Revised, May 1994, HU-123-4(a)
Page 9, Gadlic, Shipping Point and Market
inspection Instructions, May 1991

Curing.(*) Garlic is required to be well cured which means that bulbs must be
sufficiently dried so they are not soft and/or spongy, and show no intemal dampness. If
the bulb is soft or spongy, it would be scoreable and reported as “soft and/or spongy.“

Dampness and Mold.(*) Dampness and mold on garlic are closely associated
as any dampness or wetness invites mold growth. Mold is one of the most serious
defects of garlic and may ruin the value of alot. Once it gets started, it is impossible to
get rid of it even after the bulbs have been dried out. Mold is also an open invitation for
decay to accompany it. Dampness and mold usually seriously affect shipping quality.

A lot should not be put out of grade only on account of surface dampness, .
however, the inspector should check such lots extra carefully for mold. Due to the
seriousness of this factor, the degree of moisture present should be accurately reported
by the use of the following terms: dry, fairly damp, damp, and wet. {f the surface of the
garlic is described as “wet" it should be put out of grade.

“nee Dampness or mold affecting the cloves of garlic within the sheath should be
scored as a condition defect. Such dampness indicates that the bulb was either
insufficiently cured or that it was “heated or both. Mold is sometimes found between

the cloves so if there is any question as to the presence of internal mold some

suspicious appearing bulbs should be broken open. eae
Heating occurs in storage or transit on garlic that has been insufficiently cured,

or on garlic that has been in cold storage for a long period and is then moved to normal

temperatures. “Heating” of garlic in storage usually results in internal dampness of the
bulb, mold growth and often. staining.

Sprouted Garlic.(*) Garlic bulbs should be scored as damaged when any
sprout is visible at the tip of any clove even though it is not visible through the sheath.
The length of sprouts and the number per bulb should be reported. Cloves showing
internal growth that has not broken through is sometimes called “sprouting” by the
trade. This should not be scored as “damage by sprouting.”

Shattered Cloves{*) Shattered cloves may be a result of rough handling in
transit, harvesting or storage conditions or to the presence of nematodes at the base of
the bulb. The cloves that have been separated from the bulbs should be scored as
shattered cloves. Shattered cloves should be scored as condition defects.

Waxy Breakdown.(*) The early symptoms of Waxy Breakdown appear as light
yellow areas in the flesh of the clove. This progresses in storage to the stage where
the clove shows a deep yellow or amber color throughout and the clove is


Table of Contents

Section Page(s)
General Information
(1) Sampling «2. 2. ee ee ee wee 2
Representative Sampling 2... 2... eee ee 2
SizeofSample  .. 1... . ee 2
(2) Application of Tolerances .........--. wee ee 2

(3) HeadingonNotesheett ... 2... 2.222222 -2-2+-38

(4) Productsinspected .........+205 wee eee 3-4
Commodity, Type orVariety . ... 0... 0-2 + eee 3
Containers 2 1. we 3
Distinguishing Marks 2 6 1 1 ee ee ee 3
StateofOrigin 2... ee ee 3
Quantity Inpsected 2... 2... ee ee 4

(5) Temperature of Product .........+-. we eee 4

(6) Condition of Pack ... we ee 4
Determining & Reporting Net Weight Po 4

(7) Size 2... 2 ee 4-5
Determining Number of Cloves per Bulb ce ee 5

(8) Qualityand Condition .......2... eee ee 5-11
Maturity) 6. 2 ee 5
Color 6 we ee 5-6
Compactness ........... ee 6
Wellfilled & FairlyPlump . . 2... 2 ee ee ee ee 6
Brightness & Staining 2. 2. 1 1 ee 6-7
DamagebyTops .... 2... 2. ee eee eee eee 8
Shape 2... ee 8
SecondGrowth ..... bo 8
Poorly Sheathed . 2... . 2... ee te ee 8 -
Roots 2... 8
Sunburn 6 ww ee 8
Sunsceald 2 6. 8
Curing 2. 2 9
DampnessandMold ..-.. 2... 2 ee ee eee 9

SproutingGaric 2... ee 9


Appendix

U.S. Grade Standards



(c) “Sunscald” means softening of the tissue due to
‘exposure to the sun.

“Diameter” means the greatest dimension at ri
i pescoesfirgntet empinmt ainaiald

This is a reissue of US. Si for Garlic which
eee Ee Tibet ko cheats
change is made in the text of the standards.


13

(2) Condition

The following shall be reported under this heading:

e

Curing

Dampness and Mold
Sprouts

Other Condition Defects
Decay

Curing and dampness. Since peeled garlic cloves may be packed in “oil”
within the plastic container, a “cured and dry” statement would not apply. Therefore,

“cured and dry” can only be applied when the peeled garlic cloves are packed “dry,”
not packed in oil.

For the remaining headings above see paragraphs covering the above factors
in the Garlic section and follow the same basic guidelines. However, do not report
as damage or serious damage, but rather describe defects.

However, if something occurs which the inspector has not seen before and
nothing in the previous sections cover the defect, it is best to describe the defect
and the area that it affects.


5

connection with the grade, the oversize as wellas the undersize garlic will be scored
against the 5 percent size tolerance.

Frequently imported garlic is designated as: Flor, Primera, Segunda Tercera
or Grossa, Media or Piccola. These terms supposedly indicate minimum or minimum
and maximum sizes. We do not attempt to certify on the basis of these terms. If a
request to do’so is received from the applicant, it should be stated in inches, for the
different designations.

Sometimes the applicant may ask that the inspection be made on the basis of
the metric system of measurement. When this is the case, they should be advised
that our sizing equipment is calibrated in inches so we are unable to report size by
the metric system of measurement. However, we can report size to the nearest
equivalent fraction of an inch, reporting in 1% inch variations.

Determining Number of Cloves per Bulb. The applicant may request a range
in the number of cloves per bulb. it will be necessary, when reporting such a range,
to cut at mid-section at least 40 bulbs taken from various containers. The range in
count of cloves should be reported under the “Other” heading on the FV-300
certificate, and under the “Size, Count” heading on the FV-184 certificate, thus:
“From 5 to 15 cloves per bulb.” Wheri the range in number of cloves per bulb is
reported, the fact that it was requested by the applicant should be stated under the
“Remarks” heading.

(8) Quality and Condition

Statements pertaining to maturity, color, compactness, well filled and fairly
plump, brightness and staining, amount and kind of Quality defects, curing, damp-
ness and mold, and amount of decay are shown under the appropriate headings.
Those factors noted with an asterisk (*) shall be reported as Condition factors on
market cettificates.

Maturity. The U.S. Standards for Grades of Garlic requires garlic to be “mature
and well cured.” This means that it has reached the stage of development at which
the garlic is firm and is sufficiently dried so as not to be soft and spongy. Garlic that

is not well cured, is apt to sweat in transit or storage resulting in mold growth. (See
Curing.)

Color. The terms “white” or “purple” will be sufficient to describe the color.of
the two types of garlic. A mixture of colors is objectionable if they occur to any
appreciable extent. For example: a red garlic clove in a lot of white garlic would be
scoreable as dissimilar varietal characteristics. The same would apply for a white


(1) Sampling

Representative Sampling. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on the
importance of the inspector obtaining representative samples from loads or lots of
garlic. Accurate certification is possible only if the samples examined are truly
representative of the entire lot or accessible portion of the load or lot.

All parts of a lot should receive the same attention in sampling regardless of
the difficulty involved in reaching the more inaccessible layers or parts of a load or
lot. .

Size of Sample. As the tolerances of the U.S. Standards for Garlic are
determined on the basis of weight, and due to the large number of garlic bulbs found
per pound, the size of the samples to be selected may usually be smaller than that
recommended for most other vegetables. When garlic is in 50 pound sacks, it is
suggested that on a lot of carload size, 10 samples consisting of 10 pounds each
be examined. When garlic is in 25 to 30 pound crates, lugs or cartons, 100 ounces
(6% pounds) shall be used as the sample. Each bulb should be felt carefully for soft
cloves or sunken areas. These may be laid out for cutting later. In selecting the
samples, the containers should be emptied, or the contents otherwise exposed, so
that the samples may be so selected that they are representative of the entire
contents of the container. This should include portions of any pockets of mold or
decay and shattered cloves that have settled to the bottom of the container.
However, before a lot is put out of grade on account of defects in only one sample
exceeding the tolerance, the size of the sample from that container should be at
least doubled and if time permits, the entire contents should be examined.

(2) Application of Tolerances

The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are
subject to the following limitations provided that the average for the entire lot is within
the tolerances specified for the grade:

For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot may
contain not more than one and one-half times the tolerance specified, EXCEPT
when packages contain 15 specimens or less, individual packages may contain not
more than double the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot may
contain not more than double the tolerance specified, PROVIDED that at least one
defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted in any package.


ii

Section Page(s)
Quality and Condition (continued)
ShatteredCloves 2... 2... eee eee 9
Waxy Breakdown 2 ww 9-10
YelloworBrown Areas... 1... 2... eee ee 10
Decay .. 2... ee 10-11
(9) Grade 2 ee "1
(10)Remarks 6 6 1. 1 ee ee ee --
Inspection Instructions for PeeledGarlic ...... . - 12-13
General . 2. 2. 2 2 ee ee ee see - . 12
(1) ProductsiInspected ............264 ». 12
Commodity, Type or Variety 2... 2... 2... 2 ee 12
TypeofContainer 2... ee ee 12
(2) Condition ..... we ee -.
13

“Curing&Dampness .... 2... 2.2.2.0 -2.-200-

Appendix - U.S. Standards for Grades of Garlic


U.S. Standards for

Grades of
Garlic
Effective September 4, 1944

of

United States
Agricutture
(eikating
Service



4

garlic was grown. (If packages are not marked or the garlic is in bulk, refer to the
General Inspection Instructions.)

Quantity Inspected. The number of containers in an inspection lot shall always
be reported. The count of large lots certified in a warehouse or on a platform may
be reported on the authority of the applicant or his representative. How.ver, it is
advisable in such instances for the inspector to make a rough check to determine
that substantially the number of containers reported from the lot are present.

Small lots (100 containers or less) that can be counted with accuracy should
be reported as inspector's count.

(5) Temperature of Product

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions and the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
Inspection Certificate (FV-300) Handbook. Due to the seriousness of “heating” of
garlic, it is important to exercise thoroughness and care in taking temperatures.

(6) Condition of Pack

Fill of crates, cartons or lugs should be described by the use of the terms well
filled, fairly well filled, or slack. The term “slack” must be qualified by the amount of
slackness in inches or fractions thereof. When the product is in bulk or sacks, the
“Pack” heading should be blocked out on the notesheet.

Determining and Reporting Net Weight. Net Weight is reported as a narrative
statement on the face of the certificate. Weight may be certified without making an
inspection for quality and/or condition.

When requested to certify as to specified or marked weight on lots of garlic, the
procedures as described in the General Inspection Instructions must be followed.

(7) Size
The U.S. No. 1 grade for garlic specifies that the bulbs must be not less than

1% inches in diameter unless otherwise specified. There is no maximum size -
specified in the grade, however, the applicant may specify one.

The tolerance for garlic that varies from the size specified is 5 percent. There
is no additional tolerance for oversize, so if a maximum size is specified in


United States
Department of
Agriculture

ricultural
irketing
Service

Fruit and
Vegetable
Division

Garlic

Shipping Point
and
Market

Inspection Instructions

—&
f -“ a *
s e F


“Dull” means that the general appearance of the lot is unattractive, lacking
luster and brightness. Lot may or may not be “slightly stained.”

“Slightly stained” means that the individual bulb has considerable staining or
discoloration caused by weathering or other means but not sufficient in severity to
score the bulb against the grade.

“Materially stained” means that there is sufficient staining or discoloration
caused by weathering or other means to materially affect the appearance of the
individual bulb. ;

“Badly stained” means that there is sufficient staining or discoloration caused
by weathering or other means to seriously affect the appearance of the individual
specimen,

The U.S. Standards for Garlic in connection with the definition of damage by
dirt or staining contains a detailed guide to be used in scoring a lot as damaged by
dirt or staining. When staining or dirtis involved in an inspection, the inspector should
study this guide carefully. Remember, in scoring a lot on this factor, individual
stained bulbs should not be scored as quality defects. Scoring should be done on
the basis of the appearance of the lot as a whole being damaged. The contents of
individual containers may show about twice as much staining as is permitted for the
entire lot as long as the average appearance of the entire lot does not exceed that
described in:the guide for scoring a lot damaged by dirt or staining, i.e. 15%
materially stained and 5% badly stained, and the staining on the remainder of the
bulbs does not approach that which is considered materially stained.

Soil-staining is a brown or yellowish discoloration that frequently occurs around
the base of the bulb. It is not considered as serious as discoloration caused by
sunburn. It should be scored under the definition of “damage by dirt and staining.”

Brightness and the degree of staining should be described by the use of general
terms if the lot is clearly in or out of grade. in other instances, the exact or
approximate percentage of materially stained, and the percentage of badly stained
bulbs should:be reported.

No percentage of U.S. No. 1 quality may be certified if a lot is out of grade due
to excessive dirt and/or staining, damaging its appearance.

Staining(*) that is a result of heating or mold growth should be reported as a
condition defect on the certificate.


6

garlic clove in a lot of red garlic. If there is a sufficient mixture of color of bulbs
showing splashes of red or purple readily noticeable on casual examination, the lot
would not meet grade because it does not show similar varietal characteristics. No
percentage of U.S. No. 1 quality may be stated in this event.

Compactness. Compact bulbs are those in which the cloves are not spreading
apart but fit closely together for practically their entire length.if bulbs show cloves
that are spread, they would be scoreable as not compact. If they are spread due to
being poorly sheathed, score them as poorly sheathed.

Well Filled and Fairly Plump means that each clove contains a kernel inside
its outer husk or covering that is fairly plump and is not shriveled. If during casual
examination you feel a clove you suspect as being shriveled, peel the clove. If the
clove is shriveled, score as not well filled and fairly plump.

Brightness and Staining. The grade requires that a lot of garlic be free from
damage by dirt and staining. Dirt is seldom a problem. Occasionally, there is a
considerable amount of caked mud that adheres very tightly to the root end of the
bulbs. This is usually caked so tightly that it cannot be shaken or pulled off. When
present on only a small percentage of bulbs, it should be scored against the 10%
tolerance. When affecting a large percentage of bulbs, it should be reported in
general terms, i.e. “Many bulbs damaged by caked dirt at root ends,” and the lot
would be reported as failing to grade.

_ Staining is quite common on garlic. The terms used to describe brightness and
Staining are:
e Bright
e Fairly Bright
e Dull
¢ Slightly Stained
¢ Materially Stained
¢ Badly Stained

“Bright” means that the general appearance of the individual bulb is bright
and the lot is generally free from dirt, staining, and discoloration caused by
weathering.

“Fairly bright” means that the individual bulbs have some slight staining or
discoloration caused by weathering or other means, but the appearance of the lot
is fairly bright.


3

(3) Heading on Notesheet

Detailed instructions pertaining to date, inspection point, place of inspection,
kind of carrier, lading, etc., which are not covered by these instructions may be found
in the General Inspection instructions and the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Inspection
Certificate (FV-300) Handbook. Additional information and instructions may be
given by your supervisor.

(4) Products Inspected

The following information shall be given.
¢ Commodity, Type
© “Type of Container
"© Distinguishing Marks
e State of Origin (if marked)
¢. Quantity Inspected

Commodity, Type. Garlic is classified according to color and not according to
variety. There are two types of garlic based on color: white garlic, and purple garlic
(sometimes called red garlic). The type should be reported in connection with the
commodity under'the “Product” heading as “Garlic, white” or “Garlic, purple.”
Requests received for certification of a:lot as to “Creole” or “Chilean” type should
be refused. When inspecting the large bulb garlic commonly referred to as “Elephant
Garlic,” this term should be shown in parenthesis after the color. Inspection of this
type of garlic should be no different than the smaller size garlic.

Containers. Garlic is generally packed in tugs, cartons and crates. Occasion-
ally, it is shipped in.open mesh sacks.

Distinguishing Marks. Whenever a container is labeled, printed, tagged or
crayon marked with a brand or grade, it shall be reported under the “Brands/Marks”
heading. This also includes shipper’s name and address, lot numbers, varieties,
sizes or weight. ifthe containers bear no brand, grade or any other marking, it should
be stated,.“No Brand.” a

State of Origin. The inspector should not make a positive statement on their
own authority, but when container markings list the State or country of origin, it
should be quoted. This policy is necessary because some firms may use one mark
on the same product, they may pack in two or three States and the inspector can
certify only to the marks and has no means of knowing in what State or country the


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF GARLIC
Effective September 4, 1944

Source: 32 FR 8862, June 22, 1967, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981.

Sec.

GRADE
51.3880 U.S. No. 1.

UNCLASSIFIED
51.3881 Unclassified.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
51.3882 Application of tolerances.

51.3883
51.3884
51.3885
51.3886
51.3887
51.3888

AUTHORITY: The ‘isions of this subpart issued under
secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as amended, 1090 as
amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622, 1624.

GRADE
§ 51.3880 U.S. No.1.

“U.S. No, 1” consists of garlic of similar varietal charac-
teristics which is mature and well cured, compact, with
cloves well filled and fairly plump, free from mold, decay,
shattered cloves, and from caused by dirt or
staining, sunburn, sunscald, cuts, sprouts, eat ree

ease, insects, mechanical or other means. Esch bulb shall
be fay well enclosed ins gtr sheath. Unless cer
wise the minimum diameter of each bulb shall
be not less than 11/2 inches.

(a) Tolerances. ieee tee
to proper grading and handling, owing tolerances,
by weight, are provided as specified:

(1) For defects. Ten percent for garlic in any lot
which fails to fo the requirements of this srade,
inading seven not more than 2 percent for garlic which
is affected by deca:

pact

Well filled and fairly plump.
Damage.

Diameter.

For size. Fi Percent fe lot which
fails bor se. ive percent for garlic i in any
UNCLASSIFIED

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
$ 51.3882 Application of tolerances.
‘The contents of individual

based on sample
inspection, are subject to the

limitations:

(b) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual
Dirac gcliod: Pred, Tat tas oe defective
| Provided, That at least one defective

vided farther, The oe average fore entre
average for the entire
sad <atteaes specified for tee grade,

DEFINITIONS
§ 51.3883 Similar varietal characteristics.

garlic
any container is of the same color. White and red garlic
shall not be mixed in the same container.
§ 51.3884 Mature and well cured.
“Mature and well cored” means having re

capt Seapets wch be gm

not to be soft and spongy.
§ 51.3885 Compact.

“Com Means that the cloves spreadin;
ago met mecca) the entire length of

that
and

but
the

$ 51.3886 Well filled and fairly plump.

“Well-filled and fairly plump” means that each clove
contains a kemel which is fairly plump and not shriveled.

$ 51.3887 Damage. -
” means any specific described in this
section; or an equally. i variation of any one
defects, any other defect, or any com! of
bis or marketing quality of te ind ance, or
the edible or of the indi
the lot as a whole. The specific defecis shall be

lot is considered damaged,
staining on individual bulbs. If the lot has 15 percent
which are materially stained and 5 percent which are badly




10

somewhat translucent and sticky or waxy to the touch. The outer dry protective
scales of the clove are not affected and often no indication of Waxy Breakdown
shows externally until the advanced stage is reached when shrinking of the clove
and the amber brown color may become noticeable through the covering scales of
the clove. Waxy Breakdown should be scored against the 10% tolerance for total
defects and nc+ against the 2% tolerance for decay.

Score as damage, bulbs showing more than 10% of their cloves affected with
Waxy Breakdown. For example: a bulb with 8 cloves showing one clove with Waxy
Breakdown would be scored but a bulb with 30 cloves, only 2 of which were affected,
would not be considered damaged. Since Waxy Breakdown is progressive, any
degree of its symptoms should be counted.

To determine the presence and percentage of Waxy Breakdown in a lot, the
inspector should strip the sheaths from a few bulbs and cut them horizontally
through the center. If Waxy Breakdown is found, cut all bulbs in each sample taken
(10 pounds or 100 ounce sample) and report like all other condition defects.

Yellow or Brown Areas.(*) Yellow or brown areas affect a part of the clove
which is believed to be due to mechanical injury, probably in the harvesting or curing
process. The appearance of the cut bulb will be the determining factor in scoring
this defect. As a guide, when more than 20% of the cloves show any degree of this
type of discoloration, it will be considered damaged.

Decay.(*) Decay of garlic occurs in two forms, both of which are most
commonly Blue Mold Rot. The two forms are:

Dry Rot in which the cloves are dry and withered and are often filled with
a solid mass of powdery spores.

Soft Rot in which the cloves are soft, yellowish-brown in color, foul
smelling and with or without spore or mold growth.

Bulbs affected with either of these types of decay should be scored against the
2% tolerance for decay. When decay in excess of the tolerance is found, it should
be described and the stages and aggregate number of cloves affected per bulb
should be reported.

Garlic bulbs frequently contain a single clove which is affected with decay
although there is no external evidence of this defect. Unless a bulb shows some
outward, sign of decay, it passes through the usual channels of trade without
objection even though it may contain a concealed clove which is affected with decay.
Bulbs in the samples should be carefully examined for external indications of decay
and when cloves are found that are soft, shrivelled or otherwise suspicious, the bulb


12

Inspection Instructions for
Peeled Garlic Cloves

The Inspection Service has experienceu an increasing number of applications
for inspection of peeled garlic cloves. Peeled garlic cloves are usually packed in
two quart plastic jars, packed in master shipping containers. Most lots consist of a
few containers to 100 or 200.

Presently, the U.S. Standards for Grades of Garlic requires “each bulb shall be
fairly well enclosed in its outer sheath.” Obviously peeled garlic cloves will not meet
this requirement. Therefore, definitions of damage DO NOT apply. However, if a
factor of quality or condition occurs, it may be described as “affected by.” Describe
degree and area affected.

Also, peeled garlic cloves shall be inspected on a count basis using separate
individual samples. Samples should be a minimum of 100 count and there should
be a minimum of 6 samples inspected per lot and/or load.

(1) Products Inspected

The following information shall be given under this heading:
« Commodity, Type
© Type ofContainer -
¢ Distinguishing Marks
© State of Origin (if marked)
© Quantity Inspected

Commodity, Type. The type, based on color, and “Garlic, Peeled” should be
reported under the “Product” heading.

Type of Container. Peeled Garlic is generally packed in plastic containers, .
within master cartons.

For the remaining headings, see paragraphs covering the above factors in the
Garlic section.


“,

Shipping Point and
Market Inspection
Instructions for Garlic

These inspection instructions are specifically developed and designed by the
Fresh Products-Branch to assist officially licensed inspectors in the interpretation

__ and application of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Garlic. CFR - Section 51.3880.

These instructions do not establish any substantial rule not legally authorized
by the official grade standards and supersede any previously issued inspection
instructions.

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions and the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable
Inspection Certificate (FV-300) Handbook for additional information pertaining to
date, inspection point, carrier, condition of carrier, lading, etc. not covered in these
instructions.

May 1991

' REPRINTED JUNE 2007




Revised, February 1999, HU-141-4(a) .
Page 8, Garlic, Shipping Point and Market 8
Inspection Instructions, May 1991 .

Damage by Tops. Loose garlic should have tops trimmed to less than 2 inches
in length, although some tops may be a little longer. When tops materially longer than
2 inches are so numerous as to affect the appearance of the lot as a whole, the lot
should be considered as damaged in much the same manner as a lot damaged by dirt
and staining. oO

As a guide, a lot having more than 20% of the bulbs with tops over 2 inches in
length would be considered as damaged. This percentage should be reduced if the
tops are very long. For example, no more than 10% of bulbs should have tops longer
than 5 inches. When a lot is out of grade account excessive tops, no percentage of
U.S. No. 1 quality may be stated.

Shape. There is no requirement as to shape in the garlic standards. While one
or more cloves may distort the shape of the bulb, it meets U.S. No. 1 requirements if
they are covered by the outer sheath.

Second Growth, called “side growth” by some dealers, is one of the more
common defects of garlic. {t consists of small secondary cloves that are put out at the
base of the bulb. If they are not covered by the outer sheath, the bulb should be scored
as a defect. These secondary cloves often become loosened in transit and move to the
bottom of the container.

Poorly Sheathed. Bulbs which are not fairly well enclosed in an outer sheath
should be scored as grade defects regardless of whether this is due to shattered cloves
or other causes. When over 10% of the surface of the bulb is exposed, the bulb should
be scored as poorly sheathed.

Roots. Occasionally a lot of garlic may be encountered that shows excessively
long, heavy roots. Usually these are trimmed off by the packer but if not, they should
be scored on the basis of affecting the appearance of the lot as a whole. They should
not be scored individually as defects. When excessive roots affect the appearance to
the same degree as excessive tops, the appearance of the lot would be considered
damaged.

Delete Paragraph on Seedstems.

Sunburn. It appears as a yellowish discoloration affecting as much of the
surface of the bulb as has been exposed to the sun. There is no injury to the tissue and
only the surface is discolored. Sunbum which does not affect the appearance of the lot
should not be scored. Do not score individual bulbs as defects on account of sunburn.
Sunbum should be judged on the same basis as staining and should be scored when it
affects the appearance of the lot as a whole.

_ Sunscald. Sunscald appears as a softening of the tissues as a result of
excessive heat from the sun. Any amount would be scoreable.

Revised, July 1998, HU-140-6(a)


11

should be cut unless external examination indicates it obviously has decayed
cloves.

(9) Grade

Under this heading a clear statement must be made to indicate whether or not
the lot(s) meets the requirements of the grade or other specifications on which it
was inspected, or the grade marked on the containers. The grade statement must
be based on the facts in the preceding headings on the certificate.

Also, when a minimum size other than that in the grade is specified, the
minimum size must be stated in connection with the Grade. When a maximum size
is specified, it must be stated in connection with the Grade.

(10) Remarks

Under this heading any explanatory or qualifying statements that are necessary
to complete the certificate should be made. They may be one or more of the
lollowing:

¢ Restrictions to a lot, load, size or weight.

¢ Information supplied by the applicant such as carrier number, lot number,
+ ~<designation, etc.

¢ Cross reference to another certificate number such as in reinspections,
appeals, etc.

¢ Percentage of U.S. No. 1 Quality determined by request.
© ‘Contract specifications.
¢ Factors not affecting grade at applicant’s request.