Agricultural Marketing Service, Specialty Crops Program, Specialty Crops Inspection Division

This PATCH represents official guidance. This PATCH is scheduled to be incorporated into the 

document listed above. After incorporation into the document listed above this PATCH will 

become obsolete. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.

PATCH # 027 Revising “Open Spaces” Scoring Guide (October 3, 2017)

SCI Division Inspection Series

Page 1 of 1

PATCH # 027

DOCUMENT: Cucumber Shipping Point and Market Inspection Instructions, January 1998.

REMARKS: The following replaces the description and scoring guide for “Open Spaces” 

found on page 13 of the Cucumber Shipping Point and Market Inspection Instructions, January

1998.

Open Spaces (Q)

Open spaces in cucumbers occur during dry growing season when the water balance in the fruit 

is greater than the outside supply thus resulting in the absorption of moisture from the seed 

cavity area causing contraction of the inner tissues resulting in open spaces adjacent each seed 

pocket. These spaces may be 1/16 or larger in diameter and from 1 to 3 in number. There are no 

external indications of this disorder and the larger the open space the less seed development.

Scoring Guide

Damage only: When an open space(s) is materially detracting from the appearance or when the 

surrounding tissue is moldy or materially discolored. To determine, cut crosswise in the middle 

of the cucumber. Score as damage if either side of the cut has an open space(s) that is materially 

detracting (see CUC-CP-2), has any amount of mold, or is materially discolored.

Visual aid: CUC-CP-2.
United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh Products 

Branch

Cucumbers 

Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions

 

 

 
Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions for 

Cucumbers 

These inspection instructions are specifically developed and designed by the 

Fresh Products Branch to assist officially licensed inspectors in the interpretation and 

application of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Cucumbers, Section 51.2220, and U.S. 

Standards for Grades of Greenhouse Cucumbers, Section 51.3855. 

These instructions do not establish any substantial rule not legally authorized by 

the official grade standards. This publication supersedes any previously issued 

inspection instructions. 

Refer to General Inspection Instructions for additional information pertaining to 

date, inspection point, carrier, condition of carrier, lading, etc. not covered in these 

instructions. (Reference to "General Inspection Instructions" in all Fresh Product 

Branch publications refers to any of or all of the following - General Shipping Point 

Inspection Instructions, General Market Inspection Instructions, or Fresh Fruit and 

Vegetable Certificate Writing Handbooks.) 

Any portion of these instructions beginning with a section number such as 51.--- 

and followed with bold print is material copied directly from the U.S. standards. 

This replaces instructions dated September/October 1970 

January 1998 

This publication may be duplicated without authorization from USDA
ii

Defects noted with (C) are considered condition factors at market. Defects noted with 

(Q or C) may be considered as quality or condition depending on the circumstances. 

Factors with no notation are considered as quality only. 

Table of Contents 

SECTION PAGE(S) 

PART ONE – CUCUMBERS .................................................................................... 1-16 

(1) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING ......................................................................... 1

Size of Sample ............................................................................................... 1

Number of Samples ........................................................................................ 2 

(2) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ................................... 2

Application of Tolerances ............................................................................... 2 

(3) NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE ...................................................................... 3

Headings on Notesheets ................................................................................ 3

Handwritten Certificates ................................................................................. 3

Product ........................................................................................................... 4

Number/Type of Containers ........................................................................... 4

Brands/Markings ............................................................................................. 4

Origin .............................................................................................................. 4 

(4) CONDITION OF PACK ........................................................................................ 5 

(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ......................................................................... 5 

(6) SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 6

Reporting Size ................................................................................................ 6

Off-size Specimens Which Are Also Defective .................................... 7

Marking as to Count ............................................................................. 7 

(7) DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) ........................................................... 7

Maturity or Development ................................................................................ 7

Cleanness ...................................................................................................... 8

Waxing ................................................................................................. 8

Color ............................................................................................................... 8

Shape ............................................................................................................. 9

Scars .............................................................................................................. 10

Bruises (C)...................................................................................................... 11

Cuts (Q or C) .................................................................................................. 11 
iii

Freshness and Firmness (C) .......................................................................... 11

Insect Damage (Q or C) ................................................................................. 12

Mosaic ............................................................................................................ 12

Pulled Ends .................................................................................................... 12

Shriveled Ends (C) ......................................................................................... 13

Sunken Areas (C) ........................................................................................... 13

Open Spaces (Q) ............................................................................................ 13

Sunscald ......................................................................................................... 14

Yellowing (C) .................................................................................................. 14

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) .................................................................... 14

Decay (C) ....................................................................................................... 15

Anthracnose ......................................................................................... 15

Bacterial Soft Rot ................................................................................. 15

Black Rot ............................................................................................. 15

Cottony Leak ........................................................................................ 15 

PART TWO – GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS ......................................................... 16-28 

(1) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING ......................................................................... 16

Size of Sample ............................................................................................... 16

Number of Samples ........................................................................................ 16 

(2) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATIONS OF TOLERANCES ................................ 17

Application of Tolerances ............................................................................... 17 

(3) NOTESHEETS AND CERTIFICATES ................................................................. 17

Headings on Notesheets ................................................................................ 18

Handwritten Certificates ................................................................................. 18

Product ........................................................................................................... 18

Number/Type of Containers ........................................................................... 18

Brands/Markings ............................................................................................. 18

Origin .............................................................................................................. 19 

(4) CONDITION OF PACK ........................................................................................ 19 

(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ......................................................................... 20 

(6) SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 20

Reporting Size ................................................................................................ 20

Off-size Specimens Which Are Also Defective .................................... 21

Marking as to Count ............................................................................. 21 

(7) DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) ........................................................... 21

Cleanness ...................................................................................................... 21

Color ............................................................................................................... 22 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-7(a) 

Page iii, Table of Contents, Cucumbers, Shipping Point 

and Market Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

****  
iii

Freshness and Firmness (C) .......................................................................... 11

Insect Damage (Q or C) ................................................................................. 12

Mosaic ............................................................................................................ 12

Pulled Ends .................................................................................................... 12

Shriveled Ends (C) ......................................................................................... 13

Sunken Areas (C) ........................................................................................... 13

Open Spaces .................................................................................................. 13

Sunscald ......................................................................................................... 14

Yellowing (C) .................................................................................................. 14

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) .................................................................... 14

Decay (C) ....................................................................................................... 15

Anthracnose ......................................................................................... 15

Bacterial Soft Rot ................................................................................. 15

Black Rot ............................................................................................. 15

Cottony Leak ........................................................................................ 15 

PART TWO – GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS ......................................................... 16-28 

(1) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING ......................................................................... 16

Size of Sample ............................................................................................... 16

Number of Samples ........................................................................................ 16 

(2) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATIONS OF TOLERANCES ................................ 17

Application of Tolerances ............................................................................... 17 

(3) NOTESHEETS AND CERTIFICATES ................................................................. 17

Headings on Notesheets ................................................................................ 18

Handwritten Certificates ................................................................................. 18

Product ........................................................................................................... 18

Number/Type of Containers ........................................................................... 18

Brands/Markings ............................................................................................. 18

Origin .............................................................................................................. 19 

(4) CONDITION OF PACK ........................................................................................ 19 

(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ......................................................................... 20 

(6) SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 20

Reporting Size ................................................................................................ 20

Off-size Specimens Which Are Also Defective .................................... 21

Marking as to Count ............................................................................. 21 

(7) DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) ........................................................... 21

Cleanness ...................................................................................................... 21

Color ............................................................................................................... 22 

Revised, December 1999, HU-144-5(a) 

Page iii, Table of Contents, Cucumbers, Shipping Point 

and Market Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

** ** ****
iv

Scars .............................................................................................................. 23

Bruises (C)...................................................................................................... 24

Cuts (Q or C) .................................................................................................. 24

Freshness and Firmness (C) .......................................................................... 25

Insect Damage (Q or C) ................................................................................. 25

Mosaic ............................................................................................................ 25

Pulled Ends .................................................................................................... 26

Shriveled Ends (C) ......................................................................................... 26

Sunken Areas (C) ........................................................................................... 27

Yellowing (C) .................................................................................................. 27

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) .................................................................... 27

Decay (C) ....................................................................................................... 28

Anthracnose ......................................................................................... 28

Bacterial Soft Rot ................................................................................. 28

Black Rot ............................................................................................. 28

Cottony Leak ........................................................................................ 28 

PART THREE – PICKLING CUCUMBERS .............................................................. 29 

(1) GENERAL ........................................................................................................... 29 

(2) INSPECTION PROCEDURES ............................................................................. 29 

Appendix I -- U. S. Standards 

United States Standards for Grades of Cucumbers 

United States Standards for Grades of Greenhouse Cucumbers 

Appendix II – Notesheet & Certificate Examples
(See length page 6) 

7 inches in length. 

