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EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL

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H E A R I N G

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

MINER ALS, MATERIAL S, AND FUEL S

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON

INTERIO R AND INS ULAR AEE AIRS 

UNITED STATES SENATE

EIGH TY -EIG HT H CONGRESS

FIR ST SESSION

ON

S. 1166

A BILL TO AUTHO RIZE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO 

ENTER INTO CONTRACTS AND MAKE GRANTS FOR RESEARCH 

AND DEVELOPMENT IN FURTHERANCE OF TH E PURPOSE OF 

THE ACT OF MAY 16, 1910 (36 STAT. 369; 30 U.S.C. 1, 3, 5, AND 7), 

AS AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTED

AUGUST 29, 1963

Printed for the use of the 

Committee on Interio r an d Ins ul ar Affairs

23-691

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING

WASHINGTON : 1963
•co

i-:

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s:a

COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULA R AFFAIR S

HEN RY M. JACK SO N, Washington, Chairman

CL IN TO N P. AN DE RS ON , New Meiico

AL AN BI BL E, Nevada

FR AN K CH UR CH , Idah o

ERNES T OR UE NI NO , Alaska

FR ANK E. MOSS, Utah

QU EN TIN N. BU RD IC K, North Dakot a

CA RL HA YD EN , Arizona

GE OR GE McGOVERN, South Dakot a

GAYLORD NE LSON , Wisconsin

HERBERT S. WA LT ER S, Tennessee

TH OM AS H. KUCHEL , California 

GO RD ON AL LO TT , Colorado 

LE N B. JO RD AN , Idah o 

MIL WA RD L. SIM PS ON , Wyoming 

E. L. M ECHEM , New Mexico 

PE T E R H. DOM IN IC K, Colorado

J erry T. Verk leb, St aff Director

Stewart F rench, Chief Counsel

Subcommittee on Mineral s, Materials, and F uels

ERNEST GRU EN IN G, Alaska, Chairman

AL AN BI BL E, Nev ada LE N B. JO RD AN , Idah o

FR ANK E. MOSS, Utah E. L. M EC HEM , New Mexico

GA YL ORD NE LSON , Wisconsin PET ER H. DOM IN IC K, Colorado

H ERBERT S. WAL TE RS , Tennessee

n

yr .j i i i / . .

SOW ;
C O N T E N T S

Face

S. 1166 (committee prin t)_______________________________________ 5

Departmental reports:

Bureau of the Budget___________________________________ 8

Comptroller General____________________________ 8

Health, Education, and Welfare__________________________ 9

Inte rior______________________________________________ 6

STATEMENTS

Ankeny, Marling J., Director, Bureau of Mines; accompanied by J. B. 

Rosenbaum, Director, Minerals and Research Branch, Bureau of Mines;

Dr. M. E. Volin, Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton,

Mich.; Dr. Philip L. Walker, Jr., chairman, Division of Mineral Technology, College of Mineral Industries, University of Pennsylvania; Dr.

J. Russell Bright, director, Office of Research Administration, Wayne 

State University, Detroit, Mich.; and John C. Calhoun, Jr., special

assistant and science adviser to the Secretary of the Inte rior_________ 15

Supplementary statem ent by Marling J. Ankeny________________ 19

Bright, Dr. J. Russell, Office of Research Administration, Wayne State

University, Detroit, Mich_____________________________________ 47

Calhoun, John C., Jr., scierce adviser to Secretary of the Interior Uda lL. 39

Hart, Hon. Philip A., a U.S. Senator from the State of Michigan_______ 11

Volin, M. E., Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton,

Mich______________________ _________ ______________________ 52

Walker, P. L., Jr., chairman, Mineral Technology Division, College of

Mineral Industries, University of Pennsylvania___________________ 51

COMMUNICATIONS

Arbiter, Nathaniel, professor of mineral engineering, Columbia University.

Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 27, 1963______________ 59

Butler, John J., Reno, Nev.: Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August

28, 1963_________________________________ ________ _____ ____ 59

Forrester, J. D.. dean, University of Arizona: Letter to Senator Philip A.

Hart, dated August 28, 1963___________________________________ 61

Fuerstenau, D. W., professor of metallurgy, University of California:

Letters to Senator Philip A. Hart, dated August 27, 1963___________ 56, 58

Gaudin, A. M., Richards, professor of mineral engineering, Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology: Letters to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 

27, 1963____________________ ________ _______________ ______ 56,58

Hart, Senator Philip A.: Letter to Marling J. Ankeny, Director, Bureau

of Mines, dated September 6, 1953______________________________ 61

Hayes, Earl T., Assistant Director (Materials): Letter to Marling J.

Ankeny, Director, Bureau of Mines, dated September 16, 1963______ 21

McGlashan, D. W., research coordinator, Montana School of Mines:

Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 28, 1963______________ 60

Pfleider, Eugene P., professor of mineral engineering, University of Minnesota: Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 27, 1963__________ 58

Rosenthal, Philip C., chairman, and Tiemann, Theodore D., associate 

professor, metallurgical engineering, University of Wisconsin: Letter 

to Senator Ernest Gruening, chairman, Minerals Subcommittee, dated 

August 27, 1963_____________________________________________ 57

Schlechten, A. W., head, Departm ent of Metallurgy, Colorado School of

Mines: Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 2 ^1 96 3________ 60

111

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IV CONTENTS

Schoonover, I. C., Chairman, Coordinating Committee on Materials and Page 

Research, Federal Council for Science and Technology: Letter to 

Marling J. Ankeny, Director, Bureau of Mines, dated O ctober 8, 1963__ 21

Thompson, Alvin J., director, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral

Resources: Letter to Senator Philip Hart, dated August 28, 1963_____ 60

Tiemann, Theodore D., associate professor, minerals and metals engineering, University of Wisconsin: Letter to Senator Philip Ha rt, dated 

August 27, 1963_______________________________________________ 57

Wade, Henry H., North Hopkins, Minn.: Letter to Senator Philip H a rt. . 60 

Wood, William R., president, University of Alaska: Letters to Senator 

Ernest Gruening, chairman, Minerals, Materials, and Fuels Subcommittee, dated:

July 26, 1963________________________________________________

August 9, 1963______________________________________________

Zinner, Paul, acting director, Bureau of Mines: Let ter to Senator Philip

A. Ha rt, dated September 17, 1963_______________________________ 62

TAB LES AND CHA RTS

Degrees gran ted in metallurgy and mining engineerin g________________ 20

Foreign aid moneys expended on development of mining in foreign countries__________________________________________________________ 26

MISCEL LAN EOU S

Memorandum of understanding for cooperative activity in the field of

indu strial hygiene in the minerals industry_________________________ 9

Proposal to the president of the University of Alaska for the establishment

of a minerals research lab oratory_________________________________ 2to to
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

THU R SD A Y , AUGUST 29 , 19 63

U.S. S en ate ,

S ubco m m it te e on Min er als , Mat er ia ls , an d F ue ls

of t h e Com m it te e on I nt er io r an d I ns ul ar A ff air s,

Washington, D.C.

The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10 a.m., in room 3110, 

New Senate Office Building, Senator Ernest Gruening (chairm an of 

the subcommittee) presiding.

Present : Senators Ernest Gruening, Alaska; Alan Bible, Nevada; 

and Peter II. Dominick, Colorado.

Also present: Stewart French, chief counsel; and J erry T. Verkler, 

staff director.

Senator G r u en in g. The meeting will please come to order.

This is an open, public hearing by the Minerals, Materials, and 

Fuels Subcommittee of the Senate Inte rior Committee.

The bill before us, S. 1166, sponsored by the distinguished Senator 

from Michigan, the Honorable Philip Ha rt, is another step forward 

in the increasing trend toward utilization, for what might be called 

practical purposes, of the vast reservoir of knowledge and ability to 

be found in our college and university faculties, as well as the often 

excellent technical facilities for research in academic laboratories.

Senator Hart’s bill would authorize the Department of the In terior 

to enter into contracts with colleges and universities, or make outright 

gran ts to them, to do research and experimentation for the better 

carrying out of the purposes and responsibilities of the Bureau of 

Mines. Such academic research would include mining methods and 

ore beneficiation processes, and also mine health and safety.

I am certain no one who knows of my great interest in further ing 

the restoration and further development of gold mining and production in our country will be surprised when I recommend and urge, as a 

prio rity matter, a crash program under the authorization provided by Senator Hart’s bill for means of increasing domestic 

gold production.

I would like to insert in the record of this hearing two letters from 

President William R. Wood of the University of Alaska in support 

of S. 1166 and a proposal to the president of the University of Alaska 

for the establishment of a minerals research laboratory which expresses the importance of minerals research to the development of the 

State of Alaska.

l
2 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

(The documents referred to are as follows:)

University of Alaska,

Office of the President, College, Alaska , Ju ly 26,1963. Hon. Ernest Grueninq,

U.S. Senate, Senate Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Grueninq : This will acknowledge receipt of ma terials from the office of Senator Bartle tt concerning S. 1166 which would authorize the Secreta ry of the Interior to enter into contracts and make grants for research and development in mineral industry. The University of Alaska is certainly 

inte rested in par ticipating as extensively as possible under the provisions of the proposal and urges all possible support toward its successful passage.

1 am pleased to note the content of Secretary Udall’s statem ent on mineral industry research contained in his lette r of Jun e 10, 1963, to Senator Jackson, 

copy of which was attach ed to the copies of S. 1166 th at have ju st reached my desk from S enator Bartle tt’s office.

Sincerely yours,

William R. Wood, President.

University of Alaska,

Office oftiie President,

College, Alaska, Aug ust 9, 1963. Hon. Ernest Gruening,

U.S. Senate, Senate Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Gruening : In response to your letter of August 4, I asked Dean Beistline to prepare materi als which might be of some value to you in connection with the hearings of your Committee on Minerals, Materials, and Fuels.

While I am sure much more could be said concerning the importance to the Nation of A lask a’s latent mineral resource, I know that you are fam iliar w ith the 

deta ils on this, and often have presente d eloquently the case for speeding up the acqu isition of basic information abo ut that resource and how to develop it 

for the common good. I sincerely hope th at your committee will be able to push through an appropriation adeq uate to stim ulate at once wise use of the non- renewable resources of Alaska.

Sincerely yours,

William It. Wood, President.

A Proposalto the President of the University’ of Alaska forthe Establishment of a Minerals Research Laboratory

The wea lth and s tren gth of n atio ns depend to a gre at extent upon the mineral 

resources controlled or located with in their borders. The political, military, and 

economic streng th and the high sta ndard of living of the United States may be 

ascribed, in large measure, to mineral resources within the States themselves or to the ava ilability of minerals from free world allies. Mines in foreign coun tries 

can be na tion alized and our supply line of m ineral resources cut off immediately. 

Because of the rap idity with which the United States is sapping its mineral resources, it is imperative th at all known deposits be mapped and eva luated and 

that new sources be found. A nation ignorant of i ts mineral resource reserve can­ not prosper or survive. Thus, it is essential tha t the United States know precisely 

the extent of mineral resources ava ilab le for normal civilian use and fo r economic 

and militar y emergencies. Realistic National and State planning for economic and national security and foreign policy is evolved from knowledge rather than from sm atterings of information.

Alaska is popularly believed to be a tre asure house of mineral resources which 

can be tapped during natio nal emergencies. Even considering the past and present excellent programs of the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of Mines, and 

the Sta te Division of Mines and Minerals, present mineral resource information 

is insufficient to allow imm ediate min era ls production to counter emergencies 

and to dra w much needed private cap ital and basic ind ustry into this northern ­

most State. As the Nation’s needs for more minerals, metals, and fuels increase 

due to exploding populations and developments in technology, Alaska’s resources 

and industry will become increasingly important to the United States and to the 

basic economy of this State. Alaska, although the larges t State in the Union, is
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 3

the least explored from the viewpoint of known mineral resources. A su bstantial 

percentage of it is located in arctic and suba rctic climates.

Of equal inqiortanee to the growing State is the pressing need to acquire more 

knowledge and understand ing about those fac tor s th at affect land utilization. 

Soils, rocks, minerals , natur al structures, permafrost, glaciers, ice and snow all 

gre atly affect agr icu ltural and forest ry programs, wa ter resouce planning, tansportation facilities, ind ustrial power gene ration, and urban living. Geologic 

mapping would provide basic und erstanding of these conditions.

RESEARCH IS ESSENT IAL

It is apparen t that more basic mineral resource and land utilization info rmation is needed, a nd these research data must be obtained much more rapidly than 

they have been in the past. This fa ct, in turn, points to the need of immediately 

initiating intensified major re search effort.

The simplified concept of such a researc h program is threefold:

1. Resource investigation, inclu ding detailed geologic mapping, subsurface 

exploration, a nd valuation.

2. Feasibility studies, including mining and beneflciation and related 

studies. 3. Economic studies, including marketin g studies of the commodities : fuels, 

metals, and minerals.

The problems to be solved in all categories are numerous and varied, and 

many are affected by a rctic and suba rctic weather conditions.

(1) As an example, the U.S. Geological Survey announced on April 27, 1962, 

the possible economic occurrence of beryllium on the Seward Peninsu la in 

areas where tin and gold have been known to exist and have been mined for 

many years. Beryllium is much in demand for the Nation’s space program. 

The prospect was not previously known and as such was of no apparen t value 

to the immediate needs of the Nation. As pa rt of phase 1, researc h should 

continue on the beryllium prospect to determin e the probable extent of min eralization. Following surface mapping, subs urfa ce exploration should be ini tiated to obtain data th at would allow probable tonnage and average ore grade 

to be calculated. This information is essential for planning the future program of obtaining the minerals from na ture’s storehouse. Similarly, inte nsified geologic mapping programs very likely w’ould locate many other valuable 

mineral depo sits that then would be known and eva luated for eit he r current or 

future uses. All of the modern techniques of exploration—aerial photography, geochemical, and geophysical techniques—should be used. Research should be carried 

out on basic properties of minerals to allow development of bette r exploration 

techniques. This could be interp reted to include basic studies of ore deposits 

and the relatio nship of these to rocks. With reference to land utilization, 

geologic mapping would give info rma tion th at would aid engineers in the selection of be tte r sites for wa ter supply, sewage control, flood control, dams, highways, railroads , bridges, airp orts, and sim ilar structures. In addition, the 

for estry dep artment could obtain information concerning soil, water, and 

minerals th at would enhance planning for reforestation and conservation. 

In sim ilar ways, geologic info rma tion for planning would aid agriculture.

(2) The second stag e is basic researc h that would provide knowledge that 

could be used to solve more satisfactorily the problems of extrac ting ores 

from various types of deposits und er arc tic conditions. Included are such 

problem s as cold weather opera tion, ventilation, and ground support (which 

necessitates basic researc h in geomechanics and ground wa ter dra ina ge).

Beneflciation studies are most imp ortant to fac ilitat e the design of processes th at would give maximum efficient recovery of the desired materials.

This research should begin with basic studies of the physical prop ertie s of 

earth ma terials which include seismic, magnetic, elec trical, and electromagnetic proper ties and mechanical properties, among them stre ngth, breaking 

strength , density, elas ticity, plasticity, viscosity, and compressibility under 

various conditions of pressure and tem perature.

Another urgent need is for applied research th at would promise maximum 

recovery of all minerals of commercial value in ore. Such studies begin with 

determination of the type of min eral association in the ore and car ry through 

the realease and separation of min erals and, finally, the recovery of each valuable con stituen t thro ugh processes such as gravity, flotation, amalgam ation.
4 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINER AL RESEARCH

cyan id ation, m ag ne tic an d el ec tr ost ati c metho ds , all of which de pe nd up on basic pro pert ie s of m in er al s.

A ft er m in er al pro du ct s ha ve been ob ta in ed , th e m ate ri al m us t be m ar ket ed to loca l o u tl ets as we ll as to Sta te , nat io nal, an d po ssibly fo re ig n m ar ket s. Here — 

pr ob le m s ari se —am on g them , tr an sp o rt ati o n , co sts , ta xati on, im por t-ex port laws, su it ab il it y of pr od uc t, co mpe tit ion, m ark et lo ca tio n an d de man ds , an d price. Ec on om ic st udie s are es se ntial in ord er to su cc es sful ly m ar ket pr od uc ts. Th ese st udie s sh ou ld be co nd uc ted on a si»ecific co mmod ity ba si s an d under ta ken in co op er at io n w ith be ne fic iatio n st ud ie s. The ou tco me, by signa ling way s in w hi ch m in er al re so ur ce s ca n be utilize d more co mplete ly, sh ou ld fo st er gr ow th in th e ec on om y o f the S ta te a nd n at io n.

As a fu rth e r ex am ple, in te ns ified ge olo gic m ap pi ng wo uld lo ca te in dust ri al m in era ls th a t will becom e in cr ea sing ly in de man d as A la sk a’s po pu la tion gro ws . The exte nt an d co nt en t o f su ch de po sits shou ld be de te rm in ed , th e mining an d be ne fic iatio n prob lems sol ved, an d econ om ic m ar ket in g st udie s co mp let ed .

DESIGN FOR ACTION

Eac h da y va st quanti ti es of no nr en ew ab le re so ur ce s a re be ing co nsum ed . No m att er how la rg e th e re se rv es , w ith in cr ea si ng de m an ds th e m in er al reso ur ce s of min es a re be ing de pleted . R es ea rc h, as in di ca te d above, is es se nt ia l to pro­ vide our S ta te an d N at io n w ith co nt in ui ng am pl e su pp lie s of m in er al s an d m et als. Bec au se of th e co mpr eh en sive vo lume of new re se ar ch es se ntial in the m in er al in du st ri es , al l Fed er al , Sta te , an d pri vate ag en cies m us t in cr ea se the sco pe of th e ir a ct iv itie s. C oo rd in at in g th e ac ti vit ie s of al l such ag en cies, accom­ pa ni ed by m ak in g av ai la ble pu bl ishe d and un pu bl ishe d data , is ab so lu te ly es se n­ ti al to pre ven t du pl ic at io n an d om iss ion. To bes t do th is , a m in er al re se ar ch in sti tu te sh ou ld b e e st ab lish ed in A lask a.

The ov er al l ob ject ive of th e in sti tu te wou ld be to coo rd in at e m in er al re se ar ch acti vit ie s of te am s of sc ie nti st s w or ki ng und er th e pla n of “o per at io n re se ar ch .” Th es e co ord in at ed ac ti vit ie s of ph ys ic al sc ie ntist s an d en gi ne er s wo uld allow max im um ef fo rt to b e e xe rted in ba sic a nd a pp lie d stud ies.

An ap p ro p ri ate adm in is tr ati ve or ga niz at io n w ith a d ir ecto r an d ad vi so ry bo ar d m ay be de sign ed re ad ily .

FA CI LI TI ES

The in sti tu te sh ou ld ha ve lab ora to ri es fo r ba si c geolo gic r ese ar ch and service s, ge oc he mica l stud ies, ge op hy sica l st udi es , perm afr ost re se ar ch , m in in g re se ar ch w ith sp ec ia l em ph as is on co nd itio ns cre ate d by low te m ji era tu re s in th e nort her n la titu des , an d be ne fic iatio n st udie s in cl ud in g fu el an d ce ra m ic tech no logy . Also ne ce ss ar y a r e : li b ra ry ; de po sito ry fo r m ap s an d aeri al p h o to g ra p h s; m in er al , rock an d pa leon to logi ca l coll ec ti ons; office sp ac e an d co nv en tion al fa ci lities , su ch as shop s, wor k roo ms an d st ora ge roo ms . In additio n to th e eq ui m en t fo r th e m ai n fa ci lity , field eq ui pm en t, and tr an sp o rt ati o n eq ui pm en t wou ld be n ec es­ sa ry .

The f acil it y w ou ld ha ve a ye ar -r ou nd capab ility an d, in ad di tion, wou ld be used as a su m m er headquart ers fo r re se ar ch te am s wh o wor k th ro ughout A lask a d u r­ ing su m m er seas on s. Co ld w eath er re se arc h wou ld be co nd uc ted duri ng the w in te r se as on in ad ditio n to ye ar -r oun d pro je ct s. B ot h “in- sh op ” and “o ut-o f­ sh op ” contr acts co uld be sign ed w ith var io us in sti tu ti o n s to m ak e po ssible in­ cr ea se d acti vit ie s duri ng th e su m m er se as on as wrell as br in gi ng in “s pec ia list s” fo r cold w eath er re se ar ch . Out-of-shop co ntr acts wou ld allow7

 th e N at io n to ut iliz e mor e co mplete ly th e ex ce llen t an d qu ali fie d st af fs of edu ca tional in sti tu ­ tion s whi ch may we ll br in g in ne w cre ati ve th in kin g—an ess ential to prog ress. In ad di tion , su ch ou t-o f-s ho p re se ar ch co uld be of fina nc ial ass is ta nce to ac a­ de mic pe rs on ne l an d uni ve rs itie s.

FI NANCIN G

Bec au se of th e gr ow ing tr end fo r th e F edera l G ov er nm en t to su pport hi gh er ed uc at io n and re se ar ch , it is reco mmen de d th a t fu nds fo r th e c onst ru ct io n o f th e fa cil it y come from th e N at io nal Gov ernm en t, pr ob ab ly th ro ugh an ag en cy suc h as th e N at io nal Sc ien ce Fou nd at io n. O pe ra ting fu nds an d ou t-o f-s ho p gra nts co uld be d er iv ed in p art from ag en cies whi ch w ou ld u tilize the facil it y a nd in p a rt from th e N at io nal Scien ce Fou nd at io n. It is an ticip ate d th a t co op er at iv e pr o­ gr am s be tw ee n th e S ta te an d Fed er al G ov er nm en ts wou ld develop , su ch as th e ex ce llen t m ap pi ng pr oj ec t co nd uc ted by th e U.S . Ge olo gic al Sur ve y an d th e S ta te of K en tu ck y.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 5

LOCATION

To accomplish the objectives, it is recommended th at a cen tral facility be con­ stru cted on the campus of the University of Alaska at College, Alaska. Such a location would assure access to existing academic and resea rch fac ilities at the 

univ ersity.

Additional reasons a re : (a) Geographically, the campus is cen trally located.

( b) Arctic and subarctic areas ar e nearby. (c) Qualified university personnel are fam iliar with such unique condi­ tions of ice, permafrost, low tem peratures, and gre at tra nsp ort ation distances. (d) Existing academic and resear ch facilities would give the advantages of interdiscipline participation so essential in present and future programs. (e) Central libr ary facilities now exist at th e University of Alaska. (/ ) An overall contribution would be made to high er educatio n as well as to the Sta te and Nation by having gra duate stu den ts particip ate in research programs, thu s orienting young sch olars to importa nt problems which beckon 

for solution. A recent ten tative dr af t of a statem ent entitled, “Desirable National Action Affecting Higher Education” by the Association of Sta te Universities and Land- Grant Colleges sta tes in p a rt: “We believe th at basic researc h flourishes best in the atmosph ere of a university, th at gra duate educ ation of a high quality is inseparable from basic research, and that any national policy of encouraging the establishme nt of new basic research ins titu tes, which are not university related, would be seriously detrimental to both basic research and graduate education.”

Senator Gruening. At this point in the record we will insert the 

committee print of S. 1166 which shows the amendments recommended by the Department of the Interior and those recommended by the Comptroller General of the United States. Also at this point we will 

insert departmental reports on the bill. (The committee print and reports referred to are as follow s:)

[C om m it te e P r in t, A ug ust 29, 1963]

Amendments Recommended by Interio r Are Shown in Ita lic ; Those Proposed by the Com ptroller General Are Shown in Boldface

[S . 1166, 88 th Cong., 1s t sen s.]

A B IL L To au th ori ze th e Sec re ta ry of th e In te ri o r to ente r In to contr acts an d ma ke g ra n ts fo r re se ar ch an d de ve lo pm en t in fu rt h era n ce of th e pu rp os es of th e A ct of Ma y 16, 191 0 (3 6 S ta t. 369; 30 U.S .C. 1, 3, 5, an d 7) , as am en de d an d su pp le men ted

Re it enacted by the Senate and House of R epre sentatives of the United States

of America in Congress assembled, Th at the Secretary of the Interior is autho rized to enter into con trac ts and to make g ran ts for the performance of resea rch and development in fur the ran ce of the purposes of the Act of May 1G, 1910 (3G Stat. 3G9; 30 U.S.C. 1, 3, 5, and 7), as amended and supplem ented, rela ting among oth er things to mining, and the p reparation, treatm ent, a nd utilization of mineral substan ces; and health conditions and sa fe ty ; and efficiency, economic develop­ ment, and conservation of resources of the mineral and fuel indu strie s. Such contracts or grants shall be restricted to colleges or uni versities or organizations und er the administrative control of colleges or universities.

Sec. 2. No part of any appropriated fun ds may be expended pursuant to authorization given by this Act for any scientific or technological research or development activity unless such expenditure is conditioned upon provisions determ ined by the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the Atto rney General, to be effective to insure that all information, uses, intellectual products, processes, United Sta te patents, und other develo pments resulting from that activity will (with such exceptions and limitations as the Secretary may de­ term ine aft er consultation with the Secr etary of Defense to be necessary in the interest of the national defen se) be made free ly and fully available to the general public in the United States. Nothing contained in this subsection shall deprive the owner of any background patent relating to any such activity of any right which that owner may have under that patent.

23- 69 1— 63 ----- 2
6 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Sec. 3. The re is authorized to be app rop riated such sums as are necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act.

(a) Each contractor or gra nte e under this Act shall keep such records as the Secre tary of the Interio r shall prescribe, including reco rds which fully disclose the amount and the disposition by such contr actor or gra nte e of all funds received pursu ant to th e ter ms of such contr act or gra nt.

(b) The Secreta ry of the Inter ior , the Com ptroller General of the United Sta tes , or any of their duly authorized rep res entatives , s hall have access for the purp ose of aud it and exam ination to any books, docum ents, pap ers and records of the con tractor or gra nte e pertinent to work performed or funds expended pursu ant to any contract or gra nt award ed pursu ant to the terms of this Act.

