MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions

Decision: 2015 ME 39

Docket: Pen-14-169

Argued: February 11, 2015

Decided: April 9, 2015

Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HJELM, JJ.

STATE OF MAINE

v.

DANIEL C. BAKER

HJELM, J.

[¶1] Daniel C. Baker appeals from a judgment of conviction for aggravated 

assault (Class B), 17-A M.R.S. § 208(1)(C) (2014), and domestic violence 

terrorizing (Class D), 17-A M.R.S. § 210-B(1)(A) (2014), entered in the trial court 

(Jordan, J.) after a jury trial. Baker argues that the trial court erred by failing to 

instruct the jury that it was required to acquit him if it found that the State failed to 

disprove self-defense and by failing to provide the jury with a corrected set of 

written instructions. Baker also argues that the court’s remedial orders were 

insufficient after the State failed to produce photographic evidence and presented

evidence that he did not make statements to investigators about certain aspects of 

the case. Because of the court’s errors in its instructions to the jury, we vacate the 

judgment without reaching Baker’s remaining arguments. 
2

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence supports 

the following facts. See State v. Martin, 2007 ME 23, ¶ 2, 916 A.2d 961. Prior to 

November 2012, Baker and the victim were involved in an intimate but turbulent

long-term relationship. The couple separated prior to November 8, 2012, but 

remained on speaking terms. On that day, the two found themselves at the same 

bar, and the victim offered to give Baker a ride because he was intoxicated. She 

drove Baker to her residence and told him that he could sleep on the couch or in 

her son’s vacant room. In response, Baker kicked a plant off a coffee table. When

the victim retreated to her room to get her phone, Baker pushed her onto her bed 

and yelled at her. She kicked Baker, who then grabbed her hair and pushed her 

into the wall, causing her to fall. He climbed on top of her, hit her, banged her 

head against the floor and the furnace vent, choked her and threatened her. The

victim unsuccessfully attempted to bite Baker through his jacket. She was able to 

get away from Baker and ran out of the room. He caught her again, and they 

struggled in the hallway. He grabbed her hair, but she was able to run to her 

neighbor’s home, where she called the police. She was taken to the hospital for 

treatment of her injuries, which included a swollen lip, marks on her neck, and 

loose or missing patches of hair. Baker was arrested in the victim’s residence. 
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[¶3] On January 2, 2013, Baker was indicted for (1) attempted gross sexual 

assault (Class B), 17-A M.R.S. §§ 152(1)(B), 253(1)(A) (2014); (2) aggravated 

assault (Class B), 17-A M.R.S. § 208(1)(C); and, (3) domestic violence terrorizing 

(Class D), 17-A M.R.S. § 210-B(1)(A). During a three-day jury trial held in 

January 2014, Baker presented a different view of the facts, testifying that when he 

and the victim arrived at her home, she questioned him about another woman he 

was seeing. She became irritated and threw glasses, plates and a coffee grinder at 

him, causing a cut on his head. During the encounter, she also hit him, held him 

down and choked him. Baker testified that he “grabbed her by the back of the head

. . . pulled her to the ground” and “held her to the floor until she calmed down.” 

When he loosened his grip on her, she bit him on his forearm. The State did not 

contest Baker’s argument that the evidence generated an issue of self-defense. 

See 17-A M.R.S. § 108 (2014).

[¶4] In its charge, the court instructed the jury on the elements of the crime 

of aggravated assault and stated, “Now, if you find that the State has proved each 

of the elements of [the] crime[] of aggravated assault you should return a verdict of 

guilty.” The court proceeded to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of 

assault, see 17-A M.R.S. §§ 207, 13-A (2014), and then on the law of self-defense. 