Field Grown “Regular Cucumbers”
1

PART ONE 

CUCUMBERS 

There are three distinct types of cucumbers: Field grown; what we recognize as 

regular cucumbers, Greenhouse cucumbers; the long, normally individually wrapped, 

commonly known as seedless cucumbers, and Pickling cucumbers; the small, short 

normally warty cucumbers used for pickling. Part One of these inspection instructions 

contains inspection procedures and scoring guidelines for the field grown cucumbers. 

Part Two contains instructions for greenhouse cucumbers. Part Three contains 

instructions for pickling cucumbers which are not covered by the U.S. grade standard 

when inspected in fresh market channels. The U.S. Standards for Grades of Pickling 

Cucumbers are intended for use as a basis for determining the quality of cucumbers for 

pickling as they are delivered by the growers to a brining plant, pickling plant, or loading 

station. 

(1) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING 

The importance of obtaining representative samples cannot be over emphasized. 

Accurate certification is possible only if the samples examined are truly representative 

of the entire lot or accessible portion. All portions of a lot or load should receive the 

same attention in sampling regardless of the difficulty involved in reaching all layers or 

parts of a load. 

Size of Sample 

The tolerances of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Cucumbers are determined 

on the basis of count. Examine at least fifty cucumbers from containers with 50 or 

more specimens. When there is less than 50 specimens per container the entire 

contents must be examined regardless of quality or condition of the lot. Whenever 

defects exceed the container or lot tolerance in one or more samples, the entire 

contents of at least one of these samples must be examined. 

When the size of samples is not uniform, the percentages shall be determined 

for each sample. Percentages must be totaled and divided by the number of samples 

examined, in order to determine the average percentage for the lot. 
2

Number of Samples 

Due to potential variations in size, quality, condition, or all of these, no definite 

rule can be provided as to a required number of samples. It is the inspector's 

responsibility to examine enough samples to ensure an accurate picture of the entire 

lot. However, for lots containing less than 100 cartons, a minimum of three samples 

shall be inspected. 

(2) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 

§ 51.2227 Tolerances (a) In order to allow for variations incident to proper 

grading and handling in each of the foregoing grades the following 

tolerances by count, shall be permitted: 

(1) For defects. 10 percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 1 percent for 

decay; and, 

(2) For off-size. 10 percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the 

length and diameter requirements, including therein not more than 5 

percent for cucumbers which fail to meet the requirements for minimum 

diameter, and not more than 5 percent for cucumbers which fail to meet the 

requirements for maximum diameter. 

 Total Defects 10% 

 including decay 1% 

 Total Offsize (including min. length) 10% 

 including min. diameter 5% 

 max. diameter 5% 

There is no separate tolerance provided for length. A lot may have 10 percent 

which do not meet the specified length, as long as the total offsize (including minimum 

and maximum diameter) averages within the tolerance allowed. For example, a lot may 

have 8 percent by count under the specified length and 2 percent under the required 

minimum diameter and still meet size requirements. 

Application of Tolerances 

§ 51.2228 Application of tolerances. (a) The contents of individual 

packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the 
3

following limitations: Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are 

within the tolerances specified for the grade: 

(1) For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot 

shall have not more than one and one half times the tolerance specified, 

except that when the package contains 15 specimens or less, individual 

packages shall have not more than double the tolerance specified; and, 

(2) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot 

shall have not more than double the tolerance specified, except that at 

least one defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted in any 

package. 

When inspecting on the basis of the U.S. Extra No. 1 grade, individual packages 

cannot have less than 40 percent U.S. Fancy cucumbers. 

(3) NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE 

Entries on the notesheet and certificate are to be kept in a legible and accurate 

manner. Notations shall be recorded so anyone familiar with inspection procedures can 

interpret and write a certificate. When the inspection is complete, it is the responsibility 

of the inspector to ensure all information is properly recorded. 

Headings on Notesheets 

Detailed instructions pertaining to date, inspection point, place of inspection, type 

of carrier, lading, etc., which are not covered by these instructions may be found in the 

General Inspection Instructions. Additional information and instructions may be given 

by your supervisor. 

Handwritten Certificates 

The handwritten certificate, (FV-184 at shipping point and FV-300 at market) 

should be written with great care since they are given to the applicant at the completion 

of the inspection. 

Please refer to the FV-184 or FV-300 certificate handbooks and your immediate 

supervisor for complete instructions regarding the procedures to follow when writing 

certificates. 
4

Product 

"Cucumbers" shall be used to describe this commodity in the "Product" heading. 

This is sufficient as the standards do not require cucumbers to be of one variety or of 

similar varietal characteristics. 

Number/Type of Containers 

The number of containers shall always be reported. The count of large lots 

certified in a warehouse or on a platform may be reported on the authority of someone 

other than the inspector. However, the inspector is responsible for assuring that the 

approximate number of the containers reported in the lot are present. Small lots (100 

containers or less) that can be counted with accuracy are to be reported on the 

inspector's authority as "inspector's count." 

Cucumbers are generally shipped in cartons, wirebound crates, lugs or bushel 

baskets. The type of container shall always be reported under this heading. 

Brands/Markings 

The brand, variety, size, count, point of origin and other important information 

appearing on the container should be reported on the notesheet in the 

"Brands/Markings" section. Only the brand name and other pertinent information 

should appear in this section on the certificate. 

Frequently containers will be stamped "Super Select," "Select," "Extra Large," 

"Jumbo," etc. These are terms used by the trade to designate a certain size or quality. 

These terms have no bearing on the U.S. standards, but should be quoted on the 

certificate along with other identifying marks. 

Origin 

The inspector should not make a positive statement on their own authority, but 

when container markings list the State or country of origin, it should be quoted in the 

appropriate space on notesheets and certificates. This policy is necessary because 

some firms may use one mark on the same product packed in several States. The 

inspector can certify only to the marks and has no means of knowing what State or 

country the cucumbers are grown. If packages are not marked or the cucumbers are in 

bulk, refer to the General Inspection Instructions. 

 
5

(4) CONDITION OF PACK 

The following terms should be used to describe pack: 

Baskets and crates:

Very Tight. This pack is too tight and usually results in bruising. 

Tight. Meaning that there is at least 1/2 inch bulge of the cover and the face is 

reasonably even. 

Fairly Tight. This pack is tight enough to prevent movement within the 

container, but not packed so tightly that damage may result. 

Slightly Slack. This term shall be used to describe the condition when the 

surface of the cucumbers are only slightly below the top of the package and that there 

is moderate movement of cucumbers within the container. 

Slack. This is a loose pack in which the contents are below the top of the 

container. The amount of slackness shall be reported in inches or fractions of an inch 

below the top of the container. 

Cartons:

Well Filled. Cucumbers are level with the top edge of the container.

Fairly Well Filled. Cucumbers are not in contact with the lid or cover, but not 

more than 1-1/2 inches below the lid or cover. 

Slack. The cucumbers are more than 1-1/2 inches below the lid or cover. The 

amount of slackness shall be reported in inches or fractions of an inch below the lid. 

(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT 

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions for information not covered in this 

section. 

Inspectors would not normally determine or report temperatures at shipping 

point. However, due to the importance of the pulp temperature of fresh fruits and 

vegetables when in transit or at destination, it is essential that the inspector accurately 

read and report the temperature or range in temperatures on each lot. Pulp 

temperature should be reported regardless of the location of the product, whether in the 
6

carrier, warehouse, or stacked on the platform. Remember to pre-cool the thermometer 

in order to obtain true readings. 

(6) SIZE 

 SIZE REQUIREMENTS 

GRADE DIAMETER LENGTH 

U.S. Fancy 2-3/8 in. max. 6 in. min. 

U.S. Extra No. 1 2-3/8 in. max. 6 in. min. 

U.S. No. 1 2-3/8 in. max. UOS* 6 in. min. UOS*

U.S. No. 1 Small 1-1/2 in. min. 

2 in. max. 

No requirements 

U.S. No. 1 Large 2-1/4 in. min. 6 in. min. UOS*

U.S. No. 2 2-3/8 in. max. UOS* 5 in. min. UOS*

* UOS (Unless Otherwise Specified) 

Size requirements in U.S. Standards for Grades of Cucumbers for the U.S. 

Fancy, U.S. Extra No. 1, and U.S. No. 1 Small are definite and cannot be otherwise 

specified. The size requirements for U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 may be otherwise 

specified. In the U.S. No. 1 Large grade the minimum diameter of 2-1/4 inches cannot 

be otherwise specified, but the length of 6 inches may be otherwise specified. 

Reporting Size 

Diameter. This is the greatest dimension measured at right angles to the 

longitudinal axis, exclusive of the warts. Round hole measuring gauges should be used 

in determining the diameter. 

Length. This is the greatest overall length measured in a straight line parallel to 

the longitudinal axis exclusive of the stem. A ruler or measuring tape may be used in 

determining the length. 

