Pest List for the

Importation of Fresh Papaya, Carica papaya L., from 

Malaysia into the Continental United States

August 24, 2010

Revision 06

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 2

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in 

creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of fresh papaya,

Carica papaya L., as fresh fruit for consumption, from Malaysia into the continental United 

States. 

This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on papaya (in any country) and present in 

Malaysia (on any host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, 

the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant 

part or parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on 

commercially exported fresh papaya, and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the 

biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered likely to follow the pathway 

with a gray background (Table 1), and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). 

Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not 

subjected to further analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly 

with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not 

reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as 

biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but 

would not be present in commercial shipments.

The Malaysia Department of Agriculture has proposed using irradiation as a pest mitigation 

measure for papaya. All of the insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera will be effectively 

neutralized with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (PPQ, 2007), but neither pupae nor adults 

are expected to be associated with harvested fruit.

1.2. Notes on Pest List

Pests identified only to genus or higher taxa would only be analyzed, in some cases, if the genus 

is not present in the United States. Genera can contain many species and analyzing an entire 

genus that may contain many non-pest species is unrealistic. Sometimes intercepted pests are not 

identified to the species level because the current taxonomic knowledge is limited, the pest is too 

immature, or the specimen is in poor condition. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for 

which biological information is available. An intercepted pest (not identified to the species level) 

may or may not be a quarantine pest. If pests identified only to higher taxa are intercepted in the 

future, we may re-evaluate their risk.

Pests listed with limited distribution in the United States are considered quarantine significant 

pests if under official control by the state or federal government. All quarantine pests with 

limited distribution in Table 1 are under official control unless otherwise specified.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 3

Table 1. Pests reported on papaya, Carica papaya, and present in Malaysia.

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Banks

Aubert et al., 

1981

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus californicus

(Banks)

Nakasone and 

Paull, 1998

MY US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis

(Geijskes) 

Nakasone and 

Paull, 1998

MY US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein)

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Yes L No

Panonychus citri

(McGregor) 

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst Bolland et al., 

1998

MY (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Yes L, F No4

Tetranychus kanzawai 

Kishida

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US 

(Bolland et al., 

1998)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus marianae

McGregor

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CA, 

FL, HI) (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus neocalidonicus

Andre 

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US 

(Bolland et al., 

1998) 

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus piercei 

McGregor

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY (Bolland et 

al., 1998)

Yes L, F (PestID, 

2008)

No4

Tetranychus truncatus

Ehara

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L No

 

1 MY = Malaysia; US = United States; CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX = Texas. US distribution is not listed 

for non-quarantine pests. Al though the PRA is only for the Continental United States, the distribution for Hawaii is listed 

for transparency purposes. Many databases list pests as “occurring in the United States” even if they occur only in Hawaii. 

Without further explanation, this could be confusing to trading partners.

2 N/A = Not Applicable. Plant part association and pathway information are not necessary for non-quarantine pests unless 

those pests are vectors for quarantine pests.

3

Plant parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence/Flower, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem

4

Papaya do not suffer substantial loss from insect or mite pests (Tandon, 1993). Only when mite pressure is very high will 

mites occasionally move onto the fruits (Tandon, 1993), a situation not expected from commercial fruit.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 4

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Tetranychus urticae Koch = 

T. cinnibarinus

(Boisduval) Boudreaux 

(Bolland et al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Anthribidae

Araecerus fasciculatus (De 

Geer)

Waterhouse, 

1993

MY 

(Waterhouse, 

1993), US 

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Batocera rufomaculata De 

Geer

Gressitt, 1951 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes R, S No

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Rhabdoscelus obscurus 

(Boisduval)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes S (CABI, 

2006)

No

Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae

Litargus sp. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Haptoncus sp.. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes F (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No5

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus versutus Harold CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes S (CABI, 

2006), L 

(Vargo, 

2000)

No

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Hypothenemus crudiae

(Panzer)

CABI, 2006; 

Wood, 1992 

MY (CABI, 

2006; Wood, 

1992) US 

(Walker, 2008)

