2015 IL App (2d) 130587 

No. 2-13-0587 

Opinion filed April 8, 2015 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court 

OF ILLINOIS, ) of Stephenson County. 

) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 09-CF-38 

) 

PHILLIP M. SHIPP, ) Honorable 

) Michael P. Bald, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Hutchinson and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Defendant, Phillip M. Shipp, appeals the trial court’s summary dismissal of his petition 

filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2012)) in 

connection with his convictions of possession of cannabis (720 ILCS 550/4(a) (West 2008)), 

armed violence (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(a) (West 2008)), unlawful possession of a controlled 

substance with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(c)(2) (West 2008)), unlawful possession of a 

firearm by a felon (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2008)), and unlawful use of weapons (720 ILCS 

5/24-1(a)(4) (West 2008)). He contends that he stated a sufficient claim that his counsel on 

direct appeal was ineffective for failing to challenge the denial of his motion to suppress. We 

agree. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
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¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Defendant was charged after police responded to a report of a fight that possibly included 

guns. Defendant was found near the scene with a loaded pistol, cocaine, and cannabis. 

Defendant moved to suppress the physical evidence, and a hearing was held. For the most part, 

the evidence was undisputed. 

¶ 4 The evidence showed that, at around 5 a.m. on January 31, 2009, police officers, 

including Jeff Zalaznik, were dispatched to the area of Iroquois Street and Miami Avenue in 

Freeport in response to a 911 call about a fight involving weapons, possibly guns. No 

information was provided describing the people involved in the fight. None of the officers 

witnessed a fight. 

¶ 5 Zalaznik arrived at the area less than a minute after the dispatch. He saw two 

individuals, defendant and Denise Dickens, walking south in the 500 block of Miami Avenue. 

The record indicates that this was less than a block from the intersection of Miami and Iroquois. 

Another officer was north, in the 600 block of Miami, talking to an individual. Defendant and

Dickens did not appear to be agitated, sweating, or out of breath, and they were not doing 

anything unusual. Their clothing was not disheveled, and defendant did not have any injuries 

or marks consistent with a fight. Without leaving his squad car, Zalaznik asked whether they 

had been involved in, or knew of, any fights. Defendant and Dickens said “no” and continued 

walking. 

¶ 6 Zalaznik did not activate his lights, but he got out of his squad car and asked defendant 

and Dickens to stop. Zalaznik approached them, said that he was investigating a 911 call, and

asked for identification. Dickens asked why he needed identification, and defendant said that

he was just visiting his grandfather. They attempted to walk away, but Zalaznik told them to 
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stop. Counsel asked Zalaznik whether, during this initial encounter, he told Dickens and 

defendant whether they could leave. Zalaznik answered, “I did inform them, yes, that they 

were not free to leave at any point until our investigation was finished.” He then repeated: 

“[W]hen they initially asked me that, you know, why I was stopping them and when I had asked 

them for identification, then I informed them that they were not free to leave until our 

investigation was finished.” Zalaznik stated that his overall reason for stopping defendant was

that, given the time of day, the nature of the call, the area, and the vehicles leaving the area, he 

suspected that defendant might have been involved in the fight. 

¶ 7 While Zalaznik was questioning defendant and Dickens, a van pulled up and two people, 

later identified as David and Diann Adams, got out of it and yelled to Zalaznik that they were the 

people who had called 911 and that the people he was looking for were north on Miami Avenue. 

Zalaznik told them to get back in the van. Officer Sanders then arrived and told the Adams 

couple to remain in their van. Zalaznik knew the Adams couple from prior police calls and 

indicated that David had a history of mental issues and violence toward police. 

¶ 8 Zalaznik returned his attention to defendant and Dickens, who repeatedly attempted to 

walk away. Each time they tried to disengage, Zalaznik told them to stop, and they complied. 

Zalaznik next observed that defendant had his hands in his jacket pockets, and Zalaznik ordered 

him to remove them. Defendant complied. Zalaznik testified that defendant was not wearing 

gloves and he agreed that, given the time of year, it was probably cold outside. He said that 

officers ask people to remove their hands from pockets in the interests of officer safety; if a 

person puts his hands in his pockets multiple times, he might have a weapon.

¶ 9 Zalaznik again asked defendant and Dickens to provide identification. Defendant stated 

that he did not have identification on his person but that it was in his truck, which was parked 
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about 20 feet away. Defendant began walking toward the truck, but Zalaznik told him to stop 

and said that verbal identification would be acceptable. Both provided their names. 