When describing size, the range in length and diameter of the cucumber must be 

reported. Dimensions shall be reported in inches and fractions of inches. Unless the 

range is narrow, it is desirable to show the size of "most" of the specimens in order to 

give the general size impression of the lot. Size columns are to be kept on notesheets 

to substantiate the size reported on the certificate. 
7

Off-size Specimens Which Are Also Defective

Undersize and oversize cucumbers which are also defective should be scored 

twice; first as off-size, second as a grade defect. This is necessary because the grades 

have separate tolerances for off-size and grade defects. Generally the percentage of 

off-size specimens that are also defective will be negligible, and will make no material 

difference in the grade certification. When the percentage of off-size specimens that 

are also defective amounts to 1% or more, the percentage of defective cucumbers 

which are also offsize must be reported. Report this information in the "Other" section 

on market certificates and in the "Description of Product" section on shipping point 

certificates. For example: 3% undersize included in 8% quality defects. Oversize 

should be treated the same way. 

Marking as to Count

Count is be reported only when specifically requested by the applicant. When so 

requested, report the range of cucumbers per container and the average for the lot in 

the “Other“ section on market certificates and in the “Description of Products" section 

on shipping point certificate. For example "Counts range from 18 to 26, average 24 

cucumbers per container.” It will be necessary to state in the "Remarks" section of 

certificates and notesheets “Count reported at applicant's request.” 

(7) DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) 

Statements pertaining to freshness, maturity, shape, color, the amount and type 

of defects, and the amount of decay are shown under the appropriate headings. Those 

factors noted with (C) shall be reported as CONDITION factors on market certificates. 

Those factors noted with (Q or C) may be considered as QUALITY or CONDITION, 

depending on the circumstances. Factors with no notation are considered as QUALITY

only. 

Maturity or Development 

All U.S. grades require that cucumbers not be "Overgrown." 

§ 51.2231 Overgrown. "Overgrown" means that the cucumber has 

developed beyond the best stage for slicing. It usually yields to slight 

pressure of the thumb. The seeds may be tough and fibrous, and the pulp 

in the seed cavity is usually watery or jelly-like. In more advanced cases, 

pithy streaks may be found in the flesh of the cucumber. 

 
8

Overgrown cucumbers are generally large, and dull in color. Any one, or a 

combination of the symptoms of the cucumbers having developed beyond the proper 

stage for slicing may be present. The objectionable specimens may have tough and 

fibrous seeds and flesh, and may be unpalatable in flavor. The pulp in the seed cavity 

is usually watery or jelly-like. Cucumbers that are overgrown shall be scored against all 

grades and treated as a quality defect. Yellowing, lack of firmness and lack of 

freshness when not associated with overmaturity shall be treated as a condition factor 

(see yellowing). 

Cleanness 

The U.S. grades for cucumbers have the following requirements for cleanness: 

U. S. Fancy, U. S. Extra No. 1, U. S. No. 1, U. S. No. 1 Large, & 

U. S. No. 1 Small: Free from damage by dirt or other foreign material. 

U. S. No. 2: Free from serious damage by dirt or other foreign material. 

Scoring Guide 

Clean means that the cucumber is practically free from damage by dirt or 

staining. Dirt or staining is scored as damage when the appearance of the individual 

cucumber is materially affected. The appearance must be seriously affected to be 

scored as serious damage. 

Waxing

Most cucumbers are waxed to give them a better appearance, and also to help 

prevent shriveling due to loss of moisture. If the inspector is certain the cucumbers 

have been waxed, it may reported in general terms in the “Other” section on the market 

certificate if requested. 

Color 

The U. S. grades for cucumbers have the following requirements for color: 

U. S. Fancy: Well colored. 

U.S Extra No. 1: At least 50 percent must be well colored, the remainder 

fairly well colored. 

 
9

U. S. No. 1, U. S. No. 1 Large & U.S. No. 1 Small: Fairly well colored. 

U. S. No. 2: Moderately colored. 

Definitions: 

§ 51.2229 Well colored. 'Well colored" means that not less than threefourths of the surface of the cucumber is of a medium green or darker 

color, and that at least a light green color extends to the blossom end on 

one side of the cucumber. 

§ 51.2235 Fairly well colored. "Fairly well colored" means that not less 

than two-thirds of the surface of the cucumber is of a medium green or 

darker color, and that at least a light green color extends to within one-half 

inch of the blossom end on one side of the cucumber. 

§ 51.2237 Moderately colored. "Moderately colored" means that at least 

one-half of the surface of the cucumber is of a light green or darker color. 

Green color is one of the most important factors affecting the market value of 

cucumbers. Cucumbers may lack green color due to overshadowing from vines or 

weeds. Such cucumbers are whitish or pale green and would not meet the minimum of 

medium green required for well colored or fairly well colored. They may show 

sufficient green color to be considered moderately colored. The term poorly colored 

shall be used to describe cucumbers that fail to meet the requirements of any grade. 

Poorly colored should not be confused with yellowing (see yellowing). 

Refer to CC-1 for medium green color. 

Shape 

The U.S. grades for cucumbers have the following requirements for shape: 

U.S. Fancy: Well formed. 

U.S. Extra No. 1: At least 50 percent well formed, the remainder fairly well 

formed. 

U.S. No. 1, U. S. No. 1 Large & U.S. No. 1 Small: Fairly well formed. 

U.S. No. 2: Not badly deformed. 
10

Definitions: 

§ 51.2230 Well formed. "Well formed" means that the cucumber is 

practically straight and not more than very slightly constricted or more 

than moderately tapered or pointed. 

§ 51.2236 Fairly well formed. "Fairly well formed" means that the 

cucumber may be moderately curved but not deeply constricted, not 

extremely tapered or pointed and not otherwise misshapen. 

§ 51.2238 Badly deformed. "Badly deformed" means that the cucumber is 

so badly curved, constricted, tapered or otherwise so badly misshapen that 

the appearance is seriously affected. 

For examples of shape see the illustrations in U.S. Standards for Grades of 

Cucumbers (Appendix I) and official slides 215-222. 

Scars 

Scars generally consist of brownish corky tissue formed on the surface of the 

cucumber as a result of injury caused by vines or leaves rubbing against the cucumber. 

The U.S. Fancy grade requires cucumbers to be free from injury; U.S. No. 1 free from 

damage; and U.S. No. 2 free from serious damage caused by scars. 

Scoring Guide 

§ 51.2232 Injury caused by scars. "Injury caused by scars" means scars 

which aggregate more than the area of a circle three-eighths inch in 

diameter on a cucumber 6 inches in length, or correspondingly greater 

areas of scars on larger cucumbers. 

§ 51.2233 Damage. (a) Scars when aggregating more than the area of a 

circle five-eighths inch in diameter on a cucumber 6 inches in length, or 

correspondingly smaller or greater areas of scars on smaller or larger 

cucumbers, respectively. 

§ 51.2239 Serious damage. (a) Scars when aggregating more than the area 

of a circle 1 inch in diameter on a cucumber 6 inches in length, or 

correspondingly smaller or greater areas of scars on smaller or larger 

cucumbers, respectively. 

Refer to CUC-CP-1. 
11

Bruises (C) 

Bruising may result from a pack that is too tight or rough handling. Bruises are 

usually soft, flattened or depressed areas with the underlying flesh discolored. 

Scoring Guide 

§ 51.2233 Damage. (c) Bruises when materially affecting the appearance of 

the cucumber, or when sack imprints affect an aggregate area greater than 

that of a circle 2 1/4 inches in diameter. 

§ 51.2239 Serious Damage. (b) Bruises when seriously affecting the 

appearance of the cucumber, or when sack imprints affect more than onethird of the surface of the cucumber. 

Refer to CUC-1-IDENT. 

Cuts (Q or C) 

Cuts are areas where some flesh of the cucumber has been exposed. They can 

occur during harvest or when being packed. Cuts are injurious in that they open the 

way for decay. All grades require cucumbers to be free from damage by cuts. 

Scoring Guide 

§ 51.2233 Damage. (b) Cuts which are fresh and more than slight. 

Cuts which exceed 3/8 inch in length are to be considered as more than slight on 

a cucumber 6 inches in length (correspondingly lesser or greater areas on smaller or 

larger cucumbers.) 

Score as a quality factor when cuts are old and healed. Score as a condition 

factor when the cut is fresh and unhealed. 

Freshness and Firmness (C) 

All grades require cucumbers to be Fresh and Firm. 

Fresh. Fresh means that the cucumbers are bright, not wilted, yellow or 

exhibiting other symptoms of aging. 

Firm. Firm means that the cucumbers are plump and are not soft or shriveled. 

 
12

Scoring Guide 

Cucumbers that are not fresh or firm shall be scored using the term which best 

describe their condition such as wilted, soft, and spongy. 

Insect Damage (Q or C) 

Insect damage may be caused by several types of insects. Some of these, such 

as the Cucumber Beetle, gnaw on the cucumber causing it to become deformed and 

lumpy or warty in appearance, others like the Pickle Worm, bore into the cucumber. 

Insect damage which breaks the skin of the cucumber can be particularly injurious as it 

frequently permits organisms to gain entrance and cause decay. 

