# OAR Box 1811 Prepped by Keeia Richards



## Document

Number: 

# 40 ) lll-A- 1
Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 10/30/20081:19:24 PM Sheet 40of 82 p. 1

- —P. 2

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### Frida y Augus t 29 , 198 6



# Par t V I 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agency 4 0 CF R Part 5 2 Sourc e Surveillanc e o f Visibl e Emissions ; Propose d Revision s o f Existin g Rul eP. 3

3107 6 Federa l Kegiste r / Vol

. 51 , No

. 16 8 /

Friday , Augus t

29 , 198 6 /

Propose d Rule s ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTION !
<9 0 Cm Par t 5 2 [AD-FE-.L-2983-7 ] Sourc e Suirvelllsunc e ©f f Visibl e Emission s AGEMCV : Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA)

. aST0®ca : Propose drevisions o

f existin g rule

. SUKOARV : Th e EP A propose s t o promulgat e ne w visibl e emissio n tes t procedure s fo

r evaluatin g complianc e wit h opacity standard s whe n aStat e implementatio n pla n (SIP ) doe s no t contai n a n appropriat e tes t metho dtit whe n th e Administrato r

promulgate s a plan fo r aState

. Sectio n 52.12(c ) require s EP A to us e appropriat e procedure s an d tes t method s in 40 CF

R6 0 fo r enforcemen t

o f SIP requirement s i

f th e SI P doe s no t

specif y amethod

. Th e tes t metho d i n Par t

60 fo r visibl e emissio n observation s i s Metho d9 o f Appendi x A

. Thi s actio n propose s t o incorporat e a ne w Method , F-1 , fo

r readin g visibl e emissions , fo

r us e in plac e o

f Metho d9 unde r appropriat e circumstances , int o a ne w Appendi x F o

f Par t 52

. Th e ne w Method , F-1 , provide s EP A wit h an expande d arra y o

f dat areductio n procedure s fo

r variou s type s o

f SI P opacity limitations

. Thes e procedure s constitut e th e mai n differenc e betwee n Method s 9 an d F-1

. Thi s actio n i s necessar y becaus e th e curren t dat a reductio n procedure s o

f Metho d9 may no t adequatel y relat e t o SI

P opacity regulation s whic h specif

y n o averagin g time , o r hav e certai n dat aaggregatio n provision s tha t

ar e no t consisten t

wit h th e dat aaveragin g procedure s specifie d i n Metho d 9

. Thi s actio n wil l provid e EP A wit h visibl e emissio n tes t procedure s tha t

woul db e availabl e fo

r us e wit h mos t SI P opacity regulations

. Additionall y th e notic e clarifie s EPA' s intentio n tha t

evidenc e o

f violatio n no t b e solel y limite dt o tes t

results , bu t

th e fac t tha t violation s hav e occurre dma y b e prove n b y evidenc e admissibl e unde r Federa l Rule s o

f Evidence

. Th e EP

A propose s t o ad dastatemen t i n § 52.2 3 regardin g thi s intent

. N o revision s t o an y SI P ar e require d b y thi s action

. DATES : Comment s mus t

b e submitte do n o r befor e Octobe r

28,1986

. ADDRESSES : Sen dcomment s to : Centra l Docke t Sectio n (LE-131) , EPA , Attention : Docke t

No

. A-84-22,401 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460

. Docket No

. A-84-22 , containin g materia l relevan t t o thi s rulemaking , i s locate di n EPA' s Centra l Docke t

Section , Wes t

. . . Towe r

Lobby , Galler

y 1 , 401 M Street , Washington , DC 20460

. Th e docke t may b e inspecte dbetwee n 8 a.m . an d 4 p.m . o n weekdays , an dareasonabl e fe e ma y b e charge dfo

r copying

. FO RFURTHE

RINFORMATION ©0NTAST : Te dCreekmor e o r

Josep h Sableski , Standard s Implementatio n Branch , MD

15 , EPA , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolina , 27711 , telephone : (commercial ) 919-541-569 7 o r

(FTS ) 629-5697

. SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION

: Introductio n Th e Clean Ai r

Ac t (Act ) include s requirement s tha t

EP A establis h nationa l ambien t

ai r quality standard s fo r variou s pollutant s whic h may reasonabl y b e anticipate dt o endange r publi c healt h an dwelfare

. Th e Ac t require s State s t o develo p SIP' s whic h includ e rule s t o contro l emission s o f ai r pollutants

. Man y SIP' s includ e regulation s limitin g emission s fro m source s b y limitin g visibl e emissions

. Th e SIP' s includ e avariet y o f suc h limits

. Th e limit s ar e generall y writte n t o specif y amaximu mopacity asourc e i s allowe dt o emit , a s determine d b y a traine dobserver

. Som

e provision s limi t opacit y fo r aspecifie d numbe r

o f minute s i n a n hou r

(time exception) , other s limi t

i t fo r level s a s average d ove r aspecifie d numbe r

o f minute s (time averaged) , an dother s specif y limit s tha t ar e neve r

t o b e exceede d (instantaneou s limitation)

. Man y SIP' s d o no t prescrib e th e tes t

method s t o b e use dt o determin e complianc e wit h opacity provisions

. Whe n EP A desire s t o enforc e thes e regulations , 40 CF R 52.12(c ) specifie s tha t

EP A wil l d o s o usin g appropriat e tes t

method s i n 4 0 CF R60 , Standards of

Performance for New Stationary Sources. Th e onl y genera l visibl e emissio n observatio n tes t procedur e i n 40 CF

R60 i s Metho d9 o

f Appendi x A

. Metho d9 contain s procedure s fo r th e trainin g an d certificatio n o f observers , fiel dprocedure s fo

r th e determinatio n o

f plum e opacity , an d adat areductio n procedure

. I t

provide s atime-average d dat areductio n techniqu e whereb y opacit y level s ar e determine db y averagin g 2

4 consecutiv e opacity observations , eac h take n a t 15-secon d intervals , t o arriv e a t

a n averag e opacity fo r a6-minut e period

. Th e EP A revise dMetho d9 o n Novembe r

12,197 4 (3 9 F

R39872)