¶ 10 Zalaznik radioed the names to dispatch to check whether there were any outstanding 

warrants. He found out later that there were not. By that time, Officers Shippert and 

Thompson had arrived on the scene. Zalaznik recognized defendant’s name, as defendant had 

been the alleged victim of a shooting about a month earlier. Zalaznik thought that defendant 

now might have been looking for revenge. Thompson testified, however, that he thought that

defendant had shot himself. 

¶ 11 Shippert saw defendant put his hands in his jacket pockets and told him to remove them. 

Defendant complied. Zalaznik asked defendant whether the officers could conduct a pat-down 

for weapons. Defendant became agitated, said that he had not done anything wrong, and 

refused. Defendant then put his hands into his pockets and Zalaznik and Shippert attempted to 

grab his arms. Zalaznik “did not get a hand on him,” but believed that Shippert got his left 

hand on defendant’s arm. Defendant then fled, with Zalaznik running after him, yelling at him 

to stop. Defendant slipped on some ice and fell, and the officers caught up to him and 

handcuffed him. A search uncovered a loaded pistol in defendant’s pants pocket. They also 

found cocaine, cannabis, and $560 cash. 

¶ 12 Dickens testified that, on January 31, 2009, she had been outside of a party where there 

were confrontations. She saw defendant standing on Miami Avenue and walked over to him. 

Defendant told her that he was on his way to his grandfather’s house, which was about halfway 

down the block. Defendant’s grandfather was also Dickens’ uncle and she decided to go there 

as well. Zalaznik stopped them and kept asking questions. However, he did not tell them that 

they could or could not leave. 
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¶ 13 The trial court denied the motion to suppress, finding that it was unnecessary to 

determine whether the officers acted properly when they initially questioned defendant, stopped 

him, demanded identification, or sought to pat him down. Instead, the court found that, under 

section 31-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 2008)) and People v. 

Villarreal, 152 Ill. 2d 368 (1992), defendant resisted or obstructed the performance of a police 

officer when he fled, making the subsequent search permissible.

¶ 14 On March 11, 2010, the parties agreed to a stipulated bench trial, and the State agreed to 

dismiss an unrelated charge. The parties entered a written stipulation providing a factual basis 

for the charges. The stipulation also provided that the trial court would continue to rule as it did 

on the suppression of evidence and that the court would find defendant guilty of all charges. 

The stipulation included a recommended sentence for each offense and stated that defendant 

wished to preserve the suppression issue for appellate review. 

¶ 15 In response to a question from the court, both parties agreed that the stipulation was 

tantamount to a guilty plea. The court admonished defendant in accordance with Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 402 (eff. July 1, 1997). Defendant stated that he understood, and the court 

found him guilty. The parties waived a presentence investigation, and the court sentenced 

defendant as agreed in the stipulation. The court advised defendant that he had 30 days to 

appeal. The court did not admonish defendant in accordance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 

605(c) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001), which requires admonishments that, per Illinois Supreme Court Rule 

604(d) (eff. July 1, 2006), before a defendant may appeal from a negotiated guilty plea, he must 

file a motion seeking to withdraw the plea, and any issue not raised in the motion is forfeited. 

No posttrial motions were filed, and defendant appealed.
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¶ 16 On appeal, counsel argued in part that defendant’s stipulated bench trial was equivalent to 

a guilty plea, requiring compliance with Rules 604(d) and 605(c). Counsel did not challenge

the denial of the motion to suppress. On October 30, 2012, we rejected the argument that the 

stipulated bench trial was equivalent to a guilty plea and we granted relief on an unrelated issue. 

People v. Shipp, 2012 IL App (2d) 110265-U.

¶ 17 On February 15, 2013, defendant filed his postconviction petition, alleging that appellate 

counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the denial of the motion to suppress, due to 

counsel’s mistaken belief that defendant could appeal only by filing a motion to withdraw a 

guilty plea under Rule 604(d). 

¶ 18 On May 13, 2013, the trial court summarily dismissed the petition as frivolous and 

patently without merit. Without providing any specific analysis, the court reasoned that the 

failure to raise the matter on appeal was not objectively unreasonable and that defendant failed to 

show that, had counsel raised the matter, the convictions would have been reversed. Defendant 

appeals.