Scoring Guide 

Score under the general definitions of damage and serious damage 

In transit or at destination, if damage is fresh, or if live insect(s) are present or a 

combination of live and dead, report as a condition factor. Report as a quality factor 

when the damage is old or if the insect(s) are dead. 

Mosaic 

The exact cause of this disease is not known. It is known, however, that the 

infection can be spread from diseased to healthy plants by artificial means and by 

sucking or chewing insects. Mosaic virus first appears in plants 6-8 weeks old, when 

plants are beginning to elongate quickly. Later, a yellow mottle develops on all leaves, 

with some leaf distortion and plant stunting. As this disease develops the cucumber 

becomes a light yellowish-green, with dark green raised spots. The fruit feels rough and 

warty. 

Scoring Guide 

Score under the general definitions of damage and serious damage. 

Pulled Ends 

When a cucumber is improperly clipped or pulled sharply from the vine the stem 

may be pulled from the cucumber leaving the flesh exposed. Even though the injury is 

generally healed and dry score as a quality defect based on the following guides. 
13

Scoring Guide

Score as damage when: 

1. Any breaking of the flesh at the stem end aggregating more than the area of a circle 

1/2 inch in diameter, including the stem scar if the stem has been removed. 

2. Any breaking of the flesh at the stem end aggregating more than the area of a circle 

3/8 inch in diameter and over 1/8 inch in depth, including stem scar if stem has been removed. 

3. Any breaking regardless of area if more than 1/4 inch in depth. 

Pulled ends are never scored as serious damage, therefore they would not be scored 

against the U.S. No. 2 grade. 

Shriveled Ends (C) 

Cucumbers which show shriveling or puckering of the skin at one or both ends indicate 

that the flesh is tough and rubbery and likely to have a bitter taste. 

Scoring Guide 

Score under the general definitions of damage or serious damage. 

Sunken Areas (C) 

Sunken areas, which can be caused by low temperature, are one of the more common 

defects that affect cucumbers. These areas, which vary in size and depth, weaken the tissue 

beneath and serve as an opening for secondary infection. 

Scoring Guide 

When sunken areas exceed 3/8 inch in diameter (aggregate area), score as damage, 

when exceeding 5/8 inch in diameter (aggregate area) score as serious damage. Any sunken 

area that shows mold or decay must be scored as decay. 

Open Spaces (Q) 

Open spaces in cucumbers occur during dry growing season when the water balance in 

the fruit is greater than the outside supply thus resulting in the absorption of moisture from the 

seed cavity area causing contraction of the inner tissues resulting in open spaces adjacent each 

seed pocket. These spaces may be from 1/16 to 1/2 inch in diameter and from 1 to 3 in 

number. There are no external indications of this disorder and the larger the open space the 

less seed development. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when the open spaces number three or more, each exceeding 1/2 

inch or equivalent diameter or when the tissue is discolored, moldy or dehydrated. Open 

spaces would not be considered serious damage and not scored against the U.S. No. 2 grade. 

Revised, May 2011, HU-155-7(b) 

Page 13, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

****  
14

Sunscald (Q) 

Sunscald is caused by the exposure of the cucumber to direct sunlight. It 

appears as sunken areas which become tan or creamy-white in color. Often the outer 

skin becomes thin, parchment-like and papery. 

Scoring Guide 

The U.S. Fancy and U.S. No. 1 grades require cucumbers to be free from 

sunscald, the U.S. No. 2 grade requires cucumbers to be free from damage. When 

sunscald exceeds 5/8 inch in diameter (aggregate area) score as damage. 

Refer to CUC-CP-1. 

Yellowing (C) 

It is important not to confuse yellowish color on the ground side of the cucumber 

(yellow bellies), or cucumbers lacking green color (poorly colored cucumbers), with 

yellowing that results from aging. However, keep in mind if a cucumber has a ground 

spot that is a “yellow” color from aging and affects enough of an area to materially affect 

the appearance it should be scored. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when any spot of yellow color predominates over the green on 

any portion of the cucumber, or when the appearance is materially affected. Score as 

serious damage when the aggregate area of yellow color, which predominates over the 

green, exceeds that of a circle 1/2 inch in diameter, or when the appearance is seriously 

affected. 

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) 

Freezing injury is the term that should be used when it is evident that the 

cucumbers have been frozen but are not in a frozen condition at the time of inspection. 

The cucumbers may be soft and flabby with watersoaked, discolored areas. The term 

"frozen" should only be used when there are ice crystals present within the cucumbers. 

When reporting freezing or freezing injury it is important to give the following 

information:

• Record pulp temperatures taken at various locations. 

• Determine and record extent of the injury in the load. 

• Determine and record extent of the injury in the containers. 

 

** **  

Revised, March 2006, HU-151-4(a) 

Page 14, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 
15

• Determine and record degree to which individual specimens are affected. 

• Describe the pattern of freezing or freezing injury in clear, concise terms. 

When the location of injury indicates where or when the freezing occurred this is 

to be stated. For example “freezing injury so located to indicate occurred after packing, 

but not in present location.” 

Decay (C) 

There are various types of decay that affect cucumbers, such as Anthracnose, 

Bacterial Soft Rot, Black Rot and Cottony Leak. The type of decay is not to be reported 

on the certificate. However, when decay is in excess of the tolerance, report the stage 

of advancement: early, moderate, or advanced. 

Do not score moldy/decayed stems. This fact may be reported at applicant’s 

request. 

Anthracnose

This is one of the most common diseases of cucumbers. All above ground parts 

of the plant are affected and on the fruit itself the disease first appears as small, more or 

less circular, or oval water-soaked spots. As these enlarge, the fungus sporulates 

abundantly, producing orange-pink slimy spore masses; later the lesions turn black. 

Often, the tissues underneath are dry and the sunken skin cracks exposing the tissues 

to invasion by soft rot organisms. 

Bacterial Soft Rot

Bacterial soft rot usually gains entry by breaks in the skin. The early symptoms 

of this decay are watersoaking and a pronounced softening of the flesh about the point 

of infection. As the decay advances, the infected fruits become soft and mushy. This 

decay is usually accompanied by an offensive odor. 

Black Rot

The decayed spots on the fruit are first oval to circular and greasy-green in color, 

later becoming dark brown. The rot develops within the fruit, and the whole cucumber 

becomes darker colored and soft, but not of a slimy consistency. 

Cottony Leak

The first symptoms are soft, dark green, and water soaked lesions; later, as the 

mycelium penetrates the tissues, liquid is liberated in large quantities. In the moderately 

humid atmosphere of containers during transit, a very luxuriant, white, cottony mycelium 

is produced. 

** **  

Revised, April 2004, HU-147-6(b) 

Page 15, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

16 

PART TWO 

GREENHOUSE CUCUMBERS 

(1) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING 

The importance of obtaining representative samples cannot be over emphasized. 

Accurate certification is possible only if the samples examined are truly representative 

of the entire lot or accessible portion. All portions of a lot or load should receive the 

same attention on sampling regardless of the difficulty involved in reaching all layers or 

parts of a lot or load. 

Greenhouse cucumbers are generally enclosed in shrink wrap which can mask 

defects. Please keep in mind it will be necessary to remove cello wrapping (unless 

obviously decayed) in order to accurately identify defects. 

Size of Sample 

The tolerances of the U. S. Standards for Greenhouse Cucumbers are 

determined on the basis of count. When packed in containers the entire contents 

shall be the sample. When in bulk or bulk bins the sample shall consist of at least 25

cucumbers. The sample size should be at least double if the application of tolerances 

is exceeded. 

Number of Samples 

Due to potential variations in size, quality, condition, or all of these, no definite 

rule can be provided as to a required number of samples. It is the inspector's 

responsibility to examine enough samples to ensure an accurate picture of the entire 

lot. However, for lots containing less than 100 cartons, a minimum of three samples 

shall be inspected. 

 
17

(2) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATIONS OF TOLERANCES 

§ 51.3857 Tolerances In order to allow for variations incident to proper 

grading and handling in the foregoing grades the following tolerances, by 

count, shall be permitted in any lot: 

(a) For defects. Ten percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the 

requirements of the specified grade: Provided, that included in these 

amounts not more than 1 percent for decay. 

(b) For off-size. Five percent for cucumbers in any lot which are below a 

specified minimum length and 5 percent for cucumbers longer than a 

specified maximum length. 

Total Defects 10% 

 including decay 1% 

Under specified min. length 5% 

Over specified max. length 5% 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.3858 Application of tolerances (a) For a tolerance of 10 percent or 

more, individual samples may contain not more than one and one-half 

times the tolerance specified except that when the lot consists of 

containers with 18 cucumbers or less, individual containers may contain 

not more than double the tolerance specified: and provided, that the 

average is within the specified lot tolerance. 

(b) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual samples may contain 

not more than double the tolerance specified: Provided, that at least one 

defective and one off-size cucumber may be permitted in any sample: and 

provided further, that the average is within the specified lot tolerance. 