. Th e preambl e t o tha t

revisio n recognize d tha t th e dat areductio n technique s i n Metho d9 wer e no t

appropriat e fo

r som e type s o f SI P opacity regulations

. Th e preambl e als o state d EPA' s intent t o propos e procedure s t o enforc e SIP limitation s no t

adequatel y addresse d unde r Metho d 9

. Suc h regulation s includ e thos e with time-exceptio n provisions , a s wel l a s thos e tha t specif y averagin g time s o

f othe r tha n 6 minutes

. Also , Metho d9 di d no t

addres s dat a reductio n procedure s fo

r instantaneou s limitation s (sometime s calle dcaps ) o n visibl e emission s whic h ar e include d i n som e SIP's

. Th e EP A propose s t o promulgat e explici t tes t procedure s t o determin e complianc e wit h SIP opacit y limitation s i n ane w Method , F-1 , o

f ane w Appendi x F t o Par t

52

. Th e ne w Method , F-1 , provide s EP

A with a n expande d arra y o f visibl e emissio n dat areductio n procedure s fo

r variou s type s o

f SIP opacity limitations

. I t

wil l replac e Metho d9 fo

r EP A enforcemen t

o f SI P opacit y limitations

. Metho dF- 1 contain s fiel d an d observe r

certificatio n procedure s tha t

ar e identica l t o thos e o

f Metho d9

. Th e onl y differenc e betwee n Metho d9 an d th e ne w Method , F-1 , ar e th e dat areductio n procedures

. Thes e ne w dat areductio n procedure s ar e appropriat e fo

r determinin g complianc e wit h SI P regulation s tha t

contai n time

exception , time-average d ( 2 minute s o r greater) , an dinstantaneou s limitations

. Th e propose d dat areductio n procedure s ar e base d o n anumbe r

o f dat asets
. Th e tes t dat aan dothe r

backgroun d informatio n ar e include d i n th e docket

. Th e propose ddat areductio n procedure s ar e discusse d i n th e followin g
Data Reduction Procedures forTimeException Opacity Regulations Thi s procedur e applie s t o SIP regulation s tha t

allo w acertai n leve l o

f visibl e emission s t o b e exceede dfo r a specifie d perio do

f time

. Suc h regulation s ar e often referre d t o a s time

exceptio n regulations

. A typica l time

exceptio n repletio n might provid e tha t asourc e canno t

excee d 2 0 percen t opacit y excep t

fo r 5 minute s i n an y 1 hour

. Th e 8-minut

e averagin g techniqu e use d i n Metho d 9 may resul t i n underenforcemen t

o f thi s typ e o

f regulation

. Underenforcemen t ma y occu r becaus e som e source s exhibi t short-ter mpea k

leve l opacit y intermixe d with period s o

f n o visibl e emission s a t all

. Thus , th e opacit y reading s i n exces s o f th e standar d ca n b e effectivel y offset i n th e averagin g o

f 2 4 consecutiv e reading s b y th e period s o f very lo w readings , resultin g i n a n overal l opacity valu e whic h i s i n complianc e with th e SIP regulation

. Sectio n 2.5. 1 o

f Metho dF-1 , "Time

Exceptio n Regulations, " provide s fo r effectiv e enforcemen t

o f time-exceptio n provisions

. It

require s tha t

reading s abov e th e allowabl e leve l b e adde dP. 4

Registe r / Vol

. 51 , No

. 16 8 /

Friday , Augus t

29 , 198 6 /

.Propose d Rule s togethe r o r "aggregated " to determin e complianc e wit h th e exceptio n perio dof th e regulation

. Thi s i s don e withou t regar dt o an y "averagin g period, " take n durin g th e appropriat e observatio n period , usuall y u p t o a n hour

. Data Reduction for

Time-Averaged Opacity Regulations Thi s dat areductio n procedur e i s very similar to tha t o f Metho d9 excep t

tha t i t applie s t o SI P regulation s whic h specif y averagin g time s different

fro mMetho d9

. Th e us e o f a6-minut e averag e whe n th e SI P specifie s ashorte r

averagin g tim e ma y resul t i n underenforcemen t

o f SI P regulation s i n compariso n with other , shorte r averagin g periods

. Suc h underenforcemen t

ma y occu r becaus e Stat e regulation s tha t

specif y averagin g time s o f les s tha n 6 minute s ar e bette r abl e t o contro l source s with frequent opacit y fluctuations

. Th e less-than-6

- minut e averg e i s amore sensitiv e indicato r o f short-termvisibl e emissio n excursion s abov e th e standar dwhic h may no t b e properl y reflecte dwhe n average dove r

th e ful l 6-minut e perio d a s specifie di n Metho d9

. Unde r sectio n 2.5. 2 o

f Metho dF-1 , "Time-Average d Regulations, " individua l 15-secon d reading s ar e average dove r

th e tim e perio dspecifie d b y th e SI P o r federally-promulgate d regulation

. Wher e aSI

P specifie s a n averagin g tim e o f 6 minutes , th e 6-minut

e averagin g procedur e of

Metho dF- 1 wil l b e use dt o determin e complianc e with th e standard

. Sectio n 2.5. 2 als o include s th e flexibilit

y t o reduc e an drepor t opacity observation s average dove r period s of 6 minutes , o r

greate r if suc h a n averagin g perio di s specifie db y th e applicabl e SIP

. Data Reduction Procedures for Instantaneous Opacity Regulations Th e EP A wil l us e thi s procedur e t o enforc e SIP visibl e emissio n limitation s tha t ar e intende d b y tiie Stat e o r Federa l governmen t

a s never-to-be-exceede d opacit y limitations

. Th e propose d sectio n 2.5.3 , "Instantaneou s Limitatio n Regulations, " specifie d th e us e o f a2

- minut e averagin g tim e fo

r determinin g complianc e with th e "never-to-be

exceeded " o r

"cap " limitation

. Th e 2

- minut e averagin g tim e i s use dbecaus e i t i s consisten t

with acceptabl e accurac y level s fo r opacity observations

. Man y Stat e regulation s includ e two

tiere dopacity standards

. A n exampl e o f atwo-tiere d limitatio n i s "..

