SECOND DIVISION

ANDREWS, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and RAY, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

March 24, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A2020. GOLDEN ISLES OUTDOOR, LLC v. THE LAMAR

COMPANY, LLC.

ANDREWS, Presiding Judge.

The Lamar Company, LLC (“Lamar”) filed an action in the Superior Court of

Chatham County appealing a decision by the City of Savannah Zoning Board of

Appeals (the “ZBA”), which, in response to a petition filed by Lamar’s outdoor

advertising competitor, Golden Isles Outdoor, LLC (“Golden Isles”), invalidated a

permit that allowed Lamar to convert an existing billboard into a digital billboard. In

an order on the parties’ cross-motionsfor summary judgment, the trial court reversed

the ZBA’s decision. We granted Golden Isles’ application for discretionary appeal,

and Golden Isles now appeals, arguing that the trial court misinterpreted the digital

billboard ordinance in the City of Savannah’s Code of Ordinances (the “Savannah
Code”) when it determined that the ordinance does not prohibit digital billboards on

collector roadways such as the one where the billboard at issue is located.

1 We

conclude that the trial court erred in its construction of the ordinance and therefore

reverse.

This appeal presents a question of law concerning the proper interpretation of

the Savannah Code, and we apply a de novo standard of review. City of Atlanta v.

Hotels.com, 289 Ga. 323, 325 (1) (710 SE2d 766) (2011).

The record showsthat Lamar owns a traditional poster billboard located at 322

Mall Boulevard in Savannah. On April 10, 2013, Lamar submitted an application to

the Savannah Zoning Administrator for a permit to convert the Mall Boulevard

billboard to a digital billboard. Prior thereto, Lamar’s competitor, Golden Isles, had

submitted applications to convert two of its existing poster billboards to digital

billboards. Permits for conversion of Golden Isles’ billboards could not be issued

absent the Savannah City Council’s approval of a pending amendment of the

1 Golden Isles was not named as a defendant in Lamar’s superior court action;

however, a consent order was entered permitting Golden Isles to intervene. The

defendants in the superior court action – the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of

Savannah, the Zoning Administrator, and the members of the ZBA – are not

participating in this appeal.

2
Savannah Code.2 By the time the City Council approved the amendment, the Zoning

Administrator already had approved Lamar’s April 10, 2013 application. Thereafter,

one of Golden Isles’stwo applicationsfor a digital billboard permit was granted. The

digital billboard ordinance in the Savannah Code, Savannah Code § 8-3112 (c) (5),

provides that no more than three new digital billboards may be authorized after

October 7, 2011. Savannah Code § 8-3112 (c) (5) (e) (10). Golden Isles submitted its

two applications in hopes of obtaining the last two available permits for digital

billboards, but due to the permit Lamar received for the Mall Boulevard site, Golden

Isles received only one instead. 

Golden Isles submitted a petition for an appeal to the ZBA challenging the

validity of the permit for the Mall Boulevard location. Golden Isles argued that the

permit was contrary to the digital billboard ordinance. That ordinance states, among

other things, that digital billboards “shall be permitted only along four lan[e] or more

arterial roadways as defined in subsection 8-3112 (l) herein.” Savannah Code § 8-

2 The Savannah Code formerly provided that digital billboards were only

authorized if an applicant agreed to remove other signs that did not conform with the

current code. Golden Isles owned no such signs. 

3
3112 (c) (5) (e) (5) (the “arterial roadway restriction”). Golden Isles maintained that

Mall Boulevard is a collector street.

After examining the language of Savannah Code § 8-3112 (l), which governs

separate use signs

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generally, the ZBA concluded, in essence, that the arterial

roadway restriction contains a drafting error. The ZBA noted that while the arterial

roadway restriction refers to subsection 8-3112 (l) to define “four lan[e] or more

arterial roadways,” that subsection does not reference a street classification map that

defines roads as arterial or collector. The ZBA concluded that the correct map

reference should have been the street classificationmap referenced in SavannahCode

§ 3025 (g), which designates Mall Boulevard as a collector street. Based on the

foregoing, the ZBA agreed with Golden Isles that the permit for the Mall Boulevard

location was issued in error and should be rescinded. 