(3) NOTESHEETS AND CERTIFICATES 

Entries on the notesheet and certificate are to be kept in a legible and accurate 

manner. Notations shall be recorded so anyone familiar with inspection procedures can 

interpret and write a certificate. When the inspection is complete, it is the responsibility 

of the inspector to ensure all information is properly recorded. 

 

Revised, December 1999, HU-144-5(c) 

Page 17, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

** **  
18

Headings on Notesheets 

Detailed instructions pertaining to date, inspection point, place of inspection, type 

of carrier, lading, etc., which are not covered by this section may be found in the 

General Inspection Instructions. Additional information and instructions may be given 

by your supervisor. 

Handwritten Certificates 

The handwritten certificates, (FV-184 at shipping point and FV-300 at market ) 

should be written with great care since they are given to the applicant after completion 

of the inspection. 

Please refer to the FV-184 or FV-300 certificate handbooks and your immediate 

supervisor for complete instructions regarding the proper procedures to follow when 

writing certificates. 

Product 

"Greenhouse Cucumbers" shall be used to described this commodity in the 

"Product" heading. 

Number/Type of Containers 

The number of containers shall always be reported. The count of large lots 

certified in a warehouse or on a platform may be reported on the authority of someone 

other than the inspector. However, the inspector is responsible for assuring that the 

approximate number of the containers reported in the lot are present. Small lots (100 

containers or less) that can be counted with accuracy are to be reported on the 

inspector's authority as "inspector's count." 

Greenhouse cucumbers are generally shipped in one or two layer cartons. The 

type of the container shall always be reported under this heading. 

Brands/Markings 

The brand, variety, size, count, point of origin and other important information 

appearing on the container should be reported on the notesheet in the 

"Brands/Markings" section. Only the brand name and other pertinent information 

should appear in this section on the certificate. 
19

Origin 

The inspector should not make a positive statement on their own authority, but 

when container markings list the State or country of origin, it should be quoted in the 

appropriate space on notesheets and certificates. This policy is necessary because 

some firms may use one mark on the same product packed in several States. The 

inspector can certify only to the marks and has no means of knowing what State or 

country the cucumbers are grown. If packages are not marked or the cucumbers are in 

bulk, refer to the General Inspection Instructions. 

(4) CONDITION OF PACK 

The following terms shall be used to describe pack: 

Very Tight. This pack is too tight and usually results in bruising. 

Fairly Tight. This pack is tight enough to prevent movement within the 

container, but not packed so tightly that damage may result. 

Loose. This means packed so loose to allow movement which may cause 

damage. 

The following requirements for standard pack is only determined when 

specifically requested by the applicant as it is not a requirement of the grade(s). 

§ 51.3859 Standard pack. 

(a) Each cucumber shall be completely enclosed in a shrink wrapper. 

(b) Cucumbers shall be fairly uniform in size and packed fairly tight in 

 layers in containers according to approved and recognized methods. 

(1) Fairly uniform in size means that not more than 10 percent, by count, of 

the cucumbers in any container shall vary more that 2 inches in length. 

(2) In order to allow for variations incident to proper packing, not more than 

10 percent, by count, of the containers in any lot may fail to meet these 

requirements.

Important points to remember when determining standard pack. 

• Application of tolerances do not apply to standard pack. Not more than 10% 

of the containers in a lot may fail to meet the requirements of standard pack. 
20

• A lot of cucumbers can fail to meet standard pack and still meet grade. The 

grade statement would be as follows: “U.S. No. 1. Fails to meet the 

requirements of standard pack.” 

• It is to be noted in “Remarks” section of certificates and notesheets “Standard 

pack determined at applicant’s request.” 

(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT 

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions for information not covered in this 

section. 

Inspectors would not normally determine or report temperatures at shipping 

point. However, due to the importance of the pulp temperature of fresh fruits and 

vegetables, when in transit or at destination, it is essential that the inspector accurately 

read and report the temperature or range in temperatures on each lot. Pulp 

temperature should be reported regardless of the location of the product, whether in the 

carrier, warehouse, or stacked on the platform. Remember to pre-cool the thermometer 

in order to obtain true readings. 

(6) SIZE 

The U.S. Standards for Grades of Greenhouse Cucumbers size requirements for 

the U.S. Fancy, U. S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2 grades state that unless otherwise 

specified the minimum length shall be not less than 11 inches. There is a 5 percent 

tolerance for undersize and if the applicant specifies a maximum length there is a 

separate 5 percent tolerance for oversize. 

Reporting Size 

Length. This is the greatest overall length measured in a straight line parallel to 

the longitudinal axis. A ruler or measuring tape may be used in determining the length. 

When describing size the range in length shall be reported in inches and 

fractions of inches. Unless the range is narrow (one inch or less), it is desirable to show 

the size of "most" of the specimens in order to give the general size impression of the 

lot. Size columns are to be kept on notesheets to substantiate the size reported on the 

certificate. 
21

Off-size Specimens Which Are Also Defective

Undersize and oversize cucumbers which are also defective should be scored 

twice; first as off-size, second as a grade defect. This is necessary because the grades 

have separate tolerances for off-size and grade defects. Generally the percentage of 

off-size specimens that are also defective will be negligible, and will make no material 

difference in the grade certification. When the percentage of off-size specimens that 

are also defective amounts to 1% or more, the percentage of defective cucumbers 

which are also offsize must be reported. Report this information in the "Other" section 

on market certificates and in the "Description of Product" section on shipping point 

certificates. For example: 3% undersize included in 8% quality defects. Oversize 

should be treated the same way. 

Marking as to Count

Count is be reported only when specifically requested by the applicant. When so 

requested, report the range of cucumbers per container and the average for the lot in 

the “Other“ section on market certificates and in the “Description of Products" section 

on shipping point certificate. For example "Counts range from 18 to 26, average 24 

cucumbers per container.” It will be necessary to state in the "Remarks" section of 

certificates and notesheets “Count reported at applicant's request.” 

(7) DEFECTS (QUALITY AND CONDITION) 

Statements pertaining to freshness, maturity, shape, color, the amount and type 

of defects, and the amount of decay are shown under the appropriate headings. Those 

factors noted with (C) shall be reported as CONDITION factors on market certificates. 

Those factors noted with (Q or C) may be considered as QUALITY or CONDITION,

depending on the circumstances. Factors with no notation are considered as QUALITY 

only. 

Cleanness 

The U.S. grades for greenhouse cucumbers have the following requirements for 

cleanness: 

U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2 : clean. 
22

Definitions: 

§ 51.3860 (a) "Clean" means practically free from dirt or other foreign 

material. 

Scoring Guide 

Cleanliness is rarely a factor for greenhouse cucumbers as they are generally 

washed and individually wrapped. However, if the appearance of the individual 

cucumber is materially affected by dirt or other foreign material it is to be considered 

damaged by dirt. 

Color 

The U. S. grades for greenhouse cucumbers have the following requirements for 

color: 

U.S. Fancy: Well colored. 

U.S. No. 1 & U.S. No. 2: Fairly well colored. 

Definitions: 

§ 51.3860 (f) "Well colored" means a characteristic green color over 

practically the entire surface. 

§ 51.3860 (g) "Fairly well colored" means a characteristic green color over 

two-thirds or more of the surface except for areas affected by foliage 

shading. 

Cucumbers that lack sufficient green color to be concerned fairly well colored 

are to be considered poorly colored. It is important not to confuse poorly colored 

cucumber with yellowing (see yellowing). 

Shape 

The U.S. grades for greenhouse cucumbers have the following requirements for 

shape: 

U.S. Fancy: Well formed. 

U.S. No. 1: Fairly well formed. 
23

U.S. No. 2: Not badly deformed. 

Definitions: 

§ 51.3860 (c) "Well formed" means that the shape shall be fairly straight 

and not more than slightly tapered at one or both ends. 

§ 51.3860 (d) "Fairly well formed" means not materially curved, constricted, 

or pointed at one or both ends, or otherwise materially misshapen. 

§ 51.3860 (e) "Badly deformed" means badly curved, beaked, bottlenecked, 

QUALITY seriously affected. 

For examples of shape see illustrations in the U. S. Standards for Grades of 

Greenhouse Cucumbers (Appendix I). 

Scars 

Scars generally consist of brownish corky tissue formed on the surface of the 

cucumber as a result of injury caused by vines or leaves rubbing against the cucumber. 

The U.S. Fancy grade requires cucumbers to be free from injury; U.S. No. 1 free from 

damage; and U.S. No. 2 free from serious damage by scars. 

Scoring Guide 

The following scoring guideline is based on a cucumber 11 inches in length. 

Correspondingly larger areas are permitted on longer cucumbers and smaller areas on 

shorter cucumbers. 

§ 51.3863 Classification of defects. 