U.S. Department ofthe I nterior,

Office of the Secretary,

Hon. H Washington, D.C., Ju ne 10, 196.1. enry M. Jackson,

Chairman, Committee on In terior and Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Jackson : Your committee has requested the views of this De­ partment on S. 1166, a bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interio r to enter into con trac ts and make grants for research and development in furtheran ce of the puiq>oses of the act of May 16, 1910 (36 Stat. 369; 30 U.S.C. 1, 3, 5. and 7). as amended and supplemented.

We recommend enac tment of the bill, but suggest that it be amended as set for th below.

S. 1166 would provide autho rity for the Secretary of the Interio r to enter into contracts with and make gra nts to colleges and univ ersities or to organizations under the administrative control of colleges and universities for the conduct of researc h and development in programs of the Bureau of Mines relating to min­ erals, and he alth and safety in the minerals industry.

The bill would enable the B ureau of Mines to d raw on the scientific talents and technological resources of colleges and universities to supplement and complement the Burea u’s own scientific establishment. Thus augmented the Bureau could better provide for the Nation’s expa nding needs for gases, oil, coal, minerals, and metals, and for the safety of the people engaged in exploration for and production of these mineral commodities.

The au tho rity to con tract for research as provided in the bill would imp art depth and flexibility to the Burea u of Mines’ capa bility for scientific inqu iries and investigations. Means would become available for coordinated and inten­ sive effort to achieve the timely solution of urgent technological problems. The granting of contrac ting autho rity is of particular impo rtance because it would permit the Burea u of Mines to promptly emphasize and accelerate stu dies of the basic prop ertie s of organic and inorganic mineral substances, and of the fundam ental science principles th at underlie the exploration for and extraction, processing, and utiliza tion of mineral commodities.

In a recent statem ent to your committee, on another matter, the Secretary of the Interio r said :

“The key importance of utilizing institu tions of higher education for both en­ larg ing our knowledge through researc h and training scie ntists and engineers is attested by a distinguished series of authorities. Notable among them is the Pre sid ent’s Science Advisory Committee’s 1960 Report of the Panel on Basic Research and Gra duate Educatio n under the chairmanship of Dr. Glenn T. Sea- borg, then chancellor of the University of C alifo rnia at Berkeley and now Chair­ man of the Atomic Energy Commission.

“The P ane l st at ed :

“ ‘The cen tral proposition of thi s report is th at science and the making scientists go best together. This mea ns th at when it can be managed, basic of 

research should be done in, or at least in association with, univ ersities. Excep­ tions to this rule are numerous, of course. Some problems, by the ir natu re, re­ quire attack in ways that are not suited to university life ; and the work of the geological survey, for example, can hardly be divided among the universities, yet it require s science of high quality, and basic research is essential to the whole un de rta king ; the same th ing is tru e of many other e nterprises of government and industry. Yet we hold to the view th at in the absence of special considera tions
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 7

the university is the best place for basic research , and we note th at sep ara te installation s which do the best work are, as a rule, those which have a close and effective connection with academic c en ters; the geological survey, in its intimate 

rela tion to academic geology, is an excellent case in po int.’ “The Committee on Na tur al Resources of the National Academy of SciencesNational Research Council came to th e conclusion th a t: “ ‘In adap ting their research programs and a ctiv itie s to the requiremen ts of the 

problems outlined in this repo rt, governmental and nongovernmental agencies an d ins titu tions should tak e full advantage of the resources of the univ ersities, con­ tracting out especially those studies for which the universities are uniquely equipped. It should be remembered that an important byproduct of the univ er­ sity research is the train ing th at accompanies it, and the Committee reemphasizes the need for traini ng researc h workers to deal effectively with the problem s re­ lating to na tural resources. These problem s require closer cooperation betw’een 

na tural and social scie ntists.’ ” An indirect, but no less essential, national benefit from research gran ts to 

univ ersities would stem from the new incentive and vitality that such gra nts would engender in the university minerals science dep artments th at now are languishing and deterio rating. In the absence of support and incentive th at for some years pa st have been channeled almost exclusively into other areas, the academic staffs and student enrollment, both graduate and und ergrad uate, in minerals science and engineering fields have been seriously eroded. This deterioration of academic statur e in the minerals field and dwindling supply of 

min erals oriented sc ientists and engineers have caused concern as to the Nation's ability to ma intain its eminent position in minerals prod uctiv ity. As the only Government agency with a comprehensive research prog ram in minerals sciences and technologies, and with broad respo nsibility for the Nation’s posture in these 

areas, it app ears incum bent upon the Burea u of Mines to tak e positive action 

tow ard sustain ing a nd rev italizin g the appro priate university departm ents. Failu re to accomplish this purpose will deprive the Bureau of Mines in subsequent y ears of a supply of p roperly traine d and oriente d sc ientists and engineers. In summ ary, this legislation would rein forc e the Burea u of Mines capa bility 

for vigorous, perceptive, and timely researc h in support of the Nation ’s minerals needs and revitalize the academic stru ctu re essential fo r the education an d prepa ­ ration of min erals orie nted scie ntists and engineers. A stron ger research capa­ bility in men a nd fac ilities is requisite to m eet growing demands for gas, oil, coal, minerals , and metals w hich must be m et by wider and m ore precise explanations, deeper drilling and mining, and processing and utilizin g lean er source materials.

We suggest that the bill be amended as follow s:

After section 1 add two new sections as set forth below.

“Sec. 2. No pa rt of any app rop riated funds may be expended pursu ant to au­ thorizatio n given by this Act for any scientific o r technological research or devel­ opment activity unless such expend iture is conditioned upon provisions determined by the S ecretary of the Interior, w ith the approval of the Attorney General, to be effective to insure t ha t all information, uses, inte llec tual products, processes, United States patents, and other developments resulting from th at act ivity will (with such exceptions and limitat ions as the Secreta ry may determine after 

consulta tion with the Secretary of Defense to be necessary in the intere st of the nation al defense) be made freely and fully available to the general public in the LTnited States. Nothing contained in this subsection shall deprive the owner of any background paten t relating to any such activity of any rig ht which th at 

owner may have un der th at patent.

“Sec. 3. There is authorized to be a ppropriate d such sums as are necessary to 

carry out th e purposes of this Act.” The bill would not in any way increase the scope of the B ureau of Mines’ pro­ grams or otherwise int erf ere with the divisions of responsibility established in the Departme nt of the Interior. In this regard, and in connection with coal research, the Burea u of Mines would continue to have a program stressing the conservation aspe cts of the Department’s responsibilities while the Office of Coal Research would continue to give emphasis to projects involving sho rtru n researc h and development th at have tonnage potential for improving the coal market. We believe th at the initial con tracts of the Burea u of Mines would be 

mainly or entirely in the field of extractive metallurgy. The Bureau of the B udget ha s advised that th ere is no objection to the prese nta ­

tion of this re por t from the standpoint of the Administration’s program.

Sincerely yours,

J ohn M. Kelly.

Assistant Secretary of the Interior.
8 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Executive Office ofthe President,

Bureau of the Budget,

Washington, D.C., June 7 ,1968. lion. Henry M. Jackson,

Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.8. Senate, New Senate

Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Hear Mr. Chairman : This is in response to your request for the views of the 

Bureau of the Budget on S. 1166, a hill to authoriz e the Secretary of the Interior 

to ente r into contracts and m ake grants for research and development in f ur th er ­

ance of the purposes of the ac t of May 16,1910 (36 Stat 369; 30 U.S.C. 1, 3, 5, and 

7), as amended and supplemented.

The report which the Secretary of the Inter ior is subm ittin g suggests certain 

amen dments to the bill.

The Bureau of th e Budget would have no objection to the enactment of S. 1166 

subject to th e committee’s consideration of those amendments.

Sincerely yours,

Phil lip S. Hughes,

Assistant Director for Legislative Reference.

Comptroller General of the United States,

Washington, April 29,1963. lion . Henry' M. J ackson,

Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs,

U.S. Senate.

Hear Mr. Chairman : We r efe r again to your letter of March 25, 1963, acknowl­ edged March 26,1963, reque sting our comments on S. 1166, 88th Congress.

The proposed legislation would authorize the Secretary of the I nterior to enter into con tracts with and make grants to colleges, universities, or organizations 

under their adm inistrative control for the performance of researc h and development in furthe ran ce of the purposes of the act of May 16, 1910 (36 Stat. 369, as 

amended, 30 U.S.C. secs. 1, 3, 5, and 7), relating among oth er thin gs to mining and 

the preparatio n, treatm ent and utilization of mineral substan ces; hea lth conditions and sa fe ty ; and economic development and conservation of resources of the min eral and fuel industries. The desirability of the purposes to be effected by the 

bill is a matter of policy prim arily for the consideration of the Congress and we 

therefore make no recommendation with respect to its enactment. We believe, however, th at certain aspects of the bill w arrant comment.

The act of May 16, 1910, established the Bureau of Mines and generally pre­ scribed its duties and functions. The Bureau is not authorized by existing law 

to make grants of funds or enter into con tracts for research and development 

work in the several broa d categories proposed. However, under Public Law 

86-599, July 7, 1960, 74 Stat. 336, the Office of Coal Research in the Departm ent of the In terio r is authorized to contract for, sponsor, cosponsor, and promote the 

coordination of research to develop new and more efficient methods of mining, prewiring. and utilizing coal. To avoid possible duplication of effort, your committee 

may wish to consider amending the proposed legislation either to place the con­ tra ct and gran t autho rity in the Office of Coal Research or, alternatively, to 

specifically res trict the auth ori ty to be provided by the legislation to those areas not included in the autho rity granted in Public Law 86-599.

In order to provide protec tion again st was te or improper use of Federal funds, 

we suggest that a section be added to the bill requ iring con trac tors and gran tees 

pursu ant thereto to keep appro priate records and to authorize the Departm ent 

and our Office to audit such records. The following language to accomplish this 

is suggested f or yo ur consi deration :

“ (a) Eac h con trac tor or grantee u nder this act shall keep such records as the 

Secretary of the Inter ior shall prescribe, inclu ding records which fully disclose 

the amount and the disposition by such con trac tor or grantee of all funds re­ ceived p ursuant to the terms of such contract or grant.

“ (ft) The Secretary of the Interior, the Comptroller General of the United 

States, or any of their duly authorized represen tatives, shall have access for the 

purpose of audit and examination to any books, documents, papers, and records 

of th e c ontracto r or grantee pertine nt to work performed or funds expended pursua nt to any contract or gran t awarded pu rsu ant to th e term s o f this act.”

Sincerely yours,

J o se ph C am pb el l.

Comptroller General of the United States
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINER AL RESEARCH 9

D epa rtm en t of H ea lt h , E ducati on, an d W el fa re,

Washington, D.C., July 8, 1963.

lion . H en ry M. J ack so n,

Chairman,

Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs,

U.S. Sen at e, W as hi ng to n, I).C .

D ear Mr. C h a ir m a n : Thi s le tt e r is in re sp on se to your re qeu st of March 25, 

1963, fo r a re port on S. 1166, a bi ll to au th ori ze th e Sec re ta ry of th e In te ri o r 

to e n te r in to contr acts an d m ak e g ra n ts fo r re se ar ch and de ve lopm en t in fu rth era nce of th e pu rp os es of th e act of May 16, 1910 (36 Sta t. 36 9; 30 U.S.C. 1, 

3, 5, a nd 7 ), a s am en de d and sup pl em en te d.

T he bi ll wo uld auth ori ze c ontr acts an d g ra n ts f or th e p er fo rm an ce of re se ar ch 

an d de ve lopm en t re la ti ng to m in ing an d th e pre para ti on, tr eatm ent, an d uti li zation of m in er al su bst ances; and healt h co nd iti on s an d sa fe ty ; an d efficiency, 

ec on om ic de ve lpom en t, and co ns er va tion of re so ur ce s of th e m in er al an d fu el 

in dust ri es. The bi ll wou ld, ho wev er, re str ic t su ch co ntr acts or g ra n ts to colleges 

or univ er si ti es or or gan iz at io ns unde r th e adm in is tr ati ve co nt ro l of colleges or 

un iv er si ties .

In fu rt h era n ce of healt h an d sa fe ty in th e m in er al in dust ri es, th e Pub lic 

H ealth Se rv ice and th e B ure au of Mines co op er at e under th e te rm s of a me mora ndum of under st andin g sign ed in Ja n u a ry 1962, a copy of which is at ta ch ed . 

Nothing in th e prop os ed le gis la tion is in co m pa tibl e w ith th is ag re em en t an d we 

do no t o pp ose it s pa ss ag e.

We are ad vi se d by th e B ure au of th e B ud ge t th a t th ere is no ob ject ion to 

th e pre se nt at io n of th is re port from th e stan di>o int of th e ad m in is tr ati o n ’s 

pr og ra m .

Sinc erely ,

An th o n y J. Cel eb re zz e, Secretary.

Mem or an du m of U nder st andin g for Coo pera tiv e Act iv it y in t h e F ie ld of

I ndust ria l H y g ie n e in t h e Min er a l I n du st rie s

The Pub lic H ealth Se rv ice an d th e B ure au of M ines he re by ag re e to th is 

m em or an du m of unders ta ndin g as a bas is fo r co op er at iv e act iv ity to ac hiev e 

in cr ea se d pr ot ec tion of h ealt h an d sa fe ty th ro ugh th e in ve st ig at io n, co ntro l, an d 

pr ev en tion of in d u str ia l healt h h azard s in th e m in er al in dust ri es an d in con ­

ne ct io n w ith th e mining, pre para ti on, tr eatm ent, and uti li zati on of m in er al s an d 

th ro ugh fu rn is hin g ass is ta nce in in dust ri al hy gien e, hea lt h, an d sa fe ty to thos e 

S ta te and loca l org an iz at io ns en ga ge d in pr ote ct in g w ork er s again st healt h an d 

sa fe ty h azard s in t he m in er al in du st ries .

1. Outline of existing activities of the Public Health Service and the Bureau of

Mines

(a) The Pub lic H ealth Se rv ic e co nd uc ts in ves ti gat io ns in in dust ry fo r the 

pu rp os e of m ea su ring exis ti ng hea lt h hazard s an d det er m in in g metho ds of contr ollin g an d, w he re po ssible, elim in at in g th es e haz ard s. In fo rm at io n th us obta in ed is av ai la ble to S ta te ag en ci es fo r th e ir use in ad m in is te ri ng laws, an d 

en fo rc in g ru le s and re gul at io ns , de sign ed to pre vent and co ntro l in dust ri al 

healt h ha za rd s. The Pub lic H ealth Se rvice, th ro ugh consu ltat iv e serv ices, also 

ass is ts th e se ve ra l S ta te s in fo rm ula ti ng pr ogra m s fo r hea lth pro te ct io n in 

in dust ry , an d th ro ugh gr an ts -in-a id , ex te nds fina nc ia l as si st ance fo r th e cre ation a nd m ai nt en an ce o f in d u str ia l hy gien e pr og ra m s.

(b ) The B ure au of Mi nes, am on g oth er th in gs , co nd uc ts in ves tigat io n w ith 

a vie w of im pr ov in g healt h an d sa fe ty in th e m in er al in dust ri es . The in fo rm ation th us ob ta in ed is pu bl is he d an d widely dis se m in at ed am on g w ork er s an d 

oper at ors and is av ai la ble to Fed er al , Sta te , and lo ca l go ve rn m en ts fo r us e in 

ad m in is te ri ng and en fo rc in g law s an d re gu la tions re la ti n g to hea lth an d sa fe ty 

in th e in dust ri es th u s in ve st ig at ed . T he B ure au of Mines al so m ain ta in s sa fe ty 

st ati ons and eq ui pm en t in th e va riou s m in er al regi on s of th e U ni ted S ta te s fo r 

th e pu rp os e of gi vi ng in st ru cti on an d tr ain in g on sa fe ty an d hea lth an d m ak in g 

in sp ec tion s an d in ve st ig at io ns in min es an d fo r gi vi ng aid in min e dis as te rs . 

Eng in ee ri ng st ud ie s, re se ar ch , an d te st s pert ain in g to hea lth an d sa fe ty of 

w or ker s in th e m in er al in dust ri es a re co nd uc ted by th e B ure au of Mines in th e 

field, an d a t se ve ra l of th e m an y re se ar ch in st all ati ons of th e B ure au loca ted 

a t appro pri ate ce nte rs in th e m in er al in dust ri es . The se in ve st ig at io ns re la te 

to th e det er m in at io n an d abat em en t of harm fu l ga se s an d du sts, an d th e redu c-
10 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

tion of ha zar ds from inadequa te ventilation, the use of explosives, elec tricity, and 

mechanical appliances in mining and related indu stries.

2. Outline of cooperative functions under this memorandum of understanding

It is agreed, therefore, that s ubject to applicable sta tutes and available appropriations, the following shall be the basis for the cooperative efforts of the 

Public Hea lth Service and the Bureau of Mines under this memorandum of 

Und erstanding to achieve the ir objectives of increasing the protectio n of the 

health of workers in the mineral indu str ies:

(a) Cooperative functions of the Public Health Service under this agreem ent:

(1) To conduct in cooperation with the Burea u of Mines broad field studies 

embracing the various epidemiological phases necessary for an eva luation of 

conditions suspected of causing occupational diseases in the min eral industries. 

Such studies will include medical examination of workers, sta tis tic al surveys, 

and studies of working environment.

(2) To conduct laboratory studies on the toxicity or physiological effects of minerals, mineral products, or substances encountered in the min eral industries, for 

the purpose of supplementing field inv estigations on the health of workers in the 

mineral industries.. The Public Hea lth Service will, on the requ est of the 

Bureau of Mines, furn ish to the Burea u info rma tion on the res ult of such 

studies. The Public Hea lth Service, at the request of the Bureau of Mines, also 

will make studies of the physiological effects of specific substances subm itted 

by the B ureau an d/or assign qualified personnel for special stud ies in t he Burea u 

of Mines facilities.

(ft) Cooperative functions of the Bureau of Mines under this agreem ent:

(1) To conduct in cooperation with the Public Health Service broad studies 

of the health problem s in the mineral in du stries ; such stud ies embracing the 

chemical, physical, and engineering phases of h eal th problems which the B urea u 

of Mines and the Public Hea lth Service have agreed should be investigated.

(2) To conduct laboratory studies in the chemical, engineering, and physical 

phases of field investigations pertain ing to the hea lth of workers in the mineral 

industries.

(3) To cooperate with the proper Sta te agencies in promoting the applications of the results of the studies of the health of workers in the m ineral indu strie s made by the Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines for the 

purpose of controlling and preventin g hea lth haz ard s in these industries.

(4) To tes t equipment for perm issibility and develop methods for control of 

health haz ards in the mineral industries.

tc) The Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service shall work in close 

cooperation according to the foregoing statem ent of existing and developing 

rela tion ships in a united effort to stim ulate intere st and actio n on the pa rt of 

State agencies and others concerned with the protection of the work ers in the 

mineral industries.

(d) Manusc ripts repo rting the results of cooperativ e activities under this 

memorandum of understanding will be published by consent of both parties.

3. As used in this memorandum of understanding, the term “min eral industries” covers all operations relatin g to the mining, preparatio n, treatm ent, and 

utilization of minerals.

4. This memorandum of understanding supersedes the “memorandum of un derstan ding for cooperative activ ity in the field of ind ust rial hygiene in the mineral 

industries between the Departm ent of Hea lth, Educatio n, and Welfare (Pub lic 

Health Service) and the Department of the Interio r (Bu reau of Min es),” 

approved in 1956. This memorandum of und erstanding shall terminate at the 

end of 5 yea rs from the date of final approval thereof, but may be termin ated 

by either par ty, at any time prior the reto upon 30 day s’ writte n notice to the 

other party.

Luther L. Terry,

Surgeon General, Public Hea lth Service.

Marling J. Ankeny, 

Director, Bureau of Mines.

Abraham A. Ribicoff,

Secr etary of He alth , Education, and Welfare.

Stewart L. Udall,

Secretary of the Interior. Approved: Janu ary 1962.

Senator Gruening. Senator Hart will be the first witness. Will 

you come forward please ?
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 11

STATEMENT OF HON. P HIL IP A. HART, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE 

STATE OF MICHIGAN

Senator Hart. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, you 

are very gracious to permit us to go ahead and I will be very brief. I 

would like permission to file in full a short statement for the record to 

be included at the conclusion of my oral testimony.

In 1961, Mr. Chairman, the subcommittee of which you are now 

chairman held a 1-day hearing on the problems of the iron ore industry in the upper Great Lakes region. That hearing brought to the 

attention of the committee the need for basic research to develop the 

knowledge required to use the vast deposits of low-grade nonmagnetic 

ores on the Lake Superior ranges.

It is estimated tha t there are as many as 35 billion tons of this crude 

ore with a content range of between 25- and 45-percent iron. Over 

the last 10 years, there has been a trend, as all of us know, away from 

domestic ores and toward reliance on foreign imports.

To get the sense of this, one must realize tha t iron ore imports 

ranged about 7 million tons in 1950 and by 1960 they had gone up to 

about 35 million tons, and in the same period the investments by 

American steel firms in iron ore resource development in countries 

other than this country increased measurably. This is a trend all 

of us want to reverse, not just to prevent further economic deterioration in the areas affected directly, but because of national security 

reasons.

There have been proposals from time to time tha t the way to solve 

this problem is throu gh increased tariffs or import quotas. In my 

book, this is not the answer—either short or long term—that is most 

responsive to the question of adequate use of our own resources.

Senator Bible. Not wanting to get into a ta riff argument with you 

at this point, even with all of this research and development, do you 

think that the iron ore beds of northern Michigan—and we have considerable iron deposits in my State, and it is a great natural resource— 

would be competitive with some of the grea t iron ranges of the Far 

East or the other iron ranges around the world ?

Senator Hart. Senator, I have a hunch that until we have the 

maximum of research none of us will really know the answer to that. 

We can hope, as all of us do, tha t it will be. I, too, want to avoid the 

debate on the quota or tariff question (and it is a highly debatable 

subject all arou nd), beyond making the point that whatever we may 

do, if anything, in terms of quotas or tariffs, we do have the obligation to insure that we know as much as we can about the means of 

making economically competitive our own resource.

Senator Bible. I don’t disagree with tha t premise in any way and 

I am rathe r surprised to find th at it takes specific legislation for the 

Secretary of the Interior to enter into these contracts for research 

and development.

Senator H art. Sir, I think all of us are surprised.

Senator Bible. This can’t be done under the existing laws, I assume, 

or you wouldn’t have this bill in here.
12 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINE RA L RESEAR CH

Senator Hart. This brings me to the end of my prepared statement.

Senator Bible. I am sorry.

Senator H art. No, no. This is exactly the point. I think it came 

as a great surprise to the Bureau and those of us concerned that this 

kind of legislation is required, but in fact, apparently it is, and it is 

to insure the opportunity that we offer it. 1 have in support a number 

of very explicit recommendations supporting the passage of the bill 

from a number of schools of mines across the country.

Senator Bible. Our school is the Mackay School of Mines in 

Nevada.

Senator Hart. Yes, sir.

Senator Gruening. You would like to have those introduced in the 

record ?

Senator 11 art. Yes.

Senator Gruening. They will be included at the end of the oral 

testimony and I have already put in a statement from the University 

of Alaska on the same subject.

There seems to be a very widespread interest and I think it is a very 

desirable objective and they will all be included at the conclusion of the 

testimony in behalf of this bill.

Senator Hart. It is my understanding, Mr. Chairman, that my 

statement in full will be included in the record.

Senator Gruening. Yes, the statement will be included in full at 

this point.

(The statement referred to follow s:)

P repared Stateme nt of II on . P h il ip A. II art, a U.S. Senator F rom th e State

of Michi ga n

Mr. C hai rm an , th ank yo u fo r th is opport unity to ap pea r be fo re th is co mm itt ee 

in su pport of S. 1166.

In 1961, a t my re qu es t, th e M in er al s Su bc om m itt ee he ld a 1-day heari ng on th e 

prob lems of th e iron or e in dust ry in th e Upp er G re at Lak es region . The ex jie rt 

te st im on y at th a t hea ri ng bro ught t o th e att enti on of th is c om m itte e th e need fo r 

ba sic re se ar ch to de ve lop th e kn ow ledg e re qui re d to utilize th e v ast de po sits of 

low-g ra de no nm ag ne tic ta co nite an d se m itac on ite or es on th e Lak e Sup er io r 

ra ng es .

It has be en es tim at ed th a t th er e a re as m an y as 35 billi on to ns of th is cr ud e 

or e in t h is a re a w ith a co nte nt o f 2 5-45 p er ce nt iron.

Ov er t he p ast d ec ad e th ere has been a tr end a w ay fro m th e u se of d om es tic o res 

an d to w ar d re lian ce on fo re ig n im po rts. T hi s tr en d is refle cted in th e in cr ea se 

in iron or e im po rt s from ar ou nd 7.1 mill ion to ns in 1950 to 34.3 mill ion to ns in 

1960. T he tr end has been ab et te d by in ve st m en ts by Amer ican stee l co mpa nies 

in i ro n re so ur ce d ev elop men t in oth er co un trie s.

It is im pera ti ve th a t we re ve rs e th is tr en d, not on ly to pr ev en t th e fu rt h er 

econ om ic dete ri ora tion of th is are a, but also fo r ve ry vital nati onal se cu rity 

reas on s.

Fro m ti m e to tim e, pr op os al s hav e be en mad e fo r th e so lu tion of th e pro ble m 

th ro ugh ta ri ff s or im por t qu ot as . As I see it, th is wou ld not be th e be st sh or t- or 

long -ran ge answ er in te rm s of ad equate us ag e of our ow n re so ur ce s.

In my opini on , an d in th e op inion of th os e wh o kn ow th e ir on or e in dus try, 

th e w ay to re ve rs e th is tr end is to de ve lop m et ho ds by which th e g re at 

med ium- an d low-grad ir on ore re so urc es we po ssess ca n be m ad e econ om ica lly 

co mpe tit ive.

