|  | a) | Designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure      controls and procedures to be designed under our      supervision, to      ensure that material information relating to the registrant,      including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within      those entities,      particularly during the period in which this report is      being prepared; |
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|  | b) | Designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused      such internal      control over financial reporting to be designed under      our supervision,      to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability      of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements      for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted      accounting principles; |
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|  | c) | Evaluated      the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls      and procedures      and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness      of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end      of the      period covered by this report based on such evaluation;  and |
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|  | d) | Disclosed      in this report any change in the registrant's internal      control over      financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's      most recent      fourth fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or      is reasonably      likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal      control over      financial reporting; and |
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|  | a) | All      significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design      or operation      of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably      likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to      record, process,      summarize and report financial information;and |
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|  | b) | Any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or      other employees      who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control      over financial reporting. |
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