Injury. When not smooth, or not light colored, and aggregating more than 

the area of a circle 3/8 inch (9.5mm) in diameter; or smooth and light 

colored and aggregating more than the area of a circle 3/4 inch (19.1mm) in 

diameter. 

Damage. When not smooth, or not light colored, and aggregating more 

than the area of a circle 1/2 inch (12.7mm) in diameter; or smooth and light 

colored and aggregating more than the area of a circle 1 1/2 inches 

(38.1mm) in diameter. 

Serious Damage. When dark or slightly rough or barklike scars aggregate 

more than a circle 3/4 inch (19.1mm) in diameter; or smooth and light 

 
24

colored and aggregating more than the area of a circle 2 inches (50.8mm) 

in diameter. 

Bruises (C) 

Bruising may result from a pack that is too tight or rough handling. Bruises are 

usually soft, flattened or depressed areas with the underlying flesh discolored. The U.S. 

Fancy grade requires cucumbers to be free from injury; U.S. No. 1 free from damage; 

and U.S. No. 2 free from serious damage by bruising. 

Scoring Guide 

The following scoring guideline is based on a cucumber 11 inches in length. 

Correspondingly larger areas are permitted on longer cucumbers and smaller areas on 

shorter cucumbers. 

§ 51.3863 Classification of defects. 

Injury. When any indentation is more than 1/16 inch (1.6mm) in depth or 

exceeds an area of a circle 1/2 inch (12.7mm) in diameter. 

Damage. When any indentation is more than 1/8 inch (3.2mm) in depth or 

exceeds an area of a circle 3/4 inch (19.1mm) in diameter. 

Serious Damage. When any indentation is more than 1/4 inch (6.4mm) in 

depth or exceeds an area of a circle 1 inch (25.4mm) in diameter. 

Cuts (Q or C) 

Cuts are areas where some flesh of the cucumber has been exposed. They can 

occur during harvest or when being packed. Cuts are injurious in that they open the 

way for decay. 

Scoring Guide 

Score any cut against the U.S. Fancy grade, any unhealed cut against U.S. No. 

1 and U.S. No. 2 grades. As a guide, score as damage a healed cut which exceeds 1/2 

inch in length, as serious damage a healed cut which exceeds 3/4 inch in length on a 

cucumber 11 inches in length (correspondingly lesser or greater areas on smaller or 

larger cucumbers.) 

Score as a quality factor when cuts are old and healed. Score as a condition 

factor when the cut is fresh and unhealed. 

 
25

Freshness and Firmness (C) 

All grades require cucumbers to be Fresh and Firm. 

Fresh. Fresh means that the cucumbers are bright, not wilted, yellow or 

exhibiting other symptoms of aging. 

Firm. Firm means that the cucumbers are plump, and are not soft or shriveled. 

Scoring Guide 

Cucumbers that are not fresh or firm shall be scored using the term which best 

describe their condition such as wilted, soft, and spongy. 

Insect Damage (Q or C) 

Insect damage may be caused by several types of insects. Some of these like 

the Cucumber Beetle gnaw on the cucumber causing it to become deformed and lumpy 

or warty in appearance, others like the Pickle Worm bore into the cucumber. The U.S. 

Fancy grade requires cucumbers to be free from injury; U.S. No. 1 free from damage; 

and U.S. No. 2 free from serious damage by insects. 

Scoring Guide 

§ 51.3863 Classification of defects. 

Injury. When feeding injury is evident or any insect is present.

Damage. When feeding injury materially detracts from appearance or any 

insect is present. 

Serious Damage. When feeding injury seriously detracts from appearance 

or any insect is present. 

At transit or at destination, if damage is fresh, or if live insect(s) are present or a 

combination of live and dead, report as a condition factor. Report as a quality factor 

when the damage is old or if the insect(s) are dead. 

Mosaic 

The exact cause of this disease is not known. It is known, however, that the 

infection can be spread from diseased to healthy plants by artificial means and by 

sucking or chewing insects. Mosaic virus first appears in plants 6-8 weeks old, when 
26

plants are beginning to elongate quickly. As this disease develops the cucumber 

becomes a light yellowish green, with dark green raised spots. The fruit feels rough 

and warty. 

Scoring Guide 

Score under the general definitions of injury, damage and serious damage. 

Pulled Ends 

When a cucumber is improperly clipped or pulled sharply from the vine the stem 

may be pulled from the cucumber leaving the flesh exposed. Even though the injury is 

generally healed and dry score as a quality defect based on the following guides. 

Scoring Guide

Score as damage when: 

1. Any breaking of the flesh at the stem end aggregating more than the area of 

a circle 1/2 inch in diameter, including the stem scar if the stem has been removed. 

2. Any breaking of the flesh at the stem end aggregating more than the area of 

a circle 3/8 inch in diameter and over 1/8 inch in depth, including stem scar if stem has 

been removed. 

3. Any breaking regardless of area if more than 1/4 inch in depth. 

All pulled ends shall be scored against the U.S. Fancy grade. Pulled ends are 

never scored as serious damage; therefore they would not be scored against the U.S. 

No. 2 grade. 

Shriveled Ends (C) 

Cucumbers which show shriveling or puckering of the skin at one or both ends 

indicate that the flesh is tough and rubbery and likely to have a bitter taste. 

Scoring Guide 

Score under the general definitions of injury, damage or serious damage. 

Revised, April 2004, HU-147-6(c) 

Page 26, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

** **   
27

Sunken Areas (C) 

Sunken areas, which can be caused by low temperature are one of the more 

common defects that affect cucumbers. These areas which vary in size and depth 

weaken the tissue beneath and serve as an opening for secondary infection. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as injury when a sunken area exceeds 1/2 inch in diameter or 1/16 inch 

in depth, as damage when area exceeds 3/4 inch in diameter or 1/8 in depth, as 

serious damage when area exceeds 1 inch in diameter or 1/4 inch in depth on a 

cucumber 11 inches in length (corresponding lesser or greater areas on smaller or 

larger cucumbers.) Any sunken area that shows mold or decay must be scored as 

decay. 

Yellowing (C) 

It is important not to confuse poorly colored cucumbers (cucumbers lacking 

green color), with yellowing that results from aging. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as injury when yellowing slightly detracts from the appearance of the 

cucumber. Score as damage when any spot of yellow color predominates over the 

green on any portion of the cucumber, or when the appearance is materially affected. 

Score as serious damage when the aggregate area of yellow color, which 

predominates over the green, exceeds that of a circle 1/2 inch in diameter, or when the 

appearance is seriously affected. 

Freezing and Freezing Injury (C) 

Freezing injury is the term that should be used when it is evident that the 

cucumbers have been frozen but are not in a frozen condition at the time of inspection. 

The cucumbers may be soft and flabby with watersoaked discolored areas. The term 

"frozen" should only be used when there are ice crystals present within the cucumbers. 

When reporting freezing or freezing injury it is important to give the following 

information: 

• Record pulp temperatures taken at various locations. 

• Determine and record extent of the injury in the load. 

• Determine and record extent of the injury in the containers. 

• Determine and record degree to which individual specimens are affected. 

• Describe the pattern of freezing or freezing injury in clear, concise terms. 
28

When the location of injury indicates where or when the freezing occurred this is 

to be stated. For example “freezing injury so located to indicate occurred after packing, 

but not in present location.” 

Decay (C) 

There are various types of decay that affect cucumbers, such as Anthracnose, 

Bacterial Soft Rot, Black Rot and Cottony Leak. The type of decay is not to be reported 

on the certificate. However when decay is in excess of the tolerance report the stage of 

advancement; early, moderate or advanced. 

Do not score moldy/decayed stems. This fact may be reported at applicant’s 

request. 

Anthracnose

This is one of the most common diseases of cucumbers. All above ground parts 

of the plant are affected and on the fruit itself the disease first appears as small, more 

or less circular, or oval water-soaked spots. As these enlarge, the fungus sporulates 

abundantly, producing orange-pink slimy spore masses; later the lesions turn black. 

Often, the tissues underneath are dry and the sunken skin cracks exposing the tissues 

to invasion by soft rot organisms. 

Bacterial Soft Rot

Bacterial soft rot usually gains entry by breaks in the skin. The early symptoms 

of this decay are watersoaking and a pronounced softening of the flesh about the point 

of infection. As the decay advances, the infected fruits becomes soft and mushy. This 

decay is usually accompanied by an offensive odor. 

Black Rot

The decayed spots on the fruit are first oval to circular and greasy-green in color, 

later becoming dark brown. The rot develops within the fruit, and the whole cucumber 

becomes darker colored and soft, but not of a slimy consistency. 

Cottony Leak

The first symptoms are soft, dark green, watersoaked lesions; later, as the 

mycelium penetrates the tissues, liquid is liberated in large quantities. In the 

moderately humid atmosphere of containers during transit, a very luxuriant, white, 

cottony mycelium is produced. 

** **

****

Revised, June 2000, HU-145-3(a) 

Page 28, Cucumbers, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, January 1998 

29

PART THREE 

PICKLING CUCUMBERS 

(1) GENERAL 

Pickling cucumbers are characterized by being much shorter than the slicing 

varieties, less tapered at the tip, and are a lighter shade of green color than that of 

“regular” cucumbers. These varieties are adapted for pickling in that they go through 

the brining process without excessive shriveling or bloating. 

The U.S. Standards for Grades of Pickling Cucumbers is designed to be used to 

determine the quality of cucumbers for pickling as they are delivered to a plant for 

processing. This standard cannot be applied to pickling cucumbers received in fresh 

market channels. When inspecting pickling cucumbers in fresh market channels do not 

use the terms "Grade Defects," "Injury," "Damage," or "Serious Damage." Further, do 

not use descriptive terms such as "materially" or "seriously affecting appearance," as 

these are generally used in the general definitions of damage and serious damage. 

Describe the objectionable factors in terms of color, area affected, and depth, etc. 

(2) INSPECTION PROCEDURES 

Examine at least fifty cucumbers from containers with 50 or more specimens. 

Whenever there are less than 50 specimens examine the entire contents. Samples 

should be taken from various locations within the container being examined. This may 

require that the contents be dumped out or into another container so that a 

representative sample may be obtained from any part of the container. 

“Pickling Cucumbers” shall be used to describe this commodity in the “Product” 

heading. In the product code section on notesheet enter “CUX” and “PK” in the type 

section. “NOG” is to be entered as the purpose code and as with all “NOG” products no 

defect codes shall be entered. 

For detailed information concerning inspection procedures, notesheets and 

certificate (brands/marking, origin etc.), pack and temperatures see Part One of these 

instructions. 
Appendix I 

U.S. Standards 
 

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh 

Products 

Branch

United States Standards 

for Grades of 

Cucumbers 

Effective March 1, 1958

(Repringted - January 1997) 
1

United States Standards for Grades of Cucumbers 1

Grades 

51.2220 U.S. Fancy. 

51.2221 U.S. Extra No. 1. 

51.2222 U.S. No. 1. 

51.2223 U.S. No. 1 Small. 

51.2224 U.S. No. 1 Large. 

51.2225 U.S. No. 2. 

Unclassified 

51.2226 Unclassified. 

Tolerances 

51.2227 Tolerances. 

Application of Tolerances 

51.2228 Application of tolerances. 

Definitions 

51.2229 Well colored. 

51.2230 Well formed. 

51.2231 Overgrown. 

51.2232 Injury caused by scars. 

51.2233 Damage. 

51.2234 Diameter. 

51.2235 Fairly well colored. 

51.2236 Fairly well formed. 

51.2237 Moderately colored. 

51.2238 Badly deformed. 

51.2239 Serious damage. 

Grades 

§51.2220 U.S. Fancy. 

"U.S. Fancy" consists of cucumbers which are well colored, well formed, not overgrown, and 

which are fresh, firm, and free from decay, sunscald, and from injury caused by scars and from 

damage caused by yellowing, sunburn, dirt or other foreign material, freezing, mosaic or other 

disease, insects, cuts, bruises, mechanical or other means. (See §51.2227.) 

(a) The maximum diameter of each cucumber shall be not more than 2-3/8 inches and the length 

of each cucumber shall be not less than 6 inches. (See §51.2227.) 

§51.2221 U.S. Extra No. 1. 

"U.S. Extra No. 1" consists of a combination of U.S. Fancy and U.S. No. 1 cucumbers: 

 

 1 Packing of the product in conformity with the requirements of these standards shall not excuse failure to 

comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
2

Provided, That at least 50 percent of the cucumbers in the lot shall meet the requirements of the 

U.S. Fancy grade and the remainder shall meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 grade. (See 

§51.2227.) 

(a) The maximum diameter of each cucumber shall be not more than 2-3/8 inches and the length 

of each cucumber shall be not less than 6 inches. (See §51.2227.) 

§51.2222 U.S. No. 1. 

"U.S. No. 1" consists of cucumbers which are fairly well colored, fairly well formed, not 

overgrown, and which are fresh, firm, and free from decay, sunscald and from damage caused by 

scars, yellowing, sunburn, dirt or other foreign materials, freezing, mosaic or other disease, 

insects, cuts, bruises, mechanical or other means. (See §51.2227.) 

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the maximum diameter of each cucumber shall be not more than 

2-3/8 inches and the length of each cucumber shall be not less than 6 inches. (See §51.2227.) 

§51.2223 U.S. No. 1 Small. 

"U.S. No. 1 Small" consists of cucumbers which meet all requirements for the U.S. No. 1 grade 

except for size. (See §51.2227.) 

(a) The diameter of each cucumber shall be not less than 1-1/2 inches or more than 2 inches. 

There are no requirements for length. (See §51.2227.) 

§51.2224 U.S. No. 1 Large. 

"U.S. No. 1 Large" consists of cucumbers which meet all requirements for the U.S. No. 1 grade 

except for size. (See §51.2227.) 

(a) The minimum diameter of each cucumber shall be not less than 2-1/4 inches and, unless 

otherwise specified, the length of each cucumber shall be not less than 6 inches. There are no 

maximum diameter and length requirements. (See §51.2227.) 

§51.2225 U.S. No. 2. 

"U.S. No. 2" consists of cucumbers which are moderately colored, not badly deformed, not 

overgrown, and which are fresh, firm, free from decay and free from damage caused by freezing, 

sunscald, cuts and from serious damage caused by scars, yellowing, sunburn, dirt or other foreign 

material, mosaic or other disease, insects, bruises, mechanical or other means. (See §51.2227.) 

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the maximum diameter of each cucumber shall be not more than 

2-3/8 inches and the length of each cucumber shall be not less than 5 inches. (See §51.2227.) 

Unclassified 

§51.2226 Unclassified. 

"Unclassified" consists of cucumbers which have not been classified in accordance with any of 

the foregoing grades. The term “unclassified” is not a grade within the meaning of these 

standards but is provided as a designation to show that no grade has been applied to the lot. 

Tolerances 

§51.2227 Tolerances. 

(a) In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of the 

foregoing grades, the following tolerances, by count, shall be permitted: 

(1) For defects. 10 percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the 

grade, including therein not more than 1 percent for decay; and, 

(2) For off-size. 10 percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the length and diameter 

requirements, including therein not more than 5 percent for cucumbers which fail to meet the 

 
3

requirements for minimum diameter, and not more than 5 percent for cucumbers which fail to 

meet the requirements for maximum diameter. 

(b) When applying the foregoing tolerances to the U. S. Extra No. 1 grade, individual containers 

shall have not more than 10 percent less than the percentage of U. S. Fancy cucumbers required: 

Provided, That the entire lot averages within the required percentage. (See §51.2228.) 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.2228 Application of tolerances. 

(a) The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the 

following limitations: Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances 

specified for the grade: 

(1) For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot shall have not more than 

one and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that when the package contains 15 

specimens or less, individual packages shall have not more than double the tolerance specified; 

and, 

(2) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot shall have not more 

than double the tolerance specified, except that at least one defective and one off-size specimen 

may be permitted in any package. 

Definitions 

§51.2229 Well colored. 

"Well colored" means that not less than three-fourths of the surface of the cucumber is of a 

medium green or darker color, and that at least a light green color extends to the blossom end on 

one side of the cucumber. 

§51.2230 Well formed. 

"Well formed" means that the cucumber is practically straight and not more than very slightly 

constricted or more than moderately tapered or pointed. 

§51.2231 Overgrown. 

"Overgrown" means that the cucumber has developed beyond the best stage for slicing. It 

usually yields to slight pressure of the thumb. The seeds may be tough and fibrous, and the pulp 

in the seed cavity is usually watery or jelly-like. In more advanced cases, pithy streaks may be 

found in the flesh of the cucumber. 

§51.2232 Injury caused by scars. 

"Injury caused by scars" means scars which aggregate more than the area of a circle three-eighths 

inch in diameter on a cucumber 6 inches in length, or correspondingly greater areas of scars on 

larger cucumbers. 

§51.2233 Damage. 

"Damage", unless otherwise specifically defined in this section, means any defect which 

materially affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the cucumber. Any one of 

the following defects, or any combination of defects the seriousness of which exceeds the 

maximum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as damage: 

(a) Scars when aggregating more than the area of a circle five-eighths inch in diameter on a 

cucumber 6 inches in length, or correspondingly smaller or greater areas of scars on smaller or 

larger cucumbers, respectively; 

(b) Cuts which are fresh and more than slight; and, 

 
4

(c) Bruises when materially affecting the appearance of the cucumber, or when sack imprints 

affect an aggregate area greater than that of a circle 2 1/4 inches in diameter. 

§51.2234 Diameter. 

"Diameter" means the greatest dimension of the cucumber measured at right angles to the 

longitudinal axis, exclusive of" “warts". 

§51.2235 Fairly well colored. 