. visibl e emission s may no t

excee d2 0 percen t opacity , excep t

fo r 3 minute s i n an y 1 hour , an d ma

y no t excee d40 percen t opacity. " Th e firs t

level , 2 0 percen t opacity , woul d b e treate da s atime

exceptio n regulation , an d th e secon d level , 4 0 percen t

opacity , a s a n instantaneou s limitatio n unde r sectio n 2.5.3

. In othe r situations , asingl e opacity limitatio n ha s bee n adopte d a s a n instantaneou s limitatio n fo r certai n source s unde r

th e SIP regulations

. Fo r eithe r th e singl e o r

two-tiere dcase , thi s dat areductio n procedur e woul dappl y i f i t wa s clearl y th e intent

o f th e regulatio n tha t th e opacity limitatio n wa s neve r t o b e exceeded

. Procedures to Implement

40CFR 52.12(c) T o tes t fo r compliance , EP

A wil l selec t th e visibl e emissio n tes t

metho d an ddat areductio n procedur e i n Part 5 2 whic h bes t

ensure s tha t

th e SI P visibl e emissio n standar di s bein g enforce di n a manne r tha t i s a s consisten t

a s possibl e wit h th e languag e originall y containe d i n th e rul e incorporate d i n th e federally

approve do r

promulgate dSIP

. Absen t a n indicatio n o

f Stat e inten t

t o th e contrary , EP A wil l assum e tha t

aStat e intende da 6-minut e averagin g tim e b e associate d with SIP opacit y regulation s whic h contai n n o specifi c referenc e t o time

exception , time-averaging , o r instantaneou s limitations

. Accuracy of

Methods Th e accurac y o

f visibl e emissio n observation s i s chiefly dependen t upo n th e trainin g o

f th e obervers an d th e fiel d procedure s utilize db y th e observe r fo r assignin g opacit y values

. Th e training , certification , an d fieldprocedure s i n thi s propose dtes t

method , F-1 , ar e take n fro mReferenc e Metho d 9,4 0 CF RPar t 60 , Appendi x A

. Thes e Metho d9 procedure s wer e sustaine db y th e Cour t o f Appeal s fo

r th e D.C

. Circui t

i n Portland Cement v. Train 51 3 F.2d 506 (D.C

. Cir

. 1975)

. Th e EP A reviewe dth e trainin g an d certificatio n procedure s an d th e fiel d procedure s o

f th e curren t

Metho d 9 durin g th e developmen t

o f thes e ne w tes t procedures

. Th e EP

A conclude dtha t thes e procedure s remai n th e bes t availabl e mean s o

f assurin g th e accurac y of

visibl e emissio n observations

. Th e fiel d procedure s reduc e t o th e exten t

possibl e th e potentia l influenc e o

f variable s tha t might otherwis e affec t

th e ability o

f th e observe r t o accuratel y assig n opacit y values

. Th e docket , A-84-22 , contain s report s o n fiel d studie s an dothe r dat awhic h EP A ha s use dt o support

th e accurac y o

f thes e tes t procedures

. Thi s informatio n indicate s tha t

i n visibl e emissio n observation s bot h positiv e an dnegativ e erro r ma y occur . A positiv e erro r occur s whe n a n observe r assign s a n opacit y valu e greate r tha n th e actua l plum e opacity

. A negativ e erro r

occur s whe n a n observe r assign s a n opacit y valu e lowe r tha n th e actua l plum e opacity

. T o evalut e potentia l errors , bot h positiv e an d negative , aserie s o f fiel d experiment s wer e conducte d unde r controlle dfiel d condition s usin g ligh t an ddar k visibl e plume s generate d usin g asmoke generator , equippe d wit h a transmissomete r

meetin g th e specification s o

f Metho d9

. Durin g thes e evaluatio n tests , panel s o f qualifie d observer s (certifie db y Metho d9 procedures ) rea dth e generate d plume s i n 5 percen t

opacit y increment s an d a t 15-secon d intervals

. Th e dat awer e reduce dfo

r time-average dregulation s b y averagin g fo

r varyin g length s of

time , an dfo r time-exceptio n regulation s b y aggregatin g th e dat aove r th e tim e perio do f eac h reading

. Dat afro

mearlie r fiel dtrial s als o wer e evaluated

. Observe r measurement s wer e the n compare d t o th e referenc e value s measure d b y th e transmissomete r i n th e stac k o f th e smoke generator
. Docke t A-84-22 contain s adetaile d discussio n o

f erro r i n opacit y readings

. Fro mth e dat ai n th e docket , EP A ha s determine d th e erro r

probabilitie s fo

r thes e tes t procedure s a s use d for determinin g complianc e with opacity standards

. Thes e studie s demonstrat e conclusivel y tha t

opacit y reading s take n i n accordanc e wit

h th e tes t procedure s prescribe d i n thi s proposa l reflec t a n overal l negativ e bias ; i.e. , th e observer s ar e more likel y t o assig n opacity value s tha t ar e below , rathe r

tha n abov e th e actua l opacity value

. Th e fiel d studie s conducte d b y EP

A demonstrat e tha t ther e i s abou t

a60-7 0 percen t probabilit y o

f n o positiv e erro r

fo r opacit y reading s take n unde r th e time

average dan d time-exceptio n tes t procedures , respectively

. Table s 1- 5 i n th e introductio n t o th e propose dregulation s indicat e th e probabilit y o

f th e existenc e o

f variou s level s o f maximu mpotentia l positiv e erro r fo r time-average dprocedures , an d wer e derive db y comparin g observe d opacit y with th e measure dopacity

. Th e table s presen t

dat afor 2

- t o 6-minut

e averagin g times

. Tabl e 6 i n th e introductio n t o th e propose dregulatio n indicate s th e rang e o f observe r error s whic h occurre d i n determinin g th e duratio n o f visibl e emission s usin g time-exceptio n tes t procedure s an dwa s derive d b y comparin g tim e calculate dfro mth e observer' s reading s with th e measure d value

. A combinatio n o

f opacit y erro r an d tim e erro r

wa s determine d t o b e th eP. 5

3107 8 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 51 , No

. 16 8 /

Friday , Augus t

29 , 198 6 /

Propose d Rule s

mos t practica l wa y o

f explainin g accurac y fo

r thi s method

. Metho d F- 1 i n Appendi x F o f Par t 5 2 wil l b e use db y EP

A to asses s complianc e wit

h SI P opacity regulation s wher e aSI

P doe s no t

contai n a n applicabl e opacity tes t

metho do r

wher e th e Administrato r

promulgate s aSI

P opacity regulation

. Whe n EP A seek s t o enforc e complianc e wit

h SI P opacity regulations , tes t

result s whic h excee d th e applicabl e standar d wil l b e use da s evidenc e o

f aviolatio n i n Federa l judicia l actio n an di n EP

A administrativ e actions

. Al l referenc e metho dtes t result s wil l b e considere db y EP

A a s competen t evidenc e o

f complianc e o r

violation

. Th e metho derro r

analysi s wil l b e considere d b y EP

A alon g with othe r relevan t factor s i n determinin g whethe r th e tes t result s establis h complianc e with , o r aviolatio n of

, a n opacit y standard

. Application of

Method F-1 to Fugitive Dust Th e EP A believe s tha t

visibl e emissio n surveillanc e base do n Metho d F- 1 i s appropriat e fo

r determinin g complianc e o

f fugitiv e proces s dus t source s wit

h Stat e emissio n regulations

. For man y year s Metho d9 ha s bee n use d to measur e th e opacity o

f thes e source s i n ne w sourc e performanc e standard s (NSPS)

. Th e EP

A als o believe s tha t Metho dF- 1 ca n b e applie dt o fugitiv e dus t emission s fro

mnonproces s source s suc h a s road s an dparkin g lots

. Th e EP A i s currentl y developin g amore complet e recor d t o support

applicatio n o

f thi s metho d t o nonprocess fugitives

. Th e EP A i s als o considerin g th e additio n o f clarifyin g languag e to Metho dF- 1 tha t wil l assur e it s applicability t o Stat e regulation s governin g nonproces s fugitiv e sources . Fo r

example , certai n existin g Stat e regulation s fo r limitin g visibl e emission s fro

mroad s an dlot s specif y th e condition s an dpoint s in th e plume unde r

whic h observatio n wil l b e made

. Th e regulation s addres s suc h condition s a s intermixin g o f plume s an d unusua l condition s (suc h a s abroke n cemen t ba g o n th e pavement)

. Th e regulation s als o addres s point s i n th e plume suc h a s ho w hig h abov e th e surfac e th e reader s shoul dmake observations

. I f a t th e clos e o

f thi s rulemakin g EP

A decides , a s i t

no w proposes , t o us e Metho d F- 1 fo

r nonproces s fugitives , EP A wil l conside r

changin g th e term s governin g observatio n technique s i n th e tes t metho ditsel f

t o accoun t

fo r physica l difference s betwee n testin g proces s an d nonproces s fugitiv e sources . Th e EP A solicit s comment s o n whethe r thes e kind s o

f adjustment s t o Metho dF- 1 woul db e necessar y o r

appropriate

. The Federal

Rules of Evidence Thi s actio n propose s t o revis e 40 CF R 52.23 , "Violatio n an d Enforcement, " t o clarif y tha t th e promulgatio n o

f tes t method s i n Part s 5 2 an d 6 0 ar e no t intende dt o limi t

th e us e o f evidenc e tha t woul dotherwis e b e admissibl e unde r th e Federa l Rule s o

f Evidence

. Th e Federa l Rule s o

f Evidenc e govern proceeding s i n th e court s o f th e Unite d State s an dbefore Unite d State s magistrate s t o th e exten t

an d with th e exception s state di n Rul e 110 1 (Fed

. R

. Evid

. 101)

. Sectio n 113(b)(5 ) o f th e Ac t provide s that"

. . . [a]ny actio n unde r thi s subsectio n may b e brough t i n th e distric t court i n whic h th e defendan t reside s o r ha s hi s principa l plac e o

f busines s . . . " [4

2 U.S.C

. 7413(b)(5)]

. Al l civi l enforcemen t

action s brough t

b y EP A unde r th e Ac t ar e thus subjec t

to th e Federa l Rule s o

f Evidence

. Unde r th e Federa l Rule s o

f Evidenc e al l relevan t evidenc e i s admissible , subjec t t o limite d exception s (Fed

. R

. Evid

. 402 advisor y committe e note)

. Th e cour t ha s th e ultimat e authorit y t o decid e an y issu e involvin g th e admissibilit y o f evidence

. Th e EP A neve r intende d th e promulgatio n o

f tes t method s t o limi t

th e admissibilit y o

f othe r form s o f evidence

. Thus , exper t

testimon y may b e used , fo r example , b y th e governmen t to prov e violation s o r

t o presen t

evidenc e o

f th e exten t t o whic h pollutio n contro l technolog y i s applied

. Admission s may b e use da s evidenc e o

f violatio n an do

f action s o r position s whic h hav e bee n take n b y th e source . Th e issu e o f whethe r exper t testimon y o r

admission s b y part y opponent s o r

an y othe r evidenc e i s admissibl e i s t o b e decide d b y th e court
. Thus , w e ar e proposin g languag e t o th e Cod e o

f Federa l Regulation s tha t

retain s judicia l flexibilit y t o conside r

admittin g competen t

evidenc e suc h a s exper t testimon y an dadmission s b y part y opponents
. Regulatory Impac t Unde r Executiv e Orde r

12291 , EP A mus t judg e whethe r

aregulatio n i s "major " an d therefor e subjec t t o th e requiremen t

o f aregulatory impac t analysis

. Thi s propose dregulatio n i s no t amajor rul e becaus e i t

wil l no t resul t i n a n effec t o n th e economy o

f $10 0 millio n o r more , no r

wil l i t resul t i n a n increas e i n cost s o r

price s t o industry

. Ther e wil l b e n o advers e impac t

o n th e ability o

f U.S.-base denterprise s t o compet e with foreign-base d enterprise s i n domesti c o r export markets

. Becaus e thi s amendmen t

i s no t amajor regulation , n o regulatory impac t analysi s i s bein g conducted

. Thi s regulatio n wa s submitte d t o th e Offic e o

f Managemen t an dBudget

(OMB ) fo r revie w unde r

E.O

. 12291

. Thi s actio n doe s no t

requir e an y revisio n t o existin g SIP' s o r change s t o an y SI P regulations

. It s purpos e i s t o giv e EP A a n appropriat e tes t

metho d t o enforc e SI

P opacit y regulation s wher e ther e ar e n o tes t

method s i n th e applicabl e SIP

. Th e proposa l wil l hel p EP A t o enforc e opacit y regulation s usin g th e technique s originall y intende d b y th e State s i n thei r

SI P regulations

. Regulator y Flexibility Ac t Pursuan t t o th e Regulatory Flexibility Act , 5 U.S.C , sectio n 60 1 e t seq. , wheneve r a n agenc y i s require dt o publis h agenera l notic e o f rulemakin g fo r an y propose do r

fina l rule , i t mus t prepar e an d mak e availabl e fo r publi c commen t aregulatory flexibilit

y analysi s whic h describe s th e impac t o f th e rul e o n smal l entitie s (i.e. , smal l businesses , smal l organizations , an d smal l governmenta l jurisdictions)

. Th e Administrato r

may certify , however , tha t th e rul e wil l no t

hav e asignifican t economi c impac t

o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entities

. Thi s amendmen t

wil l hav e n o advers e economi c impac t

o n smal l entities

. It s onl y purpos e i s t o assur e EP A ha s a n appropriat e tes t

metho d t o enforc e SI

P opacit y regulations

. No ne w SI P regulation s ar e bein g proposed

. Sinc e thi s amendmen t

doe s no t significantl y chang e th e statu s qu o fo

r suc h entities , I hereb y certif

y tha t thi s regulatio n wil l no t hav e asignifican t

economi c impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r

o f smal l entities

. Thi s regulatio n therefor e doe s no t requir e aregulatory flexibilit y analysis

. Paperwork

Reductio n Ac t Thi s rul e doe s no t

contai n an y informatio n collectio n requirement s subjec t t o th e Offic e o

f Managemen t

an d Budget revie w unde r

th e Paperwork Reductio n Ac t

o f 1980,4 4 U.S.C , 350 1 e t seq . Lis t o f Subject s i n 40 CF

RPari ! 5 2 Ai r pollutio n control , ozone , sulfu r oxides , nitroge n dioxide , lead , particulat e matter , carbo n monoxide , hydrocarbons

. Dated : Augus

t 22,1986

. Le e M

. Thomas , Administrator. Th e EP A propose s t o amen d Titl e 40 , Chapte r I , Par t 5 2 o f th e Cod e o

f Federa l Regulation s a s follows :P. 6



### Federa l Registe r /Vol

. 51 , No

. 168 /

Friday , August

29 , 198 6 / Proposed Rule s
52

- 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r Par t 5 2 continue s t o rea da s follows : Authority : Sectio n 11 0 o

f th e Clean Ai r

Ac t a s amended

. 4 2 U.S.C

. 7410

. 2

. Sectio n 52.1 2 i s amende db y revisin g paragraph s (c ) introductor y tex t an d (c)(1 ) t o rea d a s follows : § 52.1 2 Sourc o surveiHanca

. (c ) Fo r purpose s o f

Federa l enforcement , th e followin g tes t procedure s shal l b e used : (1 ) Source s subjec t

t o pla n provision s tha t d o no t specif y tes t procedure s an d t o provision s promulgate db y th e Administrato r

wil l b e teste db y mean s o f th e appropriat e procedure s an d method s prescribe di n Par t 6 0 o r i n Par t 52

. I n decidin g whic h method s t o follow , th e Administrato r

wil l us e th e metho do r method s whic h ar e mos t consisten t

wit h th e applicabl e provision s o f th e plan

. * * * * o » 3

. Sectio n 52.2 3 i s amende db y revisin g paragrap h (b ) t o rea da s follows : § 52.2 3 Violatio n an d enforcement

. * * * * *

» (b ) Th e promulgatio n o f tes t method s unde r Part s 5 2 an d6 0 i s no t

intende da s alimitatio n o n th e us e o f evidenc e tha t woul d b e otherwis e admissibl e unde r th e Federa l Rule s o f

Evidence

.

« * 6 * < * 4

. A ne w Appendi x F i s adde dt o Par t 5 2 a s follows : Appendi x F—Referenc e Method s For EP A Plan Enforcement Th e tes t method s i n thi s Appendi x ar e referre d t o in § 52.1 2 (Sourc e Surveillance ) o f 4 0 CF RPar t 52 , Subpar

t A (General Provisions)

. Thes e methods , wher e applicable , ar e use d to determin e complianc e wit h SI P regulation s whe n th e SI

P fail s to specif y ates t metho dor

whe n EP A promulgate s SI

P regulations

. Metho d F-1—Visua

l Determinatio n o

f Opacit y o f Emission s FromStationary Source s Th e EP A ha s evaluate d fieldstudie s an d othe r informatio n t o determin e th e accurac y o f th e tes t procedure

. Thi s informatio n indicates tha t

bot h positiv e an dnegativ e erro r ma y occur whil e readin g plume s unde r contrastin g condition s an dusin g th e tes t procedure s o

f Metho dF-1

. T o evaluat e potentia l positiv e error , a serie s o f field experiment s wer e conducte d unde r controlle d fieldcondition s usin g light an d dar k visibl e plume s generate dusin g a smok e generato r

an d wit h atransmissomete r meetin g th e specification s o f Metho d9

. Durin g thes e evaluatio n tests , panel s o f qualifie d observer s (certifie db y Metho d 9 procedures ) rea dth e generate d plume s i n S percen t opacity increment s an d a t 15-secon d intervals

. Th e dat awer e reduce d fo r time

average d regulation s b y averagin g ove r varyin g length s o

f time , an d fo

r time

exceptio n provision s b y aggregatin g th e reading s abov e agive n opacity withi n th e tim e period

. Dat afro

mth e earlie r

fiel dtrial s conducte d in developin g Metho d9 als o wer e evaluated

. Observe r

measurement s wer e the n compare d to th e referenc e value s measure d b y th e smok

e generato r transmissometer

. Thes e dat aar e include d i n th e docket

. Table s 1- 5 indicat e th e probability o

f variou s level s o

f maximum potentia l positiv e erro r

for time-average d tes t procedures , ove r

averagin g period s o

f 2 t o 6 minutes

. For

an y averagin g time s ove r 6 minutes , th e positiv e erro r fo r th e 6-minut

e averagin g perio d may b e used

. Rang e o f Positiv e Erro r

Fo r Variou s Averagin g Time s Uss d i n Time-Average d Regulations—Table s 1- 5 Tabl e 1

. Averagin g 8 Observation s ( 2 minutes)

. 9 5 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 12. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 9 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 9. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 6 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 7. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 8 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 6 percen t opacity o r

les s 7 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 3 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f les s tha n 1 percen t

opacity Tabl e 2

. Averagin g 1 2 Observation s ( 3 minutes)

. 9 5 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 1 2 percen t

opacity o r

les s 9 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 9 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 5 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 7 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 5. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 7 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwith a positiv e erro r

o f 3 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f les s tha n 1 percen t

opacity Tabl e 3

. Averagin g 1 6 Observation s ( 4 minutes)

. 9 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 1 2 percen t

opacity o r

les s 9 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 9 percen t opacity o r

les s 8 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 7 percen t opacity o r

les s 8 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 5. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 7 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 3 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d with a positiv e erro r

o f le s tha n 1 percen t

opacity Tabl e 4

. Averagin g 2 0 Observation s ( 5 minutes)

. 9 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 11. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 9 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 9 percen t opacity o r

les s 8 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 8. 5 percen t

opacity or

les s 8 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 5 percen t opacity o r

les s 7 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 2. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f les s tha n 1 percen t

opacity Tabl e 5

. Averagin g 2 5 Observation s ( 8 minutes)

. 9 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 1 0 percen t

opacity o r

les s 9 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 7, 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 8 5 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 5. 5 percen t

opacity o r

les s 8 0 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea dwit h a positiv e erro r

o f 4 percen t opacity o r

les s 70 percen t

o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f 2 percen t opacity o r

les s 6 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r

o f les s tha n 1 percen t

opacity Tabl e 8 indicates arang e o f observe r error s in determinin g duratio n o

f visibl e emission s fo r time-exceptio n tes t

procedure s an d wa s derive db y comparin g observe d opacity wit h actua l opacity

. Th e tabl e expresse s accurac y i n term s o f opacity erro r

an dtime erro r becaus e i t wa s determine d t o b e th e mos t practica l wa y o

f explainin g accurac y fo

r thi s method

. Opacity erro r

refer s t o th e erro r allowanc e o r

"buffer " allowe dt o obtai n a given leve l o

f accuracy . Time erro r

refer s t o th e number

o f 15-secon dobservation s tha t mus t b e discounte d to obtai n agive n leve l o f accuracy . Tabl e 6

. Rang e o

f Observe r Error s fo r Time-Exceptio n Observations

. 9 2 percen t o f th e dat aset s showe d n o positiv e erro r

whe n 5 percen t

opacity wa s subtracte d fro

meac h observatio n an don e observatio n abov e th e opacity limi t wa s discarde dfo

r eac h se t o f 2 4 observations

. 87 percen t o f th e dat aset s showe d n o positiv e erro r

whe n 5 percen t

opacity wa s subtracte d fro

meac h observation

. 8 1 percen t

o f th e dat aset s showe d n o positiv e erro r

whe n on e observaUo n abov e th e opacity limit

wa s discarde d fo

r eac h se t o f 2 4 observations

. 7 0 percen t o f th e dat aset s showe dn o positiv e error . 1. Principl e an dApplicabilit y 1.1 Principle Th e opacity o

f emission s fro

msource s o

f visibl e emission s i s determine d visuall y b y a qualifie d observer

. 1.2 Applicability Thi s metho d i s applicabl e fo r th e determinatio n o

f th e opacity o

f emission s fro msource s o

f visibl e emission s fo

r (1 ) time

exceptio n regulations , (2

) time-average d regulations , an d (3 ) instantaneou s limitations

.P. 7



### Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 51 , No

. 16 8 /

Friday , Augus t

29 , 198 8 /

Propose d Rule s
1.3 Definitions "Time-exception regulation " means an y regulation whic

h allow s predefine

d period s o f opacit y abov e the otherwis e applicabl e opacit y limit. "Time-average

d regulation " mean s an

y regulation whic

h utilize s averaging to determin e th e opacit

y o f visibl e emission s ove r a specifi c tim

e period . "Instantaneous limitation regulation " means a n opacit y limitwhich i s neve r to b e exceeded . 2 . Procedures Th e observe r qualified in accordance wit h sectio n 3 o

f thi s method shall us e the followin g procedures fo

r visuall y determinin

g the capacit

y o f emissions . 2.1 Position Th e qualified observe r shall stand a ta distanc e sufficien

tt o provide a clea r vie w o

f - the emission s wit

h the su n oriented in the 140-degre e secto r t o hi s back . Consistentwit h maintainin

g th e abov e requirement

, th e observe r shall , a s muc

h a s possible , mak

e hi s observation s fro

m a positio n suc

h tha thi s lin e o f visio n i s approximately perpendicula r t o th e plum e direction and , whe n observing opacit y o f emission s fro

m rectangula

r outlet s (e.g . roo f monitors , open baghouses , noncircula

r stacks) , approximatel

y perpendicula

r t o the longe

r axi s o f the outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o

f sightshoul d not include mor

e tha n on e plum

e a ta tim e whe n multiple stack s ar

e involve d and , in an

y case , the observe r should mak

e hi s observation s wit h hi s lin e o

f sightperpendicula

r t o the longer axi s o

f suc h a se to f multiple stack s (e.g. , stub stack s o n baghouses) . 2.2 Field

Records Th e observe r shall recor

d the nam e o f th e plant , emissio n location , typ e o f facility , observer' s nam

e and affiliation , and the date o n a field dat

a sheet . Th

e time , estimate d distanc e t o the emissio n location , approximat

e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , description o

f the sk y conditio n (presence an

d colo r o f clouds) , an

d plum e backgroun

d ar e recorded o

n a fiel d dat

a shee ta tthe tim e opacit y readings ar

e initiate d an

d completed . 2.3 Observations Opacit y observation s shal l b e made atth e poin to f greates topacit

y in tha tportio n o f the plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo r i s not present. Th e observe r shall no

tloo k continuously a

t th e plume, bu

tinstea d shall observ e the plum e momentaril

y at15-secon d intervals . 2.3.1 Attached

Steam Plumes Whe n condense d wate r vapo r i s present within the plum

e a s i temerges fro

m the emissio n outlet, opacit

y observation s shall b e mad e beyon d the poin

tin the plum

e a twhich condense d wate r vapo r i s notlonger visible . Th e observe r shall recor

d th e approximat

e distanc e fro

m the emissio n outletto the poin t i n the plum

e a twhic h the observation s ar

e made . 2.3.2 Detached

Steam Plume When wate r vapo r i n th e Plum e condense s an d become s visibl e a

ta distinctdistanc e fro m the emissio n outlet, th

e opacit y o f emission s should b e evaluate d a tthe emissio n outletprio

r to th e condensatio n o

f wate r vapo r an

d the formatio

n o f the stea m plume . 2.4 Recording Observations Opacit y observation s shall b e recorde d t o th e neares t5 percen

ta t15-second interval s o n a n observationa

l recor d sheet . Eac

h momentar y observatio n recorded shall b e deemed t o represen

tthe average o

f emission s fo r a 15-second period . 2.5Data Reduction 2.5.1 Time-Exception Regulations Fo r a time-exceptio n regulation , reduc e opacit y observation s a s follows : coun tth e numbe r o f observation s abov e th e applicabl e standard , an

d multipl y tha tnumbe r by 0.2 5 t o determine the minutes o

f emission s abov e the standard . 25.2. Time-Averaged

Regulations Fo ra time-averaged regulation tha t provide s fo

r averaging over a period o f 2 o r mor e minutes , opacit

y observation s shall b e reduced t o a n average o

f eight , or mor e (a s appropriate) , consecutiv e observation s recorded a

t15-second interval s depending o n the averagin

g tim e specifie d by th e regulation in th e Stat e implementation plan . Divid e the observation s recorded o n th e recor d shee t int o set s o f eight, o r mor e (a s appropriate) , fo

r the specifie d averaging time . A se ti s compose d o

f any eightormor

e consecutiv e observations . Set s nee d notb e consecutiv e in tim e an d i n n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap . Fo r eac h se to

f observations , calculate the appropriat

e average b y summin

g the opacit

y o f the observation s and dividing thi s su m by the numbe

r o f observation s in the set . 2.5.3. Instantaneous Limitation Regulation Fo r aninstantaneou s limitation , a 2-minut e averaging tim

e wil l b e used . Opacit

y observation s shall b e reduced by averaging eigh tconsecutiv e observation s recorde d a t 15-second intervals . Divid e the observation s recorded o n th e recor

d shee tint

o set s o f eight consecutiv e observations . A se ti s composed o f an y eightconsecutiv e observations . Sets nee d no tb e consecutiv e i n time . I n n o cas e shall tw o set s overlap . Fo r each se to

f eight observations , calculate the average b y summin g th e opacit

y o f th e eight observation s an

d dividing thi s su

m by eight. 3 . Qualifications and Testin g 3.1 Certification Requirements T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualified observer , a candidat

e mus tb e teste d an

d demonstrat

e the abilit

y t o assig n opacit

y readings i n 5 percen

tincrement

s to 2 5 differen tblac k plumes an

d 2 5 differen twhite plumes , wit

h a n erro r no tt o excee d 1 5 percentopacit

y o n an y one readin

g and a n average erro

r notto excee d 7.

5 percen t opacit y in each category . Candidates shall b e teste d according t

o the procedures describe d i n paragrap

h 3.2 . Smok

e generator

s use d pursuan tt o paragrap

h 3. 2 shall b e equipped wit h a smok e mete r whic h meet s the requirement

s o f paragrap h 3.3 . The certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo r a perio d o f 6 months , a

twhic h tim e the qualification procedur e mus tb e repeated b

y an y observe r in orde r t o retain certification . 3.2 Certification Procedure Th e certification tes tconsists o f showing th e candidat

e a complet

e ru n o f 5 0 plumes — 2 5 blac k plume s an d 2 5 whit e plumes — generated by a smok

e generator . Plume

s within eac h se to

f 2 5 blac k and 2 5 white run

s shall b e presente d in rando m order . Th e candidat e assign s a

n opacit y valu e t o each plum e an d records hi s observatio n o n a suitabl e form

. A tthe completio n o

f eac h ru n o f 5 0 readings , th e scor e o

f th e candidat

e i s determined . I

f a candidat

e fail s t o qualify , th

e complet e ru n o f 5 0 readings mus

tb e repeated i n an y retest . Th

e smok e tes tma y b e administered a s par

to f a smok e schoo l o r trainin g program

, an d ma y b e preceded by trainin g or familiarization run

s o f th e smok e generato r durin

g whic h candidate s ar

e shown blac k an d white plumes o

f know n opacity . 3.3. Smoke

Generator

Specifications An y smok e generato r use d fo

r th e purpose o f paragrap h 3. 2 shall b e equipped wit

h a smok e mete r installe d t

o measur e opacit y acros s th e diameter o

f the smok e generato r stack . Th e smok e mete r outpu tshall display in-stack opacit

y base d upo

n a pat h lengt h equa l to th e stack exi tdiameter o n a ful l 0 to 10 0 percen tchar trecorde r scale . Th

e smok e meter optica

l design an

d performanc

e shall meetth e specification s show n i n Tabl e 7 . The smok e mete r shall b e calibrate d a s prescribed i

n paragrap

h 3.3. 1 prio

r t o th e conduc to f eac h smok

e readin g tests . A tthe completion o

f each test , th e zer

o an d span drif tshal l b e checke d and i

f the drif texceed s ± 1 percen

topacity , the conditio n shall b e corrected prio

r t o conducting an

y subsequent tes truns . Th

e smoke meter shal l b e demonstrated a

tthe tim e o f installatio n t

o meetthe specification s liste d in Tabl e 7 . Thi s demonstration shal l b e repeate d followin g an y subsequentrepair,or replacemen to f the photocel l o

r associate d electroni c circuitr y including th e char

trecorde r o r outpu tmeter , o r ever y 8 months , whicheve r occurs first . TABL E 7.—SMOK E METE R DESIG N AN D PERFORMANC E SPECIFICATION S