¶ 19 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 20 Defendant contends that he stated an arguable claim that his appellate counsel was 

ineffective when he misapprehended the law and thus failed to raise the suppression issue on 

appeal. The State agrees that counsel misapprehended the law, but argues that the initial stop 

and attempt to frisk defendant were proper and that defendant was guilty of obstructing justice 

when he fled, making the ultimate search and seizure valid. Thus, the State argues that, had 

counsel raised the suppression issue, it would have failed, meaning that defendant cannot show 

prejudice sufficient to support his postconviction claim. Defendant disagrees that the stop and 
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attempt to frisk were valid and further argues that his flight did not then allow the police to 

transform an improper stop into a proper one. 

¶ 21 The Act establishes a three-stage process for adjudicating a postconviction petition. 

People v. Carballido, 2011 IL App (2d) 090340, ¶ 37 (citing People v. Jones, 213 Ill. 2d 498, 

503 (2004)). At the first stage, the trial court must review the petition within 90 days of its 

filing and decide whether it is either frivolous or patently without merit. Id. If the court 

decides that it is either, it must dismiss the petition in a written order. Id. 

¶ 22 A pro se postconviction petition is frivolous or patently without merit when it has no 

arguable basis either in law or in fact. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (2009). A petition

has no basis in law when it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory. Id. That means 

that the legal theory is completely contradicted by the record. Id. A petition has no factual 

basis when it is based on factual allegations that are either fantastic or delusional. Id. at 17. 

¶ 23 Although the postconviction petition must identify the bases upon which the defendant’s 

constitutional rights were violated, the threshold for first-stage survival is low. Id. at 9. The 

defendant must set forth only the gist of a constitutional claim, which means that the petition 

contains enough facts to make out an arguable constitutional claim. Id. A court must dismiss 

the petition when the record contradicts the defendant’s allegations. People v. Rogers, 197 Ill.

2d 216, 222 (2001). We review de novo a trial court’s first-stage dismissal. Hodges, 234 Ill.

2d at 9. 

¶ 24 A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is assessed under the standards articulated in 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 185 (2010). 

Under the Act, the trial court may not summarily dismiss a petition alleging ineffective 

assistance of counsel if: (1) counsel’s performance arguably fell below an objective standard of 
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reasonableness and (2) the defendant was arguably prejudiced as a result. Id. The failure to 

establish either prong of Strickland is fatal to the claim. People v. Clendenin, 238 Ill. 2d 302, 

317-18 (2010). Here, the State concedes that appellate counsel’s performance was deficient; it 

asserts only a lack of prejudice. With respect to appellate counsel’s failure to raise an issue, a 

defendant meets the prejudice prong by showing a reasonable probability that, had counsel raised 

the issue, the appeal would have succeeded. See People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 497 

(2010). 

¶ 25 Here, in denying the motion to suppress, the trial court determined that, regardless of 

whether the initial stop and attempt to frisk were proper, defendant resisted or obstructed the 

performance of a police officer when he fled, making the subsequent search and seizure 

permissible. Because whether the stop and attempted frisk were unlawful is important to a full 

understanding of the effect of defendant’s flight, we address those topics first. 

¶ 26 A. The Stop 

¶ 27 Defendant contends that the stop was unlawful because there was no indication that he 

had done anything wrong; he was merely in the area of a reported crime. The State contends 

that defendant’s proximity to the area of the call, his refusal to cooperate, and the time of day 

made the stop appropriate. 

¶ 28 On appeal from an order denying a motion to suppress, we use a two-part standard of 

review. People v. Miller, 2014 IL App (2d) 120873, ¶ 25. “The trial court’s findings of fact 

are upheld unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. Findings are 

against the manifest weight of the evidence if they are unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on 

the evidence, or if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident. Id. That said, the ultimate issue 

of whether to suppress is a legal one and subject to de novo review. Id. 
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¶ 29 The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the “right of the 

people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches 

and seizures.” U.S. Const., amend. IV. “This provision applies to all seizures of the person, 

including seizures that involve only a brief detention short of traditional arrest.” People v. 

Thomas, 198 Ill. 2d 103, 108 (2001). “Reasonableness under the fourth amendment generally 

requires a warrant supported by probable cause.” Id. However, in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 

22 (1968), the United States Supreme Court held that a police officer, under appropriate 

circumstances, could briefly detain a person for investigatory purposes. Thomas, 198 Ill. 2d at 

108-09. “Under the Terry exception, a police officer may briefly stop a person for temporary 

questioning if the officer reasonably believes that the person has committed, or is about to 

commit, a crime.” Id. at 109. 