"Fairly well colored" means that not less than two-thirds of the surface of the cucumber is of a 

medium green or darker color, and that at least a light green color extends to within one-half inch 

of the blossom end on one side of the cucumber. 

§51.2236 Fairly well formed. 

"Fairly well formed" means that the cucumber may be moderately curved but not deeply 

constricted, not extremely tapered or pointed and not otherwise misshapen. 

§51.2237 Moderately colored. 

"Moderately colored" means that at least one-half of the surface of the cucumber is of a light 

green or darker color. 

§51.2238 Badly deformed. 

"Badly deformed" means that the cucumber is so badly curved, constricted, tapered or otherwise 

so badly misshapen that the appearance is seriously affected. 

§51.2239 Serious damage. 

"Serious damage", unless otherwise specifically defined in this section, means any defect which 

seriously affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the cucumber. The 

following defects, or any combination of defects the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum 

allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as serious damage: 

(a) Scars when aggregating more than the area of a circle 1 inch in diameter on a cucumber 6 

inches in length, or correspondingly smaller or greater areas of scars on smaller or larger 

cucumbers, respectively; and, 

(b) Bruises when seriously affecting the appearance of the cucumber, or when sack imprints 

affect more than one-third of the surface of the cucumber. 
5

 
6

 
7

 
 

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh 

Products 

Branch

United States Standards 

for Grades of 

Greenhouse Cucumbers 

Effective September 5, 1985

(Repringted - January 1997) 
1

United States Standards for Grades of Greenhouse Cucumbers 

51.3855 General. 

51.3856 Grades. 

51.3857 Tolerances. 

51.3858 Application of tolerances. 

51.3859 Standard pack. 

51.3860 Definitions. 

51.3861 Permanent defects. 

51.3862 Condition defects. 

51.3863 Classification of defects. 

§51.3855 General.

Compliance with the provisions of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with 

provisions of applicable Federal or State laws. 

§51.3856 Grades.

(a)"U.S. Fancy" consists of cucumbers which meet the following requirements: 

(1) Basic requirements: 

(i) Clean; 

(ii) Well formed; 

(iii) Well colored; 

(iv) Fresh; and, 

(v) Firm. 

(2) Free from: Decay, cuts or mechanical injury. 

(3) Free from injury by: 

(i) Scars; 

(ii) Freezing; 

(iii) Mosaic or other diseases; and, 

(iv) Insects or other means. 

(4) Size: Unless otherwise specified, the minimum length shall be not less than 11 inches. 

(5) Tolerances: (See §51.3857) 

(b) "U.S. No. 1" consists of cucumbers which meet the following requirements: 

(1) Basic requirements: 

(i) Clean; 

(ii) Fairly well formed; 

(iii) Fairly well colored; 

(iv) Fresh; and, 

(v) Firm. 

(2) Free from: Decay and unhealed cuts. 

(3) Free from damage by: 

(i) Scars; 

 
2

(ii) Freezing; 

(iii) Mosaic or other diseases; 

(iv) Insects; and, 

(v) Mechanical or other means. 

(4) Size: Unless otherwise specified, the minimum length shall be not less than 11 inches. 

(5) Tolerances: (See §51.3857) 

(c)"U.S. No. 2'' consists of cucumbers which meet the following requirements: 

(1) Basic requirements: 

(i) Clean; 

(ii) Not badly deformed; 

(iii) Fairly well colored; 

(iv) Fresh; and, 

(v) Firm. 

(2) Free from: Decay and unhealed cuts. 

(3) Free from serious damage by: 

(i) Scars; 

(ii) Freezing; 

(iii) Mosaic or other diseases; 

(iv) Insects; and, 

(v) Mechanical or other means. 

(4) Size: Unless otherwise specified, the minimum length shall be not less than 11 inches. 

(5) Tolerances: (See §51.3857) 

§51.3857 Tolerances.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in the foregoing grades 

the following tolerances, by count, shall be permitted in any lot: 

(a) For defects. Ten percent for cucumbers in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the 

specified grade: Provided, that included in this amount not more than 1 percent for decay. 

(b) For off-size. Five percent for cucumbers in any lot which are below a specified minimum 

length and 5 percent for cucumbers longer than a specified maximum length. 

§51.3858 Application of tolerances.

When packed in containers the contents shall be the sample, when in bulk or bulk bins the 

sample shall consist of at least 25 cucumbers. Individual samples are subject to the following 

limitations: 

(a) For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual samples may contain not more than one and 

one-half times the tolerance specified except that when the lot consists of containers with 18 

cucumbers or less, individual containers may contain not more than double the tolerance 

specified: and provided, that the average is within the specified lot tolerance. 

(b) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual samples may contain not more than double 

the tolerance specified: Provided, that at least one defective and one off-size cucumber may be 

permitted in any sample: and provided further, that the average is within the specified lot 

tolerance. 

§51.3859 Standard pack.

(a) Each cucumber shall be completely enclosed in a shrink wrapper. 

 
3

(b) Cucumbers shall be fairly uniform in size and packed fairly tight in layers in containers 

according to approved and recognized methods. 

(1) Fairly uniform in size means that not more than 10 percent, by count, of the cucumbers in any 

container shall vary more than 2 inches in length. 

(2) In order to allow for variations incident to proper packing, not more than 10 percent, by 

count, of the containers in any lot may fail to meet these requirements. 

§51.3860 Definitions.

(a) "Clean" means practically free from dirt or other foreign material. 

(b) "Fresh" means bright, not wilted, yellow or exhibiting other symptoms of aging. 

(c) "Well formed" means that the shape shall be fairly straight and not more than slightly tapered 

at one or both ends. 

(d) "Fairly well formed" means not materially curved, constricted, or pointed at one or both ends, 

or otherwise materially misshapen. 

(e) "Badly deformed" means badly curved, beaked, bottlenecked, constricted, or otherwise so 

badly misshapen that the appearance is seriously affected. 

(f) "Well colored" means a characteristic green color over practically the entire surface. 

(g) "Fairly well colored" means a characteristic green color over two-thirds or more of the surface 

except for areas affected by foliage shading. 

(h) "Injury" means any defect described in §51.3863 or an equally objectionable variation of any 

one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which slightly detracts from 

the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality. 

(i) "Damage" means any defect described in §51.3863 or an equally objectionable variation of any 

one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which materially 

detracts from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality. 

(j) "Serious damage" means any defect described in §51.3863 or an equally objectionable 

variation of any one of these defects, any other defect, or any combination of defects, which 

seriously detracts from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality. 

§51.3861 Permanent defects.

"Permanent defects'' means defects which are not subject to change during shipping or storage; 

including, but not limited to factors of shape, scars, or growth cracks and cuts which are so 

located as to indicate that they occurred prior to packing. 

§51.3862 Condition defects.

"Condition defects'' means defects which may develop or change during shipment or storage; 

including, but not limited to decay, soft or yellowing and bruises which are so located as to 

indicate that they occurred after packing. 
1

§51.3863 Classification of defects.

Defects Injury1 Damage1 Serious damage1

Bruises....... When any indentation is 

more than 1/16 inch 

(1.6mm) in depth or 

exceeds an area of a 

circle 1/2 inch (12.7mm) 

in diameter. 

When any indentation is 

more than 1/8 inch 

(3.2mm) in depth or 

exceeds an area of a 

 circle 3/4 inch (19.1mm) 

in diameter. 

When any indentation is 

more than 1/4 inch 

(6.4mm) in depth or 

exceeds an area of a 

circle 1 inch (25.4mm) in 

diameter. 

Insects........ When feeding injury is 

evident or any insect is 

present. 

When feeding injury 

materially detracts from 

appearance or any insect 

is present. 

When feeding injury 

seriously detracts from 

appearance or any insect 

is present. 

Scars......... When not smooth, or not 

light colored, and 

aggregating more than the 

area of a circle 3/8 inch 

(9.5mm) in diameter; or 

smooth and light colored 

and aggregating more 

than the area of a circle 

3/4 inch (19.1mm) in 

diameter. 

When not smooth, or not 

light colored, and 

aggregating more than the 

area of a circle 1/2 inch 

(12.7mm) in diameter: or 

smooth and light colored 

and aggregating more 

than the area of a circle 1-

1/2 inch (38.1mm) in 

diameter. 

When dark or slightly 

rough or barklike scars 

aggregate more than a 

circle 3/4 inch (19.1mm) 

in diameter; or smooth 

and light colored and 

aggregating more than the 

area of a circle 2 inches 

(50.8mm) in diameter. 

 1Defect classifications are based on a cucumber 11 inches in length. Correspondingly larger areas are permitted 

on longer cucumbers and smaller areas on shorter cucumbers. 
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8

 
9

 
10

 
11

 
12

 
13

 
Appendix II 

Certificate & Notesheet Examples 
Appendix II - i
Appendix II - ii
Appendix II - iii
Appendix II - iv
Appendix II - v
Appendix II - vi 
Appendix II - vii
Appendix II - viii
Appendix II - ix
Appendix II - x