In Lamar’s action appealing the ZBA’s determination, the superior court

reached a contrary conclusion, reasoning that the term “four-lane arterial roadways”

is defined by reference to the language in Savannah Code § 8-3112 (l) (1) stating that

3 A separate use sign is “[a]n off-premises sign which advertises or directs

attention to businesses, products, services or establishments not usually conducted on

the premises on which the sign is located.” Savannah Code § 8-3002. It is undisputed

that billboards, digital and traditional, constitute separate use signs.

4
separate use signs “shall only be permitted on a site which abuts a street classified as

a collector or arterialroadway.” The superior court concluded that the term“four-lane

arterial roadway” in the arterial roadway restriction encompasses four-lane arterial

and collector roads. 

1. In its single enumeration of error, Golden Isles argues that the trial court

erred in its construction of the arterial roadway restriction by, among other things,

failing to construe it in a manner that harmonizes it with the zoning provisions of the

Savannah Code generally and that effectuates the legislative intent reflected in the

legislative history of the digital billboard ordinance.

In considering the meaning of a municipal ordinance, we apply the same wellsettled principles that guide our construction of statutes. See Daniel Corp. v. Reed,

291 Ga. 596, 597 (732 SE2d 61) (2012). The “cardinal rule” in construing a

legislative act is to ascertain and effectuate the legislative intent and purpose.

Carringer v. Rodgers, 276 Ga. 359, 363 (578 SE2d 841) (2003). “Legislative intent

is determined from consideration of the entire [ordinance]; thus we consider a

provision [of an ordinance] not in isolation, but in the context of the other [ordinance]

provisions of which it is a part.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Abdel-Samed v.

Dailey, 294 Ga. 758, 763 (2) (755 SE2d 805) (2014). In addition, if the meaning of

5
an ordinance is doubtful, we may look to legislative history to ascertain legislative

intent. Sikes v. State, 268 Ga. 19, 21 (2) (485 SE2d 206) (1997).

To determine the legislative intent underlying the arterial roadway restriction,

we first examine itslarger legislative context. Asset forth above, the arterial roadway

restriction states that digital billboards “shall be permitted only along four lan[e] or

more arterial roadways as defined in subsection 8-3112 (l) herein.” Savannah Code

§ 8-3112 (c) (5) (e) (5). This restriction appears in Article E of Chapter Three of Part

Eight of the Savannah Code. Chapter Three contains the Savannah Code’s zoning

ordinances generally while Article E regulates signs in particular. Savannah Code §

8-3002 supplies definitions applicable throughout the zoning ordinances. “Road,” is

defined as “[a]ny street, highway, avenue, lane, marginal access street, service drive,

alley, bridge, viaduct or any segment thereof.”4 Section 8-3002 includes separate

definitions for collector road, major arterial road, and secondary arterial road, all of

which state: “See Road classification map of the city.” The definitions for collector

4 We note that Savannah Code § 8-3002 does not define “roadway,” which

appearsin the arterial roadway restriction and Savannah Code § 8-3112 (l); however,

roadway is generally synonymous with the term“road.” See TheFreeDictionary.com,

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/roadway (defining “roadway” as “A road,

especiallythe part over which vehiclestravel.”) (citing American Heritage Dictionary

of the English Language (5th ed. 2011)) (last visited March 16, 2015).

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road and major and secondary arterial roads do not specify a particular map number,

but the parties are in agreement that “Street Classification Map No. 1 of Chatham

County,” which is referenced and incorporated in Savannah Code § 8-3025 (g),

designates which streets fall into these classifications. Mall Boulevard, the billboard

site at issue in this case, is designated as a collector street on Street Classification

Map No. 1. The definitions, Street Classification Map No. 1, and the other zoning

ordinances made a part of the record here shed little light on what distinguishes a

collector from an arterial street or road. It is clear, however, that as a general matter,

collector and arterial streets are separate and distinct classifications, and a street

cannot be classified as both at the same time. As set forth in the margin, the sign

ordinances in Article E repeatedly refer to and distinguish between arterial and

collector streets.

