1

Filed 7/25/24 In re G.I. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re G.I. et al., Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

N.L.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E082867

(Super.Ct.No. J297911)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Steven A. Mapes, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Suzanne Davidson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Tom Bunton, County Counsel and David Guardado, Deputy County Counsel, for 

Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

The juvenile court declared G.I. (born December 2006), D.L. (born March 2010), 

and S.L. (born October 2012) (collectively “the children”), dependents of the court; 

removed them from defendant and appellant N.L.’s (mother) custody; and granted her

reunification services. The court ordered supervised visitation between mother and the 

children twice monthly for two hours. On appeal, mother contends the court abused its 

discretion by denying her request to have liberalized, unsupervised visitation with the 

children. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On July 20, 2023, personnel from plaintiff and respondent, the San Bernardino 

County Children and Family Services (the department) received an immediate response 

referral alleging “general neglect and caretaker absence/incapacity.” Officers took 

mother into custody for child endangerment after an allegation that she was involved in a 

homicide. When officers arrived, mother said, “‘I murdered my husband and dragged his 

body to the firepit and burned him.’” It was also alleged mother and the children were in 

the desert “living in a ‘shant[y]’ made of wooden pallets.”

1

An investigating officer found bone fragments in a firepit, but could not determine 

if they were animal or human. The officer reported the family resided in a home “made 

of wooden pallets and the floor is strictly dirt.” There was no running water or septic in 

1 Mother had been living in the home with the children and her husband R.L., the 

father of D.L. and S.L. Mother had divorced D.I., G.I.’s father, years earlier. Neither 

father is a party to the appeal.
3

the home. There was a small generator for power and minimal food in a broken 

refrigerator.

The children reported residing in the home for the previous one-and-a-half years. 

“They explained that their home is made of an RV with walls around it and a partial roof 

made of wooden pallets. The children reported having their own rooms, beds, minimal 

furniture, and clean clothes. They also stated they have no running water; however, they 

utilize water jugs.” “The children reported utilizing a solar generator for power that only 

works during the day. They also stated they used to use a propane tank for gas, but since 

it has run out, they utilize an outdoor grill or firepit. The children advised they have no 

food in the home at this time. All children reported sometimes going to bed hungry 

because there is nothing to eat in the home.”

D.L. stated mother had only $40 left for the rest of the month, and he did not know 

what they were going to do for food. S.L. said that last time she showered was two 

months earlier; D.L. said he showered the previous month; G.I. said he last showered in 

March 2023. None of the children had seen a dentist or doctor for years.

The children denied parents engaged in any physical abuse, domestic violence, or 

suffered from any mental illnesses. However, S.L. said she wanted to get her father a 

therapist; D.L. stated mother said his father was “‘sick in the head’” and “‘paranoid.’” 

The children reported parents smoked marijuana daily.

G.I. reported his siblings’ father left the home in April 2023, after an argument 

with mother. The social worker made attempts to locate him, but was unsuccessful.
4

S.L. reported hearing gunshots when her father went missing. D.L. said he heard 

five gunshots; he later witnessed his father lying on the floor; the next day he saw drag 

marks from where his father’s body was lying, which led to the firepit; mother then 

confessed to killing his father and burning his body in the pit. D.L. stated, “‘I feel sad, I 

guess. I miss my dad.’”

The social worker spoke with G.I.’s father, who said the last time he visited G.I. 

was April 2023. The social worker assessed G.I.’s father’s home, which was found to be 

clean and appropriately furnished; it had working utilities and adequate food.

On July 21, 2023, the social worker took the children into protective custody. On 

July 25, 2023, department personnel filed a Welfare and Institutions Code section 300

juvenile dependency petition as to G.I. alleging mother and G.I.’s father had failed to 

provide him adequate care and supervision (b-1 through b-4) and that mother left him 

without support when she was arrested (g-5).

2

 The social worker recommended that G.I. 

be maintained in the custody of his father.3

At the detention hearing on July 26, 2023, the children’s counsel requested the 

court deny visitation until the child assessment center (CAC) could conduct interviews 

and assessments regarding the purported homicide: “whether this is true or not true, that 

visitation with [mother] gives me very serious concerns about the topics being discussed 

and getting the information to the minors . . . in a harmful way.” The juvenile court 

2 The record does not contain the juvenile dependency petitions filed with respect 

to S.L. and D.L.

3 The record does not reflect when the department placed G.I. with his father.
5

detained minors and allowed G.I. to remain with his father. The court ordered no 

visitation between mother and any of the children until CAC assessments could be 

completed.

In an additional information to the court filed on July 26, 2023, the social worker 

reported that mother advised that she was currently on a psychiatric hold. She said father 

had abandoned them six months earlier. Mother reported they moved out to the desert to 

live “‘off grid.’” She was “a stay-at-home mom for many years and was actively looking 

for a job and apartment as she did not want the children living in the cabin.” When 

contacted by law enforcement she went “‘HAM’” and could not recall everything she 

told them.

On August 15, 2023, the department personnel filed an amended juvenile 

dependency petition alleging mother had a history of engaging in domestic violence (b-5) 

and renumbering the previous g-5 allegation as g-6. In the jurisdictional and 

dispositional report pertaining to G.I., the social worker recommended the court find the 

b-2, b-3, b-4, and g-6 allegations not true, but find the b-1 and b-5 allegations true.

4

 The 

social worker recommended G.I. be “maintained in the home of the father.” She 

recommended the children be removed from mother’s custody.

Mother disagreed that she had not provided the children with adequate care and 

supervision. She reported that she met all the children’s needs. They had shade and 

4 Because the record does not contain the juvenile dependency petitions for D.L. 

and S.L., it is difficult to understand the social worker’s recommendations regarding 

them.
6

water in the July heat. Mother reported there was domestic violence, but not in front of 

the children. All the children reported that while there was arguing between parents, 

there was no physical fighting.

G.I. reported mother “is very kind and that he just loves her so much.” He was 

concerned about her well-being. S.L. said mother “is caring, supportive, always wants 

the best for her, and that she makes sure they are safe. [S.L.] denied there was anything 

she did not like about the mother.” She said she would want to live with both parents, but 

not at the home in the desert because it was “so hot all the time and [they] have no air 

conditioner.” D.L. said mother was “a good mom.” Department personnel placed S.L. 

and D.L. together in a foster home.

Mother said that prior to law enforcement’s arrival on the day she was arrested, 

she could not get their truck started for three days. She reported “she had heat stroke and 

that it was the hottest week of July and there was no air conditioning.” Mother became 

“‘manic . . . so I spent two days, because I was sure I was going to die, making a 

monopoly game for the kids so we can play games together as I die.’” She called the 

police, but they said there was nothing they could do. So, mother made up the story 

about S.L. and D.L.’s father being dead because it was the only way she could obtain

help: “The mother reported that her goal was to get the children out of the desert because 

they could not stay there, and she would not want them going back there.”

Nevertheless, mother insisted the children had everything they needed. She

reported that law enforcement had dropped all the charges against her, but “she was 5150 
7

because she told everyone she was suicidal and that she had to go to hospital.” She said 

D.L. knew that his father was alive.

An officer informed the social worker that the homicide allegation was unfounded. 

S.L. and D.L.’s father was in Mexico.5 The People declined to file charges after mother’s

arrest for child endangerment.

Mother reported that D.L. and S.L.’s father left in April without saying where he 

was going. She said she was financially dependent upon him and, that when he left, she

“was barely pushing through for food, and gas, and was down to having one meal a day 

which were crackers.” Mother saved the protein for the children. She would not let them 

starve.

The social worker recommended G.I. be maintained in his father’s home. G.I.’s 

father said “he would be comfortable supervising visits for the mother.” G.I. reported 

that living with his father has been good; he liked sleeping in a bed and being able to 

make himself food. He said being with father was “awesome.” G.I. said he liked living 

in a neighborhood, having his own room, and not having to have water delivered. G.I

wished to live with father.

Mother said she smoked marijuana for 20 years, but quit at the end of June or July. 

The social worker noted that visitation had not yet occurred as the CAC interviews were 

not scheduled to occur until August 21, 2023. S.L. and D.L. both informed the social 

worker they would like visits with both mother and G.I.

5 A later report reflected that homicide detectives had spoken to father, and he 

indicated he had left for Mexico and might not return.
8

The social worker recommended the juvenile court remove the children from 

mother’s custody. As to G.I., the social worker recommended the court terminate 

dependency jurisdiction with family law custody orders.

At the hearing on August 16, 2023, mother’s counsel asked for visitation, as she 

had not seen the children since the department took them into protective custody. The 

court authorized CAC assessments and ordered mother’s visitation remain pending until 

the outcome of those assessments.

In the October 11, 2023, first addendum to the jurisdictional and dispositional

report, the social worker recommended S.L. and D.L. be removed from mother’s custody 

with mother to receive reunification services. As to G.I., the social worker recommended 

the court remove him from mother’s custody, grant his father custody, and the 

dependency be dismissed. The social worker recommended visitation between mother,

S.L., and D.L. be supervised once weekly for two hours.

On August 15, 2023, the social worker referred mother for parenting, domestic 

violence, and individual therapy. Mother texted back declining services. The social 

worker subsequently rereferred mother for services on October 3, 2023; mother had made 

intake appointments for all three services.

The children were seen for CAC interviews on September 6, 2023. On September 

7, 2023, S.L. and D.L. had supervised phone visitation with mother. On October 2, 2023, 

all three children had supervised phone visitation with mother. The social worker 
9

indicated in-person visits “have been difficult to schedule due to the mother not having 

transportation.” Mother was attempting to find an apartment.

At the hearing on November 9, 2023, the department noted that G.I.’s father had 

settled with the department. Thus, the department requested the allegations against father 

be dismissed: “He is rendered nonoffending. The recommendation is to dismiss his case 

with the juvenile custody orders providing visits to the mother.”

Mother’s counsel objected: “I do believe the family-law orders outline joint legal 

custody, which Mother’s fine with that, but she is asking that the Court order joint family 

maintenance as well. If the Court’s not inclined to do that, she is asking for liberal 

visitation with her children unsupervised in a neutral setting.” The children’s counsel 

submitted on the department’s recommendations.

The court sustained the allegations with respect to S.L. and D.L. It sustained the

b-1 allegation pertaining to G.I. and dismissed or struck the remaining allegations. The 

court removed G.I. from mother’s custody and dismissed the case with family law orders 

over mother’s objection. The court removed S.L. and D.L. from mother’s custody and 

granted her reunification services. It ordered mother have supervised visitation with the 

children twice monthly for two hours.

II. DISCUSSION

Mother contends the court abused its discretion in denying her liberalized, 

unsupervised visitation with the children. The department maintains we should disregard 

mother’s challenge to the visitation order as to S.L. and D.L. because mother failed to 
10

appeal the order as to them. Regardless, the department asserts the court acted within its 

discretion in denying unsupervised visitation. We agree with the department.

A. Jurisdiction

The department contends we should disregard mother’s claims with respect to S.L. 

and D.L. because she failed to appeal the visitation order with respect to them. We agree.

“‘[T]he timely filing of an appropriate notice of appeal or its legal equivalent is an 

absolute prerequisite to the exercise of appellate jurisdiction. [Citations]’ ‘[O]nce the 

deadline [to appeal] expires, the appellate court has no power to entertain the appeal.’”

(In re J.F. (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 70, 74-75.) “A notice of appeal ‘is sufficient if it 

identifies the particular judgment or order being appealed.’ [Citation.] ‘“Our jurisdiction 

on appeal is limited in scope to the notice of appeal and the judgment or order appealed 

from.” [Citation.] We have no jurisdiction over an order not mentioned in the notice of 

appeal.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 75.)

“Generally, we must liberally construe a notice of appeal in favor of its 

sufficiency. [Citation.] A notice of appeal shall be ‘“liberally construed so as to protect 

the right of appeal if it is reasonably clear what [the] appellant was trying to appeal from, 

and where the respondent could not possibly have been misled or prejudiced.”’ 

[Citations.]” (In re J.F., supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at pp. 75-76.)

“But there are limits to our ability to liberally construe a notice of appeal. ‘The 

policy of liberally construing a notice of appeal in favor of its sufficiency [citation] does 

not apply if the notice is so specific it cannot be read as reaching a judgment or order not 
11

mentioned at all.’ [Citations.]” (In re J.F., supra, 39 Cal.App.5th at p. 76.) “Therefore, 

when a notice of appeal manifests a ‘“clear and unmistakable”’ intent to appeal only from 

one order, we cannot liberally construe the notice to apply to a different, omitted order. 

[Citations.]” (Ibid. [court lacked jurisdiction to consider parent’s arguments on appeal as 

to order from which parent did not appeal].)

Here, mother’s notice of appeal specifies that it is from the juvenile court’s order 

of November 9, 2023, as to G.I. in case No. J297911. No mention of the other two 

minors or their case numbers is reflected in the notice of appeal. Mother’s notice of 

appeal is so specific that we cannot read it as reaching the orders as to D.L. and S.L. in 

different juvenile court cases. Thus, we have no jurisdiction to reach her claims with 

respect to them.6

B. Liberalized, Unsupervised Visitation

Mother contends the juvenile court abused its discretion in declining to give her 

liberalized, unsupervised visitation with G.I. We disagree.

6 Moreover, as noted in footnotes 2 and 4 ante, the record on appeal does not 

contain the juvenile dependency petitions or minute orders with respect to S.L. and D.L. 

An appellant “‘has the burden of providing an adequate record. [Citation.] Failure to 

provide an adequate record on an issue requires that the issue be resolved against 

[appellant].’” (In re Marriage of Oliverez (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 298, 312; see In re 

N.G. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 474, 483 [“[A]s a general rule, it is the appellant’s burden to 

produce an adequate record that demonstrates prejudicial, reversible error on appeal”].)

Mother’s request for judicial notice of postjudgment evidence of the court’s order 

giving her unsupervised visitation with S.L. and D.L. is denied, because as discussed 

ante, we have no appellate jurisdiction over mother’s claims with respect to them.
12

“Where a child is removed from a parent’s custody in a dependency proceeding 

and reunification services are ordered, the general rule, stated in California Rules of 

Court, rule 5.695(h)(5), is that ‘the court must order visitation between the child and the 

parent or guardian for whom services are ordered. Visits are to be as frequent as 

possible, consistent with the well-being of the child.’” (Christopher D. v. Superior Court 

(2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 60, 69.)

“‘We review . . . visitation orders for an abuse of discretion, and apply the 

substantial evidence standard to the [juvenile] court’s factual findings. [Citation.] A 

court abuses its discretion in making a[n] . . . order if there is no reasonable basis on 

which it could conclude that its decision advanced the best interests of the child. 

[Citation.]’” (Noble v. Superior Court (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 567, 578; accord, S.Y. v.

Superior Court (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 324, 333-334.)

Here, although the court did not make express findings in declining to award 

mother liberalized, unsupervised visitation, there was substantial evidence from which 

the court could have determined that mother was psychologically unstable. Therefore, at 

least in the beginning, the court could reasonably conclude that in-person visitation 

should be limited and supervised.

Mother convinced S.L. and D.L. that she had murdered their father. She confessed 

as much to the police when they arrived. S.L. reported hearing gunshots when her father 

went missing. D.L. said he heard five gunshots; that he later witnessed his father lying

on the floor; the next day he saw drag marks from where his father’s body was lying, 
13

which led to the firepit; mother then confessed to killing his father and burning his body 

in the pit. D.L. stated, “‘I feel sad, I guess. I miss my dad.’” However, it was later 

discovered that their father had simply left the home.

Mother herself indicated she had gone “‘HAM’” and “‘manic.’” She believed that 

she was going to die and apparently created a board game so the children could play with 

her as she died out in a remote location in the desert. After the authorities dropped 

charges against mother, she was placed on a psychiatric hold for being suicidal. Thus, 

there was ample evidence from which the court could have reasonably concluded that 

mother was psychologically unstable. Therefore, the court acted within its discretion in 

ordering mother initially have limited, supervised visitation with G.I.

III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

We concur:

MILLER

J.

MENETREZ

J.