Filed 4/14/15 P. v. Sims CA4/1 

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION ONE 

STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

MATTHEW AUBREY SIMS, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 D066438 

 (Super. Ct. No. SCE186365) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, David J. 

Danielsen, Judge. Affirmed. 

 Donna L. Harris, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal and Andrew 

Mestman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
2 

 In this appeal, Sims contends the trial court erred in denying his petition for recall 

of sentence pursuant to Penal Code1 section 1170.126 because it relied on the current list 

of serious and violent felonies in finding him ineligible. He also urges this court to apply 

the rule of lenity in support of his interpretation of section 1170.126. We affirm. 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

 On January 27, 1998, Matthew Sims attacked his girlfriend and threatened to cut 

off her head or put out a "contract" on her to have her killed if he was in prison. On 

October 9, 1998, a jury convicted Sims of making a terrorist threat (§ 422, count 2). The 

court imposed a three strikes sentence of 25 years to life on count 2. 

 In December 6, 2012, Sims filed a petition for recall of his sentence pursuant to 

section 1170.126. The court denied his petition on the ground that his commitment 

offense was a serious felony under section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(38), making him 

ineligible for resentencing. 

 In March 11, 2014, Sims filed another petition for recall of his sentence under 

section 1170.126. In August 2014, the court denied his petition on the ground it raised 

"no new or additional issues" and therefore, his section 422 conviction still disqualified 

him from resentencing. 

 Sims timely appealed. He contends that his commitment offense, criminal threats, 

does not render him ineligible for resentencing because he committed that offense before 

it was added to the list of serious felonies set forth in section 1192.7, subdivision (c). He 

 

1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified. 
3 

also contends that we should apply the rule of lenity in interpreting section 1170.126. As 

we explain, we reject his contentions and affirm the order denying his section 1170.126 

petition. 

I 

SIMS TIMELY APPEALED THE AUGUST 2014 ORDER DENYING 

 HIS PETITION FOR RECALL OF SENTENCE 

 As a threshold matter, respondent contends Sims should have appealed the 

December 14, 2012 order denying his first petition. Respondent argues the two petitions 

are substantially the same, and thus he should have appealed from the court's previous 

order, and that the tolling period for filing an appeal began the day the court denied his 

first petition, in December 2012. Respondent argues therefore Sims's appeal of the 

August 2014 order is untimely. We disagree. 

 Respondent essentially claims Sims's second petition is simply a repeat of his first 

petition; however, the court treated them as two separate petitions. Although the court 

acknowledged that "Sims had previously filed a very similar petition raising the same 

issues," it ruled on the merits of the second petition without any mention of timeliness or 

jurisdictional issues. Moreover, the prosecution did not raise the timeliness of the 

petition or argue the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the petition. Sims timely appealed 

the court's ruling, and this appeal therefore is properly before us. 
4 

II 

SECTION 1170.126 APPLIES THE CURRENT DEFINITION OF 

SERIOUS OR VIOLENT FELONIES FOR PURPOSES OF AN INMATE'S 

ELIGIBILITY FOR RECALL OF SENTENCE 

 Sims contends that section 1170.126 qualifies him for discretionary resentencing 

because sections 1192.7, subdivision (c) and 667.5, subdivision (c) did not define his 

third strike, making criminal threats under section 422, as a serious or violent felony on 

the date he committed the crime. Respondent contends that eligibility for resentencing is 

determined by reference to the list of serious felonies when Proposition 36, also known as 

the Three Strikes Reform Act ("the Act"), was approved by the voters in November 

2012.2

A. Proposition 36 

"On November 6, 2012, the voters approved [the Act], which amended sections 

667 and 1170.12 and added section 1170.126 . . . . The Act changes the requirements for 

sentencing a third strike offender to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life 

imprisonment. Under the original version of the three strikes law a recidivist with two or 

more prior strikes who is convicted of any new felony is subject to an indeterminate life 

sentence. The Act diluted the three strikes law by reserving the life sentence for cases 

where the current crime is a serious or violent felony or the prosecution has pled and 

proved an enumerated disqualifying factor. In all other cases, the recidivist will be 

 

2 We note this identical question is pending before our Supreme Court in Braziel v. 

Superior Court, review granted July 30, 2014, S218503, and People v. Johnson, review 

granted July 30, 2014, S219454. 
5 

sentenced as a second strike offender. (§§ 667, 1170.12.) The Act also created a 

postconviction release proceeding whereby a prisoner who is serving an indeterminate 

life sentence imposed pursuant to the three strikes law for a crime that is not a serious or 

violent felony and who is not disqualified, may have his or her sentence recalled and be 

sentenced as a second strike offender unless the court determines that resentencing would 

pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. (§ 1170.126.)" (People v. 

Yearwood (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 161, 167-168.) 

B. General Rules of Statutory Interpretation 

 The interpretation of section 1170.126 is a question of law that we review de novo. 

(People ex. rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 432.) We 

interpret a voter initiative primarily to ascertain and effectuate the voters' intent. (People 

v. Park (2013) 56 Cal.4th 782, 796.) We apply the same principles that govern statutory 

construction to a statute enacted by voter initiative; thus, to ascertain intent we look first 

to the words of the statute, giving the words their ordinary meaning. (Ibid.) We also 

consider "the statute read as a whole, harmonizing the various elements by considering 

each clause and section in the context of the overall statutory framework." (People v. 

Jenkins (1995) 10 Cal.4th 234, 246.) 

 Here, Sims's argument cannot prevail under the plain language of section 

1170.126. That statute refers to serious or violent felony convictions in the present tense. 

(§ 1170.126, subd. (e)(1) ["An inmate is eligible for resentencing if: [¶] (1) the inmate is 

serving an indeterminate term of life imprisonment . . . for a conviction of a felony or 

felonies that are not defined as serious and/or violent felonies . . . ", italics added]; 
6 

§ 1170.126, subd. (b) ["[a]ny person serving an indeterminate term of life imprisonment 

imposed pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or paragraph (2) of 

subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12 upon conviction, whether by trial or plea, of a felony 

or felonies that are not defined as serious and/or violent felonies by subdivision (c) of 

Section 667.5 or subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7, may file a petition for a recall of 

sentence," italics added].) " '[The legislative] use of a verb tense is significant in 

construing statutes.' " (People v. Loeun (1997) 17 Cal.4th 1, 11.) 

 According significance to the use of the present tense in section 1170.126, 

subdivisions (b) and (e), and giving the language of the subdivisions its ordinary and 

usual meaning, we conclude an inmate like Sims here serving a third strike term is 

eligible for resentencing under Proposition 36 only if his or her commitment offense was 

not listed as a serious or violent felony as of the date Proposition 36 went into effect, 

November 7, 2012. Because Sims's commitment offense was listed as a serious felony 

on November 7, 2012 in section 1192.7, he was ineligible for resentencing. 

 Further, section 1170.126, subdivision (a) illustrates that the resentencing 

provisions apply "exclusively to persons presently serving an indeterminate term of 

imprisonment pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or paragraph 

(2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, whose sentence under this act would not have 

been an indeterminate life sentence." The intent of the voters could not be more clear: 

section 1170.126 applies only to those who, although presently serving an indeterminate 

term under the former "three strikes" scheme for being a "third striker," would have 

received a "second striker" sentence under the provisions of the Act as it existed on 
7 

November 7, 2012. (See § 1170.126, subd. (a).) Thus, for this additional reason we 

conclude Sims was ineligible for resentencing under section 1170.126. (See § 1192.7, 

subd. (c)(38).) 

III 

SIMS CANNOT INVOKE THE RULE OF LENITY BECAUSE 

IT DOES NOT APPLY TO SECTION 1170.126 

 In the alternative, Sims urges this court to apply the rule of lenity, which "compels 

courts to resolve true statutory ambiguities in a defendant's favor . . . ." (See People v. 

Anderson (2002) 28 Cal.4th 767, 780.) However, the rule of lenity applies "only if two 

reasonable interpretations of the statute stand in relative equipoise." (Ibid.) For the 

reasons stated above, Sims's interpretation of section 1170.126 is not reasonable and 

therefore, the rule of lenity cannot apply. 

DISPOSITION 

 The order denying Sims's petition for resentencing is affirmed. 

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J. 

WE CONCUR: 

 McDONALD, J. 

 O'ROURKE, J.