Judge Gregory W. Carman of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting *

by designation.

09-0941-cv

Richardson v. New York City

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY

PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held

at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of

New York, on the 24 day of March, two thousand ten. th

PRESENT: REENA RAGGI,

PETER W. HALL,

Circuit Judges,

GREGORY W. CARMAN,

Judge.

*

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RICHARD RICHARDSON,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. No. 09-0941-cv

NEW YORK CITY,

 Defendant,

NEW YORK CITY POLICE, L.I.R.R. POLICE

COMMAND DIS, ALL JOHN DOE OFFICERS, ITS

TOUR COMMAND, OFFICER FUENTES, TAX ID

086729, OFFICER SGT. SMITH,

 Defendants-Appellees.

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 This case was assigned to Magistrate Judge Michael H. Dolinger with the consent 1

of both parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 73.

2

APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: RICHARD RICHARDSON, pro se, Brooklyn,

New York.

APPEARING FOR APPELLEES: MICHAEL G. KRUZYNSKI, Lewis Johs

Avallone Aviles, LLP, Riverhead, New York.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Michael H. Dolinger, Magistrate Judge).1

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on November 12, 2008, is AFFIRMED.

Pro se plaintiff Richard Richardson appeals from a judgment entered after a jury

verdict in favor of defendant Officer Raymond Fuentes on Richardson’s unlawful arrest and

excessive force claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

facts and the record of prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain

our decision to affirm.

1. Arguments Concerning Defendants Other than Fuentes

Richardson complains that, other than Officer Fuentes and possibly Sergeant Smith,

no defendants were present at trial. This argument states no ground for relief because the

complaint was brought against an entire police district and unnamed “John Doe” officers

who could not have appeared. 
3

To the extent Richardson challenges the district court’s entry of judgment as a matter

of law on his claims against the Metropolitan Transportation Authority police and unnamed

officers, that argument fails because Richardson did not adduce sufficient evidence either (1)

tying Sergeant Smith to the complained-of conduct, or (2) identifying a department custom

or policy responsible for the alleged deprivation of his constitutional rights. See Monell v.

N.Y. City Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694-95 (1978); see generally Fed. R. Civ. P.

50(a)(1) (“If a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds

that a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the

party on that issue, the court may . . . resolve the issue against the party . . . and grant a

motion for judgment as a matter of law against the party.”).

2. Police Investigation of Richardson’s Arrest

On appeal, Richardson argues that he should have prevailed because the defendants

failed to review surveillance tapes showing that he did not steal a soda. We are not

persuaded. The jury was entitled to credit Officer Fuentes’s testimony and the desk

appearance ticket, which stated that Richardson was arrested not for theft, but rather for

disorderly conduct. See, e.g., United States v. Payne, 591 F.3d 46, 60 (2d Cir. 2010)

(“Assessments of witness credibility and choices between competing inferences lie solely

within the province of the jury.”). Accordingly, the jury could reasonably have concluded

that there was probable cause for Richardson’s arrest absent any investigation into the alleged

theft.
4

3. Jury Selection

Richardson’s jury selection challenges are also unavailing. A district court enjoys

considerable discretion in conducting voir dire, and “may permit the parties or their attorneys

to examine prospective jurors or may itself do so.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 47(a); see Cruz v. Jordan,

357 F.3d 269, 270 (2d Cir. 2004); Stephan v. Marlin Firearms Co., 353 F.2d 819, 822 (2d

Cir. 1965). Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion because it adopted

Richardson’s proposed list of questions and added new questions that Richardson requested

at the outset of jury selection. Further, it afforded Richardson the opportunity to object to

matters regarding jury selection, although he did not. Finally, the record does not support

Richardson’s claim that he informed the court that he knew the jury foreman.

4. Defense Counsel’s Questions Regarding Richardson’s Income

Richardson’s argument that defense counsel improperly questioned him concerning

his income is not preserved for appellate review because he did not object to the question in

the district court. See Westinghouse Credit Corp. v. D’Urso, 371 F.3d 96, 103 (2d Cir.

2004). Even if we were to exercise our discretion to consider an unpreserved issue, see

Virgilio v. City of New York, 407 F.3d 105, 116 (2d Cir. 2005), we would identify no error.

Because Richardson testified that he was homeless and that the defendants were motivated

by that fact to violate his civil rights, defense counsel was permitted to inquire as to

Richardson’s income in an attempt to undermine the credibility of his testimony. See Fed.

R. Evid. 611(b).
5

5. General Challenge to Jury Verdict

To the extent Richardson’s brief can be read as a general challenge to the jury’s

verdict, Richardson did not preserve any particular issue in a motion pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 50, and there is no apparent non-frivolous challenge that can be made.

Certainly, the verdict cannot be said to be “wholly without legal support.” Jacques v.

DiMarzio, Inc., 386 F.3d 192, 199 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

We have considered plaintiff’s other arguments on appeal and conclude that they lack

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT:

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court