable for the 

misconduct alleged.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

We will thus affirm the judgment of the District Court, including its previous 

orders dismissing the claims against all other defendants.