5 None of the foregoing provisions include any specific cross5

 Savannah Code § 8-3112 (c) (6) (ii) (5) (permitting certain temporary signs

“only along an arterial or collector street . . . if no residentially zoned property or

dwelling is located within 75 feet of such sign”); § 8-3112 (c) (6) (iii) (3) (public

event temporary signs allowed in certain locations subject to certain conditions,

including that “[t]he sign shall be located along a collector or arterial street”); § 8-

3112 (d) (3) (uses in certain districts “which front a collector or arterial street shall

be permitted one stationary freestanding announcement sign per street frontage”); §

8-3112 (k) (3) (a) (chartsetting forth maximum copy area for directory signsfronting

arterial and collector streets); § 8-3112 (1) (3) (separate use signs permitted within

660 feet of right-of-way of protected highway if “such sign is oriented toward the

travel way of a parallel or nearby collector or arterial street. . .”); § 8-3112 (1) (4)

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reference to a definition or map, but Lamar does not contend that there is any

uncertainty regarding the meaning of those terms as used generally in the sign

ordinances or dispute that the terms are defined by reference to Street Classification

Map No. 1.

Turning to the legislative history of the digital billboard ordinance, the

legislative history included in the record reflects that at a City Council meeting on

November 20, 2007, a representative oftheMetropolitan Planning Commission spoke

in favor of an amendment to the Savannah Code allowing digital billboards and

explained, among other things, that digital billboards “can only be placed along fourlane[] or more arterial streets.” At the same meeting, Lamar’s attorney reiterated that

the proposed amendment and existing zoning ordinances would impose numerous

restrictions on the use of digital billboards and represented that “[t]his has got to be

on a four lane or major arterial.” 

(separate use signs permitted within 660 feet of right-of-way of restricted roadway

“where such sign is oriented toward the travel way of a parallel or nearby collector

or arterial street. . . “); § 8-3112 (l) (7) (chart setting forth maximum copy area for

separate use signs fronting arterial and collector streets); § 8-3112 (l) (9) (b) (“The

upper edge of separate use sign panels located along collector or arterial streets or

highways . . . shall be no more than 50 feet above the grade at the base of the sign”);

§ 8-3112 (s) (5) (special announcement sign “must front onto an arterial street”); §

8-3121 (e) (5) (special announcement sign in historic sign district “must front onto

an arterial street”). 

8
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Lamar posits that “arterial roadway” is not

defined by Street Classification Map No. 1 for purposes of the arterial roadway

restriction because the arterial roadway restriction contains a “unique definitional

cross-reference” to Savannah Code § 8-3112 (l). Although Savannah Code § 8-3112

(l) contains 13 detailed subsections regulating separate use signs, Lamar maintains

that the cross-reference in the arterial roadway restriction establishes unequivocally

that the Savannah City Council intended “arterial roadway” to be defined by the

second sentence in § 8-3112 (l) (1), which states: “[separate use] signs shall only be

permitted on a site which abuts a street classified as a collector or arterial roadway.”

Lamar argues, and the trial court agreed, that the plain and unambiguous meaning of

the arterial roadway restriction isthat arterial roadwaysinclude arterial and collector

streets. This construction cannot withstand scrutiny.

One common meaning of the verb “define,” as used in the arterial roadway

restriction, is “[t]o state the precise meaning of (a word or sense of a word, for

example).”TheFreeDictionary.com, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/define (citing

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed. 2011)) (last visited

March 16, 2015). Neither the second sentence of § 8-3112 (l) (1) nor any of the other

provisions of § 8-3112 (l) purport to define the term “arterial roadway” in this sense.

