COURT O

FILED

APPEALS DIVISION II

2515 APR 114 AM 9: 51

STA

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHING

BY

STATE OF WASHINGTON, 

DIVISION II

Respondent, 

v. 

WILLIAM ALEXANDER MANUS, 

Appellant. 

No. 45532 -3 -II

S - ! NGTONN

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

WORSWICK, J. — Ajury returned a verdict finding William Manus guilty of failure to

register as a sex offender. Manus appeals his conviction, asserting that ( 1) the trial court violated

his public trial right by employing a procedure by which the State and defense counsel exercised

peremptory challenges in writing, and ( 2) the trial court erred by failing to excuse a juror for

cause after the juror told the trial court that he had recognized a State' s witness as someone the

juror knew from his gym. We affirm Manus' s conviction. 

FACTS

On October 21, 2013, the State charged Manus with failure to register as a sex offender. 

Before the start ofjury selection, the trial court told counsel that challenges for cause should be

brought to its attention at sidebar and that peremptory challenges would be done in writing. 

After the trial court and counsel questioned potential jurors at voir dire, the trial court stated that

the attorneys would be " doing their final selection here in writing." Report of Proceedings (RP) 

Oct. 21, 2013) ( Jury Voir Dire) at 66. The trial transcripts then state, "( Attorneys doing their

peremptory challenges)" followed by "( Sidebar held, but not reported)." RP ( Jury Voir Dire) at
No. 45532 -3 -II

67. The trial court swore in the selected jurors. After the jury was excused from the courtroom, 

the following discussion took place: 

Trial court]: I just want to make a quick record regarding our discussion

at sidebar regarding excusing jurors for cause. It was agreed to excuse Juror No. 6

and 29. It' s also agreed to excuse Juror No. 23 because of a scheduling issue, and

also we agreed to excuse Juror No. 19 due to some health issues that she had

indicated on her green form that she had that would hurt her ability to be a juror. 

Counsel, do you wish to supplement the record at all regarding those? 

State] : No, Your Honor. Each ofthose issues was brought to our attention

and the state had no objection to excusing those individual jurors for cause. 

Defense counsel]: Neither did the defense, Your Honor. Thank you. 

RP at 30. That same day, the sheet of paper showing the attorneys' written peremptory

challenges was filed with the court and made part ofthe trial record. This sheet shows that the

State and defense counsel each exercised seven peremptory challenges by writing the names and

numbers of potential jurors they wanted excused from the jury. 

Toward the end of trial, the trial court told counsel that there was a potential issue with a

juror that had recognized one of the State' s witnesses, Tacoma Police Officer Tyler Meeds, 

stating: 

All right. So we have an issue with one juror, Juror No. 11. Last night after we

excused them, he indicated to [ a judicial assistant] that he knows Officer Meeds

from where they work out together. He didn' t know him by name, but he

recognized him when he testified. 

RP at 263. The trial court and counsel then questioned Juror No. 11 about his disclosure: 

Trial court]:... My Judicial Assistant ... brought it to my attention

yesterday afternoon after we broke that you recognized Officer Meeds from the

place that you work out? 

Juror]: Yes. 

Trial court]: Is he somebody that you' re a social acquaintance with? Or

explain to me how you know him. 

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Juror]: I think I met him maybe five years ago, and our relationship is not

like a friend type ofrelationship. It' s just, you know, when I see him, we talk about

sports. I was interested in home protection, and he spoke to me about that. So

that' s really about it. We see each other. We do talk on occasion. So I just wanted

to let you guys know that I did recognize him. 

Trial court]: You haven' t talked to him obviously about this particular

case? 

Juror]: No, I have not. 

Trial court]: Any reason why your knowledge of him or your relationship

with him would affect your ability to be a fair juror in this case? 

Juror]: No, it would not. 

Trial court]: Does the state have any questions? 

State]: I guess I would ask that when you see him, is it primarily at the

gym? 

Juror]: Yes. 

State]: So you don' t get together with him outside the gym? 

Juror] : No, I do not. 

State]: These conversations that you have, generally you have them in the

gym when you guys are working out? 

Juror] : Exactly. 

State]: I don' t have any further questions. Thank you. 