¶ 30 “Whether an investigatory stop is valid is a separate question from whether a search for 

weapons is valid.” Id. The conduct constituting the Terry stop must have been justified at its 

inception, and a court objectively considers whether, based on the facts available to the police 

officer, the police action was appropriate. Id. “To justify the intrusion, the police officer must 

be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences 

therefrom, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Id. “The Terry standards have been codified in 

our Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963.” Id.; see 725 ILCS 5/107-14 (West 2008).

¶ 31 At the outset, we note that a Terry stop occurred when Zalaznik exited his police car, told 

defendant to stop, and then would not allow him to go on his way. 

¶ 32 Under the fourth amendment, a person is seized when an officer, “ ‘by means of physical 

force or show of authority,’ ” restrains a citizen’s liberty. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434

(1991) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 n.16). To determine whether a seizure occurred, “[w]e look 
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to the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a reasonable person would feel free to 

leave under the circumstances.” People v. Beverly, 364 Ill. App. 3d 361, 370 (2006). 

¶ 33 Zalaznik testified that he told defendant that he was not free to leave. He also testified 

that he stopped defendant from walking away, multiple times. Thus, by his own admission,1

he restrained defendant by a show of authority, thus effecting a Terry stop. See People v. 

Jackson, 389 Ill. App. 3d 283, 288-89 (2009) (“after the third or fourth command,” a reasonable 

person would not feel free to leave). Accordingly, the next question is whether the stop was 

lawful. 

¶ 34 Our supreme court has defined the reasonableness standard for police conduct in the 

context of a Terry stop. The officer must have observed unusual conduct, leading to a 

reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime. 

People v. Kipfer, 356 Ill. App. 3d 132, 137 (2005). “Viewed as a whole, the situation 

confronting the police officer must be so far from the ordinary that any competent officer would

be expected to act quickly.” Thomas, 198 Ill. 2d at 110. “The facts supporting the officer’s 

suspicions need not meet probable cause requirements, but they must justify more than a mere 

hunch.” Id. The facts should not be viewed with analytical hindsight. Id. Instead, they 

should be considered from the perspective of a reasonable officer confronted with the situation. 

Id. 

¶ 35 We have noted that “ ‘[a]n individual’s presence in an area of expected criminal activity, 

standing alone, is not enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that the person is 

committing a crime.’ ” Kipfer, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 138 (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 

 1 Although Dickens testified that Zalaznik did not tell them that they could not leave, she 

did not suggest that the encounter was consensual. 
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119, 124 (2000)). An individual’s location is among the relevant contextual considerations, but 

it is not enough, by itself, to support a valid stop. Id. The lateness of the hour may also be a 

factor contributing to a reasonable suspicion. Id. “However, this factor contributes to 

suspicion of criminal activity only when there is no legitimate basis for an individual to be in the 

location at such an hour.” Id. at 138-39. In addition, a “refusal to cooperate, without more, 

does not furnish the minimal level of objective justification needed for a detention or seizure.” 

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 140. 

¶ 36 In Kipfer, a police officer stopped the defendant at about 3:40 a.m. after he saw the 

defendant come out from behind a dumpster and walk through the parking lot of an apartment 

complex. The officer did not see the defendant do anything illegal, but the fact that car 

burglaries had recently occurred in the parking lot caused the officer to become suspicious. The 

officer made several attempts to get the defendant to stop before he complied. Id. at 138. We 

found that the officer lacked a reasonable articulable suspicion for the stop. The defendant’s 

presence in the parking lot at a late hour was not sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that 

the defendant had committed or was about to commit a crime, and the officer failed to articulate 

any facts to distinguish the defendant from a resident of the apartment complex, a guest of a 

resident, or a mere passerby. Id. We distinguished the case from ones in which the time of 

day and the location could give rise to a reasonable suspicion, such as where two men wearing 

black clothing were stopped after emerging from a commercial area at 12:50 a.m. Id. at 141 

(citing People v. McGowan, 69 Ill. 2d 73, 75-76 (1977)).

¶ 37 Here, the facts are very much like those in Kipfer. Defendant was walking in a 

residential area at 5 a.m. Although he clearly wanted to continue on his way, he was not 
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showing signs of attempting to flee the area, and he was not otherwise behaving suspiciously. 