[¶5] As a preface to its self-defense instruction, the court stated, “If you find 

that the State has proven the elements of aggravated assault or assault you must 
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then decide whether he was acting in self-defense.” The court then instructed the 

jury that because the defendant had raised the issue of self-defense, the State bore 

the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not acting 

in self-defense. See 17-A M.R.S. § 101(1) (2014). After enumerating the ways the 

State could prove that the defendant’s conduct was not justified, the court 

instructed the jury that if the State proved any of those disqualifying circumstances

beyond a reasonable doubt, “then as to this legal justification the State has met its 

burden of demonstrating beyond a reasonable doubt the absence of self-defense 

and you should find the defendant guilty of aggravated assault or assault as you 

have found.” The court did not instruct the jury what verdict it was required to

render if it found that the State failed to disprove self-defense. 

[¶6] Neither party objected to these instructions. The court provided the 

jurors with copies of written instructions that essentially mirrored its verbal 

instructions on the elements of the crimes charged and on self-defense. 

[¶7] During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the court requesting

clarification of the written instruction to find Baker guilty of aggravated assault if 

the State proved each element of the charge. When the court conferred with 

counsel to discuss the jury’s request, Baker objected for the first time to the 

instructions the court had already given, arguing that instead of instructing the jury 

to return a guilty verdict if it found that the State proved the crime of aggravated 
5

assault, the court should instruct the jury that it would need to consider the issue of 

self-defense. Baker also requested that the court provide the jury with revised 

written instructions to correct the error in the written instructions that had been

given to the jury when it began its deliberations. The court agreed to give a 

clarifying oral instruction, but it refused to issue new written instructions with the 

correction and instead allowed the jurors to retain the original instructions.

[¶8] The jury was brought into the courtroom, where the court, referring to 

the written instruction on aggravated assault, gave an additional oral instruction:

[I]t says if you find that the State has proved each of the elements of 

the crime of aggravated assault you should return a verdict of guilty.

That returning of the verdict of guilty is a little bit sloppy. If you read 

on you notice that it talks about if the State has proven the elements of 

aggravated assault or assault then you consider self-defense, that is 

what that refers -- that phrase there should be read that you should -- if 

you make that finding of aggravated assault that you progress to the 

self-defense analysis and if you don’t find that aggravated assault 

committed then you move on to the simple assault analysis and -- and 

subsequent to that.

[¶9] Shortly thereafter, the jury returned a verdict finding Baker guilty of 

aggravated assault and domestic violence terrorizing, and not guilty of attempted 

gross sexual assault. On the charge of aggravated assault, the court sentenced 

Baker to five years with all but two years suspended and three years of probation, 
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and imposed a concurrent six-month sentence for domestic violence terrorizing. 

Baker appeals.1

II. DISCUSSION

[¶10] Baker argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the court’s jury 

instructions on self-defense were misleading and insufficient. We review “jury 

instructions as a whole for prejudicial error, and to ensure that they informed the 

jury correctly and fairly in all necessary respects of the governing law.” 

Martin, 2007 ME 23, ¶ 5, 916 A.2d 961 (quotation marks omitted). 

[¶11] Because Baker did not object when the court initially instructed the 

jury on self-defense, we review his challenge to the court’s jury instructions for 

obvious error. See U.C.D.R.P.—Bangor 30(b); M.R. Crim. P. 30(b)2; see also 

State v. Dansinger, 521 A.2d 685, 689 (Me. 1987). Even though Baker 

subsequently objected to this part of the instructions when the court conferred with 

counsel about a note that the jury sent out during deliberations, the issue remains 

unpreserved because he did not object “before the jury retire[d] to consider its 

verdict . . . .” U.C.D.R.P.—Bangor 30(b); M.R. Crim. P. 30(b); see also 

Dansinger, 521 A.2d at 689. Accordingly, Baker is entitled to relief on appeal 

 1

 Although the record does not specify whether the sentences were to be served concurrently or 

consecutively, the applicable statute, 17-A M.R.S. § 1256(2) (2014), renders them concurrent.

2

 The Bangor Unified Criminal Docket Rules of Procedure have since been superseded by the Maine 

Rules of Unified Criminal Procedure. M.R.U. Crim. P. 1(e)(1).
7

only if there was obvious error, which occurs in this context when jury 

instructions, viewed as a whole, are affected by “highly prejudicial error tending to 

produce manifest injustice.” State v. Ashley, 666 A.2d 103, 106-07 (Me. 1995)

(quotation marks omitted). 