Trial court]: [ Defense counsel], any questions? 

Defense counsel]: No questions, Your Honor. 

RP at 264 -65. Defense counsel requested the trial court to excuse the juror, which request the

trial court denied, stating: 

I don' t think that there is a degree of potential prejudice with this juror that would

cause him to be excused for cause. He didn' t even know the officer' s name. I don' t

think that that' s the kind of affinity with a witness and a juror that would justify

excusing him at this point in the trial. So I' ll not excuse him. I think he can

maintain an open mind and participate and make his decision based on the facts

presented and on the law given to him. 

I also agree with the state somewhat that the arrest of Mr. Manus was based

upon an outstanding warrant. It wasn' t based upon the allegations of failure to

register, and the officer' s testimony only was at the very end of this case. It didn' t

have anything to do with, I guess, the underlying significant issues in the case. 

RP at 268 -69. The jury returned a verdict finding Manus guilty of failure to register as a sex

offender. Manus appeals his conviction. 

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ANALYSIS

I. PUBLIC TRIAL RIGHT

Manus first contends that the trial court violated his public trial right by directing the

State and defense counsel to exercise their peremptory challenges in writing without first

considering the factors set forth in State v. Bone -Club, 128 Wn.2d 254, 906 P.2d 325 ( 1995). 

We recently rejected this same contention in State v. Marks, 184 Wn. App. 782, 339 P. 3d 196

2014). Following Marks, we hold that Manus' s public trial right was not violated by the trial

court' s procedure directing counsel to exercise their peremptory challenges in writing. 

II. DENIAL OF FOR CAUSE CHALLENGE

Next, Manus contends that the trial court erred when it refused to dismiss a juror for

cause after the juror told the trial court that he had recognized Officer Meeds as someone he

knew from his gym. We disagree. 

We review a trial court' s decision whether to remove a juror for cause for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Elmore, 155 Wn.2d 758, 768, 123 P. 3d 72 ( 2005). A trial court abuses its

discretion when it bases its decision on untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Powell, 126

Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P.2d 615 ( 1995). 

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the

Washington Constitution . guarantee the right to trial by an impartial jury. State v. Gonzales, 111

Wn. App. 276, 277, 45 P. 3d 205 ( 2002). Additionally, RCW 2. 36. 110 provides: 

It shall be the duty of a judge to excuse from further jury service any juror, who in

the opinion of the judge, has manifested unfitness as a juror by reason of bias, 

prejudice, indifference, inattention or any physical or mental defect or by reason of

conduct or practices incompatible with proper and efficient jury service. 

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No. 45532 -3 -II

And CrR 6. 5 states, " If at any time before submission of the case to the jury a juror is found

unable to perform the duties the court shall order the juror discharged." RCW 2. 36. 110 and CrR

6. 5 impose on the trial court a continuing obligation to excuse any juror who is unfit to serve on

the jury. State v. Jorden, 103 Wn. App. 221, 227, 11 P.3d 866 ( 2000). The key inquiry for the

trial court in deciding whether to excuse a juror for cause is " whether the challenged juror can set

aside preconceived ideas and try the case fairly and impartially." Hough v. Stockbridge, 152

Wn. App. 328, 341, 216 P. 3d 1077 ( 2009). Because the trial court is able to observe the

challenged juror, it is in the best position to evaluate a juror' s candor, and it may weigh the

credibility ofthe juror based on its observations. Elmore, 155 Wn.2d at 769 n. 3; Jorden, 103

Wn. App. at 229. Thus, absent a manifest abuse of its discretion, we defer to the trial court' s

judgment as to whether a juror should be excused for cause. State v. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d 831, 

839 -40, 809 P. 2d 190 ( 1991). 

Manus argues that the juror' s prior relationship with Meeds demonstrated an actual bias

and an implied bias that rendered the juror unfit to serve on the jury. We disagree. 