An d th is re qu ir es , fi rs t of all , th e ba si c re se arc h w hi ch ca n be st be ca rr ie d on 

in th e labora to ri es of o ur coll eges a nd univ er si ties .
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 13

When I explored with the Bure au of Mines the possibility of their underwriting 

this kind of basic research, I found to my surprise tha t in their opinion they did 

not have the authority to enter into this kind of research contract. Explorations with other Federal agencies were no more encouraging. The National Science Foundation believes this type of iron ore research falls more nearly into the category of applied research than the basic research they are 

authorized to sponsor. The Technical Assistance Division of the Area Redevelopment Administration admits the long-range benefits of such research, but has been re luctant to approve projects such as this which do not promise to generate employment in more 

immediate terms. Finally, I went back to the Bureau of Mines and asked them for the specific language which would permit them to enter into contracts with nonprofit insti­ tutions to carry on research into the utilization of medium- and low-grade iron 

ores. S. 1166, which I introduced on March 21,1963, is the result. The committee may w ant to consider the possibility of expanding the authorization so tha t contracts could be entered into with profit as wrell as nonprofit 

organizations. For my own part, I am not clear as to whether the Bureau already 

has this authority. As you know, the Department of the Interior has filed a report in support of this hill with the proviso tha t there he a section spelling out the right of the public to any patentable knowledge resulting from the authorized research. The Comptroller General in his report suggested that since, under Public Law 86-599, the Office of Coal Research is authorized to sponsor research into coal mining methods, this committee might wish to consider either placing the ad­ ministration of the proposal program in the Coal Research Office or restricting the authority of this legislation to areas not now within the jurisdiction of tha t 

office. The committee, of course, will want to consider these suggestions. But I would make clear my strong feeling tha t this legislation should not be amended in any way which would jeopardize bringing to bear the full resources of this new 

research authorization on the problems of th e iron ore industry.

Senator Hart. As your able staff has indicated to you, there are 

several witnesses here in support of the bill. I should add for the 

record one name which has inadvertently been omitted.

Senator Gruening. Mr. Volin?

Senator Hart. Dr. Volin from the Michigan College of Mining 

and Technology at Houghton who is appearing also with me.

Mr. Chairman, the experts you referred to are much better equipped 

than I to respond to any specifics, but this happily is one of these relatively easy pieces of legislation. It authorizes certain activities which 

we are told we cannot undertake without this explicit authorization.

The activities, I think, make good sense and I would hope that the 

committee may favorably consider it.

Senator Gruening. Thank you very much.

Senator Bible. Mr. Chairm an, I ju st want to commend and compliment the Senator from Michigan for bringing this legislation before 

us. I think this is most important legislation. I think if we are to 

move forw ard competitively in any of these mineral fields, we do have 

to continue research and development even beyond the Bureau of 

Mines, which is specifically set up for th at type of research and development. This is something akin, as I view it, to some of the contracts 

and grants and research done under the auspices of the National In ­

stitutes of Health with colleges, universities, and medical schools,
14 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

most highly, Senator I4art, for your alertness, and awareness, and 

wisdom in bringing this bill before us.

Senator Gruenino. 1 share the views of my colleague from Nevada. 

Senator Hart. Thank you.

Senator Gruenino. Thank you very much.

Senator Hart. 1 would be glad to introduce the distinguished experts i f the committee wishes, but 1 will bow to your judgment.

Senator Bible. It has been called to my attention you have not commented, and you might wish to comment, on one of the problems we 

constantly run into in this legislation and th at is the open-end au thorization, and this is a troublesome problem, as to the amount tha t you 

should put in there as a guideline to the Appropriation s Committee 

tha t you can’t expend over x dollars in this field, but maybe you 

would prefer tha t we develop that through the Bureau of Mines w itnesses. I have no idea what type of a figure you would write in there 

tha t would be realistic and I imagine this might take some study.

Senator H art. I think, Senator, that my opinion would be no more 

than a hunch and I am sure the committee can establish a responsible 

figure.

Senator Bible. I am advised t hat the House has always had some 

questions on this so-called open-end authorization. I think those 

questions are correct. If we can write a realistic ceiling on the cost 

to the Federal Government we will help the bill. Then, of course, as 

you are very well aware, the authorization doesn’t mean tha t the 

Appropriations Committee is going to give the full amount of the 

authorization. They are the final word on the money th at is appropriated, but we can develop that through Mr. Ankeny of the Bureau 

of Mines.

Senator Gruenino. I would like to ask you, Senator Ila rt, whether 

you are prepared to accept the amendments proposed by the D epartment of the Interior, whether you have had some time to study them 

or not.

Senator Hart. Mr. Chairman, I should be in position to respond 

to that because the Department was prompt in its response to your 

committee’s inquiry, but frankly, I would p refer tha t the committee 

in its good judgment decide.

Senator Gruenino. We would like to have your views. It will 

probably be a few days before we go into executive session. During 

tha t time, if you have any views that you would like to transmit to the 

committee, wre would be very happy to have them.

Senator H art. Thank you very much.

Senator Gruentng. On S. 1166, Senator Har t’s bill, we have several witnesses: Mr. Marling J. Ankeny, Director of the Bureau of 

Mines, accompanied by Mr. J. B. Rosenbaum, Director of the Minerals 

and Research Branch of the Bureau of Mines; Dr. M. E. Volin, Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton, Mich.; Dr. Philip 

L. Walker, chairman of the division of mineral technology, College of 

Mineral Industries, Pennsylvania State University; Dr. J. Russell 

Bright, director of the office of research administration, W ayne State 

University, Detroit.

Will you gentlemen all come forward so that we can have the benefit of your collective wisdom. Which of you gentlemen would like to 

testify first ?
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 15

STATEMENTS OF MARLING J. ANKENY, DIRECTOR, BUREAU OF

MINES; ACCOMPANIED BY J. B. ROSENBAUM, DIRECTOR, MINERALS AND RESEARCH BRANCH, BUREAU OF MINES: DR. M. E.

VOLIN, MICHIGAN COLLEGE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY,

HOUGHTON, MICH.; DR. PH ILIP L. WALKER, JR., CHAIRMAN,

DIVISION OF MINERAL TECHNOLOGY, COLLEGE OF MINERAL

INDUSTRIES, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; DR. J. RUSSELL

BRIGHT, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF RESEARCH ADMINISTRATION,

WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY, DETROIT, MICH.; AND JOHN C.

CALHOUN, JR., SPECIAL ASSISTANT AND SCIENCE ADVISER TO

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

Mr. Ank en y. I am pr ep ared to make my sta tem ent.

Se na tor Grue nino. Mr. An keny, we are very ha pp y to have you 

here and proceed in yo ur own way.

Mr. Ank en y. Gentle men, I am M arlin g J . An ken y, Di rec tor, Burea u of Mine s, Dep artm en t of the In terio r. I am acc ompan ied th is morning by Mr. J. B. Ros enb aum , t he B ur ea u’s A ssistant D ire ctor of 

Minerals Research. We ap preciat e the chance to ap pe ar an d discuss with you Senate bil l 1166. Th is pro posed leg islati on wou ld allow th e Se cretary of the In te ri or to en ter into contr acts an d to make gr an ts to colle ges an d unive rsities fo r research th at would com plement th e 

research pr og rams o f th e B ureau of Mines. Suc h research w ould include t hat relatin g t o t he mini ng, processing, an d ut iliza tio n of mineral sub stan ces, and th at pe rtaini ng to the efficiency, economic dev elopm ent, an d con servation of m ine ral and fuel 

resources, and to h ea lth an d safety in th e mine ral ind ust ries. Th e Bu reau of Min es reco mmends pas sag e of th is leg islati on fo r 

two reasons. Fir st , we feel th at i t w ould rei nforce the Bu reau ’s ca pa ­ bility fo r rig oro us, perce ptive, an d tim ely res earch in su pp or t of the 

Na tio n’s mine ral needs. Second, it is believed th at th is action wou ld help rev ita liz e the 

academ ic stru ctur e essential fo r th e education and pr ep ar atio n of 

mi nerals-o riente d scientists a nd enginee rs. As you know, the B ureau of M ines is enga ged in a prog ram of w ide 

scope of basic and ap plied res ear ch and dev elopment des igned to pro vid e fo r the Nation’s ex pa nd ing needs fo r fuels, mine ral s an d metals, an d fo r the safet y of people engag ed in ex plorati on fo r an d 

pro duction of these mineral commodities. Th e Bu reau of Mines is the only Governm ent agency wi th a compre hen sive research prog ram in mine ral sciences and techno logies, 

an d as such, it ha s an ex act ing responsibi lity fo r the Na tio n’s position 

in these areas. In c ertai n phases of t he work, especially those inv olv ing basic an d 

fund am en tal res earch , the Bu rea u is experiencing incre asing diffi­ culty in ob taining scientists an d eng ine ers wi th the des ired disciplin ­ ar y backgro unds an d pro fessional skills necessa ry to ca rry ou t a dy ­

namic prog ram. Th e pro posed bill would e nable th e Bu reau to com­ ple me nt an d supp lem ent its own resear ch capabilities by dr aw in g on the scien tific an d technolo gic al resources of colleges and un ivers ities, 

an d it would im pa rt depth and flex ibility to the Bur ea u’s scie ntific 

inq uir ies and in vestigations.
16 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MI NE RA L RE SEAR CH

The Bureau of Mines has long sponsored cooperative fellowships 

at certain colleges and universities. These fellowships are actually 

research assistantships and require tha t the student be employed 20 

hours per week in a Bureau laboratory and hence can be sponsored 

only at those schools near a Bureau establishment.

In the past, this program has been highly successful. Many of the 

present leaders in industry and in the Bureau of Mines completed 

their college training under this type of fellowship agreement. In 

recent years, however, the arrangement is no longer attractive to students because of the competition with more lucrative conventional 

fellowships and with research assistantships on more liberal terms 

sponsored by other Government agencies.

Authority to contract for research, as provided in the proposed 

bill, would not restrict location and would make the Bureau sponsored 

fellowships and research grants more attractive to students.

Availability of research facilities at a large number of selected 

colleges and universities with unique capabilities, would permit the 

Bureau to emphasize promptly and accelerate studies of the basic 

properties of organic and inorganic mineral materials, and of the 

fundamental scientific principles tha t underlie exploration, extraction, processing, and utilization of mineral commodities. In short, 

the proposed legislation would augment the Bureau’s current research 

programs and allow it to better fulfill its mission.

During recent years there has been a series of surveys and analyses 

conducted by the National Science Foundation, Bureau of Labor 

Statistics, professional societies, and others concerning the prospects 

for education of scientific and technical personnel. All of these studies 

have resulted in startling and depressing conclusions.

The percentage of college freshmen entering engineering professions started to decline in 1957 and has been dropping steadily ever 

since. This fact has l>een partially obscured by the rapidly increasing 

total enrollment in colleges and universities. The surveys all agree, 

however, th at the Nation lacks the necessary number of scientists and 

engineers to keep up research and production, let alone increase the 

ranks of personnel needed to search for new theories, new applications, 

and new uses for old ideas. Specifically, a recent statement by the 

National Science Foundation claims that the demand for engineers 

and scientists will double within the next 10 years.

In 1961, the engineering schools of the United State s produced 

36,000 bachelor-level graduates. Yet these same schools—most of 

them experiencing enrollment decreases at the freshman level—are 

expected to graduate an average of 72,000 engineers each year to keep 

pace with demand.

Our colleges and universities graduated about 60,000 science majors 

in 1961. But, for the next 10 years, the same schools must turn out 

at least 83,000 annually. One point in favor of the scientific disciplines is tha t enrollments are increasing, spurred by the glamour of 

space-age activities. The sobering thought is that science enrollments, 

though increasing, are not increasing fast enough—and the increase 

is largely at the expense of the engineering enrollments.

The picture of minerals-oriented colleges and universities is even 

more disturbing. Fo r example, of the 36,000 engineers graduated in 

1961, only 800 of them were metallurgical engineers. Most of these
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 17

were prep ared to enter either tlie physical metallurgy or the process 

metallurgy fields. The number tha t choose process metallurgy is 

woefully small. This is not because of lack of interest in processing 

but simply because industrial, defense and space interest has created 

an opportunity for higher salaries and faster advancement working 

with metals and alloys than in the minerals processing field.

The Bureau of Mines examination revealed tha t extremely little 

significant academic research is being conducted in the field of process 

metallurgy even at the schools tha t 15 years ago were strongest in 

the field. Invariably, the school staffs, when questioned, replied that 

obtaining Federal and industrial support for physical metallurgy 

on scientific programs is relatively easy, but supp ort fo r process metallurgy is practically nonexistent.

Senator Bible. Right at th at point, Mr. Chairman, m ight I ask one 

question ?

Senator Gruening. Yes, indeed.

Senator Bible. I am wondering if part of th at isn’t due to the fact 

tha t we have no gold mining and we have no silver mining. Leadzinc mining is out of business. Tungsten is out of business. If I 

had a son I certainly don’t think I would recommend th at he become 

a mining engineer. How would he get a job afte r he came through 

these schools?

Where could he go with any degree of confidence in the future of 

holding his profession? The mines are closed, in the length and 

breadth of this land by and large.

Mr. Ankeny. I think from that standpoint you are correct, tha t 

these industries have declined, but other phases of metallurgy, not 

mining, but metallurgy, have grown. I would like Mr. Rosenbaum 

to expand on that.

Mr. Rosenbaum. I believe I can and while it is true th at very many 

areas in the extraction processing of minerals are in a sadly depressed 

state, the to tal volume of minerals being processed is still much larger 

than it was 15 or 20 years ago.

Senator Bible. I don’t know what you put into your statistics. 

Maybe you throw sand and gravel in there to get this. What do you 

throw into your statistics?

Mr. Rosenbaum. As an illustration, we are producing more copper 

today.

Senator Bible. I think this is right. I think copper is in a fairly 

healthy state. With the exception of copper where else are we doing 

so well ?

Mr. R osenbaum. As an illustration, where perhaps 15 years ago we 

had no uranium, right now we certainly have people engaged in it 

and the byproducts.

Senator Dominick. But you are phasing that out.

Senator Gruening. That is diminishing.

Senator Dominick. You are phasing that out as rapidly as possible.

Mr. Rosenbaum. It certainly doesn’t have any stability, but the 

situation is th at graduates are not available in the field of extractive 

metallurgy. This is the situation.

Senator Bible. I s tha t a fact?

Mr. Rosenbaum. Yes, this is true. We have not been able to employ extractive metallurgists on the Bureau of Mines staff to meet 

our requirements.
18 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Se na tor Bible. Th at is Government employment. Ilow about metallurgists in private industry ?

Mr. Rosenbaum. Private industry has the same problems in obtaining graduate metallurgists.

Mr. Bright. I am Dr. J. Russell B right, Wayne State University. 

It has been true in recent years tha t the metallurgy department in our 

college of engineering has been one of the fastest growing ones, but 

when we have four or five private companies come in to interview 

prospective chemical engineers, there may be five come in on one day 

and have one student interviewed. For some reason or other, even 

though we have a lot of students starting in that, we haven’t graduated 

very many. There aren’t enough. I think he is right.

Mr. R osenbaum. Tha t is correct. There is an acute shortage.

Senator Gruening. Isn ’t that a problem to which we should direct 

our attention? What is needed to stimulate the interest of more 

students ?

Mr. Rosenbaum. This is one of the things this bill will help focus 

attention on, and we feel strongly that, since the Bureau of Mines has 

a responsibility to see that the country has a strong mineral industry, 

we have to have the people who are capable of carrying on in this 

area.

Senator Bible. We have to have some Government policies in order 

to face up to the fact tha t there is nothing wrong with giving American industry a fair share of the market too.

Senator Gruening. Yes. Th at is a point we hope to bring up later. 

Would you say th at this shortage exists in other countries too?

Mr. Rosenbaum. Not to the extent as here. From experience in 

talking to foreign nationals they themselves do not appear to have 

the same shortage.

Senator Gruening. Is any attempt being made by industry to recruit foreign nationals who may be expert in tha t field? Do they 

encounter any difficulties with the im migration laws?

Mr. Rosenbaum. I am not fam iliar with that.

Senator Gruening. Mr. Ankeny, do you happen to know?

Mr. Ankeny. No, sir.

Senator Gruening. There is legislation in the works now to modify 

immigration laws with special emphasis on facilitating people skilled 

in the professions, technicians and so forth, and I think this might be 

pertinent to this situation.

Mr. Ankeny. I recall several instances where we have been helped 

by the State Department by g etting limited permission fo r employing 

foreigners to serve private industry in this sense.

Senator Gruening. I think it would be very helpful to this legislation if the Department would do a little research oecause this might 

be very important in connection with this immigration legislation. 

The emphasis is to t ry to bring in trained skills which we do not have 

in this country and get away from the difficulty of giving just tempora ry visas.

If there is a shortage here which would be supplied by foreign 

talent we would certainly try to make it easy for that talent to be 

available.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 19

Senator Bible. May I ask one more question, Mr. Chairm an ? Do 

you have any idea of how many graduate mining engineers industry 

could use this year, or next year or 1965?

Mr. Rosenbaum. We don’t have the figures.

Senator Bible. By way of statistics which the industries might want. 

Maybe Dr. Bright might have some observation.

Mr. Bright. I am not an engineer, but I am active in several engineering societies and I believe the answer to your question could best 

come from the American Society for Engineering Colleges. This 

would be a question I believe they could answer with ease.

I haven’t the statistics, but I believe they are available.

Senator Bible. Pa rt of the burden of your presentation is th at we 

are in short supply of mining engineers. How short is t hat supply? 

That could be supplied for the record, Mr. Ankeny.

Mr. A nkeny. We will be happy to make inquiries and supply some 

inform ation on that.

(The material to be furnished follows:)

S u pplem en ta r y Sta te m ent by Marli ng J. A n k e n y , D irec to r, B ure au of Min e s

The Bureau of Mines urges passage and enac tmen t of Senate bill 1166, which will autho rize the Secretary of the Inter ior to enter into contracts and to make grants to colleges and universities to augm ent the researc h programs of the 

Burea u of Mines. Each app ropriation act for the Departme nt of Interio r has authorized the Secre tary to “accept lands, buildings, equipment, and oth er contributions from public and private sources and prosecute projects in cooperation with other agencies, Federal, State, or private,” but does not specifically gran t permission to let con trac ts for research. Public Law 86-777 of the 86th Congress (Helium Act of 1960), however, authorizes the Secretary to “conduct or con trac t with public or private partie s for the expe rimenta tion and research to discover helium supplies and to improve processes and methods of helium production, purifica­ tion, transp ortation, liquifactio n, storage, and utilization.” Senate bill 1166 will extend to the minerals and fuels segments of Hie Burea u of Mines resea rch pro­ gram the access to additional scientific tale nts and facilities th at is obtain ed through making researc h gran ts and contracts and th at is now enjoyed by Helium 

Activity and by other F ede ral res earch organizations. We believe that enactment of this legislation would result in a significant strengthen ing of the Bureau of Mines research program. The Bureau has ex­ perie nced difficulty in obtaining qualified personnel to conduct research in certain area s of endeavor, especially in the fields of process (ex tractive) metallurgy and mining research. Not only would contract autho rity make available to the Burea u the services and professional skills of tra ine d min eral scientists, but it would help stim ulate educatio n of science-oriented young persons fam iliar with 

miner als problems. The advanta ges and benefits to the Bureau of Mines research program to be derived from close association and cooperation with academic institu tions is the prime motivatio n for the Burea u’s supp ort of Senate bill 1166. Of secondary intere st, yet of long-range importance, is the belief th at this action will help susta in an d revitalize the u niversity and college structu re and programs essential for the educ ation and pre par ation of scientists and engineers th at are desperate ly 

needed by th is N atio n’s minerals ind ustry.

As requested , to suppleme nt our previous statem ent th at there is a general sho rtage of graduates in the minerals industry area , da ta concerning recent 

metall urg ical and mining gra duates are shown in tables 1 and 2.
20 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

T ab le 1.—Degrees g ranted in metallurgy

Year

Bachelors, 

no t differentiated

Masters Doctors

Not differentiated

Physical

metallurg y

Process

metallurgy

Not differentiated

Physica l

metallurgy

Process

metallurgy

1958-59_________

1959-60................. 797 55 136 21 17 49 8

1960-61 ............... 713 30 171 39 10 58 7

755 39 165 43 9 58 13

Table 2.—Degrees granted in mining engineering

Year Bachelors Masters Doctors

1961_____________ _____ ___________________ _______________

1962.............. 220 33 2

179 49 6

Table 1, prepar ed from statistics of t he American Society for M etals Foundation for Education and Research, shows metallurgical gra duates from U.S. 

schools at the bachelor's, ma ster’s, and doctor’s levels over a 3-year period.

Gradu ates at the bachelor’s level cannot be classified into the branches of 

physical and process metallurgy because the training is generally applicable 

to eith er specialty. However, based on the proportion in each bran ch among 

the masters, it is widely conceded th at only 15 to 20 percent of the total meta llurgy gra dua tes actually enter the field of process metallurgy. These figures 

are of grave concern to the Bureau of Mines and to others concerned with the 

problem of ass uring the United States a continuing and adequate supply of 

essential min erals and fuels. Without a sufficient number of process metallurgy gra dua tes, not only is the Burea u’s own research program endangered, 

but also th e efficiency of the Nation’s min erals ind ustries.

Scarcity of gra duate s is not limited to meta llurgy. Sta tistics supplied by 

the Departme nt of Health, Education, and Welfare (table 2) show that the 

number of mining engineers gra duating each year is approximately one-fourth 

that of total metallurgists, and therefo re only slightly high er tha n the number 

of process metallurgists. It is a well-established fac t that many of the colleges 

and universities have had to close their mining and engineering departm ents 

for lack of students.

When it is considered that, over 70,000 engineers and scientists are graduated 

each year, and that the combined metall urg ists and mining engineers comprise 

only 1,000 of the total, it can be realized th at the matter is one of serious 

concern. Accurate figures are not availab le on the number of foreign nationals 

included among the gradua ting engineers and extrac tive metallurgists. Estimates from several schools range from 10 to 40 percent. Nevertheless, it is 

apparen t th at the number is appreciable, and t ha t the number of young mineralsoriented graduates available to the U.S. i ndustry and research organization s is 

even less tha n the figures shown in the tables.

It has been suggested th at paucity of gra duates in minerals fields is due to a 

lack of job opportunities. This, however, does not appear to be true. Two of 

our largest min eral engineering schools, Colorado School of Mines and Missouri 

School of Mines and Metallurgy, report th at the number of positions available 

fa r exceeds th e number of gra duates to fill them.

The question was raised as to wh at extent researc h in the are as of mining 

and extractive metallurgy is financed by other Fed eral agencies. The Bureau 

of Mines has investigated this subject as instructed and determined that such
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESE ARCH 21

financing is negligible. Typical of the statem ents in response to our inquiries was th at from the Directo r of Defense Researc h and Engineering, as follows:

September 16, 1963.

Mr. Marling J. Ankeny,

Director, Bureau of Mines,

U.S. Department of the In terior,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Ankeny : Pu rsua nt to your request of las t week I have exam ined 

the metallurgy and ma terials program s of the Department of Defense in reg ard to basic or applied research in the are as of extractive metallurgy and mining. To the best of my knowledge the DOD has no work going on in either of these are as at this time. It has been my und erstanding th at through the yea rs the Burea u of Mines was the sole Government agency engaged in research in these two areas. The DOD, while it may have an int ere st in such prog rams and co­ ordinates w ith the B ureau of Mines, is primarily interested in supp orting physical metallurgy prog rams on the application of metals.

Sincerely yours, Earl T. Hayes,

Assistan t Director (M ate ria ls).

Also received in answer to this inquiry was a lette r from the chairman. Coordinating Committee on Materials Research and Development, Feder al Council for Science and Technology, pertain ing to Fed era l agency support of 

min erals research. It is as follo ws:

Federal Council for Science and Technology,

Washington, D.G., October 8, 1963.

Mr. Marling J. Ankeny,

Director, U.S. Bureau o f Mines,

U.S. Departm ent of the In terior,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Ankeny : At a recent meeting of the Coordinating Committee on 

Materials Rese arch and Development of the Fed era l Council for Science and Technology it came to our attentio n th at th e Burea u of Mines h as been requested to determine the degree of oth er Federal agency support of research through con tracts and gra nts at univer sities in the field of extractive metallurgy to see whether there would be a duplication of effort as a res ult of Bureau of Mines 

plans to star t a prog ram in this field. The membership of CCMRD is composed of representatives and observers from the Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Defense, National Bureau of Stan dards, Advanced Researc h Projects Agency, National Aeronau tics and Space Adm inistration, Burea u of Mines, Nation al Science Foundation, Bureau of the Budget, Office of Emergency Planning, and the Office of Science and Tech­ nology. These agencies would be conducting, or would have knowledge of, technical prog rams of the type proposed by the Burea u of Mines if such a pro­ gram were to be und erta ken . Since these representativ es and observers on the CCMRD are in a position to have direct knowledge of any Government work, inhouse or contrac t, being done by their respective agencies in this are a, the group was asked to identify any work in this field c urrently being supported by their agency. The result of this poll was th at except for the very specialized supp ort of the Ames Atomic Laboratory of the Iowa Sta te University by the AEC for researc h on the sep ara tion of rare ear ths , none of the agencies has a significant amount of work in thi s area . Fu rth er, these agencies did not plan any change in policy since this field w as the primary responsibility of the B ureau 

of Mines.

2 3 -6 9 1— 63 ----- 4
22 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Because of the broad Government technical representation on CCMRD, I 

believe the results of polling our members is a valid basis fo r assuming that the 

work the Bureau of Mines is planning to undertake in this field is not one which would duplicate an existing Federal program.

Sincerely yours,

Chairman, Coordinating Committee on Materials Research and Develop­ I. C. Schoonover,

ment.

In view of these facts, and with a conviction that enactment of this legislation 

would materially strengthen the Bureau’s research capabilities and, secondarily 

stimulate the education of young persons for careers in this essential resource field, we again urge passage of S. 1166.

Mr. Volin. I am Dr. M. E. Volin from the Michigan College of 

Mining. I wish to suggest tha t the American Institu te of Mining, 

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers have had many discussions of 

this problem of shortage of engineers for the mineral industries and it 

has much published matter on this and would probably have the information you are asking for as to the number of mining and metallurgical engineers needed by the mineral industries.

Senator Bible. I think tha t will be very helpful, Mr. Chairman. 

I apologize for interrupting.

Senator Gruening. I think it would be very helpful and I would like 

to ask the counsel to explore the situation with the appropriate agencies 

and see what there is in the way of exchange fellowships and other 

methods by which we would have a supply of foreign experts. This 

might be useful when we get testimony on the immigration bill, because they certainly may exist in other countries and I know of no 

country which isn’t happy to send people to this land of opportunity 

and freedom when they have a chance to do so.

I think we should explore that. Go ahead.

Mr. Ankeny. I have expounded at some length on the illustration 

concerning process metallurgy. It happens to be the area of greatest 

current concern to the Bureau of Mines, and if this legislation is enacted, is the area for which most of the initial contracts will be made. 

But the situation is not restricted to metallurgy, the mining engineering departments of some of the engineering schools have virtually 

ceased to exist.

It is our opinion tha t it is incumbent on the Bureau of Mines to take 

positive action toward sustaining and revitalizing the appropriate 

university departments. We believe that the proposed bill will help 

accomplish this purpose. Failure to stimulate the mineral units of our 

colleges and universities will deprive not only the Bureal of Mines but 

all of the minerals industry of a supply of properly trained and oriented scientists and engineers.

The dual role of colleges and universities to expand our knowledge 

throu gh research and to train additional scientists and engineer's has 

been advised by distinguished authorities.

For example, the President’s Science Advisory Committee’s “ 1960 

Report of the Panel on Basic Research and Graduate Education” 

definitely recommends t h at: “basic research should be done in, or at 

least in association with, universities.”
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 23

The Committee on Natu ral Resources of the National Academy of 

Sciences—National Research Council—came to the conclusion tha t—

governmental and nongovernm ental agencies and ins titu tions should tak e full advanta ge of the resources of the univ ersities, con tracting out especially those studies for which the universities are uniquely equipped.

The committee fur ther stated tha t—

It has been recognized for some time th at fun dam ental research bearing on mineral resources would progress more rapidly if scientists and engineers from indu stry, the universities, and the Government would work together more closely.

The May 1963 report of the Committee on National Resources to the Federal Council for Science and Technology recommended expansion of Federal research on extraction—th at is mining and production of oil and gas—and on the processing of mineral raw materials emphasiz­ ing the utilization of materials that are now of marginal or submarginal quality.

The report stated tha t—

fund s should be m ade available for Fed eral rese arch as rapidly as existing pro­ gram s can be expanded, and un iversity research should be subsidized wherever it 

appears to be well situated to use such assistance.

The Committee on Bureau of Mines Metallurgical Research to the 

National Academy of Sciences, June 1962, stated:

The Bureau of Mines has a responsibility to help promote education in the fields of the mineral ind ust ry by close c ooperation with educ ational institutions * * * and to under write diverse activities in the research field in colleges and 

universities.

In summary, the Bureau of Mines urges the passage and enactment of Senate bill 1166 on the grounds tha t it will strengthen the Bureau's own program of research, and will benefit the Nation s minerals industry in general by helping to alleviate the growing shortage of mining engineers, metallurgical engineers, and minerals scientists. Mr. Chairman, we have with us today also Dr. John C. Calhoun, J r., who is a special assistant and science adviser to the Secretary of the Interior. I understand tha t he has submitted a prepared statement and he is available to answer any questions tha t you may wish to direct 

to him.

Senator Gruening. We will be very glad to hear him. Do you suggest that we hear him next ?

Mr. Ankeny. I understand that he is obligated to get to the Secretary’s office very shortly and if he is to present his statement formally 

I recommend tha t you hear him now.

Senator Bible. Before you do that, Mr. Chairman—I must leave in just a few minutes—I jus t want to ask Mr. Ankeny one question. How 

much will this program cost?

Mr. Ankeny. We have given some thou ght to that. Mr. Rosenbaum has studied this problem.

Mr. Rosenbaum. We have given some thought to it but we would 

prefer not to get an open-end authorization. We have in mind tha t we would explore the facilities that were available in the schools and determine and make some decision as to the work that could be done 

by various schools.
24 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Senator Dominick. Mr. Chairman, if I may interject right there, as 

one Senator I would never agree to an open-end authorization on this 

kind of a bill.

Senator Bible. I think he said tha t he did not want an open-end 

authorization.

Mr. Ankeny. We do not.

Senator Bible. But what figure do we put in? We have to look to 

somebody to give us that.

Mr. Ankeny. We have put in a ceiling figure of $2 million a year. 

We have in mind a ceiling figure. We assumed th at we could come in 

with an annual budget presentation to document the research and the 

type we propose to award, applied research or other research activities, 

along the line.

Senator Bible. That kind of terrifies me. You would come to the 

Appropriation s Committee and say tha t you wanted $2 million a 

year.

Mr. Ankeny. That is a ceiling limitation. We m ight initially require $500,000 in the opening year.

Senator Bible. Take either amount tha t you want. Let us split 

the difference and say you come in and ask for a million dollars. 

What will you do with a million dollars?

A, B, C, D. Wha t will you do? Will you hire an assistant in the 

Bureau of Mines who will be in charge of administration of this bill?

Mr. Ankeny. We do not visualize tha t we want to get into the 

kind of contracts that would require major administrative problems 

or major administrative expenses because we have too many other 

things to do in the Bureau to try to get involved in detailed bookkeeping for numerous small contracts.

We visualize tha t we could give grants where appro priate for the 

investigation of fundamental problems. As an illustration, we might 

award $15,000 to the University of Wyoming to study the characteristics of rocks that are associated with oil shale structures.

Senator Bible. How much money have you spent fo r shale research within your own Bureau of Mines?

Mr. Ankeny. About $2 million. But we are going out into the 

type of fundamental problems here tha t is needed in support of research in the Bureau of Mines. We do quite a bit of fundamental 

research to the extent t ha t we have the people and the facilities to do 

it. But we need much more basic knowledge and cannot build up our 

own program because the skills are not available to us.

I think this would be helpful. I also want to indicate again tha t 

one of the serious goals here is the education of people for the 

minerals field.

Senator Bible. If you are in short supply of the engineers as indicated wouldn’t you come under this college education bill tha t has 

just come out of the House Education Committee, if this is an educational problem, to educate more mining engineers? Wouldn’t Dr. 

Volin’s Michigan College be entitled to a certain amount of money 

to help those who wanted to become mining engineers ?

Mr. Ankeny. I am not familiar with that.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 25

Senator Bible. The reason I asked the question, and maybe I didn’t 

understand your answer, is I though t you said this was to help in the 

education of mining engineers.

Mr. Ankeny. That development is one of our goals. We have 

indicated tha t we have a two-pronged reason for this. One is to help 

us to get the basic research that we need.

We study the characteristics and strain of rocks and how rocks 

respond to an explosive so we can learn to get better types of fra gmentation. We are doing quite a bit of that, but we are limited in 

the number of people we have and limited in the number of laboratories we have. We feel we can get quite a bit of help from specialists 

in these various schools.

Senator Bible. The MacKay School of Mines is a mining institution 

of great renown. I know the Colorado School of Mines has a great 

reputation. I guess this is the goal, isn't it? What type of a project 

would you put at the Colorado School of Mines if this bill were to 

be enacted ?

Mr. Ankeny. I am only talking here of illustrations, because the 

actual specific type of project would have to be worked out.

Senator Bible. We alwavs find this is the answer we get. We keep 

way up in the blue and the first thin g we know we have really launched 

a project that runs into many millions and millions of dollars.

Mr. Ankeny. We are currently spending $24 million a year on 

general research : mining, metallurgy, coal, and petroleum. I have 

suggested here tha t we put a ceiling of some $2 million on this.

I am not attem pting to indicate tha t $2 million is small change. 

I know this is a lot of money. But certainly it appears to be something in line with the balance of our program.

Senator Gruening. Mr. Bright.

Mr. Bright. Mr. Chairman, I think the Bureau of Mines is being 

entirely too modest and it seems to me that the first year a low ceiling 

is very much in order. I am sure tha t most people would agree with 

this, but, please don’t expect very much in the first year or two if 

you are going to operate at that level. One of the companies to which 

I will refer in my written testimony now spends—the Cleveland Cliffs 

Iron Co.—between a half million and a million dollars themselves— 

and this is in a sense a small operation—on research and I would 

claim, since I have had a lot to do with handling some of these Government contracts at the university end, tha t it should be from a minimum 

of $50,000 per project, if you are going to involve more than two or 

three students, to something at the level of $100,000 per contract, or 

else you can’t expect very much.

I think this is one trouble with the people in the Geological Survey 

and, if I dare say so, in the Bureau of Mines. They don’t set their 

sights high enough.

Senator Bible. We find plenty of people tha t do set their sights 

high and of course when I picked this $2 million figure I thought that 

this was the most refreshing figure I h ad in a long time. I doubt very 

much that it is a realistic figure, as I sit on the Appropriations Committee, and you can come in the first year and it will be $500,000 and 

you can bet 21 to 1 tha t next year it will be $1 million, next year $2 

million, next a fter th at $5 million, and then it will be $10 million.
26 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

It will go on up. I want it to be realistic. If this legislation moves 

forw ard this is certainly going to be the question tha t our committee 

people ask: How much does this cost? I have some very personal 

doubts th at you can do very much with $500,000, but I am not so sure in 

other areas where you are already operating, the Bureau of Mines, or 

where the HEW is operating in the educational field, tha t you don’t 

have a lot of overlap.

I think we have probably one of the most overlapping governments 

in the world if you start looking at all of our agencies, and I think you 

have to develop this point very thoroughly. I think this bill would 

be in trouble.

Mr. R osenbaum. You mentioned the Colorado School of Mines and 

I would like to say Dr. Schlechten with whom we discussed this bill is 

favorable to it.

Senator Dominick. Of course he is. If he wasn’t there would be 

something wrong with him.

Mr. Rosenbaum. That is right, but Professor Schlechten points out, 

and you are pointing out, th at there may be other avenues to get some 

support from graduate students to help build up this Department of 

Minerals. However, since such support is not readily obtained this 

would be an extremely imp ortant bill.

At the same time I also want to point out that we are talking, in this 

bill, and it should be stressed, about fundamental problems such as 

reaction rate and equilibrium studies. We are not ta lkin g here about 

attem pting to go into universities with a lot of applied research and 

process development. This is the reason that 1 felt tha t the cost 

would be modest in comparison with the ordinary program.

Senator Bible. They start out modestly, perhaps.

Senator Gruening. I am going to ask my office to supply for the 

record the amount of moneys we have expended since the beginning of 

the foreign aid program on development of mining in foreign countries.

From this material we will see that our zeal in con tributing to minerals development in foreign countries has been fa r greater than efforts 

we have made to assist our domestic miners.

(The summary pertaining to foreign aid, referred to by Senator 

Gruening, is as follows:)

[From the Co ngressional Record, Mar. 16, 1963]

M in in g an d Min era ls

Indu str y and mining, fiscal year 1955

FAR EAST Chi na : Amount Coal exploration_________________________________________ $5, (XX)

Petroleum exploration, CPC________________________________ 715, (X)0

Ha rd rock mining________________________________________ 5, (XX)

Coal production techniques________________________________ 2, 000

Geological techn iques______________________________________ 4. 000

Mining engineering________________________________________ 2, (XX)

Indonesia : Mining operations__________________________________ 32, 500

Ph ilipp ines:

Nonmetallic minerals survey _______________________________ 28, 000

Strateg ic minerals survey __________________________________ 37, 000

Techn ical assistance to Burea u of Mines_____________________ 22, 000

Coal surveys______________________ 35. 000 Thaila nd : Geological survey ___________________________________ 52. 500

Vietnam : Coal str ip mining survey _____________________________ 7, 000
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 27

Industr y and mining, fiscal year 1955—Continued

NEAR EAS T, AFR ICA, AND SOUTH AS IA

Afghanistan : Mineral resources and coal prod uction----------------------

Eg yp t:

Ind ust ry and mining—mining and minerals__________________

Ind ustry and mining—photogeology tra ini ng--------------------------

Gre ece:

Technical supp ort to mining ind ust ry------------------------------------

Study of mining methods and ore dressin g-----------------------------

In dia :

Exp lora tory lign ite excavation and development----------------------

Minerals survey and development__________________________

Ira n : Mineral resources development plans---------------------------------

Is ra el:

For petrochemistry________________________________________

Economic geologists_______________________________________

For the appra isal and development of mineral resource s------------

Mineral technologists______________________________________

For mineral development__________________________________

Mineral resources, potash and salt extraction particip antsh ip-----

Dead Sea brines survey____________________________________

Petroleum exploration methods particip antsh ip-----------------------

Liberia:

Mining and min erals exp lora tion ___________________________

Mines an d geology________________________________________

Nep al: Project f or mineral deposit surveys-----------------------------------

Pak ista n: Metal mining engineering-------------------------------------------

Tu rkey :

Cobalt recovery processes__________________________________

Zonguldak coal basin development, P- 1---------------------------------

Oversea te rritor ie s:

United Kingdo m: U.S. bituminous coal mining methods------------

Amount

$67,000

8,000

4, 500

22, 624 

34,300

519, 600 

83, 873 

17, 124

4, 000 

43, 600 

12, 500 

38, 034 

40, 000

3,000 

15, 000

3, 000

50, 000 

20,000 

20, 000

5, 450

10,000 

204, 400

4, 000

EUROPE

Austria: Coal mining exper ts__________________________________

Fr an ce : Iron mining experts___________________________________

Spain : Coal mining study______________________________________

Bolivia: Geology_____________________________________________

Bra zi l: U.S. Geological Survey min eral resources investigations--------

Chile: Geology_______________________________________________

Colombia : Development of coal resources of Departme nt of Cauca and

the Cauca Valley___________________________________________

Cu ba :

Mineral ana lysis and development_________________________

Basic geological res ear ch__________________________________

Hon du ras: Coal resources survey and development-----------------------

Mexico: USGS—instrum ent calibration technician-------------------------

P eru :

Advisory services, min eral resources________________________

Advisory services, mining and metallurgy-----------------------------

10,000 

6,000 

8, 640

10.828

190, 213

64, 400

19,238

38,000 

28, 700 

7, 950 

850

78,961 

81, 905

OVERSEA TERRITORIES

British Guiana: Mining and minerals pro ject------------------------------- 10. 400
28 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Fiscal year 1956 projects

FA B EA ST

Amount Cambodia: Mineral development_______________________________ $25,000

Chi na :

Coal mine improvement____________________________________ 103, 000

Solid fuels and minerals exploration survey__________________ 10,182

Coal explora tion _________________________________________ 25, 000

Petroleum explo ration, CPC________________________________ 7, 000

Coal mine de monstration___________________________________ 100, 000

Geological equipment______________________________________ 27, 000

Indonesia : Mining operations__________________________________ 154, 959

Kor ea :

Coal mining operation s and man agem ent_____________________ 1. 800

Development of Hambeak coalfields_________________________ 550, 000

Ph ilippine s:

Nonmetallic minerals survey_______________________________ 53, 000

Strategic minerals survey_________________________________ 240, 000

Technical assistance to the Bureau of Mines___________________ 29, 500

C o a l s u r v e y s __________________________________________________________ 53 , 00 0

Tha ilan d:

Geological survey________________________________________ 45, 900

Experim enta l metal mining operations_______________________ 10, 000

Minerals expe rimenta l center______________________________ 30, 500

NEAR EAST AND SOUTH ASIA

Afghanistan : Mineral resources and coal prod uction______________ 93, 000

Eg yp t:

Industry and mining—mining and min era ls__________________ 1, 500

Minerals resources development____________________________ 58, 750

Greec e: Technical training in the min erals held---------------------------- 13, 720

In dia :

Exploratory lign ite excavation and development---------------------- 9,100

Minerals survey and development___________________________ 133, 723

Ira n : Mineral resources_______________________________________ 2, 500

Is ra el:

Petrochem ical research____________________________________ 39, 000

Mineral exploration and development------------------------------------ 105, 200

Departme nt of m etallurgy (technio n)________________________ 40,000

Conservation techniques in oilfield development---------------------- 45, 000

Jordan : Dead Sea m ineral resource s------------------------------------------- 51,200

Lebanon : Mineral survey______________________________________ 30, 000

Nep al:

Nepal American Minerals Cooperative Service------------------------- 5, 000

Minerals deposit surveys----------------------------------------------------- 74, 000

Pak is ta n:

Development of Makarwal collieries-------------------------------------- 502, 000

Burea u of Mines and Ceological Survey advisory service----------- 53, 700

Surveys of chemical and ind ustrial potential of Sui g as------------- 75, 000

Tur ke y:

Zonguldak coal basin development--------------------------------------- 661, 000

Murgul copper mine expansion program--------------------------------- 401, 000

Murgul copper mine sulfuric acid sea line-------------------------------- 100, 000

AFRICA

Lib er ia:

Mining and min erals exploration demonstration and training

pro jec t-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 000

Mines and geology________________________________________ 23, 000

Oversea terri torie s:

Ital ia n: Mineral survey (co ntract with World Mining Consultan ts, In c.)____________________________________________ 485
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 29

Fiscal year 1956 projects—Continued

EURO PE

Sp ain: Coal mining productivity study------------------------------------------

Coal mining consu ltants-----------------------------------------------------

Lead and iron ore mining productiv ity stu dy--------------------------

POL la boratory equipm ent, 1950 fiscal y ea r-----------------------------

Y ugosl avia:

Nonferrous metals and metallurgy---------------------------------------

Fue ls-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A m o u n t

$3 . 84 0

11, 925 

12,800

100,000

35,7 00

12, 700

LA TIN AM ERICA

Bolivia: Mining survey------------------------------------------------------------

B ra zi l: U.S. Geological Survey mineral resource s-------------------------------

Mineral resources development (USBM)--------------------------------

Chile: Geology_______________________________________________

Colombia: Coal resources development in the Departme nt of Cauca

and in the Cauca Valley--------- .----------------------------------------------

Cub a:

Mineral analysis and development__________________________

Basic geological resear ch__________________________________

Ho ndura s: Industry, mining coal resources survey -------------------------

Mexico:

Minerals technology cooperation (Bure au of Mines )----------------

Ind ustry and mining (U.S. Geological Su rvey)-----------------------

P eru :

Advisory services min eral resources------------------------------------

Advisory services mining and metallurgy------------------------------

162,000

204, 500 

85, 400 

86,500 

23,000

32,000 

29,900 

29,107

38,000

116, 800

98, 338 

49. 390

OVERSEA TERRITORIES

Britis h Guiana : Mining and miner als------------------------------------------

Indu str y and mining, fiscal yea r 1.957

6.000

FAR EA ST

Cambodia : Mineral development------------------------------------------------

China :

Coal mine improvement____________________________________

Solid fuels 7 and min eral exploration survey--------------------------

Petroleum explo ration, China Petroleum Corp-------------------------

Indonesia : Mining operation s__________________________________

Kor ea :

Test drilling, Ham Ita ik coalfield___________________________

Test drilling, Han Kook Geological Industrial Co----------------------

Geophysical survey and test drilling, ROK Office of Geological

Survey_________________________________________________

Mine development, monazite ore sepa rating plan t----------------------

Mine development, Dae Han coal mines______________________

Geophysical survey and test drilling, Ilw asu n & Eunsung coalfields__________________________________________________

Laos: Mining and minerals survey_____________________________

Philippine s:

Nonmetallic min erals survey ------------------------------------------------

Technical assista nce to the Bureau of Mines----------------------------

Coal surveys---------------------------------------------------------------------

Th ailand :

Geological survey________________________________________

Minerals experim ental center_______________________________

Airborne geophysical survey _______________________________

Vie tnam: Nong-Son coal exploration survey---------------------------------

15,000

782,000

25,000

5.000

122,000

139,000 

100. 00 0

475,000 

150. 000 

3, 247, 000

136, 000 

8.000

41.000

25.000

24,000

58,000

22,000

130,000

56.000
30 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Ji nhis tr y anti min in g, fiscal ye ar 1957— Con tinu ed

NEAR EA ST AN1) SO UT H ASI A

Amount Afg han istan : Mineral resources and coal production______________ $875,(MM)

Ceylon : Minerals exploration___________________________________ 56, 000

Eg yp t: Mineral Resources Departm ent__________________________ 22, 000 Greece: Technical training in the mineral fields__________________ 14,000

India: Minerals survey and development________________________ 113,000

Is ra el:

Minerals development______________________________________ 78, 000

Departm ent of Metallurgy_________________________________ 25, 000

Conservation techniques in oilfield development______________ 2, 000

Nepal: Pro ject for mineral deposits surv eys______________________ 137,000

Pak is ta n:

Makarwal collieries_______________________________________ 593, 000

Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey______________________ 50, 000

Tur ke y:

Zonguldak coal basin development_________________________ 380,000

Murgul copper mine expansion program_____________________ 178, 000

Western lignite mines_____________________________________ 450, 000

Priva te mining development_______________________________ 500,000

Prev entive main tenance adv iser____________________________ 20, 000

AFRICA Liberia : Mines and geology____________________________________ 10, 000

Li by a:

Minerals investig ation _____________________________________ 24, (KM)

Minerals investigation_____________________________________ 42. (KM)

OVER SEA TERRITORIES

United Kingdom: Southern Rhodesia, metallurgical chemistry_____ 3,000

EUROPE Sp ain:

Civil aviation (fiscal year 1057) POL labo rato ry equipment_____ 90, 000

Iron ore mining productivity study_________________________ 6, (MM)

Yugoslavia : Industry, mining, and minerals__________________ 138, 000

LA TIN AMERICA

Bolivia : Mining survey_______________________________________ 199, 000

Bra zi l:

U.S. Geological Survey mineral resources investigation (nonferrou s projec t)________________________________________ 44,000

U.S. Geological Survey mineral resources investiga tion (ferrous 

projec t)------------------------------------------------------------------------ 209,000

Mineral resources development (U.S. Bureau of Mines)_____ 44,000

Chile : Geology---------------------------------------------------- - ---------------- 130, 000

Colombia: Coal resources development in the Department of Cauca

and the Cauca Valley_______________________________________ 13, <M1()

Cuba :

Mineral analysis and development__________________________ 18, (MM)

Basic geological res ear ch__________________________________ 19, 000

Hon du ras: In dustry mining coal resources development____________ 75, (MM)

Mexico:

Minerals technology cooperation (Bu rea u of M ines)___________ 35, 000

Ind ustry and mining (U.S. Geological Survey)_______________ 59,000

Peru :

Advisory services mineral resources geology________________ 76, 000

Advisory services in mining and metallurgy________________ 42, 000
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Industry and mining, fiscal year li)5S

FAB EAST

China (Ta iwa n) :

Coal mine development--------------------------------------------------------

Mineral development, other t han c oal--------------------------------------

Indone sian Republic: Mining ope ration s------------------------------------

K or ea :

Coal mine development-------------------------------------------------------

Development metals and minerals mining----------------------------

Mining and geological tra ining--------------------------------------------

Ph ilipp ines:

Nonmetallic min erals survey----------------------------------------------

Stra tegic minerals survey---------------------------------------------------

Technical assistanc e to th e Bu reau of Mines-----------------------------

Thailand : Mining development---------------------------------------------------

Vietnam : Nong-Son coal exploration survey----------------------------------

NEA B EAS T AND SOU TH ASIA

Af gh an ist an : Mineral resources and coal prod uction---------------------

Ceylon: Mineral exp lora tion ------------------------------------------------------

India :

Exp loratory lignite excavation and development----------------------

Geological survey, India------------------------------------------------------

Oil and gas commission-------------------------------------------------------

Assistance to coal ind ustry ---------------------------------------------------

Is ra el:

Minerals exploration and development-----------------------------------

Conservation techn iques in oilfield developm ent-----------------------

Nep al: Project for m ineral deposit surveys-----------------------------------

Pa kistan : Geological Survey advisory service-----------------------------

Tur ke y:

Zonguldak coal basin development--------------------------------------

Preventive main tenance adv iser------------------------------------------

31

Amount

$689. 000 

13, 000 

154, 000

245, 000 

030, 000 

79, 000

52,000 

397, 000

25.000 

52. 000 

12. 000

104, 000

14, 000

15, 000 

279, 000

41, 000 

10, 000

82, 000

0,000 

130,000 

240. 000

62, 000

20,000

AFRICA

Ghana : Geological training pro ject------------------------------------------- 8, 000

Libya : Minerals investigation--------------------------------------------------- 06, 000

OVERSEA TERRITORIES

United Kingdom: Increasing prod uctivity of wolfram mining industry_________________________________________________ !•'»• 000

EUROPE

Sp ai n:

Civil aviatio n POL laboratory equipment----------------------------- 12, 000

Copper mining productivity study-------------------------------------- 11,000

Yu goslavia :

Mining and min erals (coal mining, coke, and coke bypro ducts )— 308,000

Mining and min eral (non meta llic minerals , asbesto s)-------------- 33,000

Mining and min erals (cem ent pro duction)---------------------------- 20,000

Mining and minerals (in du str ial and household ceramics )------ 3,000

Mining and minerals (nonmetallic mine rals, chrom ium )-------- 33,000

Technical inquiry service support (tec hnical lit eratur e and film

progra m) ______________________________________________ 10, 000
32 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

In du str y and mininy, fiscal year 1958—Continued

LA TIN AME RICA

Am ount Argentina : Geology an d mining tra ini ng-------------------------------------- $24,000

Bo livia: Mining ind ustry improvement program_________________ 120, (XX)

Bra zi l:

Geological education project---------------------------------------------- 23,000

U.S. Geological Survey min eral resources investigations (nonferrou s pr oj ec t)_______________________________________ 02,000

U.S. Geological Survey min eral resources investiga tions (ferrous

projec t)_______________________________________________ 240,000

Mineral resources development (USBM)___________________ 28,000

Chi le: Geology______________________________________________ 217, 000

Colombia: Coal resources development in the Dep artm ent of Cauca

and the Cauca Valley______________________________________ 25, 000

Cuba :

Mineral analysis and development_________________________ 21, 000

Basic geological resear ch__________________________________ 6, 000

Hon duras : Coal resources development________________________ 13, 000

Mex ico:

Minerals technology cooperation (Bu reau of Mines)__________ 38,000

Geological Surv ey________________________________________ 19, 000

P eru :

Advisory services, mineral resources_______________________ 66,000

Advisory services, mining and metall urg y___________________ 60,000

OVERSEA TERRITORIES

Britis h Guania : Training in prospecting for minerals____________ 2, 000

Fiscal year 1959 projects

PAR EAST

China :

Coal mine development___________________________________ $996,000

Mineral development______________________________________ 27, 000

Indonesia : Mining operations_________________________________ 162, 000

Korea :

Coal mine development___________________________________ 963, 000

Development m etals and min eral mining (other than co al)_____ 1, 249, 000

Mining and geological tra ini ng____________________________ 29, 000

Laos : Mining and mineral survey_____________________________ 215, 0(X)

Philippines:

Nonmetal lie mineral survey________________________________ 29, 000

Strategic minerals survey_________________________________ 228, 000

Technical assistance to the Bureau of Mines_________________ 38, 000

Tha ila nd :

Mining development.________________________________________ 48, 000

Airborne geophysical survey________________________________ 30, 000

Vietnam : Nong-Son coal mine development______________________ 1,630.000

NE AR EA ST AN D SOU TH A SI A

Afghanistan : Mineral resources and coal prod uctio n______________ 82. 000

Ceylon: Minerals exploration__________________________________ 17.000

In dia :

Exploratory lignite excavation and development______________ 8. 000

Geological survey in Ind ia__________________________________ 137. 000

Gil and gas commission______________________________________ 12. 000

Assistance to coal ind ust ry________________________________ 27. 000

Is ra el:

Minerals exploration and development______________________ 78, (XX)

Conservation techniques in oilfield development_______________ 6,000

Nep al: Mineral resource s development_________________________ 148.000

Pak ista n : Geological Survey advisory service____________________ 164, 000

Tu rk ey :

Undersea coal mining operations____________________________ 3, 000

Insti tute of applied geology________________________________ 5. 000
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 33

Fisc al year 1959 projects—Continued

AFRICA

Gha na : Geological survey project.----------------------------------------------------

Ind ust rial education project------------------------------------------------

Liby a: Minerals investigation----------------------------------------------------

Amount

$168, 000 

11,000 

74,000

EUROPE

Sp ain: POL lab ora tory___________________________________________

USGC School of Photogeology-------------------------- »------------------

Oil exploration and prod uctio n study-------------------------------------

Yugoslavia: 

Mining 

Mining 

Mining 

Mining

and min erals (coal mining, coke, and coke byproducts) —

and min erals (nonmetallic minerals—asbesto s)-----------

and minerals (cement pro ducti on)----------------------------

and min erals (non metallic) chrom ium )----------------------

2, 000 

4, 000 

8, 000

200, 000 

72,000 

81, 000 

18, (MX)

LATIN AMERICA

Argen tina : Geology and mining tra ini ng-------------------------------------- Bolivia: Increas ing and diversifying mining production (supervised

mining credit p rogra m) ----------------------------------------------------

Bra zil: Geological educ ation pro ject------------------------------------------------ U.S. Geological Survey min eral resources investigations-----------

U.S. Geological Survey mineral resources investigations-----------

Mineral resources development---------------------------------------------

Chile: Geology------------------------------------------------------------------------ Colombia: .Coal resources development in the dep artment of Cauca

an d th e Cau ca Valley________________________________________

Cuba: Mineral ana lysis and development------------------------------------

Hondu ras: Coal resources survey----------------------------------------------

Mexico: Minerals technology cooperation------------------------------------------

Ge olo gic al su rv ey -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Peru :Advisory services, min eral resources-------------------------------------

Advisory services, mining and metallurgy-------------------------------

26,000

127, 000

120, 000 

93,000 

198,000 

31,000 

274. 000

19,000

24,000

18,000

44, 000 

37,000

71.000 

54, 000

OVERSEA TERRITO RIES

British Gu ian a: Photo training---------------------------------------------------

The West Indies and Ea st Carib bean: Prelim inary survey—pumice

and pozzuolanic earth deposits------------------------------------------------

Indu str y and mining, fiscal year I960

FAR EAST

China, Republic o f:

Coal mine development-------------------------------------------------------

Mineral development—other than coal-----------------------------------

Indonesia : Minerals advisory services___________________________

Korea : Development of coal mines—diamond drillin g-------------------------

Metal and minerals developm ent (other than c oa l)-------------------

Mining and geological tra ining---------------------------------------------

La os : Mining and m ineral survey------------------------------------------------

Philip pin es: Nonmetallic minerals survey------------------------------------------------

Strategic minerals survey ----------------------------------------------------

Bureau of Mines adminis tration improvement-------------------------

Tha ilan d : Mining development---------------------------------------------------

Vietn am : Nong-Son coal mine development-----------------------------------

2,000

4,000

$16, 000 

623, 000 

237,000

1, 330, 000 

1, 400, 000 

92,000 

42,000

28, 000 

159, 000

43, 000 

86,000 

33, 000
34 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Indu str y and mining, fiscal year 1960—Continued

N EA R EA ST AN D SO U TH A SI A

Afgha nista n: Amou nt Mineral resources and coal production_______________________ $163, 000 Mineral resources and coal production—reobligation---------------- 16, 000

Ceylo n:

Minerals explora tion ______________________________________ 22, 000

Minerals exploration—reobligation_________________________ 2,000

In dia :

Geological survey of In dia_________________________________ 124, 000

Oil and gas commission___________________________________ 33, 000

Assistance to coal ind ust ry_________________________________ 30, 000

Is ra el:

Minerals exploration and development_______________________ 81,000

Conservation techniques in oilfield development_______________ 38, 000

Nep al: Mineral resources development__________________________ 44, 000

Pakis tan : Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey advisory_________ 143, 000

Tur ke y:

Preventive maintenance adviser____________________________ 1,000

Insti tute of Applied Geology------------------------------------------------- 20, 000

Cen tral Treaty Organization : CENTO regional mineral meetings___ 7, 000

AFR IC A Libya : Minerals investigation__________________________________ 99, 000

EU RO PE Spain : POL lab ora tory_______________________________________ 1, 000

Yug oslavia:

Coal production and utilization_____________________________ 257, 000

Mining and minerals (cement pro duction)___________________• 135,000 Ind ustrial information service_____________________________ 48, 000

Technical inqu iry service sup port__________________________ 5, 000

Minerals development_____________________________________ 55, 000

Minerals development—reo bligation_________________________ 9, 000

LA TI N AMER IC A

Argentina : Geology and mining tra ini ng_________________________ 103, 000

Bo liv ia:

Minerals survey__________________________________________ 25, 000

Minerals management and production study__________________ 25, 000

B ra zi l:

Geological education project________________________________ 145, 0(H)

U.S. Geological Survey mineral resources—investigations, nonferrous project--------------------------------------------------------------- 87, 000

U.S. Geological Survey resources investiga tions—ferrou s proje ct. 201, 000

Colombia: Coal resources development___________________________ 17, 000

Cuba : Minerals analysis and development________________________ 1, 000

Hon du ras: Coal resources survey _______________________________ 13, 000

Mex ico:

Minerals technology cooperation___________________________ 34, 000

Geological survey________________________________________ 49, 000

Pe ru :

Advisory services, mineral resources________________________ 14, 000

Advisory services, mining and metallurgy____________________ 53, 000
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 35

Indu str y and mining, fiscal year 1961

FAR EAST

China, Republic o f: Mineral development—other tha n coal--------------

Indonesia : Minerals advisory services-----------------------------------------

Kor ea : Development of coal mines—diam ond drillin g-------------------------

Metal and min erals development—oth er tha n coal-------------------

Laos: Mining and mineral survey----------------------------------------------

Philippine s: Mineral development---------------------------------------------- Thailand : Mining development--------------------------------------------------- Vietn am : Nong-Son coal mine development---------------------------------

Amount

$841, 000

193,000

471,000 

275,000

30,000

156,000

195,000

30,000

NEAR EAST AND SOUT H ASI A

Afghanistan: Mineral resources and coal production----------------------

Ceylon: Minerals exp lora tion ----------------------------------------------------

In dia : Geological survey of India---------------------------------------------------

Oil and gas commission___________________________________

Assistance to coal ind ustry -------------------------------------------------

Is ra el: Minerals exploration and development---------------------------------- Conservation techniques in oilfield development----------------------

Pak is ta n: Burea u of Mines and Geological Survey—advisory-----------

Turkey : I ns titute of Applied Geology-------------------------------------------- Centra l Treaty Organization: CENTO regional min eral meetings-----

AFRICA

Libya : Minerals investigation--------------------------------------------------- Malagasy Republic: minerals survey------------------------------------------ Ugand a: Increa se productivity of wolfram mining industry------------

LATIN AMERICA

Argentin a : Geology and mining tra ini ng--------------------------------------

Bolivia: min erals survey ______________________________________

Bra zi l: Geological edu cation------------------------------------------ --------------- U.S. Geological Survey min eral resources investigation (nonferrous projec t)__________________________________________ U.S. Geological Survey mineral resources investigation (ferrous 

pro ject--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chile: Geology_______________________________________________

Mexico: Minerals technology cooperation___________________________

Geological survey_________________________________________

P eru : Advisory services, mining and metall urg y----------------------------

472,000

18,000

44,000

26, 000 

326, 000

39,000 

6,000 

441,000

29, 000

14,000

360, 000 

13,000 

1, 000

21,000

131,000

139,000

230,000

167,000

277,000

50,000

77,000

17,000

EUROPE

Yugoslavia: Coal—production and utilization___________________________ 45, 000 Minerals development_____________________________________ 390, 000

Geological In stitu te_______________________________________ 47,000
36 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Se na tor Gruening. I th in k these sta tistic s hav e a be aring on the 

am ount fo r wh ich we wa nt to ask. I hope it will be an am ou nt th at 

will bear some rea son able pr op ortio n to the a mo unt y ou are intend ing 

to apply .

Do you hav e any questions ?

Se na tor Dom inick. Yes, I have a gr ea t ma ny of the m, Mr. Cha irman. 1 would like t o know first of all wh eth er thi s has any relatio nship to th e effort th at we are all ma king to tr y a nd do some thing about 

the develop me nt of the oil sha le pro blem we ha ve, wo rking i t out?

Mr. Rosenbaum. A typic al exa mple of the k ind of t hi ng we might 

do wou ld be to make a gra nt to the Un iversit y of Wyomi ng fo r oilsha le studie s, with the un iversit y’s staff wo rking very closely wi th 

our own staff at the La ramie petro leu m cen ter on oil-shale problem s. 

Th ere might v ery well be some prop ects of deter mi nin g certa in ch ar ­

acter istics of oil shales such as the rel ations hip of the basic str uc ture 

of the rock to the heat tran sf er ra te th ro ug h the rock.

Se na tor Dom inick. Mr. Ch air man , I wou ld like to s ay fo r the rec ­

ord that, I ju st finished giv ing a speech before the Cyrog enics E ngine eri ng Co nference in Bould er, Colo., po intin g out th at a pp roximately 

90 perce nt of the money spent on research now is com ing out of the 

general taxp ay er an d th at pa rt of th e pro ble m is th at at th is po int 

resear ch is now being pu t into ter ms of wh at the Fe de ral prog ram is 

ra th er th an ha ving the Fe de ral pr og ram fit int o wh at th e research 

is su ppo sed to be.

Thi s has crea ted co ntrol by the Fe de ral Gover nm ent of t he re sea rch 

asp ect all over this country a nd it is creating a se riou s degree o f p ro blems in my mi nd on basic research an d on the que stio n of wh eth er 

we are going to adv ance by th e ab ili ty of independent res earch ers o f 

th eir own idea s o r wh eth er the y are going to be g overned by the Fe dera l Government.

Th is, I th in k, is p art of th e same pro ble m th at we are go ing to face 

in th is bill if we go fo rw ard wi th it, so I ju st st art ou t t h at way. 

Sec ondly, I wan t to say th at as fa r as I am concerned I wou ld nev er 

agree w illingly to pass out a bill from th is comm ittee w ith an open-en d 

au tho riz ation .

Thi rd ly , I do not know why we need more specific resea rch program s 

authorize d by th e Bu rea u of Alines when we hav e research program s 

in metallurgy an d everything else no w autho riz ed un de r the Na tional 

Devel opment Ed uc ati on Act, un de r the AEC , un de r the Na tio nal 

Science Fo un da tio n, un der so ma ny dif fer ent agencies an d orga nizations at th e present tim e th at if people wa nte d to go ahead on re ­

search in th is way the y hav e am ple Go vernm ent fac ilitie s to do it 

ri ght now.

Now, ha vi ng blow n m y to p to th at ex ten t, I w ould now like to know 

why it is necessary fo r th e Bu reau of Alines to have specific autho riza ­

tion to en ter into contr actual arr an ge men ts with unive rsities fo r re ­

sear ch pr og rams ? Do you no t now hav e th e a ut ho rity to do th is unde r 

your ap pr op riations , or is the general law defic ient in it, because the 

In te rior Dep ar tm en t as a who le does a good dea l of this throug ho ut 

the country?

Air. Ank en y. No t only do we not have au thor ity to do it u nd er o ur 

gen era l ap pr op riat io n bills, bu t it has been det erm ine d th at we do not 

have such au th or ity un de r ou r Or ga nic Ac t or a ny am endm ent to the
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 37

Organic Act, and this bill, as I understand it, virtually is an amendment to the Organic Act of 1910, which will allow us to make these 

research grants.

Senator Dominick. T o the extent tha t you made research grants 

would you then cut down on your own research within the Bureau of 

Mines, or would this be an addition to it ?

Mr. Ankeny. It isn’t contemplated tha t this will result in cutting 

down our own research. 1 think in my statement here we say that 

we have two purposes. One of them was to help us carry out our 

primary responsibility of minerals research and, second was the 

thought generally to develop more technical people in minerals in the 

field.

Senator Gruening. May I interrupt to answer your question, Senator Dominick. The Comptroller General’s letter, which will l)e in the 

record, says tha t the Bureau is not authorized by existing law to make 

gran ts of funds or enter into contracts for research and development 

work in several broad categories proposed.

Senator Dominick. But it is now giving research fellowships, as 

stated in Mr. Ankeny’s own statement.

Mr. Rosenbaum. That is another thing. These research fellowships 

are actually assistantships. What happens is tha t we arrange with 

the school fo r a suitable candidate who has to be qualified under civil 

service regulations and he actually works as a part-time employee o f 

the Bureau of Mines.

He gets paid for such time he actually puts in at the Bureau of 

Mines or under Bureau of Mines supervision on a particular project.

Senator Gruening. Wouldn’t it be well, Mr. Ankeny, if the D epa rtment made a little study which would be responsive to the thought that 

Senator Dominick has expressed, showing just exactly what the opportunities are in all branches of the Government for this type of research, 

summarizes the Development Education Act and all the others, so that 

you could demonstrate, if you can, why there is a need for this. I am 

not saying that there isn’t, but I think it would be useful. I think 

Senator Dominick has raised a very important question.

Mr. Caliioun. Mr. Chairman, may I take a crack at answering that ? 

My name is John C. Calhoun. I am science adviser to Secretary Udall. 

I think Mr. Ankeny does himself a disservice here by phrasing the advantages of th is bill entirely in terms of universities. This authority 

is necessary, in my opinion, if the Bureau of Mines is to do an effective 

and efficient job in its own program.

The reason Mr. Ankeny needs to tie up with the colleges and universities is not to strengthen them, but to strengthen him. He has to have 

their talents, and their ideas, and their concepts to put in the mill 

to back up his basic research.

As I say in my prepared testimony here, knowledge is a resource 

tha t has to be developed just like any other resource, and just as it 

is necessary to do exploratory work in the development of a mineral 

resource, it is necessary to do exploratory work in the development of 

knowledge resource.

The whole program of the Bureau of Mines rests on knowledge, and 

they are missing a significant part of their own program if they do 

not? have the opportunity to explore and develop the knowledge resource tha t is available to them, which is found in the colleges and 

universities of this Nation.
38 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

This is fundamentally why they need this authority. Now, companion to this, of course, will be two auxiliary results. One?

 it will strengthen the universities at the same time because of the training of 

scientists and the advancement of science together. Second, it will 

provide another thing which he hasn't mentioned. It will provide a 

broad involvement of many more people in problems of the mineral 

industries. You broaden out your base of people who are interested 

and willing to work and bring their ideas to you unsolicited.

If you have a university professor who has, in the locale of his own 

State, worked on a mining or minerals problem and he has analyzed 

it within the context of all the local situations, he could bring this 

analysis to the attention of the Bureau of Mines, which he will not 

do now because there is no mechanism for his doing so.

Senator Dominick. Why not ? All he has to do is walk in and give 

them the paper.

Mr. Calhoun. It takes more than his walking in and giving a 

paper. For instance, let us take all the funds from the National Defense Education Act, and the National Science Foundation, the Space 

Agency, or any other Federal agency you want to mention.

There is not a one of them to which a mining professor can go and 

get a contract for research on mining engineering because there are 

none of them th at have this specific authority. You must develop an 

interest among the colleges and universities in your problems if you 

want them to work on your problems, and there is not, to the best of 

my knowledge, one of the universities tha t has been able to crack the 

National Development Education Act for fellowships in mining 

engineering, or petroleum engineering, or allied fields.

They have cracked it in physical metallurgy, but not in the minerals 

development field.

Mr. Bright. For example, we have sent proposals to the National 

Science Foundation, and agency with which I like to deal, on engineering. They come right back and say “these are not basic. They are 

applied in our opinion. We cannot consider them.” I have had 

experience after experience in this area.

Senator Dominick. I just understood him to say tha t what you 

wanted to do was basic research and not applied development.

Mr. Bright. Tha t is his opinion.

Senator Dominick. If you do the basic research you can do it under 

all these acts. If you are doing it and doing applied development it 

would seem to me tha t you have the companies and you have the other 

resources, including for example, the Colorado School of Mines Research Foundation, which does a tremendous job.

Senator Gruening. I don’t see why we should be limited to the view 

of any one individual here. I think the committee will study this 

bill and when we hear the other testimony I think we will discover 

various fields in which such research and such a program is important, 

and I don’t think we can prescribe righ t now what the limitations of 

this are going to be.

I don’t think we should.

Mr. Walker. I wonder if I might make my comment here?

Mr. Calhoun. Mr. Chairman, I am going to have to leave. I 

received the call from the Secretary's office to brief him at 12:15, and 

I am a little late.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 39

Sena tor Gruening. You will tile your statement, will you not?

Mr. Calhoun. My statement is on tile here and 1 have given it to 

the reporter.

Senator Gruening. Thank you, Mr. Calhoun.

(The statement referred to follows:)

Statement by J ohn C. Calhoun, Jr., Science Adviser to Secretary

of the I nterior Udall

Gentlemen, my name is John C. Calhoun, Jr. I am Special Assistant and 

Science Adviser to Secretary Udall, Department of the Interior. I am happy 

to have the opportunity to appear before you and comment upon the appropriateness of Senate bill 1166. As I understand the bill, it would provide authority 

for the Secretary of the Inte rior to enter into contracts with and make grants 

to colleges and universities or to organizations under the administrative control 

of colleges and universities for the conduct of research and development in 

programs of the Bureau of Mines. In my opinion, Senate bill 1166 is much needed legislation. I believe that 

the Bureau of Mines cannot do as effective a job without this authority as they 

can do if the authority is granted. Director Ankeny has gone into the details 

of many of the reasons for the desirability of this legislation, which views I 

share, and the Departm ent’s letter of June 10, 1063, from Assistant Secretary 

Kelly to Senator Jackson also outlines these reasons. At the risk of being 

redundant, I would like, however, to take a few moments of your time to highlight what I think are the underlying principles tha t make this legislation so 

desirable. Research involves, among other things, a search for new ideas. The research 

mind, to be most effective, must be aware of any concept in any discipline which 

may have a bearing upon the particular research activity which is of immediate 

concern. Creative ideas and concepts feed all areas of research and from this we 

have evolved our notions of the importance of basic research.

It is an accepted fact that the probabilities are much greater for the emergence 

of new scientific ideas and concepts within the university s tructure than they are 

in any other place. After all, it is the universities’ business to uncover knowledge. 

The universities are in the forefront of knowledge in all fields, and it behooves 

any person or agency engaged in research to avail itself of the benefits of a close 

relationship with universities.

An analogy may be helpful. Basic knowledge, ideas, and concepts are a resource. Just as it is necessary to do exploratory effort if one desires to develop a 

mineral resource, so is it necessary to do exploratory effort if one desires to 

develop knowledge as a resource. The authority proposed by S. 1166 will enable 

the Bureau of Mines to explore the resource of ideas, concepts and knowledge 

possessed by the colleges and universities, in order to extra ct elements t ha t will 

augment, redirect, and provide greater efficiency to progress on Bureau of Mines 

research programs. The advantages of this type of close liaison have been demonstrated in many other research fields and, in my opinion, the use of a strong 

university relationship of this sort is long overdue for the Bureau of Mines 

program. A second point tha t I would emphasize relates to the scientists who are 

available to work on research programs in the mineral field and to the awareness 

of problems in the minerals field tha t is posesssed by members of the university 

community. The conduct of research and the advancement of science go hand 

in glove with the education and development of scientists. If the Bureau of 

Mines is to have access to a pool of scientifically trained young persons having 

familiarity with minerals problems, it is necessary tha t the maximum knowledge 

about the minerals program and minerals problems exist within the university 

structure. The impact of university scientists and professors on the career of a young 

person cannot be overestimated. This is particularly true of graduate students 

who are learning the intricacies of research and the scientific method and who are 

becoming imbued with a challenge toward which they can devote their lives. If 

there is a relatively small number of professors who are imbued with the excitement of research in mineral resources or who are aware of the basic research 

problems associated with mineral development, then there will be a paucity of 

graduate students who are also bent in this direction. The most obvious way to 

inte rest more high quality grad uate students and young scientists in the problems
40 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

of research in the minerals industry is to m ake sure th at their professors are also 

conscious of these problems and aware of w hat can be done. One very excellent 

and primary way of achieving thi s type of relatio nship is through the mechanism 

of contracts and grants between the Bureau of Mines and the colleges and universities of America.

In t his respect, I emphasize tha t in the post-World War II yea rs the American 

colleges of mines and the university programs in the mineral ind ustries have 

not been able to advance as they should to maintain healthy educational supp ort 

for our mineral indu strie s. Not only have studen ts been enticed into more 

glamorous fields, but more importantly, the qua lity and quantity of univ ersity 

staff members available for these programs has dete riorated . In some univer ­

sities, dep artments of mining engineering have gone out of existence. Par t of 

the reason has been the lack of any clear-cut rela tionship between these education al programs and the Bureau of Mines, a rela tionship which would have 

mutually strengthen ed both the universities and the Bureau of Mines programs. 

Although these schools of mines are now on the way up, we have lost several 

valuable years, in my opinion. A total strengthen ing of the supply of tale nted 

scie ntists for the mineral industries can be achieved through the autho rity 

allowed by S. 1166.

Let me emphasize finally th at the autho rity provided in S. 1166 would essentially b ring th e B ureau of Mines program to the attention of the entire university 

and scientific community. The effect of t his au tho rity would be to create a much 

broade r base of people inte rested in and willing to work on problems of the 

mineral industries. It has the fu rth er desirable res ult of providing a two-way 

channel thro ugh which evolving problems in the minera ls indu strie s, partic ula rly 

those of a local nature , can be brou ght to the attention of the Burea u of Mines 

scientists. The professor working in a Sta te university will often have analyzed 

a local min eral industry’s problem in context with other local conditions, and 

will be in an excellent position to bring his ana lysis to the attention of the 

Bureau of Mines if a mechanism is provided for his intere st and participation. 

Communication is, after all. a two-way street. Not only would S. 1166 provide 

a channel for engaging university people and embryonic scie ntists in the problems of the Burea u of Mines but it would also be a channel for these people 

to put their ideas and und erstandings of the mineral industry into the Burea u of 

Mines program.

In summ ary, S. 1166 is a forward step for the Bureau of Mines and is the 

kind of au tho rity which I think is needed to bring the maximum secto r of 

America’s scientific talent to bea r on the efficient progress of rese arch in the 

min erals field.

Supplement to the Statement of J ohn C. Calhoun, J r.

At the reque st of the subcommittee chairman, I offer the following supplement 

to my statem ent in supp ort of S. 1166, justifyin g the importance of the legislation and clarify ing questions rais ed during the fo rmal presentation of testimony.

Senate bill 1166 is justified primarily on the grounds th at its autho rity will 

permit the Burea u of Mines to do a more effective and efficient job of research. 

Effectiveness and efficiency will be improved in seve ral ways. First , the au ­

tho rity to e nte r into contracts with and make grants to colleges and universities 

will permit the Bureau to engage the best tal en t for the conduct of its research, 

wherever th at talent may exist. The best t alen t for a given researc h area often 

exis ts in a university or college. Under the present circumstances, without 

con trac ting and gran t authority , the Burea u has no means for making use of 

creativ e research persons who are not directly in the employ of the Bureau. 

This is to the Bureau’s disadvantage.

Second, this autho rity will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the 

Bureau of Mines researc h prog ram by permitting the Bureau to give atte ntio n 

to new a rea s of research on an explora tory basis w ithout committing the Bureau 

to a continuing program. This will be a partic ula rly helpful device when the 

area of resear ch to be explored is one in which the Bureau has not built up 

expertise or past competency. The abi lity to enter into researc h area s on a 

small or exp loratory basis by making use of selected outside groups of expe rts 

is not now possible in the B ureau of Mines. The Burea u can only do thi s when 

the experts ex ist w ithin its own organization .

Third, the effectiveness and efficiency of the Bureau of Mines research program will be improved by the au tho rity und er S. 1166 by permitting the Bureau 

to conduct research in specialized areas witho ut building up a larg e in-house
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 41

competency. Some times the in-house competency may require expensive or 

specialized equipment or a unique kind of expe rimen tal fac ili ty tha t is ava ilab le 

in only one university location. Under the present lack of contracting auth ority, 

the Bure au has two alte rnat ives . Eith er it does not do work where specia lized 

and unique fac ilit ies are necessar y, or it create s its own unique and specialized 

fac ilities. Univer sity contracting auth orit y would give a third alte rna tive to 

the Bureau when efficiency would dictate aga inst both of the curr ent two 

alternativ es.

In additio n to the prim ary just ificatio n for S. 11G6, there are two secondary 

justi ficat ions . One just ifica tion is that the contracting and gran t author ity will 

bring the Bureau of Mines research program to the attention of more people in 

the academic community and enlist the capa bilit ies of their par ticu lar acade mic 

disciplines for the solution of Bureau problems. The involvement and interest 

of more academic scientists in the par ticu lar problems of the minerals industries 

will create a broader sphere of concern that wil l be to the adva ntage o f the total 

growth of science and research in the mi nerals field.

Another secondary just ificatio n relates to the need to improve education of 

highly specialized and train ed people for support of mineral industries research. 

The B ureau of Mines , like other Federal agencies , must rely upon the un iversities 

for the trai nin g of crea tive scientists who are par ticula rly interes ted in the 

mission research problems i n the Bureau of Mines and are willing to devote their 

careers to this purpose. The academic person now interested in dire ctin g students to the mine rals area has no par ticu lar Fed era l channel to which he can 

turn for support. The fa ct is tha t the cadre of acade mic people who mig ht be 

allie d to minerals research can obtain support for their crea tive idea s throug h 

other mission-orien ted Fed eral agencies. This divert s their efforts to the research 

goals of those agen cies rath er t han to those of the m inera ls field.

In my opinion, to b uild university educat ion and research programs to advance 

minera l research it is necessary to estab lish direct relatio nships between the 

unive rsities and the Fed eral agency which has the prim ary research mission in 

this subject are a; namely, the Bureau of Mines. Onl y in this way can the talents of the creative students and the stim ulating professors be focused upon 

problems of research in the m inerals field.

Mr, Walker. I am Dr. Walker, Penn State University, I think 

there are two things here. I would agree with Dr. Calhoun that I 

think you should turn the thing around and not ask what this bill 

can do for universities, but in essence what the bill can do for the 

Bureau of Mines. It seems to me that there are really four different 

groups or agencies who will benefit under the c ontract: Industry, universities, Federal Government, and the applied research groups.

If you will look at most of the other agencies of the Government 

which are responsible fo r doing this, the AFC, the NASA group, the 

complete Defense Department group, these agencies all have the right 

to appropriate some of their funds to universities as they deem necessary to do basic research or good applied engineering research in the 

fields of interest to them.

It seems to me the question here is : Should the Bureau of Mines have 

the same right ? As long as the Bureau of Mines has the responsibility 

in certain areas, or happens to have the very broad mineral field, then 

the Bureau of Mines should have the same right as these other agencies 

to achieve their overall responsibility.

We can argue a long time about whether some of the types of things 

the Bureau of Mines might want to be supported in universities is 

being supported by other groups. This is, of course, a very difficult 

question. However, I would say in two areas I also know something 

about, one, process metallurgy, and second, the broad area of coal 

research, the universities are really being excluded pretty well by the 

Federal Government so far as any support from the Federal Government for helping these areas advance.
42 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

It is true that the National Science Foundation in the Engineering 

Division does support a fair amount of materials research. This 

materials research, as has been pointed out previously, is almost entirely in the area of physical metallurgy, in material science effort, 

but little in the area oi the process metallurgy.

I would also say that I think it somewhat unfortunate to talk 

about how much money this is going to cost when I think of the 

importance of this, but it seems to me that the basic point here is one 

of principle and the principle is: Shouldn’t the Bureau of Mines have 

the same opportunity to enlist universities, private research organizations, and industry?

Incidentally, again these other agencies, the AEC, for example, 

have many contracts with industry also. Should not the Bureau of 

Mines have the same privilege along with its responsibility in the 

minerals field?

I might just point out one more thing which I think is of interest. 

Personally, I happen to be fa irly closely connected with the Atomic 

Energy Commission in research. Senator Dominick made the comment th at he was concerned about the possibility of too much Federal 

control of university research in this broad area. I would say that 

this, in my judgment, is not happening in these areas.

For example, in the case of the AEC, they are supporting good 

basic research in areas in which they feel they need help. University 

professors working in this area then have a built-in contact with 

people, in the AEG installations who are doing more applied research 

along with some basic research.

It is a built-in back and forth program which has worked to the 

great enthusiasm of the AEC. For example, the AEC has at the 

moment 95 programs in physics in American universities costing $21 

million. Incidentally, these are 1960 figures. There are 247 programs 

in chemistry costing $6 million, and 20 in metallurgy, incidentally, 

costing $4.2 million.

I would simply say again that any agency to really discharge its 

responsibility in research needs to be able to find and utilize the best 

brains in industry, in universities, in private research groups, in addition to their own groups.

Senator Gruf.ning. Thank you very much. I th ink your testimony, 

Dr. W alker, is very helpful. I would say that this bill and this hearing are closely related to the point tha t Senator Bible made, that we 

want to find out what is wrong with our mining industry and what 

we can do to help it. It isn’t all going to be done in this committee.

It has to do with questions of tariffs, and quotas, and this, that, and 

the other thing, but tha t is what this subcommittee aims to try to do 

and I thin k it is of importance that we explore this very fully* in line 

with the points that Senator Dominick has raised as to whether this 

is merely piling an additional layer on existing cake, or whether this 

is going to do something that will really fill a field that is not now 

being filled.

I think tha t is the essence of what we are trying to learn. If it is 

going to fill a field th at needs to be filled we want to go ahead with it. 

On the other hand, if it is merely duplication, which I think vour testimony indicates it is not, we want to proceed with it and spell it out as 

effectively as we can.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 43

Mr. Walker. I was raisin g a very difficult po int because ma ny 

agencies, the Office of Na val Research, the Atom ic En er gy Com mis ­ sion, NA SA , all are su pp or tin g siza ble u niversi ty prog rams in m etallur gy, bu t I wa nt to em pha size again t hat i t is p rim arily i n solid s tate 

meta llu rgy or comm only called phy sical m eta llu rgy, almo st completely 

lac king in th e are as of m ini ng , in th e a rea s of pr ep ar atio n, in th e are a 

of the process me tallu rgy o f mate ria ls.

The se a rea s are pre tty much lacking in th ese agencies.

Se na tor Dom inick. Dr. W alke r, is it poss ible, therefore, th at the 

problem is in the direc tio n of the research ra th er tha n in the available 

research sourc es ?

Mr. Walker. You mea n direct ion of these oth er agencies are w rong ?

Se na tor Dom inick. Co rrect.

Mr. W alker. I wou ld say ag ain th at the othe r agencies, as I would 

see it, do n ot have the re sponsib ility in m ini ng or i n p repa ratio n. Thi s 

res ponsibi lity is with the Bu reau of Mines. I don’t th in k the Na vy, or the AEC , or NASA sho uld pr im arily have res ponsibi lity fo r the 

mining or benefication of ma ter ial s. The ir prim e responsib ility, which the y are taking , is th e utiliza tio n 

of the mi neral s once they are mined and beneficiated. You certa inly could hav e an argu men t on sho uld one of th e agencies tak e ove r this 

res ponsibility , a nd I w ould say ag ain th at I thi nk th e Bu rea u of Mines 

ha s th is resp onsib ility alone.

Mr. Rosenbaum. I f I m ight su bs tantiate th e sta teme nt th at Mr. 

W alke r made a bout th e lack o f su pp or t in m ining and e xtr activ e m etal­ lu rg y fro m any othe r Go vernm ent agency or an y othe r sourc e, he in ­

dic ate d he th ou gh t th is was ve ry small. Ac tually i t is essentially no nexistent. Th e Atom ic Ene rg y Com mission at one time, whe n the y first were learning how to process ur an ium ore, did aw ard some contr acts in 

ex tra cti ve m eta llu rgy. Cu rren tly the only e xtractive m etallurgy contr ac t th at the Atom ic Ene rg y Commission ha s ou t is wi th the U.S. 

Bu rea u o f Mines at S al t La ke City. Th ere is no othe r and ha sn ’t been any othe r fo r 3 o r 4 yea rs. Th e 

Defense Dep artm en t is no t one iota int ere ste d in su pp or tin g research th at rela tes to e xtr activ e metallurgy and they say, and righ tly, th is is 

the fu nctio n of the Bu reau of Mines. Th ey will not touc h it.

Se na tor Grue nin g. May I sugg est as a resu lt of thi s c onversation— 

th at m ay be covered in some of y ou r sta tem ents— if we could now get a sta teme nt th at will cover th is specific po int, th at th ere is a substan tia l field or fields w hich are not bein g covered by this o ther resear ch 

and wh at those fields are an d wh at th ei r importa nce is, I th ink th at 

wou ld be ve ry h elpf ul to th e su bcommittee.

Se na tor Dom inick . I do too, Mr. Ch airm an , an d I wonde r if we 

could find out if th ere is any comp ilation of the research pr og rams in 

the minin g and metallurgy field which are now being con ducted 

th ro ug h o ther agencies. I t hi nk thi s would be he lpfu l to us.

Se na tor Grue ning. I th in k the Bu rea u of Mines wou ld be glad to 

un de rta ke tha t.

Mr. A nk en y. Yes.

(T he inform ation requested is print ed on p. 19.)

Se na tor Grue nin g. Tha t wou ld round out th is i m po rtan t que stio n.
44 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Mr. Walker. I would just add again we should not be misled by 

the broad term “metallurgy,” because there is a great deal of money 

being spent today, and rightly so, in the field of material science or 

solid state material science, NASA, and other groups. This is not 

for mining or beneficiation. I would caution the group to look at this 

figure for metallurgy very, very carefully, because for metallurgy as 

a whole it will not have too much meaning.

Senator Dominick. I just want to say for the record that the entire 

Congress is faced with the building of a $10 billion deficit on programs 

that- are going on now. It is a little difficult for me to institute something tha t is wholly new if some other agency is capable at least of 

taking care of the problems we are faced with.

Mr. V olin. I would like to offer some specific examples th at might 

he of interest to Senator Dominick. I am M. E. Volin, director of 

mineral research, a division of Michigan College of Mining and 

Technology, and we are engaged in mineral research, extractive metallurgy research, right now in physical metallurgical research.

I have submitted several proposals to the National Science Foundation for research projects and have had these denied, mostly on the 

ground tha t they are not fundamental research. The National Science 

Foundation is primarily interested in supporting fundamental research, which is considerably in a different field than applied and may 

overlap basic, but they use the word “fundamental” and they invariably turn down a program if it is not fundamental enough.

r have also submitted several programs to the AFC and found that 

tha t Agency was not particularly interested in extractive metallurgy 

of uranium or mining of uranium. They were more interested in the 

extraction of uranium metal and the areas that you might call physical 

metallurgy.

Although my organization has gained quite a lot of know-how in 

the last 8 years in conducting iron ore research, research in the mining 

and extraction of iron ore and the processing of it, to a point where 

it would be a product of the blast furnace, we have not been able to 

attract or get research support from Federal agencies on this subject 

or in this area, with the result that we have gone into other areas.

For instance, we have been able to get a project with the Bureau of 

Public Roads, which is getting out of our field. In other words, I 

want to bring out. the point here that as a result of not being able to 

find supp ort in our field, we are going out of our field into other 

fields.

Senator Gruening. What are the fields, may I ask ?

Mr. Walker. The project with the Bureau of Public Roads is 

concerned with aggregate for concrete used in highways.

Senator Gruening. I think that the point tha t Senator Dominick 

makes is very well taken. We have research all over the lot. We don't 

know how coordinated it is. We don’t know what duplication there 

is, and this is a very vital issue. We have this tremendous deficit, 

and I am personally very sympathetic with the approach, b ut I think 

we have to have justification for it. I think the subcommittee would 

have to feel t hat this isn’t just something else tha t we are piling on 

to an existing series of structures.

Mr. V olin. I know of no Federal agency where I can present a 

proposal based on ideas I have or my organization has, th is proposal
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESE ARCH 45

for the support of research in mining and extractive metallurgy of 

minerals.

Senator Gruening. I was just going to suggest would it be possible, 

now that you are all here together, to get together, pool your respective knowledge, and come up with a repo rt that will answer that 

very question, tha t this bill would do something tha t is no t being done 

or that cannot be done by these other agencies and why that is important.

Mr. Volin. I believe that has been brought out.

Senator Gruening. I think it has, but we would like to have it in 

a comprehensive form and with all possible detail. I am sure that 

each of you has several things to contribute here.

Senator Dominick. I might add, Mr. Chairman, to th at very thing, 

tha t it would also be of interest, to me at least, and I would suspect to 

other members of the subcommittee, to find out why it is necessary to 

go to the Federal Government for these and why it cannot be done 

throu gh private industries or other private agencies.

Mr. Volin. I would like to try to answer tha t because in my notes 

here I had a comment along that line. The private industries are 

concerned with applied research and developmental research. They 

want to bring something to a venture with a profitable realization. 

As a basis for this they need new knowledge. They need new technologists. They need basic information, and many times, the applied 

research can’t go forward because the basic knowledge has not been 

developed and does not exist.

There is often in other areas, b ut particularly in the mineral field, 

a lack of basic information on which new technologies can be built.

Senator Dominick. Dr. Volin, I thin k your testimony has been 

very helpful, but I do get confused, and maybe it is semantics. It 

is my understanding that there are existing Government programs 

which take care of basic research and that yours have been turned 

down because it is considered it is applied, and now you say that the 

private industries will do the applied, bu t not the basic. There would 

seem to be two areas in which to go.

Mr. Volin. There are semantics involved here and it is hard to 

make a hard and fast definition of basic and applied research. The 

National Science Foundation has attempted to do this and has published such a definition in their brochure for preparation and proposals.

Mr. Bright. I suggest you bring in a third element which might 

help it out. I am now referring to National Science Foundation publication, because it brings in—what do they call it? Research and 

development, or at least product development, and goes to some industries in the home State of anyone of you, and you will find many of 

the industries spending 95, 96 percent of their research funds in what 

is really product development. It isn’t applied research in the sense 

in which I thin k you might be talking about.

Mr. Volin. I would like to bring out this figure. It has been published by the National Science Fo undation tha t of all the funds spent 

for research, only 8 percent of these funds are spent on basic or fundamental research. These are the funds spent by the Government for 

research, so when you are talking about 95 percent of all research 

being supported by the Government, only 8 percent of that can be 

expected to be in the basic category or fundam ental category.
46 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

Mr. Walker. I think it is a little bit even beyond th at, in that I 

would say take the National Science Foundation in support, for example, of their materials research program, and you take tlie AEC 

in their Basic Research Division. They also have a materials research 

program. The NSF work is, of course, basic research support of 

universities, but in the Basic Research Division of the AEC, that research-supported university is just as basic as the N SF program.

Then you might ask why have two agencies, and there are others, 

both supporting basic research programs in essentially the same area. 

The answer is, I think, so far as the AEC and other agencies are concerned, tha t they profit by some contact with universities insofar as 

their overall objectives and responsibilities are concerned.

Ju st take the A EC, for example, and their support of research for 

Midland Carbon Outlay. It is basic research. They have a certain 

amount there, generally trying to grab students. The AEC has considerable interest in the gas core reactor. Their own installations are 

doing research, but in my case, I do attend the gas core reactor meetings in New England and at Oak Ridge along with some of the AEC 

people, so you have this built-in contact where with all of the basic 

research we are funneling out of the National Science Foundation 

these agencies could not benefit by the direct university contacts that 

they now get.

The second point is try ing to get people. Again, if a student gets 

an assistantship or fellowship—you see this all the time with regard 

to companies—if a student gets a fellowship from a certain company, 

there is nothing binding to say th at this student must go to tha t company when he completes his Ph. D. work, b ut the built-in contacts, 

the fact tha t the company is supporting somebody at the university, 

the fact that the company checks him from time to time to see how the 

student is doing, means t hat in many cases tha t student has known 

tha t company and chooses to go to tha t company, and it helps tha t 

field of work.

The same thing here. The Bureau of Mines has gone on record tha t 

they need well-trained men in certain areas. The best way to get these 

well-trained men is to have close contact with universities in which 

students are being trained in these areas; students who can come in 

contact with the Bureau of Mines during their training program. The 

Bureau of Mines then has a pretty good chance of getting these students when they finish school. So there is a real reason for these agencies which have more applied missions to also have some basic research 

support to give the universities to enable them to make the contacts 

they need with universities.

Senator Gruening. May I suggest th at the hour is getting late. T 

don’t want to foreclose any of this important testimony. I think perhaps the best way of arriving at this is if each one of you would add to 

whatever you have said and send it in to the committe. I am going to 

ask Mr. Stewart French to locate it in one report which will have the 

combined views of all you people. Then you will not have to get together individually and do that. Then we will have a report, the objective of which will be to show why this bill is necessary in your view,

why it will do things that are not being done otherwise, and cannot be 

done otherwise. Is that satisfactory ?

Senator Dominick. That would help very much, I think.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 47

Mr. Volin. I s there any time limit on this? IIow soon would you 

like this?

Senator Gruening. Take your time. Let us say by the middle of 

next month, the 15th of September. Would that be agreeable?

Mr. Volin. Fine.

Senator Gruening. We will get transcr ipts of this out as rapidly as 

possible, and they should be sent to every witness here because this has 

been a rather unusual round-table discussion rath er than the usual 

thing.

Mr. Walker. May I just make one more comment on this line ?

Senator Gruening. Yes indeed.

Mr. Walker. The consideration of this bill was being related to 

many additional funds t hat the Bureau of Mines needs. This is, of 

course, their business, b ut from my standpoint, it seems to me this is 

the wrong way to look at it. I am asking the q uestion: Do we have to 

tie in at this time an increase in appropriation s to the Bureau of Mines 

with recognizing the fact t hat the philosophy behind this bill is good, 

that, the Bureau of Mines should have the right to contract research 

with universities? Does this increase in appro priation thin g have to 

more or less muddy the waters insofar as the other factors are 

concerned ?

Mr. Ankeny. I don’t think it does. I still say that there should be 

a limitation on the amount of money that can be spent for this purpose 

and I think our regu lar appro priations for the support of our own 

activities should be kept separate from contract approp riations and I 

think tha t contract appropriations should be justified before the 

Appropriation s Committees specifically in each instance. I think 

with that, if you follow those principles, we are not going to go too 

far out and spend unnecessary money for research.

Mr. Bright. Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask that my prepared 

statement be added to the record.

Senator Gruening. Yes indeed, and would you like to testify?

Mr. Bright. I don’t need to because you have covered the important 

points.

Senator Gruening. Are there any other prepared statements?

Mr. Walker. Yes.

Senator Gruening. They will all be included in the record.

Mr. Volin. I only have a handwritten one. May I include this?

Senator Gruening. Yes indeed. Please do not feel t hat anything 

you have already said will be duplicated by this additional testimony, 

but just duplication th at will be useful, because I think we have brought 

out some of the questions that are in the mind of Senator Dominick 

and my own mind and I think in the minds of other members of the 

subcommittee, although I can’t speak for them.

(The statements referred to follow :)

Prepared Statement of Dr. J. Russell Brig ht, Director, Office of Research

Administra tion, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mic h.

Mr. Chairman, I wish to discuss briefly, from the standpoint of significance 

in our current economy, what this bill means. I want to indicate what I think 

more active research programs—both “fundamental” and “applied” can contribute to the improvement of the mining industry. I am speaking as a research 

administrator and as a professor of chemistry at Wayne State University in 

Detroit, Mich.; with a background of 20 years of teaching and now more than 

5 years of full-time experience in research administration at the university level.
48 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

A bit later I will refer to Michigan’s geological survey division, which was 

established in 1837. Rather soon I will refer to some specific cases for Michigan. Because of my longtime experience as a scientist and as a research administrator, I see university-industry interaction as a real basis for finding an 

answer to the problems now inherent in the “decline of the mining industry.” As I understand it, S. 1166 relates to—

1. mining;

2. the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances;

3. health conditions and safety ; and

4. efficiency, economic development, and conservation of resources of the 

mineral and fuel industries.

On a day-to-day basis, the industry solves many practical problems, but somebody needs to find out the “why” in some of the cases. This requires fundamental or basic research which is best done at a college or university. In a recent conversation with Mr. Stanley W. Sundeen, manager of research and 

ore development, the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., in Ishpeming, Mich., I learned 

that he agrees in principle with the provisions of S. 1166. We both agreed 

tha t the ultimate success of the proposed program of contracts and grants 

depends in large part on the “mechanics” provided for its implementation. In 

addition to performance of the basic research, the colleges and universities are 

well equipped to take the initiative in improving the channels of communication 

and techniques for collaboration between those w’ho do research and those who 

are primarily concerned with production and production processes.

The decline of the mining industry in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula is notorious. 

Unfortunately, not enough publicity has been given to some current examples of 

ways in which the economic climate of Michigan (and therefore, of the United 

States) has been aided by the type of collaboration to which I just referred. 

Two examples are given below :

I. “Facing Foreign Competition” in a 600-word brief from the ClevelandCliffs Iron Co., of Ishpeming, entitled “Pellets—The Iron Ore Industry Answer to Competition.”

II. “Profitable Utilization of a Natural Resource Through College Research” 

in a three-page statement about Michigan’s newest and largest copper mine: 

White Pine Copper Co.

F acing F oreign Com petit ion

PELLETS— THE IRON ORE INDUSTRY ANSWER TO COMPETITION

In Michigan there currently are four developments which utilize the natu ral 

resource—low-grade iron ore—on a large scale. One of these is the Hanna 

Mining Co.’s Groveland project in Dickinson County. The other three are 

projects in Marquette County developed by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. as joint 

ventures with several steel producing companies. These are the Humboldt 

Mine, opened in 1954 and expanded to where it now produces in excess of 700.000 tons of pellets per yea r; the Republic Mine, opened in 1956 and now 

producing through two major expansions in excess of 2,400.000 tons per year 

(and being further expanded to 2,800,000 tons per year) ; and the Empire Mine 

about to open in late 1963 with an expected pellet output of 1,200,000 tons per 

year.

It can be conservatively estimated tha t these four projects involve over $120 

million of capital investment. They are expected to operate for a minimum 

of 20 years. They will certainly employ over 1,300 men steadily and further 

expansion is foreseeable. The impact of this employment in the local areas is 

readily appreciated but there are further ranging effects, because of the availability of this very desirable form of blast furnace iron ore, tha t are less apparent but nonetheless very important as contributions to the overall productivity of the steel industry and therefore our total U.S. economy. Furnace 

output rates have shown increases as high as 100 percent and commonly 20 

percent when pellets have been substituted for conventional natural iron ores 

in high proportion. This pellet development, therefore, steps up steel industry 

productivity but it also creates a usable resource from heretofore useless iron formation.

There were a t least three prime factors tha t provided the stimuli which promoted development of the low-grade ores in the Lake Superior iron district 

which includes Michigan. First, low-grade iron ores occur readily recognizable 

in vast quantities and thereby excited the interest of the scientists. Prof. E. 

W. Davis, former director of the University of Minnesota’s Mines Experiment
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MI NE RA L RE SEAR CH 49

Sta tion , be ca me th e fa th e r of pe llet iz in g be ca us e of th is ki nd of in te re st an d 

hi s wo rk. Second , th e w id es pr ea d disc ov ery an d de ve lopm en t of hi gh -g ra de 

fo re ig n iron or es in th e 1940’s po in te d to w ard an in cr ea si ng co m pe tition fo r th e 

tr ad it io n al n a tu ra l or es of th e Lak e Supe ri or dis tr ic t. The gra dual re co gn itio n 

of th is fa cto r le nt de finitio n to th e ex is te nc e of a prob lem fo r th e tr ad it io n al 

ty pe of iro n m in in g an d th er eb y ev ok ed th e id ea s and gen er at ed th e ap p ro p ri ation s fo r re se ar ch which re su lted in ou r pe llet de ve lopm en ts. T hird, ra pid ly 

ri si ng co sts in th e stee l in dust ry br oug ht pre ss ure s fo r g re ate r efficiencie s, no t 

only th ro ug h se ar ch fo r hig her gra de or es but ex per im en ts th a t led to th e us e 

of bet te r ph ys ic al fo rm of fu rn ac e bu rd en as pr es en te d by pe lle ts.

By 1961 it ha d become pai nfu lly ap pare nt th a t tr ad it io n al or es wer e no lo ng er 

in go od de m an d and und er gro und mines in M ichiga n were ra pid ly c losing th ro ugh 

la ck of de m an d fo r th eir pro duct an d be ca us e of th e re la tive ly hi gh co st of th is 

ore .W hile th e Cleve land -C lif fs Ir on Co. had co nd uc te d or part ic ip ate d in sp ora di c 

re se ar ch ef fo rts to disc ov er econ om ic m et ho ds of be ne ficiat in g it s low-g ra de or e 

re se rv es s ince th e la te 1920’s, it w asn ’t u n ti l 1945 th a t th e co m pe titive ne ed be gan 

to be dimly see n. Once pe rceive d, ho wev er, th e co mpa ny mo ved ra pi dl y. It 

sp on so red wor k in re se ar ch in sti tu te s alon e an d w ith oth er co mpa nies. I t coopera te d w ith th e min es exi>erime ut st ati on a t th e U niv er si ty of M in ne so ta on 

be ne ficiation te st s of it s ores . It glea ne d he lp from th e m in er al dre ss in g d ep art ­

m en t of th e M ichiga n Co llege of Mines & Te ch no logy . It. built a h alf mill ion 

do llar re se ar ch fa cil it y in Is ph em in g in 1948 and a th re e-q uart er mill ion dollar 

pi lo t pla nt in 1959. Sta ff ed by 10 to 12 en gi ne er s an d 45 to 50 te ch nic ia ns, th is 

en de av or has be en m ai nl y resp on sibl e fo r de ve loping th e pr oc es se s th a t now 

will pr od uc e 4% mill ion to ns of pe llet s annuall y fr om th e M ar quet te R an ge in 

1964. Thi s re se ar ch ef fo rt co sts be tw ee n $500,000 and $1 mill ion an nu al ly .

It is p ert in ent to po in t ou t th a t en ligh te ne d le ad ers hip of th e gove rn m en ta l 

br an ch es of th e S ta te of M ichiga n ha ve pr ov id ed th e en co ur ag em en t fo r new 

de ve lopm en ts, th ro ugh pa ss ag e of th e spe cific ta x bi lls ap pl ic ab le to low-grade 

iron ore pro je ct s an d, re ce nt ly , to n a tu ra l or es under cert ain qu al ific at io ns .

On th e M ar quette Ran ge th e fu tu re of th e iron min in g in dust ry loo ks re as onab ly fa vo ra bl e, th an k s to th e ef fo rts of th e Cl ev elan d-Cl iff s Ir on Co. an d its 

p art n er stee l com panie s; th e he lp an d unders ta ndin g of th e pu bl ic and th e 

u n io n ; an d th e const ru ct iv e co op er at io n of th e S ta te of Michiga n.

P rof itable Utiliza tion of a Natura l Resource T hr ough College Res ea rc h, 

W h it e P in e Copper Co.

M ic higa n’s n ew es t a nd la rg est c op pe r min e is W hite Pin e Co pp er Co., lo ca te d 5 

mile s so ut h of L ak e Super io r in Onton ag on Co un ty, in th e w es te rn en d of th e 

Upp er Pen in su la . A who lly ow ne d su bsi dia ry of Co pp er Ran ge Co., W hi te Pin e 

be ga n min in g in M ar ch of 1953 and th e fi rs t lake co pp er w as cast in Jan u ary 

1955. Ann ua l pr od uc tion is in ex ce ss of 100 m ill ion po un ds (a bout th re e-f ourt hs 

of M ic higa n’s to ta l co pp er pro ducti on), annual pay ro ll and purc has es ex ce ed $25 

mill ion, an d abou t 1,600 pe op le are st ea dily em ploy ed . Using th e nu m be r of 

em ploy ees as th e d et er m in in g f ac to r, W hite Pin e is th e s econ d la rg est in dust ry in 

upp er M ichiga n.

Alth ou gh th e W hite Pin e or e bo dy has be en kn ow n fo r ov er a hundre d ye ar s, 

and has bee n m in ed by se ver al dif fe re nt co mpa ni es duri ng th a t sp an , it w as no t 

p u t on a pay in g bas is u n ti l th e pre se nt oper at io n w as st art ed. The succ ess of 

W hite Pin e lies in th e su cc es s of it s m et al lu rg y, fo r a co nt in uin g pr og ra m of 

m et al lu rg ic al re se ar ch succ ee de d in co nq ue ring th e prob lem which ha d baffled 

pr ed ec es so r co m pan ie s: ho w to e x tr a c t th e ch alco cite (c op pe r su lfi de ) from th e 

roc k.

Acc ording to on e w ri te r, “t he prob lem of sa vin g th e fine co pp er has bee n 

att acked m ec ha ni ca lly, m et al lu rg ic al ly , ch em ically , co ur ag eo us ly an d o u tr a ­

ge ou sly by m an y dif fe re nt in ven to rs , al l of wh om su ffer ed di sc om fiture .” Th e 

be as t w as f inally sl ai n by a hybri d St. Geo rg e; pri v ate in dust ry , th e F edera l Gover nm en t, and an educati onal in sti tu ti o n co mbine d th eir ef fo rts to co nq ue r th e 

prob lem of un lo ck in g th e co pp er from th e w ast e roc k.

Co pp er Ran ge bo ug ht th e W hite Pin e pro per ty a t a sh er iff’s sa le in 1929 an d 

be ga n a dri ll in g pr ogra m in 1937 to out line th e or e body. In 1938. th e Mich igan 

Colleg e of M ining & Tec hn olog y be ga n la bora to ry in ves tiga tions in to m ea ns of 

tr eati n g t he ore. A m er ic an Cya na m id Co. di d som e te st wor k in 1950, an d Co pp er 

Ran ge s et u p a te st m ill c ir cu it a t F re d a in 1941. A ft er th e e nd of W or ld W ar II . 

Co pp er Ran ge and th e B att ell e M em orial In sti tu te unde rtoo k la b w or k to in-
50 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

crea se the amount of recovery from White Pine ore. A metallurgical laboratory 

was added to the Freda mill and by 1949 was getting an 89 percent recovery in a 

27 percent copper concen trate.

When the Korean war brou ght about an increase in the demand for copper, a 

Government loan of $9(5,300,900 and an advance of $13 million from Copper Range 

Co. were obtained, and development of the White Pine ore body got unde rway 

With the metallurgical problem ju st about solved, large-scale, profitable ope ration at White Pine became a real ity.

The physical development of the plant and townsite also presented its sha re of 

headaches. The real problem was to coordinate and control the planning and 

construction of the p roject so th at they could be accomplished with a maximum 

economy in both time and money. Turne r Construction Co., acting as agent for 

and on beha lf of Copper Range, supervised this operation.

As an indication of the scoi>e of the planning stages, the engineering force required to plan mine, mill, and smelter, to issue requisitio ns, solic it bids for 

equipment and the many package jobs, reached a peak of 102 men and involved 

about 2,500 finished drawings. The powerplant and hea ting boiler used the 

services of 100 p lanners. Another group, reach ing a maximum of 150, designed 

and engineered the nonprocess buildings and townsite.

The room-and-pillar method of mining h ad been tr ied in oth er mining ventures, 

but never on an ore body such as White P ine’s. Through research and exi>erimentation, it was proven successful. Recent mine research in which university 

faculty members and facilitie s have been involved Include work on rock mechanics, material analysis, roof bolting, and defining the physical chara cteristics of 

the component p arts of the ore body.

The close relationship between White Pine Copper Co. and Michigan College 

of Mining and Technology has, beyond a doubt, been beneficial to all concerned. 

The studen ts have had an opportunity for practic al application of classroom 

learn ing, and the company has profited greatly from the skills and facilities 

available a t the college. Research projects were th us made possible which would 

otherwise have been almost prohibitiv ely expensive and might never have been 

accomplished at all.

Apparently the future of many areas rich in mineral resources lies in the largescale production of certain m etals from low-grade ores.

Truly, I was s urprise d to learn that the Bureau of Mines is not now authorized 

to make gra nts or con trac ts for research of the type involved in S. 1169. As a 

physical science, geology deserves increased recognition and support so that by 

way of this specialized agency, the Bureau of Mines, a logical advance may be 

stim ulated in both gra duate enrollments and in the research programs involved. 

By wray of analogy, I wish to mention the very significant roles played by the 

U.S. Office of E ducation, National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration, N ational Institut es of Health, and Departme nt of Defense, 

among others in strengthening both the science education and resea rch output of 

our colleges and universities. Let us provide the mechanism whereby the 

Bureau of Mines may do likewise if it chooses.

What do individual facu lty members thin k of S. 1160? I wish to quote from 

some notes by Dr. Joh n Sanford, one of our expert geologists at Wayne:

“Across-the-board in the Sta te surveys, prac tically all of them, with few exceptions, are not puttin g a gre at deal of emphasis on fund amental researc h—not 

slan ted toward industry or creating jobs for that matter. The re is a gre at gap 

States are not able to fill. In Michigan, the geological survey division (of the 

departm ent of conservation) is pre tty much crippled by lack of funds. Their 

function is primarily to study the geological and mining resources of the State 

and report on them to the legislature with recomm endations for their development : to make public the ir find ings; and to appraise and assess metallic mines 

for t ax purposes.

Ind ustry, in the are as with which geologists and mineralogists are fam iliar 

is pre tty much slanted toward needs of present day—not looking ahead too far. 

There are some companies who thin k they are, but they really are not. There 

are a few exceptions who look some ahead, but as a whole, the mining industry 

does not. There is a job to be done. As Dr. Sanford sees it, if the Bureau of 

Mines was able to use local people they could effect savings. If the re is a need 

for a particular type of specialization, they could get it w ithout p utting a person 

on some staff or on a perm anent basis. They could use people pa rt time. This 

is p articu lar ly true in geology. In chemistry, any qualified person in the United 

States could work on a specific problem, but in geology it is slan ted toward a
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 51

parti cula r problem which deals with the specific geology of an area. They need people who are familiar with tha t geology. If they hire jus t any geologist, that person often has to go into an area and loses time familiarizing himself with it, 

while a local person knows what is to be done. Another problem (remind Dr. Bright we are setting up a subsurface library of samples and cores) is the difficulty for someone in Washington or California to have access to the materials of a particular area. These materials should be on the spot and not in sample libraries. Dr. Sanford recently had a letter from people in Florida wanting material because they are working in Michigan. Dr. Sanford says tha t you are liable to hear some “static” because of all the materials tha t are on the market, but this is not true of a lot of things—not true of oil and gas. They may say why worry about oil and gas because we have plenty of energy from radioactive materials, but this is not true. Actually, more oil and gas is being used in the petrochemical industry—from clothing to food. Need for oil, gas, and coal is not going to be smaller, but greater, even though they are not being used for the supplying of energy. Here in Michigan (and Canada) we have lots of iron, but we will have to use a lot of research. We need local sources. The biggest problem is not where do we get oil and gas, but where do we store it, because we can’t pipe it fast enough in the wintertime. Gas companies are doing some work on the problem of storage, but need more fundamental research on storage reservoirs. This is best done by local people because they know the local situation. There will be a lot of change in emphasis with shifts in need and with discoveries—some will be discovered in one place and the need is in another. Should be more fluid. Dr. Sanford believes tha t the Bureau of Mines should be able to select personnel from all over rather than from a permanent staff. One other point: In view of this demand for oil and gas not only as energy but also as petrochemicals, there has to be a continuous exploration program and very often the companies are tied up with day-to-day 

exploration—they don’t look ahead far enough. I am strongly in favor of S. 1166. Badly needed research programs in our expanding requirements for materials which come from our mineral resources are starin g us in the face. It would be most encouraging to see favorable action 

on this permissive legislation. Finally, if strictly speaking water is a mineral and if we take cognizance of the importance of many nonmetallic minerals including sand, gravel, clay, etc., then two questions ought to be raised in connection with this b ill: (1) Would research on subsurface or underground water be permitted under 

the purposes of this act?

Note.—A water summary on a drainage basis is badly needed. ( 2) Would reconnaissance studies or progress reports on nonmetallic minerals, 

as mentioned above, be encouraged—again on a permissive basis?

Note.—We are way behind in collecting raw data of this kind in some States. 

Such basic inventories of all data is needed on an area (e.g., county) basis.

Thank you very much.

Prepared Statement of P. L. Walker, Jr., Chairman, Mineral Technology

Division, College of Mineral I ndustries, University of Pennsylvania

Gentlemen: The Pennsylvania State University is one of the major academic centers for mineral research and instruction in the United States. Through the years, we have had numerous formal and informal contacts with the Bureau of Mines, as the work of this organization is related in many ways to cur own program. Consequently, we are deeply interested in Senate bill 1166, intro­ duced on March 21, 1963, by Senator Hart, of Michigan. This bill would au­ thorize the Bureau of Mines to enter into contracts and make grants for the performance of research and development, the contracts or grants to be restricted to colleges, universities, and to organizations under the administrative control of colleges or universities. With Senator Ha rt and the Bureau of Mines, we feel that it would provide a sound and most effective means for expanding the Bureau’s present program of research and development, by enabling the Bureau to utilize university talent when and where needed. It is recognized tha t this bill is by no means without precedent, because the Defense Department, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Atomic Energy Commission, among others, now award substantial funds to universities in the form of 

contracts and grants to conduct research.
52 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

It is wi de ly reco gn ized th a t co nt in uin g im pr ov em en ts in m in er al ex pl or at io n, 

in te ch ni qu es fo r th e su cc es sful w in ni ng of m ate ri als from th e gr ou nd a t de ep er 

and de ep er lev els , in metho ds fo r se para ti ng us ef ul m ate ri als from w as te, an d 

in co ord in at in g avai la ble m ate ri als w ith spe cific ne ed s a re es se ntial to th e 

co nt in ui ng de ve lopm en t of th e N ation. Su ch im pr ov em en ts as su re dly ha ve been 

m ad e in re ce nt ye ar s, an d prob lems of obt ai ni ng an d us in g m in er al co mm od iti es 

a re under co nst ant att ack a t th e pre se nt tim e. R ut th es e prob lems become 

in cr ea si ng ly nu m er ou s an d mor e dif fic ult as th e la rg er , sh al lo w er , an d mo st 

re ad il y lo ca te d de po si ts are exhau st ed an d as utiliza tion of n atu ra l ra w m ate ri als gr ow s mor e comp lex . Ther e now is im pr es sive ev ide nc e, of which I 

am su re yo u are aw ar e, th a t th e att ack m us t be br oa de ne d an d in tens ified if 

we a re ev en to m ain ta in our pre se nt pa ce in mee tin g our m in er al needs.

S en at or H a rt al re ady h as po in te d out th a t th e prop os ed le gi sl at io n wou ld 

en ab le th e B ure au of Mines to su pp le m en t an d co mpl em en t ex is ting an d fu tu re 

pro gr am s by dra w in g ujM»n la rg e su pp lies of scientifi c and en gi ne er in g ta le nts 

an d tec hn olog ical reso ur ce s. In ad di tion , it wo uld contr ib ute sign ifi ca nt ly to 

the so lu tio n of an oth er ve ry se riou s prob lem—t he curr ent sh ort age of pe rson ne l 

w ith adequate tr ain in g an d re se ar ch ex pe rien ce i n m in er al scienc es, en gine er ing, 

and tec hn olog y. On th is score we m ust look to in cr ea si ng nu m be rs of welltr a in e d st uden ts wh o p art ic ip ate in univ er si ty or college ba se d re se ar ch an d 

de ve lopm en t pr oj ec ts, a view th a t pla in ly is sh ar ed by num er ou s co mpa nies 

(a nd by th e B ur ea u of M ines) th a t are part ic ip ati ng in th e st udent- tr ain ee 

pr ogr am s of e du ca tiona l in st it uti ons.

It see ms to us th a t th e pa ss ag e of bill 116(! wou ld fu rth e r su pp lemen t (he 

st ate m ents mad e by th e P re si dent’s Sc ien ce Adv iso ry Com m itt ee in 1960. in 

th e do cu men t, Sc ien tif ic Pro gr es s, th e U niv er si ties an d th e Federa l Gov ernm en t. 

E x tr acti n g s ev er al pa ss ag es , th ey s a id :

“In th e lon g ru n it is da nger ou s to se para te re se ar ch in an y field en tire ly from 

ed uc at io n. If a re se ar ch field is to be att ra cti v e to good yo un g me n, it o rd in ar ily 

ne ed s ro ot s in th e un iv er si ties . The poo l of g ra d u ate st u d en ts in ou r univ ersi ti es is th e pool from wh ich th e sc ie nti st s of th e fu tu re m us t come. Th ese 

yo un g people do no t ea si ly st udy w hat is not ta u g h t; th ey do no t of te n le ar n th e 

m ea ni ng o f re se ar ch which do es not ex is t in th eir en vi ro nm en t. A scientifi c field 

whi ch has no re se ar ch life in th e univ er si ties is a t a gra ve dis ad van ta ge in 

re cru it in g new mem be rs. As le arn in g an d te ac hi ng re quir e re se ar ch , so re ­

se ar ch , in th e en d, ca nnot be su st ai ned w ithout te ac hing . Hen ce it is al w ay s 

im port ant fo r re se ar ch in st all ati ons to m ain ta in effecti ve co nn ec tio ns w ith 

st udents .”

“T he centr al pr op os iti on of th is re p o rt is th a t scienc e an d th e m ak in g of 

sc ie nti st s go be st to ge th er . T his mea ns th a t whe n it ca n be man ag ed , ba sic 

re se ar ch shou ld be do ne in, or a t le ast in as so ci at io n w ith , univ er si ties .” * * *

“W e no te th a t th e se para te in st all ati ons which do th e be st work ar e. as a 

ru le , th os e whi ch ha ve a clo se and effecti ve co nn ec tio n w ith ac ad em ic cen te rs .”

P repared Sta teme nt of M. E. Vol in, Mic hi gan College of Min in g and

Technology

I am M. E. Volin, di re ct or , In sti tu te o f M in er al Res ea rc h, a depart m ent of th e 

M ichiga n Colleg e of Mining an d Te ch no logy , lo ca te d a t Hou gh ton, Mich. I 

ha ve be en au th ori ze d by Dr. J. It. Van Pe lt, pre si den t of th e Mich igan College 

o f Mining and Te ch no logy , to mak e th is st ate m ent on beh al f of th e college as 

we ll as fo r t he in st it ute .

Bill S. 1166, if en ac te d, wou ld au th ori ze th e Sec re ta ry of th e In te ri o r to en te r 

in to co ntr acts an d m ak e g ra n ts fo r th e pe rf orm an ce of re se arc h an d deve lopm en t in fu rt h era n ce o f th e pu rp os es of th e act of May 16, 1910 (36 Sta t. 36 9: 30 

I'.S .C . 1, 3, 5, and 7), as am en de d an d su pp lemen ted, re la ti n g am on g oth er 

th in gs to mi ning , an d th e pre par at io n, tr eatm ent, an d uti li zati on of m in er al 

su bst an ce s; an d he al th co nd itio ns an d safe ty ; an d efficiency, eco nomic de ve lopment, an d co ns er va tion of re so ur ce s of th e m in er al an d fu el in dust ri es . Such 

co ntr acts or g ra nts sh al l be re st ri cte d to colle ges or univ ers it ie s or or ga ni za tion s 

un de r th e adm in is tr ati ve co nt ro l of colleges or univ er si ti es . Im pl em en ta tion of 

1 He purj>oses of th is bi ll co uld be und er th e adm in is tr ati on of th e B ur ea u of 

Min es. In effect, th e bill wo uld pr ov id e au th o ri ty th is ag en cy does no t now 

ha ve to dr aw upon la rg e re so ur ce s of scientifi c an d en gi ne er in g ta le nts an d 

tec hn olog ical fa ci li ti es in our co lle ge s an d univ er si ties fo r th e pu rp os es of sup-
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 53

plementing and complementing the Burea u’s research effort and thereby increase 

its effectiveness in the performance of established programs and activities and 

the planning of new programs to properly provide for and safeguard the mineral 

needs of t his Nation.

The au thority to be provided by this bill will especially strengthen the capa ­

bilities of the Bureau of Mines in basic research. Much work of this natur e is 

needed to solve the complex problems standing in the way of greater utilization 

of our domestic mineral resources. As an example, new technologies which can 

come from basic resea rch are needed to solve the problems of utiliz ing vast 

deposits of low grade taconite and jastp ilite ores occurring in the upper Great 

Lakes region. The colleges and universities have scientists and engineers who 

devote themselves to and are spec ialists in this kind of resea rch, and bill S. 1166 

would make the specialized knowledge and skills of these people available for 

the resear ch programs of the B ureau of Mines.

The bill will be in the intere sts of the mineral indu strie s. It is a norm al procedure for these industries to apply basic knowledge in developing methods and 

processes for the profitable exploitatio n of mineral resources. When basic 

knowledge is lacking, applied rese arch and development cannot go forw ard. 

The bill is intend ed to s timulate basic rese arch rela ted to mineral problems and 

make the new knowledge available for application by the min eral industries. 

Thus the bill will promote indu str ial developments of our domestic mine ral 

resources.

I wish to emphasize th at the bill will be helpful to our efforts in higher education. It is a ma tter of much concern to our mineral-orie nted colleges and 

universities th at enrollments in mining and extrac tive metallurgy curricula are 

declining. This not only has caused curtailm ents in these curricula, but also in 

some schools it has caused elim ination of dep artm ents offering degrees in these 

subjects, with the result t ha t fewer young people are seeking professional training for careers in the mineral industries. This situation is diverting some educators into other curricu la and dep artments as well as brin ging a shortage of 

engineers and scientists tra ine d to serve and perpe tua te the miner al indu stries. 

The bill would provide the mining and metallurgical faculty members oppo rtunities to obtain support for the ir researc h efforts where there is a lack of such 

support now. Such research support will not detra ct from the educational 

objectives of the faculties but actually strengthen these prima ry objectives by 

making it possible for the educ ational institu tions to continue their mining 

and metallurgical disciplines and the faculties devoted to them. It is a recognized fac t th at the performance of research is an activity which ass ists and 

complements proficiency in teaching. A healthy volume of researc h is an 

infa llible sign of an alert faculty which is seeking a position of lead ership in 

a given field. There is a recognized tren d for a stud ent, and partic ula rly the 

graduate stud ents, to be att racted to colleges and univer sities having facu lties 

of recognized sta tur e in the discipline of intere st to him, and likewise there is 

a tendency for und erg rad uate studen ts to seek instructio n in stro ng and active 

departm ents. Bill S. 1166 would make availa ble to the mining and metallurgical 

staff members of our colleges and universities the kind of suppor t which tend 

to reverse the trend in declining mining and extrac tive metallurgy enrollments. 

In my opinion, bill S. 1166 will be good for the Burea u of Mines, the mineral 

industries , and our colleges and universities, and it will be in the intere sts of 

the Nation’s expanding needs for minerals and of the w elfare of the people employed in producing mineral commodities.

Supplemental Statement ok M. E. Volin, Director, I nstitute of Mineral

Research, Michigan College of Mining and Technology

The purpose of this statem ent is to present, information in addition to that 

given at the hea ring of August 26, 1963, and to answer some of the questions 

brou ght up at the hearing.

Much of the testim ony was concerned with the need of the Burea u of Mines 

for the kind of autho rity proposed in S. 1166. Bureau res ear ch programs now 

are done intram ura lly with the exception of some projects in health and safety, 

helium and anthracite. The intent of S. 1166 is to give the Bureau autho rity to 

l>erform research extramu rally through gra nts to colleges and universities. 

The testimony alre ady given indicates th at this kind of autho rity will enable 

the Burea u of Mines to strengthen its research effort, add to its capa bility in 

basic research and have more versa tility in conducting its int ramural research
54 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

programs as a result of a close working relationship with scientists and engineers in our colleges and universities who are aware of and studying our 

mineral problems, developing new ideas and performing research to solve the 

problems.

The question was brought up as to how this authority would be implemented. 

This, of course, would be a policy matter to be worked out by the Department of 

the Interior, but it would seem tha t procedures already in use by the National 

Science Foundation and in connection with the national highway research program would provide a sound basis. Methods of identifying areas of research 

needs, receiving and evaluating proposals and making grants for research are 

well developed.

Previous testimony has stressed that need for this bill as a means of revitalizing and sustaining a part of our effort in higher education which is 

deteriorating; namely, the encouragement and training of mineral-oriented 

scientists and engineers. In the last 10 years, enrollments in mining and 

extractive metallurgy curriculums have been declining with the result tha t teaching staffs have been reduced or diverted to other disciplines, courses of study 

related to minerals have been deleted and in some instances departments have 

been dropped or consolidated into others. One example of this trend is what 

has happened here at the Michigan College of Mining & Technology. As late 

as academic year 1958-459, there was a mineral dressing department with a 

teaching staff of 4, and 10 seniors received the B.S. degree in metallurgical 

engineering (mineral dressing option) tha t year. At the beginning of the 

1059-00 academic year, mineral dressing was made a par t of the department of 

metallurgical engineering, and since then both the numbers of students enrolled 

and the teaching staff have decreased. In academic year 1902-63, one professor 

was teaching mineral dressing subjects and three students received the B.S. 

degree in metallurgical engineering (mineral dressing option). The mining 

engineering department has shown a similar decline in enrollments.

This same trend has been noted in the mining and extractive metallurgy 

departments of other colleges and universities. It shows a strong correlation 

between the number of highly qualified teachers in a particular field and the 

number of students who are attracted to that field, and that as staffs decline so 

do enrollments. The result of this trend is tha t our mineral industries and 

governmental agencies, such as the Bureau of Mines, are being deprived of an 

adequate supply of properly trained and oriented scientists and engineers. 

This has been a matter of great concern to the American Institute of Mining, 

Metallurgical & Petroleum Engineers, and has become the subject of much 

discussion at every annual meeting in recent years. While the needs of the 

mineral industries for mining engineers can perhaps be filled by civil and mechanical engineers, and the needs for extractive metallurgical engineers by 

chemical engineers, there remains the disturbing situation tha t fewer teachers 

in our colleges and universities are concerned about and studying the mineral 

problems, and tha t less research on the problem is being done by teachers and 

graduate students. I believe tha t S. 1166 could help more than anything else 

to revitalize and strengthen this part of our educational effort which is declining.

