Filed 4/7/15 In re Abraham S. CA2/6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SIX

In re ABRAHAM S., a Person Coming 

Under the Juvenile Court Law.

2d Juv. No. B256570

(Super. Ct. No. 2013036000)

(Ventura County)

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ABRAHAM S.,

 Defendant and Appellant.

Abraham S. appeals the juvenile court's order committing him to the 

Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) for a 

maximum of nine years. He also appeals the denial of his motion to modify his DJJ

commitment (Welf. & Inst. Code,1 § 779). Appellant contends the court abused its 

discretion in committing him to DJJ. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Appellant was born in July 1996. In February 2009, he was detained on a 

charge of battery on school property (Pen. Code, § 243.2, subd. (a)(1)). He was 

subsequently referred to a program but failed to complete it. 

 

1 All undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2

Later that same year, appellant was granted diversion (§ 654.2) for separate 

incidents of grand and petty theft (Pen. Code, §§ 484, subd. (a), 487, subd. (a)). In 2010, 

he was charged with possessing marijuana (Health & Saf. Code, § 11357, subd. (e)) and 

was referred to a program he failed to complete. 

In June 2011, appellant pointed what appeared to be a sawed-off shotgun at 

someone's chest and demanded his property. The court sustained a petition charging him 

with robbery (Pen. Code, § 211) and ordered him to serve 365 days in juvenile hall. Less 

than a month later, appellant and his companions robbed multiple victims of their cell 

phones by intimidating them with a BB gun. The court sustained a subsequent petition 

charging him with four counts of robbery and other crimes. The probation department 

recommended a DJJ commitment, but the court ordered an additional 365-day 

commitment to juvenile hall. 

In June 2013, appellant was found in violation of his probation for, among 

other things, using a controlled substance, possessing a weapon, and associating with 

gang members. He was ordered to spend an additional 120 days in juvenile hall. The 

following August, he violated probation again by assaulting other juvenile hall residents. 

The court vacated the remainder of the previous commitment and ordered a commitment 

of 210 days in juvenile hall with credit for 76 days served. 

Less than a month after his release from juvenile hall in October 2013, 

appellant and two companions approached 17-year-old Sammy G. and asked him if he 

was from the "Via Campesina tagging crew." Sammy responded that he used to hang out 

with "VCP" but no longer did so. Appellant called Sammy a "bitch." Appellant and his 

companions surrounded Sammy and hit him in the face. After Sammy was pushed to the 

ground, appellant and his companions repeatedly hit and kicked him until neighbors 

intervened. Sammy suffered a concussion, a fractured nose, and psychological trauma as 

a result of the incident. 

Appellant was apprehended nearby and brought to the scene of the assault, 

where Sammy identified him as one of his attackers. The other assailants, one of whom 
3

was 17-year-old Luis G., were arrested shortly thereafter. Appellant was charged in a 

subsequent petition with assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. 

Code, § 245, subd. (a)(4)). He admitted the allegations of the petition and the matter was 

set for a disposition hearing. 

Appellant admitted attacking Sammy with Luis because Sammy and Luis 

did not get along. He also admitted drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana that night, 

but did not believe he had "any dependencies." He did not know Sammy and denied the 

attack was gang motivated. He did not feel a DJJ commitment was necessary because he 

regretted his actions and had "learned his lesson." He was "on track to graduate" from 

high school and "would appreciate one last opportunity to show that he can succeed on 

probation." 

The probation department recommended termination of appellant's 

probation and a DJJ commitment for a maximum term of nine years. At the disposition 

hearing, appellant's attorney asked the court to order a "lengthy" juvenile hall 

commitment and argued that the criminal sophistication of DJJ inmates and the prevailing 

gang culture at DJJ would harm rather than help appellant. The court adopted the 

probation department's recommendation, reasoning that "[i]t took [appellant] a whole 

month after his release from custody after two separate 365-day commitments for two 

separate armed robberies to attack this victim in an unprovoked attack and give him a 

concussion, psychological trauma, broken nose, [among] other things. And so it indicates 

to me that long-term [juvenile hall] commitments . . . are not having the desired effect

. . . ."