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SavannahCode § 8-3112 (l) (1) does not state the precise meaning of arterialroadway

or any term; it merely states where separate use signs in general may be located. To

treat the second sentence of § 8-3112 (l) (1) as establishing a new and different

definition of an arterial road, moreover, would collapse a distinction otherwise

carefully drawn throughout the sign ordinances. In construing an ordinance, courts

must “consider the results and consequences of any proposed construction and notso

construe [an ordinance] as will result in unreasonable or absurd consequences not

contemplated by the legislature.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Staley v. State,

284 Ga. 873-874 (672 SE2d 615) (2009). Further, in construing an ordinance, we

“reconcile, if possible, any potential conflicts between different sections of the same

[ordinance], so as to make them consistent and harmonious.” (Footnote and

punctuation omitted.) Sikes, supra, 268 Ga. at 21 (2). We cannot reasonably conclude

that the City Council intended to undermine or undo the otherwise consistent

distinction between arterial and collector streets by including a general crossreference to Savannah Code § 8-3112 (l) in the arterial roadway restriction.

In addition, “courts should construe [an ordinance] to give sensible and

intelligent effect to all of its provisions and should refrain, whenever possible, from

construing [an ordinance]in a way that renders any part of it meaningless.” (Footnote

10
and punctuation omitted.) Sikes, supra, 268 Ga. at 21 (2). Under Lamar’s construction

of the arterial roadway restriction, the term “arterial” amountsto surplusage, because

the City Council would have achieved the same result had it left “arterial” out

altogether: digital billboards – which are a type of separate use sign, see footnote 3

supra – would be permitted on any collector or arterial road with four or more lanes.

We agree with Golden Isles that we may achieve a more harmonious and

reasonable construction of the arterial roadway restriction by considering alternative

meanings of “define” for purposes of the restriction. Its definitions include “[t]o

specify distinctly,”TheFreeDictionary.com, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/define

(citing American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed. 2011)) (last

visited March 16, 2015), and “to fix with precision; specify.” Id. (citing Collins

English Dictionary (2003)). Viewed in this light, the arterial roadway restriction’s

cross reference may be read to clarify that the placement of digital billboards on

arterial roadways (as defined in Street Classification Map No. 1) must comply with

the terms and conditionsin § 8-3112 (l) generally. For example, pursuant to Savannah

Code § 8-3112 (1) (3) and (4), such signs could only be located within 660 feet of the

right-of-way of a protected or restricted roadway if “such sign is oriented toward the

travel way of a parallel or nearby . . . arterial street and the sign, including the sign

11
standard, is blocked from view from the travel way of the protected [or restricted]

roadway by a permanent structure.” Such signs are also subject to specific copy size

and height requirements. See Savannah Code § 8-3112 (1) (7) and (9) (b). We

conclude that such a construction of the arterial roadway restriction best effectuates

the legislative intent and harmonizesthe provisions of the zoning ordinances. We are

mindful that “zoning ordinances are to be strictly construed in favor of the property

owner and any ambiguous language therein is to be resolved in favor of the free use

of property;” nevertheless, they “must be given a reasonable construction.” Bo Fancy

Productions v. Rabun County Bd. of Commrs., 267 Ga. 341, 343 (1) (b) (478 SE2d

373) (1996). For reasons discussed above, we cannot accept as reasonable an

interpretation of the arterialroadway restriction that reads “arterial roadway” to mean

arterial and collector streets. See Rock v. Head, 254 Ga. App. 382, 386 (2) (562 SE2d

768) (2002) (agreeing with trial court’s construction of voting provisions of zoning

statute rather than construction advanced by party applying to rezone property

because it was “more reasonable and consistent with the legislature’s intent.”).

2. Lamar maintains that construing the arterial roadway restriction to prohibit

digital billboards on collector roads violatesits due processrights under the U.S. and

Georgia Constitution. We are unable to reach this issue. “Our Supreme Court has

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exclusive appellate jurisdiction over cases in which the constitutionality of a law,

ordinance, or constitutional provision has been drawn into question, and will not rule

on a constitutional question unless it clearly appears in the record that the trial court

distinctly ruled on the point.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mays v. Ellis, 283

Ga. App. 195, 199 (3) (641 SE2d 0201) (2007). The trial court did not do so here.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court erred in its

construction of the arterial roadway restriction and that its order granting Lamar’s

motion for summary judgment and denying Golden Isles’ motion must be reversed.

Judgment reversed. McFadden J., concurs. Ray, J., concurs in judgment only.

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