[¶12] Self-defense is a justification defense rather than an affirmative 

defense. See 17-A M.R.S. § 108. Accordingly, because the evidence in this case 

generated the issue of self-defense, the State had the burden to disprove the 

defense beyond a reasonable doubt. 17-A M.R.S. § 101(1); State v. Herzog, 

2012 ME 73, ¶ 8, 44 A.3d 307.

[¶13] The court’s instructions on self-defense suffered from two structural 

flaws that, taken together, rise to the level of obvious error. 

[¶14] First, although the parties and the court agreed that Baker was entitled 

to a self-defense instruction, the court completed its instructions on the charge of 

aggravated assault by telling the jury that if the State were to prove that charge 

beyond a reasonable doubt, it should find Baker guilty. That instruction would 

have been correct if the evidence had not generated the issue of self-defense. 

Self-defense, however, was an issue for the jury to decide, and the court’s 

instructions suggested that the jury could bypass that issue, which would have

resulted in the deprivation of Baker’s constitutional rights to due process and to 

trial by jury on matters affecting his guilt. See Me. Const. art. I, § 6; Taylor v. 
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Withrow, 288 F.3d 846, 851-52 (6th Cir. 2002). Because the roadmap of the jury’s 

analytical path described in the court’s charge authorized the jury to find the 

defendant guilty without any consideration of self-defense, it was incorrect. 

[¶15] Despite having instructed the jury that it should find Baker guilty if 

the State were to prove the charge of aggravated assault beyond reasonable doubt,

the court later instructed the jury on the law of self-defense. This resulted at least 

in an ambiguity, because it conflicted with the court’s previous instruction 

authorizing a guilty verdict merely upon proof of the charge without regard to the 

State’s burden to disprove the justification of self-defense. The ambiguity left the 

jury without clear guidance about whether self-defense was relevant to the charge

of aggravated assault.

[¶16] The second structural problem affecting the court’s charge to the jury

arose from the instructions on self-defense. Although the court correctly identified 

the ways the State could disprove Baker’s claim that he acted in self-defense, the 

court did not instruct the jury that it was required to acquit Baker if the State failed 

to meet its burden of proof on that issue. The court referred to self-defense as a 

“justification” but did not inform the jury what a justification is, and the court did 

not otherwise explain to the jury in any way the exculpatory effect of self-defense. 
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[¶17] When a court’s instructions fail to inform the jury of its duty to render 

a verdict of not guilty when the State does not meet its burden on the issue of 

self-defense, then the instruction 

fails to state that self defense is, in fact, a defense. In other words, the 

instruction failed to notify the jury it was bound to acquit [the 

defendant] if it found that he acted in self defense. Assuming, as we 

do that juries follow the instructions given to them by the trial court[,]

this means the jury could not have acquitted [the defendant] based 

upon self defense because it was not informed of any law permitting 

them to do so.

Reddix v. State, 731 So.2d 591, 595 (Miss. 1999) (citation omitted).

[¶18] Here, the court’s instructions suffered from that deficiency. The 

instructions expressly informed the jury about the pathways to a guilty verdict. 

Because, however, the court did not instruct the jury of its obligation to find Baker 

not guilty if the evidence fell short of proving that his conduct was unjustified, the 

jury was not provided with an instruction about the pathway that would lead to a 

verdict of not guilty based on self-defense. Rather, the jury was left to guess about 

whether the law of self-defense could result in an acquittal or whether it might lead 

to some other result. Because we presume that jurors follow instructions they are 

given, see State v. Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶ 55, 58 A.3d 1032, and because the 

court did not instruct the jury on this principle of law, the instruction was 

materially incomplete and deprived Baker of a legal basis for acquittal. These two 

structural errors, taken together, constitute a fatal flaw in the instructions.
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[¶19] This issue could have been cured when, during its deliberations, the 

jury requested that the court clarify the portion of its instructions that it “should 

return a verdict of guilty” if the State proved the charge of aggravated assault 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Addressing the jury’s inquiry with counsel and at 

