1... Senior Judge, sitting by assignment

i i i i i i

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-08-00312-CR

Jermaine GUERRA,

Appellant

v.

STATE of Texas,

Appellee

From the 226th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2007-CR-5005

Honorable Robert R. Barton, Judge Presiding1

Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 28, 2009

AFFIRMED

Jermaine Guerra was found guilty by a jury of attempted capital murder and sentenced by the

court to five years in prison. Guerra appeals the judgment, arguing the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support the verdict, the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on a
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lesser included offense, and the court abused its discretion by reading testimony to the jury during

deliberations. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

BACKGROUND

On the morning of April 4, 2007, Guerra was in the parking lot of a video store in San

Antonio. The store, owned by John Morales, had been burglarized several times in the recent past.

Morales’s landlord testified he saw Guerra at the front door of the store and Guerra appeared to be

gesturing to someone inside the store. The store was not open for business. The landlord called

Morales, who in turn called police and reported a possible burglary. 

Morales drove to his store and approached Guerra. According to Morales, Guerra said he had

been waiting all morning and wanted to go inside the store. Morales told Guerra the store was not

yet open for business, but Guerra kept insisting he wanted to go inside the store. Morales testified

Guerra was dressed in baggy jeans, carried a backpack, and seemed nervous. 

San Antonio Police Officer Michael Castano testified he received a dispatch to go to the

video store for a possible burglary in progress. When he arrived at the store in his marked patrol

vehicle, he saw two men standing near the front door of the store. Officer Castano knew the store

had been burglarized a month earlier and had met Morales in connection with that crime. As he

approached the men, Officer Castano recognized Morales. He told the men to come towards him

and then saw Guerra put his hand in his pocket. The officer told Guerra to remove his hand, and

Guerra complied. Officer Castano then told Guerra to place his hands on the patrol car, but Guerra

instead put his hand in his pocket once again. Guerra pulled a “wad” of money from his pocket and

pushed it toward the officer. Officer Castano testified he was concerned that Guerra was not

complying with his requests and that Guerra was looking about as if assessing the scene and not
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2... Officer Castano testified Guerra’s jeans had been cut, so the weapon could be slipped inside his pants. Most

of the weapon was concealed by Guerra’s clothes.

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focusing on him. Officer Castano stepped towards Guerra and grabbed his left wrist. Guerra

dropped his right hand toward his right pocket, pulled away from the officer, and started yelling. 

When Morales saw Guerra attempt to pull away from Officer Castano, Morales grabbed

Guerra’s right arm. Morales testified he felt “something hard” on Guerra’s right side. Morales lifted

Guerra’s shirt and saw part of what was later determined to be a modified AR-15 rifle.2 Guerra

grabbed the “butt” of the weapon and started yelling “I’ll kill you. I’ll kill you both.” Morales

grabbed Guerra’s right hand and tried to remove Guerra’s grip on the weapon. Officer Castano

testified he believed Guerra was attempting to draw the weapon, but it was caught on part of his

clothing. A struggle ensued, with the three men falling to the ground several times and then getting

up as they wrestled for control of the weapon. Both Morales and Officer Castano testified Guerra

continued to scream his intent to kill them. Fearing Guerra would be able to use his weapon, Officer

Castano drew his weapon. He pushed Guerra away from him and told Morales to get behind him.

Morales had his hand on Guerra’s weapon and decided to pull on it one last time. Morales was able

to yank the weapon free from Guerra’s pants, and it fell to the ground. Morales testified the

magazine was attached to the weapon when it came out of Guerra’s pants, but the magazine detached

from the weapon when it hit the ground. Officer Castano holstered his weapon and he and Morales

tackled Guerra to the ground. Officer Castano was then able to restrain Guerra with a pair of

handcuffs. Although restrained, Guerra continued to yell and struggle with the men. Other officers

arrived and took control of the scene.
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Cynthia Hunt, a crime scene technician for the San Antonio Police Department, processed

the crime scene. Hunt testified she found a modified AR-15. The weapon’s barrel had been sawed

off to shorten its overall length. No round was chambered in the weapon. Hunt testified she found

a magazine loaded with twenty-six rounds near the weapon. Six fully loaded magazines, each

containing thirty rounds, and sixty-five loose rounds of ammunition were found in Guerra’s

backpack. Dale Justice, a forensic scientist employed by the Bexar County Crime Lab in the

firearms section, testified the AR-15 had been modified to act as a single-shot rather than a semiautomatic weapon. He explained that a shooter would have to manually load a new round each time

he wanted to fire the single-shot firearm; whereas, a semi-automatic firearm mechanically loads a

new round without any action on the part of the shooter. Justice tested the weapon and found it was

fully functional and capable of firing a bullet. He further testified that even in its modified condition,

the weapon could fire thirty rounds in under thirty seconds. Justice also confirmed that the weapon

striking the ground could cause the magazine to separate from the weapon. 

LEGAL AND FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

Guerra first complains the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to prove he had the

requisite intent to kill Officer Castano. Guerra contends that because no round was chambered in

the weapon and the magazine was found separated from the weapon, “there was no way [he] could

have fired the weapon.” Guerra asserts he knew he could not fire the weapon and argues he therefore

could not have formed the intent to kill Officer Castano. We disagree. 

Morales testified Guerra had his hand on the end of the weapon, and was trying to pull the

weapon out of his pants. Morales also testified that when he was finally able to get his hand on the

weapon and pull it out of Guerra’s pants, the magazine was attached to the weapon. Although there
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3... Guerra’s argument that he was not capable of firing the weapon is premised on misstatements of the record.

First, Guerra states “[n]either Castano nor Morales saw the magazine loaded into the weapon.” To the contrary, Morales

testified “I saw a magazine inside the gun.” Guerra also states, without citation to the record, “Castano observed the

weapon as it was coming out of the Appellant’s pocket and there was no magazine loaded into the weapon.” However,

Officer Castano testified he “never saw the weapon completely out of [Guerra’s] pants until it was on the ground.”

Finally, Guerra refers to Officer Castano’s testimony that he could see the ejection port of the weapon in Guerra’s pants

while they were struggling. Guerra then states the ejection port “is where the magazine would be loaded,” and concludes

the magazine was not inserted in the weapon when it was in Guerra’s pants. Again, Guerra is mistaken about the

evidence. Immediately after testifying he could see the ejection port, Officer Castano explained that the ejection port is

where the casing comes out after the weapon is fired. 

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was no round chambered in the weapon, Justice testified a round could be chambered, making the

weapon ready to fire, in a second or less. This evidence, together with Guerra’s repeated threats to

kill Morales and Officer Castano, is sufficient to allow a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable

doubt that Guerra had both the ability and a specific intent to kill Officer Castano. We overrule

Guerra’s legal sufficiency point. See Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 729-30 (Tex. Crim. App.) (in

legal sufficiency review, appellate court looks at all evidence in light most favorable to verdict and

determines whether any rational trier of fact could have found elements of offense beyond a

reasonable doubt), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 962 (2005). We also overrule Guerra’s factual sufficiency

point. The evidence supporting the verdict is not so weak that the verdict seems clearly wrong and

manifestly unjust, and Guerra has not pointed to any evidence that outweighs the evidence

supporting the verdict.3 See Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)

(appellate court reverses for factual insufficience only if evidence supporting verdict is so weak that

verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or if evidence supporting verdict is outweighed by

great weight and preponderance of evidence).

LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE

Guerra next contends he was entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of

terroristic threat. A defendant is entitled to a jury charge on a lesser included offense if he makes
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a proper request for an instruction on a lesser-included offense and if there is “‘some evidence’ that,

if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.” Flores v. State, 245

S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). 

An offense is a lesser included offense if the elements of the lesser offense are “established

by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the offense charged.” TEX.CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09(1) (Vernon 2006);see Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). The essential elements of attempted capital murder as charged in the indictment against

Guerra are: (1) Guerra, (2) acting with the specific intent to kill Officer Castano, (3) while Officer

Castano was discharging a lawful duty, (4) knowing Castano was a peace officer, (5) committed an

act amounting to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the offense of capital

murder. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 15.01(a) (Vernon 2003); § 19.03(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

The elements of terroristic threat as they would apply in this case are: (1) Guerra, (2) with the intent

to place Officer Castano in fear of imminent serious bodily injury, (3) threatened Officer Castano

with a offense involving violence. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.07(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

Guerra argues there is some evidence his only intent was to place officer Castano in fear of

imminent serious bodily injury. His argument is based on his view that the evidence demonstrated

the weapon was not capable of being fired and thus Guerra could not have formed an intent to kill.

As discussed above, the evidence demonstrates the weapon could have been fired. Further, the fact

no round was chambered in the weapon is no evidence that Guerra’s intent was only to place Officer

Castano in fear of imminent serious bodily injury. Although the evidence may have shown Officer

Castano was in fear he would suffer death or serious bodily injury at Guerra’s hands, there is no
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evidence Guerra’s intent was simply to place Officer Castano in fear of serious bodily injury rather

than to kill Officer Castano. 

Without deciding whether terroristic threat may be a lesser offense of attempted capital

murder, we hold Guerra was not entitled to the requested jury charge because there was no evidence

that if guilty, Guerra was guilty only of terroristic threat. Guerra’s second point of error is overruled.

READING OF TESTIMONY TO JURY

In his final point of error, Guerra complains the trial court abused its discretion by reading

testimony to the jury during its deliberations. After deliberations began, the jury asked to have some

of Morales and Officer Castano’s testimony read to them. The trial court instructed the court

reporter to locate the relevant testimony and print the testimony for review by the attorneys. When

the trial court asked the parties if they had any objection, Guerra’s counsel stated, “We don’t object.

We believe it’s an appropriate response.” Because Guerra did not object to the testimony being read

back to the jury, he failed to preserve his complaint for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH