NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

EBRAHIMA KABBA,

 Petitioner,

 v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,

 Respondent.

No. 12-72416

Agency No. A079-267-249

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted April 9, 2015** 

Seattle, Washington

Before: FERNANDEZ, RAWLINSON, and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.

Ebrahima Kabba, a native of Sierra Leone, petitions for review of a decision

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming an Immigration Judge’s (IJ)

denial of his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under

the Convention Against Torture. Kabba claims that he suffered past persecution

FILED

APR 14 2015

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
because of his refusal to join the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The IJ denied

relief because Kabba failed to establish past persecution based on a protected

ground or a well-founded fear of persecution if returned to Sierra Leone.1

 The BIA

agreed and denied all relief. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we

deny the petition for review in part and dismiss it in part.

This court reviews questions of law de novo. Annachamy v. Holder, 733

F.3d 254, 258 (9th Cir. 2012), overruled on other grounds by Abdisalan v. Holder,

774 F.3d 517, 526 (9th Cir. 2014). The BIA’s findings of fact are reviewed for

substantial evidence and “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would

be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also Jie

Cui v. Holder, 712 F.3d 1332, 1336 (9th Cir. 2013). An applicant may be granted

asylum if he has suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future

persecution on account of a protected ground: race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(b)(1)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b). 

1. To establish eligibility for asylum based on past persecution in a preREAL ID case, an applicant must show that his persecutors “were motivated, at

1 The IJ also made an adverse credibility determination, however, as the

BIA did not rely upon that determination, we do not review it. See Najmabadi v.

Holder, 597 F.3d 983, 986 (9th Cir. 2010).

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least in part, by a protected ground.” Sinha v. Holder, 564 F.3d 1015, 1021 (9th

Cir. 2009) (alterations omitted). Where an applicant is resisting recruitment by a

paramilitary organization, he must establish that he has been targeted for

persecution because of a protected ground, rather than his refusal to fight for the

organization. I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992); see also PedroMateo v. I.N.S., 224 F.3d 1147, 1151 (9th Cir. 2000) (“When great numbers of

civilians in disputed areas are forcibly conscripted by both sides in a guerilla

war . . . . [t]o qualify for asylum . . . an alien’s predicament must be ‘appreciably

different from the dangers faced by the alien’s fellow citizens.’”) (quoting VidesVides v. I.N.S., 783 F.2d 1463, 1469 (9th Cir. 1986)). 

The BIA’s decision that Kabba failed to establish past persecution on

account of a protected ground is supported by substantial evidence. Kabba alleges

that the RUF wanted him to join its ranks, but did not allege that he was persecuted

on the basis of race, nationality, or social group. He admits that neither he nor his

family were ever involved in any political advocacy or organization. Kabba claims

he resisted the RUF because of his religious beliefs, but does not argue that the

RUF targeted him on the basis of his religion. Because Kabba failed to establish

that he was targeted by the RUF on account of his religious or political beliefs, the

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BIA did not err by concluding that he failed to establish past persecution on a

protected ground. 

2. The BIA also concluded that Kabba had no well-founded fear of

persecution if returned to Sierra Leone. Kabba has not clearly challenged this

determination and thus appears to have waived this argument. See Armentero v.

I.N.S., 412 F.3d 1088, 1095 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Failure to raise an argument in an

opening brief constitutes waiver . . . .”). Even if not waived, Kabba has not offered

any evidence that would compel this court to reach a different conclusion. See 8

U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Jie Cui, 712 F.3d at 1336. Because Kabba failed to

establish either past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution if returned to

Sierra Leone, the BIA correctly determined that Kabba is ineligible for asylum.

3. The BIA also did not err by denying Kabba’s claim for humanitarian

relief. An applicant who has experienced past persecution, but has no present wellfounded fear of persecution, may obtain asylum if he demonstrates compelling

reasons for being unwilling or unable to return to his country arising out of the

severity of the past persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A); see also Sowe v.

Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1281, 1287 (2008). Because Kabba failed to demonstrate past

persecution, his claim for humanitarian relief also fails.

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4. It is unclear whether Kabba seeks review of the BIA’s denial of

withholding of removal. However, even if he has not waived this claim, see

Armentero, 412 F.3d at 1095, the BIA did not err. Where the claim for

withholding of removal is based on the same facts as the claim for asylum, failure

to establish eligibility for asylum results in failure to demonstrate eligibility for

withholding of removal, Jie Cui, 712 F.3d at 1338 n.3 (citing Halaim v. I.N.S., 358

F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2004)). Kabba offers no additional bases to support his

claim for withholding of removal, therefore it necessarily fails.

5. Kabba did not address the BIA’s denial of his claim for protection

under the Convention Against Torture, thus the claim is waived. Id. (holding

claims for relief under the Convention Against Torture that were not addressed in

the petitioner’s opening brief were waived); Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp.

Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir. 2001) (“[I]ssues which are not specifically and

distinctly argued and raised in a party’s opening brief are waived.”).

6. Finally, this court lacks jurisdiction to review the discretionary denial

of Kabba’s request for voluntary departure. 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(f); Esquivel-Garcia

v. Holder, 593 F.3d 1025, 1030 (9th Cir. 2010).

The petition for review is DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.

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