S Paramete r

a Ligh tsource.. - -

b
. Spectra l response o

f photocel l

c . Angl e o

f vtev s d
. Angl e o

f projectio n - e . Calibration erro r.. . i . Zer o am i spa n drif

t g . Respons e Um

e - Specificatio n Incandescen t lam p operate d a t nomina l rate d voltago
. Photopi c (dayligh t opsctra l respons e o f th s huma n oyo referenc o 4.1) . 1 5 degree s maximu

m total angle . 1 5 degres s maximu

m total angle . ± 3 percen topacity , maximum . ± 1 percen topacity , 3 0 minutes
. < 5 seconds
. 3.3.1 Calibration Th e smok e mete r i s calibrate d afte

r allowin g a minimu

m o f 30 minutes warm-u

p b y alternately producin

g simulated opacit

y o f 0 percen tand 10 0 percent. Whe

n stabl e respons e a

t0 percen tor 10 0 percen ti s noted , the smok e meter i s adjusted to produc e a n outpu to f 0 percen to r 10 0 percen ta sP. 8



### Federa l Registe r /

Vol

. 51 , No

. 16 8 /

Friday , Augus t

29 , 198 6 /

Propose d Rule 3 3108 1 appropriate

. Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen t an d10 0 percen t reading s ar e produce dwithou t adjustment

. Simulate d0 percen t an d10 0 percen t opacity value s ma

y b e produce db y alternatel y switchin g th e powe r to th e ligh

t sourc e o n an d of

f whil e th e smok

e generato r i s no t producin g smoke

. 3.3.2 Smoke Meter

Evaluation Th e smok e mete r desig n an dperformanc e ar e to b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.3.2. 1 Light

Source. Verif

y fro m manufacturer' s dat aan d fro mvoltag e measurement s mad e a t

th e lamp , a s installed , tha t th e lam p i s operate dwithi n ± 5 percen t o f th e nominal rate d voltage

. 3.3.2. 2 Spectral

Response of

Photocell. Verif y fro mmanufacturer' s dat atha t th e photocel l ha s aphotopi c response ; i.e. , th e spectra l sensitivity o

f th e cel l shal l closel y approximat e th e standar dspectral-luminosity curv e fo r photopi c visio n whic h i s reference d i n (b ) o f Tabl e 7

. 3.3.2. 3 Angle of

View. Check

constructio n geometr y t o ensur e tha t

th e tota l angl e o

f vie w o f th e smok e plume , a s see n b y th e photocell , doe s no t

excee d1 5 degrees

. Th e tota l angl e o

f vie w ma y b e calculate d from : 0= 2 tan" 1 d/2L , wher e 0 = tota l angl e o f projection ; d = th e sumo f th e lengt h o f th e lam p filament + th e diamete r

o f th e limitin g aperture ; an d L = distanc e fro mth e lam p to th e limitin g aperature
. Th e limitin g apertur e i s th e poin t

i n th e path betwee n th e photocel l an dth e smoke plume wher e th e angl e o f vie w i s mos t restricted

. I

n smok e generato r

smok e meter s thi s i s normall y a n orific e plate

. 3.3.2. 4 Angle of

projection. Check constructio n geometr

y t o ensur e tha t

th e tota l angl e o f projectio n o

f th e lam p o n th e smok

e plume doe s no t

excee d 1 5 degrees

. Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n ma

y b e calculate dfrom : 0

= 2 tan

- - d/2L , wher e 0 = tota l angl e o f projection ; d = th e su

mo f th e lengt h o f th e lam p filament + th e diamete r

o f th e limitin g aperature ; an d L = th e distanc e fro mth e lamp t o th e limitin g aperature
. 3.3.2. 5 Calibration Error. Usin g neutral

density filter s o

f know n opacity , chec k

th e erro r betwee n th e actua l respons e an d th e theoretica l linear

respons e o

f th e smok e meter
. Thi s chec k

i s accomplishe db y firs t calibratin g th e smok e mete r accordin g t o 3.3.1

. an dthe n insertin g aserie s o f thre e neutral-densit y filter s o

f nominal opacity o

f 20 , 50 , an d7 5 percen t

i n th e smok

e mete r pat h length

. Filter s calibrate dwithi n ± 2 * percen t shal l b e used

. Car e shoul d b e taken

whe n insertin g th e filter s t o preven t stra y ligh t fro maffectin g th e meter
. Mak e atota l o f fiv e nonconsecutiv e reading s fo r eac h filter

. Th e maximumerro r

on an y on e readin g shal l b e 3 percen t

opacity

. 3.3.2. 6 Zero and

Span Drift. Determin e th e zer o an dspa n drif

t b y calibratin g an d operatin g th e smok

e generato r

in anormal manne r ove r a1 -hou r period

. Th e drif

t i s measure d b y checkin g th e zer o an dspa n a t tb e en d o f thi s period

. 3.3.2. 7 Response Time. Determin e th e respons e time b y producin g th e serie s o f five simulate d 0 percen t

an d 10 0 percen t opacity value s an dobservin g th e tim e require dt o reac h stabl e response . Opacity value s o f 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t may b e simulate d b y alternatel y switchin g th e powe r t o th e ligh

t sourc e of f an do n whil e th e smoke generato r i s no t operating

. 4

. Reference s 4. 1 Federa l Register , Volum e 39 , No

. 219 , November

12,1974

. Metho d9—Visua l Determinatio n o

f th e Opacity o

f Emission s fromStationar y Source s (Appendi x A)

. 4. 2 Technica l Assistanc e Document : Quality Assuranc e Guidelin e fo r Visibl e Emissio n Trainin g Programs , Offic e o f Air , Noise , an dRadiation , EPA-600/S4-83-011

. May 1982

. 4. 3 Quality Assuranc e Handboo k fo r Ai r Pollutio n Measuremen t

Systems : Volum

e IH , Stationar y Sourc e Specifi c Methods , Sectio n 3.12 , Metho d 9 , Visibl e Determinatio n o f th e Opacit y o f Emission s fro

mStationary Sources , Environmental Monitorin g System s Laboratory , EPA-600/4-77-027(b) , February 1984

. (F RDoc

. 86-1959 8 File d 8-28-86 ; 8:4 5 am) BILLING COD E 6560-SO- M