No N/A N/A

Xyleborus perforans 

(Wollaston)

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006) US (HI) 

(Samuelson, 

1981)

Yes S (CABI,

2006)

No

Xyleborus volvulus

(Fabricius)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

 

5

Infests overripe or rotting fruit not of marketable quality.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 5

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Xylosandrus crassiusculus 

(Motschulsky) = 

Xyleborus semigranosus

Blandford (CABI, 2006)

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980) US 

(CABI, 2006)

No S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Diptera: Muscidae

Megaselia scalaris (Loew) 

(= Aphiochaeta scalaris

Loew)

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980) US 

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Atherigona orientalis

Schiner 

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Diptera: Stratiomyidae

Ptilocera quadridentata 

Fabricius

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Diptera: Tephritidae

Bactrocera carambolae

Drew & Hancock

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Bactrocera cucurbitae

Coquillett

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Bactrocera frauenfeldi

(Schin.) 

Syn: Dacus frauenfeldi 

Schin.

White and ElsonHarris, 1994MY (Tan and 

Lee, 1982)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew 

& Hancock

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes F (CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus woglumi

Ashby 

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (FL, HI, 

TX) (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (Pantoja et 

al., 2002)

No

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell 

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L

6

(CABI, 

2006)

No

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis gossypii Glover Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

 

6 CABI (2006) reported that A. dispersus eggs may be transported on fruit, but we found no other confirming reference in the 

literature.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 6

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Aphis fabae Scopoli Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000

MY, US (CABI, 

2006

No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola (Patch) Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas) 

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida 

(Kirkaldy)

Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000

MY, US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Eutettix disciguttus (Walker, 

1857)

Li-zhong, 2002 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002)

Yes L 7(CABI, 

2006)

No

Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler, 

1896)

Li-zhong, 2002 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002)

Yes L (Dietrich, 

2008)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum (L.) Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) PestID, 2008; 

Williams and 

Watson, 1990 

MY, US (FL, 

HI) (Ali, 1971; 

CABI, 2006)

Yes F, L, S 

(CABI, 2006; 

PestID, 

2008)

No8

Drepanococcus chiton

(Green)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; Williams 

and Watson, 

1990

MY (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008; 

Williams and 

Watson, 1990)

Yes L, F (PestID, 

2008)

No

9

Eucalymnatus tessellatus

(Signoret)

Ben-Dov, 1993 MY (Ben-Dov, 

1993), US 

(Miller et al., 

2005)

No N/A N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae 

(Green)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (BenDov et al., 2008)No N/A N/A

 

7

Very little biological information is available for E. disciguttus. Eutettix spp. affect leaves (CABI, 2007).

8 Coccus viridis was intercepted once in 2003 on papaya in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is the only reference to C. viridis on 

papaya, and therefore we consider it not to be a true host and unlikely to follow the pathway. 

9 Drepanococcus chiton has been intercepted three times on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008), but is unlikely to be 

present with, or become established through, the pathway of commercial fruit shipments.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 7

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner) 

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

(Targioni Tozzetti, 1886) 

MacGillivray, 1921

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria polygonata

Cockerell = 

Chloropulvinaria 

polygonata (Cockerell)

Li-zhong, 2002 MY (Li-zhong, 

2002)

Yes L, S 

(Srivastava, 

1997)

No

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Conchaspidae

Conchaspis angraeci 

(Cockerell)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (BenDov et al., 2008)No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aonidiella aurantii

(Maskell) 

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead) = Aspidiotis 

orientalis Newstead 

Pantoja et al., 

2002; Yunus and 

Hua, 1980

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Aonidomytilus albus

(Cockerell) 

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret 

Posada, 1989 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus aonidum

(L.)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi (Morgan)

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis sp. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980), US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2008)

No F, L, S 

(CABI, 

2006)

[Yes]11

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis

(Green)

Williams and 

Watson, 1988

MY, US (FL) 

(Watson, 2005)

Yes L (Pantoja et 

al., 2002; 

Watson, 

2005)

No10

 