The question was brought up in the hearing as to whether adequate support 

for mineral research projects is now available through other Federal agencies 

such as the Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Defense, Health, Education, and Welfare, National Aeronautics anti Space Administration, and the 

National Science Foundation. The answer to this question may be found in 

par t in the latest report by the National Science Foundation entitled “Federal 

Funds for Science XI.” The total national expenditure for research and development in fiscal year 1961, the latest year for which such information is available, was .$14 billion, and of this amount, $9 billion was provided by the Federal 

Government. Of the Federal expenditure, $7 billion went for extramural research, 65 percent to industry, 10 percent to colleges and universities, and the 

rest to private foundations and other institutions. Five agencies—the Atomic 

Energy Commission, Department of Defense, Health, Education, and Welfare, 

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Science 

Fundation—were responsible for 95 percent of the $0.7 billion spent for research and development in educational institutions, and over 90 percent of 

the funds provided by these agencies were allocated for development and applied 

research in connection with the specific missions of the agencies. Mineral or 

metallurgical research is not listed as a specific mission by any of these agencies 

except the National Science Foundation, which is the only Federal agency with
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH OO

the broad mandate of fur the rin g basic researc h and education in all fields of 

science.

Thus, it would app ear th at the National Science Foundation is the only 

Federal agency to which a proposal migh t be directed for support of a resea rch 

project specifically concerned with minerals, and the proposal would have to 

be basic in cha racter. The National Science Founda tion defines basic research 

as th at direc ted tow ard increase of knowledge in science, or research where 

the prim ary aim of the investigator is a fuller knowledge or understand ing of 

the subject under stud y ra th er than a practic al application of the knowledge, 

which is termed “applied research.” Development is defined as the systematic 

use of scientific knowledge directed tow ard the productio n of useful materia ls, 

devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes 

and processes.

The National Science Fou nda tion made grants to educational institu tions 

in the amount of about $64 million in fiscal year 1961 for specific resea rch 

projects covering a spec trum of physical, life, and social sciences. The Fou ndation supp orts basic researc h in metallurgy as a pa rt of the program und er engineering sciences, but info rmation about the distribu tion of funds for this specific field is not published in Federal Fun ds for Science XI. Since the principal 

int ere st is in physical metallurgy, it can be inferred th at rela tively few gra nts 

are m ade for mineral or mining research projects.

One of the questions brought up in the hea ring w as concerned with the amount 

of supp ort given by ind ustry for research on the mineral and mining problems. 

According to chart XII published in Country Rep orts on the Organization of 

Scientific Research, United States, the tota l expend iture for performance of 

researc h and development in primary metals in fiscal yea r 1961 was about $160 

million, of which about $30 million was provided by the Fed eral Government. 

Ch art X III in the same publication shows that about $12 million was spent for 

the performance of basic researc h on primary metals in fiscal yea r 1961 and of 

this amount it can be assumed th at the Fed era l Government provided about $7 

million. Although a furth er breakdown by fields of research is not available , it 

can be concluded that most of the research and development, perhaps 90 percent, 

was done in physical metallurgy rather tha n in extractive metallurgy or other 

mineral fields. These sta tistic s indicate th at industry is performing about 80 

perc ent of the researc h and development done on primary metals but that 

practically all of this work is developmental or applied in nature. It is a matter 

of economic survival for industry to perform rese arch prim arily to maintain a 

competitive position, and this kind of research is largely applied and developmental in nature.

It should be emphasized th at S. 1166 can have long-range effects of great 

importance to our min eral ind ustries and the mineral security of our Nation. 

Reports by Resources for th e Futur e, Inc., and the N ational Academy of Sciences 

forecast th at our mineral needs will double in the next 20 years. If demands 

for min erals by immerging peoples of the world go as expected, our mineral imports will be severely restric ted, and thu s it will become necessary for us to fill 

more of our requirem ents by domestic production and this will mean th at p resent 

rates of production will have to be more than doubled. This cann ot be done 

economically with our existing technology, and it is imperative th at enough 

leadtime and money be invested in researc h now so th at we will not find ourselves 

at the mercy of foreig n sources of minerals within the next 20 years. The 

proposed bill is timely in that it would set up the kind of au tho rity needed to 

bring an important sector of our scientific tal en t to bear on the m ineral problem s 

and gua ran tee the progress requ ired to mainta in a stro ng min eral position for 

our Nation.

S. 1166 is a well-conceived bill, and I think its enactment is imp ortant to the 

Nation’s mineral security. The autho rity proposed in the bill will benefit our 

mineral industries, the Fed eral Bureau of Mines, and our educational effort in 

mineral-oriented colleges and universities.

Senator Dominick. I would just like to close with two comments 

if I may. The first is, the remarks I made originally were not in any 

way intended to be critical of Mr. Ankeny, who I know has been a 

dedicated person on behalf of the Bureau of Mines. Secondly, it seems 

to me th at what Dr. Walker has just said is a very pertinent point to 

this bill; namely, th at we m ight just change the Enabling Act under 

the Bureau of Mines to permit them to use some of their appropria-
56 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

tions which they get in the normal course of events for this very purpose and thereby not getting into the additional money stage.

Senator Gruening. I think that is a very useful suggestion. I 

would like to have your comment on that, too.

Mr. R osenbaum. Basically, this would permit us to justify this expenditure in the line items just as we now ju stify any other expenditure.

Senator Gruening. Thank you very much, gentlemen. I hope that 

none of you has felt foreclosed from saying anything that you want to 

say. I think we have covered the field pretty well.

Mr. Rosenbaum. I believe you asked us to give you two statements. 

One, you wanted some information on the number of mining and 

metallurgical engineers that were required annually, which we will 

try to get for you, and I think we will use Dr. Volin’s suggestion of 

contacting the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, & Petroleum Engineers for this as a good source, and also you were interested 

in how much mining and extractive metallurgy research is now sponsored by other Government agencies.

Senator Gruening. And what agencies and essentially what the 

projects are.

Mr. Rosenbaum. And we are concerned here with mining and 

extractive metallurgy research ?

Senator Gruening. Yes, sir.

Senator Dominick. Whatever the research is that is included in the 

bill. I think this is what we are talking about.

Senator Gruening. Yes. Than k you very much.

(The correspondence referred to by Senator H art follows:)

Mas sa ch us et ts I ns titu te of Tech nology,

D epa rtm en t of Met al lu rg y. 

Cambridge, Mass., August 21,1963.

Mr. P h il ip H art,

U.S. Senate, Committee on Commerce,

Washington, D.C.

My Dear Senator H art: In co nn ec tio n w ith yon r Sen at e bill 1166 on which 

Sen at e M in er al s Su bc om m itt ee is to ho ld hea ri ngs Thurs day , A ug us t 29. I am in 

co mplete ag re em en t w ith th e pu rp os e of sa id bill. Thi s w as ve ry mu ch in th e 

min d of th e Co mmitt ee on th e B ure au of Mines M et al lu rg ic al Res ea rc h of th e 

N at io nal Ac adem y of Scien ces, of which I w as th e chair m an la st ye ar , whe n they 

re port ed to th e D irec to r of th e B ure au of Mine s reco m men di ng th e ac tion which 

your b ill pro po ses.

Su fficie nt im pl em en ta tion of your bil l will re st ore in te re st in th e m in er al in ­

d u st ry on th e p a rt of st ude nts . I t wo uld al so br in g new id ea s in to th e fol d of t he 

B ure au o f Mines staff.

Sinc er ely yo urs,

A. M. Gau din,

Richards Professor of Mineral Engineering.

Univ ersit y of Cal ifo rn ia, 

Depa rtme nt of Miner al T echnology,

Berkeley, Calif., August 27,1963.

Ho n. P h il ip A. H ar t,

U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Ha r t: R es ea rc h ef fo rts on m in er al pr oc es sing in th e U ni te d 

S ta te s are lagg ing fa r be hi nd si m il ar ef fo rts in R us sia. You r ex ce llen t pr op os al 

to perm it th e U.S. B ure au of Mines to m ak e g ra n ts t o univ ers it ie s fo r re se ar ch in 

m in in g an d m in er al pr oc es sing w ill pr ov id e st im ula ti on fo r re se arc h in th e m in ­

era l field.
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 57

As you know, domestic ores are becoming increasin gly lower in grade. If 

worldwide tren ds continue, American mining companies will not operate in for­ eign countries and we will have to rely on the low-grade raw materials that occur within our borders. Basic researc h will be needed on which to base future 

processes. In recent years enro llment of s tud ents in the mineral field has been decreasing 

and this will affect the future p otential of our country to process low-grade ores. Research programs sponsored by the Bureau of Mines gr ants will provide a means for supporting gra duate research in m ineral processing. Thus, your proposal not only should provide basic info rmation for development of future min eral process­ ing methods but also should provide a means of educatin g studen ts for careers in 

the mineral field.

Sincerely yours, D. W. F ue rs te na u, 

Professor of Metallurgy.

The University of Wisconsin,

College of E ngineering, 

Madison, Wis., August 27,1963.

Re Senate bill 1166.

Senator P hil ip A. H art,

U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Hart: Tha nk you for your lette r of August 26 regarding the 

above bill. Since Prof. Philip C. Rosenthal and I are unab le to attend the hearing, we 

are today writin g Senator Ernest Gruening in support of this bill. You are to 

be complimented on its intro duction, and we both feel its passage will do much 

to in crease the researc h so vitally necessary in th is field.

A copy of our letter to Senator Gruening is enclosed.

Sincerely yours, Theodore D. T iemann,

Associate Professor, Minerals and Metals Engineering.

[E nc lo su re ]

The University of Wisconsin,

College of E ngineering, 

Madison, Wts., Aug ust 27,1963.

Re Se nate bill 1166.

Senator Ernest Gruening,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Minerals, Materials, and Fuels, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Gruening : Sen ator Phi lip A. Hart has brou ght to our atte ntion

the hearing on the above bill to be held before your subcommittee on August 29. Since it is impossible for us to attend the hearing, we are submitting this

lette r in supp ort of its acceptance and early passage. It seems to us th at the re is little question as to the vita l need to expand our

researc h efforts on the utiliza tion of our lower grade mineral resources, pa rticularly from the stan dpoin t of our future nation al economy and secu rity. 

This is especially tru e in reg ard to the upper Great Lakes region where the reserves of high-grade iron ores a re being stea dily depleted. Although programs of research in the area of low-grade ore utilization are 

currently being car ried on at a number of institu tions, including the University of Wisconsin, it is difficult to obtain funds to carry on thi s research on a sufficiently broad and jienetra ting basis. It is our opinion th at passage of this bill will do much to alle viate this 

situatio n.

Sincerely yours, Phi lip C. Rosenthal.

Chairman.

Theodore D. Tiemann. 

Associate Professor, Metallurgical Engineering.
58 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

University of Minnesota,

Institute of Technology,

Minneapolis, Minn., August 27,1963. Senator P hilip A. Hart,

U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Hart : I received both your telegram and a copy of bill, S. 1166, 

and hasten to reply by night telegram as to my feelings on this subject. A copy 

of that telegram is attached.

This also gives me the opportunity of congratulating you for your interest in 

the events of the mineral industry and particularly those of the Lake Superior 

region. In this connection, I am forwarding under separate cover, a copy of the 

“Minerals Task Force Report” prepared by the Minnesota Natural Resources 

Council some months ago.

I hope that you will be successful in the passage of bill, S. 1166, and if we can 

be of any further assistance please let me know.

Sincerely yours,

Eugene P. Pfleider, Professor of Mineral Engineering.

[Enclosure]

Minneapolis, Minn., August 27,1963. Senate Minerals Subcommittee,

Care of Senator Philip A. Hart,

U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.:

I have had the opportunity to study bill, S. 1166, introduced by Senator Hart, 

permitting the Bureau of Mines to enter into research contracts with colleges 

and universities. I strongly support this approach. Not only will it provide the 

Bureau with a method of utilizing the talents of many informed people in its 

pursuit of essential research goals but such a move is needed to permanently 

att ract topflight brains to the solution of problems that are daily becoming more 

aggravated in the worldwide competition for minerals and mineral markets. 

Mineral industry education does not, and cannot, compete for capable graduate 

students today for lack of governmental support. Other engineering and scientific groups on the campuses have numerous agencies fostering immense research 

projects, whereas our area is limited to NSF proposals and these must be socalled fundamental in nature. As a consequence, the numbers of students en tering mineral industry education have fallen off to one-third, and most graduate 

programs are becoming dependent on foreign students living off miscellaneous assistantships. Shortly, I fear, the industry, the Nation, and the individual States, 

will suffer from this underemphasis of a basic industry.

Eugene P. Pfleider,

Professor of Mineral Engineering,

University of Minnesota.

Berkeley, Calif., August 27,1963. Senator Philip A. Hart,

Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Stimulation of research in universities on the processing of minerals is vitally

needed. Student enrollment is decreasing drastically and this will affect the 

future potential of our country to process low-grade ores. Basic research grants 

from the Bureau of Mines will support graduate students in this field and will 

provide basic information necessary for extended utilization of domestic low-grade 

ores.

D. W. Fuerstenau,

Metallurgy Department, University of California.

Cambridge. Mass., Aug ust 27, 1963. Sen ator P hil ip H art,

Committee on Commerce, Washington, D.C.

In connection with your Senate bill. S. 1166, on which Senate Mineral Subcommittee is to hold hearings Thursday, August 29: I am in complete agreement 

with the purpose of said bill. This was very much in the mind of the Committee
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 59

on the Bureau of Mines metallurgical research of the National Academy of Sciences, of which I was the chairman las t yea r when they repo rted to the Dire ctor of the Bureau of Mines recommending the actio n which your bill pro­ poses. Sufficient implem entation of y our bill will restore intere st in the mineral industry on the p ar t of stud ents. It will also bring new ideas into the fold of the 

Bureau of Mines staff. A. M. Gaudin,

Rich ards Professor of Mineral Engineering, M IT.

New York, N.Y., August 27, 1963.

Senator P hilip Hart,

Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.

This will reg ister my who lehe arted sup port of your bill, S. 1166, auth oriz ing the Bureau of Mines to e nte r into research p rograms with colleges or universities to ass ist the mining industry. The declining reserves of high-grade ores in the United States and the development of such ores in foreign countrie s have com­ bined to jeopardize the economic position of many segments of the U.S. mining 

indu stry. Research in areas of “mining and the preparatio n, treatm ent, and utilization of mineral substan ces” receives little or no support from Fed eral funds now assigned to research. Authorization of the Bu rea u of Mines to en ter into agreements with universities and colleges for researc h in these are as would be of vital assistance, both to the long-range welfare of the industry, the Bureau of Mines, and mineral ind ust ries’ 

education. Nathaniel Arbiter,

Professor of Mineral Engineering, Columbia University, Henry Krum b School of Mines, New York, N.Y., past chairman, minerals beneficiation division, AIMM E, past director and treasurer, S ociety Mining Engineers.

Reno, Nev., Aug ust 28, 1963.

Senator P hilip A. Hart,

U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:

I have received your telegram of August 26, re a statem ent of my views on Senate bill 1166. In reply I wish to sta te th at the authorization contained in this is an excellent idea. I believe there are many ways in which both the Bureau of Mines and colleges or universities can benefit by working together on a con tract basis. Specifically, some advantage s are as follow s: college and univ ersities have facu lty members who are exp erts in highly specialized fields their knowl­ edge and experience thro ugh con tracts and grants can be more readily availab le to the U.S. Bureau of Mines tha n is now possible through such contr acts: the education ins titu tions can assis t worthy graduate studen ts on con tract projects under the direction of qualified faculty members; many college and universities have research organizations together with costly equipm ent and fac ilities in many fields of researc h and dev elop men t; as proposed in your bill, done under con tract can make such equipment and facilities available to the Bureau to­ gether with tra ine d personnel—this will save duplication of facilitie s, etc.: economic and conservation studies can be made on a cooperative basis thro ugh elim inating posible duplication. I can visualize numerous advanta ges both to the Bureau and to colleges or universities where schools of mineral ind ustries 

and S tate bureaus of mines are established. I have discussed your Senate bill 1166 with Dr. Vernon E. Scheid, dean of the Mackay School of Mines, and director, Nevada Burea u of Mines and Nevada Mining Analytical Laboratory, and with Dr. S. E. Jerome, associate director. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Nevada Mining Analytical Laboratory, and they both agree th at the re can be numerous advanta ges to such an author ization 

for research contracts.

Airmail copy of message in mail. J ohn J. Butler.
60 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MI NE RA L RE SEAR CH

Socorro, N. Mex., August 28, 1963.

P h il ip A. H art,

Miner als S ub co m m itte e, C om m itte e an In te ri o r a nd I n su la r Affair s,

W as hi ng to n, D.C.:

S. 1166 ex ce lle nt. W ou ld add flex ib ili ty to U.S. B ure au of Mine s re se ar ch 

an d allow fo r des ir ab le co op er at io n be tw ee n U.S. B ure au an d ed uc at io nal in st itu ti ons in te re st ed in m in in g and m et al lu rg ic al re se ar ch , re su ltin g in fu ll er 

utili zati on of th e N at io n’s m os t qu alifi ed m in er al sc ie nti st s an d en gi ne er s an d 

g re ate r de ve lopm en t o f th e N at io n’s m in er al s re so ur ce s.

Alvin J. T ho mpson ,

D irec to r, N ew M ex ico B ur ea u o f Mines a nd M in er al Re so ur ce s.

Golden, Colo., A ugust 27,1 963.

Ho n. P h il ip A. Hart,

New S en at e Office Bui ld in g, W as hi ng to n, D .C.:

Per so nal ly be lie ve an y op po rt un ity to utilize ed uca tional re se ar ch fa ci li ti es

fo r m in er al in dust ry ne ed s as det ai le d in S. 1166 is of unqu es tion ab le m er it. 

Col or ad o Sch ool of Mine s adm in is tr ati on past a tt it u d e al w ay s in th is vein. 

Exp er ie nc e de m onst ra te s on ly B ure au of Mines in te re st ed in extr acti ve m eta llu rg y re se ar ch . No dupl ic at io ns of oth er go ve rn m en ta l ag en cies su pp or te d 

re se ar ch .

A. W. Sciilecii ten,

He ad , D ep ar tm en t o f M et al lu rg y,

Co lor ado Sc ho ol of M ines.

H opkin s, Min n .

Ho n. P h il ip A. H art.

Sen ate Office Bui ld in g, U.S. Se na te , W as hi ng to n, D.C.:

T hanks fo r yo ur in vit ati on to co mmen t on S. 1166. I t is my op inion th a t th e 

ob je ct iv es of th is bill are ex ce lle nt. I t wo uld perm it cl os er w or ki ng re la ti onsh ip be tw ee n th e U.S. B ur ea u of Mine s an d th e var io us co lle ge s an d un iv er si ties . 

It sh ou ld be he lp fu l to th e B ure au of Mines in carr y in g out it s im port ant re ­

se ar ch pr og ra m . I t shou ld he lp th e scho ols to ke ep qu alifi ed peop le on th eir 

staf fs . It shou ld be he lp fu l in th e tr ain in g of st uden ts , and per hap s of gre ate st 

im po rtan ce , it may be he lp fu l in th e fin ding of pra cti cal so lu tion s to som e of 

th e ve ry se riou s pr ob lems fa ci ng m os t of our m in in g co m m un itie s to da y. I am 

de fini te ly fa vor ab le to th e en ac tm en t of th is legi slat io n.

H en ry H. W ade,

N ort h H op kins , M inn.

B ut te, Mont., August 28, 1963.

S enato r P h il ip A. H art,

U.S . Se nat e Office Bui ld in g, W as hi ng to n, D.C.:

In re fe re nc e to Sen at e bill 1166, I w ish to ad vi se yo u an d th e mem be rs of th e 

Senate M in er al s Su bc om m itt ee th a t I w ho le he ar te dl y su pport an d rec om men d 

th e ap pr ov al of th is b ill. C ontrac ts an d g ra n ts w ith colle ges an d univ er si ties fo r 

th e i>erform anee of re se ar ch and de ve lopm en t wi ll est ab li sh a re la ti onsh ip betw ee n th e B ure au of M ines an d th e c oll eges an d univ er si ties which will do mu ch 

to fu rth e r th e wise an d effective uti li zati on of our n a tu ra l m in er al an d fuel 

re so ur ce s. Th ese re so ur ce s are no t of th e re ne w ab le kind , an d it is a m an dat e 

up on us all to ga in th e fu lles t us e from th a t which is av ai la ble to us.

A ltho ug h th e tr en d in tech no logy is to d im in ish th e d is tinct io n be tw ee n ap pl ie d 

an d ba sic re se ar ch , prob lems of im po rt an ce be ca us e of econ om ic fa cto rs an d su pply si tu ati o n s re qu ire so lu tio n de pe nd in g up on scientifi c an d en gi ne er in g kn ow ledge. To ac cu m ul at e su ch a re se rv oir of kn ow led ge fo r th es e si tu at io ns, bac kgro un d re se ar ch is ne ce ss ar y. I am co nfiden t th a t sign ific an t co ntr ib utions wi ll 

be fo rt hc om in g fro m th e pa ss ag e of Sen at e bil l 1166.

To th e ac ad em ic in st it uti ons, re se ar ch is le a rn in g ; an d as a consequence, 

Sen at e bill 1166 will do mu ch in ad va nc in g kn ow ledg e an d in te re st of yo un g 

pe op le in th e m in er al s an d fu els.

I am p art ic u la rl y plea se d w ith th e inclus io ns in th e bill as de no ted in line s 7, 

8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4, an d 5. Of co urse , th e effecti ve ne ss wi ll de pe nd up on th e ad m in is ­

tr a ti o n of su ch contr acts an d gra nts . I no te th a t th e adm in is tr ati ve co nt ro l 

sh al l re st in the ha nds of th e coll eges an d u niv er si ties . I t is im port ant in re se ar ch
EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH 61

tha t freedom in perspective and endeavor be allowed the researcher. It is my 

hoi»e that if the bill is iuissed, that the basic ideas and ideals of research are 

a part of the administration of these projects. What I am saying is tha t the 

projects once grante d or contracted shall rest entirely in the hands of the college or university personnel, and that a spirit of cooperation is established with 

the Federal Bureau of Mines such tha t confidence is gained by mutual efforts.

Whatever the demands of our increasing complex technology and the needs 

of our rapidly expanding populations, We are all aware tha t much of the anticipated requirements are derived from our natural mineral resources. Thus, it 

is imperative tha t we prepare through research and development, and this 

includes certainly the needed interest of young people in the career fields of the 

mineral industries. Letter to follow.

D. W. McGlashan,

Research Coordinator, Montana School of Mines.

Se na tor Gruening . T hat conc ludes t he tes tim ony on S. 1166. Th e 

subcom mittee w ill now tu rn to othe r business.

(Su bse quent to the he arin g the fol low ing corr espond ence was order ed pr inted at the r equ est of Sen ator H a r t:)

U.S. Senate, September 6, 1963.

Mr. Marling J. Ankeny,

Director, Bureau of Mines,

Department of the Interior,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Ankeny: Enclosed is a copy of a letter I have received from Dean 

J. D. Forrester of the University of Arizona College of Mines.

I would appreciate knowing under what existing provisions of law the research agreements mentioned in this letter have been entered into.

With every best wish,

Sincerely,

Philip A. Hart.

The University of Arizona, 

Tucson, Ariz., August 28, 1963.

lion. Philip A. Hart,

Senate of the United States,

Senate Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator IIakt: This is in response to your telegram of August 26, 1963, 

soliciting my opinion about S. 1166 which you are sponsoring in the U.S. Senate.

Since receiving your communications, I have not had any time of consequence 

to study all of the possible elements of the legislation you propose, but, unless 

I misconstrue the significance of the whole m atter, I am afraid my comments 

may not be overly helpful to you. This is because channels presently exist 

whereby contracts to pursue some types of research enterprises can be established 

between academic institutions and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. I know this to be 

a fact inasmuch as research agreements with the U.S. Bureau of Mines have been 

in effect for several years here in the College of Mines, University of Arizona.

However, I want my considered view and opinion to be completely clear on 

the matter and should I not comprehend the full purpose of your objective, 

I wish to state t hat I believe it is imperative tha t research on mineral resources 

and all related aspects of mining operations must be continued and extended. 

There is no better place to do so, in many instances, than in the mineral industry 

colleges and universities. Therefore, if the need exists for such legislation as 

you have sponsored, I am most heartily and vigorously in favor of it.

I hope the above is sufficient for your purposes. Thank you for apprising me 

of your sponsorship of S. 1166.

Sincerely,

J. D. F orrester, Dean.
62 EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR MINERAL RESEARCH

U.S. Department of the I nterior,

Bureau of Mines.

Washington, D.C., September 17,1963.

Hon. Phi lip A. IIart,

U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Hart : With your let ter of September 6 you forwarded a copy of 

a lette r received from Dean J. D. Forres ter of the U niversity of Arizona, College 

of Mines. In offering comments on S. 1166 Dean Fo rre ste r sta ted th at “* * * 

chan nels presently exist whereby contrac ts to pursue some types of resea rch 

enterprises can be established between academic institu tions and the U.S. 

Bureau of Mines.” Dean Forrester cites research agree ments with the U.S. 

Bureau of Mines and the College of Mines, University of Arizona, as examples 

of this existing arra ngement.

The Bureau of Mines has for some time si>onsored cooperative research projects at certain colleges and universities. These projects are actually research 

fellowships and require tha t the stud ent be employed by the Burea u of Mines 20 

hours i>er week in a Bureau laboratory and hence can be sponsored only at 

those schools near a Bureau of Mines establish ment. Authority to enter into 

these cooperative agreements is provided in the ann aul app ropriat ions a ct for the 

Dep artm ent of the Interior, B ureau of Mines, in the par agrap h on a dministrative 

provisions.

We trus t th at the foregoing satisfactorily answers your request for info rma ­

tion on the University of Arizona cooperative agreement. If you should desire 

add itio nal in formation please feel free to call upon us.

Sincerely yours,

Paul Zinner,

Acting Director.

o

o