A. Actual Bias

Actual bias" is " the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror in reference to

the action, or to either party, which satisfies the court that the challenged person cannot try the

issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights ofthe party challenging." RCW

4.44. 170( 2); CrR 6. 4( c)( 2). A party challenging a juror for actual bias has the burden of

demonstrating such bias by a preponderance ofthe evidence. Ottis v. Stevenson - Carson School

Dist. No. 303, 61 Wn. App. 747, 754, 812 P. 2d 133 ( 1991). It is not sufficient that a party show

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No. 45532 -3 -II

that the challenged juror "has formed or expressed an opinion upon what he or she may have

heard or read," rather, " to sustain the challenge ... the court must be satisfied, from all the

circumstances, that the juror cannot disregard such opinion and try the issue impartially." RCW

4.44. 190; CrR 6. 4( c)( 2). 

Manus does not cite any evidence in the record sufficient to prove actual bias justifying

dismissal of the challenged juror. Instead Manus merely speculates that, because the challenged

juror had known Meeds as an acquaintance at a shared gym for five years and had engaged in

casual conversation with Meeds during that time, the juror "would naturally have felt additional

pressure to supporting [ sic] his friend from the gym and find Manus guilty." Br. of Appellant at

20. But, even ifthis speculative assertion was competent evidence of actual bias, the challenged

juror told the trial court that his prior relationship with Meeds would not affect his " ability to be

a fair juror in this case." RP at 264. The trial court found the juror to be credible in this regard, 

concluding that the juror could " maintain an open mind and participate and make his decision

based on the facts presented and on the law given to him." RP at 268. We defer to the trial

court' s credibility determination, and we hold that Manus has failed to show that the trial court

abused its discretion by failing to dismiss the juror for actual bias. 

B. Implied Bias

Manus similarly fails to show that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to

dismiss the challenged juror for implied bias. RCW 4.44. 180 provides four bases by which a

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No. 45532 -3 -II

juror may be challenged for an implied bias.' Manus admits that the challenged juror' s

relationship with Meeds does not fall within "one ofthe listed statutory bases for implied bias," 

but argues that we should interpret RCW 4.44. 180 broadly under the rule of lenity. Br. of

Appellant at 20. However, Manus fails to provide any argument as to how the juror' s prior

relationship with Meeds would fall within RCW 4.44. 180 even under a broad interpretation of

the statute. Accordingly, we do not further consider Manus' s claim that the trial court erred by

failing to dismiss the challenged juror under RCW 4.44. 180. See State v. Davis, 174 Wn. App. 

623, 641, 300 P. 3d 465, review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1012 ( 2013) ( "Passing treatment of an issue

is insufficient to warrant appellate consideration. "). 

Although we decline to address Manus' s claim under RCW 4.44. 180 for lack of adequate

argument, we must still address whether the trial court abused its discretion by failing to excuse

the challenged juror for implied bias under RCW 2. 36. 110 and CrR 6. 5. Jorden, 103 Wn. App. 

RCW 4.44. 180 states: 

A challenge for implied bias may be taken for any or all of the following causes, 

and not otherwise: 

1) Consanguinity or affinity within the fourth degree to either party. 

2) Standing in the relation of guardian and ward, attorney and client, master

and servant or landlord and tenant, to a party; or being a member ofthe family of, 

or a partner in business with, or in the employment for wages, of a party, or being

surety or bail in the action called for trial, or otherwise, for a party. 

3) Having served as a juror on a previous trial in the same action, or in

another action between the same parties for the same cause of action, or in a

criminal action by the state against either party, upon substantially the same facts

or transaction. 

4) Interest on the part ofthe juror in the event ofthe action, or the principal

question involved therein, excepting always, the interest of the juror as a member

or citizen of the county or municipal corporation. 

Emphasis added). 

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at 227; State v. Boiko, 138 Wn. App. 256, 265, 156 P. 3d 934 ( 2007). But Manus' s implied bias

claim under RCW 2. 36. 110 and CrR 6. 5 suffers from the same infirmity as his actual bias claim

in that the trial court found credible the challenged juror' s statement that his prior relationship

with Meeds would not affect his " ability to be a fair juror in this case." RP at 264. Again, we

defer to the trial court' s credibility determination in this regard and thus hold that Manus fails to

show that the trial court abused its discretion by declining to dismiss the challenged juror based

on an implied bias. Accordingly, we affirm Manus' s conviction. 

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2. 06. 040, it is so ordered. 

We concur: 

Melnick, J.