Thus, the police had no reason to believe that he was involved in a crime. 

¶ 38 Although here, unlike in Kipfer, the police were responding to a report of a crime, the 

same result obtains. In People v. Linley, 388 Ill. App. 3d 747 (2009), an officer was dispatched 

to investigate gunfire at a late hour and encountered the defendant in the area. We applied 

Kipfer and invalidated the stop, noting that a defendant’s “[p]resence in a residential area—even 

one known as the site of frequent criminal activity—at a late hour is not enough to warrant an 

investigatory stop.” Id. at 752. 

¶ 39 It is true that a 911 call carries some degree of reliability. Id. at 750-51. Nevertheless, 

here, the callers did not identify defendant as a person involved or distinguish him from a 

resident or legitimate visitor to the area. Cf. Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. 

Ct. 1683, 1692 (2014) (police validly stopped truck matching 911 caller’s description). As 

there were no facts to tie defendant to the report of criminal activity, the stop was improper. 

¶ 40 B. The Attempted Frisk

¶ 41 Defendant also argues that, aside from the validity of the stop, the attempt to frisk was 

unreasonable. We agree.

¶ 42 In order for a frisk to be constitutionally reasonable, (1) the stop must be proper, (2) the 

officer must have reason to know that the defendant is armed and dangerous, and (3) the scope of 

the search must be strictly limited to a search for weapons. 725 ILCS 5/108-1.01 (West 2008); 

People v. Davis, 352 Ill. App. 3d 576, 580 (2004). Here, even if the stop had been proper, the 

police had no grounds to conduct a frisk. 

¶ 43 In order to frisk a defendant for weapons, “the officer must reasonably believe that the 

defendant is armed and dangerous.” Davis, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 580. “This reasonable belief is 
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met if a reasonably prudent person, when faced with the circumstances that the police 

confronted, would have believed that his safety or the safety of others was in danger.” Id. 

Further, “Terry permits a protective search only when the suspect ‘is armed and presently

dangerous.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Walker, 2013 IL App (4th) 120118, ¶ 47 

(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 24). If a protective search goes beyond what is necessary to 

determine whether a defendant is armed, it is no longer valid and its fruits will be suppressed. 

Id. ¶ 35. 

¶ 44 In Davis, the defendant was seen riding his bike at night without a light. After officers 

stopped him, they observed him fidgeting, looking around frantically, and attempting to

“ ‘dive’ ” into his right-front pocket. Davis, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 578. When the defendant’s 

fingers were inside the pocket, the officers asked to see his hands. The defendant initially 

complied, but soon again attempted to reach back into his pocket. Fearing for their safely, the 

officers handcuffed defendant, patted him down, and found a box cutter and contraband. Id. 

On appeal, we found the frisk to be unlawful. We noted that the defendant, by riding his bike at 

night without a light, was not doing anything to create a reasonable belief that he was armed and 

dangerous. Id. at 581. We also held that his nervousness, while a pertinent fact in 

determining reasonable suspicion, could not alone justify a frisk. Id. Further, the fact that the 

defendant attempted to put his hand in his pocket could not justify the frisk, as the defendant 

could have put his hand in his pocket for an innocuous reason, such as to keep warm or locate his 

identification. Id.; see also People v. Dotson, 37 Ill. App. 3d 176, 177 (1976) (observations that 

the defendant kept putting his hand in his pocket, took several steps back, and shifted his weight 

on his feet did not amount to a proper basis to frisk the defendant). 
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¶ 45 Likewise, in Linley, we held that, even if the stop could be upheld, a protective search of 

the defendant’s clothing could not. There, the defendant was in a high-crime area at a late hour, 

near the scene of a dispatch call, and the officers believed that the defendant considered fleeing. 

However, we held that, without reliable information that shots had been fired in the vicinity, 

there were no particular facts that would lead the officers to believe that the defendant was armed 

and dangerous. Linley, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 753. 

¶ 46 Here, although defendant was near the scene of a dispatch call, the people who reported 

the crime told Zalaznik that the people he was looking for had gone to the north. Thus, the call 

provided no basis to suspect that defendant was armed. That defendant placed his hands in his 

pockets was, standing alone, insufficient, especially when it was January and defendant had no 

gloves. Ultimately, the police had only a subjective hunch or speculation, which is insufficient 

to support a reasonable belief that a defendant is armed and dangerous. See Walker, 2013 IL 

App (4th) 120118, ¶ 34 (“The reasonableness of the police officer’s belief is measured by an 

objective standard based upon the facts and circumstances known to the officer at the time of the 

intrusion.”). Thus, the attempted frisk was improper.