10 Armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are not expected to become established via this 

pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 8

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli 

(Cooley)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (BenDov et al., 2008)No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona 

(Targioni Tozzetti)

CABI, 2006 MY 

(Waterhouse, 

1993) US 

(CABI, 2006)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya purchasi Maskell Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarum

(Westwood)

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L, S (CABI, 

2006)

No

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus grassii 

(Leonard)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008)

No11 N/A N/A

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Ben-Dov et al., 

2008; CABI, 

2006 

MY, US (CABI, 

2006; Ben-Dov

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Maconellicoccus hirsutus 

(Green)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008), US 

(CA, FL, HI) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes L, F, S 

(CABI, 

2006)

No12

Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008), US 

(HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L, F, S 

(CABI, 

2006)

No13

Planococcus citri (Risso) McGuire and 

Crandall, 1967

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & 

Miller

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus

(Targioni Tozzetti)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

MY, US (BenDov et al., 2008)No N/A N/A

 

11 Dysmicoccus grassi is a non-reportable pest (PestID, 2008).

12 Maconellicoccus sp. has never been intercepted by the U.S. agricultural inspectors on papaya (PestID, 2008).

13 Papaya is a nominal host for N. viridis, and Nipaecoccus sp. has never been intercepted by U.S. inspectors on papaya 

(PestID, 2008). It is a leaf feeder that only occasionally damages fruit when infestation levels are high. In an extensive 

review of the biology and hosts of N. viridis, papaya was unmentioned (Sharaf & Meyerdirk, 1987). This pest is highly 

unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 9

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Rastrococcus invadens

Williams

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes I, L, F, S 

(Agricola et 

al., 1990; 

CABI, 2006)

No14

Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Schedorhinotermes 

javanicus Kemner

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Isoptera: Termitidae

Termes malaccensis Hav. Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Nasutitermes havilandi 

Desrenx.

Yunus and Hua, 

1980

MY (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

Yes S (Yunus and 

Hua, 1980)

No

Lepidoptera: Lymacodidae

Darna diducta (Snellen) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Asota caricae (Fabricius) Herbison-Evans 

and Crossley, 

2007 

MY (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2007)

Yes L (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 

2007)

No

Chrysodeixis eriosoma

(Doubleday)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes F, L (CABI, 

2006)

No15

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) 

= Othreis fullonia

CABI, 2006 MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes F, L (CABI, 

2006)

No16

Spodoptera litura Fabricius Robinson et al., 

2001

MY, US (HI) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes L (Robinson

et al., 2001)

No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella Walker CABI, 2006; 

PestID, 2008

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenée)

CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes F, L, S 

(CABI, 

2006)

Yes

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (L.) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No

 

14 Pest rarely feeds on fruit, especially in managed settings (Agricola et al., 1990).

15 Larvae feed on leaves, and only rarely feed on the surface of the fruit, leaving obvious frass and damage (CABI, 2006, 

EPPO, 2004). Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

16 Adult moths pierce fruit, but are unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest. Therefore, this pest is highly 

unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 10

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Adoxophyes privatana

(Walker)

Robinson et al., 

2001

MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes Bud, I, F, L, 

(Meijerman 

and 

Ulenberg, 

2004)

Yes

Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa africana Palisot 

de Beauvois

Le Pelley, 1959 MY, US (HI), 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes R, Seed, S 

(CABI, 

2006)

No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Gynaikothrips ficorum 

(Marchal)

PestID, 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande)

Pantoja et al., 

2002

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes I (PestID, 

2008)

No

FUNGI

Alternaria alternata 

(Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. 

[Hyphomycetes]

Farr et al., 1989 MY, US 

(Cosmopolitan) 

(Farr et al., 

1989)

No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Teigh. 

[Hyphomycetes]

Gabler et al., 

2004

MY, US 

(Cosmopolitan) 

(Farr et al., 

1989)

No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & 

Kimbrough 

Syn: Corticium rolfsii 

Curzi [Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Ploetz, 2003

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum 

(Berk. & Ravenel)

Syn: C. americana A. 

Möller [Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum 

Berk. & M.A. Curtis 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 

1980) US (Farr

et al., 1989)

No N/A N/A
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 11

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Cladosporium sp.

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

Yes I, F, L, 

(Manicom et 

al., 2003)

Yes 

Cochliobolus intermedius 

R.R. Nelson

Anamorph: Curvularia 

intermedia Boedijn 

[Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008) US (FL) 

(Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. 

Nelson & Haasis

Anamorph: Curvularia 

lunata (Wakker) Boedijn 

[Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum capsici 

(Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby 

[Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. & Sacc. 

Telomorph: Glomerella 

cingulata (Stoneman) 

Spauld. & H. Schrenk 

[Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum sp.

Syn: Vermicularia sp. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

Yes F (Persley 

and Ploetz, 

2003)

Yes

Corticium rolfsii Curzi 

[teleomorph] 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Aphyllophorales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Corynespora cassiicola 

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

C.T. Wei [Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Mohan et al., 

1988

MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008; CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 12

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Fusarium solani (Mart.) 

Sacc. 

Telomorph: 

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. & 

Broome) Samuels & 

Rossman [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Singh, 1980

MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008; Singh, 

1980)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Singh, 1980

MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008; Singh, 

1980)

Yes F (Persley 

and Ploetz, 

2003)

Yes

Lasiodiplodia theobromae 

Griffiths & Maubl. 

Syn: Botryodiplodia 

theobromae

[Dothideomycetes 

:Xylariales]

Bazan de Segura, 

1973; Farr et al., 

2008

MY, US (CABI, 

2006; Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. 

Arnaud [Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales]

Bazan de Segura, 

1973; Farr et al., 

2008

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina 

(Tassi) Goid 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Bazan de Segura, 

1973; Farr et al., 

2008

MY, US Farr et 

al., 2008 CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella caricae 

Syd. & P. Syd. 

Anomorph: Phoma 

caricae-papayae (Tarr) 

Punithalingam 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Mohan, 1988; 

Singh, 1980 

MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008; Singh, 

1980)

No N/A N/A

Myrothecium roridum Tode 

: Fr. [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales

Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 

1980) US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Nectria mauritiicola 

(Henn.) Seifert & 

Samuels 

Syn: Sphaerostilba repens

Berk. & Br. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Singh, 1980

MY (Singh, 

1980)US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 13

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Nigrospora sphaerica 

(Sacc.) E.W. Mason 

[Ascomycetes: 

Trichosphaeriales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY , US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Periconia byssoides Pers. 

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Phaeoseptoria papayae 

Speg. [Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes L (Farr et al., 

2008)

No

Phoma sp. [Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes L (CABI, 

2007

No

Phyllosticta sp.

[Ascomycetes, 

Dothideales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US ( CABI, 

2006; Farr et al., 

2008)

Yes L (CABI, 

2007)

No

Phytophthora cinnamomi 

var. cinnamomi Rands

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Ploetz, 2003

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae 

Breda de Haan 

Syn: P. parasitica Dastur

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora 

var. palmivora (E.J. 

Butler) E.J. Butler

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Ploetz, 2003

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pseudoperonospora 

cubensis (Berk. & M.A. 

Curtis) Rostovzev

[Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Pythium aphanidermatum 

(Edson) Fitzp.

Syn: P. butleri

[Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY US (CABI, 

2006; Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Pythium deliense Meurs; 

Syn P. indicum

Balakrishnan; P. indicum

M.S. Balakr [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008) 

No N/A N/A
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 14

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

Pythium irregulare Buisman 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Pythium middletonii 

Sparrow [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Pythium sp. [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008) US (Farr

et al., 1989)

No N/A N/A

Pythium vexans de Bary 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY (Farr et al., 

2008) US (Farr

et al., 1989)

No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia sp. 

[Ustilaginomycetes:

Incertae sedis]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

Yes R (Hwang 

and Benson, 

2002)

No

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. 

: Fr.) Vuill. 1902 

[Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Singh, 1980

MY (Singh, 

1980) US (Farr

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Rigidoporus microporus 

(Sw.: Fr.) Overeem 

Syn: R. lignosus

(Klotzsch) Imazeki: 

Fomes lignosus

(Klotzsch) Bres. 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

Singh, 1980 MY (Singh, 

1980) US (Farr

et al., 1989)

No N/A N/A

Sphaerulina sp. 

[Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales]

Farr et al., 2008; 

Singh, 1980

MY (Singh, 

1980)

Yes L (Farr et al., 

1989)

No

Stilbella annulata (Berk. & 

M.A. Curtis) Seifert 

Syn: S. proliferans F. 

Stevens [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006; Farr et al., 

2008)

No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(A.B. Frank) Donk 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales]

Farr et al., 2008 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSCA

Achatinidae

Achatina fulica (Bowdich) CABI, 2006 MY (CABI, 

2006)

Yes L (CABI, 

2006)

No
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 15

Pest Scientific Name Reported on 

Papaya

Distribution1 Quarantine pestPlant 

part(s)2,3

Follow 

pathway2

NEMATODA

Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

multicinctus (Cobb)

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus (Steiner) 

Golden

CABI, 2006 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Linford & Oliveira

Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Tylenchida: Criconematidae

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi 

CABI, 2006; ElBorai and 

Duncan, 2005

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Tylenchida: Heteroderidae

Meloidogyne incognita 

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood

Bazan de Segura, 

1975; Ploetz, 

2003

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica 

(Treub) Chitwood

Jaraba et al., 

2007

MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

VIRUS

Papaya ringspot virus 

(PRSV) Potyviridae = 

Papaya Mosaic Virus 

(Brunt et al., 1996 

onwards)

Ploetz, 2003 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No NA N/A

Tobacco streak virus (TSV) 

Bromoviridae

Brunt et al., 1996 

onwards

MY (CABI, 

2006), US (Brunt 

et al., 2008)

No N/A N/A

Tomato spotted wilt virus 

Bunyaviridae

Gonsalves, 1996 MY, US (CABI, 

2006)

No N/A N/A

1.3. Pest List Discussion

We found seven plant pests likely to follow the pathway on papaya from Malaysia (Table 2). 

Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) was listed as being present in Malaysia in a 1992 APHIS 

decision for fresh papaya from Malaysia (CPHST, 2008). The risk assessment cited the European 

Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) for this information. Currently, B. passiflorae is not listed 

as present in Malaysia, and it is no longer listed in the EPPO PQR database (EPPO, 2008).
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 16

Similarly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (= Dacus dorsalis Hendel) has been reported in 

Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982), but we did not 

include it in the pest list because most records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia and Indonesia were 

probably misidentifications (White and Elson-Harris, 1994). Records for the species in that 

country probably involve one or more closely related, sibling species (Drew & Hancock, 1994; 

Clarke et al., 2001). Neither the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006) 

nor EPPO (EPPO, 2007) currently includes Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis.

The armored scales identified in this risk analysis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are unlikely to 

follow the pathway and were not further analyzed because although armored scales may enter on 

commercial fruit for consumption, they are not expected to become established, and therefore 

introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). A recent critical review of the 

literature, APHIS-PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high 

quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, 

highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, 

and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced 

fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk 

(PERAL, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new 

host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of 

establishment (PERAL, 2007). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their 

poor dispersal capabilities:

Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings 

but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most 

vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. Crawlers 

can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a time period of 

approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as 

they lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deeply inserted in the host, 

anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low 

wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit 

or fruit peel. Crawlers are highly unlikely to actively disperse by walking from their natural host 

since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces (PERAL, 2007).

Table 2. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh papaya from Malaysia

Order Family Genus and species

Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae

B. cucurbitae

B. frauenfeldi

B. papayae

Lepidoptera Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis

Tortricidae Adoxophyes privatana
Pest List for Papaya from Malaysia

Rev. 06 August 24, 2010 17

2. Authors and Reviewers

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Authors

Shawn Robertson, Entomologist

Scott Redlin, Plant Pathologist

Reviewers

Tom Culliney, Entomologist

Cynthia Landry, NCSU Cooperator

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