Appellant moved for reconsideration of his DJJ commitment pursuant to 

section 779. He offered that he had been doing well in juvenile hall and that his 

delinquent behavior was due to his parents' physical and psychological abuse and "his 

long-standing drug use[.]" He also referred to Sammy's statement to the police as proof 

that he only became involved in the attack after Luis initiated it. 
4

Appellant testified at the hearing on his reconsideration motion. He said 

his behavior had changed for the better as the result of a "reality check of what is really 

going on right now and knowing that this is actually happening." He also offered that 

Luis had initiated the assault on Sammy and that he "ended up jumping in" because he 

"thought that was being a friend, and that's not even being a friend at all. . . . I should 

have just walked away." 

Appellant's attorney argued that appellant's disposition should be 

proportional to Luis's commitment to juvenile hall. Counsel also offered that David M. 

Kruge, the Chief Probation Officer in Kern County, had indicated that appellant 

"look[ed] like a good candidate" for placement at the Larry J. Rhoades Kern Crossroads 

Facility (Crossroads) in Bakersfield. Counsel described Crossroads as "a secure 

placement facility run by a Probation Department but it's more of a camp-like setting . . . 

and they have some different components than our facility has." The prosecutor was "not 

opposed to getting more information about" Crossroads and said he "would be willing to 

delay his disposition or sentencing until such time as we have those answers."

The court continued the hearing for probation to prepare a report regarding 

whether Crossroads was "a viable alternative in the first instance." The court wanted to 

know "whether in Probation's judgment it provides anything more than has been or could 

be provided in the juvenile facilities. . . . [I]'m not satisfied at present that either of those 

is true. And, frankly, I'm not real inclined to reward the behavior before me by sending 

someone to summer camp." 

The probation department subsequently reported that commitments at 

Crossroads are limited to 24 to 36 weeks, followed by one year of intensive probation and 

subsequent regular probation supervision. Crossroads provides multiple services based 

on the minor's determined needs and includes school instruction, substance and 

behavioral counseling, vocational training, and opportunities for community service. The 

probation department noted that Ventura County offered similar services and that 

appellant had already been offered those services. The department concluded "there is 
5

nothing in the minor's behavioral history that would suggest his behavior upon his release 

from a 36 week commitment would be any different. Likewise, there is nothing to 

suggest that the minor's violent behavior would not present itself while in another county 

operated juvenile detention facility." The department also noted that the probationary 

phases of the program would be problematic because appellant does not live in Kern 

County or have any family there. Aside from the program's unsuitability, the department 

believed appellant's placement in Crossroads "would require a memorandum of 

agreement (MOA) between Kern and Ventura Counties to accomplish such an 

unprecedented commitment, and no such MOA exists." The probation department 

accordingly recommended that the court impose the nine-year DJJ commitment, which 

had been stayed pending the court's ruling on appellant's reconsideration motion. 

Kruge submitted a letter to the court indicating that appellant had been 

deemed suitable for placement at Crossroads, at a cost of $332 a day. The letter did not 

address the lack of an MOA or how appellant would be supervised during the 

probationary phases of the program.

At the outset of the continued hearing, the court indicated it was inclined to 

rely on the probation department's report. Appellant's attorney argued that as an 

alternative to Crossroads the court should continue to stay the DJJ commitment and have 

appellant "do sort of a graduated programming component" under the probation 

department's supervision. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court determined that the 

previously-imposed DJJ commitment "is the appropriate course" and accordingly lifted 

the stay on that commitment. 

DISCUSSION

Appellant contends the court abused its discretion in ordering his 

commitment to DJJ. He claims the record does not demonstrate the commitment would 

probably benefit him or that a commitment to Crossroads would have been ineffective or 

inappropriate. We disagree.
6

A juvenile court's decision to commit a minor to the DJJ will be reversed 

only if the court abused its discretion. (In re Jose T. (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 1142, 

1147.) We must indulge all reasonable inferences in favor of the decision and affirm the 

decision if supported by substantial evidence. (In re Robert H. (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 

1317, 1330.) In determining whether substantial evidence exists, we "examine the record 

presented at the disposition hearing in light of the purposes of the Juvenile Court Law."

(In re Michael D. (1987) 188 Cal.App.3d 1392, 1395 (Michael D.); see also § 202.)

Section 202 dictates that juvenile offenders be committed "in conformity 

with the interests of public safety and protection, [to] receive care, treatment, and 

guidance that is consistent with their best interest, that holds them accountable for their 

behavior, and that is appropriate for their circumstances." (§ 202, subd. (b); Michael D.,

supra, 188 Cal.App.3d at p. 1396.) In amending the law in 1984, "'. . . the Legislature 

intended to place greater emphasis on punishment for rehabilitative purposes and on a 

restrictive commitment as a means of protecting the public safety.' [Citation.]" (In re 

Carl N. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 423, 433 (Carl N.).) Nevertheless, "the Legislature has 

not abandoned the traditional purpose of rehabilitation for juvenile offenders." (In re 

Julian R. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 487, 496.) "To support a [DJJ] commitment, it is required 

that there be evidence in the record demonstrating probable benefit to the minor, and 

evidence supporting a determination that less restrictive alternatives are ineffective or 

inappropriate." (In re Teofilio A. (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 571, 576 (Teofilio A.); § 734.)

In determining the appropriate disposition for the minor, the juvenile court considers "(1) 

the age of the minor, (2) the circumstances and gravity of the offense committed by the 

minor, and (3) the minor's previous delinquent history." (§ 725.5.)

The court did not abuse its discretion in ordering appellant's commitment to 

DJJ. Contrary to appellant's claim, the record supports the conclusion that his 

commitment to Crossroads would be ineffective or inappropriate. Aside from the 

question whether such a commitment was even possible, the court noted that the 

program's services were similar to those appellant had already been offered. Appellant's
7

complaint that the court relied on its impression that "Crossroads was not harsh enough"

is unavailing because rehabilitative punishment was a proper consideration. (Carl N., 

supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 433.) Appellant previously had ample opportunities to 

succeed in less restrictive placements, but failed to reform. In light of the lengthy history 

and serious nature of his juvenile delinquency, the court did not err in finding that no less 

restrictive placement would have been effective or appropriate and that a DJJ 

commitment was necessary to protect public safety.

The record also supports the conclusion that appellant will probably benefit 

from a DJJ commitment. Appellant attributes his delinquency to the results of drug use 

and familial abuse, but DJJ has programs to address those issues. (See, e.g., Michael D., 

supra, 188 Cal.App.3d at p. 1397.) His reply brief highlights evidence of past problems 

at the California Youth Authority (CYA, now DJJ), yet that evidence does not 

demonstrate that minors presently committed to DJJ cannot benefit therefrom.2 

Although appellant's recent behavior has been positive, the record supports a conclusion 

that his negative behavior would likely resume, as it had in the past, once he no longer 

faced the threat of a DJJ commitment. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion 

in finding that appellant was in need of rehabilitative punishment and would probably

benefit from such punishment. (§§ 202, 734.)

Appellant also complains that the court "never acknowledged the lack of 

proportionality" between his commitment and Luis's commitment to juvenile hall. But 

the court's commitment decision is not based merely upon appellant's most recent 

offense. Moreover, the fact that appellant, unlike Luis, had no personal dispute with the 

victim arguably renders appellant's participation more callous than Luis's. We also know 

 

2 After the briefs were filed, appellant filed a request for judicial notice of the 

second amended complaint and consent decree in a 2003 case challenging CYA policies, 

practices and procedures. He asserts that notice is proper under Evidence Code sections 

452, subdivision (d)(1) and 459. He did not, however, ask the juvenile court to take 

notice of this information. Because the documents were not before the juvenile court, the 

request for judicial notice is denied. (People v. Sanders (2003) 31 Cal.4th 318, 323, fn. 

1.) In any event, a 10-year-old complaint and consent decree provide little insight into 

current conditions at DJJ.
8

nothing about Luis's prior history of delinquency, if any. Under the circumstances, the 

lack of proportionality between the two commitments is of no moment.3

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.

PERREN, J.

We concur:

GILBERT, P. J.

YEGAN, J.

 

3 Appellant's analogy to Teofilio A., supra, 210 Cal.App.3d 571, is plainly inapt. 

The minor in that case had no history of delinquency. Moreover, the offense for which 

he was committed to CYA "was a single $60 sale of cocaine." (Id. at p. 578.)
9

David Worley, Judge

Superior Court County of Ventura

______________________________

Stephen P. Lipson, Public Defender, Michael C. McMahon, Chief Deputy, 

William Quest, Senior Deputy Public Defender, for Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Jonathan J. 

Kline, Nathan Guttman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Respondent.