¶ 47 C. The Flight 

¶ 48 The trial court determined that the legitimacy of the stop and attempt to frisk was

irrelevant, finding that defendant was resisting or obstructing a police officer when he fled. 

Whether a defendant’s flight after a police encounter constitutes resisting or obstructing was 

discussed in Villarreal and People v. Moore, 286 Ill. App. 3d 649 (1997). Those cases

specifically draw a distinction between resisting an unlawful arrest and resisting an unlawful 

stop. 
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¶ 49 In Villarreal, the defendants were charged with violating section 31-1 of the Code when

they attempted to prevent police officers from making a warrantless entry into their residence to 

arrest a third person. The defendants moved to quash their arrests, arguing that they could not 

be prosecuted for resisting or obstructing the police when the officers’ entry was illegal. On 

appeal, our supreme court held that, under section 7-7 of the Code (720 ILCS 5/7-7 (West 

2008)), the exclusionary rule could not be used to suppress evidence gained as the result of a 

defendant’s resistance to an arrest, even if the arrest was unlawful. Villarreal, 152 Ill. 2d at 

378-79. That determination was based on the plain language of the statutes at issue. Under 

section 31-1, “[a] person who knowingly resists or obstructs the performance by one known to 

the person to be a peace officer *** of any authorized act within his official capacity commits a 

Class A misdemeanor.” 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2008). Meanwhile, section 7-7 states that 

“[a] person is not authorized to use force to resist an arrest which he knows is being made *** by 

a peace officer ***, even if he believes that the arrest is unlawful and the arrest in fact is 

unlawful.” 720 ILCS 5/7-7 (West 2008). Reading those sections together, it is clear that the 

legislature intended to prevent individuals from obstructing the performance of an arrest, even if 

unlawful. Villarreal, 152 Ill. 2d at 374. However, that rule has been limited to unlawful 

arrests and is not applicable when an officer is not undertaking an arrest. Thus, where a police 

officer is not trying to make an arrest, section 31-1 does not prohibit resistance. See City of 

Champaign v. Torres, 214 Ill. 2d 234, 243 (2005). As a result, in Moore, the Third District held 

that the statutes do not apply in the event of an unjustified Terry stop. Moore, 286 Ill. App. 3d 

at 654. 

¶ 50 In Moore, the defendant fled after officers told him to stop. The defendant was caught 

and found to have contraband. After determining that the officers did not have a valid reason to 
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stop the defendant, the court addressed whether, under Villarreal, the seizure was nevertheless 

appropriate because the defendant’s flight constituted obstruction under section 31-1. The court

held that it did not. Id. The court noted that a Terry stop, without sufficient articulable facts 

to warrant the stop, is not justified from its inception. Id. Further, section 7-7 is limited to 

circumstances involving an unlawful arrest. Thus, the court found that a person who runs away 

from an unlawful Terry stop is not resisting or obstructing an authorized act of the police officer. 

Id. 

¶ 51 We agree with the reasoning of Moore. See People v. Slaymaker, 2015 IL App (2d) 

130528, ¶ 13. Here, under the plain language of sections 31-1 and 7-7, and under Moore, the 

trial court was incorrect when it did not address the validity of the stop and attempted frisk and 

found that, under Villarreal, defendant was resisting or obstructing a police officer. Nothing 

indicates that the officers were attempting to arrest defendant when they reached out to pat him 

down for weapons, and nothing indicates that they would have had a valid reason to arrest him at 

that point. Thus, the court erred in its application of Villarreal. 

¶ 52 The State does not discuss Villarreal. Instead, relying on Thomas, it contends that 

defendant’s flight from the scene was sufficient to justify the subsequent search and discovery of 

contraband, even when the stop and attempted frisk were unwarranted. 

¶ 53 In Thomas, a police officer attempted to stop and question the defendant, who was seen 

riding a bicycle and carrying a police scanner, by blocking the defendant’s path with his vehicle. 

However, the defendant turned down an alleyway and rode away at an accelerated rate. 

Another officer pursued the defendant, pulled alongside him, and instructed him to stop. 

Ultimately, the defendant abandoned his bicycle and began to run. The defendant was 
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eventually taken into custody for obstructing a police officer, and a pat-down search uncovered 

contraband. The trial court granted a motion to suppress, and the appellate court reversed. 

¶ 54 Our supreme court affirmed. The court first determined that the officer’s initial wish to

detain the defendant was based on a suspicion grounded in circumstances that fell short of 

warranting a stop and that the officer’s actions constituted a show of authority. Thomas, 198 

Ill. 2d at 110. But the court determined that the defendant was not seized within the meaning of 

the fourth amendment by the attempted roadblock, because he chose to run rather than stop. Id. 

at 112. Thus, the defendant was seized only after he was caught. Id. The court noted that, 

had the defendant stopped when the officer blocked his path and submitted to the officer’s show 

of authority, a seizure offensive to the constitution would have occurred. Id. However, the 

officer’s attempt to make an unlawful stop did not implicate the fourth amendment, because the 

defendant prevented the stop by running away. Id. The ultimate stop was not an unreasonable 

seizure, because the defendant’s flight turned the officer’s ungrounded suspicion into a suspicion 

that justified the defendant’s detention. Id. at 112-13 (citing Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124-25 

(unprovoked flight when faced with a potential encounter with the police may raise enough 

suspicion to justify the ensuing pursuit and investigatory stop)). The court noted that its 

decision was not a license to conduct investigatory stops in every case in which a person ignores 

or fails to heed a baseless police order. People have a right to go about their business, and their 

choice to do so does not authorize a subsequent stop. Id. at 114. Thus, Thomas has been 

limited to circumstances of unprovoked flight before a stop occurred, as opposed to flight after 

an actual unlawful detention. People v. Estrada, 394 Ill. App. 3d 611, 620 (2009). In the case 

of flight after an unlawful detention, “subsequent discoveries or justifications are not sufficient to 
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resuscitate an encounter that lacked justification at the outset.” Id. at 621. Nor can the basis 

for the stop arise after the fact or be judged in hindsight. Id. at 619. 

¶ 55 Here, unlike in Thomas, where the defendant fled, unprovoked, at the sight of the police 

attempting to block his path, defendant initially complied with police instructions to stop and 

was seized. Thus, unlike in Thomas, there was not an unprovoked flight that provided 

justification for the later seizure. Instead, defendant was stopped unlawfully and the attempt to 

frisk him was also unlawful. Accordingly, the case does not fall under the limited 

circumstances of Thomas. As the court noted in Moore, situations in which defendants were 

properly seized after their flight from police officers were cases in which the initial actions of the 

police were justified. See Moore, 286 Ill. App. 3d at 654 (citing cases). None of those cases 

supported a conclusion that a defendant’s flight following an unjustified police action can be the 

basis of a proper seizure. Id. In discussing this, Moore quoted Professor LaFave: 

“ ‘The flight of a person from the presence of police is not standing alone 

sufficient to establish probable cause, unless of course the circumstances are such that the 

flight from the officer itself constitutes a crime. Were it otherwise, “anyone who does 

not desire to talk to the police and who either walks or runs away from them would 

always be subject to legal arrest,” which can hardly “be countenanced under the Fourth 

and Fourteenth Amendments.” ’ 2 W. LaFave, Search & Seizure § 3.6(e), at 323-24 (3d 

ed. 1996).” Id.

¶ 56 A search of other jurisdictions reveals additional cases in which the fruits of an unlawful 

Terry stop were suppressed even though the defendant fled during the stop. See, e.g., United 

States v. Parker, 214 F. Supp. 2d 770, 779-80 (E.D. Mich. 2002); Black v. State, 642 So. 2d 

1147, 1148 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994). Connecticut also follows a set of rules like those seen in 
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Villarreal and Moore, in which the timing of the defendant’s flight is a key factor. Compare 

State v. Oquendo, 613 A.2d 1300 (Conn. 1992), with State v. Groomes, 656 A.2d 646 (Conn. 

1995). Cases in which the flight was viewed as an intervening crime or independent basis for a 

new stop or arrest were based on statutory provisions differing from those interpreted in 

Villarreal and Moore, such that the act of fleeing was itself a crime. See, e.g., United States v. 

Dawdy, 46 F.3d 1427, 1430-31 (8th Cir. 1995) (suppression denied when resistance provided 

independent grounds for arrest); State v. Williams, 926 A.2d 340 (N.J. 2007) (interpreting New 

Jersey’s obstruction statute); Reynolds v. State, 634 S.E.2d 842, 845 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006) (act of 

fleeing was a separate crime).

¶ 57 Finally, the State contends that the evidence was nevertheless admissible under People v. 

Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, a case that considered whether the abandonment of a gun during 

flight from officers broke the causal connection between an illegal stop and the discovery of the 

weapon, making the exclusionary rule inapplicable. 

¶ 58 “Under the exclusionary rule, courts are precluded from admitting evidence that is 

gathered by the police in violation of the fourth amendment.” People v. Bernard, 2015 IL App 

(2d) 140451, ¶ 12. “The fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine is an outgrowth of the 

exclusionary rule.” Id. (citing Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 33). “Under that doctrine, a 

fourth-amendment violation is deemed the poisonous tree, and any evidence obtained by 

exploiting that violation will be suppressed as fruit of that tree.” Id. (citing Henderson, 2013 IL

114040, ¶ 33). The dispositive question is whether, granting the establishment of the primary 

illegality, the objected-to evidence was obtained by exploiting that illegality or instead by a 

means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint. Id. “Said another way, a 

court must consider whether the chain of causation proceeding from the unconstitutional conduct 
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became so attenuated, or was interrupted by some intervening circumstance, as to remove the 

taint imposed by the original illegality.” Id. 

¶ 59 We apply a three-part test to determine whether the causal chain between illegal police 

conduct and the procurement of the evidence is sufficiently attenuated such that the evidence is 

admissible: (1) the amount of time that elapsed between the illegality and the acquisition of 

evidence; (2) any intervening circumstances; and (3) the purpose and the flagrancy of the police 

misconduct. People v. Mitchell, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1030, 1037 (2005) (citing Brown v. Illinois, 

422 U.S. 590, 603-04 (1975)). “The rationale for these rules reflects the justification of the 

exclusionary rule itself—to deter unlawful police conduct.” Id. “Where the acquisition of 

evidence is sufficiently removed from the unlawful police conduct, the deterrent value of 

excluding it is diminished.” Id. 

¶ 60 In Henderson, the defendant fled from a vehicle after an illegal stop and dropped a gun in 

the process. Our supreme court rejected a “but for” test, under which evidence would be 

deemed inadmissible simply because it would not have been discovered but for the primary 

illegality. Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 34. Instead, it found the case akin to California v. 

Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626-29 (1991), in which a defendant dropped contraband during flight 

from officers. Applying dicta from Hodari D., the court in Henderson noted cases in which 

flight from officers brought the contemporaneous tossing of contraband outside the scope of the 

seizure. Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 43. In such a circumstance, the contraband was not 

the fruit of the poisonous tree. Id. 

¶ 61 In comparison, in Mitchell, we held that the exclusionary rule applied when, during an 

illegal stop, an officer discovered that the defendant had an outstanding warrant, and contraband 

was later discovered during a search at the police station. There, the short time between the 
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arrest and the search, and the fact that the officers stopped the defendant for no apparent reason, 

favored suppression. We also viewed the misconduct as particularly flagrant, as the stop 

appeared to be done randomly for the purpose of checking for warrants. Mitchell, 355 Ill. App. 

3d at 1037-38; see also United States v. Camacho, 661 F.3d 718 (1st Cir. 2011) (regardless of the 

legality of a frisk, the discovery of a gun was so tainted by an illegal stop that it was suppressed). 

¶ 62 In Henderson, the defendant’s immediate flight from a stopped vehicle and his 

abandonment of the contraband were sufficient to purge the taint of the unlawful stop. Here, by 

contrast, defendant was simply walking down the street, he submitted to the illegal stop, he was

further confronted with an unlawful attempt to frisk, and then he fled, without abandoning 

anything. This case is more like Mitchell. While the police conduct here perhaps was not as 

flagrant as in Mitchell, the stop was essentially based on nothing other than defendant’s mere 

presence in the area. Further, by the time of the attempted frisk, the 911 callers had told the 

police that defendant was not involved in the crime. Yet the officers insisted on frisking him. 

Defendant responded by lawfully fleeing, and the officers obtained the contraband only after 

they chased and tackled him. Thus, the discovery of the contraband was so tainted by the 

illegal stop that suppression was appropriate. 

¶ 63 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 64 Defendant stated an arguable constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Thus, the trial court erred when it dismissed his postconviction petition. Accordingly, the 

judgment of the circuit court of Stephenson County is reversed, and the cause is remanded for 

further proceedings. 

¶ 65 Reversed and remanded.