Baker’s request, the court agreed to instruct the jury to consider the issue of 

self-defense if it found that the State had proved the elements of the charge. After 

the jurors returned to the courtroom, the court referred to the written instructions 

they had received when they began their deliberations, and told them,

That returning of the verdict of guilty is a little bit sloppy. If you read 

on you notice that it talks about if the State has proven the elements of 

aggravated assault or assault then you consider self-defense, that is 

what that refers -- that phrase there should be read that you should -- if 

you make that finding of aggravated assault that you progress to the 

self-defense analysis and if you don’t find that aggravated assault 

committed then you move on to the simple assault analysis and -- and 

subsequent to that.

[¶20] This explanation is less than clear. Additionally, the court did not 

rectify the deficiency in the original instructions, because the jury still was not 

informed that it would be required to find Baker not guilty if the State did not 

disprove the claim of self-defense. As given by the court, the instruction on the 

self-defense issue raised by Baker was therefore insufficient. See State v. 

Hanaman, 2012 ME 40, ¶ 16, 38 A.3d 1278.
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[¶21] The prejudicial effect of the deficient instructions was compounded 

by the court’s decision not to give the jury corrected written instructions, instead 

allowing the jury to retain the original written instructions that were the subject of 

the court’s effort to clarify. Written instructions, which are authorized by 

U.C.D.R.P.—Bangor 30(b); M.R. Crim. P. 30(b), are often an effective way to 

help educate jurors about legal principles that they must understand in order to 

meaningfully and fairly decide issues in dispute. Written instructions have 

particular value when a trial judge must instruct a jury on complex legal issues, 

such as self-defense, see State v. Mann, 2005 ME 25, ¶ 15, 868 A.2d 183

(Saufley, C.J., dissenting) (noting that the instruction on self-defense “is difficult 

for a legal scholar to follow, let alone a lay juror”). A salutary purpose of written 

instructions is to allow jurors, as they deliberate in the confines of the jury room, to 

refer to the same information conveyed to them verbally in the courtroom. Just as 

with verbal instructions, written instructions must be formulated so that they are

not misleading or confusing. When instructions are corrected or clarified verbally, 

the written material should be similarly corrected or clarified to assure that jurors 

have a correct statement of the law in all forms presented to them, and to avoid 

even an appearance that their verdict is based on a misapprehension or 

misunderstanding of the law. See State v. Delano, 2015 ME 18, ¶ 23, --- A.3d ---. 
12

[¶22] The flaws in the jury instructions rise to the level of obvious error.

The issue of self-defense was central to the case, but the jury was left without 

guidance about the exculpatory consequences of the State’s failure to prove that 

Baker’s conduct was not justified. The court instructed the jury that it should find 

Baker guilty merely if the State proved the charge, without also requiring the jury 

to deliberate on the issue of self-defense, but also directed the jury to consider that 

issue. Its subsequent instructions on the issue were unclear and fell short of 

informing the jury of its duty to acquit Baker if it found that the State had not 

disproved Baker’s contention that he acted in self-defense. The prejudice created 

by these errors was enhanced by the jurors’ ongoing use of written instructions that 

memorialized the errors. In the circumstances of this case, these errors were highly 

prejudicial and tended to produce a manifest injustice. See Ashley, 666 A.2d at 

106-07. Accordingly, without reaching Baker’s remaining arguments on appeal, 

we must vacate the judgment.

The entry is:

Judgment vacated. Remanded to the trial court for 

further proceedings.
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On the briefs:

Jamesa J. Drake, Esq., Drake Law, LLC, Auburn, for appellant 

Daniel C. Baker

R. Christopher Almy, District Attorney, and Tracy Collins, 

Asst. Dist. Atty., Prosecutorial District V, for appellee State of 

Maine

At oral argument:

Jamesa J. Drake, Esq., for appellant Daniel C. Baker

Tracy Collins, Asst. Dist. Atty., for appellee State of Maine

Penobscot County Superior Court docket number CR-12-4429

FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY