## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** Page 1 1 

### COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

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### Corrected Transcript April 1, 2014

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### ***PUBLIC HEARING***

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### PROPOSED REVISIONS TO THE STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE

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### FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL WOOD HEATERS

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### EPA New England Regional Office

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### 5 Post Office Square

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### Leighton Hall, Suite 100

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### Boston, Massachusetts 02109

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### February 26, 2014 9:00 a.m.

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### Christine Manos

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### Shorthand Reporter and Notary Public

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 2 (Pages 2 to 5) Page 2 

### 1 MR. MURPHY: Good morning and welcome. 

### 2 My name is Jim Murphy and I just want to make 

### 3 some remarks about the procedure for -- for 

### 4 today's hearing. 

### 5 We're gonna have Greg Green of EPA make 

### 6 some remarks right before I do that, but we 

### 7 wanted to start off with -- I wanted to 

### 8 introduce our EPA Regional Administrator for 

### 9 New England, Curt Spalding, just for some 

### 10 welcoming remarks. 

### 11 MR. SPAULDING: Thanks, Jim, and welcome 

### 12 everyone. It's a pleasure to have you all 

### 13 join us here in -- in Leighton Hall. 

### 14 On behalf of the Administrator, 

### 15 Gina McCarthy, of course, the Assistant 

### 16 Administrator, Janet McCabe, it's great to 

### 17 see you all here to comment on new wood stove 

### 18 heater standards that we proposed back 

### 19 in -- in early February. 

### 20 Now, we all know we've had a very cold, 

### 21 hard winter in New England this year and we 

### 22 all know a lot of wood is being burned at 

### 23 homes all over the region and that hopefully 

### 24 that wood is burned indoor and outdoor in



### Page 3 

### 1 outdoor boilers and indoor stoves. Some of 

### 2 those stoves can be terrific, some of those 

### 3 stoves can be inefficient. We all know 

### 4 there's a great variety of -- of efficiency 

### 5 and effectiveness when it comes to those 

### 6 stoves and how well they actually burn the 

### 7 fuel that's in them. 

### 8 We propose that, beginning in 2015, new 

### 9 stoves and heaters will be asked to be 

### 10 eighty-percent cleaner than the units that 

### 11 are built and sold today. Improving 

### 12 emissions from wood heaters means better air 

### 13 quality and -- and, most of all, better 

### 14 public health, especially in our rural 

### 15 communities across this region. 

### 16 I don't think any of us would be 

### 17 surprised to know that when wood stoves are 

### 18 cranked up in the valleys across New England, 

### 19 you can see air pollution that rivals just 

### 20 the worst air pollution we see on hot summer 

### 21 days here -- here in our urban areas. 

### 22 Wood smoke contains fine particles and 

### 23 toxic pollutants which can reach harmful 

### 24 levels to peoples' health, especially Page 4 

### 1 sensitive levels -- especially sensitive 

### 2 populations, people with asthma and, without 

### 3 being too personal about things, I'm one of 

### 4 those people. So, for your family and 

### 5 friends, this is good for them and good for 

### 6 their health. 

### 7 Fine particle pollution is linked to 

### 8 very serious health effects beyond the 

### 9 chronic problems that go with asthma 

### 10 including heart attacks, strokes and then, of 

### 11 course, serious asthma attacks that can 

### 12 trigger things that really do threaten the 

### 13 lives of people in our communities. 

### 14 Now, reducing wood smoke with 

### 15 more -- more efficient heater technology will 

### 16 improve the well-being of our communities 

### 17 across most of New England, and I want to 

### 18 speak about those rural areas especially. 

### 19 People don't have a choice of where they 

### 20 are in the winter. They're shut in, it's 

### 21 hard to move around, so they must deal with 

### 22 this situation as -- as they try to keep 

### 23 their homes -- homes warm. Now, EPA -- EPA's 

### 24 rule would only affect new wood heaters



### Page 5



### 1 manufactured beginning -- beginning in 2015, 

### 2 and I want to make -- repeat that point. 

### 3 We're not talking about anyone having to go 

### 4 back and rip a wood stove or heater out of 

### 5 their home at this point. 

### 6 It will not affect heaters and stoves 

### 7 that are in use or -- or have been in use and 

### 8 they would not affect fireplaces, fire pits, 

### 9 barbecues, ovens, all those things that 

### 10 people normally do sporadically, not 

### 11 consistently, such as burn wood in their 

### 12 fireplace and -- and exit it out their 

### 13 chimneys. 

### 14 Now, one might ask, well, what does that 

### 15 mean for -- for health? A lot of people have 

### 16 wood stoves for -- for a long time or -- or 

### 17 wood -- wood boilers. Well, in this region, 

### 18 we've decided or we've been fortunate to have 

### 19 a combined effort on this. 

### 20 And so, for example, with the settlement 

### 21 with Dominion, we were able to put forth a 

### 22 supplemental environmental project to put 

### 23 together over two million dollars to go ahead 

### 24 and help people pay for changing out their

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 3 (Pages 6 to 9) Page 6 

### 1 wood stoves. So for southeastern New 

### 2 England, the area around Somerset, people 

### 3 actually can get grants to replace their old 

### 4 wood stoves and this method has been done 

### 5 over and over again in New England. 

### 6 We've seen the projects up in Keene, New 

### 7 Hampshire and other places. So 

### 8 combined -- this regulation combined with 

### 9 proactive incentives, financial incentives, 

### 10 can indeed accelerate the benefits of this 

### 11 regulation and improve air quality in -- in 

### 12 our rural areas. We're very proud of the 

### 13 fact that we linked these tools together and 

### 14 actually get benefits without creating undue 

### 15 hardship to -- to the community. 

### 16 So I want to thank you all for coming 

### 17 today. I know in my job complaints about 

### 18 wood -- especially outdoor wood boilers and 

### 19 wood pollution is -- is as much -- is as 

### 20 frequent as any complaint I get into our 

### 21 office, so we know this is an important issue 

### 22 to many in New England and we thank you all 

### 23 for coming. 

### 24 MR. MURPHY: Thanks, Curt. I just

Page 7 

### 1 wanted to introduce the panel before we ask 

### 2 Greg to come up with his opening statement, 

### 3 so sharing our panel today is Greg Green who 

### 4 is the Director of Outreach and Information 

### 5 Division in EPA's Office of Air Quality 

### 6 Planning and Standards in our North Carolina 

### 7 office. 

### 8 With Greg are Gil Wood, the Project 

### 9 Leader for this proposed rule and he also 

### 10 works in our North Carolina office, and 

### 11 Dr. Alison Simcox who's a residential wood 

### 12 heater expert here in New England EPA office. 

### 13 So, before I go over the procedures, I just 

### 14 wanted to turn things over to Greg for his 

### 15 overview of the proposal. 

### 16 MR. GREEN: Thank you, Jim. Can 

### 17 everybody hear me okay? It's good, thanks. 

### 18 As Jim mentioned, my name is Greg Green and 

### 19 I'm the Director of the Outreach and 

### 20 Information Division in EPA's Office of Air 

### 21 Quality Planning and Standards in Research 

### 22 Triangle Park in North Carolina. 

### 23 We are here today to listen to your 

### 24 comments on our proposal to revise EPA's New 

### Page 8 

### 1 Source Performance Standards for Residential 

### 2 Wood Heaters. EPA proposed these revisions 

### 3 in January of this year to strengthen 

### 4 emission requirements for new wood stoves, 

### 5 while establishing the standards for several 

### 6 other types of new residential wood heaters, 

### 7 including outdoor and indoor wood-fired 

### 8 boilers which are also known as hydronic 

### 9 heaters, pellet stoves, forced air furnaces, 

### 10 masonry wood heaters and a type of previously 

### 11 unregulated wood stove known as a single-burn 

### 12 rate stove. 

### 13 EPA issued the existing regulations for 

### 14 wood heaters in 1988. That rule applied to 

### 15 adjustable burn-rate wood stoves and 

### 16 fireplace inserts. Since that time, the 

### 17 technology for reducing emissions from wood 

### 18 heaters has significantly improved and now is 

### 19 available to include a range of wood heaters 

### 20 more efficient and less polluting. 

### 21 As Regional Administrator Spalding 

### 22 noted, the proposed updates would make new 

### 23 residential wood heaters significantly 

### 24 cleaner than currently required, reducing



### Page 9 

### 1 emissions of fine particles and other 

### 2 pollutants that can pose significant health 

### 3 problems, especially for people with heart or 

### 4 vascular diseases and lung disease for both 

### 5 adults and children. 

### 6 Under the proposal, the manufacturer 

### 7 would meet emission limits in two phases over 

### 8 five years. That would give manufacturers 

### 9 time to adapt the new technology to 

### 10 their -- to their model lines. 

### 11 The health benefits of the proposed 

### 12 rules are large. The EPA estimates that for 

### 13 every dollar spent to comply with these new 

### 14 standards, the American public will see 

### 15 between $118.00 and $287.00 in health 

### 16 benefits. 

### 17 EPA estimates the increases in costs to 

### 18 make the cleaner units would range from an 

### 19 estimated two percent for pellet stove 

### 20 manufacturers to six percent for 

### 21 manufacturers of single burn-rate stoves. 

### 22 So, before I turn things back over to 

### 23 Jim, I would like to take a minute to 

### 24 underscore what this rule would not cover.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 4 (Pages 10 to 13) Page 10 

### 1 The proposal would not affect any wood 

### 2 burning heaters, fireplaces or stoves that 

### 3 are in stores today or are currently in use 

### 4 in peoples' homes. It only applies to 

### 5 devices manufactured in the future so, if you 

### 6 have a wood stove or other type of wood 

### 7 heater at your house now, this rule would not 

### 8 apply to that stove. 

### 9 The rule also would not apply to outdoor 

### 10 fireplaces, pizza ovens, barbecues or 

### 11 chimineas, and it would not apply to new or 

### 12 existing heaters that are fueled by only oil, 

### 13 gas or coal. 

### 14 In addition, the proposed rule would 

### 15 also not apply to indoor fireplaces, because 

### 16 fireplaces are not effective heaters. 

### 17 However, EPA is seeking data and comments on 

### 18 this issue. 

### 19 We will prepare a written transcript of 

### 20 the hearing. The transcript for the hearing 

### 21 will be available as part of the official 

### 22 record for this rule. EPA will consider your 

### 23 comments as we move forward to complete a 

### 24 final rule which we anticipate issuing by



### Page 11



### 1 February 2015. We are also accepting written 

### 2 comments on the proposed rule until May 5th, 

### 3 2014. There are handouts with detailed 

### 4 information for submitting written comments 

### 5 available at the registration area, so I want 

### 6 to turn things back over to Jim who will 

### 7 describe the procedures for today's hearing. 

### 8 Thank you. 

### 9 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Greg. Okay, so 

### 10 a couple of things. I'm going to call the 

### 11 scheduled speakers to the microphones in 

### 12 pairs, so we'll have two folks up at this 

### 13 table in the front. 

### 14 When it's your turn to speak, please 

### 15 state your name and your affiliation before 

### 16 you begin your testimony, and we ask you to 

### 17 spell your name to help the court reporter 

### 18 who's sitting over here, so we can prepare 

### 19 the transcript. 

### 20 In order to be fair to everyone, we are 

### 21 asking folks to limit your testimony to five 

### 22 minutes each. We have a little timekeeping 

### 23 system which is my responsibility. I 

### 24 will -- there's a -- a little light that will Page 12 

### 1 turn green at the -- when you start speaking, 

### 2 and then there's a yellow light at four 

### 3 minutes and then a red light at five minutes 

### 4 which -- which means stops. We have a very, 

### 5 very high-tech machine here. We had a big 

### 6 traffic light before so this is a big 

### 7 step -- a big step up for us here. 

### 8 So we'll -- the two speakers, we'll just 

### 9 ask you to stay there until -- until 

### 10 both -- both people have finished. If you 

### 11 have written copies of your testimony, we're 

### 12 asking you to give -- if you have a copy, to 

### 13 leave it with our staff out at the 

### 14 registration table. 

### 15 If you have other written comments, you 

### 16 may also leave them at the registration table 

### 17 and we'll make sure they're entered into the 

### 18 docket for the proposed rule. Today's 

### 19 hearing will continue until 7:00 p.m. We'll 

### 20 take a lunch break from 12:30 until 2:00 and 

### 21 then we'll reconvene at 2:00. 

### 22 So if you would like to testify but you 

### 23 haven't registered to do so, please sign up 

### 24 at the table outside. If you have a

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### 1 presentation that you haven't given to us 

### 2 already, we have Randy who's standing in the 

### 3 back who would be able to -- to load that up 

### 4 from, you know, memory stick or whatever, 

### 5 whatever you have, and if you could give that 

### 6 to him, you know, as soon as possible, that 

### 7 would -- that would just help things move 

### 8 along. 

### 9 So we're just gonna ask for your, you 

### 10 know, patience as we go through the list of 

### 11 speakers. As you know, people -- we did have 

### 12 people sign up in advance. There's a number 

### 13 of people who have signed up who are not here 

### 14 so we're just gonna ask you to be flexible. 

### 15 We may ask people to go earlier than they had 

### 16 planned. We'll just see how the day goes. 

### 17 And if you have any questions during the 

### 18 course of the day, there's several staff 

### 19 folks outside at the registration table who 

### 20 would be happy to help you. The last quick 

### 21 note is the restrooms are -- you can go 

### 22 through this door over here but you can't 

### 23 enter -- re-enter this door. You'd have to 

### 24 go back around the main -- to the main

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 5 (Pages 14 to 17) Page 14 

### 1 entrance. And there is a -- a small 

### 2 snack -- snack bar where you can get coffee 

### 3 and some things on the third floor. Just 

### 4 take the elevators right -- right across from 

### 5 the main entrance. And, with that, I think 

### 6 we're ready to go. 

### 7 And I'm gonna ask the first two speakers 

### 8 to come up and that's Jack Goldman and Ryan 

### 9 Carroll. Okay. Mr. Goldman, we're gonna 

### 10 share that mic so you should be able 

### 11 to -- you can just move it around. 

### 12 MR. GOLDMAN: Good morning. My name is 

### 13 Jack Goldman, G-O-L-D-M-A-N. I am President 

### 14 and CEO of the Hearth, Patio & Barbecue 

### 15 Association located in Arlington, Virginia. 

### 16 The Association represents the manufacturers, 

### 17 distributors and retailers of wood and pellet 

### 18 burning appliances, all of the appliances in 

### 19 the agency's proposed ruling. 

### 20 We thank you for the opportunity to 

### 21 testify on the proposed NSPS. My testimony 

### 22 will provide our overall view of the proposal 

### 23 and focus on wood stoves, but much of our 

### 24 critique applies to the other product lines



### Page 15 

### 1 covered in the proposal. Both the industry 

### 2 and EPA share the goal of making further 

### 3 progress in reducing particulate loadings. 

### 4 It is good for our health and for our 

### 5 businesses. 

### 6 HPBA has a long history of collaborating 

### 7 with EPA, particularly in wood stove change 

### 8 outs in the Libby, Montana wood stove change 

### 9 out in the mid-2000's and in many other 

### 10 change outs in the US. These change outs 

### 11 have been proven to reduce air pollution and 

### 12 improve air quality. 

### 13 HPBA supports revisions to the NSPS. In 

### 14 fact, we even asked EPA to start the process 

### 15 several years ago. HPBA and its members have 

### 16 provided virtually all of the data and 

### 17 research that EPA has available for this rule 

### 18 making at considerable expense to the 

### 19 industry. 

### 20 EPA, unfortunately, has not applied our 

### 21 data in a reasonable, meaningful way. For 

### 22 reasons to be discussed later, the low 

### 23 emissions limits in conjunction with changes 

### 24 to the analytical methodology and with the 

### Page 16 

### 1 new fuel to be used, cord wood in place of 

### 2 crib, make the new limits exceedingly 

### 3 difficult to achieve, even in a 

### 4 highly-controlled laboratory environment. 

### 5 Currently, no appliance can meet all three 

### 6 sets of requirements. 

### 7 As a result, BDT has not been 

### 8 demonstrated by EPA. EPA has failed to 

### 9 provide any data showing that any of our 

### 10 members can meet the new regulations 

### 11 proposed. In addition, this is an industry 

### 12 populated overwhelmingly by small businesses. 

### 13 Because our industry's health is very 

### 14 closely tied to new home building and 

### 15 remodelling, these businesses are just 

### 16 beginning to emerge from a horrendous 

### 17 recession. They're in no position to invest 

### 18 the relatively huge sums that this proposal 

### 19 will require for research, testing, 

### 20 certification and retooling plants. 

### 21 Two things will thus happen if the 

### 22 proposed regulations are promulgated as 

### 23 currently written. One, many smaller 

### 24 companies will go out of business and, two,



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### 1 the prices of wood stoves will increase 

### 2 significantly and innovation for continued 

### 3 improvement will suffer if companies cannot 

### 4 stay in business or afford research and 

### 5 development. 

### 6 Here is the bottom line, the goal of the 

### 7 NSPS is to further reduce particulate 

### 8 loadings, but this proposal will have the 

### 9 perverse result of freezing the replacement 

### 10 of the six to seven million old, polluting 

### 11 wood stoves. The current price tag of up to 

### 12 $4,000.00 for a wood stove has a payout that 

### 13 consumers can understand and realize. 

### 14 Consumers will conclude that investing 

### 15 in a wood stove that costs significantly more 

### 16 will not pay for itself soon enough, so the 

### 17 replacement of older, dirtier wood stoves 

### 18 will stop in its tracks and significant 

### 19 progress in lowering wood stove and wood 

### 20 smoke emissions by replacing the old 

### 21 polluting stoves, where the real potential 

### 22 for lowering emissions is, will come to a 

### 23 screeching halt. This unintended consequence 

### 24 is precisely what we do not want to happen.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 6 (Pages 18 to 21) Page 18 

### 1 Let me reiterate, HPBA strongly supports 

### 2 meaningful reductions to improve air quality 

### 3 but we are in favor of reasonable 

### 4 regulations, not regulations that impossibly 

### 5 lower the emissions limits, change the 

### 6 analytical methodology and change the fuel to 

### 7 be used simultaneously, all without having 

### 8 the data needed to show that all three 

### 9 simultaneous changes are physically possible. 

### 10 HPBA and the hearth industry urge EPA to 

### 11 consider the choice, theoretically squeeze 

### 12 every last gram of particulate emissions out 

### 13 of new wood stoves and ensure the continued 

### 14 use of older, dirty wood stoves or reduce 

### 15 emissions reasonably and continue to keep new 

### 16 wood stoves in the financial reach of the 

### 17 average consumer and so encourage the 

### 18 replacement of older, dirty wood stoves, and 

### 19 I'd like to add that that's especially an 

### 20 issue with people who live in rural areas. 

### 21 Anyway, thank you very much for the 

### 22 opportunity to testify on the proposal and I 

### 23 am available to answer any questions, either 

### 24 now or after the hearing. Thank you.



### Page 19



### 1 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Mr. Carroll. 

### 2 MR. CARROLL: Thank you. Good morning. 

### 3 Thank you for the opportunity to comment. 

### 4 I'm Ryan Carroll, C-A-R-R-O-L-L, Associate 

### 5 Director of Government Affairs for the 

### 6 Hearth, Patio & Barbecue Association. 

### 7 As you heard from Mr. Goldman, HPBA is 

### 8 very concerned that this proposed rule will 

### 9 have major unintended consequences. We are 

### 10 especially concerned that it will lengthen 

### 11 the time of use of most of the old, 

### 12 uncontrolled wood stoves in homes across the 

### 13 nation which continue to heat and smoke. 

### 14 We assume that, given the large numbers 

### 15 of changes in the proposal, most, if not all, 

### 16 of our -- of our industry's units will have 

### 17 to be redesigned and retested. We're certain 

### 18 that these changes will raise the cost 

### 19 considerably more than EPA's estimate of one 

### 20 hundred dollars per unit. 

### 21 I'd like to focus on one particular 

### 22 aspect of our concerns which has not yet 

### 23 received a lot of attention, but may help EPA 

### 24 and other NGO's understand one of our key 

### Page 20 

### 1 concerns and that would be units sold. I 

### 2 think that some observers may overestimate 

### 3 the modest number of new stoves sold each 

### 4 year and thereby underestimate the potential 

### 5 impact of this proposal on our small business 

### 6 manufacturers. 

### 7 The cost and impact of all of the 

### 8 proposed changes to the test method has to be 

### 9 spread over the number of units that we sell, 

### 10 so this is surely a key component to our 

### 11 member's concerns regarding the potential 

### 12 cost to consumers of these changes. 

### 13 I'm going to use 2012 numbers since 

### 14 that's the last full year for which we have 

### 15 data. Due to the cold weather this fall, we 

### 16 know that the 2013 numbers will look better 

### 17 by a little bit but it's really the order of 

### 18 magnitude that is -- that is key here. 

### 19 I will address this issue from two 

### 20 different perspectives, the number of cast 

### 21 iron stoves shipped by all manufacturers and 

### 22 the volume of one particular small steel 

### 23 manufacturer. In both cases, these -- these 

### 24 examples include both catalytic and



### Page 21



### 1 non-catalytic stoves. 

### 2 In 2012, ten manufacturers reported that 

### 3 they shipped just over 25,000 cast iron 

### 4 stoves, with the bulk of these coming from 

### 5 three large leading companies in cast iron 

### 6 plus several other companies with one or two 

### 7 models of cast iron stoves. We know that the 

### 8 pattern -- we know the pattern change for 

### 9 cast iron stoves is on the order of 

### 10 $250,000.00, regardless of whether it's 

### 11 catalytic or non-catalytic. 

### 12 And if these shipments are represented 

### 13 by even fifteen models, than this is an 

### 14 investment of 3.75 million for the industry 

### 15 just in casting changes alone, not counting 

### 16 any R&D or testing costs. 

### 17 Given the modest number of units shipped 

### 18 and the sizable investment required for each 

### 19 model, our manufacturers of cast iron stoves 

### 20 are concerned that none of these models may 

### 21 survive, given the numerous simultaneous 

### 22 changes contemplated in this proposal. To 

### 23 give an example on steel, I'm purposely going 

### 24 to focus on one small but robust company that

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 7 (Pages 22 to 25) Page 22 

### 1 has built up five models of EPA-certified 

### 2 stoves over the last two decades but sells 

### 3 only seven to eight hundred a year total. 

### 4 If they face a step two deadline for 

### 5 all the -- all of their models at once, they 

### 6 don't have the capital to make that big of an 

### 7 investment and -- and they simply cannot 

### 8 borrow enough -- borrow enough money at one 

### 9 time to get all their models designed and 

### 10 approved under the proposed rules. 

### 11 One could be cavalier and say, well, 

### 12 yeah, some small businesses, some small 

### 13 manufacturers just aren't going to make the 

### 14 cut, but let's not forget that these are by 

### 15 current EPA stove levels which may be very 

### 16 solid performers in homes, they're simply 

### 17 written off without a chance to prove their 

### 18 value. 

### 19 Yes, they -- they probably could certify 

### 20 one of their units to the new proposed 

### 21 analytical method but one unit's not a line 

### 22 and there's little prospect of the company 

### 23 surviving with -- with just the one product. 

### 24 Our companies, both large and small, have had



### Page 23 

### 1 twenty years to evolve model lines that give 

### 2 consumers a number of options. Companies 

### 3 have taken this time to optimize both the 

### 4 emissions and the cost of these stoves. 

### 5 The massive changes suggested for step 

### 6 two, excuse me, the -- the combination of the 

### 7 different fuel, many different changes 

### 8 and -- and test parameters and a new 

### 9 algorithim all on a single date with no 

### 10 carryover of previous certificates are simply 

### 11 overwhelming for our manufacturers. 

### 12 So why are companies telling you both 

### 13 today and in their formal comments that if 

### 14 even a portion of the many changes proposed 

### 15 here are promulgated, that they will face 

### 16 major costs, leaving them the unenviable 

### 17 decision between passing on those costs to 

### 18 consumers, laying off employees or shuttering 

### 19 the doors, these types of considerations are 

### 20 the reason why. 

### 21 In order to develop new compliant 

### 22 models, companies will have to significantly 

### 23 raise prices. A marked increase in prices 

### 24 will naturally impact sales. This is but one Page 24 

### 1 example of part of the proposal that fails to 

### 2 accurately consider its real world impact. 

### 3 Unfortunately, this is just the type of 

### 4 mistaken analysis that can lead to the 

### 5 perverse unintended consequence of keeping 

### 6 older stoves, exactly the products that 

### 7 we -- that would reduce the emissions the 

### 8 most in the market at the expense of newer, 

### 9 cleaner technology. 

### 10 Thank you for your time and I'm 

### 11 available for comments now or later, 

### 12 questions now or later. 

### 13 MR. MURPHY: Thanks, Mr. Carroll. Any 

### 14 questions from the panel? 

### 15 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 16 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, gentlemen. 

### 17 MR. CARROLL: Thank you. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Our next two speakers will 

### 19 be Martin Suuberg and Nancy Seidman. It 

### 20 seems like there's a little buzzer going off 

### 21 at a minute which I don't know how to get rid 

### 22 of. The directions in the back say don't 

### 23 panic if you select the wrong button 

### 24 but -- so we won't panic but, if you hear the

Page 25 

### 1 little beep at a minute, it's -- it means 

### 2 nothing. Okay, Mr. Suuberg next. 

### 3 MR. SUUBERG: Thank you. My name is 

### 4 Martin Suuberg, S-U-U-B-E-R-G, and I'm the 

### 5 Deputy Commissioner of Policy at the 

### 6 Massachusetts Department of Environmental 

### 7 Protection. 

### 8 I want to thank EPA for the opportunity 

### 9 to testify today on this very important 

### 10 topic. Many families in Massachusetts and 

### 11 across the United States rely on wood-burning 

### 12 devices to heat their homes, making it 

### 13 essential that we provide the cleanest and 

### 14 best technology to meet this need. 

### 15 World-wide, large strides have been made 

### 16 to improve the performance of wood-burning 

### 17 devices, making them cleaner and more 

### 18 efficient, benefitting consumers and public 

### 19 health. EPA's proposed rule will begin to 

### 20 bring US standards in line with those already 

### 21 in place in Europe, bringing much needed 

### 22 protection of public health and improving the 

### 23 market for wood-burning devices. Residential 

### 24 wood combustion is the largest direct source

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 8 (Pages 26 to 29) Page 26 

### 1 of particulate matter or PM nationwide and 

### 2 results in significant emissions of air 

### 3 toxins. 

### 4 Residential wood combustion can 

### 5 contribute from 20 to 75 percent of ambient 

### 6 PM levels in many cities and towns in the 

### 7 colder winter months. This creates air 

### 8 pollution where the public's exposure is 

### 9 greatest at home and in the neighborhoods 

### 10 where people live. 

### 11 Inhaling PM pollution can affect the 

### 12 lungs and heart causing health risks, 

### 13 including premature death in people with lung 

### 14 or heart disease, nonfatal heart attacks, 

### 15 aggravated asthma and decreased lung 

### 16 function. The proposed NSPS will help reduce 

### 17 these health risks in a cost-effective way. 

### 18 The proposed NSPS is among the most 

### 19 cost-effective control strategies that EPA 

### 20 has developed to address PM, costing less 

### 21 than one thousand dollars per ton of 

### 22 PM reduced. It would provide estimated 

### 23 monetized health benefits of greater than 4 

### 24 billion dollars per year at a cost of 16

Page 27



### 1 million dollars per year, which is a benefit 

### 2 to cost ratio of greater than one hundred to 

### 3 one. The proposed NSPS will provide economic 

### 4 benefits to consumers and manufacturers as 

### 5 well. 

### 6 Typically, cleaner-burning units are 

### 7 more energy efficient which lowers the 

### 8 long-term cost of ownership due to reduced 

### 9 fuel use. Current central heating units have 

### 10 efficiency as low as 28 percent for outdoor 

### 11 wood boilers and typical wood stoves are 

### 12 about sixty-percent efficient. 

### 13 Since the European union placed more 

### 14 stringent emission limits on solid wood 

### 15 fueled units, the average efficiency has 

### 16 increased from 55 percent to more than 90 

### 17 percent. By reducing fuel use by about 

### 18 one-third in the United States, this would 

### 19 save the average US homeowner with a wood 

### 20 stove about $300.00 per year or $3,000.00 

### 21 over ten years. 

### 22 Many US manufacturers already produce 

### 23 cleaner-burning units and will benefit from 

### 24 the NSPS, however, without this rule there is 

### Page 28 

### 1 no incentive for others to improve technology 

### 2 standards. Massachusetts energy programs are 

### 3 increasingly focusing on renewable heating 

### 4 technologies, such as wood pellet and chip 

### 5 boilers, furnaces and stoves as a way to 

### 6 offer consumers an alternative to high-cost 

### 7 fossil fuels and to realize important 

### 8 greenhouse gas reductions and economic 

### 9 benefits. 

### 10 We are preparing to add these 

### 11 technologies to our alternative portfolio 

### 12 standards, for which clear standards in terms 

### 13 of emissions and fuel quality will be key. 

### 14 Massachusetts generally supports the proposed 

### 15 emissions standards, however, we ask the EPA 

### 16 make the final phase-one standards more 

### 17 stringent for space heaters and central 

### 18 heaters. 

### 19 We know from our Massachusetts wood 

### 20 stove change out programs that wood stoves 

### 21 that go beyond the phase-one standards are 

### 22 widely available. Massachusetts is currently 

### 23 running its second wood stove change out 

### 24 program, providing vouchers of $750.00 to



### Page 29 

### 1 $2,000.00 to Massachusetts residents who 

### 2 trade in their existing non EPA-certified 

### 3 stoves for cleaner and more efficient models. 

### 4 Last year, the program helped replace more 

### 5 than 450 old, inefficient stoves. This year, 

### 6 we are providing more money and expect to see 

### 7 even more stoves replaced. 

### 8 Since many cleaner-burning wood stoves 

### 9 are already in the market, we've set 

### 10 emissions standards for the change out 

### 11 program that are more stringent than the 

### 12 proposed NSPS, 3.5 grams per hour of PM for 

### 13 non-catalytic and 2 grams per hour PM for 

### 14 catalytic. 

### 15 We do want to flag that whole-house wood 

### 16 pellets -- boilers are becoming more 

### 17 prevalent in the US. They provide even 

### 18 higher efficiencies, air quality benefits and 

### 19 greenhouse gas reductions. Massachusetts is 

### 20 poised to incentivise these appliances, which 

### 21 lead us to ask that EPA also consider 

### 22 developing emissions standards for this 

### 23 category of device. We support the proposed 

### 24 improvements to the certification test

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 9 (Pages 30 to 33) Page 30 

### 1 procedures and requirements for using 

### 2 certified pellet fuel to ensure that real 

### 3 world exposures are reduced. 

### 4 A robust federal pellet and chip 

### 5 standard should also incorporate requirements 

### 6 about the resources used to manufacture the 

### 7 fuel since that directly influences criteria 

### 8 pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, as 

### 9 well as the sustainability of the forest 

### 10 management practices. 

### 11 We ask that EPA incorporate some of the 

### 12 European quality standards including percent 

### 13 of white ash, content and prohibition of bark 

### 14 in the production of wood pellets, as well as 

### 15 sustainable practices. 

### 16 Finally, we urge EPA to implement the 

### 17 time lines as proposed and we will be 

### 18 submitting more detailed comments as part of 

### 19 NESCAUM's submission. Thank you. 

### 20 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 21 MS. SEIDMAN: Good morning. My name is 

### 22 Nancy Seidman, S-E-I-D-M-A-N, and I'm an 

### 23 Assistant Commissioner at the Massachusetts 

### 24 Department of Environmental Protection. I am



### Page 31 

### 1 here today on behalf of NACA, the National 

### 2 Association of Clean Air agencies. Thank you 

### 3 for this opportunity to testify on US EPA's 

### 4 proposed New Source Performance Standard for 

### 5 new residential wood heaters. 

### 6 NACA is a non -- national nonpartisan 

### 7 non-profit association of air pollution 

### 8 control agencies in 42 states, the District 

### 9 of Columbia, four territories and over 116 

### 10 metropolitan areas. The air quality 

### 11 professionals in our member agencies have 

### 12 vast experience dedicated to improving air 

### 13 quality in the US. 

### 14 These comments are based upon that 

### 15 experience. The views expressed in these 

### 16 comments do not necessarily represent the 

### 17 position of every state and local air 

### 18 pollution control agency in the country. 

### 19 NACA welcomes this proposal which marks 

### 20 the first time EPA has revisited emission 

### 21 limits for new wood stoves and heaters 

### 22 since 1988. According to EPA, residential 

### 23 wood combustion is responsible for more than 

### 24 345,000 tons of fine particulate matter 

### Page 32 

### 1 emissions a year nationally, causing many 

### 2 counties across the country either to exceed 

### 3 or come precariously close to exceeding the 

### 4 health-based standards for fine PM. 

### 5 In addition to fine PM, residential wood 

### 6 smoke also contains other harmful substances, 

### 7 including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides 

### 8 and toxic air pollutants such as polycyclic 

### 9 organic matter, polycyclic aromatic 

### 10 hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, benzene and 

### 11 dioxin. 

### 12 EPA estimates that forty-four percent of 

### 13 all stationary and local source polycyclic 

### 14 organic matter, almost a quarter of all area 

### 15 source air toxic cancerous and fifteen 

### 16 percent of non-cancer respiratory impacts can 

### 17 be attributed to residential wood combustion, 

### 18 therefore NACA is very pleased with many 

### 19 features of EPA's proposal which will lead to 

### 20 improvements in and broader federal control 

### 21 of residential wood combustion devices. 

### 22 We cannot overstate the importance of 

### 23 federal standards for these sources. 

### 24 Residential wood combustion is extremely

Page 33 

### 1 difficult to regulate at the state level 

### 2 because the devices are installed and 

### 3 operated in private homes and consumers are 

### 4 able to purchase wood heaters and stoves 

### 5 outside their own state, which would enable a 

### 6 consumer to purchase a device that does not 

### 7 meet the standard of his or her state of 

### 8 resident. 

### 9 Further, we endorse EPA's proposal to 

### 10 apply for the first time federal emission 

### 11 limits to an expanded array of new 

### 12 residential wood combustion devices. While 

### 13 the current New Source Performance Standard 

### 14 applies to a narrowly-defined set of indoor 

### 15 wood stoves excluding a broad range of 

### 16 residential wood-heating devices, the 

### 17 agency's proposal appropriately includes new 

### 18 and outdoor hydronic heaters, also known as 

### 19 wood fire boilers, single-burn rate stoves, 

### 20 forced air furnaces, masonry heaters and 

### 21 additional pellet stoves. 

### 22 We are also in favor of rigorous 

### 23 emission limits for all sources affected by 

### 24 the proposal, including new adjustable burn

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 10 (Pages 34 to 37) Page 34 

### 1 rate wood heaters, those that were the focus 

### 2 of EPA's 1988 rule, as well as for 

### 3 newly-covered devices. 

### 4 Although NACA supports numerous facets 

### 5 of EPA's proposed rule, there are several 

### 6 provisions that could be strengthened. We 

### 7 believe manufacturers can do better than what 

### 8 EPA has proposed, especially with regard to 

### 9 the level of the emission standards and the 

### 10 pace of required improvements. 

### 11 We are still studying these provisions 

### 12 but, for example, with respect to the 

### 13 standards under EPA's proposal, at least 

### 14 seventy percent of the affected devices 

### 15 already meet a standard that is one-third 

### 16 lower than the proposed phase one standard of 

### 17 4.5 grams particulate matter per hour. 

### 18 EPA has proposed that the final 

### 19 emissions standards represent the best system 

### 20 of emission reductions, in quote, technology 

### 21 that the administrator has determined exists 

### 22 and has been adequately demonstrated. In 

### 23 determining the best system of emission 

### 24 reduction, the administrator also takes into



### Page 35 

### 1 consideration cost as well as non-air quality 

### 2 health and environmental impacts and energy 

### 3 requirements. EPA's has proposed a preferred 

### 4 compliance option and an alternative. 

### 5 We favor EPA's preferred option of a 

### 6 two-step, five-year compliance approach over 

### 7 the alternative of a three-step, eight-year 

### 8 approach. However, we question whether five 

### 9 years as contemplated under the preferred 

### 10 option is too long, given that the proposed 

### 11 final standards, based on the best system of 

### 12 emission reduction, are already being met by 

### 13 top industry performers. 

### 14 Finally, while more stringent emissions 

### 15 standards are a positive step, EPA should 

### 16 develop a testing methodology that represents 

### 17 real world conditions, for example, in order 

### 18 to make tighter standards more meaningful, 

### 19 NACA recommends that EPA as soon as possible 

### 20 establish an emissions factor for cord wood 

### 21 combustion instead of using 

### 22 kiln-dried -- kiln-dried crib wood for 

### 23 emissions certification. In the coming 

### 24 weeks, NACA will continue to study these and 

### Page 36 

### 1 other aspects of the proposal and will 

### 2 provide more specific comments by the May 5th 

### 3 deadline. 

### 4 In the meantime, we thank you again for 

### 5 this opportunity to testify and look forward 

### 6 to working with EPA and other stakeholders to 

### 7 ensure an effective final rule yielding 

### 8 meaningful reductions in emissions from 

### 9 residential wood heaters and improved air 

### 10 quality and public health across the country. 

### 11 Thank you. 

### 12 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 13 for the panel? Okay. Our next 

### 14 speakers -- thank you -- will be Mark Klein 

### 15 and Owen Liu. All set. 

### 16 MR. KLEIN: Good morning. My name is 

### 17 Mark Klein, K-L-E-I-N, and I'm the President 

### 18 and Chief Executive Officer of Innovative 

### 19 Hearth Products. We manufacture a variety of 

### 20 stoves, inserts and fireplaces with our 

### 21 primary distribution being North America. 

### 22 We employ over 660 people in 

### 23 manufacturing operations in Auburn, 

### 24 Washington, Santa Ana, California, Union



### Page 37 

### 1 City, Tennessee and Russellville, Alabama. 

### 2 We fully support the EPA and others in 

### 3 taking steps to reduce pollution and improve 

### 4 air quality. We have a material stake in 

### 5 this proposed rule and for many years have 

### 6 worked hard to support our industry and the 

### 7 EPA in establishing particulate emission 

### 8 limits to improve air quality. 

### 9 We also support reducing particulates 

### 10 from their current levels, however, EPA's 

### 11 approach within this proposed NSPS is 

### 12 overreaching, will not achieve any 

### 13 significant air quality improvement and the 

### 14 engineering and cost hurdles to achieve these 

### 15 levels are significant, as are the increased 

### 16 cost to the consumer. 

### 17 This type of regulation will actually 

### 18 have a negative affect on air quality. About 

### 19 two-thirds of wood stoves in use were 

### 20 produced prior to 1988 when the original NSPS 

### 21 was adopted. This current proposed NSPS and 

### 22 specifically the 1.3 grams per hour limit, 

### 23 disingenuous test methods and aggressive 

### 24 schedules will drive the cost of our products

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 11 (Pages 38 to 41) Page 38 

### 1 to unaffordable levels, for most people 

### 2 putting them out of reach for lower-income 

### 3 families that use wood to heat their homes. 

### 4 The higher costs associated with new 

### 5 wood stoves under this proposed NSPS will 

### 6 inadvertently slow the rate of consumers 

### 7 changing out their old, dirty stoves to new, 

### 8 cleaner models where most incremental air 

### 9 quality gain would have been what, changing 

### 10 out old dirty stoves for new, cleaner models. 

### 11 We urge EPA to rethink its approach and 

### 12 to recognize that, while an aggressive 

### 13 approach can have benefits, it is important 

### 14 to work with manufacturers and achieve a 

### 15 common sense of balance. 

### 16 An equally-significant issue for IHP and 

### 17 others in our industry that together 

### 18 represent well over half the market, the wood 

### 19 burning fireplaces is the increasing tendency 

### 20 of communities around the nation to ban the 

### 21 installation of wood-burning fireplaces in 

### 22 new and renovated homes. 

### 23 With the adoption of this NSPS, current 

### 24 unregulated wood-burning fireplaces will

Page 39 1 likely become the largest source of 

### 2 particulate matter pollution in the United 

### 3 States. As you know, our company has brought 

### 4 this issue to your agency's attention 

### 5 requesting that EPA use the current rule 

### 6 making or a parallel rule making to develop a 

### 7 category and performance standards for 

### 8 such -- for such fireplaces. 

### 9 Doing so provides for the installation 

### 10 of cleaner wood-burning fireplaces in new and 

### 11 renovated homes rendering local bans 

### 12 unnecessary. This approach would be 

### 13 pro-consumer, pro-environment and 

### 14 pro-employment. 

### 15 Use of cleaner-burning technologies 

### 16 including fireplaces has been requested in 

### 17 letters to EPA by the American Lung 

### 18 Association, NESCAUM, WESTAR, NACAA, ECOS and 

### 19 other stakeholders. As your agency continues 

### 20 to reduce the allowable amount of particulate 

### 21 matter across the air districts nationally, 

### 22 it's logical that additional air districts 

### 23 will also ban wood-burning fireplaces. 

### 24 Accordingly, we strongly encourage you to 

### Page 40 

### 1 issue a separate NSPS for wood-burning 

### 2 fireplaces using a framework that is readily 

### 3 available. 

### 4 Over four years ago, EPA worked with the 

### 5 industry and implemented a voluntary 

### 6 fireplace program which established the best 

### 7 system of emission reduction and the standard 

### 8 of performance through its adoption of test 

### 9 methos ASTME2558 or EPA's phase-two emission 

### 10 level. 

### 11 Fireplaces tested and approved to this 

### 12 standard burn seventy to eighty percent 

### 13 cleaner than wood -- than standard 

### 14 wood-burning fireplaces. For the past four 

### 15 years, approximately ten companies spent 

### 16 millions of dollars and qualified over thirty 

### 17 fireplaces to this phase two admission level. 

### 18 The EPA estimated that the cost per ton 

### 19 to eliminate particulate matter for the 

### 20 clean-burning wood fireplace is only 

### 21 $9,500.00. The EPA also estimated the 

### 22 healthcare costs for one ton of particulate 

### 23 matter to be as high as $780,000.00. If this 

### 24 were an economic trade off decision in the



### Page 41 

### 1 private sector, there would be no hesitation. 

### 2 Over the past ten years, almost two 

### 3 million fireplaces have been shipped without 

### 4 such clean burning technology installed, 

### 5 which means they are producing a significant 

### 6 amount of particulate matter that could have 

### 7 been avoided. 

### 8 Affordable clean-burning technology 

### 9 already exists and is in place now. For 

### 10 every cord of wood that is burned, these 

### 11 phase-two wood-burning fireplaces eliminate 

### 12 611 pounds of pollution. 

### 13 Common sense would suggest that EPA 

### 14 should take immediate steps to incorporate 

### 15 the voluntary standard into its mandatory 

### 16 regulation scheme, thereby reducing 

### 17 pollution, lowering healthcare costs, 

### 18 continuing to give millions of consumers, 

### 19 some low-income, the option of heating with 

### 20 wood and keeping our industry and employment 

### 21 levels strong. 

### 22 Let's work together to create a proper 

### 23 balance of technology and regulations to 

### 24 deliver the most environmentally-friendly

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 12 (Pages 42 to 45) Page 42 

### 1 products that are affordable to the consumer 

### 2 and will keep our industry viable. Thank 

### 3 you. 

### 4 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 5 MR. LIU: Hi. My name is -- my name is 

### 6 Owen Liu, L-I-U, and I'm here on behalf of 

### 7 Environmental Defense Fund. On behalf of 

### 8 Environmental Defense Fund and our more than 

### 9 750,000 members nationwide, thank you for the 

### 10 opportunity to testify in support of EPA's 

### 11 vital proposed standards to reduce soot, 

### 12 carbon monoxide and toxic air pollution from 

### 13 new residential stoves, furnaces and boilers. 

### 14 This long overdue proposal will 

### 15 modernize emissions standards for wood stoves 

### 16 and establish the first nationwide limits on 

### 17 harmful pollutants from wood boilers and 

### 18 furnaces, preventing hundreds of deaths each 

### 19 year and yielding billions of dollars in 

### 20 public health benefits. 

### 21 Moreover, these standards are based on 

### 22 proven technologies that can help consumers 

### 23 use less fuel to heat their homes, saving 

### 24 time and money. EPA should finalize these



### Page 43 

### 1 standards without delay. Particulate 

### 2 pollution is a serious public health problem 

### 3 and substantial amounts of that particulate 

### 4 pollution come from inefficient and outdated 

### 5 wood stoves, furnaces and boilers. 

### 6 Exposure to fine particulates can cause 

### 7 premature death and harmful effects to the 

### 8 cardiovascular system. People with asthma, 

### 9 older adults, children and low-income 

### 10 families are most vulnerable to fine 

### 11 particulates. 

### 12 Studies have also associated residential 

### 13 wood smoke with increased risk of 

### 14 cardiovascular mortality and increased 

### 15 incidents of asthma and other respiratory 

### 16 problems, especially in young children. 

### 17 According to EPA, residential wood 

### 18 combustion results in emissions of more than 

### 19 345,000 tons of fine particulates throughout 

### 20 the country each year, making residential 

### 21 wood smoke the largest direct source of 

### 22 anthropogenic particulate pollution in the 

### 23 nation, and residential wood smoke 

### 24 contributes an even larger share of Page 44 

### 1 particulate pollution in parts of the country 

### 2 like the pacific northwest, midwest and 

### 3 northeast, including a corridor of wintertime 

### 4 PM pollution in parts of New Hampshire. 

### 5 In addition to particulates, residential 

### 6 wood smoke is a major source of other 

### 7 dangerous pollutants including carbon 

### 8 monoxide, volatile organic compounds and 

### 9 toxic air pollutants like benzine and 

### 10 formaldehyde. 

### 11 Residential wood smoke accounts for 

### 12 44 percent of the nations total emission of 

### 13 polycyclic organic matter and is responsible 

### 14 for a quarter of all cancer risks from small 

### 15 sources of toxic air pollutants. The vital 

### 16 importance of cleaner air for this community 

### 17 and others across the nation is why I'm here 

### 18 today to support the NSPS proposal, and it's 

### 19 why EPA should finalize this important rule 

### 20 without delay. 

### 21 The proposed rule would reduce 

### 22 particulate pollution across the nation by an 

### 23 average of more than 4,800 tons every year 

### 24 over the next eight years, taking into

Page 45 

### 1 account only the emissions reductions 

### 2 occurring in the first year of use for each 

### 3 regulated device. 

### 4 Because each of these devices has a 

### 5 lifetime of twenty years or more and because 

### 6 the cumulative number of devices subject to 

### 7 these standards will grow year after year, 

### 8 these emissions reductions will compound over 

### 9 time. In total, more than one-and-a-half 

### 10 million tons of PM will be reduced during the 

### 11 lifetime the device is subject to these 

### 12 emissions standards. 

### 13 The human health benefits of this 

### 14 proposal are profound. The emissions 

### 15 reductions will result in up to 470 fewer 

### 16 lives lost every year for the next eight 

### 17 years. Proposed standards will also prevent 

### 18 10,000 upper and lower respiratory symptoms 

### 19 in children ages seven to fourteen and 15,000 

### 20 asthma attacks in kids ages six to eighteen 

### 21 every year. 

### 22 EPA has found these health benefits will 

### 23 have a value of up to four billion dollars 

### 24 annually, almost 267 times the modest cost of

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 13 (Pages 46 to 49) Page 46 

### 1 the proposed rule. It has been over a 

### 2 quarter of a century since the current US 

### 3 standards for residential wood-burning 

### 4 devices were adopted, even though the Clean 

### 5 Air Act requires that EPA review these 

### 6 standards and bring them up to date at least 

### 7 once every eight years. 

### 8 Not only are the current standards 

### 9 obsolete, many categories of residential 

### 10 wood-burning devices including furnaces and 

### 11 outdoor wood boilers have no emission limits 

### 12 at all under the current NSPS, yet 

### 13 cost-effective clean technologies needed to 

### 14 meet more protective standards are on shelves 

### 15 and in use today. 

### 16 Dozens of wood stoves and pellet stoves 

### 17 already on the market are certified to meet 

### 18 EPA's proposed step-two standards which are 

### 19 seventy to 83 percent lower than the current 

### 20 EPA standards for wood stoves. 

### 21 Several wood boilers on the market have 

### 22 emission rates significantly lower than those 

### 23 in the proposed NSPS, and EPA has estimated 

### 24 that over fifty wood boiler models produced



### Page 47 

### 1 in Europe where there are more rigorous 

### 2 emission standards for wood boilers and a 

### 3 robust market for these devices would comply 

### 4 with the EPA-proposed standards. 

### 5 Given the right regulatory signals, 

### 6 American manufacturers are fully capable of 

### 7 shifting the market towards devices that are 

### 8 not only cleaner but more efficient, reducing 

### 9 harmful emissions and saving consumers money. 

### 10 Individuals, families, communities, 

### 11 states, air agencies and health and 

### 12 environmental groups have been calling on the 

### 13 EPA for more than a decade to revise these 

### 14 outdated standards that clearly endanger 

### 15 public health. 

### 16 Indeed, on August 28th, 2012 the 

### 17 Environmental Counsel of the States issued a 

### 18 resolution, calling on the EPA to act 

### 19 immediately to update the NSPS establishing 

### 20 health-protective emission limits for wood 

### 21 combustion devices. 

### 22 Although there are aspects of these 

### 23 proposed emission standards that could be 

### 24 improved, we appreciate that EPA has advanced 

### Page 48 

### 1 a strong proposal and we urge the agency to 

### 2 promptly finalize rigorous health-protective 

### 3 standards for wood stoves, furnaces and 

### 4 boilers. Thank you. 

### 5 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 6 for the speakers? 

### 7 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 8 MR. MURPHY: Okay, thank you very much. 

### 9 The next speakers will be Claire Miller and 

### 10 Jennifer Hedrick. Okay. 

### 11 MS. MILLER: My name is Claire Miller, 

### 12 C-L-A-I-R-E M-I-L-L-E-R. Thank you so much 

### 13 for the opportunity to provide testimony and 

### 14 address you this morning. 

### 15 Toxics Action Center is a public health 

### 16 and environmental organization that works 

### 17 side by side with communities to clean up and 

### 18 prevent pollution while developing long-time 

### 19 citizen leaders for the environmental and 

### 20 social change movements. 

### 21 We've worked for many years with citizen 

### 22 groups across New England to protect public 

### 23 health and the environment by working to 

### 24 clean up hazardous waste sites, curb



### Page 49



### 1 pesticide spraying and reduce pollution from 

### 2 dirty and dangerous waste, energy and 

### 3 industrial facilities. 

### 4 Speaking with you today to support the 

### 5 proposed New Source Performance Standards for 

### 6 residential wood heaters, in finalizing this 

### 7 rule for residential wood heaters and the 

### 8 like, you will be taking a major step toward 

### 9 protecting public health and the environment. 

### 10 As you know, most outdoor wood furnaces 

### 11 employ very primitive combustion health 

### 12 technology and, as a result, they emit dense 

### 13 smoke that endangers the health of families. 

### 14 The particles of wood smoke are so small that 

### 15 closed doors and windows cannot stop them 

### 16 from entering homes, even energy-efficient 

### 17 weather-tight homes. 

### 18 The most obvious impact of this is on 

### 19 public health from poor air quality is 

### 20 asthma. Asthma affects about twenty million 

### 21 Americans, including 6.3 million children. 

### 22 And, since 1980, the biggest growth in 

### 23 asthmas cases has been children under five. 

### 24 In recent years, there have been nearly two

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 14 (Pages 50 to 53) Page 50 

### 1 million emergency room visits and nearly half 

### 2 a million hospitalizations due to asthma at a 

### 3 cost of almost two billion-dollars and 

### 4 causing fourteen million school days missed 

### 5 each year. 

### 6 Toxics Action Center serves as a 911 

### 7 crisis hotline if you will for concerned 

### 8 residents that are calling because they want 

### 9 to try to clean up or prevent pollution in 

### 10 their neighborhood. I get these phone calls 

### 11 from worried parents, families, neighbors 

### 12 when regulations are not strong enough and 

### 13 pollution is impacting their lives. 

### 14 And over my three years at Toxics Action 

### 15 Center, I have seen an increase in the number 

### 16 of phone calls specifically about residential 

### 17 wood heaters, people who live next to these 

### 18 types of devices and who feel trapped in 

### 19 their homes because to go outside means to be 

### 20 engulfed in choking smoke, mother and fathers 

### 21 who think about moving because they know that 

### 22 smoke is in their home and that their 

### 23 children can't escape. These phone calls are 

### 24 some of the worst and most depressing calls



### Page 51 

### 1 that I get. It pits neighbor against 

### 2 neighbor and I look forward to the day when 

### 3 wood stoves are no longer making families 

### 4 sick. This rule would clean our air and 

### 5 protect our communities, and Toxics Action 

### 6 Center fully supports it. 

### 7 Also, as someone who personally suffers 

### 8 from asthma and who grew up with a wood stove 

### 9 as the primary source of heat, I'm so very 

### 10 excited. So thank you very much for your 

### 11 time. 

### 12 MR. MURPHY: Ms. Hedrick. 

### 13 MS. HEDRICK: Good morning. Thank you 

### 14 for the opportunity to comment on the 

### 15 proposed NSPS for new residential wood 

### 16 heaters. My name is Jennifer Hedrick, 

### 17 H-E-D-R-I-C-K, and I am the Executive 

### 18 Director of the Pellet Fuels Institute, also 

### 19 know as PFI. 

### 20 PFI is a North American trade 

### 21 association based in Arlington, Virginia that 

### 22 represents a range of contributors to the 

### 23 pellet industry, including companies that 

### 24 manufacture wood pellets and pellet 

### Page 52 

### 1 manufacturing equipment, or provide other 

### 2 products and services to the densified 

### 3 biomass industry at large. 

### 4 Many Americans, including so many here 

### 5 in the Northeast, are over burdened by home 

### 6 heating bills. The pellet industry provides 

### 7 a sound alternative to fossil fuels and is an 

### 8 affordable option for many Americans. The 

### 9 pellet market has traditionally been more 

### 10 stable and less subject to the volatile price 

### 11 swings than fossil fuel-based energies such 

### 12 as fuel oil and, as we've seen in recent 

### 13 weeks, propane gas. 

### 14 With well over one million homes 

### 15 throughout America heating with pellets, it 

### 16 is not only important that fuel continued to 

### 17 be available for these appliances and new 

### 18 ones that enter the marketplace but that it 

### 19 is of a consistent quality, a pledge that our 

### 20 members across the United States and Canada 

### 21 make to their customers each day. 

### 22 Over the last ten years, the Pellet 

### 23 Fuels Institute has demonstrated its 

### 24 commitment to consumers and industry by



### Page 53 1 cultivating a strong fuel standards program, 

### 2 a program both created and implemented by 

### 3 PFI, a program developed through a consensus 

### 4 process based on industry best practices that 

### 5 is subject to continued vetting with that in 

### 6 mind, a program that employs a third-party 

### 7 certification process overseen by the 

### 8 American Lumber Standard Committee, a program 

### 9 that has the support of the major 

### 10 manufacturers of pellets for the heating 

### 11 market across the United States and, finally, 

### 12 a program developed by the leading authority 

### 13 on pellet fuel standards in North America, 

### 14 the Pellet Fuels Institute. 

### 15 Within PFI's standards program, pellets 

### 16 are tested rigorously by auditing agencies 

### 17 that themselves are subject to a strict 

### 18 qualification process to participate in the 

### 19 program. Once the auditing agency ensures 

### 20 that the quality processes of the production 

### 21 facility meet the specifications outlined in 

### 22 the program and are therefore capable of 

### 23 ensuring that the pellets produced will meet 

### 24 the standards, they issue a quality mark that

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 15 (Pages 54 to 57) Page 54 

### 1 the pellet manufacturers may display on their 

### 2 bags of fuel. This mark helps customers 

### 3 identify pellets that have been subject to 

### 4 this rigorous qualification procedure and the 

### 5 ongoing testing process and further helps 

### 6 them choose which pellets are most 

### 7 appropriate for their stoves. 

### 8 EPA's inclusion of the Pellet Fuels 

### 9 Institute Fuel Standard in the proposed NSPS 

### 10 demonstrates the understanding that it's not 

### 11 simply the fuel or the stove but the 

### 12 synergies of both components that contribute 

### 13 to optimal heating performance in a 

### 14 clean-burning, efficient and enjoyable 

### 15 product for consumers. 

### 16 In 2010 when PFI was told by EPA of its 

### 17 intention to reference a pellet fuel standard 

### 18 in the revised NSPS, we responded proactively 

### 19 to EPA's request that parts of our program be 

### 20 modified and strengthened to foster its 

### 21 inclusion, taking great care to ensure that 

### 22 the program's value to consumers remained 

### 23 while not overburdening fuel manufacturers 

### 24 and all the while fostering a spirit of

Page 55



### 1 cooperation between industry and government. 

### 2 The Pellet Fuels Institute's standard as 

### 3 designed underscores industry's commitment to 

### 4 manufacturing products of consistent quality, 

### 5 providing consumers with a reliable, 

### 6 efficient, renewable and environmentally 

### 7 sound fuel. We're pleased to see its 

### 8 inclusion in the NSPS and that EPA sees not 

### 9 just the value but the necessity of including 

### 10 a standard developed by industry experts. 

### 11 Again, on behalf of the manufacturers of 

### 12 fuel across America, thank you for the 

### 13 opportunity to speak today and we look 

### 14 forward to submitting detailed comments. 

### 15 Thank you. 

### 16 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions? 

### 17 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Thank you very much. The 

### 19 next speakers will be Frank Moore and 

### 20 David Kuhfahl. Randy, we have one of the 

### 21 presentations. Okay, we're all set. 

### 22 MR. MOORE: Good morning. I am 

### 23 Frank Moore, M-O-O-R-E, President and owner 

### 24 of Hardy Manufacturing Company. We are a 

### Page 56 

### 1 small, family-owned business that developed 

### 2 and patented the outdoor hydronic heater in 

### 3 the late seventies. 

### 4 This product was developed because of 

### 5 the very unstable price of fuel, oil and 

### 6 propane performers and rural industrial 

### 7 workers who had their own cord wood and were 

### 8 just trying to make ends meet in a very 

### 9 difficult economic time. 

### 10 Little has changed in the unstable 

### 11 energy prices. We were encouraged by 

### 12 homeowner insurance companies who realized 

### 13 the safety significance of home fires and 

### 14 carbon monoxide poisoning, because our units 

### 15 were located outdoors. 

### 16 As a small business, we provide jobs for 

### 17 about fifty people with payroll exceeding two 

### 18 million dollars. We also have over 400 

### 19 dealers nationally that depend on the sales 

### 20 and service of this product. 

### 21 Over the past few years, our sales and 

### 22 payroll have been cut in half, partly because 

### 23 of the economic economy but mainly of fear 

### 24 that this type of heating appliance is too



### Page 57 

### 1 expensive and could be banned from use to 

### 2 heat family's homes. We have been -- we have 

### 3 been at the forefront in developing a 

### 4 clean-burning outdoor wood-burning heater for 

### 5 the past ten years. 

### 6 We built a test laboratory, acquired the 

### 7 approval for a test fuel required by EPA 

### 8 280HH test standard, and spent well over a 

### 9 million dollars on developing a clean-burning 

### 10 outdoor hydronic heater. We have been driven 

### 11 by three requirements; it must pass the test, 

### 12 it must be durable and easy to operate and it 

### 13 must be sellable to families who are being 

### 14 pinched by the economy. 

### 15 My company has worked in good faith with 

### 16 EPA and the states to develop the test 

### 17 protocol for outdoor hydronic heaters. The 

### 18 OWHH caucus of HPBA formally requested EPA to 

### 19 regulate our industry. In the meantime, we 

### 20 agreed with EPA to do a voluntary program to 

### 21 expedite the testing process. 

### 22 Once a test protocol was established, we 

### 23 were asked by EPA to do a seventy-percent 

### 24 cleanup of the old-generation wood heaters.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 16 (Pages 58 to 61) Page 58 

### 1 Once this was completed, a manufacturer 

### 2 tested a unit that achieved ninety-percent 

### 3 cleanup. The EPA quickly established a 

### 4 ninety-percent cleanup for new-generation 

### 5 units. Many states have adopted this into 

### 6 their state environmental regs. 

### 7 The shocker came on January the 4th of 

### 8 this year when we learned that phase two for 

### 9 EPA would be a 98-percent cleanup or point 06 

### 10 pounds per million BTUs. They also altered 

### 11 the test protocol to require seven-and-a-half 

### 12 pounds per hour cap on any test run and 

### 13 require us to test with both oak, crib wood 

### 14 and cord wood which doubles the cost of 

### 15 testing. 

### 16 Now, just for general information, if 

### 17 all goes well, the current test procedure 

### 18 takes full week of around the clock testing 

### 19 at a cost greater than $20,000.00. This 

### 20 increased cost will be hard to justify. 

### 21 We're in agreement with the 

### 22 ninety-percent cleanup using existing 28WHH 

### 23 test method that gained consensus from the 

### 24 EPA, the states, EPA-certified test labs and



### Page 59 

### 1 the manufacturers. Where is the fairness in 

### 2 invoking new procedures that have no 

### 3 technical basis. 

### 4 We are totally opposed to a phase-two 

### 5 cleanup of 98 percent or .06 pounds per 

### 6 million BTUs. Our company is experiencing a 

### 7 spiral death, but the 98 percent would just 

### 8 put -- push us off the cliff. The HPBA 

### 9 contracted with NERA, an economic consulting 

### 10 firm. It also does work for EPA. 

### 11 The incremental cost effectiveness, 

### 12 results show from uncontrolled hydronic 

### 13 heaters to ninety percent cleanup the net 

### 14 emission change is 3,262 tons or $11,300.00 

### 15 per ton. 

### 16 The incremental cost from the ninety 

### 17 percent to the ninety-eight percent is only 

### 18 an additional 182 tons and the social cost 

### 19 increases to $222,200.00 per ton. This 

### 20 increased cleanup is not cost-effective and 

### 21 it will surely completely kill this industry. 

### 22 If we are out of business, there is no 

### 23 change out programs, only fixing and 

### 24 repairing old generation units. The Small Page 60 

### 1 Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act, 

### 2 SBREFA, which I was a member, convened 

### 3 several years ago. 

### 4 The proposed regulations that we 

### 5 considered in this process is completely 

### 6 different from what EPA has proposed in the 

### 7 NSPS. There is no indication that EPA will 

### 8 reopen this process which in my -- in my 

### 9 mind, makes a mockery out of the entire 

### 10 SBREFA process. 

### 11 The March issue of Popular Mechanics 

### 12 boasts facts about how wood-burning 

### 13 appliances are carbon neutral and do not have 

### 14 a carbon footprint as does fuel oil, propane 

### 15 heaters and even electricity uses 

### 16 approximately seven percent coal for 

### 17 production. 

### 18 We ask EPA not to price us out of the 

### 19 market and realize some rural families either 

### 20 eat or have -- or have heat. We are for 

### 21 regulation, just not being regulated out of 

### 22 business. The 98-percent cleanup is a back 

### 23 door ban on this product. The sensationalism 

### 24 about how dirty outdoor hydronic heaters are



### Page 61 

### 1 is about old-generation units, not the 

### 2 ninety-percent cleanup phase one units. 

### 3 Thank you very much for your time. 

### 4 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Mr. Kuhfahl. 

### 5 MR. KUHFAHL: Yes. Thank you for the 

### 6 opportunity to be heard. My name is 

### 7 David Kuhfahl, I'm the President of 

### 8 Hearthstone Stoves. Hearthstone was founded 

### 9 in 1978 in Morrisville, Vermont and we still 

### 10 manufacture there. We employ sixty full-time 

### 11 employees with benefits. 

### 12 Hearthstone only manufactures 

### 13 EPA-certified cord wood stoves, inserts and 

### 14 fireplaces and that's the topic I'm gonna 

### 15 speak to. Cord wood heaters represent eighty 

### 16 percent of our business. Is this working? 

### 17 So what is our message, that wood heat can be 

### 18 environmentally sound. 

### 19 Why should we heat with wood? Trees are 

### 20 an abundant renewable global resource. Other 

### 21 bio fuels require high-energy processing, 

### 22 transportation and packaging. Trees are the 

### 23 most powerful concentrators of carbon on 

### 24 earth, collecting up to 48 pounds of carbon

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 17 (Pages 62 to 65) Page 62 

### 1 per year per tree. When a tree rots 

### 2 naturally or burns, the carbon contained in 

### 3 the wood is released back to the atmosphere. 

### 4 Wood is a locally-harvested, 

### 5 completely-renewable energy source that is 

### 6 very abundant, leading to lower costs or free 

### 7 with a very low carbon footprint. It is the 

### 8 affordable heating source for a very 

### 9 significant homes -- number of homes in North 

### 10 America. 

### 11 In 1988, NSPS and competitive market 

### 12 pressures have kept this category from 

### 13 improving for the last 26 years. 

### 14 Hearthstone's longest-running model has been 

### 15 recertified through four generations. Our 

### 16 average-age certificate now is 

### 17 eight-and-a-half years old. 

### 18 Our production numbers are as good as 

### 19 they were tested. Well, we were audited in 

### 20 2012 -- 2012 by the EPA and asked to pull a 

### 21 few stoves from stock for random-compliance 

### 22 audits. The sample came back at 1.95 grams 

### 23 an hour, versus its certificated result at 

### 24 3.03. Annual sales for solid fuel products

Page 63 

### 1 has not increased. It's been asserted that 

### 2 wood stove sales have grown significantly in 

### 3 the last ten years. Any real growth has been 

### 4 in other generally lower-cost solid fuel 

### 5 products. 

### 6 Consumers want inexpensive, efficient 

### 7 and easy to operate stoves. How can we be 

### 8 sure? A group of manufacturers commissioned 

### 9 The Stevenson Company to determine consumer 

### 10 expectations and, more importantly, likely 

### 11 behaviors. These complete results are in the 

### 12 public record as comments to this rule. 

### 13 So who are our customers? Seventy 

### 14 percent -- seventy-seven percent of owners 

### 15 and likely owners have a family income below 

### 16 $75,000.00. What motivates these buyers? 

### 17 With 610 participants nationwide, Stevenson's 

### 18 survey showed sixty-three percent listed 

### 19 price as first or second priority. 

### 20 It's important to see that forty percent 

### 21 put efficiency in the top two consideration 

### 22 and over half the participants said 

### 23 user-friendly controls was in their top 

### 24 three. Technology was only considered top 

### Page 64 

### 1 two for fifteen percent. Disturbingly, forty 

### 2 percent of high-tech stove users, including 

### 3 catalytic and other technologies, leave the 

### 4 bypass open often or always. Seventy-four 

### 5 percent operated it with it open at times. 

### 6 Designing gadgets to make the stove pass 

### 7 the test better may get a better lab result 

### 8 but do not improve emissions in the real 

### 9 world. There's no intrinsic motivation for a 

### 10 consumer to perform any additional 

### 11 interactions with their product. 

### 12 The cost to small companies to achieve 

### 13 these untested emissions standards will have 

### 14 a detrimental effect on the jobs and air 

### 15 quality. As a real example, in 2001 

### 16 Hearthstone introduced a cast iron non-cat 

### 17 stove. We had a bunch of innovations to 

### 18 improve efficiency and hook customers with 

### 19 cool features. Customers voted with their 

### 20 wallets. 

### 21 In 2012, we recertified it as a new 

### 22 product, simpler, easy to -- and we replaced 

### 23 it. We made a final pass in improving 

### 24 components this year and the real cost to

Page 65 

### 1 market in '01 was about $376,000.00 all the 

### 2 way through the second generation and third 

### 3 generation we've got about $877,000.00 into 

### 4 this product. 

### 5 Building cast iron products requires 

### 6 patterns and a lot of investment up front and 

### 7 once the pattern built -- is built, it will 

### 8 last the lifetime of the stove. This is just 

### 9 one example. Hearthstone sells products now 

### 10 today under sixteen different certificates. 

### 11 This rule is asking cord wood stoves to 

### 12 carry much more than their burden. From 

### 13 ninety -- from page 98 of the proposed rule, 

### 14 EPA projected costs of certified cord wood 

### 15 stoves at forty-seven percent of the total 

### 16 while only giving eight percent of the 

### 17 benefit. 

### 18 So, in summary, burning locally-sourced 

### 19 cord wood is the right thing to encourage. 

### 20 We improve our certified stoves constantly 

### 21 with costs between $550,000.00 and 

### 22 $900,000.00 each under today's regulation, 

### 23 not under the new proposal. Consumers want 

### 24 simple. Complex stoves with multiple

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 18 (Pages 66 to 69) Page 66 

### 1 controls and gadgets would be more expensive 

### 2 and less likely to be operated correctly. 

### 3 Increased costs reduces change out and 

### 4 will not help clean up the air. Certified 

### 5 cord wood stoves have been cleaned up from 

### 6 the market pressures and competition between 

### 7 us, and we have reached a point of 

### 8 diminishing returns after 26 years of 

### 9 improving our products. Thank you very much. 

### 10 MR. MOORE: Thank you. 

### 11 MR. MURPHY: Any questions for the 

### 12 panel? 

### 13 MR. WOOD: I had one question. 

### 14 MR. KUHFAHL: Yes, sir. 

### 15 MR. WOOD: You said something about your 

### 16 average certificate is 8.5 years old. 

### 17 MR. KUHFAHL: Yes. 

### 18 MR. WOOD: Is that what you said? 

### 19 MR. KUHFAHL: Eight point seven five. 

### 20 MR. WOOD: I'm not quite sure I 

### 21 understand that versus -- 

### 22 MR. KUHFAHL: Well, there was 

### 23 some -- there was some comment that the 

### 24 stoves had had -- that were -- that were



### Page 67 

### 1 certified in 1988 were, in fact, still in use 

### 2 today. And my comment leads to the fact 

### 3 that, no, actually we've -- we renovate them 

### 4 and change them quite often and the average 

### 5 of all sixteen today is 8.75 years. 

### 6 MR. WOOD: Okay, thank you. 

### 7 MR. KUHFAHL: Thank you. 

### 8 MR. WOOD: I understand, thank you. 

### 9 MR. MURPHY: The next speakers will be 

### 10 Chelsea Perkins and Jeff Seyler. 

### 11 MS. PERKINS: Chelsea Perkins, 

### 12 C-H-E-L-S-E-A, P-E-R-K-I-N-S of The Clean Air 

### 13 Council. Good morning. I am, as I just 

### 14 said, Chelsea Perkins, a staff attorney for 

### 15 The Clean Air Council. On behalf of the 

### 16 Council and its members throughout 

### 17 Pennsylvania, I thank you for this 

### 18 opportunity to testify today. 

### 19 Clean Air Council is a non-profit 

### 20 environmental organization headquartered in 

### 21 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The council has 

### 22 members throughout Pennsylvania, New Jersey 

### 23 and Delaware. For more than forty years, the 

### 24 Council has fought to improve air quality 

### Page 68 

### 1 across the region. The Council's mission is 

### 2 to protect everyone's right to breath clean 

### 3 air. The health impacts of residential wood 

### 4 burning are a serious threat to many 

### 5 Pennsylvanians and compelled the Council to 

### 6 travel from Pennsylvania to testify today. 

### 7 The Council applauds EPA for moving 

### 8 forward with this rule, which is a necessary 

### 9 step in addressing the threats to human 

### 10 health posed by wood smoke from residential 

### 11 wood heaters. The existing standards issued 

### 12 in 1988 are outdated and long overdue for an 

### 13 update. 

### 14 We are fully supportive of EPA's 

### 15 proposal to set particulate matter emission 

### 16 limits for wood heaters and those covered by 

### 17 the existing regulations, specifically the 

### 18 inclusion of pellet stoves, wood-fired 

### 19 hydronic heaters, forced air furnaces, 

### 20 masonry wood heaters and single-burn rate 

### 21 stoves in the proposed rule signifies an 

### 22 important step in reducing the 

### 23 well-established adverse health affects 

### 24 caused by residential wood heaters,

Page 69



### 1 particularly asthma which affects so many 

### 2 individuals including children. 

### 3 We strongly urge you, however, to 

### 4 consider the following comments in drafting 

### 5 the final rule so that public health is more 

### 6 adequately protected from the harmful 

### 7 components of wood stove than it would be 

### 8 with the proposed standards. 

### 9 Due to the growing prevalence of 

### 10 hydronic heaters in Pennsylvania, also known 

### 11 as indoor and outdoor wood-fired boilers, our 

### 12 comments focus primarily on the proposed 

### 13 standards for these heaters. 

### 14 We strongly feel standards need to be in 

### 15 place, due to the fact that these heaters are 

### 16 currently not subject to EPA rules and yet 

### 17 cause great suffering to nearby neighborhoods 

### 18 and downwind residents, but the Council 

### 19 opposes the proposed step one emissions level 

### 20 of .32 pounds per million BTU of PM 2.5 for 

### 21 the following reasons: 

### 22 First, we feel that the emission limit 

### 23 should be more stringent than the proposed 

### 24 step one BTU measurement and cap for

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 19 (Pages 70 to 73) Page 70 

### 1 individual test runs. Specifically, BTU 

### 2 measurements have efficiency rating flaws 

### 3 that fail to account for operational 

### 4 variables. Furthermore, 7.5 grams per hour 

### 5 cap for an individual test run is too high to 

### 6 adequately protect those exposed to hydronic 

### 7 heater smoke. 

### 8 We feel EPA should adopt the approach 

### 9 used in the state of Washington. This method 

### 10 measures fine particle emissions in grams per 

### 11 hour, setting the limit at 4.5 grams of fine 

### 12 particles per hour for both the annual 

### 13 average emission and the highest individual 

### 14 test run emission. 

### 15 Second, we feel that emissions limits 

### 16 for hydronic heaters set forth in step one do 

### 17 not reflect the best system of emission 

### 18 reduction adequately demonstrated as required 

### 19 by the Clean Air Act for updated NSPS. 

### 20 The proposed step one emissions limit is 

### 21 the phase two qualifying level of the 

### 22 hydronic heater voluntary partnership 

### 23 program. In the notice of proposed rule 

### 24 making, EPA stated that there are currently



### Page 71 

### 1 36 commercially-available models of hydronic 

### 2 heaters that have been qualified to meet the 

### 3 phase two emissions level. The vast majority 

### 4 of these commercial -- commercially-available 

### 5 models are not, however, representative of 

### 6 the best available technologies. 

### 7 Specifically, commercially-available 

### 8 hydronic heaters comply with 

### 9 European -- European Union Emissions 

### 10 Standards and that approximately 94 percent 

### 11 lack PM 2.5, 92 percent lack carbon monoxide 

### 12 and eighty-nine percent lack carcinogenic 

### 13 polycyclic aromatic -- aromatic hydrocarbons 

### 14 in the majority of the EPA-qualified phase 

### 15 two hydronic heaters. 

### 16 The presence of these 

### 17 commercially-available hydronic heaters 

### 18 demonstrates the step one emissions 

### 19 limit -- that towards the step one emissions 

### 20 limit, EPA is not fulfilling its duties under 

### 21 the Clean Air Act to require best 

### 22 adequately-demonstrated technology. This 

### 23 proposed rule is a good step towards reducing 

### 24 harmful emissions from residential wood Page 72 

### 1 heaters. Hydronic heaters have a growing 

### 2 presence in Pennsylvania, posing a 

### 3 significant threat to members of those 

### 4 communities where they are most common. 

### 5 Despite our overall support for EPA's 

### 6 updated for wood heater standards, the Clean 

### 7 Air Council strongly urges EPA to promulgate 

### 8 a rule that more stringently limits harmful 

### 9 pollutants from heavily-emitting hydronic 

### 10 heaters and reflect the best available 

### 11 technology. 

### 12 The Council looks forward to providing 

### 13 further written comments in the coming 

### 14 months. Thank you. 

### 15 MR. SEYLER: Good morning. Thank you 

### 16 for taking the time for this hearing today. 

### 17 My name is Jeff Seyler. I'm the CEO of the 

### 18 American Lung Association of the Northeast. 

### 19 My comments today are on behalf of the 

### 20 National American Lung Association and we 

### 21 will provide our complete comments in 

### 22 writing. The American Lung Association 

### 23 celebrates our 110th anniversary this year. 

### 24 For half of our history, we have fought for

Page 73 

### 1 healthy air. Healthy air is central to our 

### 2 mission which is to save lives by improving 

### 3 lung death and preventing lung disease. 

### 4 We know that polluted air can shorten 

### 5 lives and worsen lung diseases like asthma 

### 6 and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and 

### 7 can even cause lung cancer; that's why the 

### 8 American Lung Association supports EPA's 

### 9 proposed updates to the air emissions 

### 10 requirements for new residential wood 

### 11 heaters, but urges strengthening improvements 

### 12 to them. 

### 13 The updated standards are long overdue. 

### 14 As you know, EPA last set standards for 

### 15 wood-burning devices in 1988. Under the 

### 16 Clean Air Act, EPA should have updated the 

### 17 standards many times by now. In the past 25 

### 18 years, the technology of wood-burning devices 

### 19 has changed. 

### 20 But, even more importantly, our 

### 21 understanding from the emissions from those 

### 22 devices has grown, so we are pleased that EPA 

### 23 has finally proposed new standards. In 1988, 

### 24 we were seven years away from the first of

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 20 (Pages 74 to 77) Page 74 

### 1 the landmark studies that demonstrated that 

### 2 particles like those that make up wood smoke 

### 3 can be deadly. Burning wood produces 

### 4 emissions that are now widely recognized as 

### 5 harmful to human health. 

### 6 Emissions from wood smoke include 

### 7 particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen 

### 8 oxides, volatile organic compounds, hazardous 

### 9 air pollutants and carcinogens. Many of 

### 10 these emission can occur in both indoor and 

### 11 outdoor environments. Wood smoke is also a 

### 12 significant source of many of these 

### 13 pollutants, especially primary particulate 

### 14 matter. 

### 15 The EPA recognized wood smoke as a major 

### 16 source of particulate matter emission in the 

### 17 2009 integrated science assessment for 

### 18 particulate matter or PM ISA. Wood smoke 

### 19 directly produces fine particulate matter and 

### 20 contributes to local unhealthy air days, such 

### 21 as those we're seeing in Salt Lake City, Utah 

### 22 now. Because of their size, wood smoke 

### 23 particles can be transported hundreds of 

### 24 miles from the source. The EPA concluded in



### Page 75 

### 1 the PM ISA that find particulate matter 

### 2 causes premature death and cardiovascular 

### 3 disease and likely causes respiratory harm. 

### 4 The EPA recognized studies that 

### 5 specifically linked wood smoke with an 

### 6 increased risk of cardiovascular mortality as 

### 7 well as increased emergency department visits 

### 8 from respiratory disease and cardiovascular 

### 9 disease. 

### 10 Unfortunately, particulate matter is 

### 11 just one of the harmful air pollutants 

### 12 emitted in the smoke from burning wood. 

### 13 These long out-of-date standards mean that 

### 14 homeowners install thousands of new 

### 15 wood-burning boilers, furnaces and stoves 

### 16 each year that produce far more dangerous air 

### 17 pollution than modern, state of the art clean 

### 18 air units would. 

### 19 Given the demonstrated harm, the Lung 

### 20 Association urges EPA to reduce the phase-in 

### 21 time for the stronger requirements. Five 

### 22 years is two years longer than other 

### 23 industries have had to meet public health 

### 24 protective standards. The technology to meet 

### Page 76 

### 1 stronger standards has been widely used in 

### 2 Europe for years. Each year EPA allows the 

### 3 industry to delay implementing the stronger 

### 4 standards is another year that more people 

### 5 will purchase and install devices that will 

### 6 emit too much pollution for decades to come. 

### 7 The Lung Association also urges the EPA 

### 8 to include emission limits on fireplaces in 

### 9 the final standards. The proposed standards 

### 10 apply to all residential wood-burning devices 

### 11 except new -- new indoor fireplaces, we 

### 12 believe a significant omission. 

### 13 Fireplaces are installed in new and 

### 14 remodeled homes throughout the nation. Once 

### 15 installed, they will emit unlimited 

### 16 pollutants in every location for the lifetime 

### 17 of the house which can be for generations in 

### 18 the future. The EPA should also consider the 

### 19 impact on indoor air quality and the decision 

### 20 on fireplaces. 

### 21 The Yale childhood asthma study of 

### 22 indoor air quality in homes in Connecticut 

### 23 and Virginia found that homes with fireplaces 

### 24 had an average nitrogen oxides concentrations



### Page 77 

### 1 that were higher than are considered safe. 

### 2 Each hour of fireplace use increased cough 

### 3 and sore throat in these non-smoking mothers. 

### 4 Such pollution can harm anyone, even healthy 

### 5 adults. 

### 6 But, for many, pollution can threaten 

### 7 their lives and leave them with long-term 

### 8 consequences. Childrens and teens, older 

### 9 adults, people who have chronic lung diseases 

### 10 such as asthma, those who have cardiovascular 

### 11 disease and diabetes, and those with low 

### 12 incomes all are more vulnerable. 

### 13 We need every step we can take to 

### 14 provide cleaner, healthier air for all of 

### 15 them. The American Lung Association calls on 

### 16 the EPA to -- swiftly to adopt rigorous 

### 17 health-protective standards for all classes 

### 18 of residential wood heaters using the best 

### 19 emission reduction systems. 

### 20 Until that happens, these devices will 

### 21 continue to be built and installed, 

### 22 compounding the outdoor problem and causing 

### 23 people to mistakenly bring harmful sources of 

### 24 pollution directly into their homes. That

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 21 (Pages 78 to 81) Page 78 

### 1 reality will make it even harder to protect 

### 2 the health of the public. Now is the time 

### 3 for EPA to act, thank you. 

### 4 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 5 from the panel? 

### 6 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 7 MR. MURPHY: Thank you very much. The 

### 8 next speakers will be Patricia Aho and 

### 9 Yvonne Nanasi. 

### 10 MS. AHO: Good morning. I am 

### 11 Commissioner Patricia Aho. My last name is 

### 12 spelled A-H-O and I am the Commissioner of 

### 13 the Maine Department of Environmental 

### 14 Protection. 

### 15 Thank you very much for the opportunity 

### 16 to provide comments on the proposed 

### 17 residential wood heater New Source 

### 18 Performance Standards. The people of Maine 

### 19 take pride in and value that our national 

### 20 ambient air quality standards are met on all 

### 21 cases. 

### 22 We appreciate the efforts, both large 

### 23 and small, to protect this vital national 

### 24 resource for our state as well as for

Page 79



### 1 everyone. Maine supports regulations that 

### 2 result in more efficient and 

### 3 environmentally-beneficial wood burning 

### 4 devices, and we agree with the draft rules 

### 5 goals to reduce the amount of wood smoke in 

### 6 our air. 

### 7 However, as proposed, the rule creates a 

### 8 number of concerns for our state, our forest 

### 9 products industry, our related manufacturers 

### 10 and the range of small businesses who exist 

### 11 to meet the needs related to the residential 

### 12 wood-burning in our predominantly rural 

### 13 state. 

### 14 It is these consequences of the 

### 15 regulation as proposed which I bring to your 

### 16 attention today and I will only brief outline 

### 17 our top concerns and will be providing our 

### 18 written comments for the record at a later 

### 19 time. 

### 20 First and foremost, this proposal 

### 21 restricts consumer options. We emphatically 

### 22 defend homeowner's rights to choices by which 

### 23 to improve efficiency and environmental 

### 24 performance of their home-heating devices. 

### Page 80 

### 1 The proposed standards do not appropriately 

### 2 consider the differences between catalytic 

### 3 and non-catalytic wood stoves either in 

### 4 design or actual operation, and let me 

### 5 underscore again the word actual operation. 

### 6 A non-catalyst stove is more 

### 7 straightforward to operate and requires less 

### 8 maintenance, making it a much more attractive 

### 9 and viable option for many homeowners. New 

### 10 non-catalytic wood stoves offer very 

### 11 efficient, easy to operate and affordable 

### 12 options while still providing environmental 

### 13 benefits. 

### 14 The state of Maine, as you may be aware, 

### 15 is demographically the oldest state in the 

### 16 country and with most of our seniors on fixed 

### 17 income, it is significant that we need to 

### 18 look at how a user of a wood-burning stove is 

### 19 able to use that stove. Ease of operation 

### 20 and affordability are important factors. 

### 21 As you've heard this morning, it is the 

### 22 behavior of the operator of the device as 

### 23 well as the quality of the fuel which are 

### 24 much more important than the actual



### Page 81



### 1 technology related in influencing the final 

### 2 emissions from that unit. Regulations which 

### 3 discourage easier to use technology will 

### 4 ultimately be counter-productive to the 

### 5 pursuit of reduced air emissions which is 

### 6 what we are all striving for. 

### 7 Secondly, another consequence of this 

### 8 proposal is the creation of disincentives for 

### 9 those considering the replacement of their 

### 10 current wood stoves and furnaces with more 

### 11 efficient devices. As you have seen, data 

### 12 shows that pollution from old, inefficient 

### 13 wood stoves is a very significant source of 

### 14 particulate matter pollution. 

### 15 If this regulation forces the market to 

### 16 shift further to catalyst-equipped wood 

### 17 stoves as is expected, consumers will be 

### 18 reluctant to replace older units with newer 

### 19 units because catalytic stoves are more 

### 20 expensive to purchase and maintain. 

### 21 The catalysts must be replaced 

### 22 throughout the lifespan of the device and 

### 23 further more if those catalysts are not 

### 24 maintained and replaced as directed by the

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 22 (Pages 82 to 85) Page 82 

### 1 manufacturer, pollution can be just as bad or 

### 2 perhaps even worse than from the older stove 

### 3 which it was hopeful to replace. 

### 4 Additionally to our demographics 

### 5 relating to the age of our population, Maine 

### 6 also has some of the oldest housing stock in 

### 7 the country, so some of our homes may not 

### 8 actually be able to upgrade at all, due to 

### 9 the specific installation requirements of 

### 10 catalyst stoves, relating to the size, the 

### 11 dimensions and the configuration of the 

### 12 chimney and the interior space of these 

### 13 homes. 

### 14 Indeed, this proposal actually creates a 

### 15 significant market disadvantage for persons 

### 16 to upgrade because of those physical 

### 17 limitations of the homes, the increased cost 

### 18 of installations of new units, as well as the 

### 19 increased difficulty of operation of certain 

### 20 types of wood-burning devices. 

### 21 We strongly support incentives to 

### 22 encourage consumers with old, inefficient 

### 23 stoves to replace those stoves with newer, 

### 24 more modern technology. Funding

Page 83



### 1 opportunities need to be developed to provide 

### 2 assistance and incentives for the older wood 

### 3 stove change out programs, and this approach 

### 4 obviously alleviates concerns about marketing 

### 5 and resale of secondhand, non-certified 

### 6 wood-burning units. 

### 7 Another consequence that I would like to 

### 8 mention which has not been mentioned this day 

### 9 as well is that from our analysis of the 

### 10 proposal, it would appear that it indicates 

### 11 that operation of a residential wood-burning 

### 12 unit, other than as specified in the owner's 

### 13 manual, including the types of fuel specified 

### 14 becomes a violation of federal law. 

### 15 Homeowners who burn anything other than 

### 16 dry wood as specified in those owner's 

### 17 manual, apparently will now be committing a 

### 18 federal offense. This is a very harsh 

### 19 standard established with unrealistic 

### 20 expectations of compliance and enforcement. 

### 21 Maine disagrees with the severity of 

### 22 this and would specifically request EPA to 

### 23 reconsider this requirement in your proposal. 

### 24 I will be brief because I -- I appreciate the 

### Page 84 

### 1 extra time you are affording me. This 

### 2 proposal requires manufacturers to upgrade 

### 3 their designs and corresponding production 

### 4 systems, as you have heard, at significant 

### 5 cost based on technology and testing methods 

### 6 which have yet to be finalized. 

### 7 As a regulatory agency myself, it is 

### 8 incumbent upon all regulatory agencies to 

### 9 provide fair and predictable and certain 

### 10 regulations and not a proposal that says 

### 11 we'll let you know what the technology is 

### 12 sometime later, so we would ask you to 

### 13 determine what that technology is that will 

### 14 be used by manufacturers to incorporate into 

### 15 their systems. 

### 16 And, finally, I would like to just one 

### 17 more time underscore our concerns with the 

### 18 proposed regulation because it goes well 

### 19 beyond manufacturers and it reaches into our 

### 20 state: a significant number of small 

### 21 businesses, our retailers of these units, the 

### 22 installers, the fabricators who you have not 

### 23 heard from yet, our forest products industry 

### 24 which provide the fuel for the units, and the

Page 85 

### 1 suppliers of those wood pellets as well as 

### 2 cord wood as well. 

### 3 Maine strongly encourages EPA to further 

### 4 refine this regulation to include 

### 5 reasonableness, pragmatism and common sense 

### 6 so that newer, cleaner wood stoves are a 

### 7 benefit to the consumer with no compromise in 

### 8 heating ability, no increase in the 

### 9 difficulty of operation, the installation or 

### 10 the maintenance of those units so that they 

### 11 are not prohibitively expensive and so that 

### 12 actual health benefits are realized. 

### 13 Thank you for the opportunity. I 

### 14 welcome any questions that you may have and 

### 15 we will be providing significant comments for 

### 16 the record. Thank you. 

### 17 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Commissioner. 

### 18 MR. WOOD: Jim, I have one quick 

### 19 question, and I'm trying to write notes as 

### 20 well as I can. You said something about the 

### 21 resale of the non-certified units. I didn't 

### 22 hear the verb before that. 

### 23 MS. AHO: What we think is absolutely 

### 24 important is a -- a change out program in

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 23 (Pages 86 to 89) Page 86 

### 1 order -- and to provide financial incentives 

### 2 for change out programs so that people remove 

### 3 those older stoves out of operation, rather 

### 4 than just a rebate program. 

### 5 Rebate programs are great but it doesn't 

### 6 necessarily actually provide an incentive for 

### 7 the additional behavior which you want which 

### 8 is to remove the older stove entirely from 

### 9 its use. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: I understand that but -- but 

### 11 were you suggesting that we should not allow 

### 12 the resale of uncertified -- 

### 13 MS. AHO: I don't remember speaking to 

### 14 the resale at all in my testimony. 

### 15 MR. WOOD: Okay, thanks. I'll -- I'll 

### 16 read it later. Thank you. 

### 17 MS. AHO: Thank you. 

### 18 MS. NANASI: Good morning. My name is 

### 19 Yvonne Nanasi, Y-V-O-N-N-E, N-A-N-A-S-I. I'm 

### 20 a resident of Bedford, New Hampshire and the 

### 21 New Hampshire Field Manager for Moms Clean 

### 22 Air Force. Moms Clean Air Force is dedicated 

### 23 to strengthening and protecting the Clean Air 

### 24 Act. We have 1,600 members in New Hampshire.



### Page 87 

### 1 I come before you today to urge the EPA 

### 2 to swiftly adopt the New Source Performance 

### 3 Standards for wood heaters. Many of us in 

### 4 New Hampshire burn wood to heat our homes 

### 5 because wood is inexpensive and plentiful, 

### 6 however, the emissions from our wood-burning 

### 7 boilers, furnaces and stoves include 

### 8 particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen 

### 9 oxide, hazardous air pollutants and 

### 10 carcinogens. 

### 11 Wood combustion devices contribute at 

### 12 least 25 percent of wintertime particulate 

### 13 pollution in parts of New Hampshire, 

### 14 according to our department of environmental 

### 15 services air resources division. These 

### 16 emissions are now known to harm our lungs and 

### 17 especially those of our children. 

### 18 Not only are children who are exposed to 

### 19 wood smoke more likely to develop asthma, but 

### 20 the symptoms of those who already have asthma 

### 21 become worse when they're exposed to wood 

### 22 smoke. In many New Hampshire communities, 

### 23 children with asthma cannot play outside many 

### 24 days and wood smoke is the reason. 

### Page 88 

### 1 As a volunteer, I serve as the director 

### 2 of Trout Unlimited's New Hampshire kids trout 

### 3 camp, a five-day program held annually to 

### 4 teach youth the art and science of fly 

### 5 fishing. In each of the past three years, at 

### 6 least seven out of ten kids attending camp 

### 7 are required to carry their -- their 

### 8 inhalers. This is a new development. 

### 9 In the past, one, two maybe inhalers I 

### 10 would see a summer, but this is but one small 

### 11 example of the growing prevalence of asthma 

### 12 among our children that we must take action 

### 13 to prevent and these standards are a step in 

### 14 that direction. 

### 15 Fortunately, new technologies are 

### 16 available that not only significantly reduce 

### 17 emissions from wood stoves, furnaces and 

### 18 boilers but also enable homeowners to heat 

### 19 their homes using less wood, saving families 

### 20 time and money. Health-protective emissions 

### 21 standards would broaden the market for these 

### 22 technologies and spur even more innovation. 

### 23 We know the current EPA standards are 

### 24 over 25 years old, meaning many homeowners

Page 89 

### 1 have installed thousands of new wood-burning 

### 2 boilers and furnaces that produce far more 

### 3 dangerous air pollution than cleaner units. 

### 4 It's time to change. 

### 5 The proposed standards would cut 

### 6 pollution from these devices by eighty 

### 7 percent and set the first nationwide limits 

### 8 on harmful pollution from wood-burning 

### 9 boilers. These standards are based on 

### 10 improved technologies in use today, 

### 11 especially in European countries. 

### 12 Manufacturers can and should include 

### 13 this technology in products that homeowners 

### 14 are buying. Those -- these proposed 

### 15 standards will make that happen sooner rather 

### 16 than later so, in addition to the health 

### 17 benefits, the new standards will make our 

### 18 wood heaters more efficient than other ones. 

### 19 We encourage you to swiftly adopt these new 

### 20 standards. Thank you. 

### 21 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any additional 

### 22 questions? 

### 23 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 24 MR. MURPHY: Thank you very much. Our

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 24 (Pages 90 to 93) Page 90 

### 1 next speakers will be Bob Feen and 

### 2 John Crouch. Mr. Feen, go ahead. You can 

### 3 just move that mic over a little. 

### 4 MR. FEEN: My name is Bob Feen. It's 

### 5 spelled F like Frank, E-E-N like Nancy. I 

### 6 own Feen's Country Living in Fitchburg, 

### 7 Massachusetts and I've been running that 

### 8 store since 1975. We sell mostly wood 

### 9 stoves, hearth stoves, yodels, mold castings, 

### 10 Regencies, SBI, FPI units, a lot of 

### 11 wood-burning stoves. 

### 12 We have ten people that work with us. 

### 13 They are full time and they have full-time 

### 14 benefits. My dear friends from the EPA, you 

### 15 may or may not be aware that this is Boston 

### 16 and it's the backyard of a delightful 

### 17 historian, Doris Kearns Goodwin. 

### 18 A recent book that she came out with, 

### 19 she talks about William Howard Taft, a 

### 20 President who hated to give speeches and 

### 21 every time he left the podium, he felt 

### 22 remorse that what was in his head was never 

### 23 conveyed. And, more so, after listening to 

### 24 the wonderful testimonies, both pro and con,

Page 91 

### 1 for the regulations as proposed, I'm sure I'm 

### 2 gonna leave here with a lot of things I wish 

### 3 I had said. 

### 4 But, at any rate, I'll begin by saying 

### 5 that forty years ago, things were different 

### 6 than they are today but not so different. 

### 7 The Arab oil embargo shocked us into a fit of 

### 8 disbelief that this almighty nation could be 

### 9 held hostage by a few sheiks in some far, 

### 10 distant lands. 

### 11 We didn't know who or where these sheiks 

### 12 were from or what their motives were but they 

### 13 certainly grabbed our attention. Lines at 

### 14 gas stations were long, home heating old was 

### 15 not scarce -- was scarce and it doubled and 

### 16 tripled in price. 

### 17 Resourceful Americans that we are, we 

### 18 became fighting mad and fought back. 

### 19 Smaller, more efficient cars -- remember the 

### 20 kay car, although those were short-lived 

### 21 responses to the Mideast attack on our way of 

### 22 life. Another response to that attack was 

### 23 turning to our forefathers, the way of 

### 24 heating their homes and that was returning to 

### Page 92 

### 1 a renewable heat source that we all know is 

### 2 the omnipresent, sustainable supply of cord 

### 3 wood. 

### 4 In these early days, young moms, dads 

### 5 and kids cut, chopped and split wood and 

### 6 enjoyed the independence and sustainability 

### 7 of their little smoky wood stove, but we knew 

### 8 in those days that the little smoky stove had 

### 9 to be improved. 

### 10 It was the likes of Dr. Jay Shelton 

### 11 years ago who established an institute that 

### 12 discovered ways to cut the smoke and cut 

### 13 pollution. He did a whale of a job in 

### 14 preparing the way for the new ADA at that 

### 15 time, EPA regs. 

### 16 At that time, little stove shops like 

### 17 mine grew and grew all over the country. 

### 18 People became attached to their stoves and, 

### 19 unlike the demise of the little cars, they 

### 20 continue today to this day to heat their 

### 21 homes with wood. 

### 22 Like most New England dealers, the 

### 23 preponderance of sales of mine are cast iron 

### 24 and they're used to offset the main source of

Page 93 

### 1 heating which is imported oil. Today's 

### 2 prices, about $1,100.00 for a 275-gallon fill 

### 3 up of oil. 

### 4 Our heating season is six months of the 

### 5 year, and it's easy to see how reliant New 

### 6 Englander's are upon their cherished wood 

### 7 stoves. In addition to saving money, our 

### 8 stoves reduce the reliance upon foreign oil 

### 9 and utilize local, renewable resources. 

### 10 Our industry, I am proud to say, in the 

### 11 state of Massachusetts -- in the state of 

### 12 Massachusetts, we are definitely pro-EPA. We 

### 13 understand the imperative of striving toward 

### 14 a zero carbon footprint. 

### 15 A few blocks from where you're sitting 

### 16 resides a native son who last week in 

### 17 Indonesia proposed that the United States of 

### 18 America lead the world of nations in cleaning 

### 19 up the planet of harmful carbon emissions. 

### 20 John Kerry came -- came -- came this 

### 21 close to endorsing a ban in the Keystone 

### 22 Pipeline. The Patrick administration, 

### 23 through the Mass Clean Energy Program, 

### 24 currently offers its citizens up to $2,000.00

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 25 (Pages 94 to 97) Page 94 

### 1 to change out noncompliant stoves to today's 

### 2 cleaner-burning models. In changing those 

### 3 stoves out, pictures must be taken of the 

### 4 existing stoves as they're being burned and 

### 5 they must be brought to recycling plants and 

### 6 put out of commission totally. 

### 7 This is a step in the right direction. 

### 8 We do have to get the six to seven million 

### 9 noncompliant stoves out of circulation. We 

### 10 understand full well the need for clean 

### 11 energy and some of these noncompliant stoves 

### 12 are really a black eye to our business. 

### 13 I ask that the EPA negotiate downwards 

### 14 to a number that our non-cat allies can 

### 15 realistically meet. We are only a few grams 

### 16 away. When we consider that wood burning is 

### 17 more of an art form than a science in the 

### 18 real world of cleaner burning, we depend upon 

### 19 educators, like small business owners like 

### 20 ourselves and the veteran dealers to educate 

### 21 the public on the proper burning of wood. 

### 22 We advocate smaller and insulated 

### 23 chimneys. We advocate proper species of 

### 24 wood, correct splitting of this wood. These



### Page 95 

### 1 issues, in my mind, are more important than 

### 2 the few grams that separate the proposed regs 

### 3 from the dismissal of great manufacturers 

### 4 from our industry, that's what the current 

### 5 regs are aimed to do. 

### 6 The regs should be a starting point as 

### 7 they were in 1988. Our industry has 

### 8 demonstrated a willingness to commit 

### 9 reasonable resources to the reduction of 

### 10 emissions when given a chance. 

### 11 In closing, I would like to relay a 

### 12 response to a question asked by a customer of 

### 13 mine. He asked if EPA was asking the 

### 14 industry to design a wood stove that would be 

### 15 a clean air machine but also, secondarily, 

### 16 heat our homes. This is not a bad idea. 

### 17 Again, MIT is just across the river. Thank 

### 18 you. 

### 19 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 20 MR. CROUCH: I am John Crouch, Director 

### 21 of Public Affairs for the Hearth, Patio & 

### 22 Barbecue Association (HPBA) and I'm based in 

### 23 Sacramento, California where I focus on wood 

### 24 stove rules and regulations in both the U.S. 

### Page 96 

### 1 and Canada. As you know, HPBA supports 

### 2 revisions to the NSPS for wood heaters and 

### 3 understands the need to include other 

### 4 wood-heating appliances. 

### 5 We certainly appreciate the support EPA 

### 6 has provided for change outs, a concept which 

### 7 we pioneered shortly after the first NSPS was 

### 8 published. HPBA and EPA worked together to 

### 9 help low-income, rural families in Libby, 

### 10 Montana change out over 1,000 old, 

### 11 uncertified wood stoves and, together, we 

### 12 proved that existing certified stoves can 

### 13 make a tremendous difference in both the 

### 14 ambient air and the indoor air quality of 

### 15 family -- families' homes. 

### 16 We believe that on a national level, the 

### 17 major source of wood smoke is existing older, 

### 18 uncertified wood stoves. As you know, we 

### 19 believe there are at least six million 

### 20 uncertified, freestanding stoves alone, not 

### 21 counting the millions of airtight fireplace 

### 22 inserts. We are concerned that many of the 

### 23 almost 100 ideas proposed in this package 

### 24 will not necessarily improve on existing EPA

Page 97 

### 1 stoves and we are convinced that they will 

### 2 substantially add to the cost of new stoves. 

### 3 The cumulative impact of even half of 

### 4 these proposed changes is massive and will 

### 5 significantly increase the cost of new 

### 6 appliances. HPBA categorically rejects the 

### 7 assertion that these changes have -- will 

### 8 have only modest cost impact on wood stoves, 

### 9 furnaces, masonry heaters and hydronic 

### 10 heaters and trivial impacts on pellet stoves. 

### 11 Others will speak to this in more 

### 12 detail, but we see many, many cost impacts, 

### 13 especially on very small-volume models that 

### 14 EPA has ignored in this proposal. We are 

### 15 disappointed that EPA has proposed so many 

### 16 changes to the test method with absolutely no 

### 17 assurance that these changes will actually 

### 18 improve field performance. 

### 19 I hope you will remember that our 

### 20 manufacturers will build to the test, 

### 21 including the as yet-uncompleted cordwood 

### 22 test method. If EPA makes a mistake or has 

### 23 made a mistake and it turns out that 

### 24 something in the new test process create

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 26 (Pages 98 to 101) Page 98 

### 1 units which are less effective or efficient 

### 2 in the real world, what is plan B? Will you 

### 3 re-open rule making to fix that problem? 

### 4 Most of these proposed changes have no 

### 5 empirical data to support them. No one knows 

### 6 for certain how they will affect the field 

### 7 performance of these new stoves. Many of 

### 8 these ideas are based on hope and not data. 

### 9 Hope is not a strategy. My understanding of 

### 10 the Clean Air Act is that an NSPS is built on 

### 11 data, not hope. 

### 12 We are also extremely disappointed that 

### 13 EPA has not recognized the work that hydronic 

### 14 heater manufacturers have done to meet the 

### 15 voluntary program targets by not allowing 

### 16 some continued production of these qualified 

### 17 units. These companies have made tremendous 

### 18 gains in emission improvements at great 

### 19 expense. 

### 20 EPA could recognize these gains by 

### 21 granting some type of certification to these 

### 22 qualified units. By far the greatest 

### 23 uncertainty in the entire proposal was with 

### 24 regards to wood furnaces. The proposal



### Page 99 

### 1 suggests a final decision upon promulgation, 

### 2 but does not allow for certification prior to 

### 3 that, and then requires instant certification 

### 4 sixty days after promulgation or perhaps 

### 5 suggests a one-year extension. 

### 6 Now, current certification of wood 

### 7 stoves, to a method OECA has twenty years of 

### 8 experience with, is taking thirty to 

### 9 sixty-plus days. The uncertainty created by 

### 10 the manner in which this issue was handled in 

### 11 the rule absolutely jeopardizes these small 

### 12 companies' existence. 

### 13 Finally, we are left with a sense that 

### 14 we all need to accelerate change outs, since 

### 15 the new units contemplated in five to six 

### 16 years will certainly cost more, and may or 

### 17 may not work as well as existing EPA units. 

### 18 If these proposals increase the costs of 

### 19 wood stoves and pellet stoves as we think 

### 20 they will and therefore reduce change outs, 

### 21 they will delay the ambient air improvements 

### 22 offered by the existing EPA-certified stoves. 

### 23 That would be the greatest irony of all and 

### 24 an unfortunate result of all the work that Page 100 

### 1 both EPA and our industry have invested in 

### 2 this proposed update to the original NSPS. 

### 3 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Mr. Feen. Any 

### 4 questions for the panel? Okay, thank you 

### 5 very much. The next speakers will be 

### 6 Calvin Haggard and Steve Vogelzang. 

### 7 MR. HAGGARD: Good morning. Thank you 

### 8 for the opportunity to speak to you all this 

### 9 morning. My name is Calvin Haggard, I'm the 

### 10 CEO of United States Stove Company. We're 

### 11 based in South Pittsburg, Tennessee. We have 

### 12 additional locations in Eugene, Oregon and 

### 13 also Holland, Michigan. 

### 14 We are the oldest manufacturer of wood 

### 15 stoves in America. Today, I want to talk to 

### 16 you about the economic impact that we see 

### 17 that will happen with these new regulations. 

### 18 First off, the industry. 

### 19 Well, let me tell you about myself. 

### 20 I've been in the wood stove and pellet stove 

### 21 business for over thirty-five years, so I 

### 22 have a little knowledge. I was in the 

### 23 business in 1988 and I saw what happened back 

### 24 then. Our wood stove and pellet stove



### Page 101 

### 1 industry right now in America is 

### 2 approximately 200 million dollars. The 

### 3 largest segment of that category of that 

### 4 business is in affordable heating and 

### 5 affordable heating is into the low-income 

### 6 people and rural America. 

### 7 What's gonna happen? What's the effect 

### 8 if these people cannot get affordable heat? 

### 9 How are they gonna heat their homes? And 

### 10 history told us back in 1988 and '89, most of 

### 11 the wood stove manufacturers went out of 

### 12 business. 

### 13 Today, we estimate there's approximately 

### 14 fifty significant manufacturers of wood 

### 15 stoves and pellet stoves, twenty of them 

### 16 being American companies. We estimate, 

### 17 because of these new regulations in the 

### 18 formats that you have today, approximately 

### 19 the survival rate will be twenty-five to 

### 20 fifty percent. 

### 21 That will leave only five to ten 

### 22 American stove companies and the loss of a 

### 23 lot of American jobs. Ninety-nine percent of 

### 24 our industry are small businesses. Again, we

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 27 (Pages 102 to 105) Page 102 

### 1 look at history and, with these new 

### 2 regulations in the format it is today, we 

### 3 anticipate a dramatic decrease in 

### 4 manufacturers, again a loss of American jobs. 

### 5 I point to the SBA. I look at 

### 6 your -- the SBA did not endorse your plan and 

### 7 I think they see or foresee the affect, the 

### 8 dramatic affect of the wood stove and the 

### 9 pellet stove business because of the new 

### 10 regulations in the format it is today. 

### 11 American jobs will be lost, American lives 

### 12 will be affected. 

### 13 What's gonna be other factors in the 

### 14 manufacturing process? Increased cost of 

### 15 testing, increased cost of research and 

### 16 development, increased cost of marketing cost 

### 17 to the American public. Those costs will be 

### 18 passed on to the American retailers who sell 

### 19 this product. 

### 20 In a retail pyramid, as you increase the 

### 21 price of a product, the sales of the product 

### 22 decreases. When you look at the demographics 

### 23 of a person who needs an affordable wood 

### 24 stove, once again you are affecting



### Page 103



### 1 low-income customers and rural America. Are 

### 2 we gonna get to the point that the 

### 3 only -- only a few people in America are 

### 4 gonna be able to afford a wood stove? I hope 

### 5 not. 

### 6 In 1989, the American public, the 

### 7 American consumer, felt sticker shock. If 

### 8 these regulations are done in the format they 

### 9 are today, again we will feel sticker shock 

### 10 and our industry will decline. The 

### 11 development of the consumer base that needs 

### 12 and wants affordable heating again is a very 

### 13 large, important part, our segment of the 

### 14 industry. 

### 15 In passing these regulations, it will 

### 16 diminish any affordable heating available to 

### 17 this segment of the heating population. 

### 18 Again, the largest portion of our business is 

### 19 low-income families and rural America. 

### 20 Please note that even the OMB recognizes 

### 21 the dramatic affect this plan would have on 

### 22 the American consumer. The American wood 

### 23 stove and pellet stove manufacturers in 

### 24 America, they would not endorse this plan. Page 104 

### 1 In America, people today are fighting the 

### 2 increased cost of housing, increased cost of 

### 3 healthcare, the increased cost of putting 

### 4 food on their family's table. 

### 5 We would strongly suggest please take a 

### 6 look at the regulations you have in today and 

### 7 let's work together to find a solution 

### 8 together where we can still bring to America 

### 9 affordable heating and keep American 

### 10 manufacturers alive and well and American 

### 11 workers working. 

### 12 These new regulations will disengage 

### 13 again the American heating industry, the 

### 14 American manufacturers of wood stoves and 

### 15 pellet appliances, American retailers who 

### 16 sell our heating products and, most 

### 17 importantly, we'll disengage the American 

### 18 consumer from affordable heating appliances. 

### 19 I thank you for your time this morning. 

### 20 MR. VOGELZANG: My name is 

### 21 Steve Vogelzang, that's V-O-G-E-L-Z-A-N-G. 

### 22 Vogelzang International is a company now part 

### 23 of United States Stove. Dr. Simcox, 

### 24 Mr. Green, Mr. Wood, thank you for your



### Page 105 

### 1 attention this morning. I've been in the 

### 2 hearth industry for over 35 years. I worked 

### 3 with the EPA back in 1988 and I'd like to 

### 4 focus on the single-burn rate stove and 

### 5 furnace this morning. 

### 6 You've heard a lot of other comments 

### 7 regarding the certified stoves and hydronics 

### 8 but my background is also in the single-burn 

### 9 rate stove. Back in 1988, there was a need 

### 10 for this kind of stove. There is a need for 

### 11 this stove today. Back then, we developed 

### 12 and patented a damp collar that allowed every 

### 13 single-rate freestanding stove to be in 

### 14 compliance with method 28A. 

### 15 If I leave you with one thing this 

### 16 morning, I'd like to emphasize and underscore 

### 17 that there is still a need for stoves that go 

### 18 into cabins, workshops, other ancillary 

### 19 buildings where this stove is applicable. 

### 20 In my hand, I have a letter from a World 

### 21 War II veteran by the name of 

### 22 Stanley Volnaka (phonetic). Stanley wrote me 

### 23 a letter and said would you be willing to 

### 24 donate a stove to me, a Purple Heart veteran.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 28 (Pages 106 to 109) Page 106 

### 1 I replied by saying I would perhaps consider 

### 2 that but I'd have to know more about you. 

### 3 One of his fellow soldiers testified 

### 4 that this man carried a fifty-pound 

### 5 water-cooled machine gun throughout Europe in 

### 6 World War II until part of his leg was blown 

### 7 off by an 88-millimeter German round. 

### 8 I met Stanley. He has become a friend 

### 9 of mine. He's still alive. He's 94, he's 

### 10 blind. He requires 24-hour care. We donated 

### 11 a stove to Stanley for his home because he 

### 12 could not afford anything else. 

### 13 A couple of years ago, there was footage 

### 14 in Grand Rapids, Michigan about the homeless 

### 15 in the city that actually filmed where the 

### 16 homeless camp was in the city of Grand Rapids 

### 17 and, wouldn't you know, they were warming 

### 18 themselves with a single-burn rate stove. 

### 19 We were approached by a faith-based 

### 20 group to donate fifty stoves to the poorest 

### 21 part of Appalachia, West Virginia. We 

### 22 donated those stoves because the people there 

### 23 could not afford to buy any other kind of 

### 24 appliance. Here's my point again, for fear



### Page 107 

### 1 of repetition, there is a need for these 

### 2 types of stoves and we ask the EPA to work 

### 3 with us either in maintaining the current 

### 4 28A standard or helping us revise it so that 

### 5 it's tenable for all manufacturers that 

### 6 produce this kind of stove. 

### 7 It seems to me that the part of wisdom 

### 8 is to not say to the consumer we are going to 

### 9 remove America's most affordable wood stove 

### 10 from the market. The part of wisdom, it 

### 11 seems to me, is to find out a way to continue 

### 12 to supply this kind of stove so that all 

### 13 parties are served, those of the poor, the 

### 14 underprivileged, those disenfranchised in our 

### 15 society so that they, too, have a way to buy 

### 16 a wood stove. 

### 17 I was there in 1988. I'm here 25 years 

### 18 later to make the same proposal. Thank you 

### 19 for your time and attention. 

### 20 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 21 from the panel? Thank you. The next 

### 22 speakers will be Paul Williams and 

### 23 John Ackerly. Mr. Williams. 

### 24 MR. WILLIAMS: Good morning. I am Page 108 

### 1 Paul Williams with United States Stove 

### 2 Company. I've been in this industry a long 

### 3 time and I've seen the results of the first 

### 4 original NSPS, and one of the things that hit 

### 5 me this morning is how we've had some people 

### 6 promote -- we're in a federal building, 

### 7 federal tax dollars, we're promoting foreign 

### 8 technology's product. As an American company 

### 9 and a small business, we take sort of a slap 

### 10 in the face with that, but we'll go with 

### 11 where we are today. 

### 12 To begin with, I want to start with I 

### 13 don't think we fully understand exactly what 

### 14 we're building and what we're doing. One of 

### 15 the things that hasn't been mentioned here is 

### 16 that we're actually asking families to build 

### 17 a fire in their home. 

### 18 Not only are we worried about the 

### 19 emissions but we're also worried about 

### 20 combustibles, the safety aspects of it when 

### 21 we're asking them to build a fire in their 

### 22 home, a home where their family plays, prays 

### 23 and sleeps. We build -- we build products 

### 24 where a grandfather doesn't hesitate to warm



### Page 109 

### 1 his home while he watches his little 

### 2 granddaughter learn to read. I'm a 

### 3 grandfather and I know how important it is to 

### 4 see your family grow up. I know anybody here 

### 5 would have the same feelings. And I say that 

### 6 because I think we're all concerned over our 

### 7 families and our homes, not only emissions 

### 8 but everything else that we put out. 

### 9 United States Stove Company takes great 

### 10 pride in what we produce and is one of the 

### 11 oldest companies in the county. We've been 

### 12 building Americans and keeping Americans' 

### 13 families' homes warm since 1869. In the face 

### 14 of tightened economies and rising heating 

### 15 costs, more Americans turn to less costly 

### 16 heat sources to heat these homes, especially 

### 17 in the poor areas that Mr. Vogelzang 

### 18 mentioned. 

### 19 Affordable options must be made 

### 20 available, and in this proposal it threatens 

### 21 not only the existence of some of these 

### 22 products but also the companies that produce 

### 23 them, especially given the extremely tight, 

### 24 lower numbers and the timeframe that we have

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 29 (Pages 110 to 113) Page 110 

### 1 to work with these. At retail, because 

### 2 that's my forte, we have seen price 

### 3 elasticity drastically affect sales. 

### 4 Consumers look at it if they can't get a 

### 5 payback within two years, they will just not 

### 6 do it. They'll do something else. 

### 7 They will keep what they have for 

### 8 convenience, cut expenses elsewhere like in 

### 9 medications, kids' sporting events and extra 

### 10 family activities, this proposal expects warm 

### 11 air furnaces, which is what we produce a lot 

### 12 of, to be acceptable by the struggling 

### 13 American family, when in this proposal it 

### 14 mentions the price will jump from $912.00 to 

### 15 over $4,000.00. 

### 16 We estimate that 20,000 units that are 

### 17 normally sold in an annual year will be 

### 18 dropped to 7,000 or fewer, again cutting 

### 19 available resources we have to build and 

### 20 innovate the next generation of stoves. To 

### 21 add insult to injury, you ask that furnaces 

### 22 have no ability to sell at retail after 

### 23 promulgation and allowing wood stoves only 

### 24 six months. You would ask that our retail

Page 111 

### 1 partners stop buying products in the middle 

### 2 of the winter if we expect early 2015 

### 3 promulgation, so you would ask that our 

### 4 retail partners stop buying products in the 

### 5 middle of the winter if we expect that, and 

### 6 expect them to closeout their inventory 

### 7 and -- and make sure that they sell their 

### 8 inventory through the spring and early 

### 9 summer. 

### 10 I assure you they will have to greatly 

### 11 mark down prices to move heating appliances 

### 12 if they're forced to sell them in April, May 

### 13 and June. That hurts the numbers and eats 

### 14 away at the margins and no one likes margin 

### 15 erosions. Companies and stockholders do not 

### 16 like low profits and they will force -- they 

### 17 will begin to ask -- they will force 

### 18 companies like United States Stove Company to 

### 19 take back this product and again adding to 

### 20 the cost of this program or this proposal 

### 21 that's facing our companies. 

### 22 Remember, these are not just products 

### 23 but also the literature, point of sale 

### 24 merchan dise, the transportation costs, the 

### Page 112 

### 1 handling, these are hard costs. Then add the 

### 2 cost of the lost sales and commissions, the 

### 3 lost revenues by retailers which would then 

### 4 come back to us. 

### 5 They'd go, hey, we lost sales on this, 

### 6 what are you gonna do for me? I need you to 

### 7 make this up in COWOK (phonetic) dollars and 

### 8 advertising dollars. And you start to see 

### 9 how impactful the trickle down effect would 

### 10 be in this proposal, and what about the mom 

### 11 and pops, the small stores, the ones that 

### 12 sell fifty to seventy-five units a year and 

### 13 have ten left over. 

### 14 What do they do? Normally, they'd keep 

### 15 them on the floor, they'd try to sell them 

### 16 but they can't afford to mark them down. 

### 17 There are thousands of these smaller mom and 

### 18 pop shops that need time to manage the 

### 19 seasonal inventory. The economic impact they 

### 20 are facing needs to be considered. 

### 21 This month, February 8th I believe it 

### 22 was, I read an article that the President has 

### 23 directed the administration to lead a new 

### 24 role in made in rural America initiative.



### Page 113 

### 1 This initiative is charged with bringing 

### 2 together federal resources to help rural 

### 3 businesses and leaders take advantage of new 

### 4 investment opportunities and access new 

### 5 customers and markets, expanding outside the 

### 6 US will provide assistance to grow these 

### 7 small businesses. 

### 8 Building the future of these rural 

### 9 American success stories and put factory 

### 10 workers back on the line, building products 

### 11 that are proudly made in America. It looks 

### 12 like we have the support and backing of the 

### 13 President and several government agencies. 

### 14 In this proposal, it mentions the US 

### 15 Department of Agriculture, US Department of 

### 16 Commerce and the Small Business 

### 17 Administration and the few of the United 

### 18 States Representatives. 

### 19 Here, we have the EPA and a few others 

### 20 force an agenda that history has shown will 

### 21 reduce small business and, most assuredly, 

### 22 eliminate American jobs with little or no 

### 23 significant impact -- environmental impact. 

### 24 Remember, by your own numbers, there are

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 30 (Pages 114 to 117) Page 114 

### 1 millions of older models still in use and 

### 2 they will all be grandfathered in and once 

### 3 the new models are four to five times higher 

### 4 price than they are now, who will upgrade 

### 5 their existing products. 

### 6 Who will be able to -- left to support 

### 7 the existing products and who will keep the 

### 8 production lines moving and American 

### 9 employees on the job? As we've seen from the 

### 10 census data and the original NSPS, there was 

### 11 a steady decline in wood heating since 1989. 

### 12 Anybody see a similarity here? 

### 13 As soon as sticker shock hit, the United 

### 14 States Stove Company made an effort to 

### 15 develop new and innovative products and 

### 16 expand our offerings to survive this 

### 17 downturn, this is something that we've 

### 18 discussed in great detail with Gil. 

### 19 We diversified our product line and 

### 20 we're a stronger company today for it. We've 

### 21 grown through these challenging years and is 

### 22 one of the largest stakeholders and one of 

### 23 the few still standing from the original 

### 24 NSPS. We stand here today as a voice of



### Page 115 

### 1 reason, to help explain and understand the 

### 2 financial impact this proposal has on our 

### 3 company, the retailers and the American 

### 4 family. 

### 5 Due all -- due to all the product types 

### 6 included in this proposal, we are being 

### 7 penalized for our strategic efforts to grow 

### 8 our business. This proposal asks that we 

### 9 have our wood stoves and pellet stoves ready 

### 10 in 2015, plus our single-burn rate stoves and 

### 11 our warm air furnaces upon promulgation. 

### 12 Taking on one fight is challenging 

### 13 enough. That you would ask that we take on 

### 14 multiple categories, the crunch of the time 

### 15 table and the needed resources to be 

### 16 available for us to be compliant. Again, the 

### 17 American -- rural American initiative is to 

### 18 promote and grow our company. 

### 19 This ruling may not only reverse our 

### 20 growth but, quite possibly, destroy it. 

### 21 Retailers also carry multiple products and 

### 22 category and the seasonal category is one of 

### 23 the most difficult. Out west, they're 

### 24 stocking lawn mowers right now with no grass Page 116 

### 1 to mow, that is why we strongly suggest you 

### 2 review the idea the product should be rushed 

### 3 to market, directing affordable alternatives, 

### 4 forcing products to market without adequate 

### 5 time for field testing, durability testing 

### 6 and offering little or no opportunity to help 

### 7 retailers manage their investments. 

### 8 We ask that you remember that these are 

### 9 seasonal products, not light bulbs, and 

### 10 retailers should be allowed some time to 

### 11 manage their inventory without penalizing 

### 12 their investment. 

### 13 We ask that you look at the proposal and 

### 14 review what we really need in American homes, 

### 15 in American factories and American retailers 

### 16 and build on the administration's made in 

### 17 rural America initiative. Thank you. 

### 18 MR. ACKERLY: Thank you Greg, Alison, 

### 19 Gil. My name is John Ackerly, it's 

### 20 A-C-K-E-R-L-Y. I appreciate the opportunity 

### 21 to testify. Maybe more, I appreciate the 

### 22 opportunity for this community to be able to 

### 23 testify to each other and to engage in this 

### 24 time to listen to each other's views, learn



### Page 117 

### 1 from each other and I hope that continues not 

### 2 just during the comment period but over the 

### 3 next year. 

### 4 I think a lot of people here have a lot 

### 5 to contribute and I know you'll have a -- you 

### 6 have a big plate ahead of you. Ironically, 

### 7 I'm happy to be up here with Paul Williams. 

### 8 Also, I represent a nonprofit that is 

### 9 more consumer-oriented and we really look at 

### 10 the impacts on low-income people and the 

### 11 benefits to low-income people in wood 

### 12 heating. 

### 13 I want to start by saying we support 

### 14 these standards generally, because we believe 

### 15 they are the basis for growing wood heat in 

### 16 America. We want to see more families be 

### 17 able to heat with wood cleanly and we think 

### 18 this is an essential step to bring in more 

### 19 stoves to the public while keeping overall 

### 20 emissions lower. 

### 21 I want to also say we should remember 

### 22 this as a renewable heat -- heating source, 

### 23 that we help our country get off fossil 

### 24 fuels. The regulations are not just about

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 31 (Pages 118 to 121) Page 118 

### 1 wood smoke but they are about national energy 

### 2 policy. I was disappointed that the EPA did 

### 3 not mention the word renewable a single time 

### 4 in the proposed regulations. 

### 5 We call on the EPA to recognize the 

### 6 value of wood and pellets as a renewable and 

### 7 as an affordable heating source in America. 

### 8 This is not coal. This is a renewable and 

### 9 EPA has a mandate to promote renewables and 

### 10 that should be reflected in the NSPS. 

### 11 We further believe that wood stoves need 

### 12 to be cleaner than the current ones and we 

### 13 believe one point three grams an hour is 

### 14 achievable. we share some of the concerns 

### 15 that you've heard from industry about with so 

### 16 many different aspects of this, the testing 

### 17 and fueling be in play and I know that's 

### 18 gonna -- you'll have a lot of work ahead of 

### 19 you on that. 

### 20 We also believe pellet -- pellet stoves 

### 21 should meet an even stricter standard. We 

### 22 think they should be 2.5 grams an hour upon 

### 23 promulgation. Every gram an hour makes a 

### 24 difference in a neighborhood and there are



### Page 119 

### 1 now some neighborhoods with more pellet 

### 2 stoves than wood stoves. 

### 3 Soon, we may have more pellet stoves 

### 4 sold in America than wood stoves. We should 

### 5 not be setting a 4.5 standard for a class of 

### 6 stoves that is already under 2.5. It's 

### 7 simply not BDT. 

### 8 We also believe that an important change 

### 9 is the NSPS needs to recognize a clearer 

### 10 pathway for automated stoves to be tested and 

### 11 to come to market. We've heard a lot today 

### 12 about the problem with stoves is not the 

### 13 technology by it's the operator. 

### 14 Only when we get more automated stoves 

### 15 will we have the really clean burning stoves 

### 16 that reduce the operator error and EPA should 

### 17 help in this process and not hinder this sort 

### 18 of innovation by not recognizing and 

### 19 anticipating this class of technology. 

### 20 In terms of efficiency, we are very glad 

### 21 that we'll finally have actual efficiency 

### 22 numbers and EPA has an important story to 

### 23 tell to consumers, that these stoves are 

### 24 going to save consumers a lot of money. This 

### Page 120 

### 1 is a good story that's not being told and if 

### 2 you're trying to sell this -- these 

### 3 regulations to legislators across the country 

### 4 and to consumers across the county, this is a 

### 5 good foot forward and we -- we urge you to 

### 6 use that. 

### 7 In terms of hang tags, we are actually 

### 8 stunned to see the EPA propose to eliminate 

### 9 the consumer hang tags that would tell 

### 10 consumers how clean and efficient the stove 

### 11 is. It's a terrible idea and we urge you to 

### 12 reverse this part of the proposal. 

### 13 Why would the EPA put so much effort 

### 14 into an Energy Star label and try to get 

### 15 consumer recognition with this label and then 

### 16 for one procedure, ours, say that consumers 

### 17 can easily go to the web -- your website. 

### 18 We know that lower-income families, as 

### 19 Paul has been describing, are ones who are 

### 20 often in this market and they deserve a good, 

### 21 clear label on the showroom floor. 

### 22 In closing, just a bit of my personal 

### 23 experience. I have a seven-year-old son. I 

### 24 heat my home mostly with wood. And I live in

Page 121 

### 1 a neighborhood where we all have 

### 2 EPA-certified stoves. My neighborhood has 

### 3 too much smoke. I want to continue burning 

### 4 wood, I want my neighbors to be able to burn 

### 5 wood and we need EPA-certified stoves that 

### 6 are cleaner. 

### 7 We've heard a lot of talk about change 

### 8 outs. We firmly believe change outs are 

### 9 important but they are -- they're not the 

### 10 answer. There's simply not enough money 

### 11 around the country to do change outs. 

### 12 We need -- there may be more regulatory 

### 13 ways to get stoves out of commission but the 

### 14 problem is the operators in my neighborhood, 

### 15 these are very well-meaning, educated people. 

### 16 They simply don't get their act together to 

### 17 get dry wood. They ratchet the air down at 

### 18 night, so the problem is not the old stoves. 

### 19 The problem is stoves. And until we 

### 20 get -- we need cleaner technology to help, 

### 21 even when the consumers don't operate the 

### 22 stove properly but we also need to anticipate 

### 23 more augmented stoves that can help reduce 

### 24 operator error. I think we'll look back on

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 32 (Pages 122 to 125) Page 122 

### 1 this period like we did in 1988 as helping 

### 2 the wood stove industry, helping America burn 

### 3 with wood. 

### 4 It was -- '88 forced innovation and this 

### 5 one will too, and I think it's a very 

### 6 important step forward. Thank you. 

### 7 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Mr. Ackerly. 

### 8 Any questions from the panel? Okay. The 

### 9 next speakers are gonna be Ed Miller and 

### 10 Brandon Barry. 

### 11 And we're pretty much on schedule. I 

### 12 think most -- most people have been close to 

### 13 the five minutes, a couple of exceptions so 

### 14 but everyone is doing very well. 

### 15 MR. MILLER: Good morning. My name is 

### 16 Ed Miller. I'm the Senior Vice President for 

### 17 Public Policy for the American Lung 

### 18 Association for the Northeast and I'm happy 

### 19 to be here this morning. 

### 20 I'm actually here this morning to 

### 21 deliver testimony on behalf and support of 

### 22 these regulations on behalf of about 

### 23 seventeen health and medical organizations in 

### 24 Maine and Massachusetts who could not be here



### Page 123 

### 1 today. They're part of our Healthy Air 

### 2 Coalition and for some of these, it's the 

### 3 first time they've ever had any connection 

### 4 with EPA, quality proposed regulations and 

### 5 those organizations in -- and I'm not gonna 

### 6 read my testimony here but those 

### 7 organizations, The Maine Academy of 

### 8 Pediatrics, The Maine Cystic Fibrosis Family 

### 9 Advisory Board, a number of community 

### 10 coalitions, the Healthy Oxford Hills 

### 11 Coalition, Choose to Be Healthy Coalition, 

### 12 Opportunity Alliance, communities promoting 

### 13 health coalition, Maine Health which is the 

### 14 largest health system in Maine, Physicians 

### 15 for Social Responsibility, the Maine chapter, 

### 16 The Maine Medical Association, the Asthma and 

### 17 Allergy Foundation of America, New England 

### 18 chapter, The Breath of Life, Dorchester, Bold 

### 19 Teens, Codman Square Neighborhood Health 

### 20 Center, Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies 

### 21 Coalition of Massachusetts, Health Resources 

### 22 in Action and the Massachusetts Association 

### 23 for Health, Phys Ed, Recreation and Dance and 

### 24 the Pioneer Valley Asthma Coalition. 

### Page 124 

### 1 There's a large number of health and 

### 2 public health organizations that are looking 

### 3 at this as a significant step that needs to 

### 4 be taken to address a problem as particularly 

### 5 intense in -- in our region of the -- of the 

### 6 county. 

### 7 I will not go into any more depth 

### 8 because you've heard our testimony as the 

### 9 Lung Association, I just have a couple more 

### 10 comments to say. This is not a case of the 

### 11 emissions regulations versus change outs. We 

### 12 think these are both very important. 

### 13 We agree that neither of them alone are 

### 14 going to solve this problem, but we do 

### 15 believe that both together can work fine. 

### 16 And we -- we appreciate the support that 

### 17 the EPA and, in fact, that industry has shown 

### 18 in working with us on change outs throughout 

### 19 this -- throughout this region. And also 

### 20 just in closing, say since 1988 -- I have a 

### 21 long history in public health. 

### 22 I've been in public health since the 

### 23 early seventies and I just have to say I 

### 24 couldn't help but sit here and look back at

Page 125 

### 1 some of the arguments that were made when we 

### 2 were sitting in meetings like this talking 

### 3 about motor vehicle emissions reductions and 

### 4 the progress that's been made in that area 

### 5 has been very significant in partnership 

### 6 between the EPA and the industry that's being 

### 7 regulated. 

### 8 I'm very confident that we can reach 

### 9 that same kind of -- of progress with both 

### 10 parties working closely together for the 

### 11 health of the people of this country. Thank 

### 12 you. 

### 13 MR. BARRY: My name is Brandon Barry, 

### 14 B-A-R-R-Y, and I'm representing United States 

### 15 Stove Company and I want to thank you for the 

### 16 opportunity to speak here today. 

### 17 First of all, this proposal affects me 

### 18 personally and, whether I work in this 

### 19 industry or not, it still would affect me 

### 20 personally. There's not a single person in 

### 21 my close family whose main source of heat is 

### 22 not some result -- a result of some type of 

### 23 wood combustion. I can honestly say that 

### 24 some of my earliest memories in life are

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 33 (Pages 126 to 129) Page 126 

### 1 intertwined with wood stoves, gathering 

### 2 firewood, taking out ashes, feeding the stove 

### 3 when needed, all as childhood chores. 

### 4 Now, this proposal is to the point that 

### 5 it might force many wood-burning appliances 

### 6 out of existence and there's where the 

### 7 personally really comes in. I am the 

### 8 Director of Engineering for Product Research 

### 9 and Testing for United States Stove Company, 

### 10 and wood-burning products are my and my 

### 11 family's way of life in more ways than one. 

### 12 This proposal poses a cost increase in 

### 13 all affected categories of wood-burning 

### 14 appliances and those increases will have to 

### 15 be passed on to the end consumer. In a 

### 16 country where new applicants for jobless 

### 17 benefits and unemployment numbers are at the 

### 18 top of the daily news, cost increases are not 

### 19 taken lightly and ultimately turn many 

### 20 consumers away. 

### 21 Many of these cost increases pose a 

### 22 threat of pricing appliances virtually out of 

### 23 existence. How do you explain how a 

### 24 product's average price increases over



### Page 127 

### 1 400 percent to a consumer? That 400 percent 

### 2 cost increase -- or coming back to that 

### 3 personally, I personally love the idea of 

### 4 heating your home with wood. Forests are 

### 5 America's most renewable resource and a 

### 6 carbon neutral one at that. 

### 7 The changes as a result of this proposal 

### 8 will make many families who would normally 

### 9 choose wood to heat their home to turn to 

### 10 modern alternatives and burn fossil fuels one 

### 11 way or another. These are directly through 

### 12 natural gas, home heating oil or propane or 

### 13 indirectly through electricity since roughly 

### 14 66 percent of all electricity in the United 

### 15 States is produced by burning coal and 

### 16 natural gas. 

### 17 Replacing carbon neutral fossil fuels is 

### 18 not going to benefit the environment. That 

### 19 400 percent cost increase was in the forced 

### 20 air furnace category, which is a category 

### 21 where previous -- that was previously 

### 22 unaffected by the current NSPS. Just in case 

### 23 you didn't know, a wood furnace gives the 

### 24 user option to replace a supplemental Page 128 

### 1 traditional fossil fire or electrical HVAC 

### 2 system with a wood -- wood burning system to 

### 3 offset energy costs which in turn offsets 

### 4 fossil fuel consumption. 

### 5 This proposal outlines that wood furnace 

### 6 testing be conducted to CSAB415.1-10, 

### 7 Canadian consensus based test method. There 

### 8 are several Canadian-manufactured furnaces 

### 9 that currently meet these limits outlined in 

### 10 the -- in B415.1 which will be the same as 

### 11 Step One limits in this proposal, so they are 

### 12 automatic -- so they would automatically 

### 13 comply with the proposed regulations. 

### 14 In turn, no major American furnace 

### 15 manufacturer currently produces a furnace 

### 16 that meets these regulations since this was a 

### 17 previously-unaffected category. At this 

### 18 point, Canadian manufacturers have already 

### 19 made an investment in their products to meet 

### 20 the mark to sell to their markets, but 

### 21 American manufacturers are forced to start 

### 22 today. 

### 23 Through the economics of NAFTA, this 

### 24 proposal will automatically and directly



### Page 129 

### 1 promotes Canadian-based manufacturing at the 

### 2 expense of unnecessary and unreasonable 

### 3 damages to American manufacturers, all of 

### 4 which are American small businesses and 

### 5 support American jobs and families. 

### 6 The other affected appliance in the 

### 7 central heating category is hydronic heaters. 

### 8 And they had a EPA-voluntary program that is 

### 9 run for over eight years now. The wood 

### 10 furnace industry has had no such program. It 

### 11 is stated in the proposed NSPS that all wood 

### 12 furnaces not meeting the new standard will be 

### 13 forced to comply at sixty days after 

### 14 promulgation. 

### 15 At this point, we have been given no 

### 16 guarantee that if we test to CSAB415.1-10 

### 17 today that the data will be accepted upon 

### 18 promulgation. At the very least, we need a 

### 19 road forward to start testing now. The EPA 

### 20 also feels that furnace manufacturers should 

### 21 be able to comply with phase-two limits six 

### 22 years from now. 

### 23 This proposal makes mention, and I 

### 24 quote, given the largest US forced air

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 34 (Pages 130 to 133) Page 130 

### 1 furnace manufacturer already has a catalytic 

### 2 model reading 0.6 six pounds per million BTU, 

### 3 we think six years of lead time is sufficient 

### 4 time in which to conduct R & D and to produce 

### 5 comparably lower-emitting model lines. 

### 6 This statement is by no means factual, 

### 7 as the United States Stove Company is the 

### 8 largest forced air furnace manufacturer in 

### 9 the United States and we did not make that 

### 10 statement. I know -- I almost certainly know 

### 11 which manufacturer made that comment. 

### 12 I know with the same certainty that this 

### 13 product was made in Canada and, due to the 

### 14 inaccuracy of this statement, I question on 

### 15 good authority the act of -- the validity of 

### 16 the claimed number. 

### 17 I challenge the EPA to produce the data 

### 18 that says this number is the best system for 

### 19 emission reduction and supporting evidence 

### 20 that 0.6 pounds per million BTU is a 

### 21 legally-justified number as required on a 

### 22 technology-based rule making process. 

### 23 I would hate to see America come to the 

### 24 point where they have to rely on Canadian



### Page 131 

### 1 manufacturers to provide this as -- for their 

### 2 heating needs because they cut the American 

### 3 small business out of the game. Also, I hate 

### 4 to see less people, people like my family, 

### 5 heating with wood, our best energy source. 

### 6 Let's not forget that wood burning is a 

### 7 sustainable form of heating American homes 

### 8 and this administration does not want to be 

### 9 known for overseeing the legislative 

### 10 undermining of American small businesses. 

### 11 Give American manufacturers reasonable 

### 12 time to comply and to develop cost effective 

### 13 and safe wood fire warm air furnaces for 

### 14 future generations. Thank you. 

### 15 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Mr. Barry. Any 

### 16 questions for these speakers? No. Okay. 

### 17 The next speakers are gonna be 

### 18 Mike Fitzgerald and Charles Niebling. 

### 19 MR. FITZGERALD: Good morning. My name 

### 20 is Mike Fitzgerald and I'm the Assistant 

### 21 Director of the Resources Division with the 

### 22 New Hampshire Department of Environmental 

### 23 Resources and we appreciate the opportunity 

### 24 to speak to you today. First, I'd like to 

### Page 132 

### 1 recognize and thank EPA for all their hard 

### 2 work on this -- this NSPS and State of New 

### 3 Hampshire and our department strongly support 

### 4 the proposal. We would note that it's been 

### 5 26 years since promulgation of the current 

### 6 NSPS and we strongly encourage EPA to move 

### 7 forward without delay. 

### 8 Biomass energy is a very important 

### 9 resource in New Hampshire. Wood is a 

### 10 carbon-neutral renewable resource and wood 

### 11 fuels provide almost four percent of New 

### 12 Hampshire's energy and represent nearly all 

### 13 of half -- nearly half of the state's 

### 14 renewable energy, as you can see from the 

### 15 first two handouts, pieces of the handout 

### 16 that I provided to you. 

### 17 New Hampshire is over eighty-percent 

### 18 forest and our forests and wood products 

### 19 industry contributes more than three billion 

### 20 dollars in economic activity to New 

### 21 Hampshire's economy. Supplying wood for 

### 22 fuels is an important factor in allowing 

### 23 timberland owners to receive economic benefit 

### 24 from their timber stands and allows them to



### Page 133 

### 1 maintain their lots and keep our forests 

### 2 available as a carbon sink. 

### 3 That being said, wood smoke is a 

### 4 significant contributor to PM emissions in 

### 5 New Hampshire and is a significant public 

### 6 health issue for us. Over 35,000 households 

### 7 use wood as a primary heat source in New 

### 8 Hampshire and currently on a BTU basis, wood 

### 9 is approximately half the price of oil and 

### 10 many, many houses are turning to wood to 

### 11 save -- to save money. 

### 12 Given all this increased use, New 

### 13 Hampshire needs wood-burning appliances to be 

### 14 as clean as possible. The picture I have 

### 15 here is from the city of Keene. During 

### 16 the -- during the winter on days like today, 

### 17 we experience significant inversions in the 

### 18 area that trap wood smoke on almost all 

### 19 the switches from the residential wood 

### 20 stoves. 

### 21 And as you can see from the next -- next 

### 22 chart, it shows a strong correlation with 

### 23 levoglucosan. From -- in filters that we 

### 24 test, we -- we know that -- that the -- the

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 35 (Pages 134 to 137) Page 134 

### 1 issue in this area is wood smoke. We, the 

### 2 City of Keene and surrounding area, has 

### 3 experienced three exceedances of the federal 

### 4 max for PM in the last year. 

### 5 If it were not for the formative NAAQS 

### 6 measuring for -- from midnight to midnight, 

### 7 we would have experienced probably several 

### 8 more and the area would prob -- most likely 

### 9 drop into non-attainment for PM. That would 

### 10 be a significant economic and public health 

### 11 issue for the -- for the area. 

### 12 And the Clean Air Act was not designed 

### 13 to -- when an area drops into non-attainment 

### 14 for PM, it imposes economic sanctions on 

### 15 businesses, it imposes motor vehicle 

### 16 requirements, none of which would -- would 

### 17 contribute to solving the problem for us. 

### 18 So avoiding non-attainment is a 

### 19 significant issue for us, to the extent that 

### 20 we invested over $100,000.00 in a wood stove 

### 21 change out campaign I believe years ago in 

### 22 this area to try to reduce the amount of wood 

### 23 smoke and -- and ensure that the area did not 

### 24 go into non-attainment. So, again,

Page 135



### 1 these -- these charts show you that bottom 

### 2 line the -- as you can see, there's a strong 

### 3 correlation between wind speed and -- and 

### 4 time of day and particulate matter levels in 

### 5 this area and on the -- on the last chart, 

### 6 you see there are exceed -- this dramatically 

### 7 illustrates, as you can see, the PM levels go 

### 8 up very strongly late in the day around 5:00 

### 9 p.m. when people come home, light up their 

### 10 wood stoves. 

### 11 They continue to elevate around 

### 12 midnight -- to around midnight when everyone 

### 13 goes to bed and their stoves, you know, damp 

### 14 down. Then at six p.m. (sic) in the morning, 

### 15 we see people lighting them up and the levels 

### 16 of PM rise dramatically and, as you can see 

### 17 from this chart, sometimes the levels are 

### 18 over eighty which is over twice the federal 

### 19 standard and then dropping throughout the day 

### 20 until we repeat the cycle. 

### 21 And, as I said, the current NAAQS for 

### 22 wood -- for PM in effect today measures based 

### 23 on filter measurements that are 24-hour 

### 24 filter-based measurements that go from 

### Page 136 

### 1 midnight to midnight and so, because of that, 

### 2 the -- you don't see -- you don't get both 

### 3 peaks in the same 24-hour period and so we 

### 4 would -- we would certainly be non-attainment 

### 5 and have many more exceedances. 

### 6 So, given that, we -- we strongly 

### 7 support this -- this standard. We support 

### 8 comments that have been provided to you 

### 9 previously and -- and by -- by NESCAUM on 

### 10 behalf of the Northeast states, and we hope 

### 11 that EPA will move ahead expeditiously. 

### 12 Thank you. 

### 13 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 14 MR. NIEBLING: Good morning, I'm 

### 15 Charlie Niebling. I'm former General Manager 

### 16 with New England Wood Pellet. I'm currently 

### 17 a consultant to the company and I'm 

### 18 authorized to speak on their behalf today, 

### 19 and thanks very much for the opportunity. 

### 20 New England Wood Pellet is the 

### 21 Northeast's largest manufacturer and 

### 22 distributor of wood pellet fuel, wood plants 

### 23 in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, Schuyler, New 

### 24 York, and Deposit, New York. Our plants have



### Page 137 

### 1 the capacity to produce 250,000 tons a year, 

### 2 sufficient fuel to heat about 75,000 homes' 

### 3 wood stoves and boilers. And, believe me, 

### 4 all three plants are running pedal to the 

### 5 metal right now. 

### 6 As a company, we are strongly committed 

### 7 to the advancement of clean-combusting, 

### 8 highly-efficient residential wood-heating 

### 9 appliances. We recognize that widespread 

### 10 support in the market for pellet fuel will be 

### 11 dependent on the industry's ability to 

### 12 produce truly advanced clean-burning 

### 13 appliances and the consumer's willingness to 

### 14 accept that high-efficiency and clean 

### 15 combustion may come with additional costs. 

### 16 New England Wood Pellet is proud to be 

### 17 the first US manufacturer to be audited and 

### 18 independently certified for compliance with 

### 19 the Pellet Fuels Institute Fuel Standards 

### 20 program. We take the consistent high quality 

### 21 of our fuel very seriously. 

### 22 We offer these high-level comments and 

### 23 we'll -- we'll submit additional written 

### 24 remarks before the deadline. First, wood

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 36 (Pages 138 to 141) Page 138 

### 1 heating is a renewable, carbon-beneficial 

### 2 energy technology and should be acknowledged 

### 3 as such by EPA. 

### 4 Second, New England Wood Pellets 

### 5 supports EPA's decision to issue revised 

### 6 Performance Standards for wood and pellet 

### 7 stoves and boilers as a way of encouraging a 

### 8 cleaner wood-heating future in America. 

### 9 Third, New England Wood Pellet believes 

### 10 that these rules can help increase the number 

### 11 of homes that can use wood and not fossil 

### 12 fuels because stoves will be cleaner, more 

### 13 efficient and result in more savings compared 

### 14 to fossil fuels and broader public acceptance 

### 15 of wood as a mainstream heating fuel choice. 

### 16 Fourth, EPA should consider granting the 

### 17 industry some extra time to meet the very 

### 18 stringent requirements that you have 

### 19 proposed. Fifth, New England Wood Pellet 

### 20 believes that credible testing and 

### 21 enforcement is an essential component of any 

### 22 New Source Performance Standard under the 

### 23 Clean Air Act. To that end, we support the 

### 24 requirement that pellet appliances be tested



### Page 139 

### 1 with pellet fuels that meet PFI or equivalent 

### 2 certification requirements and that consumers 

### 3 be advised, if not strongly encouraged, to 

### 4 purchase certified fuel to ensure that their 

### 5 appliance will perform as warrantied by the 

### 6 manufacturer. 

### 7 Others will speak to the details of 

### 8 PFI's standards program but, in our judgment, 

### 9 it is credible and rigorous. We believe it 

### 10 is essential for the industry to embrace a 

### 11 single nationwide or international 

### 12 comprehensive enforceable standards program, 

### 13 if pellet fuel is to become a mainstream 

### 14 heating choice for more Americans. 

### 15 EPA's proposal that pellet appliances 

### 16 and testing of these appliances comply with 

### 17 the fuel standard in the proposed NSPS 

### 18 demonstrates the understanding that 

### 19 reliably-clean combustion is dependent upon 

### 20 consistently high-quality fuel and a 

### 21 well-engineered appliance. 

### 22 As EPA moves to finalize this 

### 23 regulation, we urge you to keep in mind that 

### 24 there are many valid reasons why EPA should 

### Page 140 

### 1 support wider adoption of wood heating 

### 2 besides lower particulate emissions and the 

### 3 public health benefits that will result. 

### 4 American energy security, support of 

### 5 renewable energy, lower net greenhouse gas 

### 6 emissions compared to other fossil fuels, 

### 7 lower emissions of sulphur and mercury 

### 8 compared to other fossil fuels, rural 

### 9 economic development and significant cost 

### 10 savings for homeowners and businesses facing 

### 11 ever-rising heating costs. Thank you very 

### 12 much. 

### 13 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 14 for that panel? 

### 15 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 16 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, gentlemen. The 

### 17 next two speakers will be Dave Hannah 

### 18 and Lisa Rector. 

### 19 MR. HANNAH: Good morning. My name is 

### 20 Dave Hannah. I submitted a hard copy earlier 

### 21 on my presentation, as well as the digital 

### 22 version and, essentially, what I have here is 

### 23 a ten-page Powerpoint presentation that 

### 24 contains an opening statement and a



### Page 141



### 1 conclusion. Because you have the hard copy 

### 2 and because you have the digital version, in 

### 3 the interest of time, I'm gonna just touch on 

### 4 some of the slides that are crucial to 

### 5 support my -- my opening statements. 

### 6 All right. The primary mission for a 

### 7 chimney sweep is to identify safety hazards 

### 8 and make necessary recommendations to correct 

### 9 them. The purpose of my presentation today 

### 10 is to provide the committee credible evidence 

### 11 why these proposed regulations pose a 

### 12 significant fire-hazard risk to the American 

### 13 public. 

### 14 We've heard earlier about the energy 

### 15 crisis launching wood burning in the industry 

### 16 in the seventies. The information on this 

### 17 sheet will demonstrate that I've been an 

### 18 active participant in the chimney service 

### 19 industry and its development for the last 37 

### 20 years. 

### 21 After three years of organization, we 

### 22 started the Chimney Sweep Guild in Portland, 

### 23 Maine and, after three years, we changed the 

### 24 name to the National Chimney Sweep Guild,

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 37 (Pages 142 to 145) Page 142 

### 1 because what started in New England had 

### 2 spread nationwide. 

### 3 After ten years in business, many 

### 4 chimney sweeps like myself had very solid 

### 5 businesses with ten or more vehicles on the 

### 6 road, twenty to thirty employees and 

### 7 everybody in the industry that I'm familiar 

### 8 with on a national basis totally supported 

### 9 the '88 standards and primarily because 

### 10 chimney sweeps are all about safety and we 

### 11 believe that cleaner-burning stoves would 

### 12 produce less creosote and therefore be safer, 

### 13 they'd be better for the environment and 

### 14 would go a long way in preserving wood 

### 15 burning, however, they had some negative 

### 16 consequences. 

### 17 Only two years later, the chimney 

### 18 service industry along with wood burning 

### 19 completely tanked in this country. Some of 

### 20 that was due to the fact that the price of 

### 21 oil dropped so low it was cheaper for 

### 22 homeowners to turn up their thermostats than 

### 23 it was to burn wood. Another aspect was that 

### 24 the cost for manufacturers to re-engineer

Page 143 

### 1 their stoves caused the price of a wood stove 

### 2 to double, so wood burning was reduced by 

### 3 more than fifty percent. My fear today is 

### 4 that history is about to repeat itself. This 

### 5 map shows the strong increase in wood burning 

### 6 in the last ten years. 

### 7 In fact, the latest Census Bureau Report 

### 8 states that over twelve percent of homes are 

### 9 primarily heated by wood. If you look at the 

### 10 darker sections in the map -- by the way, 

### 11 this map was courtesy of the Alliance for 

### 12 Green Energy. 

### 13 The darker portions represent areas in 

### 14 the country where wood burning has increased 

### 15 by more than 150 percent, however, at the 

### 16 same time, if we can get this to move, 

### 17 according to HPBA, stove sales really peaked, 

### 18 and I put it in red, in 2008. 

### 19 You see it start to decline in 2005 

### 20 around Katrina and the American public 

### 21 decided to get off the grid and be more 

### 22 independent in case of emergencies. But, 

### 23 since 2008, you can clearly see that sales of 

### 24 wood stoves have gone down significantly, in 

### Page 144 

### 1 fact, more than seventy percent loss. All 

### 2 the while, while we here are experiencing the 

### 3 greatest increase in wood burning, there's 

### 4 only one way to explain that and that is that 

### 5 more and more of these older, polluting, more 

### 6 dangerous stoves are being used. 

### 7 My biggest problem as a chimney sweep is 

### 8 catalytic dampers, and I thought that it 

### 9 might be useful for the committee to hear 

### 10 what it's like for the person that actually 

### 11 goes out and services a catalytic stove. 

### 12 Often times what we find is that in order to 

### 13 take them apart, we break the studs off. 

### 14 We have to drill the studs out. We have 

### 15 to retap the stove. When we get into the 

### 16 damper, it may be damaged or the cat box is 

### 17 damaged. There may be a two or three week 

### 18 delay before we can go back to the customer 

### 19 to replace that stove. 

### 20 Most cat stoves run in the open mode 

### 21 forty percent more of the time, and then the 

### 22 open mode, the stove produces more 

### 23 particulates than a non-cat EPA-certified 

### 24 stove. This is based on field studies. In

Page 145 

### 1 fact, the Stevenson study shows that forty 

### 2 percent of homeowners use their cat appliance 

### 3 with the bypass always or often open. 

### 4 Now, further evidence of high cat stove 

### 5 emissions in the bypass modes is chimney 

### 6 sweeps often find creosote when servicing 

### 7 these appliances and, therefore, non-cat 

### 8 EPA-certified stoves should not be held to 

### 9 the lowest cat stove emissions standard. 

### 10 And the real risk is that homeowners 

### 11 falsely believe that, because they have a 

### 12 catalytic stove, they don't have to have 

### 13 their chimney cleaned and often they avoid 

### 14 this until they either have a chimney fire or 

### 15 that it just completely stops working. 

### 16 My alert here is -- and, again, chimney 

### 17 sweeps are all about fire hazards and safety. 

### 18 As the use of the older stoves increase due 

### 19 to the high cost of purchasing new technology 

### 20 stoves, which is at least a 25-percent 

### 21 increase in price, more creosote will be 

### 22 deposited in chimneys creating potential for 

### 23 a dangerous chimney fire. Homeowners not 

### 24 engaging their combustor or using their cat

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 38 (Pages 146 to 149) Page 146 

### 1 stove improperly creates more creosote and 

### 2 risks a chimney fire, and this is -- this is 

### 3 the key element of this slide, a non-cat 

### 4 EPA-certified stove is passively active. 

### 5 What that means is there's very little 

### 6 chance for the homeowner to make an error in 

### 7 the operation, it just works. My opposition 

### 8 to the proposed regulations, I've listed them 

### 9 here. In the interest of time, you've got 

### 10 them in writing. 

### 11 I don't really want to go into, you 

### 12 know, spending too much time on this but 

### 13 here's my conclusion. The result of these 

### 14 proposed regulations will see more older, 

### 15 non-EPA certified stoves in use, producing 

### 16 significant amounts of creosote which can 

### 17 result in more chimney fires. 

### 18 The result of these proposed regulations 

### 19 will see more cat stoves in use due to the 

### 20 high cost of new technology to convert 

### 21 non-cat EPA stoves, and when cat stoves are 

### 22 burned with the bypass open or often open, 

### 23 they produce significant amounts of creosote 

### 24 which can result in chimney fires. This



### Page 147 

### 1 represents a danger because the public 

### 2 believes their stoves do not produce creosote 

### 3 and chimney sweeping is neglected. 

### 4 Chimney sweeps would support new 

### 5 regulations that encourage stove swap out 

### 6 programs and reasonable expectations and new 

### 7 technology stoves to address new lower 

### 8 emissions without putting downward pressure 

### 9 on stove sales. Thank you. 

### 10 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Ms. Rector. 

### 11 MS. RECTOR: Good morning. My name is 

### 12 Lisa Rector and that's spelled R-E-C-T-O-R. 

### 13 I'm a Senior Policy Analyst with NESCAUM 

### 14 which is The Northeast States For Coordinated 

### 15 Air Use Management. 

### 16 NESCAUM serves the eight northeast 

### 17 states' air agencies in their efforts to 

### 18 provide clean air for the region. My 

### 19 testimony reflects the position of all but 

### 20 one of our state agencies. And, as you've 

### 21 heard this morning from the state of -- the 

### 22 State of Maine has a different point of view 

### 23 on some of the aspects of the proposed rule. 

### 24 The US EPA's proposed revisions to the 

### Page 148 

### 1 residential New Source Performance Standards 

### 2 or NSPS, has been a long time in coming. 

### 3 EPA first promulgated rules for the wood 

### 4 heating devices in the 1980s but has not 

### 5 revisited these since that time. And, since 

### 6 that time, the market has expanded with a 

### 7 variety of new device types not covered by 

### 8 the initial standards. 

### 9 As we've heard earlier, manufacturers 

### 10 diversified and, in many cases, produced 

### 11 units that were exempt from the existing 

### 12 regulations. States have attempted to 

### 13 address these issues but have determined that 

### 14 federal standards are necessary to ensure 

### 15 that wood combustion devices address the 

### 16 public health and air quality issues created 

### 17 by high-emitting devices. 

### 18 From a public health perspective, 

### 19 residential wood smoke presents a real and 

### 20 present danger. Residential wood combustion 

### 21 is one of the largest direct sources of 

### 22 particulate matter pollution and this 

### 23 pollution occurs where the public's exposure 

### 24 is greatest; at the home and in neighborhoods



### Page 149 

### 1 where people live and where kids play. 

### 2 Studies have correlated acute and chronic 

### 3 wood smoke exposure with adverse health 

### 4 outcomes, such as increases in respiratory 

### 5 system illnesses, decreases in lung function, 

### 6 premature death in people living with liver, 

### 7 lung or heart disease, non-fatal heart 

### 8 attacks, aggravated asthma. 

### 9 These health threats make implementation 

### 10 of a revised health protective rule critical 

### 11 as well as long overdue. Furthermore, 

### 12 continuation of exemptions and outdated 

### 13 emission standards is limiting the US market 

### 14 for high emission, low emitting devices and 

### 15 fosters the continued sales of 

### 16 technologically-inferior products. 

### 17 In order to burn cleanly, you need three 

### 18 things; well-designed devices, appropriate 

### 19 fuels and proper owner operation. Any of 

### 20 these elements can create smoke and we 

### 21 support EPA's efforts in this proposed rule 

### 22 to address all of these components. Wood 

### 23 heat technology has advanced significantly 

### 24 since EPA's existing standards were phased in

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 39 (Pages 150 to 153) Page 150 

### 1 more than twenty years ago. Worldwide, many 

### 2 countries have moved to enact broad-reaching 

### 3 efforts to address emission from a variety of 

### 4 pollutants, whereas in the United States, 

### 5 regulations have only focused on particulate 

### 6 matter. 

### 7 For example, in European countries, they 

### 8 have placed emission limits on particulate 

### 9 matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and 

### 10 volatile organic compounds. And these 

### 11 regulations have gone across a broad suite of 

### 12 device types. 

### 13 What this has resulted in is 

### 14 technology-performance improvements have 

### 15 increased average efficiency from 55 percent 

### 16 to more than ninety percent. In these same 

### 17 places, we've also seen carbon monoxide 

### 18 emissions decrease by 99 percent. 

### 19 Sadly, in the United States we have not 

### 20 seen similar technology improvements. 

### 21 Typically, domestic residential wood burning 

### 22 devices today have annual efficiencies 

### 23 ranging from 25 to 70 percent, well below 

### 24 what we see in other parts of the world.



### Page 151 

### 1 Furthermore, a domestically-produced 

### 2 wood-burning central heating unit can emit, 

### 3 based on EPA's own study, fifteen pounds of 

### 4 particulate matter per day, that's a two-ton 

### 5 source in somebody's backyard. 

### 6 For comparison purposes, this emits as 

### 7 much as 250,000 boilers fired with natural 

### 8 gas. Moving to EPA's proposed phase-two 

### 9 limits will produce emission reductions that 

### 10 will significantly minimize the air quality 

### 11 impacts as we move to grow this industry. 

### 12 In order that buyers can make informed 

### 13 choices about the devices they purchase the 

### 14 NESCAUM states support the expanded reporting 

### 15 requirements within the rule, not only of 

### 16 particulate matter but also carbon monoxide 

### 17 and device efficiency. 

### 18 The states also request that the EPA 

### 19 work with the US Department of Energy to 

### 20 create the minimum efficiency standards for 

### 21 residential wood-heating devices, as these 

### 22 are the only residential heating devices not 

### 23 required to meet any minimum efficiency 

### 24 standards. Also important to our states is 

### Page 152 

### 1 the universe -- universe of devices covered 

### 2 under EPA's proposal. 

### 3 The current outdated standards exempt 

### 4 broad categories of devices, including 

### 5 fireplaces, masonry heaters, pellet stoves, 

### 6 indoor/outdoor boilers, indoor/outdoor 

### 7 furnaces. And the NESCAUM states support 

### 8 efforts to create more inclusive requirements 

### 9 for residential heating equipment and to 

### 10 develop source category definitions that 

### 11 eliminate loopholes to ensure that all 

### 12 residential wood-heating devices are required 

### 13 to meet an emissions standard. 

### 14 Based on experienced significant 

### 15 difficulties in regulating based on whether a 

### 16 unit is put indoors or outdoors or if it 

### 17 heats water or if it heats air, the proposed 

### 18 rule recognizes the reality that all units 

### 19 must provide similar emissions performance, 

### 20 and we support those efforts. 

### 21 Timing is also important. Implementing 

### 22 stricter emission standards for exempted 

### 23 devices, such as hydronic heaters, furnaces 

### 24 and single-burn rate stoves as soon as

Page 153 

### 1 possible it's critical to obtaining air 

### 2 quality benefits. Currently exempted 

### 3 wood-burning units also receive an economic 

### 4 advantage over regulated devices while 

### 5 creating significant smoke and health 

### 6 problems around the region. 

### 7 While EPA's proposed rule has a number 

### 8 of positive aspects, we have concerns with 

### 9 the current EPA certification test method. 

### 10 Potentially the greatest public health issue 

### 11 for wood combustion is associated with 

### 12 high-level, short term particulate emission 

### 13 spikes that are not captured by the current 

### 14 test method. 

### 15 The current procedure averages emissions 

### 16 over a huge -- excuse me, fuel charge and 

### 17 these fuel charges can burn from anywhere 

### 18 from two to forty-plus hours and included in 

### 19 that is what we often refer to as the 

### 20 charcoal tail, it's a long period where 

### 21 emissions are very low. 

### 22 As a result, the current test procedure 

### 23 does not adequately capture high emissions 

### 24 that can initially occur when the unit is

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 40 (Pages 154 to 157) Page 154 

### 1 refueled. In addition, the use of certain 

### 2 types of wood, specifically oak in the 

### 3 hydronic heater test method can significantly 

### 4 underestimate emissions from other less-dense 

### 5 fuel that we typically see being used in 

### 6 these devices. 

### 7 Testing data indicates that emission 

### 8 fuel such as birch and douglas fir can be 200 

### 9 to 400 percent greater than those of others, 

### 10 therefore we recommend that EPA develop and 

### 11 use alternative test methods that better 

### 12 reflect real world operation of wood burning 

### 13 devices and standardizes those test methods 

### 14 across devices to the greatest extent 

### 15 possible. 

### 16 Pellet fuels -- I'll speed up, sorry. 

### 17 Pellet fuels are another area of concern. 

### 18 With the increasing use of pellet fuels for 

### 19 residential home heating, the makeup of those 

### 20 pellets and the potential impact from their 

### 21 use is increasing in importance. The EPA has 

### 22 proposed the industry establish a pellet 

### 23 quality standard. NESCAUM conducted a study 

### 24 and found that these products contain



### Page 155 

### 1 significant levels of metals and harmful 

### 2 contaminants which can significantly increase 

### 3 toxics emissions and potentially damage 

### 4 high-efficiency equipment. 

### 5 The current PFI standard will not 

### 6 identify pellets that contain contaminated 

### 7 wood and, therefore, we propose that EPA 

### 8 examine the potential for employing standards 

### 9 used in other markets where wood fuels have 

### 10 strict product certifications. 

### 11 The NESCAUM states believe that EPA's 

### 12 final rule should encourage the development 

### 13 and sale of advanced technologies in the near 

### 14 term. It should also accommodate a smooth 

### 15 transition to cleaner-burning units across 

### 16 categories by allowing manufacturers to 

### 17 continue to sell most current technology 

### 18 devices for a period of time while they 

### 19 design for the future. 

### 20 In conclusion, NESCAUM supports adoption 

### 21 of rigorous and achievable emission limits 

### 22 for all sources affected by this proposal. 

### 23 Promoting the early installation of the 

### 24 cleanest devices is imperative because, once Page 156 

### 1 installed, they will remain in place for 

### 2 decades to come. Thank you. 

### 3 MR. MURPHY: Questions? Thank you. The 

### 4 next two speakers are Jeff Hallowell and 

### 5 Chris Wiberg. 

### 6 MR. HALLOWELL: Thank you and good 

### 7 morning. My name is Jeff Hallowell. I'm 

### 8 with ClearStak and I appreciate the time to 

### 9 convey our thoughts here today. I did send 

### 10 in a written submission to the docket and 

### 11 this just covers really the first two pages 

### 12 of that submission. 

### 13 Yesterday, I had the privilege of 

### 14 driving a Tesla. It's a fairly fast electric 

### 15 car. What they've done with variable-speed 

### 16 technology, three-phase motors and control 

### 17 technology and storage is pretty amazing. 

### 18 There's a lot of things also happening in our 

### 19 industry. 

### 20 If you went to the Wood Stove Challenge 

### 21 last year, there was a couple of teams there. 

### 22 One that I worked with, University of 

### 23 Maryland, used thermal electric devices to 

### 24 generate power. They actually used it to run



### Page 157 

### 1 the controls and also to charge the battery 

### 2 there as well. There was another company 

### 3 there presenting as well, BioLight, which 

### 4 also makes a biomass device that charges your 

### 5 phone and also operates a light as well. 

### 6 In 2011, Honda came out with a micro CHP 

### 7 unit and I think they sold over a hundred 

### 8 thousand in the first couple of years and I 

### 9 think you'll see a lot more micro CHP units 

### 10 out there. Right now, we're working with a 

### 11 lot of them in the wood-burning area and we 

### 12 do think that it's important for the future. 

### 13 One of the things that's driving it is 

### 14 the control technology. Companies like Nest 

### 15 you might have heard of. They not only do 

### 16 new technology that learn but also safe 

### 17 technology that support things like CO 

### 18 monitoring as well. 

### 19 Also in the controls area, there's now 

### 20 smart micro grids that are operating now and 

### 21 also picking which types of sources of power 

### 22 they want to get, and also they can choose 

### 23 low carbon emission as well. There's a 

### 24 couple of different groups out there that

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 41 (Pages 158 to 161) Page 158 

### 1 look at different carbon emissions but a lot 

### 2 of them are looking at bio energy with CCS, 

### 3 that's probably the best way to go in the 

### 4 future. 

### 5 A lot of people talked about carbon 

### 6 neutral. They're really looking at carbon 

### 7 negative in the future. There's a lot of 

### 8 changes and it's kind of due but I think 

### 9 it's -- it's a trend that's happening right 

### 10 now. There's a couple of different models 

### 11 and here's a couple of them right here. 

### 12 There's basically either a gas, a liquid 

### 13 or a solid carbon and you basically put it 

### 14 back into the ground. These are a couple of 

### 15 different solutions that are out there. Also 

### 16 in the particulate reduction, I think we've 

### 17 heard talk about cat and non-cat, but there's 

### 18 also been a lot of changes in cyclones, ESPs 

### 19 and baghouses as well. 

### 20 And I think some of the newer emissions 

### 21 will need probably a combination of two of 

### 22 them to be able to achieve the limits. So 

### 23 what does it have to do with the NSPS, well, 

### 24 we do support the changes and the addition of



### Page 159 

### 1 new appliances. Also, we support pellet and 

### 2 cord wood as well. In the cord wood area, 

### 3 though, we do have a couple of questions 

### 4 about what is cord wood, what does it look 

### 5 like and I think that has to be defined as 

### 6 well. 

### 7 What we'd like to have changed is also 

### 8 encouraging smart controls. There's a lot of 

### 9 new technology out there and there's other 

### 10 types of reduction that I think we need to 

### 11 look at and, as we add some of these systems, 

### 12 looking at input versus output I think will 

### 13 become more important in the future, for 

### 14 example, hybrids. 

### 15 There's a lot of vendors out there now 

### 16 that are integrating solar thermal storage 

### 17 along with the CHP. There's also -- right 

### 18 now, there's kind of a penalty for adding 

### 19 technology. We'd like to see that kind of 

### 20 really there's some incentives there that, as 

### 21 manufacturers adopt different technologies, 

### 22 they're actually encouraged to do that. So 

### 23 what we're looking really at is a vision of 

### 24 the future. When we looked at the current Page 160 

### 1 rule, we literally look at how we feel 

### 2 devices are going to get smaller and smaller, 

### 3 there's going to be more frequency of loading 

### 4 which is gonna cause more problems, like up 

### 5 in Keene that we mentioned earlier, and that 

### 6 folks will have to buy more units to operate 

### 7 in their house to be able to achieve the same 

### 8 amount of heat. 

### 9 What we see in the future is more 

### 10 devices like micro CHP and more smart 

### 11 technology that will help folks get a 

### 12 payback. We think that it would drive a swap 

### 13 out, that people would swap out their old 

### 14 units if they could get more from it, like 

### 15 generation of power so, if they lost 

### 16 electricity, they'd be able to generate it 

### 17 or, if they had a vehicle they wanted to 

### 18 charge, they could do that. 

### 19 One of the things important to remember 

### 20 on this is that Tesla, BioLight, Nest and 

### 21 ClearStak are all companies that are less 

### 22 than ten-years old. What you're setting 

### 23 forward here in this rule is looking at what 

### 24 incentives and what new companies do you want



### Page 161 

### 1 to develop over the next ten years. 

### 2 They're gonna adopt the technology that 

### 3 you're gonna need to move forward, so our 

### 4 presentation is really looking at the next 

### 5 generation, my children and what do they need 

### 6 and what do we have to do to get there and 

### 7 make sure that they have incentives in place 

### 8 to have that vision. Thank you. 

### 9 MR. WIBERG: Chris Wiberg, W-I-B-E-R-G. 

### 10 Hello, everyone, my name is Chris Wiberg. I 

### 11 am the Manager of biomass energy services at 

### 12 Timber Products Inspection which is a 

### 13 third-party auditing and testing agency. 

### 14 We're headquartered in Conyers, Georgia, 

### 15 however, we have over sixty auditors that 

### 16 cover the nation, East Coast to West Coast. 

### 17 Our auditors and testing laboratories provide 

### 18 third-party oversight for the grade marking 

### 19 of numerous products including soft wood 

### 20 lumber, treated lumber, pallets, wood 

### 21 packaging materials, trusses, telephone 

### 22 poles, log homes and now wood pellets. 

### 23 I'm here today to share with you 

### 24 information regarding our inspection and

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 42 (Pages 162 to 165) Page 162 

### 1 testing program for wood pellets which is 

### 2 conducted in accordance with the Pellet Fuel 

### 3 Institute's standards program. 

### 4 Timber Products Inspection is a supplier 

### 5 member of the Pellet Fuel Institute, also 

### 6 referred to as PFI, and I have personally 

### 7 served as an active member of the PFI 

### 8 standards committee since 2005. 

### 9 As part of EPA's standards of 

### 10 performance for new residential wood heaters, 

### 11 the PFI standards program is referenced as 

### 12 the means by which it -- by which it 

### 13 consistent -- by which a consistent pellet 

### 14 fuel quality will be achieved. 

### 15 I consider this to be a wise choice, as 

### 16 the PFI standards program was essentially 

### 17 designed for this purpose and includes a 

### 18 robust network of experienced auditing 

### 19 agencies and laboratories, all of which are 

### 20 overseen by an accreditation body. 

### 21 Starting from the top down, here's how 

### 22 our program works. PFI signed an agreement 

### 23 with the American Lumber Standards Committee 

### 24 to serve as the accreditation body for the



### Page 163 

### 1 PFI standards program. The American Lumber 

### 2 Standard Committee, also referred to as ALSC, 

### 3 is the same accreditation body that enforces 

### 4 and administers the American Soft Wood Lumber 

### 5 Standard for grade marking of lumber and also 

### 6 administers accreditation programs for the 

### 7 quality marking of treated lumber and wood 

### 8 packaging materials. 

### 9 ALSC in turn has accredited twelve 

### 10 auditing agencies and five testing 

### 11 laboratories to implement the PFI standards 

### 12 program. As one of the twelve accredited 

### 13 auditing agencies and one of the five testing 

### 14 laboratories, Timber Products Inspection 

### 15 performs inspections of wood pellet 

### 16 production facilities to verify that their 

### 17 product quality and the overall quality 

### 18 management system of the facility complies 

### 19 with the PFI standards program. 

### 20 Once a facility is found to be in 

### 21 compliance, Timber Products Inspection issues 

### 22 the production facility a certificate of 

### 23 qualification and a quality mark that can be 

### 24 used on their bags. After qualification is 

### Page 164 

### 1 complete, Timber Products Inspection performs 

### 2 a monthly unannounced inspection of the 

### 3 production facility to verify continued 

### 4 compliance with the PFI standard. 

### 5 During each inspection, samples are 

### 6 collected at a rate of one sample per one 

### 7 thousand tons of product produced since the 

### 8 last audit. There are a number of other 

### 9 components to this program but with the 

### 10 information I'm sure you can get a feel for 

### 11 how the program works. 

### 12 The accreditation body, as well as the 

### 13 auditing and testing core that has been 

### 14 assembled to oversee PFI standards program is 

### 15 extremely robust and experienced in carrying 

### 16 out this type of a program. In fact, it is 

### 17 the strictest wood pellet quality program in 

### 18 the world based in terms of third-party 

### 19 testing and inspection. 

### 20 Through the PFI Standards Committee, we 

### 21 continue to monitor the performance of this 

### 22 program and we are prepared to make 

### 23 modifications as necessary to assure that it 

### 24 serves the needs of the industry and this



### Page 165 1 regulation. As an industry, there are now 

### 2 ten producers that have qualified under the 

### 3 program and there are dozens of others that 

### 4 have initiated the implementation of the PFI 

### 5 standard program requirements. 

### 6 We are still in the early stages of 

### 7 implementation but with resources. We have 

### 8 this network, I am confident that the PFI 

### 9 standards program will be successful in 

### 10 bringing consistent product quality to the 

### 11 wood pellet industry. Thank you. 

### 12 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any panel 

### 13 questions? Thank you, gentlemen. 

### 14 MS. ALDERMAN: Hello, can you hear me? 

### 15 Yeah. My name is Nancy Alderman. I'm the 

### 16 President of Environment and Human Health, 

### 17 Inc, a nonprofit of ten physicians and public 

### 18 health professionals dedicated to protecting 

### 19 the public's health from environmental harms. 

### 20 Wood smoke has become the new secondhand 

### 21 smoke and it is making thousands of people 

### 22 sick across the country. The components of 

### 23 wood smoke are virtually the same as 

### 24 cigarette smoke and yet wood smoke is hardly

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 43 (Pages 166 to 169) Page 166 

### 1 regulated while cigarette smoke is highly 

### 2 regulated. 

### 3 The general public is unaware of the 

### 4 dangers of wood smoke exposures and, 

### 5 therefore, public opinion is not on the side 

### 6 of protection. This is a major problem when 

### 7 states try to regulate wood smoke emissions. 

### 8 The fact shows that government at all levels 

### 9 must become more involved with educating the 

### 10 public about what exposures to wood smoke 

### 11 actually can do to the human health issue. 

### 12 With that said, we are heartened that 

### 13 EPA is now trying to address the wood smoke 

### 14 health hazard by proposing New Source 

### 15 Performance Standards for residential wood 

### 16 smoke emissions. What EHHI wishes to testify 

### 17 about is what wood smoke exposures are doing 

### 18 to the health and the financial well-being of 

### 19 those exposed to their neighbors' wood smoke. 

### 20 Because we had so many complaints that 

### 21 came into our group, we decided that it would 

### 22 be important to look at the wood smoke going 

### 23 into the homes of neighbors who live near 

### 24 outdoor wood furnaces. The study found that



### Page 167 

### 1 inside homes as far away as 850 feet from an 

### 2 outdoor wood furnace were impacted by enough 

### 3 smoke to cause illness, as well a home 850 

### 4 feet away had six times the levels of PM 2.5 

### 5 as the houses not near an outdoor wood 

### 6 furnace and four times above the levels of 

### 7 the EPA air standards. 

### 8 A home 240 feet away from an outdoor 

### 9 wood furnace had twelve times the level of 

### 10 PM 2.5. EPA's proposed rules will not affect 

### 11 existing outdoor wood furnaces, indoor wood 

### 12 stoves and other wood-burning heaters 

### 13 currently in use, therefore, the country will 

### 14 still have thousands of people being made 

### 15 sick by wood-burning appliances. 

### 16 In our testimony today, I would like to 

### 17 address the financial harms that people who 

### 18 live near wood-burning appliances have 

### 19 sustained through no fault of their own, I 

### 20 have attached nineteen testimonies of people 

### 21 who have been physically and financially 

### 22 harmed by phase one and phase two outdoor 

### 23 wood furnaces and indoor wood stoves. They 

### 24 have all asked for help from all levels of 

### Page 168 

### 1 government and all have received none. It is 

### 2 clear from peoples' real life stories that 

### 3 the financial burdens of wood burning are 

### 4 being transferred from the wood burner who is 

### 5 saving some money in heating costs to the 

### 6 neighbors who are losing their life savings. 

### 7 As well, if a harmed neighbor were to 

### 8 hire a lawyer and try to sue the wood burner 

### 9 under their state's nuisance clause, what 

### 10 they would quickly find is that the harmed 

### 11 neighbor will pay their lawyer by an hourly 

### 12 rate while the person who -- the wood burner 

### 13 will be able to withstand the suit for a long 

### 14 time because his liability insurance will pay 

### 15 for his lawyer. 

### 16 I have -- I have taken short samples 

### 17 from six of the testimonies around the 

### 18 country that speak to the financial and 

### 19 health losses that the people living near 

### 20 wood-burning appliances have incurred. 

### 21 From Rhode Island we got, my wife who 

### 22 actually had the greatest exposures to 

### 23 outdoor wood furnace emissions, has never 

### 24 fully recovered and has had a lot of health



### Page 169 

### 1 issues in the past years with pneumonia the 

### 2 past summer and now has been diagnosed with 

### 3 adult onset asthma. It is impossible to sell 

### 4 our home in the months that our neighbor's 

### 5 outdoor wood furnace is operating which is 

### 6 from May to November. Between filing our 

### 7 disclosures and the publicity our wood smoke 

### 8 problems have caused, most people buying a 

### 9 home nowadays would do a search and the wood 

### 10 smoke issues would scare any buyer away. 

### 11 Since we could not do a deed in lieu of 

### 12 foreclosure, the bank took our house through 

### 13 foreclosure adding salt to the wound and 

### 14 ruining our credit and embarrassing us. 

### 15 From Indiana, we have been breathing 

### 16 smoke from our neighbor's outdoor boiler, a 

### 17 Woodmaster 4400, for four years. It has cost 

### 18 us a lot of money for medicine and doctor 

### 19 visits. We feel like we will die here while 

### 20 we watch our neighbor destroy us in our home 

### 21 and everything we have worked for. We are in 

### 22 our sixties, where can you go -- where can 

### 23 you go when you have medical bills from 

### 24 cancer and a mortgage and you still can't

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 44 (Pages 170 to 173) Page 170 

### 1 sell your home because of the wood smoke. 

### 2 From Pennsylvania, three years have 

### 3 passed since we moved from our wood 

### 4 smoke-encased home. We have spent all our 

### 5 retirement money. We have bills from two 

### 6 homes now because we cannot sell our home 

### 7 that is surrounded by our neighbor's wood 

### 8 smoke. We have had to reduce the price of 

### 9 our home from $259 thousand to $169 thousand 

### 10 and although we have to say that we will 

### 11 negotiate the price. We have had severe 

### 12 bronchitis, plus my husband has now developed 

### 13 sleep apnea and we had periods of chest 

### 14 tightness from the smoldering smoke. I had 

### 15 to buy a respirator for the bronchitis and we 

### 16 have had to pay for prescription medications. 

### 17 From British Columbia, in the fall, 

### 18 we -- we brought them in because Canada will 

### 19 adopt whatever the wood smoke air standards 

### 20 are that we set here in the United States and 

### 21 so it seemed appropriate to take this one as 

### 22 well. In the fall of the second year that 

### 23 the wood stove operated next door, my wife 

### 24 was diagnosed with COPD which now costs us



### Page 171 

### 1 $300.00 a month to help her breathe. This 

### 2 could only be due to the wood smoke that we 

### 3 have exposed to in our home from the 

### 4 neighbor's wood burning. I have many 

### 5 pictures of our home engulfed in such smoke. 

### 6 I have spent perhaps $4,000.00 in the 

### 7 past three years trying to alleviate our 

### 8 situation, I cannot imagine the financial 

### 9 loss if I were to try to sell the house. And 

### 10 finally from Connecticut, where we are from, 

### 11 we were surrounded by eight indoor 

### 12 wood-burning stoves and some neighbors' 

### 13 burning fireplaces and an outdoor wood 

### 14 furnace about three miles away, my eyes were 

### 15 irritated. 

### 16 I had a bad cough, my sinuses were 

### 17 irritated and not to mention what my horse 

### 18 was suffering. He was heaving all the time, 

### 19 it was terrible. I recently had a stent put 

### 20 in my heart and I had to wonder if I wasn't 

### 21 exposed to so much direct smoke from the wood 

### 22 stoves and open burning would this have 

### 23 happened. I did end up in the ER emergency 

### 24 room one time feeling completely toxic and 

### Page 172 

### 1 suffering from my heart racing and feeling 

### 2 faint. No one would help us because there 

### 3 are no laws at all put in place to help us 

### 4 and no one would prevent a -- a person from 

### 5 heating their house with wood because they 

### 6 needed to heat no matter how much it was 

### 7 affecting the neighbors. 

### 8 We were relegated simply as cranks. I 

### 9 had a horse barn that I attended to every day 

### 10 and was subjected to an inordinate amount of 

### 11 smoke. Our house sold for $300,000.00 after 

### 12 having it on the market for three years. I 

### 13 want to say of all the things that we do, and 

### 14 environment and human health takes on a lot 

### 15 of -- of health items. 

### 16 We get 100,000 visitors a month to our 

### 17 website, nothing, nothing has been as serious 

### 18 as wood smoke. These people are sick, they 

### 19 are sick now and when we go to our state 

### 20 legislators, and I hear this from around the 

### 21 country, what happens at the state level is 

### 22 everybody arrives from either industry or 

### 23 from the Farm Bureau or from the agricultural 

### 24 departments who want as much wood burned as



### Page 173 

### 1 possible and we are overwhelmed, as until now 

### 2 when you have said you will do new wood smoke 

### 3 air standards. 

### 4 What has happened is government has 

### 5 protected the wood burner and has done 

### 6 nothing to protect the people who are being 

### 7 exposed and are losing their entire life 

### 8 savings and when they call us from around the 

### 9 country, there is little we can do because, 

### 10 when we tell them their local health 

### 11 departments have the power to shut down, they 

### 12 go to the wood burner who says you can't do 

### 13 that, I can't afford anything but wood and 

### 14 I'm heating my house, and so they walk away. 

### 15 And the particulates are so small -- you 

### 16 all know this, all of you in this room know 

### 17 it, the particulates are so small from wood 

### 18 burning that they go into the doors and the 

### 19 windows of neighbor's homes and they can't 

### 20 keep it out, no matter what they do, and they 

### 21 are literally breathing wood smoke 24 hours a 

### 22 day, seven days a week with no help and so we 

### 23 are very grateful -- 

### 24 MR. MURPHY: Ms. Alderman, you'll have

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 45 (Pages 174 to 177) Page 174 

### 1 to wrap it up. 

### 2 MS. ALDERMAN: -- to you. I'm wrapping 

### 3 it up but thank you is what I want to say to 

### 4 you, we are very grateful. 

### 5 MR. VOORHEES: Good afternoon. Thank 

### 6 you for the opportunity to speak today. My 

### 7 name is John Voorhees, and it's V as in 

### 8 Victor, O-O-R-H-E-E-S. I'm with U.S. Stove 

### 9 as of a week ago. I have fifteen years 

### 10 experience in hearth and electrical product 

### 11 compliance testing. 

### 12 I would like to address a number of 

### 13 specific test points which are proposed for 

### 14 change. I speak from my fifteen years 

### 15 experience with compliance testing expertise, 

### 16 rather than from a manufacturer's 

### 17 perspective. 

### 18 Number one, in the preamble, you 

### 19 proposed to remove the five-minute startup 

### 20 with the door open. Your premise is that 

### 21 this portion of the test produces the most 

### 22 emissions. At this time, this is unproven 

### 23 with supporting data from laboratory testing 

### 24 or validated with actual consumer product

Page 175 

### 1 operation data. To remove this part of the 

### 2 test makes as much sense as it would be to 

### 3 remove the starter motor out of your vehicle, 

### 4 based on the perspective that you don't 

### 5 really need the starter motor since you could 

### 6 always push your car to get it started. 

### 7 As a practical matter, the five-minute 

### 8 startup is critical to start a fire in a wood 

### 9 stove. Since we are sampling from the start, 

### 10 I don't understand how removing the 

### 11 five-minute how startup will improve 

### 12 emissions. 

### 13 If anything, this will produce more 

### 14 emissions because a fire has a better chance 

### 15 to smolder at the start and more than likely 

### 16 not maintain combustion. Removing this 

### 17 portion of the test is a bad idea and without 

### 18 merit or supporting data. 

### 19 Number two, you are proposing to use 

### 20 with crib fuel and cord wood fuel for 

### 21 testing. In addition, you are proposing to 

### 22 use language stating a reasonable additional 

### 23 nonbinding tests with a range of fuels for 

### 24 additional data. This would more than double Page 176 

### 1 the cost of testing to the manufacturer in 

### 2 their own R & D prior to the doubling the 

### 3 laboratory costs. I say this not only for 

### 4 the testing time but for the actual fuel 

### 5 management in the labs. 

### 6 We all acknowledge that cord wood 

### 7 produces a different emission result than 

### 8 crib fuel. I believe we also all acknowledge 

### 9 that there is a lack of data with the use of 

### 10 cord wood with emissions generation in 

### 11 laboratory or real world use. 

### 12 To require one additional test in the 

### 13 specific category would be reasonable and 

### 14 would generate a valid test database for 

### 15 determining real world emissions generation 

### 16 from a wood stove from all of us involved in 

### 17 regulation, compliance testing and 

### 18 manufacturing. 

### 19 Number three, your proposal for reducing 

### 20 the average moisture content of the fuel down 

### 21 to 22.5 percent plus or minus one percent is 

### 22 unrealistic from a wood management 

### 23 perspective for R & D and compliance testing 

### 24 laboratories. The amount of fuel which would

Page 177 

### 1 be determined unusable with this restriction 

### 2 with increase dramatically with the excessive 

### 3 waste, therefore increasing the cost of 

### 4 testing. 

### 5 The proposal also proposes tightening 

### 6 the fuel load from seven pounds, plus or 

### 7 minus ten percent, to one percent. And the 

### 8 cold bed from 22 percent -- 22.5 percent, 

### 9 plus or minus one percent. I might add at 

### 10 this point that with that number, our scales 

### 11 won't even measure that resolution 

### 12 difference. 

### 13 Again, these requirements make it very, 

### 14 very difficult, if not impossible, to ensure 

### 15 a compliant test start, therefore, could 

### 16 increase the cost of R & D and testing to a 

### 17 potential unending cycle of trial and error 

### 18 with non-repeatable results. 

### 19 Number four, your proposal indicates 

### 20 that you want to strictly use method 5G3 and 

### 21 eliminate the correction factor for method 

### 22 5H. I believe everyone is in agreement that 

### 23 this correction factor is flawed, especially 

### 24 when you look at the lower end of emissions

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 46 (Pages 178 to 181) Page 178 

### 1 numbers within substantial data collected 

### 2 from independent and compliance laboratory 

### 3 provided testing. 

### 4 The problem is your final rule, as I 

### 5 understand the wording, would still require 

### 6 the submission of the correction factor. The 

### 7 same issue affects pellet stoves. 

### 8 Number five, I wish to address the 

### 9 requirement of the thirty-day notice for 

### 10 testing. It is my understanding with the 

### 11 original rule making that EPA wanted the 

### 12 opportunity to witness a test and the 

### 13 thirty-day notice allowed for these travel 

### 14 arrangements. 

### 15 In my fifteen years of testing 

### 16 experience, I'm not aware of an EPA 

### 17 representative witnessing a test and we have 

### 18 run many of them. I was responsible for 

### 19 submitting the thirty-day notice to EPA. 

### 20 In most of those notices, I requested a 

### 21 waiver to the thirty-day notice since both 

### 22 the lab and the manufacturer were ready to 

### 23 test. Not once was I ever told I could not 

### 24 begin testing or that the waiver was denied.

Page 179 

### 1 I would like to request that a waiver option 

### 2 be added to the thirty-day notice letter and 

### 3 that the EPA be required to respond if a 

### 4 waiver is requested. 

### 5 If a test is not going to be witnessed 

### 6 by EPA or a state regulator, this requirement 

### 7 is simply a reduction of business for the lab 

### 8 and an unnecessary and costly delay for the 

### 9 manufacturer which is trying to promptly and 

### 10 efficiently introduce a new product into the 

### 11 market. 

### 12 Finally, I want to comment on the 

### 13 statements made concerning proficiency 

### 14 testing. I speak from an experienced 

### 15 perspective of a former laboratory director. 

### 16 As an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory, we 

### 17 were required to participated in a 

### 18 proficiency-testing programs. 

### 19 The EPA proficiency test is just one of 

### 20 many proficiency tests that we are required 

### 21 to perform. To make the comment they 

### 22 intentionally staged the test to demonstrate 

### 23 that variability was possible within the 

### 24 current protocol is insulting and flies in Page 180 

### 1 the face of the integrity of the proficiency 

### 2 program's intent and the credibility of the 

### 3 laboratories required to participate. 

### 4 A proficiency test is exactly that, you 

### 5 don't alter your results or attempt to alter 

### 6 your results to fit the mold. The mold is 

### 7 developed with the entirety of the test data 

### 8 submitted. Thank you. 

### 9 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 10 MR. GREEN: I just have a quick 

### 11 question. 

### 12 MR. MURPHY: Yes. 

### 13 MR. GREEN: I have one question for 

### 14 Mr. Voorhees. 

### 15 MR. VOORHEES: Yes. 

### 16 MR. GREEN: Could you repeat 

### 17 your -- your second point, please, regarding 

### 18 crib wood? 

### 19 MR. VOORHEES: The crib fuel. 

### 20 MR. GREEN: Yes. 

### 21 MR. VOORHEES: What I'm stating is -- do 

### 22 you want me to read the whole paragraph 

### 23 again? 

### 24 MR. GREEN: Yes, please.

Page 181



### 1 MR. VOORHEES: Okay. You are proposing 

### 2 the use both crib fuel and cord wood fuel for 

### 3 testing. In addition, you are proposing to 

### 4 use language stating reasonable additional 

### 5 nonbinding tests with a range of fuels for 

### 6 additional data. 

### 7 This would more than double the cost of 

### 8 testing to the manufacturer not only in their 

### 9 R & D but double the testing costs from the 

### 10 laboratory. I say this not only for the 

### 11 testing time but for the actual fuel 

### 12 management of the labs. 

### 13 We all acknowledge that cord wood 

### 14 produces a different emission result than 

### 15 crib fuel. I believe that we all acknowledge 

### 16 that there is a lack of data within the use 

### 17 of cord wood and emissions generation in 

### 18 laboratory or real world use. 

### 19 To require one additional test in a 

### 20 specific category with cord wood would be 

### 21 reasonable and would generate a valid 

### 22 database for determining real world emissions 

### 23 generation from a wood stove for all of us 

### 24 involved in regulation, compliance testing

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 47 (Pages 182 to 185) Page 182 

### 1 and manufacturing. 

### 2 MR. GREEN: And I had one question, 

### 3 Ms. Alderman. The examples you gave, those 

### 4 all involve hydronic heaters, not wood 

### 5 stoves. 

### 6 MS. ALDERMAN: Not -- not all of them. 

### 7 Many of them were from hydronic heaters, but 

### 8 there was also -- well, the last one from 

### 9 Connecticut was from indoor wood stoves. 

### 10 What happens is when you get more than one, 

### 11 if you get -- in a neighborhood if you get a 

### 12 lot of wood stoves, it becomes overwhelming. 

### 13 And so I would say -- and -- and what we 

### 14 hear over the phone and -- and through the 

### 15 Internet is people with -- most of them are 

### 16 outdoor wood furnaces, no question about it, 

### 17 but we also get complaints from indoor wood 

### 18 stoves and then, of course, things that we 

### 19 can't regulate, like chimineas and pits and 

### 20 that kind of stuff. Wood smoke is becoming, 

### 21 you know, an enormous problem across the 

### 22 board. 

### 23 MR. GREEN: Thank you very much. 

### 24 MS. ALDERMAN: Yep.



### Page 183



### 1 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Okay, we're 

### 2 gonna have just two more speakers before 

### 3 lunch and that will be Joseph Seymour and 

### 4 Richard Piroli. 

### 5 MR. SEYMOUR: Good afternoon. I'm 

### 6 Joe Seymour and my last name is spelled 

### 7 S-E-Y-M-O-U-R. 

### 8 I want to thank you for the opportunity 

### 9 to provide comments on the EPA's proposed 

### 10 regulations for new residential biomass 

### 11 heating systems. VTech is a nationwide 

### 12 industry association representing the views 

### 13 of biomass -- biomass feed stock producers, 

### 14 fuel refiners, appliance manufacturers, 

### 15 vendors, non-profits, state energy and 

### 16 environmental offices and also end users. 

### 17 The EPA's proposed rule presents a 

### 18 significant update from the first iteration 

### 19 in the 1980s. During that time, 

### 20 manufacturers both domestically and abroad 

### 21 have introduced advanced and efficient 

### 22 heating technologies that dramatically reduce 

### 23 residential energy expenditures. The 

### 24 proliferation of new technology has also seen Page 184 

### 1 consumers reap the additional benefits of 

### 2 reduced emissions and ease of operation. 

### 3 From 2000 to 2010, wood and pellet home 

### 4 heating grew by 34 percent, faster than any 

### 5 other of the home heating fuels including 

### 6 solar and natural gas. 

### 7 Residential renewable energy consumption 

### 8 is climbing and wood is a preferred choice 

### 9 for many consumers. VTech seeks to advance 

### 10 the market for biomass thermal energy and 

### 11 promote the use of high-efficiency 

### 12 clean-burning equipment and a 

### 13 sustainably-harvested biomass. 

### 14 VTech feels that there is a need for 

### 15 appropriate emissions standards and air 

### 16 quality rules that achieve the following 

### 17 goals; first achieved improved air quality 

### 18 both local and global through reduced 

### 19 greenhouse gas emissions, help consumers 

### 20 evaluate the efficiency and efficience 

### 21 performance of heating technologies when 

### 22 making a purchase decision, support efficient 

### 23 use of the locally-available, cost-effective 

### 24 renewable energy resource that displaces

Page 185 

### 1 fossil fuels and, finally, provides 

### 2 manufacturers of heating equipment with clear 

### 3 direction and a reasonable timeframe to 

### 4 improve existing heating technology designs 

### 5 that advance the above goals. 

### 6 Our industry acknowledges that despite 

### 7 great advances in clean-burning biomass 

### 8 heating technology, there are some legacy 

### 9 wood-heating systems installed which are 

### 10 operated poorly and create excessive smoke 

### 11 and generate misconceptions about today's 

### 12 modern biomass heating industry. 

### 13 Vitreous cleaner technology and 

### 14 user-friendly designs, it is important that 

### 15 the heating equipment industry has a 

### 16 reasonable timeframe to appropriately respond 

### 17 with new designs without incurring excessive 

### 18 costs for testing and certification. 

### 19 The NSPS needs to have a reasonable cost 

### 20 implementation so as to not create a perverse 

### 21 incentive for owners of existing inefficient 

### 22 heating equipment to keep operating them 

### 23 because newer, cleaner systems have become 

### 24 too expensive for those customers to

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 48 (Pages 186 to 189) Page 186 

### 1 purchase. We appreciate the EPA's challenge 

### 2 in developing a new NSPS standard due to 

### 3 changing boiler technologies and the lack of 

### 4 a simple comprehensive standard for equipment 

### 5 testing and performance. 

### 6 As each method of -- as each testing 

### 7 method can create a significantly-different 

### 8 emissions profile for a piece of equipment 

### 9 depending on the appliance's intrinsic 

### 10 design, how it's installed and how it's 

### 11 operated. 

### 12 We also appreciate the challenge of 

### 13 creating a single emission rate number in 

### 14 pounds per MM BTU that will define, quote, 

### 15 clean heating equipment. In the coming 

### 16 months, Vtech will provide a recommendation 

### 17 for a test method and emission limit that 

### 18 balances the environmental and public health 

### 19 goals which balances the technical and 

### 20 economic realities of the wood heating 

### 21 appliance industry and the market for 

### 22 consumers. In closing, I urge EPA to 

### 23 consider the potential consequences, both 

### 24 positive and negative, of the proposed NSPS



### Page 187 

### 1 rule. 

### 2 Given certainty of test methods and 

### 3 achievable compliant steps, manufacturers 

### 4 will produce clean, efficient thermal 

### 5 technologies that will save consumers money, 

### 6 contribute towards cleaner air and reduce our 

### 7 reliance on fossil fuels, however, unclear 

### 8 rules will impede research and development, 

### 9 slowing this market's growth and reducing the 

### 10 jobs that come from it. Thank you. 

### 11 MR. PIROLLI: It's Pirolli, 

### 12 P-I-R-O-L-L-I. Good afternoon. My name is 

### 13 Richard Pirolli. I'm the Director of the 

### 14 Planning and Standards Division in the Bureau 

### 15 of Air Management at the Connecticut 

### 16 Department of Energy and Environmental 

### 17 Protection. 

### 18 Connecticut is a NESCAUM state and we 

### 19 support NESCAUM's comments. I am glad to 

### 20 have the opportunity today to highlight a 

### 21 problem facing Connecticut citizens, namely 

### 22 particulate matter in air toxic emissions 

### 23 from wood stoves and hydronic heaters. 

### 24 Because this is an ongoing environmental and Page 188 

### 1 public health concern in Connecticut, we are 

### 2 pleased that EPA has proposed requirements 

### 3 for manufacturers that will make residential 

### 4 wood heaters, including hydronic heaters, 

### 5 significantly cleaner. 

### 6 In recent years in Connecticut, we have 

### 7 had many complaints about wood smoke, mainly 

### 8 from neighbors of people operating hydronic 

### 9 heaters. The Bureau of Air Management has 

### 10 received hundreds of wood smoke complaints in 

### 11 each of several recent years. 

### 12 While people are annoyed by the odor and 

### 13 the visible emissions often released from 

### 14 old, improperly operated or improperly cited 

### 15 devices, the complainants are most concerned 

### 16 about the adverse health effects from 

### 17 breathing the emissions generated by these 

### 18 devices. 

### 19 This has resulted in numerous towns in 

### 20 Connecticut banning these units and several 

### 21 local health districts issuing cease and 

### 22 desist orders for violating units. The 

### 23 severity of the potential health affects and 

### 24 magnitude of the population affected by wood



### Page 189 

### 1 smoke pollutants have lead health scientists 

### 2 to conclude that exposure to wood smoke 

### 3 should be dramatically minimal. 

### 4 Wood smoke is comprised of numerous 

### 5 constituents, including fine particulate 

### 6 matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic 

### 7 compounds and polycyclical organic matter. 

### 8 Excuse me. The statistics are informative. 

### 9 In the United States, residential wood 

### 10 combustion is estimated to result in 

### 11 emissions of 600,000 tons of fine particulate 

### 12 matter per year. Forty-four percent of all 

### 13 stationary and mobile source polycyclic 

### 14 organic matter is responsible for 25 percent 

### 15 of all area source air toxic cancers. 

### 16 The health impacts related to wood smoke 

### 17 are primarily related to breathing the fine 

### 18 particulate matter. These fine particles are 

### 19 associated with serious cardio pulmonary 

### 20 health outcomes and their impact is 

### 21 particularly problematic for a large number 

### 22 of susceptible population subgroups, 

### 23 including young children, asthmatics, persons 

### 24 with respiratory or heart disease, diabetics

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 49 (Pages 190 to 193) Page 190 

### 1 and the elderly. Connecticut continues to 

### 2 experience wintertime exceedances of the 

### 3 PM 2.5 national ambient air quality standard, 

### 4 24 hour value of 35 micrograms per cubic 

### 5 meter and did so on days in both December 

### 6 2013 and January 2014. 

### 7 Furthermore, in an ambient 

### 8 air-monitoring study conducted in 

### 9 Connecticut from September 2006 through April 

### 10 2008 determined that wood smoke particulate 

### 11 matter contributed significantly to the total 

### 12 PM 2.5 during the colder winter months, 

### 13 particularly when the meteorological 

### 14 conditions were conducive to atmospheric 

### 15 stability and wintertime inversions. 

### 16 The monitored maximum monthly average of 

### 17 wood smoke particulate matter contributions 

### 18 to the PM 2.5 levels was 41.3 percent with 

### 19 maximum daily and hourly contributions 

### 20 approaching 74.3 percent and 100 percent 

### 21 respectively. While wood stoves that are 

### 22 EPA-certified are now available, the majority 

### 23 of those in operation are older units with no 

### 24 pollution control devices. Hydronic heaters



### Page 191 

### 1 are currently not required to comply with EPA 

### 2 regulations and although many new hydronic 

### 3 heaters comply with the EPA voluntary 

### 4 standards, many of those in use are older, 

### 5 dirtier units. 

### 6 As fuel prices have risen, so have the 

### 7 sales of wood stoves and hydronic heaters. 

### 8 The people buying wood-burning devices 

### 9 perceive wood as a natural resource and 

### 10 assume they have made a cheaper cleaner and 

### 11 more reliable energy choice. 

### 12 Unfortunately, much still needs to be 

### 13 done to ensure that wood burning is actually 

### 14 clean, thus we strongly support EPA setting 

### 15 standards that will lead to the installation 

### 16 of new, cleaner wood-burning appliances. 

### 17 We also note that the health benefits 

### 18 associated with adoption of the proposed 

### 19 regulations are valued at a much higher level 

### 20 than the cost to manufacturer lower emitting 

### 21 appliances. We urge expeditious adoption of 

### 22 this proposal as one tool to address this 

### 23 problem. While Connecticut does have some 

### 24 concerns about the speed with which 

### Page 192 

### 1 manufacturers will be required to comply with 

### 2 the new standards, we applaud EPA for taking 

### 3 this important step and we'll raise concerns 

### 4 for technical comments we have in our written 

### 5 comments. 

### 6 While this proposal will not remove the 

### 7 issues we face in our -- we face in enforcing 

### 8 state and federal requirements for 

### 9 wood-burning devices and will make -- will 

### 10 not make immediate changes, the proposal 

### 11 represents a crucial tool to use in building 

### 12 a cleaner air future for Connecticut 

### 13 citizens. Thank you. 

### 14 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 15 from the panel? 

### 16 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 17 MR. MURPHY: Okay. Well, it's 12:30 so 

### 18 we're going to take our lunch break. 

### 19 MR. GREEN: I'm sorry. Before we do 

### 20 that, I'd like to ask Lisa Rector a 

### 21 clarifying question. 

### 22 AUDIENCE MEMBER: She's not in the room. 

### 23 She's not here right now. 

### 24 MR. GREEN: Maybe I can catch her after



### Page 193 

### 1 lunch. 

### 2 MR. MURPHY: Okay. So we'll reconvene 

### 3 at 2:00 p.m. We'll see you then, thanks. 

### 4 5 (Recess taken.) 

### 6 7 MR. MURPHY: Good afternoon. We're 

### 8 going to get started. My name is Jim Murphy 

### 9 and I'm from our regional administrator's 

### 10 office here at EPA New England and I'm just 

### 11 gonna describe the procedures we're gonna use 

### 12 for the hearing. We have a -- a seat up 

### 13 here. 

### 14 We're gonna -- I was gonna call up two 

### 15 names at a time, so those folks could come 

### 16 in, come up, have a seat. They'll have to 

### 17 share the microphone. If I could ask you to 

### 18 just state your name and your affiliation 

### 19 before you begin your testimony, and it would 

### 20 be good to spell your last name at least for 

### 21 the court reporter. 

### 22 We're asking people to limit their 

### 23 testimony to five minutes or thereabouts. I 

### 24 have a little timer that you may glance up

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 50 (Pages 194 to 197) Page 194 

### 1 and see yellow or red light. It means we're 

### 2 either getting to the end or you should wrap 

### 3 it up. 

### 4 The folks this morning -- I think we had 

### 5 32 speakers this morning and I would say 

### 6 thirty of them took their five minutes and a 

### 7 little bit longer, so but it was we -- we 

### 8 finished in time -- in time anyway. Anyway, 

### 9 when the yellow light comes on, you have one 

### 10 minute and then the red light you should try 

### 11 to stop. 

### 12 If you have written copies of your 

### 13 testimony, you can give it to our staff in 

### 14 the back at the registration table. Any 

### 15 questions you have you can certainly ask any 

### 16 of the staff people outside. There's 

### 17 bathrooms right outside this door and there 

### 18 is a -- a snack shop on the third floor but I 

### 19 think it closes at three and then that's it. 

### 20 So we're scheduled to go til seven. I 

### 21 don't think we have quite that many speakers 

### 22 but the hearing will be open til then, so 

### 23 we're just gonna proceed with the folks who 

### 24 we have signed up. If there's anybody here

Page 195 

### 1 who would like to speak and hasn't registered 

### 2 at the table, you can go outside and do that 

### 3 and we'll accommodate you as soon as we can. 

### 4 So the first two speakers this afternoon 

### 5 are gonna be Ray Bonar and Barbara Allan, and 

### 6 welcome back to the panel. I didn't 

### 7 reintroduce them but they're the same people 

### 8 as this morning. Are you ready? Go right 

### 9 ahead, sir. 

### 10 MR. BONAR: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 11 Ray Bonar. I'm the CEO, one of the owners 

### 12 and founders of Industrial Chimney Company. 

### 13 Everything I have to say today applies to 

### 14 wood burning stoves only. None of my 

### 15 comments are intended to apply to any 

### 16 category other wise. 

### 17 My company is a strong supporter of the 

### 18 EPA and its efforts to clean up the air shed. 

### 19 We have a full-time, nine-person 

### 20 R&D department with three professional 

### 21 engineers, including a Phd engineer 

### 22 completely dedicated to clean-burning 

### 23 fireplaces. We have a large, modern, fully 

### 24 equipped test lab with two EPA test ends. We 

### Page 196 

### 1 have the technical ability, resources and 

### 2 desire to make the cleanest-burning products 

### 3 in the industry and you can see the results. 

### 4 We are the only fireplace company to 

### 5 ever win the EPA's clean air excellence award 

### 6 and we currently manufacture five of the top 

### 7 ten cleanest burning fireplaces accredited 

### 8 from EPA, by the EPA. We believe that 

### 9 investing in clean-burning technology is not 

### 10 only good for the environment but it's good 

### 11 for business. 

### 12 I'm only here today because my partners 

### 13 and I are convinced that the results put 

### 14 forward in the proposed NSPS are incorrect. 

### 15 They understate the impact to the industry 

### 16 considerably and they overstate the emissions 

### 17 reductions. 

### 18 If we believed the EPA projections were 

### 19 even in the ballpark then my company would 

### 20 stand to benefit and I would have no reason 

### 21 to be here at all. At ICC, we manufacture 

### 22 built-in wood stoves that heat a home while 

### 23 burning cleanly and providing a beautiful 

### 24 fire-viewing experience. They don't look

Page 197 

### 1 anything like the typical black box that 

### 2 people are used to, but they are 

### 3 EPA-certified. 

### 4 We know that human beings are 

### 5 genetically hard wired to love watching a 

### 6 beautiful burning fire and nothing burns more 

### 7 beautifully than an EPA-certified wood stove. 

### 8 The majority of EPA stoves today are 

### 9 purchased to be pieces of furniture, 

### 10 installed in the living area of the house 

### 11 where the family can enjoy a beautiful fire 

### 12 while heating their home. 

### 13 I don't need to tell you that people 

### 14 love to watch a fire, you already know that. 

### 15 This is the primary feature that 

### 16 distinguishes a modern wood stove from the 

### 17 other categories of biomass heaters. Why are 

### 18 we so convinced the proposed NSPS projections 

### 19 are incorrect? 

### 20 The first problem is that you've chosen 

### 21 to assume that stoves won't go up in price 

### 22 enough to hurt demand, despite overwhelming 

### 23 evidence to the contrary. You're wrong. 

### 24 Assuming we can use existing technologies

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 51 (Pages 198 to 201) Page 198 

### 1 which is by no means certain, we estimate 

### 2 that our stoves will go up at least seven 

### 3 hundred dollars, this will absolutely cause 

### 4 new sales to decrease. 

### 5 The second problem is that most 

### 6 EPA-certified stoves in the four gram per 

### 7 hour range, have beautiful lazy flame 

### 8 patterns. When you lower that number to 2.5, 

### 9 the flames disappear considerably and at 1.5, 

### 10 it is nothing more than a dull red glow. 

### 11 That stove firebox on the right has a 

### 12 full load of wood and it's been going for 

### 13 about a half an hour and that's all you fire 

### 14 you see. These results are consistent across 

### 15 all current technologies. 

### 16 17 (Whereupon, a cellphone rings.) 

### 18 19 MS. SIMCOX: Sorry. Sorry. I thought 

### 20 it was off. 

### 21 MR. BONAR: I'll give you chance. 

### 22 MR. MURPHY: That's a demonstration that 

### 23 everyone should turn their phone off. 

### 24 MS. SIMCOX: So sorry.

Page 199



### 1 MR. BONAR: Thank you for the 

### 2 demonstration. 

### 3 MS. SIMCOX: That's my 17-year old son. 

### 4 MR. BONAR: The ability to heat one's 

### 5 home and at the same time enjoy a beautiful 

### 6 fires is one of the primary reasons people 

### 7 buy EPA stoves. Take away a beautiful fire 

### 8 and stove sales will decrease even more. 

### 9 I have to say, before I say the third 

### 10 one, that we have no problem with catalytic 

### 11 technology and we manufacture stoves that 

### 12 have catalytic combustors but when it comes 

### 13 to fire-viewing, the third problem with a 

### 14 catalytic stove is you can greatly improve 

### 15 the fire-viewing experience by simply opening 

### 16 the bypass. 

### 17 Once a bypass is open, emissions revert 

### 18 to pre-EPA levels. A two gram stove becomes 

### 19 a twenty-gram per hour stove as it decreases 

### 20 in emissions. The fourth problem is that my 

### 21 engineers are unanimous that 1.3 is a 

### 22 totally-artificial test lab number. It has 

### 23 very little to do with stove operation in the 

### 24 real world. Once again, emissions will be Page 200 

### 1 much greater than projected. You state 

### 2 repeatedly that these new standards will have 

### 3 no effect with respect to the existing 

### 4 inventory of over six million dirty-burning 

### 5 stoves, you're wrong. 

### 6 Currently, about forty percent of new 

### 7 stove sales are replacements. In my 

### 8 company's case, it's almost fifty percent. 

### 9 By increasing price and diminishing the 

### 10 fire-viewing experience, you are removing the 

### 11 two main incentives for people to upgrade 

### 12 their old dirty burners. 

### 13 Every time -- let me see if I can 

### 14 forward my slide here. Every time an old, 

### 15 twenty-gram per hour stove is replaced with a 

### 16 new four-gram per hour stove, we benefit from 

### 17 an eighty-percent emissions reduction. There 

### 18 is a high probability that your desire for 

### 19 marginally-greater reduction may well result 

### 20 in increased overall emissions. 

### 21 New stoves will become much more 

### 22 expensive and less appealing under the new 

### 23 NSPS. This will increase demand for old 

### 24 dirty burners and strengthen an already



### Page 201 

### 1 vibrant market for used stoves. 

### 2 That ebay screen shot there, if you had 

### 3 a look this morning on eBay, there are 4,800 

### 4 openings right now under eBay for wood 

### 5 stoves. A big percentage of those are 

### 6 non-certified old stoves. 

### 7 Wood heat remains one of the most 

### 8 effective means for poor and middle class 

### 9 families to supplement their disposable 

### 10 income. You are completely out of contact 

### 11 with reality if you think these people are 

### 12 going to lower their standard of living just 

### 13 because you'd like them to buy a new stove 

### 14 they won't like and can't afford. 

### 15 My engineer partners have asked me to 

### 16 leave you with a question. I have to preface 

### 17 by saying I heard a number of people this 

### 18 morning say that there are a number of stoves 

### 19 out there right now that pass at 1.3 and I 

### 20 think you know that's not correct with the 

### 21 changes you've made to the test standards. 

### 22 My engineers would like me to ask you 

### 23 how you can justify trying to put into law a 

### 24 standard that no known products or

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 52 (Pages 202 to 205) Page 202 

### 1 technologies currently meet and nobody, 

### 2 certainly not you, has any idea can be passed 

### 3 at all. Thank you. 

### 4 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Ms. Allan. 

### 5 MS. ALLAN: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 6 Barbara Allan. I'm a resident of the 

### 7 Commonwealth of Massachusetts and I'm 

### 8 testifying today as a member of the 

### 9 Massachusetts Leadership Board of the 

### 10 American Lung Association of the Northeast. 

### 11 I am also the retired Air and Waste 

### 12 Planning Director of the Massachusetts 

### 13 Department of Environmental Protection. The 

### 14 proposed NSPS for new residential wood 

### 15 heaters is a welcome but long overdue action 

### 16 some sixteen years and counting. 

### 17 New, more stringent emission control 

### 18 limits that reflect the best demonstrated 

### 19 technology as required by the Clean Air Act 

### 20 are essential. The technologies to achieve 

### 21 these levels are available. In fact, many 

### 22 have been in use worldwide for a long time in 

### 23 many of the wood-burning devices covered by 

### 24 this proposal. Applying them to the US

Page 203 

### 1 market is critical. We are faced today with 

### 2 a growing reliance on wood for residential 

### 3 heating for financial reasons, in light of 

### 4 soaring home heating costs. 

### 5 In the green market, wood is a 

### 6 renewable. The universe of devices has 

### 7 increased dramatically and many are used year 

### 8 round creating year round health impacts. 

### 9 Wood smoke is not good for anyone's health 

### 10 but is especially harmful if you are very 

### 11 young, elderly and/or are burdened by chronic 

### 12 lung and/or heart diseases. 

### 13 Wood smoke is responsible for particle 

### 14 pollution. It's constituents include but are 

### 15 not limited to PM2.5, carbon monoxide, 

### 16 volatile organic compounds, polycyclic 

### 17 aromatic hydrocarbons. Some VOCs and PAHs 

### 18 are not only respiratory irritants but also 

### 19 are air toxics with immunogenic and 

### 20 carcinogenic properties. 

### 21 According to the US EPA, health risks 

### 22 from breathing in particulates cause 

### 23 premature death, decreased lung function, 

### 24 lung cancer, immunological and developmental 

### Page 204 

### 1 affects and aggravated asthma. 

### 2 Asthma New England generally and 

### 3 Massachusetts in particular is no small 

### 4 matter, since we have the dubious distinction 

### 5 of having the highest asthma rates in the US 

### 6 with some one in ten children and adults 

### 7 having been diagnosed with this chronic lung 

### 8 disease. 

### 9 Research links the exposure to wood 

### 10 smoke by those with these lung diseases to 

### 11 increased visits to the emergency rooms and 

### 12 hospital admissions. Residential wood smoke 

### 13 is particularly insidious because it occurs 

### 14 in locations where personal exposure is 

### 15 greatest, at home and in neighborhoods where 

### 16 people live. 

### 17 While we may not be able to remove 

### 18 ourselves from this pollution, our neighbors 

### 19 use these devices, we can take steps to 

### 20 minimize the adverse impact of their 

### 21 emissions. Adoption of this rule without 

### 22 delay is a major step in the right direction. 

### 23 I also have a few specific comments for your 

### 24 consideration. First, I do not support



### Page 205 

### 1 extending the compliance with phase-two 

### 2 standards for wood stoves, pellet stoves and 

### 3 hydronic heaters beyond the proposed five 

### 4 years. Five years is even too long. 

### 5 It is my understanding that the more 

### 6 stringent emission limits can be met by 

### 7 technologies already in use. Clean-burning 

### 8 units are available in the marketplace, 

### 9 especially in Europe. US EPA needs to 

### 10 provide incentives to promote these units. 

### 11 EPA should not provide an option to 

### 12 further delay what is needed today, and I'm 

### 13 going to go off of my comments just to remark 

### 14 that, yes, I -- I am embarrassed that I have 

### 15 to point to the -- to the European experience 

### 16 and this is very reminiscent of some of the 

### 17 battles we waged with the auto makers when we 

### 18 were trying to get California's clean car 

### 19 standards in place. 

### 20 Unfortunately, it was the Japanese that 

### 21 brought some of the technology to the market 

### 22 that met these standards and that are now 

### 23 considered common throughout the auto 

### 24 marketplace. I would hope and I challenge

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 53 (Pages 206 to 209) Page 206 

### 1 those manufacturers sitting here today that 

### 2 they should try to meet those challenges, 

### 3 rise to them, so that someday we can take the 

### 4 leadership for wood-burning devices and that 

### 5 we wouldn't have to always be pointing to our 

### 6 neighbors across the great pond, but back to 

### 7 my notes. 

### 8 Recognize that these in-use units will 

### 9 last for decades and continue to compromise 

### 10 our health. We have already lost years of 

### 11 air quality improvements that would have 

### 12 accrued had the proposed standards been in 

### 13 place in a more timely manner. 

### 14 Do not further postpone these benefits 

### 15 by further lengthening of the natural 

### 16 turnover. Second, I am pleased that the 

### 17 proposed rule requires efficiency testing and 

### 18 reporting. It is my understanding that after 

### 19 the European union placed more stringent 

### 20 limits on wood-burning units, the average 

### 21 efficiency of the unit has increased 

### 22 significantly, in some cases to nearly ninety 

### 23 percent. I would expect to see the same 

### 24 results here. This is important to

Page 207



### 1 consumers. Not only will the units be 

### 2 cleaner but also less costly to fuel. 

### 3 Significantly more efficient units might even 

### 4 provide the incentive to owners of old, 

### 5 polluting units to change out to the cleaner 

### 6 new models, regardless of the cost. 

### 7 Thirdly, I wholly support developing and 

### 8 using compliance test methods that reflect 

### 9 real world usage that ensure standard 

### 10 compliance of the lowest and highest burn 

### 11 rates. Use of the cord -- or cord wood in 

### 12 the compliance tests alone -- incorporating 

### 13 these rates and test procedures are critical 

### 14 components of a test that better reflects 

### 15 real world use. 

### 16 Cord wood is used in most of these units 

### 17 and consumers are adhering to manufacturer's 

### 18 directions. Low and high rates -- high-rate 

### 19 burns are not uncommon and yet produce the 

### 20 highest emissions, depending upon the unit 

### 21 and, in turn, the highest exposures. The 

### 22 resulting emissions need to be compliant with 

### 23 a more stringent emission limits. Fourth, I 

### 24 am pleased to see that the rule does not 

### Page 208 

### 1 preempt local signing requirements with 

### 2 respect to hydronic heaters. This provision 

### 3 must be kept in the final rule. 

### 4 Local topography, micro meteorology and 

### 5 proximity to other homes and structures 

### 6 influence emissions impacts. Even the 

### 7 cleanest units can cause problems if the unit 

### 8 itself and the stack are not cited taking 

### 9 these and other factors into consideration. 

### 10 Existing high-polluting units and their 

### 11 pollution impacts generate the most citizen 

### 12 complaints and frustrations to the Lung 

### 13 Association staff and state and local 

### 14 regulators. While not in the purview of 

### 15 NSPS, it is unfortunate that EPA cannot 

### 16 address these existing units beyond promoting 

### 17 change outs. 

### 18 Their pollution continues to harm so 

### 19 many. Thank you for the opportunity to 

### 20 present my comments. I urge EPA to move 

### 21 expeditiously in promulgating a final rule. 

### 22 The monetized health benefits overwhelmingly 

### 23 exceed the costs and, most importantly, our 

### 24 health, our lungs, our hearts deserve cleaner

Page 209 

### 1 air. Thank you. 

### 2 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 3 from the panel? No. Okay, thank you. The 

### 4 next two speakers will be John Steinert and 

### 5 Chuck Gagner. 

### 6 MR. STEINERT: Good afternoon. My name 

### 7 is John Steinert. I am President of Dirigo 

### 8 Laboratories. We are one of the 

### 9 EPA-accredited test labs located in 

### 10 Clackamas, Oregon, and Greg and Gil have been 

### 11 to my lab and have gotten to meet us all and 

### 12 you are always welcome to come back. 

### 13 Just a brief history about Dirigo 

### 14 Laboratories. There are currently five 

### 15 laboratories in the United States that are 

### 16 accredited to perform testing to EPA Method 

### 17 28. Of these five labs, three have fewer 

### 18 than three employees and this is where we fit 

### 19 in. 

### 20 Dirigo was made up of me, my partner, 

### 21 Gary, and our technician, Ben. We may even 

### 22 be the largest of the small laboratories. 

### 23 Dirigo received our EPA accreditation in 

### 24 February of 2011 and, if I'm correct, we were

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 54 (Pages 210 to 213) Page 210 

### 1 the first independent U.S. laboratory to do 

### 2 so in over twenty years, not an easy thing to 

### 3 accomplish. 

### 4 Dirigo was also unique among the smaller 

### 5 laboratories as we have the capabilities to 

### 6 perform testing on a full range of appliances 

### 7 covered under the NSPS. There are two areas 

### 8 that I would like to focus my comments on 

### 9 today. 

### 10 Our first set of concerns pertains to 

### 11 how the proposed rule changes will affect 

### 12 Dirigo Laboratories and our ability to 

### 13 compete on an equal playing field with the 

### 14 larger laboratories. 

### 15 Your proposal will change the definition 

### 16 of a certified laboratory by adding multiple 

### 17 levels of accreditation and certifying 

### 18 requirements that smaller laboratories like 

### 19 Dirigo do not currently have. 

### 20 The larger laboratories' test can 

### 21 certify a wide range of appliances, giving 

### 22 them the advantage of having the 

### 23 infrastructure, personnel and accreditations 

### 24 in place to satisfy the current proposed

Page 211 

### 1 rules. Small laboratories like Dirigo focus 

### 2 exclusively on residential wood-fired heating 

### 3 appliances. We test nothing else. 

### 4 The proposed rule, as currently written, 

### 5 will have a disproportionately negative 

### 6 affect on the smaller laboratories. Dirigo 

### 7 would like to work with the EPA and explore 

### 8 ways to maintain high-quality testing and 

### 9 reporting standards without putting the small 

### 10 test laboratories at a competitive 

### 11 disadvantage. 

### 12 Dirigo has also spoken with state 

### 13 agencies about finding ways that we can 

### 14 satisfy these requirements outside of the ISO 

### 15 certification process. A second part of my 

### 16 speech today is we believe that there's a 

### 17 false perception that the adoption of a 

### 18 certifying body phase certification process 

### 19 will result in improved laboratory oversight. 

### 20 The current administrator approval 

### 21 process will be much more effective than the 

### 22 proposed certifying body phase process. The 

### 23 proposed rules shift responsibility away from 

### 24 EPA and relies too heavily on third-party Page 212 

### 1 certification bodies. 

### 2 On the proposed scenario, EPA would 

### 3 retain oversight over the program. It is 

### 4 unclear what this oversight actually means 

### 5 and may result in EPA becoming so far removed 

### 6 from the approval process that they would 

### 7 become ineffective from being able to perform 

### 8 their regulatory obligations. 

### 9 We could easily get to a point where the 

### 10 people certifying reports and the people 

### 11 overseeing the program have little to no 

### 12 knowledge of what they are really looking at. 

### 13 Add a layer of bureaucracy will dramatically 

### 14 increase the amount of time it takes to get 

### 15 an appliance listed once testing is complete. 

### 16 It already takes anywhere from four to 

### 17 ten weeks to get a report through and this 

### 18 will do nothing to improve upon that. We 

### 19 believe that EPA has a responsibility to stay 

### 20 closely connected to certification programs 

### 21 and shall keep with the current 

### 22 administrative approval process. Any 

### 23 problems with the current approval process 

### 24 could be easily fixed. Perception that



### Page 213



### 1 proposed process will result in increased 

### 2 program oversight is false. 

### 3 In conclusion, small laboratories like 

### 4 Dirigo are critical to successful 

### 5 implementation of the NSPS. I have heard 

### 6 directly from manufacturers, state regulators 

### 7 and EPA personnel regarding their concern for 

### 8 how these regulations could affect Dirigo 

### 9 Laboratories. 

### 10 Adopting additional regulatory 

### 11 requirements that do not result in better 

### 12 testing or more accuracy is not in anyone's 

### 13 best interest. We would like to work with 

### 14 EPA to foster a regulatory climate that 

### 15 encourages all laboratories to provide 

### 16 high-quality certification testing in a 

### 17 competitive environment. Thank you for your 

### 18 time. 

### 19 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Mr. Gagner. 

### 20 MR. GAGNER: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 21 Chuck Gagner. I'm President and one of the 

### 22 owners of Northwest Manufacturing, 

### 23 Incorporated. My brothers and I started the 

### 24 company in 1989 and have been producing wood

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 55 (Pages 214 to 217) Page 214 1 master furnaces for about 25 years. 

### 2 We focused on a quality product that 

### 3 performed well and was backed by a strong 

### 4 dealer network. Woodmaster joined the 

### 5 outdoor hydronic heater caucus at the very 

### 6 beginning to bring cleaner-burning hydronic 

### 7 heaters to the market faster. 

### 8 After many, many meetings and a huge 

### 9 amount of testing, we agreed to a test method 

### 10 at a number of .6 pounds per million BTU. 

### 11 Not long after testing started with the new 

### 12 method, some lower numbers were achieved and, 

### 13 therefore, we were faced with a new, lower 

### 14 number of .32. 

### 15 Our company took a different approach to 

### 16 bring a cleaner, proven product to the 

### 17 market. We purchased the technology rights 

### 18 from Solar Focus in Austria and it was not 

### 19 cheap. The European design was similar to 

### 20 many other European but offered three fuels 

### 21 in one unit. It was rated one of the top 

### 22 furnaces in Europe. After many trips to 

### 23 Europe and large legal fees to own the 

### 24 technology, now came the real work; changing



### Page 215 

### 1 all the manuals from German to English, 

### 2 changing all the prints from metric to 

### 3 standard, sourcing all the parts to make 

### 4 safety test requirements and running 

### 5 multiple, multiple emissions tests in our lab 

### 6 to arrive at a .04 pounds per million BTU, 

### 7 then came web design, brochures, dealer shows 

### 8 and training. 

### 9 This project was well over a million 

### 10 dollars to get to market and our ROI is not 

### 11 even recovering that yet. Today, we are 

### 12 faced with a .15 to follow a .06, with a test 

### 13 method that has four runs and two of them 

### 14 being cold starts. We have over 100 tests 

### 15 performed in our lab. 

### 16 Burning cribs on a cold start is 

### 17 impossible. If you get the crib burning, you 

### 18 may end up with a 2.0. Cord wood, if you 

### 19 achieve a perfect start, we can see a number 

### 20 near .15. We have never seen a .06 on a cold 

### 21 start. I believe it will take numerous tests 

### 22 in the current method to make a .15. If .06 

### 23 is passed, I don't believe I will even retest 

### 24 these units, so the only product currently 

### Page 216 

### 1 below .06 with the old test method will be 

### 2 off the market. The second problem, and to 

### 3 back this, our gross sales of European design 

### 4 from our total sales is three percent. Our 

### 5 company cannot survive on three percent. 

### 6 To our friends in Austria, I have to say 

### 7 as an indoor hydronic heater where the 

### 8 furnace and the wood is warm, this product is 

### 9 amazing and I think the best you will find. 

### 10 As an outdoor furnace, it does not 

### 11 perform with cord wood. The furnace becomes 

### 12 cold between refills, the wood is cold, the 

### 13 startups on each batch load creates smoke 

### 14 issues. As an outdoor pellet hydronic 

### 15 heater, this is not a problem. 

### 16 To take the place of our traditional 

### 17 outdoor hydronic heater, in my mind it can't 

### 18 happen and therefore should not be considered 

### 19 one. Throughout the past 25 years, we have 

### 20 generated a very large, satisfied customer 

### 21 base and have an A+ rating with the Better 

### 22 Business Bureau. We have employed as high 

### 23 as 120 people and we have generated sales in 

### 24 the 40 to 50-million dollar range retail



### Page 217 

### 1 annually. EPA's push for 1.5 and then .06 I 

### 2 believe will kill this industry. 

### 3 Rural America has been dependent on this 

### 4 safe, affordable heat for many years. I 

### 5 believe .32 pounds per million BTU is a very 

### 6 clean number and should stop there. Thank 

### 7 you. 

### 8 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Okay, no 

### 9 questions? 

### 10 MR. WOOD: No questions. 

### 11 MR. MURPHY: Thank you very much. The 

### 12 next two speakers will be Peter Dircks and 

### 13 Dan Henry. 

### 14 MR. HENRY: Peter, I'm coming. I'm 

### 15 bringing our ball and chain. It's EPA's and 

### 16 industry's ball and chain in this suitcase. 

### 17 MR. MURPHY: Okay. We're going to start 

### 18 out with Mr. Dircks. 

### 19 MR. DIRCKS: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 20 Peter Dircks, D-I-R-C-K-S. I'm Vice 

### 21 President for Hearth and Home Technologies. 

### 22 We are headquartered in Lakeville, Minnesota 

### 23 and are the market leader in the manufacture 

### 24 of wood, pellet and gas-burning fireplaces,

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 56 (Pages 218 to 221) Page 218 

### 1 stoves and inserts. Our well-known brands 

### 2 include Heatalator, Heat and Glow, HydraFire 

### 3 and Helpro as well as Harmon. We employ over 

### 4 1,200 member owners and have manufacturing 

### 5 plants in distribution centers across seven 

### 6 states. 

### 7 At HHT, we believe in the importance of 

### 8 continuous improvement of our products for 

### 9 both end consumers and the environment and 

### 10 are proud of our industry-leading efforts in 

### 11 both wood and pellet stove design and all of 

### 12 our products. We support EPA's efforts to 

### 13 update the NSPS standards. 

### 14 In fact, we, along with our trade 

### 15 organization and several other manufacturers, 

### 16 have been cooperating with EPA in the process 

### 17 to develop more meaningful requirements, as 

### 18 well as to improve air quality. However, 

### 19 while we are willing to sign on to some of 

### 20 the new proposed requirements, we are very 

### 21 concerned about this proposal in three key 

### 22 areas. One is we do not support the proposed 

### 23 testing procedures or the 1.3-gram per hour 

### 24 emission limit. Two, the economic impact of



### Page 219 

### 1 meeting future standards via increased costs 

### 2 and an increased retail price to consumers 

### 3 could be very high while not assuring any 

### 4 real world clean air benefits. 

### 5 And, three, these standards, via result 

### 6 in cost and price increases, could have the 

### 7 adverse affect of actually slowing clean air 

### 8 progress by slowing down the replacement of 

### 9 six million pre-1998 high-emission 

### 10 appliances. 

### 11 I'd like to explore these three points 

### 12 further. First, the testing procedure for 

### 13 wood stoves is not complete and precise and 

### 14 does not reflect real world performance. 

### 15 We're disappointed that EPA has proposed so 

### 16 many changes to the wood stove test method 

### 17 with no assurance these will actually improve 

### 18 fuel performance. 

### 19 In fact, what is being proposed is the 

### 20 equivalent of requiring an engine that has 

### 21 been designed to operate on gasoline, to now 

### 22 pass new emissions requirements on diesel 

### 23 fuel with lower emissions limits and 

### 24 incomplete method to determine those Page 220 

### 1 emissions. We at HHT support the transition 

### 2 to cord wood as the test fuel for laboratory 

### 3 testing to more closely simulate real world 

### 4 operation. 

### 5 And the key to setting cord wood 

### 6 standards is having data demonstrating what 

### 7 is achievable and cost-effective designs. 

### 8 Therefore, we can't support EPA's proposal of 

### 9 setting the low 1.3-gram per hour cord 

### 10 wood-based emission limits without this 

### 11 workable test method or any meaningful cord 

### 12 wood emission data. 

### 13 Second, the cost of meeting future 

### 14 standards for wood stoves could be extremely 

### 15 high in both production costs and retail 

### 16 prices to consumers for little or no benefit. 

### 17 We reject the assertion that the proposed 

### 18 changes will have only modest cost impacts. 

### 19 In fact, the emission reduction cost to 

### 20 meet these future standards could be many 

### 21 times higher than the cost effectiveness of 

### 22 the dollar per ton guidelines that are used 

### 23 to evaluate most other sources of similar air 

### 24 pollutants. Many Americans desire and rely

Page 221 

### 1 on heating their homes with wood and pellet 

### 2 stoves. 

### 3 The recent shortage of propane fuel is 

### 4 yet another example of why many consumers 

### 5 desire these solid fuel-burning appliances. 

### 6 Increases in cost will result in retail 

### 7 consumer price increases, thus these stove 

### 8 products may no longer be an attractive 

### 9 option, especially in rural areas where these 

### 10 stoves are needed most, thereby taking away 

### 11 an affordable product and a renewable fuel as 

### 12 a home-heating option for American consumers. 

### 13 Third, these future standards could have 

### 14 the adverse affect of slowing clean air 

### 15 progress. Today, two-thirds or over six 

### 16 million nationwide of all freestanding stoves 

### 17 are pre-1988 uncertified stoves, which on a 

### 18 national level is a major source of stove 

### 19 wood smoke. 

### 20 As -- as we've heard all day, simple 

### 21 supply and demand has shown the more 

### 22 expensive you make a product, the fewer units 

### 23 are purchased by consumers. So, ironically, 

### 24 by increasing the cost in retail prices of

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 57 (Pages 222 to 225) Page 222 

### 1 new appliances the replacement and change out 

### 2 of high-polluting stoves will be slower, the 

### 3 exact opposite action of what is truly 

### 4 needed, since the best thing that can happen 

### 5 for cleaner air right now is for one -- is 

### 6 for every one of these stoves to get replaced 

### 7 as quickly as possible. 

### 8 So in sum, Hearth & Home Technologies 

### 9 and I appreciate the opportunity to voice our 

### 10 concerns with the language EPA is proposing 

### 11 in this NSPS, but we would also like to 

### 12 reiterate our desire to continue work with 

### 13 you on developing meaningful solid fuel stove 

### 14 emission requirements and test methods that 

### 15 will lead to both affordable products and 

### 16 everyone's desired result of improved air 

### 17 quality. Thanks very much for your time. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Mr. Henry. 

### 19 MR. WOOD: Quick question. Have you 

### 20 done testing on cord wood for your 

### 21 EPA-certified stoves? 

### 22 MR. DIRCKS: Yes. We are -- we are 

### 23 looking at that right now, uh-huh. 

### 24 MR. WOOD: Have you already done some?



### Page 223 

### 1 MR. DIRCKS: We -- we have done some 

### 2 testing as well and we could follow-up on 

### 3 that. 

### 4 MR. WOOD: Yeah. If we could follow-up 

### 5 later, I'd appreciate looking at some of that 

### 6 data. 

### 7 MR. DIRCKS: Absolutely. 

### 8 MR. WOOD: Thank you. And also on the 

### 9 change outs, the replacements, we had 

### 10 a -- someone else gave percentages for his 

### 11 company. What percent of your product is for 

### 12 replacement of old stoves, old 

### 13 pre -- pre-NSPS stoves? 

### 14 MR. DIRCKS: Yeah. We don't -- I can't 

### 15 give you that answer today but it's something 

### 16 we could certainly follow-up on afterward. 

### 17 MR. WOOD: Appreciate it. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Mr. Henry. 

### 19 MR. HENRY: Well, thank you for this 

### 20 opportunity. My name is Daniel Henry. I'm 

### 21 from Bellevue, Washington. I'm the 

### 22 co-founder of QuadraFire, which is the 

### 23 largest line of the cleanest non-catalytic 

### 24 EPA wood-burning stoves and fireplace inserts Page 224 

### 1 and pellet-burning appliances in the nation. 

### 2 My contribution in developing and 

### 3 building my company was research and 

### 4 development and the new product design. I 

### 5 have multiple patents for non-catalytic wood 

### 6 and pellet-burning stoves and inserts. 

### 7 And, after thirty years in the industry, 

### 8 I retired but, as many do, I came back and 

### 9 I'm now a consultant for the industry and 

### 10 it's by G3 consulting; wonder where I got 

### 11 that name. 

### 12 I support EPA creating regulations to 

### 13 reduce emissions from solid fuel-burning 

### 14 appliances. In fact, it was the first NSPS 

### 15 that really launched my company, my product 

### 16 line and my career. 

### 17 I have brought a test fuel crib to show 

### 18 why the proposed regulations will not achieve 

### 19 the desired results, and I'm going to explain 

### 20 to you why that is. Testing with cribs is a 

### 21 false predictor of real world, in-home 

### 22 performance. We've got twenty-five years of 

### 23 testing with cribs and we've achieved about a 

### 24 fifty-percent reduction in emissions compared

Page 225 

### 1 to uncertified products as evidenced by 

### 2 institute testing results. 

### 3 Crib fuel has no bark or noncombustible 

### 4 residue such as dirt. Crib fuel must have a 

### 5 very specific moisture content within a very 

### 6 narrow range. Ninety-five percent of the 

### 7 square-inch surface area of crib fuel is 

### 8 exposed to the heat and flame as soon as the 

### 9 fuel is loaded into the firebox. 

### 10 As you can see, there's air flow and 

### 11 every square inch is exposed as soon as it's 

### 12 loaded in there. This requires a primary and 

### 13 secondary combustion air to fuel ratios be 

### 14 engineered for crib test fuel in order to 

### 15 meet EPA's certification requirements. 

### 16 This requires a primary and 

### 17 secondary -- whoops, excuse me. This results 

### 18 in a combustion system that is forced to burn 

### 19 real world, cord wood fuel at an air 

### 20 fuel -- air to fuel mixture that has too much 

### 21 excess air. When cord wood is loaded into 

### 22 the crib fuel EPA-certified non-cat wood 

### 23 combustion device, the excess air cools the 

### 24 flame in the firebox. Both of these are

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 58 (Pages 226 to 229) Page 226 

### 1 extremely detrimental to sustaining secondary 

### 2 combustion, a requirement to maintain 

### 3 clean-burning performance. 

### 4 Cord wood is loaded into the stove with 

### 5 flat surfaces against flat surfaces or a 

### 6 mixture of split and round pieces. The cubic 

### 7 foot load density goes up from seven pounds 

### 8 to about ten to twelve pounds per cubic foot. 

### 9 This greatly reduces the total surface 

### 10 area exposed but adds total density, i.e., 

### 11 more to burn over a longer time at a lower 

### 12 release of VOCs. As combustion of the cord 

### 13 wood builds and secondary combustion starts 

### 14 to take place, the secondary combustion 

### 15 becomes unstable as a result of too much air 

### 16 to meet the rate of release of volatile 

### 17 organic compounds, more commonly referred to 

### 18 as VOCs. 

### 19 Secondary combustion starts, then the 

### 20 excess air is so high the unit loses stoke 

### 21 emetic balance. The air to fuel ratio 

### 22 becomes air rich and secondary combustion 

### 23 falters or goes out. I suggest, due to the 

### 24 EPA and the state air managers, that if we



### Page 227 

### 1 could increase the minimum burn rate by 

### 2 fifteen percent, the non-cat stove would have 

### 3 a very improved real world performance and 

### 4 ability to overcome the use of wetter or 

### 5 greener wood. 

### 6 The improvement would be as a result of 

### 7 the initial increase of the rate of release 

### 8 of VOCs and the ability to sustain secondary 

### 9 combustion with cord wood. This would better 

### 10 balance the air to fuel ratio and create a 

### 11 sustainable secondary combustion in early 

### 12 ignition to reduce emissions. 

### 13 Natural gas will not burn or blow up if 

### 14 either above or below stoke emetic balance, 

### 15 and neither will the VOCs from wood. If EPA 

### 16 and the states would partner with industry 

### 17 engineers, we could write a regulation that 

### 18 would drive real world reduction of 

### 19 emissions. We are not your enemy and you are 

### 20 not ours. 

### 21 You don't fully understand what we do so 

### 22 you believe driving down the number is the 

### 23 solution to pollution. I am here to tell you 

### 24 you're wrong. Let us partner and we together 

### Page 228 

### 1 can draft a regulation that will have 

### 2 significant positive results in every airshed 

### 3 across the United States. 

### 4 In closing, the crib we are required to 

### 5 certify with and then our products 

### 6 actually -- actual fuel is cord wood is not 

### 7 unlike EPA certifying an automobile engine on 

### 8 diesel and the owner buying and using 

### 9 gasoline. Thank you for your time. 

### 10 And one comment I'd like to make, the 

### 11 European technology that I've heard at dozens 

### 12 of these meetings that I've been to, it's 

### 13 been bally-hoed as being extremely clean, 

### 14 it's not tested the same way we test. 

### 15 And, when I keep hearing ninety-percent 

### 16 efficient, that ninety-percent number is 

### 17 lower heating value, not by our heating value 

### 18 number that we are required in North America. 

### 19 Thank you. 

### 20 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions 

### 21 from the panel? 

### 22 MR. WOOD: Yes, if I may. Dan, do you 

### 23 have some comments about your optimism for 

### 24 the ASTM cord wood test method and how that's



### Page 229 

### 1 perceived? 

### 2 MR. HENRY: Well, I have optimism for 

### 3 it, Gil, but what I call -- we'll -- we'll 

### 4 call it the off ramp from crib to the cord 

### 5 wood is gonna require industry a lot of time 

### 6 in a lab in Cullville. There is a modified 

### 7 non-cat stove that will burn cord wood very 

### 8 clean. 

### 9 Within five minutes after loading it, 

### 10 you have no more smoke. But when we put 

### 11 cribs in it, it chokes, and it is a physical, 

### 12 hands-on, real world example, why this test 

### 13 load is not a good reference to real world 

### 14 performance of our products. 

### 15 And you and I have known each other for 

### 16 years and years, and if we could sit down 

### 17 together and develop a cord wood test method 

### 18 that would ensure that the product going 

### 19 forward would have much better real world 

### 20 performance, not some 1.3 gram an hour 

### 21 number, not some 2.5 gram an hour. I mean, 

### 22 if it was even a five or six-gram an hour and 

### 23 it would really do that in the field, it's 

### 24 way better than the ten grams an hour that

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 59 (Pages 230 to 233) Page 230 

### 1 this test load is producing on average in 

### 2 tests that have been compiled over the last 

### 3 twenty years of our products that are 

### 4 certified real clean and then real world 

### 5 performance doesn't parallel. 

### 6 And so it's my hope that people like me 

### 7 that have done thousands of emission tests 

### 8 and certified dozens of different stoves, we 

### 9 could bring that to the table and develop a 

### 10 meaningful cord wood emission measurement 

### 11 method with achievable results in the near 

### 12 term so that we could go on to improve on 

### 13 that technology, tune the products that burn 

### 14 cord wood extremely clean and that's what the 

### 15 consumer would end up with in their home. 

### 16 MR. WOOD: Our proposal agrees that, and 

### 17 I think most of the audience agrees, going to 

### 18 cord wood is the right answer. I think part 

### 19 of the question is how quickly can we get 

### 20 there, is the ASTM meeting on Tuesday likely 

### 21 to reach agreement on an ASTM test method for 

### 22 us to be able for manufacturers and 

### 23 consultants like you to do some real 

### 24 world-style testing and see what the numbers



### Page 231 

### 1 show. 

### 2 MR. HENRY: The ASTM method 

### 3 is -- has -- has not been utilized yet very 

### 4 much for cord wood. I think the decision by 

### 5 the vast majority of manufacturers in their 

### 6 labs, it's a big unknown because I can share 

### 7 with you that, as a consultant, I have 

### 8 witnessed cord wood burning in EPA-certified 

### 9 stoves that were certified number below the 

### 10 1.3 target that the result varies from three 

### 11 grams an hour on cord wood to thirty grams an 

### 12 hour on that same unit, just depending on how 

### 13 the secondary starts and whether it sustains 

### 14 it or whether the chokes -- the stove chokes 

### 15 in the first thirty minutes, and then it 

### 16 takes it another thirty minutes to dig it 

### 17 back out and get the system operating 

### 18 properly, so it's -- it's really -- this is, 

### 19 as I announced, this is a ball and chain. 

### 20 It's a ball and chain that -- that 

### 21 Oregon developed that EPA adopted that 

### 22 industry has lived with now for thirty years 

### 23 and it's led us down the wrong path. And, in 

### 24 Europe, you load cord wood in your stove, you 

### Page 232 

### 1 turn on the sampling equipment. They don't 

### 2 specify a minimum burn rate. 

### 3 Their minimum burn rate is whatever the 

### 4 stove achieves on low, and as long as it's 

### 5 clean, it's clean. The specification for a 

### 6 minimum burn rate and everything other than 

### 7 catalytic stoves, because they shine on lower 

### 8 burns, your proposal says you test a low and 

### 9 a high and whichever are dirtier, you do two 

### 10 more of the average. 

### 11 Well, you're going to hit non-cats at 

### 12 the low burn because that's their dirty zone 

### 13 and you're gonna wipe out the cats at the 

### 14 high burn because that's their dirty zone, 

### 15 and neither one of those will work for the 

### 16 industry and, with all sincerity, I'm not 

### 17 speaking for just me. 

### 18 I'm speaking for hopefully our air 

### 19 sheds, EPA, our state air people and industry 

### 20 to develop a meaningful emission measurement 

### 21 method that will have meaningful outcomes in 

### 22 the real world where consumers can run their 

### 23 stoves and not pollute. 

### 24 MR. WOOD: Thank you, that's what we



### Page 233 

### 1 want also. 

### 2 MR. HENRY: Thank you. You want to take 

### 3 this ball and chain home with you? 

### 4 MR. WOOD: Maybe you can burn it in one 

### 5 of the stoves. 

### 6 MR. MURPHY: The next two speakers are 

### 7 Michael Nelson and David Mears. 

### 8 MR. NELSON: Hello, my name is 

### 9 Michael Nelson, N-E-L-S-O-N. I'm Residential 

### 10 Wood Combustion Coordinator at the Minnesota 

### 11 Pollution Control Agency or MPCA. The MPCA's 

### 12 mission is to protect and improve the 

### 13 environment and enhance human health. 

### 14 We work towards the vision that 

### 15 Minnesota's clean and clear air supports 

### 16 healthy communities and a strong economy. 

### 17 Michigan is known as the land of Ten Thousand 

### 18 Lakes but, according to a recent survey, we 

### 19 are also home to approximately 26,000 

### 20 hydronic heaters, 31,000 hot air furnaces, 

### 21 360,000 wood stoves and inserts and 15,000 

### 22 pellet stoves. This is why we made our 

### 23 effort to come here today to provide our 

### 24 comments. At a high level, we generally

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 60 (Pages 234 to 237) Page 234 

### 1 support US EPA's proposed changes and 

### 2 additions to the New Source Performance 

### 3 Standard for Residential Wood Heaters, in 

### 4 particular including equipment such as 

### 5 hydronic heaters which were not previously 

### 6 included. 

### 7 Residential wood smoke is a health 

### 8 concern and emissions from wood heaters are 

### 9 emerging as an important source of air 

### 10 emissions in our state, so much so that while 

### 11 we still don't have state-specific 

### 12 regulations for this equipment, a work group 

### 13 of government, business and non-profit 

### 14 organizations working together on emission 

### 15 reduction projects in our state consider it a 

### 16 priority to reduce wood smoke, including 

### 17 emissions from residential wood heaters. 

### 18 Minnesota currently meets the annual and 

### 19 daily standards for fine particulates or PM 

### 20 2.5, however, we are at risk at falling out 

### 21 of attainment. While Minnesota and the US 

### 22 have made great strides in reducing air 

### 23 pollution, studies show that particulate 

### 24 matter in ozone are still important problems

Page 235 

### 1 for our citizens' health. 

### 2 Even though Minnesota's air quality is 

### 3 generally good, Minnesota's total health 

### 4 burden of particulate and ozone pollution is 

### 5 important, in particular the impacts of fine 

### 6 particle pollution, even when meeting the 

### 7 ambient air quality standards. 

### 8 Past work to improve air quality has 

### 9 focused on large individual sources of 

### 10 pollution, continuing to meet the standard 

### 11 and protecting human health will require 

### 12 looking at individually small but 

### 13 collectively important sources, in general 

### 14 residential wood burning is an area that 

### 15 appears to be increasing and is emerging as 

### 16 one of the small but collectively important 

### 17 sources of air emissions in Minnesota 

### 18 communities, in particular, as emissions from 

### 19 other sectors such as smoke stack industries 

### 20 continue to decline. 

### 21 Based on an early version of the 2011 

### 22 national emissions inventory, residential 

### 23 wood burning combustion contributes 

### 24 approximately ten percent or 21,600 tons of Page 236 

### 1 the state's total PM 2.5 emissions. In 2012, 

### 2 the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and 

### 3 our partners conducted a statewide survey to 

### 4 find out how much wood was harvested and 

### 5 burned annually for heat or pleasure in our 

### 6 state. 

### 7 This is part of a long-term survey 

### 8 effort to monitor trends in use and 

### 9 harvesting of the state's wood supply by 

### 10 Minnesota households. The general findings 

### 11 show that Minnesota burned approximately 

### 12 780,000 cords of wood for residential wood 

### 13 heaters between July 1st, 2011 and June 30th, 

### 14 2012. 

### 15 We support the EPA's development of 

### 16 tighter standards and the NSPS for 

### 17 residential wood heaters, in particular we 

### 18 support the inclusion of equipment such as 

### 19 hydronic heaters which were not previously 

### 20 included in the standard but are a growing 

### 21 source of wood smoke problems in our state. 

### 22 In communities where wood burning is 

### 23 closely clustered or where homes are near 

### 24 wood-burning appliances that produce large



### Page 237 

### 1 quantities of smoke, exposure may be higher 

### 2 or -- and a bigger concern. The majority of 

### 3 wood smoke complaint calls the MPCA receives 

### 4 on or about the smoke from hydronic heaters 

### 5 and often citizens report serious concerns 

### 6 related to their health. 

### 7 Unlike some eastern and western states, 

### 8 Minnesota does not have regulations specific 

### 9 to residential wood-burning devices. 

### 10 Instead, we rely on the current federal NSPS 

### 11 last revised in 1988. 

### 12 Minnesota has not developed a 

### 13 performance standard for hydronic heaters, 

### 14 rather has asked the US EPA to implement a 

### 15 national performance standard for this 

### 16 equipment. It is important to establish 

### 17 federal emissions standards because of the 

### 18 complexity and resources required to 

### 19 establish limits on a state by state basis. 

### 20 While we are still reviewing the 

### 21 proposed regulation and its performance 

### 22 testing requirements and intend to provide 

### 23 further comments prior to the May 5, 2014 

### 24 deadline, we support EPA's effort to certify

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 61 (Pages 238 to 241) Page 238 

### 1 wood-burning appliances in a manner that more 

### 2 closely reflects how consumers will use the 

### 3 equipment by transitioning the fuel test from 

### 4 crib wood to cord wood. 

### 5 Minnesota has a number of manufacturers 

### 6 of these wood heaters. We are still in the 

### 7 process of contacting them regarding the 

### 8 proposed standards. Those we have contacted 

### 9 indicated they are still reading the proposal 

### 10 and initial feedback indicates there are a 

### 11 few concerns, some of which have been 

### 12 expressed today. 

### 13 To move forward on voluntary emission 

### 14 reduction efforts to reduce the impact of the 

### 15 emissions from existent sources, we are 

### 16 participating in US EPA's ozone and PM 

### 17 programs and are working with Clean Air 

### 18 Minnesota, a group of air quality leaders 

### 19 from business, government and nonprofit 

### 20 organizations, working together to 

### 21 proactivity develop, fund and implement 

### 22 projects that reduce air emissions. As 

### 23 mentioned earlier, this work group recognizes 

### 24 the importance and opportunity for reducing



### Page 239 

### 1 wood smoke and emissions from existing 

### 2 residential wood heaters, with the 

### 3 expectation that EPA moves forward on 

### 4 updating the standards for new heaters. 

### 5 Thank you for this opportunity to 

### 6 testify. We support US EPA's moving forward 

### 7 on development of an updated standard that 

### 8 will result in improved health from reduced 

### 9 exposures. We support testing that reflects 

### 10 how the equipment will be used. 

### 11 As we become more familiar with its 

### 12 requirements, we intend to provide further 

### 13 comments prior to the May 5, 2014 submittal 

### 14 deadline. 

### 15 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Panel, 

### 16 questions? 

### 17 MR. WOOD: No. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Commissioner Mears. 

### 19 MR. MEARS: Thank you. My name is 

### 20 David Mears, M-E-A-R-S. I'm the Commissioner 

### 21 of the Vermont Department of Environmental 

### 22 Conservation and I'd like to especially thank 

### 23 you for holding your hearing in Boston. I've 

### 24 really -- I mostly just want to echo what 

### Page 240 

### 1 Mr. Nelson has just testified to. 

### 2 For the state of Vermont, we, like a lot 

### 3 of the Northeastern states, north of New 

### 4 England states have many of our citizens rely 

### 5 on wood heat. It's something we frankly 

### 6 encourage as part of our long-term energy 

### 7 plan. 

### 8 It's a renewable resource and wood burns 

### 9 cleanly and efficiently, can be a very 

### 10 cost-effective and on balance, a low-carbon 

### 11 emitting source of energy. It's also a 

### 12 long-standing tradition in our state and its 

### 13 a way, frankly, that promotes our forests in 

### 14 the state. 

### 15 It's a way of encouraging our forest 

### 16 land owners to keep their lands forests. 

### 17 They are able to make revenue as a result of 

### 18 selling wood for burning and, as a 

### 19 consequence, helps us keep our mountains 

### 20 green which has a whole multitude of 

### 21 benefits: recreational, aesthetic, water 

### 22 quality and flood protection. There's just a 

### 23 myriad -- a number of ways in which Vermont's 

### 24 forests are critical to our state's economy



### Page 241 

### 1 and our quality of life, and so we're 

### 2 interested in trying to find ways to 

### 3 encourage wood burning but also know because 

### 4 one of my department's obligations is to 

### 5 protect public health from air pollution. 

### 6 We know that it presents substantial 

### 7 risks if not done correctly and in particular 

### 8 in the state of Vermont because we're a 

### 9 mountainous, forested state, we have many 

### 10 communities that are in mountain valleys in 

### 11 which the air pollution can be trapped. 

### 12 And there's -- it's not infrequent that 

### 13 we have inversions that lead to the capture 

### 14 of the smoke from wood burning that causes 

### 15 health problems. In particular, we've done 

### 16 some substantial monitoring in the city 

### 17 of -- the town of Rutland and we have 

### 18 averaged in this year about twenty micrograms 

### 19 per cubic meter, about twice the PM 2.5 

### 20 standard that EPA currently has twelve. And 

### 21 we've exceeded the 24-hour standard 

### 22 35-micrograms per liter on at least three 

### 23 days so far this year. These are a serious 

### 24 health concern in and of themselves and

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 62 (Pages 242 to 245) Page 242 1 reflect the kinds of health concerns that we 

### 2 are seeing in other mountain valley villages 

### 3 in the state. 

### 4 There's also studies that have been done 

### 5 by our state alone with northeast states for 

### 6 coordinated air use management or the NESCAUM 

### 7 organization that have shown that in 

### 8 particularly on the coldest days in Rutland 

### 9 that wood smoke is -- accounts for more than 

### 10 half of the particulate matter pollution that 

### 11 we have in that community. 

### 12 And while we're concerned about the 

### 13 24-hour standard, even that standard alone 

### 14 doesn't really capture the full health 

### 15 impacts in our state. We have scene spikes 

### 16 in the levels of wood smoke particulate 

### 17 matter that are quite substantial, partly 

### 18 because the wood -- wood smoke is in 

### 19 proximity to -- the wood-burning devices are 

### 20 in proximity to peoples' homes and also that 

### 21 people are burning wood most frequently in 

### 22 the coldest periods of the evenings and 

### 23 mornings, exactly at the time when the 

### 24 dispersion of air pollution as a result of



### Page 243



### 1 climate, you know, local meteorological 

### 2 conditions causes inversion, so we've seen 

### 3 hourly concentrations that are over 

### 4 90-micrograms per cubic meter in Rutland, and 

### 5 that's consistent with studies that NESCAUM 

### 6 has done over in the Adirondacks, so this is 

### 7 not an insignificant health issue and so we 

### 8 do support EPA's effort we update these 

### 9 standards. 

### 10 We believe that over time, as our 

### 11 citizens update and replace their existing 

### 12 units with the upgraded ones, we'll see a 

### 13 substantial improvement in public health 

### 14 issues as a consequence. 

### 15 In Vermont, we have taken steps to adopt 

### 16 standards ourselves and our state, 

### 17 particularly for outdoor wood boilers which 

### 18 up til this point have not been included in 

### 19 the regulation. We are very strongly 

### 20 supportive of EPA addressing that at a 

### 21 national level. Even though we have state 

### 22 standards, we found that some folks have 

### 23 been able to circumvent the existing 

### 24 standards by -- by kind of exploiting 

### Page 244 

### 1 loopholes in our own state's standard and 

### 2 frankly having one national standard will 

### 3 guarantee that everybody has to live by the 

### 4 same -- same limits. 

### 5 One of the other things I'd like to note 

### 6 and echoing, frankly, some of the industry 

### 7 folks is we are looking carefully at what the 

### 8 impacts are gonna be on our wood stove 

### 9 manufacturers. We're lucky to have a couple 

### 10 of innovative manufacturers in our state, 

### 11 Vermont Castings and Hearthstone Stoves, 

### 12 they're smaller manufacturers. 

### 13 It's a substantial economic burden on 

### 14 them to update all their models of stoves, so 

### 15 we're trying to understand what those impacts 

### 16 are and then if there's ways that these 

### 17 standards could be phased in in a way that 

### 18 would allow them to not suffer a competitive 

### 19 disadvantage. 

### 20 So, with that, I'm happy to answer any 

### 21 questions but, again, conclude by saying we 

### 22 are very supportive of EPA's effort to update 

### 23 these long, long overdue standards. Thank 

### 24 you.

Page 245



### 1 MR. MURPHY: Thank you very much. The 

### 2 next two speakers will be Tom Berry and 

### 3 James Hussong. 

### 4 MR. BERRY: Good afternoon. My name is 

### 5 Tom Berry, B-E-R-R-Y, and I am an 

### 6 Environmental Field Representative for U.S. 

### 7 Senator Patrick Leahy. My comments this 

### 8 afternoon will be somewhat informal. 

### 9 The Senator will submit formal written 

### 10 comments, they're being completed. We'll 

### 11 probably submit those under his signature 

### 12 within the next week, but he did want me to 

### 13 travel from Vermont here today to signify the 

### 14 importance that he sees in the development 

### 15 and implementation of these new standards. 

### 16 Senator Leahy is the most senior member 

### 17 of the US Senate. He's been in the Senate 

### 18 almost as long as we've had a Clean Air Act 

### 19 and he's always supported the EPA and the 

### 20 implementation of strong environmental 

### 21 quality standards. He supports the 

### 22 development and the implementation of these 

### 23 new standards, long past due, and applauds 

### 24 the EPA in taking this step. Other speakers

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 63 (Pages 246 to 249) Page 246 

### 1 have acknowledged the love affair that their 

### 2 states have with wood stoves, most recently 

### 3 David Mears from Vermont and the Senator 

### 4 heats his farmhouse in Middlesex with a wood 

### 5 stove. 

### 6 Vermont has a very high, if not the 

### 7 highest per capita, use of wood stoves and, 

### 8 as Commissioner Mears noted, some of the 

### 9 finest wood stoves in the world are 

### 10 manufactured by Vermont Castings and 

### 11 Hearthstone in Vermont, so we -- the 

### 12 senator's state does have a love affair with 

### 13 a wood stove, but it's a problematic love 

### 14 affair. 

### 15 As noted by Commissioner Mears, there 

### 16 are significant air quality problems that 

### 17 result in the cold climate high valleys of 

### 18 Vermont that sometimes can set up the perfect 

### 19 conditions for stagnant air quality and high 

### 20 concentrations of fine particulate matter 

### 21 with health impacts and so the senator does 

### 22 see the importance of these new standards. 

### 23 As have been noted by a number of the 

### 24 industry experts here today, there are some



### Page 247 

### 1 aspects of these standards that may not 

### 2 achieve the greatest improvement in air 

### 3 quality as quickly as possible and so the 

### 4 Senator's comments, when submitted, will 

### 5 reflect a concern for standards that can be 

### 6 achieved with units that are both affordable 

### 7 and easy enough to operate that, in fact, 

### 8 they are adopted by the often middle to lower 

### 9 income rural population that makes the -- the 

### 10 greatest use of such units. 

### 11 They must be achievable with a 

### 12 technology that is not easily-defeated by the 

### 13 consumer and the implementation schedule for 

### 14 these standards and the testing protocols 

### 15 that are laid out have to be achievable by 

### 16 the industry that has, in fact, moved out 

### 17 ahead of the EPA standard with the technology 

### 18 they're now implementing. 

### 19 The -- the industry must be able to meet 

### 20 the standards and have testing procedures and 

### 21 protocols that allow that to be accomplished 

### 22 in a way that keeps this important resource 

### 23 available to our -- our rural populations. 

### 24 And, with that, we'll see that we have more 

### Page 248 

### 1 complete comments submitted on behalf of 

### 2 U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy within a very 

### 3 short period of time. Thank you. 

### 4 MR. HUSSONG: Hello. My name is 

### 5 James Hussong and that's H-U-S-S-O-N-G. I'm 

### 6 the President of Kozy Heat and Fireplaces, 

### 7 and that's Kozy with a K. Hello. My name is 

### 8 Jim Hussong from Costar, President of Kozy 

### 9 Heat Fireplaces and also the elected leader 

### 10 of the H -- The Hearth, Patio & Barbecue 

### 11 Association. 

### 12 The most important reason that I'm here 

### 13 today is to help represent the smaller 

### 14 manufacturers who could not attend. Kozy 

### 15 Heat was started like a lot of hearth 

### 16 companies. We started back in 1976 as a 

### 17 small manufacturers of wood heaters. 

### 18 At one time, we made up to 5,000 wood 

### 19 burners a year. Now, it's mostly -- we're 

### 20 mostly known for our gas-heating appliances 

### 21 but we still have two EPA-certified stoves. 

### 22 There has been so many changes in the testing 

### 23 methods that is proposed that my R & D people 

### 24 have a hard time projecting what will it cost



### Page 249 

### 1 and, even if these ideas go through, they're 

### 2 concerned that some of the ideas will not -- 

### 3 are not well thought out and are premature. 

### 4 If we have to start using cord wood as 

### 5 testing as soon as next summer -- the method 

### 6 is not even finished yet -- then we will more 

### 7 than double the testing and development cost, 

### 8 even on a 4.5-grams per hour stove. 

### 9 We're a small company and we'll have to 

### 10 pass on these costs to our customers, and I 

### 11 can't see how we cannot add more than at 

### 12 least a hundred dollars per stove as it's 

### 13 proposed. Most troubling is the net of all 

### 14 this may not improve the quality at all. 

### 15 We are a small -- and we are in 

### 16 southwest Minnesota, a rural area where many 

### 17 of the homes and the wood stoves from 

### 18 our -- from our company or many others are 

### 19 homemade. I think that a lot of people in my 

### 20 area and across the country are just gonna 

### 21 continue using the old stoves and, even more 

### 22 likely, build their own stoves as the price 

### 23 escalates. If I was confident that the EPA 

### 24 did its homework and that could show me that

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 64 (Pages 250 to 253) Page 250 

### 1 the new -- and that they knew for certain 

### 2 how some of these changes would improve the 

### 3 emissions performance of my stoves, it would 

### 4 be easier to accept these costs. 

### 5 But the idea of making changes that 

### 6 haven't been proven in the field and asking 

### 7 our customers to pay more for the new stoves 

### 8 makes me wonder what's going on. Remember 

### 9 that the people do not have to buy the new 

### 10 stoves. The old stoves work and heat just 

### 11 fine. 

### 12 It's hard to see how these changes will 

### 13 not clean out a lot of small manufacturers 

### 14 such as ourselves and certainly keep other 

### 15 small innovators from trying to get into this 

### 16 business. I couldn't imagine trying to start 

### 17 a new company in this business as we did back 

### 18 in 1976. 

### 19 I suggest that you do not adapt these 

### 20 changes unless you have demonstrated that 

### 21 they are -- that they will improve emissions. 

### 22 I appreciate the opportunity to testify. 

### 23 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Any questions? 

### 24 The next two speakers are Representative



### Page 251 

### 1 Tim Remole and Brett Watson. 

### 2 MR. REMOLE: I want to thank you all for 

### 3 giving us an opportunity to come and testify 

### 4 before you today. My name is Tim Remole, I'm 

### 5 a State Representative from Missouri House of 

### 6 Representatives. 

### 7 I traveled these many miles and have 

### 8 taken time out of my schedule because I'm 

### 9 very concerned about the new regulations and 

### 10 rules that EPA is considering putting in 

### 11 place on residential wood stove 

### 12 manufacturers. 

### 13 Our state relies heavily, especially in 

### 14 rural areas, on burning wood for a major heat 

### 15 source for homes and businesses. Wood stoves 

### 16 saves energy and money for Missourians and 

### 17 Americans all across the country. 

### 18 I've heard from a manufacturer in my 

### 19 district, he lives about twenty miles from 

### 20 me, that the regulations will put him out of 

### 21 business. I heard the testimony on a bill 

### 22 that I have proposed in Missouri from 

### 23 manufacturers that most residential wood 

### 24 stove manufacturers cannot meet phase one 

### Page 252 

### 1 regulation and will go out of business, then 

### 2 in year five it will be impossible to even 

### 3 build a stove to meet the emission 

### 4 requirements that you all are calling for. 

### 5 It is clear the EPA is trying to do away 

### 6 with wood burning in this country by 

### 7 outlawing wood burning stoves. Many feel 

### 8 this way. I received an e-mail 

### 9 from -- excuse me -- an EPA testing lab that 

### 10 states it will be impossible to build a stove 

### 11 to meet these mandates in five years, which 

### 12 we've heard some of that testimony just 

### 13 today. 

### 14 No one could believe the news when I 

### 15 talked about it in the media. I held a 

### 16 public meeting in our area that was well 

### 17 attended. I asked the question how many in 

### 18 this crowd burns wood to heat their rooms. 

### 19 Ninety percent of the people in that room 

### 20 raised their hands. 

### 21 Many told me it was the only way they 

### 22 could afford to heat their homes. When 

### 23 propane prices soared to as much as six 

### 24 dollars, many people went to burning wood. I

Page 253 

### 1 could give you so many touching stories, one 

### 2 after the other, how families use wood as 

### 3 their source of heat for themselves and their 

### 4 family. 

### 5 It has been a way in America since its 

### 6 founding and beyond. I attended an EPA 

### 7 hearing in (inaudible) and what I heard the 

### 8 director say in his opening remarks were 

### 9 something he couldn't prove. He stated that 

### 10 CO2 emission had caused natural disasters, 

### 11 storms, hurricanes, even droughts. 

### 12 For every scientist that says that they 

### 13 can prove manmade climate change are a 

### 14 scientist that can prove just the opposite. 

### 15 I am leaving in my testimony a real truthful 

### 16 information charts and graphs put together by 

### 17 Dr. Anthony Lupo who is a professor at the 

### 18 University of Missouri and a meteorologist. 

### 19 You will find his study is most 

### 20 revealing on the truth on climate change. He 

### 21 states man has little or no effect on our 

### 22 climate. We have good regulations in America 

### 23 and we're glad that we have them and they've 

### 24 cleaned up a lot of our -- most of our air

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 65 (Pages 254 to 257) Page 254 

### 1 and I am thankful for those, but what we see 

### 2 now is just plain senseless in some areas and 

### 3 unfounded mandates that kill jobs, hurt our 

### 4 economy and will eventually come to homes and 

### 5 businesses. 

### 6 Many Americans feel the EPA will start 

### 7 putting rules and regulations on homeowners 

### 8 and businesses that burn wood for their 

### 9 source of heat. Now, I am asking that the 

### 10 EPA reconsider these harsh regulations that 

### 11 will have adverse affect on the people of 

### 12 this country. At least make mandates where 

### 13 the manufacturers can at least stay in 

### 14 business. 

### 15 Another thing that bothers me is when I 

### 16 looked at your information stating that who 

### 17 would be in these regulations and rule 

### 18 discussions. When the EPA said that 

### 19 environmental groups would be in these 

### 20 discussions in the rulemaking, it bothered me 

### 21 greatly. I have dealt mainly with The Sierra 

### 22 Club and environmentalists who have given me 

### 23 many things or false information as truth, 

### 24 and I have proven them wrong on different



### Page 255 

### 1 occasions, and to think that EPA is letting 

### 2 them on this decision making here is 

### 3 appalling to me. 

### 4 You know, just recently John Kerry's 

### 5 remarks on climate change last week prove 

### 6 just how out of touch I feel he is, when he 

### 7 said to the world how climate change is as 

### 8 big a threat as terrorism. The Sierra Club 

### 9 stated just last week that the earth's 

### 10 temperature has risen 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit 

### 11 over the past century and is projected to 

### 12 rise another 2 to 11.5 degrees over the next 

### 13 hundred years. This is unfounded. 

### 14 I have other great reliable sources that 

### 15 disagree. Dr. Lupo, in his studies, give a 

### 16 much more convincing truth that the Earth's 

### 17 temperature has actually risen 0.5 degrees 

### 18 Fahrenheit and that there is no proof what it 

### 19 will do in the next century. 

### 20 How can we predict what it's going to do 

### 21 in the next hundred years? Take a look at 

### 22 Dr. Roy Spencer's websites for even more 

### 23 truthful information. Fear mongering by 

### 24 groups is appalling to me and I feel that Page 256 

### 1 this is what it is. I'm asking you to quit 

### 2 hurting America in taking away basic 

### 3 freedoms. 

### 4 As leaders and people of authority, we 

### 5 are held to a standard to help people and I 

### 6 feel we will be held accountable for our 

### 7 actions, for who it has been given much is to 

### 8 be required. I am asking the EPA to 

### 9 reconsider their plans and not to put 

### 10 burdensome regulation on manufacturers that 

### 11 will ultimately put them out of business. 

### 12 And I thank you for your time and I -- I 

### 13 do wish that you would reconsider these 

### 14 stringent mandates that will put so many 

### 15 businesses out in Missouri. 

### 16 Our forestry industry said if this would 

### 17 happen that they would lose millions of 

### 18 dollars, and they follow loggers and they 

### 19 clean up behind them with all the treetops 

### 20 and cut up all those wood for firewood, and 

### 21 eventually if we would mandate wood stoves 

### 22 out of business, eventually it would really 

### 23 hurt their industry as well. Thank you for 

### 24 your time.

Page 257



### 1 MR. MURPHY: Mr. Watson. 

### 2 MR. WATSON: Okay. Good afternoon, 

### 3 ladies and gentlemen. My name is 

### 4 Brett Watson, W-A-T-S-O-N. I'm a resident of 

### 5 Yarmouth, Maine and I am part of the 

### 6 ownership group of and President of Jotul 

### 7 North America. 

### 8 After briefly introducing Jotul to you, 

### 9 I'd like to describe our concerns for the 

### 10 agency's proposal as it relates to wood 

### 11 stoves and inserts. We have no comments on 

### 12 other provisions of the proposal. 

### 13 Jotul North America manufactures wood 

### 14 stove and inserts that are manufactured in a 

### 15 facility located in Gorham, Maine, just 

### 16 outside of Portland. We directly employ over 

### 17 seventy people at our Gorham facility and 

### 18 have approximately 1,100 dealerships that 

### 19 sell our products to the US and Canada. 

### 20 In 2008, we were voted the best company 

### 21 to work for in Maine. Jotul is one of the 

### 22 leading brands in the industry, comprising an 

### 23 estimated sixteen percent of new wood stove 

### 24 sales in recent years. In the cast iron wood

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 66 (Pages 258 to 261) Page 258 

### 1 stove category alone, we are the clear market 

### 2 leader with approximately twenty-five percent 

### 3 (indiscernible) in the U.S. 

### 4 Jotul has invested over two million 

### 5 during the past fifteen years a million 

### 6 dollars to develop our secondary burn 

### 7 technology to maximize efficiency and 

### 8 minimize emissions. 

### 9 Not only do our stoves meet the existing 

### 10 EPA standard, but they also beat the more 

### 11 stringent Washington State standard with an 

### 12 average of 3.5-grams per hour across our wood 

### 13 product line, which is 53-percent cleaner 

### 14 than the current EPA not catalytic standard 

### 15 and 22-percent cleaner than the current 

### 16 Washington State catalytic standard. 

### 17 Let me turn to the real life impacts of 

### 18 EPA's proposal, based on The Old North 

### 19 America's more than thirty-plus years of 

### 20 experience in the US hearth industry. First 

### 21 and foremost, I believe EPA's current 

### 22 proposal will devastate the wood stove 

### 23 industry. It would put dozens of small wood 

### 24 stove manufacturers and numerous dealers and



### Page 259 

### 1 distributors out of business. There has been 

### 2 a lot of discussion in various media about 

### 3 how EPA -- EPA's proposal will result in 

### 4 cleaner stoves and cleaner air. I think this 

### 5 is pure hokum. 

### 6 We fully appreciate the concerns that 

### 7 some have expressed today regarding the air 

### 8 quality and facts of wood stoves, but don't 

### 9 be fooled. EPA's proposal would not achieve 

### 10 cleaner air. Despite our significant 

### 11 investments, Jotul Stoves would not meet the 

### 12 new EPA-proposed 1.3-grams per hour 

### 13 standards. 

### 14 In fact, by our information using the 

### 15 proposed compliance algorithim, it is unknown 

### 16 if any stoves currently on the market might 

### 17 meet EPA's proposed phase-two limit. For 

### 18 Jotul, meeting EPA's proposal will require a 

### 19 huge initial investment, costs that will 

### 20 inevitably be passed on to the consumer. It 

### 21 will be a big challenge even for us. Many 

### 22 stove manufacturers went out of business due 

### 23 to the cost to meet EPA's original rule in 

### 24 the late eighties. I am confident in Page 260 

### 1 predicting that, if adopted, EPA's proposal 

### 2 will put dozens and possibly hundreds of 

### 3 small businesses out of business. 

### 4 I will now describe the problems with 

### 5 the rule that I believe need further 

### 6 attention. There are several different types 

### 7 of wood stove technology. For example, there 

### 8 are catalytic stoves, non-catalytic down 

### 9 graph stoves and non-catalytic secondary burn 

### 10 stoves with either baffles or tubes on the 

### 11 top of the firebox. 

### 12 Jotul Stoves use the latter, the 

### 13 non-catalytic secondary burn technology, but 

### 14 all types have advantages and disadvantages 

### 15 and Jotul firmly believes that it's important 

### 16 to develop a regulation that allows for all 

### 17 three types of technology to continue to be 

### 18 offered to the consumer, consumers get to 

### 19 make the decision. 

### 20 Currently, over 85 percent of stoves 

### 21 shipped by manufacturers in the US are of the 

### 22 non-catalytic type. EPA's proposal and 

### 23 subsequent changes to test methodology would 

### 24 eliminate from the marketplace virtually all



### Page 261 

### 1 of the stoves included in that 85-percent 

### 2 figure. In other words, it would eliminate 

### 3 consumer choice. 

### 4 It is inappropriate for EPA to include 

### 5 catalytic and non-catalytic stoves in the 

### 6 same source category, for purposes of 

### 7 developing this rule. As you know, Section 

### 8 111 of the Clean Air Act provides that the 

### 9 administrator may distinguish among classes, 

### 10 types and sizes within categories of new 

### 11 sources for the purposes of establishing such 

### 12 standards. 

### 13 Pursuant to this provision, EPA set 

### 14 separate standards for catalytic and non 

### 15 catalytic wood stoves in its 1988 rule and, 

### 16 from our information, was preparing to do so 

### 17 with this rule as recently as about a year 

### 18 ago. 

### 19 As another example, EPA recently set 

### 20 NSPS standards for stationary engines. In 

### 21 that rule, EPA established about twenty 

### 22 different categories of stationary engines. 

### 23 About a year ago during development of this 

### 24 rule, EPA suddenly changed course and began

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 67 (Pages 262 to 265) Page 262 

### 1 targeting a single category of wood stove for 

### 2 this rule. There's something wrong here. 

### 3 Thus, EPA needs to establish different 

### 4 standards for different types of stove 

### 5 technology. Historically, EPA established 

### 6 separate standards for catalytic and 

### 7 non-catalytic wood stoves and seemed heading 

### 8 in that direction. EPA is not alone. Many 

### 9 states have recognized this distinction. 

### 10 For example, the Washington State stove 

### 11 standards and Maine and Massachusetts stove 

### 12 trade-in programs, all established different 

### 13 standards for catalytic versus non-catalytic 

### 14 technology. 

### 15 Our second major concern regards the 

### 16 cost of EPA's proposal and the resulting 

### 17 impacts on air quality and our industry. 

### 18 Jotul estimates, and this is low compared to 

### 19 what we've seen earlier, that it will cost 

### 20 our company over one million dollars to 

### 21 re-engineer our fourteen wood products that 

### 22 go from an average of 2.5 grams per hour 

### 23 already to 1.3. We are particularly impacted 

### 24 because of the cost of foundry tooling as a



### Page 263 

### 1 cast iron foundry business. 

### 2 EPA's proposal will have no meaningful 

### 3 improvement to air quality, in fact I believe 

### 4 the EPA's rule will have the exact opposite 

### 5 effect. I believe new stoves will become 

### 6 more expensive and difficult to operate, and 

### 7 this will result in people hanging onto their 

### 8 old stoves even longer, and that will more 

### 9 than offset any gains from this rule. 

### 10 From our own personal experience, we are 

### 11 already seeing an increase in our 

### 12 noncompliant spare parts business this 

### 13 January. More people are turning to wood 

### 14 burning, as we all know. Just imagine what 

### 15 will happen when stoves become up to 

### 16 25-percent more expensive to meet the 

### 17 1.3-gram per hour threshold and a catalytic 

### 18 combustor could be included. 

### 19 For your information, everyone, we 

### 20 already suggested to EPA to include banning 

### 21 the sale of noncompliant wood stove's parts 

### 22 as part of the NSPS process. We are 

### 23 disappointed that they did not include this 

### 24 in the rule. And, finally, 1.3-grams per Page 264 

### 1 hour may be achievable in the lab but 

### 2 rhetoric useless for consumer use. 

### 3 Historically and scientifically, stoves need 

### 4 draft to operate efficiently. 

### 5 If they become too complicated to 

### 6 operate, there is less opportunity to achieve 

### 7 a low emissions rate to clean up the 

### 8 environment. In addition, they become so 

### 9 complicated that the consumer circumvents the 

### 10 optimal way of using them. 

### 11 In closing, EPA's proposal has some 

### 12 gauge of flaws when real world actualities 

### 13 are considered. We believe EPA should number 

### 14 one develop separate source categories 

### 15 between the two technologies. 

### 16 Washington state's standards are about 

### 17 half of EPA's existing standards but would be 

### 18 cost-effective to meet, would not drive small 

### 19 wood manufacturers out of business and would 

### 20 not result in significant stove price 

### 21 increases that would act to cause people to 

### 22 hold on to their older, dirtier stoves. To 

### 23 actually improve air quality, EPA should be 

### 24 considering requiring at least encouraging



### Page 265 

### 1 wood stove rebate programs or a prohibition 

### 2 on the sales of non-certified wood stoves 

### 3 such that when a residence is sold, any wood 

### 4 stove in the house must be upgraded to an 

### 5 EPA-certified model or a red tag. 

### 6 As you may know, in 2013 Yodel offered 

### 7 the first ever manufacturer-financed recycle 

### 8 program that changed out over 1,400 stoves in 

### 9 three months while contributing ten dollars 

### 10 per stove to the American Lung Association. 

### 11 And one last calculation. Let's stay 

### 12 there's seven million dirty-burning wood 

### 13 stoves. Let's divide that by 75,000 wood 

### 14 stoves shipped in the US last year, pretty 

### 15 close number. That's almost a hundred years 

### 16 of manufacturing opportunity. That's the 

### 17 real load-bearing -- load-bearing force, 

### 18 changing out those dirty burners. Thank you 

### 19 for your time. 

### 20 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. 

### 21 MR. GREEN: Hi. I'm sorry. I didn't 

### 22 catch the representative's last name. 

### 23 MR. REMOLE: Remole. 

### 24 MR. GREEN: Remole.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 68 (Pages 266 to 269) Page 266 

### 1 MR. REMOLE: Yes. 

### 2 MR. GREEN: Thank you, sir. How do you 

### 3 spell that? 

### 4 MR. REMOLE: R-E-M-O-L-E. 

### 5 MR. GREEN: Thank you very much. The 

### 6 next two speakers are Roger Purinton and 

### 7 Thomas Morrissey. 

### 8 MR. PURINTON: Good afternoon. My name 

### 9 is Roger Purinton, P-U-R-I-N-T-O-N. I am the 

### 10 research and development manager of Jotul 

### 11 North America. Today, I'd like to describe 

### 12 our concerns with this proposal as it relates 

### 13 to wood stoves and fireplace inserts. We 

### 14 have no comments on other provisions of the 

### 15 proposal. 

### 16 Jotul North America designs, tests, 

### 17 manufacturers wood stoves and inserts at our 

### 18 facility located in rural Maine. We have a 

### 19 state-of-the-art R&D facility that is capable 

### 20 of conducting in-house testing to EPA 

### 21 regulations. Over my career, I have been 

### 22 involved in and responsible for design and 

### 23 certification testing over thirty different 

### 24 wood stoves and inserts, many of which have



### Page 267 

### 1 some of the lowest certification numbers on 

### 2 record. 

### 3 I spent nearly twenty years in R&D at 

### 4 Vermont Castings, another wood stove 

### 5 manufacturer, and coming up on fifteen years 

### 6 in R&D at Jotul. I was in R&D when the 

### 7 original NSPS was created. America needed 

### 8 the EPA to regulate us at that point as our 

### 9 products were highly pollutive and thank you 

### 10 for that. 

### 11 As my parent company is Norwegian, I 

### 12 have also spent time at our R&D facility in 

### 13 Norway and I'm quite familiar with the 

### 14 various European test methods for wood stoves 

### 15 which I will provide insight and 

### 16 clarification. 

### 17 Considering my background, I feel I'm 

### 18 well-qualified to provide comment regarding 

### 19 testing and technology as it pertains to the 

### 20 proposed NSPS and that is my primary focus on 

### 21 my comments today. Also, I'd like to provide 

### 22 that I am or have been a member of various 

### 23 environmental advocacy groups such as 

### 24 Appalachian Mountain Club, Green Mountain 

### Page 268 

### 1 Club, Natural Parks Conservation Association, 

### 2 Nature Conservancy and others. Environmental 

### 3 protection is important to me, but so is a 

### 4 common-sense approach to it. 

### 5 The first thing I'd like to talk about 

### 6 is test method variability. I studied the 

### 7 test method variability which was conducted 

### 8 by two of the most respected, knowledgeable 

### 9 and experienced experts in the hearth product 

### 10 industry. 

### 11 That study clearly and compellingly 

### 12 demonstrated the inherent variability of the 

### 13 test method concluding that the method was 

### 14 incapable of qualifying products to EPA's 

### 15 proposed limits. That study was provided to 

### 16 EPA. 

### 17 As it stands now, the EPA essentially 

### 18 dismissed that study and instead relied upon 

### 19 its own very limited knowledge and input from 

### 20 others much less experienced and qualified to 

### 21 establish emissions limits. 

### 22 I could stand here today and, based on 

### 23 over three decades of experience in the 

### 24 industry and conducting 1,000 emissions



### Page 269 

### 1 tests, I can say with full confidence that 

### 2 what the variability study says is real and 

### 3 will be realized. 

### 4 The method is not capable of performing 

### 5 to the low level EPA is proposing, so what 

### 6 does that mean? Look at what the outcome 

### 7 would be to manufacturers and others if EPA 

### 8 is not taking heed of the variability aspect. 

### 9 It could mean a series of cascading financial 

### 10 catastrophes. 

### 11 For example, if the manufacturer is 

### 12 successful in obtaining certification at the 

### 13 levels proposed for step two, they will then 

### 14 be put at a continued very high risk of 

### 15 failing to follow the emissions compliance 

### 16 due to the variability. 

### 17 Failed results will result in fewer 

### 18 recertifications, thus promoting the 

### 19 sales -- excuse me, thus prohibiting the 

### 20 sales of effective models until the situation 

### 21 is resolved, which would almost undoubtedly 

### 22 take months, perhaps a year, perhaps longer 

### 23 or perhaps never if not to get reinstated 

### 24 again, due to the variability aspect.

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 69 (Pages 270 to 273) Page 270 

### 1 Consequently, during that time sales 

### 2 would be drastically impeded. The end 

### 3 outcome could very well likely be financially 

### 4 devastating. Companies will fail and 

### 5 good-paying manufacturing jobs will be lost. 

### 6 Not just manufacturing jobs would be 

### 7 hurt, but also dealer shops and installers 

### 8 who rely on the ready availability of those 

### 9 products to earn a living. That is not 

### 10 suppose to be the business-related outcome of 

### 11 eschewed regulatory activity. 

### 12 My second point, cord wood testing. 

### 13 Jotul is not opposed to cord wood emissions 

### 14 testing. It's real world, however, simply 

### 15 said, there is no relevant database available 

### 16 to the EPA to establish emissions limits for 

### 17 cord wood, so any emission limits proposal at 

### 18 this time is purely arbitrary. 

### 19 Even with my thirty-four years 

### 20 experience, I would not dare venture a guess 

### 21 without the benefit of extensive testing 

### 22 analysis of what the limit should be. Number 

### 23 three, European technology. There is 

### 24 information being cited by some environmental



### Page 271 

### 1 air quality and green-type advocacy groups 

### 2 that the Europeans are technologically way 

### 3 ahead of North America regarding emissions 

### 4 and efficiency of wood stoves. 

### 5 Well, that's just not the case. What 

### 6 Europe does have, however, is a significantly 

### 7 different testing methodology that provides 

### 8 results, giving the impression of 

### 9 superiority, that's about all there is to it. 

### 10 Jotul North America actually had to 

### 11 spend over $100,000.00 to redesign a test for 

### 12 Jotul Norway's most successful low-emissions, 

### 13 high-efficiency European models in order to 

### 14 achieve Washington state-level performance. 

### 15 This European technology wasn't even close to 

### 16 passing here. 

### 17 Then, even after achieving 2.6-grams per 

### 18 hour, a very respectful number, the unit 

### 19 still had the lowest overall heating 

### 20 efficiency of our entire product line to 

### 21 apply to the North American testing 

### 22 efficiency methods. So one would think that 

### 23 Jotul North America, having direct access to 

### 24 European technology, would be employing it in Page 272 

### 1 order to gain market advantage if it was, in 

### 2 fact, better. 

### 3 Next, I'd like to provide a simple 

### 4 analogy to the reality of EPA's proposal. 

### 5 You've all heard lots of talk recently about 

### 6 clean coal. It sounds like a great idea. 

### 7 The fact is we could fill up all the 

### 8 clean coal power plants we want, however, 

### 9 until we start in sincere earnest to tear 

### 10 down the old, dirty power plants, we'd only 

### 11 just be fooling ourselves that the air was 

### 12 getting any cleaner. 

### 13 Actually, it would still be getting 

### 14 dirtier so, in that lines -- in that analogy, 

### 15 anyone with expectations of a new NSPS as it 

### 16 is will make the air measurably and 

### 17 noticeably cleaner. Before the six-million 

### 18 old wood stoves are gone, you're simply 

### 19 buying into an illusion. 

### 20 My closing statement, I would say in 

### 21 closing, however, that there are two things 

### 22 the proposal is almost sure to accomplish, 

### 23 the first being creating conditions that will 

### 24 set companies up for potential financial

Page 273 

### 1 failure, the second the enforced creation of 

### 2 products that are priced too high to the 

### 3 middle to lower-income folks who need and 

### 4 value them the most, yet another financial 

### 5 blow to small businesses in middle and 

### 6 lower-income Americas. I very much 

### 7 appreciate your time to let me present my 

### 8 comments today. Thank you. 

### 9 MR. MURPHY: Okay. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: I've got a question, a quick 

### 11 question, similar to the question I asked one 

### 12 of the other manufacturers earlier. Have you 

### 13 done cord wood testing on your EPA-certified 

### 14 stoves? 

### 15 MR. PURINTON: No, we did not, not 

### 16 directly. No. We've ran -- typically on our 

### 17 stoves we try to, of course, meet the EPA 

### 18 standards but we also -- what we have done is 

### 19 to effectively, you know, run loads of cord 

### 20 wood through them to -- to look and see if 

### 21 they do perform effectively in the field. 

### 22 But as far as actually providing a series of 

### 23 tests, no, we have not done that. We have 

### 24 not also tested the new proposed ASTM method

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 70 (Pages 274 to 277) Page 274 

### 1 either. 

### 2 MR. WOOD: And then the second question 

### 3 is similar to what I asked another 

### 4 manufacturer. What do you think about the 

### 5 current draft ASTM test method? 

### 6 MR. PURINTON: I'm in favor of it. 

### 7 MR. WOOD: Thank you. 

### 8 MR. MURPHY: Okay, Mr. Morrissey. 

### 9 MR. MORRISSEY: My name is 

### 10 Thomas Morrissey, M-O-R-R-I-S-S-E-Y. I 

### 11 represent Woodstock Soapstone Company. We're 

### 12 a small manufacturer of wood stoves. We have 

### 13 less than thirty employees and we're located 

### 14 in West Lebanon, New Hampshire. 

### 15 Woodstock Soapstone fully supports the 

### 16 new regulations, including the two-step 

### 17 process, the actual emissions limit for each 

### 18 step, the collection, reporting and 

### 19 publication of efficiency in CO data, the 

### 20 single standard for so-called non-catalytic 

### 21 and catalytic appliances in the new 

### 22 definition of BSER. We also agree that the 

### 23 health benefits of this regulation far 

### 24 outweigh the costs. It's been interesting to



### Page 275 

### 1 watch the negotiation of this NSPS. 

### 2 We are pleased that the EPA did not 

### 3 yield on important issues like low burn 

### 4 rates, test startup times and 

### 5 reproducibility. We live in an age of 

### 6 regulatory failure but we view this proposed 

### 7 rule as a regulatory success which is unusual 

### 8 today. So from our little company in the 

### 9 hills of New Hampshire, you guys get an ata 

### 10 boy. 

### 11 I'd like to express -- I'd like to make 

### 12 some comments on three different aspects of 

### 13 the proposed rule. First, the proposed rule 

### 14 suggests that EPA will get data not only on 

### 15 particulate emissions but also on carbon 

### 16 monoxide with emissions and efficiency. 

### 17 On pages 133 and 134 of the rule, EPA 

### 18 states that that information efficiency and 

### 19 CO emissions would be good for consumers. We 

### 20 agree, however, the EPA does not explicitly 

### 21 say how it will make this information 

### 22 available, so we have the following 

### 23 suggestions; one, put summary data on 

### 24 emissions efficiency and CO emissions on the 

### Page 276 

### 1 permanent tag, on the -- on the tag that's 

### 2 actually affixed to the stove. 

### 3 Two, don't abandon the hang tag model 

### 4 and put the same summary data on a required 

### 5 hang tag. Other appliances and cars have 

### 6 efficiency information clearly visible right 

### 7 on the product. Requiring consumers to go to 

### 8 an EPA website is probably a mistake. 

### 9 And, third, we urge EPA to publish burn 

### 10 rate, particulate emissions, CO emissions and 

### 11 efficiency data for each test run on its 

### 12 website. Currently, manufacturers make 

### 13 wildly inflated, inaccurate and unsupportable 

### 14 claims through BTU output and efficiency. 

### 15 Meaningful emissions data related to 

### 16 different burn rates is simply not available, 

### 17 all we get is a weighted average, if you're a 

### 18 consumer, so comparable data is important to 

### 19 consumers and publication of this information 

### 20 would provide consumers with useful 

### 21 information and it might put an end to the 

### 22 wild west of information that's out there 

### 23 today. The second point, I would make BSER 

### 24 and proposed phase two emissions -- this is



### Page 277 

### 1 the 1.3 that everyone's screaming about. 

### 2 Are they achievable, the short answer is 

### 3 yes. We welcome the implementation of a 

### 4 single standard for all wood stoves and the 

### 5 leveling of a competitive playing field. We 

### 6 think emissions levels determined by BSER as 

### 7 opposed to particular technologies is a good 

### 8 thing. 

### 9 EPA notes that BSR -- BSER is not 

### 10 technology-based but rather based on 

### 11 model-specific combinations of time, 

### 12 temperature and turbulence, and that each 

### 13 manufacturer has a potential myriad of 

### 14 combinations of specific design possibilities 

### 15 to choose from and the key differences tend 

### 16 to be proprietary. Again, we agree. 

### 17 In other words, various individual 

### 18 heater designs have already demonstrated the 

### 19 ability to achieve low emissions consistent 

### 20 with phase two of the proposed rule, and 

### 21 these signs are not necessarily catalytic or 

### 22 non-catalytic. They encompass a broad 

### 23 spectrum of individual efforts. We know that 

### 24 the standard is achievable because we've

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 71 (Pages 278 to 281) Page 278 

### 1 already achieved it with, one, catalytic 

### 2 stoves and two new hybrid designs. We also 

### 3 know that meeting the emissions targets can 

### 4 be done affordable and the results are 

### 5 reproducible from test lab to test lab. 

### 6 At the wood stove design contest last 

### 7 November, the president of Travis Industries, 

### 8 who's not here today, stated that their 

### 9 hybrid stove which has very, very high 

### 10 performance numbers could be produced for 

### 11 about $150.00 over the cost of a regular 

### 12 non-catalytic stove. We agree. 

### 13 The increase in the bill of materials 

### 14 for making a catalytic stove to a 

### 15 high-performance hybrid is about $150.00. 

### 16 The improvement in efficiency is stunning 

### 17 however. These new stoves can generate up to 

### 18 131,000 more BTUs per day than a stove 

### 19 operating at the default efficiency for 

### 20 non-catalytic stoves. 

### 21 This is, in effect, the heat from a full 

### 22 load of wood every day for free. You have to 

### 23 crank that into any equation and any comment 

### 24 about the increase in costs because you're



### Page 279 

### 1 also gonna get increase in output. 

### 2 The EPA is correct in saying that the 

### 3 methods of achieving BSER will vary and be 

### 4 model-specific, but we know that the standard 

### 5 can be achieved and that it will result in 

### 6 improved combustion efficiency and lower 

### 7 emissions and more efficient overall 

### 8 performance. 

### 9 The third and last thing I'd like to 

### 10 talk about is why certain segments of this 

### 11 industry use catalytic stoves as a straw man. 

### 12 You'll have to indulge me on this final 

### 13 point, but enough has been said today that I 

### 14 think it's appropriate to respond. 

### 15 It's unfortunate that the industry uses 

### 16 the terms catalytic and non-catalytic to 

### 17 describe two classes of stoves that it 

### 18 regulates. It's regrettable that EPA uses 

### 19 the same terms. Non-catalytic stoves define 

### 20 themselves by what they are not, i.e, they're 

### 21 not catalytic. Why would a broad class of 

### 22 appliances define themselves by a feature or 

### 23 technology that they don't use? The name 

### 24 tells the consumer nothing about what they do Page 280 

### 1 use. The term non-catalytic is pejorative. 

### 2 A more honest name might be 

### 3 anticatalytic. In spite of their high 

### 4 efficiency and low-emissions, catalytic 

### 5 stoves still serve as a straw man for the 

### 6 anticatalytic stove manufacturers. What do I 

### 7 mean when I use the term straw man? 

### 8 When I use the term straw man, I'm 

### 9 referring to a type of argument that relies 

### 10 on misrepresentation of the facts and the 

### 11 specifics of an issue. One theory is that 

### 12 the term straw man originally referred to men 

### 13 who stood outside court houses with a straw 

### 14 in their shoe to indicate their willingness 

### 15 to be false witness. 

### 16 Making a successful straw man argument 

### 17 relies on misrepresentations and an ignorant 

### 18 audience, which in this case they're hoping 

### 19 will be you folks. Straw man attacks can be 

### 20 very entertaining but they're always 

### 21 lightweight on the actual issues in play. 

### 22 For example, there are a lot of straw 

### 23 man attacks in political talk radio, where we 

### 24 frequently have gross exaggerations and

Page 281 

### 1 distortions of the facts and a gullible 

### 2 audience that just want to believe what they 

### 3 hear. 

### 4 The latest straw man attack on catalytic 

### 5 stoves is this piece of rubbish which was 

### 6 presented to EPA in September of 2013. It 

### 7 includes the so-called wood stove fireplace 

### 8 emissions study by the Stevenson Company. 

### 9 Excuse me. It has been mentioned or 

### 10 referenced by at least four speakers today. 

### 11 This study was produced by or rather 

### 12 funded by seven wood stove companies, five 

### 13 from Canada, one was Spanish and one with 

### 14 Norwegian ownership. I find it's ironic that 

### 15 Montreal has banned wood stoves and now we 

### 16 have companies from Quebec attacking 

### 17 clean-burning catalytic wood stoves in the 

### 18 USA. 

### 19 The so-called survey states or implies 

### 20 that catalytic stoves are difficult to 

### 21 operate, that catalytic stove owners don't 

### 22 maintain their stoves, that clean catalytic 

### 23 technology is expensive and that catalytic 

### 24 stove owners often bypass the combustor, thus

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 72 (Pages 282 to 285) Page 282 

### 1 bypassing high efficiency and throwing away 

### 2 heat. 

### 3 These claims were presented to EPA in 

### 4 September 2013 in hopes that EPA would accept 

### 5 these self-serving and false claims as true. 

### 6 It's almost not worth rebutting, but it's 

### 7 also not a good idea to leave attacks like 

### 8 this unanswered. 

### 9 MR. MURPHY: So you're gonna have to 

### 10 wrap it up, Mr. Morrissey. 

### 11 MR. MORRISSEY: It's gonna take me a 

### 12 minute. Catalytic stoves are not difficult 

### 13 to operate. Anyone who can operate a lawn 

### 14 mower or a toaster, a microwave or a washing 

### 15 machine can successfully operate a catalytic 

### 16 stove. These other appliances all have more 

### 17 controls than a catalytic stove. 

### 18 Anyone who can learn to clean the lint 

### 19 trap in a dryer can learn to maintain a 

### 20 catalyst, and people who buy catalytic stoves 

### 21 don't disengage or bypass the very thing that 

### 22 makes them highly efficient and long-burning. 

### 23 We serve over 60,000 catalytic stove owners 

### 24 directly, and by directly I mean that they



### Page 283 

### 1 bought directly from us and they come to us 

### 2 for advice and support. 

### 3 We know for a fact that these owners do 

### 4 not operate their stoves in a way that other 

### 5 speakers have described. It's very 

### 6 interesting, though, to come to these 

### 7 meetings and find out about your own customer 

### 8 something that you never would have 

### 9 suspected. 

### 10 So why are these seven foreign companies 

### 11 sponsoring a survey making straw man attacks 

### 12 on catalytic stoves? It's very simple. They 

### 13 hope to secure their US market share by 

### 14 lobbying the US EPA for an emissions standard 

### 15 that will enshrine their anti-catalytic 

### 16 stoves with low emissions limits. 

### 17 The idea is that if they can discredit 

### 18 catalytic stoves, maybe they can get a more 

### 19 relaxed standard. We say to EPA don't buy 

### 20 it. It's very, very entertaining but it's 

### 21 also junk. Thank you very much. 

### 22 MR. MURPHY: Thanks. The next two 

### 23 speakers are going to be Mike Elliot and 

### 24 Steve Bushway. 

### Page 284 

### 1 MR. ELLIOTT: Good afternoon. My name 

### 2 is Mike Elliott and, for the record, I'm not 

### 3 here on behalf of any wood stove manufacturer 

### 4 and I am not a straw man, I want to be very 

### 5 clear about that. 

### 6 My name is Mike Elliott and I'm the 

### 7 owner of Central New England Chimney Sweeps. 

### 8 I live in North Oxford, Massachusetts. I 

### 9 service mostly southern Worcester County and 

### 10 have been a chimney sweep for 25 years. 

### 11 I belong to both the National and 

### 12 Massachusetts Chimney Sweep Guild and have 

### 13 been a certified chimney sweep by the Chimney 

### 14 Safety Institute of America for 23 years. I 

### 15 also served twice on the White House Chimney 

### 16 Sweep Team, once in 2008 and 2011. 

### 17 I work in the field as a chimney sweep 

### 18 and my wife is the full-time office manager. 

### 19 I also employ two part-time people. This 

### 20 past summer I serviced my 14,000th chimney, 

### 21 so everything I'm presenting here is from 

### 22 what I learned in the field. I'm not happy 

### 23 with the proposed EPA regulation of 1.3-grams 

### 24 an hour for particulates. The technology



### Page 285 

### 1 necessary to reach these numbers won't work 

### 2 in my area. 

### 3 I am not a big fan of catalytic 

### 4 technology. I am not a fan of catalytic 

### 5 technology, based on my experience as a 

### 6 chimney sweep. If we go outside this 

### 7 building, we'll see many different kinds of 

### 8 vehicles. Most of them will have catalytic 

### 9 converters installed in them. 

### 10 Each converter will be sized and 

### 11 optimized for the vehicle they're in. A Ford 

### 12 pickup truck will have a different one than a 

### 13 Nissan Rogue. The size of the engine, the 

### 14 various pressure at the converter determines 

### 15 the size and shape, et cetera. 

### 16 The converter is also downstream from 

### 17 the engine which is at consistent temperature 

### 18 when heated. Chimneys and their flues come 

### 19 in all sizes and shapes. Some chimneys are 

### 20 fifty feet high and some are ten feet high. 

### 21 Some flues are twelve by twelve and some 

### 22 are three inch round. Some chimneys run 

### 23 through the middle of the home and some up 

### 24 the side. There are many, many different

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 73 (Pages 286 to 289) Page 286 1 sizes. Catalytic wood stoves requires a 

### 2 chimney to draw smoke through them as opposed 

### 3 to an engine pushing smoke through them. 

### 4 Catalytic stove manufactures install the 

### 5 same combustor in every stove, one size fits 

### 6 all. Catalytic wood stoves require the 

### 7 operator to engage the combustor after the 

### 8 stove -- after the stove has been heated to a 

### 9 certain temperature. 

### 10 The smoke is then pulled in through the 

### 11 combustor and burned one more time before 

### 12 gases exit the flue. The combustor must be 

### 13 hotter than the smoke to create the after 

### 14 burn and this is where the trouble begins. 

### 15 A catalytic stove venting into a 12-foot 

### 16 exterior chimney with less than seasoned wood 

### 17 will burn differently than the same 

### 18 manufactured stove with a 25-foot interior 

### 19 chimney that's perfectly seasoned wood and 

### 20 some of the problems, the loss of stack 

### 21 temperature forces the chimney to pull smoke 

### 22 through an unheated combustor. This creates 

### 23 havoc in the vent, creosote formation, 

### 24 condensation in the stack. The frustrated



### Page 287 

### 1 homeowner bypasses the combustor completely. 

### 2 This happens all the time. This nullifies 

### 3 the clean burn. The combustor clogs with fly 

### 4 ash and doesn't function properly. 

### 5 This usually happens when the homeowner 

### 6 engages the combustor too quickly. Starches 

### 7 like newspaper or something like that, it 

### 8 will clog. The homeowner does not perform 

### 9 routine maintenance. 

### 10 Some stoves are very, very easy to 

### 11 maintain, some are not. But a lot of 

### 12 manufacturers, they require maintenance as 

### 13 much as once every -- every thirty days of 

### 14 burning. Over fired combustors overheat and 

### 15 they can damage surrounding parts. 

### 16 And a lot of times the -- the way 

### 17 that -- depending on which stove manufacturer 

### 18 you buy them from, you may not notice -- you 

### 19 may not notice this until after the -- at the 

### 20 end of the year when you're cleaning them, 

### 21 and then there's the mysterious back puffing. 

### 22 And I've had catalytic stoves before and, if 

### 23 you put wood in and you turn the air rate 

### 24 down, sometimes you can actually get a thick 

### Page 288 

### 1 smoke density in the stove or it will 

### 2 actually flash. 

### 3 It will actually -- you would get like a 

### 4 small, mini explosion of smoke and it will 

### 5 puff smoke out like almost continuously every 

### 6 three to four minutes until an adjustment is 

### 7 made by the owner. I feel that an extremely 

### 8 low percentage of catalytic stove owners are 

### 9 happy with their appliances. 

### 10 I can't think of one customer of mine 

### 11 who purchased another catalytic stove after 

### 12 owning one. I cannot think of one customer 

### 13 out of 14,000 houses that I've been into. 

### 14 Rough numbers, I don't know, I probably have 

### 15 about 200 customers with catalytic and 

### 16 they're slowly fading out. 

### 17 The current non-cat wood stove being 

### 18 used today burn great and tend to be less 

### 19 stress sensitive than the catalytic stoves. 

### 20 They are more user friendly and require the 

### 21 user to just regulate a primary air control. 

### 22 I feel catalytic wood stoves should be 

### 23 available and -- and they -- and they work 

### 24 very well, but only if certain venting

Page 289



### 1 criteria is met. I always recommend EPA 

### 2 approve non-catalytic wood stoves to my 

### 3 customers. I will continue to do so as long 

### 4 as it is allowed. 

### 5 The EPA should come up with a more 

### 6 realistic number than 1.3-grams per hour. I 

### 7 think somewhere between four and 4.5 would be 

### 8 a fair and plausible number for a 

### 9 better-performing non-catalytic stove. 

### 10 A good way to remove old, unlisted 

### 11 stoves from the home would be to have them 

### 12 red tagged by the authority having 

### 13 jurisdiction. This could be done on every 

### 14 real estate transaction. Fire inspectors 

### 15 check for smoke detectors and CO detectors. 

### 16 Why not have the solid fuel appliance checked 

### 17 for compliance. 

### 18 As a contractor who performs many 

### 19 chimney relines, I always tell the homeowners 

### 20 to update their equipment. Educate the 

### 21 authority having jurisdiction that many of 

### 22 these appliances require compliance. I would 

### 23 like the EPA to stress the importance of 

### 24 correctly burning wood. There's a lot of

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 74 (Pages 290 to 293) Page 290 

### 1 science and technique. People who choose not 

### 2 to burn correctly are the ones who should be 

### 3 punished, not the stove manufacturers. 

### 4 In my opinion, passing the 1.3-gram 

### 5 regulation will significantly affect my 

### 6 business -- business's bottom line in stove 

### 7 sales, installations and future service. And 

### 8 I wrote this on my own free will and that's 

### 9 just my personal opinion after 25 years of 

### 10 service. Thank you. 

### 11 MR. WOOD: I have a couple questions, if 

### 12 I may. 

### 13 MR. ELLIOTT: Yes, sir. 

### 14 MR. WOOD: Are you planning to submit 

### 15 official comments to the docket and, if so, 

### 16 do you intend to include the venting criteria 

### 17 that you suggested that we add? 

### 18 MR. ELLIOTT: Sure, I'd be happy to. 

### 19 MR. WOOD: I appreciate that. 

### 20 MR. ELLIOTT: I -- actually, I did turn 

### 21 this in at the desk. Is that what you mean? 

### 22 MR. WOOD: No. I mean in addition to 

### 23 that, more specific -- 

### 24 MR. ELLIOTT: Oh, sure.



### Page 291



### 1 MR. WOOD: -- comments on vending 

### 2 guidelines, red tags, you know, some of the 

### 3 things that you -- 

### 4 MR. ELLIOTT: Just a -- like a -- a 

### 5 vending guideline would be adequate stack 

### 6 height in a chimney, especially for the 

### 7 catalytic stove. That's -- 

### 8 MR. WOOD: Well, both. 

### 9 MR. ELLIOTT: Right. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: It won't affect smoke stacks. 

### 11 MR. ELLIOTT: Right. And there's 

### 12 not -- there's not -- I don't think there's 

### 13 necessarily a magic number. It depends on 

### 14 the education of or -- or the -- the person 

### 15 running the stove, height of the stove, the 

### 16 situation that it's in but, yes, I'll -- 

### 17 MR. WOOD: I agree with you, those are 

### 18 important factors. If you could include that 

### 19 in your official comments, we would 

### 20 appreciate it. Also, talking about the 

### 21 operator of the catalytic stove doesn't 

### 22 necessarily know when the temperature has 

### 23 been exceeded, one of the things we included 

### 24 in the proposal is not just the opening for a Page 292 

### 1 temperature monitor but also a gauge. 

### 2 Shouldn't that help? 

### 3 MR. ELLIOTT: I would say if there's a 

### 4 temperature on the catalytic combustor itself 

### 5 and there's also an internal thermometer on 

### 6 the smoke pipe, you should be able to 

### 7 establish whether the combustor is working or 

### 8 not. 

### 9 MR. WOOD: Thank you. And then you also 

### 10 expressed some concern about the catalyst not 

### 11 matching the engine in the stoves. One of 

### 12 the questions that we have had is in terms of 

### 13 the approval of replacement catalysts. 

### 14 Are you recommending that that catalyst 

### 15 be for the particular stove that was 

### 16 originally uncertified? 

### 17 MR. ELLIOTT: Well, it's whatever the UL 

### 18 listing is on the stove and where it's tested 

### 19 at is -- is the required combustor. 

### 20 MR. WOOD: Thank you. Oh, one -- I'm 

### 21 sorry, one more. 

### 22 MR. ELLIOTT: Sure. 

### 23 MR. WOOD: Sorry I'm hitting you with so 

### 24 many --



### Page 293



### 1 MR. ELLIOTT: No, that's okay. 

### 2 MR. WOOD: -- but -- but they're all of 

### 3 great interest to us. In terms of certified 

### 4 installers and requirements for maintenance, 

### 5 what -- what are your thoughts on that? 

### 6 MR. ELLIOTT: Well, in order to put a 

### 7 wood stove in in Massachusetts, you have to 

### 8 have a -- like a construction supervisor's 

### 9 license. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: Okay. 

### 11 MR. ELLIOTT: But as far as the -- the 

### 12 maintenance of the stove, I would imagine 

### 13 that's up to the stove shop that sold it to 

### 14 you. 

### 15 MR. WOOD: Thank you. 

### 16 MR. ELLIOTT: Thank you. 

### 17 MR. WOOD: Thanks. Mr. Bushway. 

### 18 MR. BUSHWAY: After all those questions, 

### 19 I'm beginning to think I should have stayed a 

### 20 chimney sweep. Good afternoon. Thank you 

### 21 for this opportunity to address the proposed 

### 22 New Source Performance Standard as it applies 

### 23 to masonry heaters. My name is 

### 24 Stephen Bushway, B-U-S-H-W-A-Y. My company,

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 75 (Pages 294 to 297) Page 294 

### 1 Deer Hill Masonry, located in Plainfield, 

### 2 Massachusetts has been designing and building 

### 3 masonry heaters for 25 years. My first 

### 4 masonry heater built was for our home, so we 

### 5 have firsthand experience living with the 

### 6 unique thermal comfort our hearths provide us 

### 7 each winter. 

### 8 As a past president and public relations 

### 9 committee chair, I'm here on behalf MHA, 

### 10 Board of Masonry Heater Association in North 

### 11 America. I am honored to represent my 

### 12 esteemed colleagues today. 

### 13 Variations of masonry heaters have 

### 14 existed since the Chinese and Roman empires 

### 15 and have been widely used in northern and 

### 16 eastern Europe since the late sixteenth 

### 17 century, in response to dwindling forest 

### 18 resources during the climate period known as 

### 19 the Little Ice Age. 

### 20 Masonry heaters are known by many names 

### 21 and come in many shapes and sizes. The 

### 22 principal in all is the same, to burn a 

### 23 charge of wood in an oxygen-rich environment 

### 24 to achieve complete combustion and to route



### Page 295 

### 1 the exhaust through a series of heat exchange 

### 2 channels or chambers in order to extract most 

### 3 of the fire's intense heat before it exits 

### 4 out the chimney. 

### 5 The resulting stores energy saturates 

### 6 the masonry and it's released as even warmth 

### 7 over the following 24 hours after the fire 

### 8 has burnt itself out. They often incorporate 

### 9 a baking oven and/or heated seating. 

### 10 Mark Twain, while traveling throughout 

### 11 Europe in the 1880s, said this about masonry 

### 12 heaters, quote, all day long and until past 

### 13 midnight, all parts of the room will be 

### 14 delightfully warm and comfortable, it's 

### 15 surface is not hot, you can put your hand on 

### 16 it anywhere and not get burnt, end quote. 

### 17 He goes on to say, quote, consider these 

### 18 things; one firing is enough for the day, the 

### 19 cost is next to nothing, the heat produced is 

### 20 the same all day instead of too hot and too 

### 21 cold lanterns. It's very important to 

### 22 remember that masonry heaters are not 

### 23 manufactured but are built, one brick at a 

### 24 time factory-shaped components that are Page 296 

### 1 assembled on site. Emissions and heat 

### 2 retention are essentially the same for hand 

### 3 built and site assembled designs. 

### 4 A masonry heater requires a full masonry 

### 5 foundation so is not a portable appliance. 

### 6 The inner core of the unit consists of fire 

### 7 brick and refractory elements which warm the 

### 8 two main parts and functions of the unit; the 

### 9 firebox or combustion chamber and the heat 

### 10 exchange channels. 

### 11 Over the core and separated by an 

### 12 expansion joint is the heater facing. The 

### 13 choice of masonry material for the facing is 

### 14 largely a matter of taste. Cast iron 

### 15 hardware consists of a loading door and two 

### 16 small doors for removing fly ash. The 

### 17 resulting thermal mass can be in excess of 

### 18 two tons. 

### 19 Before the passage of this proposed 

### 20 standard, the NSPS preamble recognized 

### 21 masonry heaters and exempted them as, quote, 

### 22 inherently clean-burning devices, end quote. 

### 23 A future without EPA certification, however, 

### 24 will limit our ability to continue building



### Page 297 

### 1 our products in some areas of the country, 

### 2 not because of high emissions. As noted, 

### 3 quite the opposite is true, but because 

### 4 jurisdictions will find it to their advantage 

### 5 to simply say EPA-approved only when 

### 6 regulating solid fuel appliances. 

### 7 We are, therefore, pleased to be 

### 8 included in the NSPS because we believe our 

### 9 products offer a sensible alternative for 

### 10 consumers to maximize their desires to heat 

### 11 with a renewable resource in unique and 

### 12 creative ways, while reducing or eliminating 

### 13 the heating portion of their carbon 

### 14 footprint. 

### 15 To that end, we will be submitting a 

### 16 number of comments that are critical for our 

### 17 ability to meet compliance with this new 

### 18 regulation. We hope that as EPA recognizes 

### 19 some of the unique characteristics of masonry 

### 20 heaters that I have outlined today, you will 

### 21 realize that some of the wood stove language 

### 22 brought over from AAA doesn't translate. For 

### 23 example, we need to be able to certify 

### 24 designs of families of units and license them

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 76 (Pages 298 to 301) Page 298 

### 1 for others to site-build from certified 

### 2 plans. 

### 3 We also need clarification on which of 

### 4 the multiple fueling methods proposed in the 

### 5 ASTM P28-17, including manufacturers' 

### 6 instructions will be mandated. We support 

### 7 the acceptance of software modeling as an 

### 8 alternative to certification testing. 

### 9 Our technical committee is currently 

### 10 working on an efficiency test method that 

### 11 works for the masonry heaters currently being 

### 12 built in the U.S. We appreciate the 

### 13 opportunity to work with EPA to find a way to 

### 14 heat our homes using a renewable and 

### 15 carbon-neutral resource with a minimum 

### 16 overall impact to our air quality. Thank you 

### 17 for your time. 

### 18 MR. MURPHY: Okay. The next two 

### 19 speakers are Bruce Poulin and Rod Tinnemore. 

### 20 MR. POULIN: Bruce Poulin, P-O-U-L-I-N. 

### 21 I own and operate Janco Plastic Wood Boilers 

### 22 in Dover, New Hampshire. Part of my business 

### 23 is selling central boiler outdoor hydronic 

### 24 heaters. I'm here today to tell you about



### Page 299 

### 1 my own experience with the laws for hydronic 

### 2 heaters in New Hampshire and surrounding 

### 3 states where I do business. I do -- on the 

### 4 EPA current issues with the NSPS proposal, I 

### 5 know that some of the central boiler dealers 

### 6 have similar opinions as mine and I know that 

### 7 this issue is important to them. 

### 8 The cost of developing, testing, 

### 9 manufacturing and selling new clean and more 

### 10 efficient technology -- excuse me -- usually 

### 11 ends up costing the consumer more. When the 

### 12 cost of the EPA qualified hydronic heaters 

### 13 went up over the conventional wood heaters, I 

### 14 lost a line of lower-income consumers who 

### 15 relied on wood heat but now can't afford the 

### 16 newest technology. 

### 17 These consumers are still going to heat 

### 18 with wood, using old hydronic heaters or one 

### 19 or more indoor units because they have to 

### 20 rely on wood heat to make ends meet. 

### 21 Hydronic heaters are important because many 

### 22 consumers find that as it would be impossible 

### 23 and impractical to provide their heating 

### 24 needs with indoor wood units, the cost of 

### Page 300 

### 1 installing indoor wood heaters then repairing 

### 2 damaged or out-of-code chimneys -- excuse 

### 3 me -- is comparable to installing an outdoor 

### 4 hydronic heater. 

### 5 Many consumers make the choice of an 

### 6 outdoor hydronic heater because it removes a 

### 7 fire hazard from the home as well as carbon 

### 8 monoxide buildup or oxygen depleting 

### 9 associated with indoor heating appliance. 

### 10 I have firsthand experience operating in 

### 11 New Hampshire under the rules that are 

### 12 similar to the EPA and NSPS proposal, 

### 13 hydronic heaters on August 10th, 2008, the 

### 14 state of New Hampshire enacted rules for 

### 15 hydronic heaters, so New Hampshire 

### 16 established practical emission limits and 

### 17 installation requirements similar to the 

### 18 model rule and rule the neighboring states. 

### 19 New Hampshire laws contain a 

### 20 sell-through period for in-state dealers to 

### 21 move existing inventory of non-emission 

### 22 qualified units. New Hampshire also enacted 

### 23 a phase two approximately nineteen months 

### 24 after the initial enactment. Operating under

Page 301 

### 1 the state laws and regulations has not always 

### 2 been easy, but EPA proposals on the NSPS 

### 3 requirements and time lines are unreasonable 

### 4 and will force many dealers to simply go out 

### 5 of business. 

### 6 EPA failure to provide for any type of 

### 7 sell-through period like many states have, 

### 8 even for EPA phase two qualified hydronic 

### 9 heaters, would drastically affect my ability 

### 10 to continue our daily business operations. 

### 11 In order to operate my business, I need 

### 12 to have stock that I know that I can sell in 

### 13 a reasonable foreseeable future. In states 

### 14 where there's no laws currently exist, 

### 15 dealers have the ability to sell what would 

### 16 typically be considered conventional hydronic 

### 17 heaters or EPA phase two qualified hydronic 

### 18 heaters. 

### 19 However, the proposed NSPS considers 

### 20 every hydronic heater as a conventional and 

### 21 makes no distinction between them because I 

### 22 understand under the NSPS proposal, neither 

### 23 conventional nor phase two qualified hydronic 

### 24 heaters can be sold by dealers after the

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 77 (Pages 302 to 305) Page 302 

### 1 effective date. 

### 2 Dealers in most U.S. states, however, 

### 3 reason to stock less-expensive conventional 

### 4 hydronic heaters, dealers in those states 

### 5 have zero incentive to stock more expensive 

### 6 EPA phase two qualified hydronic heaters 

### 7 because there's no mechanism to certify them 

### 8 in the NSPS which is really the intent of the 

### 9 EPA. 

### 10 Since my business is limited to selling 

### 11 only EPA phase two qualified models, I find 

### 12 it completely unacceptable that the EPA did 

### 13 not establish a sell through period for all 

### 14 EPA phase two qualified hydronic heaters and 

### 15 provide for good faith testing using the 

### 16 current volunteer programming test method or 

### 17 the revised test method proposal in the NSPS 

### 18 so that manufacturers in tests can be assured 

### 19 of quick NSPS certification of new hydronic 

### 20 heater designs. 

### 21 From my experience, I know that 

### 22 manufacturers have invested significant 

### 23 resources and have made a commitment to the 

### 24 emission reductions through EPA voluntary



### Page 303 

### 1 hydronic heater programs and that's requested 

### 2 in the state laws and regulations in New 

### 3 Hampshire and surrounding states where I do 

### 4 business. 

### 5 Central Boiler makes available to 

### 6 dealers the entire line of EPA phase two 

### 7 qualified hydronic heaters as essentially 

### 8 replaced their entire line of conventional 

### 9 heaters yet, under the proposed NSPS, none of 

### 10 the phase two qualified heaters can be sold 

### 11 as the effective date of the regulations. 

### 12 And, in the meantime, manufacturers 

### 13 can't retest these units using the new test 

### 14 method because there is no assurance that the 

### 15 proposed test method modifications would be 

### 16 that all required in the NSPS when it becomes 

### 17 effective. 

### 18 Central boilers and dealers like me have 

### 19 put more on the line since 2008 than any U.S. 

### 20 manufacturers or importers of hydronic 

### 21 heaters. Central boilers qualified the 

### 22 largest number of heaters and EPA voluntary 

### 23 emission reduction programs and they have 

### 24 been available the longest. Central boiler 

### Page 304 

### 1 has offered their own change out center 

### 2 program which towards the purchase of cleaner 

### 3 and more efficient E classic and maximum 

### 4 models while at the same time implementing 

### 5 formed use of older models that were changed 

### 6 out. 

### 7 Currently, New Hampshire Department of 

### 8 Environmental Service is in the process of 

### 9 developing a change out program. Within the 

### 10 last four years, I have sold 21 central 

### 11 boiler E classics, all which the EPA are 

### 12 phase two qualified to the New Hampshire DOT 

### 13 to heat their buildings. 

### 14 New Hampshire DOT installed these 

### 15 outdoor hydronic heaters to save space and to 

### 16 use renewable fuels instead of fossil fuels 

### 17 and they expect to save about $300,000.00 per 

### 18 year. Consider that EPA uses the same EPA 

### 19 phase two qualified hydronic heaters where 

### 20 best systems of the emissions reductions has 

### 21 justified the proposal limits and the NSPS 

### 22 that it only makes sense that these qualified 

### 23 units can continually be sold after the 

### 24 effective date of the NSPS.



### Page 305



### 1 I therefore propose that EPA immediately 

### 2 clarify in thinking its intent to allow the 

### 3 EPA phase-two qualified hydronic heaters to 

### 4 be considered tested in good faith and 

### 5 certified under the NSPS. 

### 6 Dealers like me then could feel 

### 7 comfortable stocking these and knowing that 

### 8 they could be sold after the effective date 

### 9 of the NSPS. The EPA cannot leave U.S. 

### 10 manufacturers, dealers like me and customers 

### 11 out in the cold. Thank you. 

### 12 MR. TINNEMORE: Speaking of out in the 

### 13 cold, unlike my Vermont colleagues, I wanted 

### 14 to not thank EPA for having this meeting in 

### 15 Boston in February. This bald head does not 

### 16 appreciate the winds out there, and that's 

### 17 how I'm gonna try to inject a little levity 

### 18 so that we don't all kill each other or fall 

### 19 asleep. 

### 20 I'm Rod Tinnemore, T-I-N-N-E-M-O-R-E, 

### 21 also spelled Rowdy, from the State of 

### 22 Washington Department of Ecology, also 

### 23 representing Puget Sound Clean Air Agency and 

### 24 other local air agencies in the state of

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 78 (Pages 306 to 309) Page 306 

### 1 Washington. We support EPA's efforts to 

### 2 update this wood heater rule, agree that with 

### 3 the concerns that have been voiced here that 

### 4 an updated rule must be a win for both the 

### 5 industry, for the consumer as well as for the 

### 6 environment. 

### 7 Whatever details end up in this rule, we 

### 8 want to make sure that they're practical, 

### 9 workable and achievable. I think that goes 

### 10 without saying, I would hope. And as a state 

### 11 with three of the five largest wood stove 

### 12 manufacturers in North America, we want to be 

### 13 clear that we're actively looking for 

### 14 pathways to create this three-way win, I 

### 15 think that's important. 

### 16 The EPA proposal, at least the initial 

### 17 standards, were met by Washington State in 

### 18 1995. Come on you guys, catch up. And 

### 19 eighty-plus -- eighty-plus percent of the 

### 20 current wood stove manufacturers already make 

### 21 or meet that standard, but despite that early 

### 22 adoption about what is a health-based 

### 23 standard as well as a whole suite of control 

### 24 measures from burn bans to capacity limits



### Page 307 

### 1 and investment, I might say, for some of my 

### 2 other colleagues of already ten million 

### 3 dollars in change outs. 

### 4 We still have a non-attainment area. We 

### 5 still have issues where there are communities 

### 6 that are being severely impacted from wood 

### 7 snow. The other thing I would mention in all 

### 8 of that is that unlike again some of my East 

### 9 Coast colleagues who conveniently have their 

### 10 wood smoking deposit in the Atlantic, we end 

### 11 up with wintertime stagnation as well as we 

### 12 also have mountain valleys and long periods 

### 13 of stagnation and inversions. 

### 14 That plus the fact that since 1970 our 

### 15 state has more than doubled in population 

### 16 with lots more sources for fine particle 

### 17 pollution. As those are putting pressure on 

### 18 us to find solutions into the future. 

### 19 All of our agencies want a tighter 

### 20 standard as quickly as possible, kind of goes 

### 21 without saying. We would like to see an even 

### 22 more rigorous step-one standard for all the 

### 23 devices, perhaps except for masonry heaters, 

### 24 and movement toward a tighter standard for Page 308 

### 1 most of the other devices as soon as 

### 2 possible. 

### 3 Are there going to be costs to industry, 

### 4 yes, but I would emphasize that pollution 

### 5 also has real costs; real costs to 

### 6 businesses, real costs to the states 

### 7 themselves, real costs to our elderly and our 

### 8 children and other populations within 

### 9 our -- within our states. 

### 10 I'm gonna urge EPA to invest the 

### 11 resources to effectively implement and manage 

### 12 the rule; no surprises there. This includes 

### 13 but is not limited to the development of 

### 14 improved test methods that reflect real world 

### 15 conditions, timely processing of certificates 

### 16 for manufacturers. You see, I -- you thought 

### 17 I would just leave you out. 

### 18 Adequate oversight of test facilities 

### 19 and the timely dispensing of test data to 

### 20 support state supervision of this industry 

### 21 sector. We have found no significant 

### 22 differences between the maintenance 

### 23 requirements for catalytic versus 

### 24 non-catalytic, so don't put me in the middle



### Page 309 

### 1 of your cat fight. 

### 2 There is no more expense also to upgrade 

### 3 a home for a catalytic stove versus a 

### 4 non-catalytic stove, and I'm sorry but it's 

### 5 the state's responsibility to come up with 

### 6 the change out money. Also, when it comes to 

### 7 burning garbage, as was mentioned earlier, 

### 8 it's not a right. 

### 9 I was raised to admire thrift, but my 

### 10 father also taught me that I had a duty of 

### 11 care for my neighbor and that includes not 

### 12 smoking them out and not burning garbage that 

### 13 they can then inhale. For the record, I also 

### 14 own and run a wood stove. I've had a wood 

### 15 stove insert and a pellet stove in the past. 

### 16 I split stack and cover my own wood so 

### 17 my hands can be dirty and I have callouses to 

### 18 prove it. I know firsthand from my past the 

### 19 struggle between heating your own home 

### 20 and -- effectively with wood versus keeping 

### 21 your family warm and making a -- and making a 

### 22 budget work, but I also know and understand 

### 23 Dan Henry's argument that wood stoves as 

### 24 tested with cribs do not reflect the same

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 79 (Pages 310 to 313) Page 310 

### 1 emissions when they are fueled with cord wood 

### 2 or when they have high-moisture wood or when 

### 3 that -- and I also know that smoldering is 

### 4 more common than not despite what's in our 

### 5 owner's manuals. 

### 6 I appreciate the olive branch that many 

### 7 from industry have extended, I want to 

### 8 acknowledge that, and I also want to 

### 9 acknowledge back and say that our state is 

### 10 especially interested in working with both 

### 11 EPA and industry to find a way to improve 

### 12 technology, to make the rule workable and to 

### 13 find a pathway to a cleaner future that 

### 14 provides all those wins for the interested 

### 15 parties, and hopefully that was less than 

### 16 five minutes. 

### 17 MR. WOOD: It certainly was, less than 

### 18 four. 

### 19 MR. TINNEMORE: There you go. 

### 20 MR. MURPHY: Any questions? Okay, thank 

### 21 you very much. So we'll have two more 

### 22 speakers and then we'll -- we'll take a short 

### 23 break, and they will be Kelly Benjamin and 

### 24 John Meeker.



### Page 311



### 1 MR. KELLY: Good afternoon and thank you 

### 2 for your time this afternoon. My name is 

### 3 actually Benjamin Kelly, K-E-L-L-Y. I'm 

### 4 with -- I'm an owner of Earth Outdoor Wood 

### 5 Furnaces and we're a family-owned company 

### 6 that started in 2009. 

### 7 We currently employ about twenty people 

### 8 and have the opportunity to inject back into 

### 9 our community and economy approximately 

### 10 3.2-million dollars in revenue annually. In 

### 11 2010, we started learning about the phase two 

### 12 program and the EPA's involvement in our 

### 13 industry. 

### 14 It's explored different options to 

### 15 develop our own phase two qualified unit. We 

### 16 met a company that develops smart controls 

### 17 and catalyst technology for the biomass 

### 18 energy industry. 

### 19 In 2012, we succeeded in passing the 

### 20 Method 28 test with the unit that was the 

### 21 first of its kind in hydronic heaters and, 

### 22 since then, we have been field testing and 

### 23 slowly going to market with our Klear Sky 400 

### 24 model. It is different in many ways but 

### Page 312 

### 1 primarily in the fact that it is not a down 

### 2 draft system. It is an updraft unit using 

### 3 integrated catalytic technology. 

### 4 As a small company, this process can be 

### 5 very taxing financially and we estimate to 

### 6 have spent approximately $250,000.00 of our 

### 7 own money doing so. In this short amount of 

### 8 time, we still have a long way to go to 

### 9 recover that investment. 

### 10 We feel fortunate to have accomplished 

### 11 this for that investment is I know many 

### 12 manufacturers who have spent far more than 

### 13 that. In the rules set forth, we actually 

### 14 meet the step one requirements. 

### 15 This means that we would have 

### 16 approximately six years, if the rule took 

### 17 effect in 2015, to recover our initial 

### 18 investment before it would be out -- outdated 

### 19 or outlawed, as well as during this time we 

### 20 would need to be reinvesting every profit we 

### 21 made to develop the next generation of 

### 22 hydronic heaters, and this brings into 

### 23 question the viability and the future of our 

### 24 company I feel. I would estimate that for

Page 313 

### 1 ninety percent of the manufacturers in this 

### 2 industry it would be next to impossible to 

### 3 accomplish the numbers set forth in the role 

### 4 proposed in the next eighteen months and have 

### 5 a unit ready to go to market. 

### 6 However, instead of shutting down 

### 7 companies that have brought us in this 

### 8 industry as far as we have come, I would 

### 9 propose that the EPA should mandate the 

### 10 current phase two standards for five years 

### 11 and, at that time, reduce the emissions 

### 12 numbers to the step one levels of 7.5 grams 

### 13 per hour maximum. 

### 14 This would allow manufacturers adequate 

### 15 time to develop product, test and qualifying 

### 16 and field test their units, resulting in 

### 17 products ready for the market that would give 

### 18 customers options and strengthen our 

### 19 industry, also continuing to keep hydronic 

### 20 cord wood heaters as a viable source to burn 

### 21 renewable energy and heat homes. 

### 22 I would also like to propose -- propose 

### 23 that it be set forth that for those of us 

### 24 that have already met the step one

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 80 (Pages 314 to 317) Page 314 

### 1 requirements in the near -- in the recent 

### 2 past that our qualification be extended to 

### 3 the full five years from the date of the 

### 4 implementation so that we would not have to 

### 5 reinvest in retesting our units that have 

### 6 already met requirements until that term is 

### 7 finished. Thank you for your time. 

### 8 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Mr. Meeker. 

### 9 MR. MEEKER: My name is John Meeker and 

### 10 I'm doing business as Wood Kiln. Meeker is 

### 11 spelled M-E-E-K-E-R. 

### 12 I want to tell a story first. A former 

### 13 employee is burning a wood kiln 

### 14 prototype -- has been burning a wood kiln 

### 15 prototype for twenty years. This is a 

### 16 product that could not be certified. 

### 17 It met the emissions requirement at the 

### 18 time, but would not burn two-by-four spaced 

### 19 an inch-and-a-half apart slowly enough to be 

### 20 an EPA wood heater inefficiently enough to be 

### 21 an exempt fireplace. 

### 22 This was appealed through the legal 

### 23 channels in the EPA and it took three years 

### 24 and the answer I got in the end was I was



### Page 315 

### 1 trying to change the regulation and that 

### 2 can't be done administratively, so I was 

### 3 hoping maybe it would be done in the last 

### 4 four years but it hasn't happened. 

### 5 I want to continue the story here 

### 6 though. His wood supply consists of large 

### 7 chunks which is what the wood kiln was 

### 8 designed to do. It is not airtight. It has 

### 9 a large glass window and it has a large 

### 10 baffle for secondary combustion. 

### 11 It does not require a twenty percent 

### 12 hold at five-percent load and twenty percent 

### 13 is awfully hot to work with, big chunks. At 

### 14 any rate, during a recent cold spell natural 

### 15 gas from oil spilled in the 1960s ran out for 

### 16 five days. Some of his neighbors had to move 

### 17 out of their houses. 

### 18 My friend split some logs into smaller 

### 19 chunks and kept his house quite comfortable 

### 20 by using the fuel size, chunk size, and I 

### 21 think that should be a function of the 

### 22 owner's manual and not dictated by the EPA or 

### 23 the test method. As an example of the kind 

### 24 of innovation that I believe the EPA should 

### Page 316 

### 1 encourage, I ask you to consider a cast iron 

### 2 stove that was purchased in 2011 for $200.00 

### 3 to see what -- and that's new from a big box, 

### 4 to see what the EPA meant by a single burn 

### 5 rate appliance. 

### 6 A similar unit was displayed at a trade 

### 7 show in 2003 attended by the EPA. When the 

### 8 salesman was asked why it was exempt as a 

### 9 fireplace, he stated that the owner's manual 

### 10 says not to close the damper while it's 

### 11 burning. 

### 12 When it was tested, it was not much 

### 13 better than a fireplace. After testing, I 

### 14 decided to make some changes, including a 

### 15 refractive ceramic baffle to create a longer 

### 16 flame path, primary air holes in the sides 

### 17 below the baffle, secondary air holes -- and 

### 18 these are holes in the side of the cast iron, 

### 19 you just burn it in the cast iron. 

### 20 There's no ducting and no control. 

### 21 Secondary air blows above the baffle and a 

### 22 fire brick lining could keep the cold bed 

### 23 hot. The difference was amazing. It burned 

### 24 almost as well as an EPA-certified wood

Page 317 

### 1 heater, however no one will do anything like 

### 2 this because it will not burn two-by-fours 

### 3 1.5 inches apart slowly enough to be 

### 4 certified as a wood heater, and it has a 

### 5 damper so it's not a single-burn appliance. 

### 6 Existing outdoor hydronic units could 

### 7 probably be upgraded by similar fixes and 

### 8 create manufacturing and installation jobs if 

### 9 there was some incentive to do so. I have a 

### 10 patent for an automatic combustion control 

### 11 system that is essentially a triple-acting 

### 12 damper. 

### 13 Is has been working quite well for 

### 14 several years. It uses dilution air to 

### 15 reduce the grab for a slow burn and could 

### 16 make a non-airtight device exempt as a 

### 17 fireplace. Also, it has an adjustable stop 

### 18 to set the minimum burn rate for a house and 

### 19 fuel conditions. 

### 20 When I presented to the EPA, they said 

### 21 the hole must be plugged for testing. In 

### 22 other words, they said that I had to modify 

### 23 the design of the product in order to test it 

### 24 because dilution air is illegal. They later

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 81 (Pages 318 to 321) Page 318 

### 1 said that any ability to adjust the damper 

### 2 means that it must still be tested as a wood 

### 3 heater and achieve the required slow burn 

### 4 with a two-by-four spaced 1.5 inches apart. 

### 5 The EPA should also encourage innovation 

### 6 and jobs in measuring equipment that is 

### 7 friendly to consumers, innovators and local 

### 8 authorities and drop their obsession with a 

### 9 database and costly laboratory testing. 

### 10 Thank you. 

### 11 MR. MURPHY: Thank you. Okay, I 

### 12 have -- what time do I have? 4:20 so we're 

### 13 gonna take a 15-minute break so we'll 

### 14 reconvene at 4:35. 

### 15 16 (Recess taken.) 

### 17 18 MR. MURPHY: Okay, so Mr. Dover. 

### 19 MR. DOVER: Yes. Thank you for the 

### 20 opportunity to be here today. My name is 

### 21 Dustin Dover, D-O-V-E-R. I'm the Director of 

### 22 Operations for AgFuel Energy Systems, a 

### 23 wholly-owned subsidiary of MFA Oil Company, a 

### 24 Missouri-based farmer-owned cooperative.



### Page 319 

### 1 Our core business and mission is to 

### 2 serve the energy needs of rural America. As 

### 3 part of the mission, AgFuel Energy Systems 

### 4 manufactures and markets light industrial and 

### 5 agricultural multi-fuel furnaces to customers 

### 6 looking to reduce and stabilize their energy 

### 7 costs. 

### 8 As many of you here can appreciate, 

### 9 rural America has higher energy costs for 

### 10 businesses, manufacturing, industrial and 

### 11 agricultural heating. Some of these policies 

### 12 could impact many of our customers whom are 

### 13 also our owners. 

### 14 I'm here today because we believe the 

### 15 NSPS standards have unintended consequences 

### 16 of prohibiting sales of furnaces between 

### 17 350,000 BTUs and 1.5 million. No standards 

### 18 are set for this size of furnaces. 

### 19 The proposed standards, along with 

### 20 current voluntary standards, have left most 

### 21 people with questions regarding light 

### 22 industrial and commercial products. Our line 

### 23 is above the 350,000 BTU but below the 1.5, 

### 24 thus falling into an inconsistently-regulated 

### Page 320 

### 1 area. Because of our furnace's BTU rating, 

### 2 we're not able to become EPA phase two 

### 3 qualified, according to method 28 or the new 

### 4 BNL testing, leaving the states that 

### 5 currently have adopted the standards with 

### 6 questions. 

### 7 We request that you regulate, not on 

### 8 residential or commercial but rather on grams 

### 9 per BTU of fuel input. We propose that 

### 10 these -- that the current NSPS standards be 

### 11 expanded to include all forced air and 

### 12 hydronic units, regardless of use, to be 

### 13 covered under the law. 

### 14 We feel like there's a gap in the market 

### 15 that -- that has a -- a big gray area that 

### 16 hasn't been answered. We manufacture and 

### 17 sell multi-fuel units that are designed and 

### 18 marketed for Agfuel and -- for agricultural 

### 19 and light industrial commercial use. These 

### 20 are farms and commercial settings of various 

### 21 sizes and types. 

### 22 My question for you today is where does 

### 23 the line of residential use end and 

### 24 agricultural or commercial begin? Does it

Page 321 

### 1 end right after 350,000? Is there a 

### 2 home-based business that may need 400,000 

### 3 that therefore is not considered residential. 

### 4 We are not able to adopt a regulatory 

### 5 strategy to begin selling or market our 

### 6 products in the US because there is no clear, 

### 7 consistent plan for that gray area. 

### 8 My testimony is pretty short because 

### 9 I've visited with some of you guys on the 

### 10 phone, you know, numerous times trying to 

### 11 figure out this -- these gray areas so I 

### 12 appreciate you taking the time and I'd love 

### 13 to answer any questions at any time. Thank 

### 14 you. 

### 15 MR. WOOD: One quick point of 

### 16 clarification. You already know but for the 

### 17 rest of the audience, the rule is for 

### 18 residential wood heaters and so, if there is 

### 19 no residential use, the facility is not 

### 20 affected. 

### 21 If it's residential plus something else, 

### 22 it is affected regardless of size. That's 

### 23 the way the proposal is written, so it's 

### 24 proposal to --

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 82 (Pages 322 to 325) Page 322 

### 1 MR. DOVER: And that's our question. 

### 2 With that, you know, our 600,000 BTU may be 

### 3 hooked to a house and a dairy barn. You 

### 4 won't allow us to qualify it because it's 

### 5 over the 350,000 BTU rating, under the 

### 6 current proposal. 

### 7 MR. WOOD: No, let me try it again. 

### 8 Under the voluntary program -- 

### 9 MR. DOVER: Correct. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: -- there is a 350,000 BTU per 

### 11 hour upper limit but, under the NSPS, there 

### 12 is no size limit. 

### 13 MR. DOVER: Okay. 

### 14 MR. WOOD: So, under the NSPS, 

### 15 regardless of size, no matter how small nor 

### 16 how large, if some of the use is residential 

### 17 it is affected, regardless of size as written 

### 18 today. 

### 19 MR. GREEN: So it's -- and we can have 

### 20 more discussions about this offline. 

### 21 MR. DOVER: Yeah, that's -- that's 

### 22 helpful to an extent. Part of the -- part of 

### 23 our concern is in the -- the states that have 

### 24 adopted the current standards and they're

Page 323 

### 1 looking for the new standards to govern their 

### 2 policies that they -- you know, and like I 

### 3 said, we have visited but some of the light 

### 4 commercial areas they're saying you have to 

### 5 be qualified and we're saying we can't be 

### 6 because it's not residential under any of 

### 7 those circumstances. So, yeah, I'd love to 

### 8 visit more offline. 

### 9 MR. WOOD: Yeah. Like Greg said, yes, 

### 10 we -- we can visit that more offline and, 

### 11 yes, you are right also that some states have 

### 12 size limits so you're -- you're both right. 

### 13 MR. GREEN: Well, get our contact 

### 14 information and we'll talk and have a 

### 15 conversation. 

### 16 MR. DOVER: Thank you, Greg. Yes. And 

### 17 I visited with Gil and it was very helpful so 

### 18 thank you guys. 

### 19 MR. MURPHY: Okay, Mr. Biber. 

### 20 MR. BIBER: My name is Joseph Biber, 

### 21 B-I-B-E-R. I'm the President and owner of 

### 22 Preston Trading Post in Preston, Connecticut, 

### 23 a major independent hearth products retailer 

### 24 in its 39th year. We sell wood, gas and Page 324 

### 1 pellet-fired appliances of many major brands. 

### 2 The wood stoves we sell are EPA certified. 

### 3 Virtually all are non-catalytic, and I don't 

### 4 want to get into the catalytic fight at this 

### 5 point but that's generally my consumer 

### 6 demand. 

### 7 I wish to speak to proposed wood 

### 8 standards only at this time. The old adage 

### 9 the best is the enemy of the good may apply 

### 10 here. Respectfully, we have concerns that 

### 11 the proposed new test standards at 1.3 grams 

### 12 per hour and changes to the test 

### 13 methodologies will make worse the problem we 

### 14 are trying -- attempting to solve, improving 

### 15 ambient air quality. 

### 16 This is because we believe higher prices 

### 17 resulting from compliance would jeopardize 

### 18 the replacement of older pre-EPA stoves in 

### 19 the field. It's also likely to drive stove 

### 20 market uncertainty and inflationary costs and 

### 21 potential liability issues for the hearth 

### 22 industry. We believe that the projected 

### 23 increased compliance costs are seriously 

### 24 underestimated. Testing costs alone are tens



### Page 325 

### 1 of thousands per model redesigned 

### 2 unpredictably high and marketing the end 

### 3 product significantly adds additional cost 

### 4 hurdles which are multiplied in the 

### 5 marketplace. 

### 6 Even if the cost to manufacturers was 

### 7 only a hundred dollars, then at least three 

### 8 hundred dollars or more is required at retail 

### 9 after manufacturer and reseller margins. 

### 10 That number rises higher if the product 

### 11 passes through distributions up to the 

### 12 retailer so, if the initial cost to 

### 13 manufacturers is substantially higher as we 

### 14 believe it will prove to be, the increase at 

### 15 retail will be proportionally higher still. 

### 16 We believe higher costs would further 

### 17 chill replacement of old stoves and diminish 

### 18 the value of incentivised change out 

### 19 programs. Perceived high costs are already a 

### 20 major obstacle converting the six million or 

### 21 so users of pre-EPA products to cleaner 

### 22 technology. If old wood stoves can emit as 

### 23 much as 60-grams per hour and inversion rates 

### 24 are lethargic, conversion of fuel inventory

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 83 (Pages 326 to 329) Page 326 

### 1 should be the priority because of potentially 

### 2 large emissions savings. Driving emissions 

### 3 standards lower appears less-efficient and 

### 4 counter-productive. 

### 5 High price and installation complexity 

### 6 only adds a higher hurdle for replacement of 

### 7 those old stoves, cementing them in place, 

### 8 whatever makes stoves more expensive, more 

### 9 finicky to operate or add complexities to 

### 10 operation, maintenance or installation and 

### 11 adaptability undermines the potential 

### 12 conversion of that old fleet of dirty 

### 13 burners. 

### 14 After all, replacing a 60-gram per hour 

### 15 unit with a 4-gram per hour unit is a 56-gram 

### 16 per hour emissions improvement over no 

### 17 conversion at all. We think compliance costs 

### 18 to manufacturers will be far more than one 

### 19 hundred dollars, probably hundreds of 

### 20 dollars. 

### 21 In our experience, a high-end cast iron 

### 22 wood stove, wood-burning stove, sold for 

### 23 about $500.00 in 1978. That would be just 

### 24 under $1,400.00 in today's dollars.

Page 327



### 1 Installation back then involved a couple 

### 2 pieces of stove pipe connected to the 

### 3 chimney. 

### 4 Today, the closest equivalent models 

### 5 sell for about $2,500.00 and usually need 

### 6 chimney relining for about another $1,500.00, 

### 7 for a total of about $4,000.00. That's about 

### 8 286 percent higher. Price keeps many from 

### 9 replacing the old stove. Excuse me. 

### 10 There's an old retail adage that may 

### 11 apply, to see what John Brown buys, you have 

### 12 to see the world through John Brown's eyes. 

### 13 John Brown has been buying relatively fewer 

### 14 new EPA stoves. 

### 15 Wood stove sales nationally have dropped 

### 16 to a small fraction of 1970's levels. In our 

### 17 store, we have seen a drop of more than 

### 18 two-thirds the unit volume and that's with 

### 19 pellet and gas appliances added back in. 

### 20 Earlier this week, a person was looking 

### 21 for parts and advice for a small 

### 22 seventies-era product. He knew his stove was 

### 23 pre-EPA and had recently acquired it at a 

### 24 consignment shop. He had seen the EPA Page 328 

### 1 version of that model's modern relative at 

### 2 our showroom selling for $879.00. He paid 

### 3 $200.00 and was going through a lot of effort 

### 4 to fix it up. 

### 5 He had no intent to install a liner, 

### 6 this is in Connecticut where it's presumed 

### 7 that there is money and things are greener, 

### 8 so price sensitivity has a lot to do with 

### 9 replacement of the old stoves. 

### 10 Our suggestion would be to strengthen 

### 11 and support change outs, allow cost ability 

### 12 that will spur price competition and develop 

### 13 financing options. Perhaps EPA could 

### 14 encourage national state low-energy interest 

### 15 loans with very low interest over an extended 

### 16 period. That might help some of those who 

### 17 are disadvantaged and don't have the money. 

### 18 Another issue is stove fussiness. It 

### 19 seems axiomatic that stove designs are tuned 

### 20 to meet test standards, their real world 

### 21 behavior becomes more finicky, for instance, 

### 22 the need for relining. What might be needed 

### 23 if the standards are pushed further? It's 

### 24 important to realize that it is the chimney

Page 329 

### 1 that drives the stove, not the other way 

### 2 around, and the world is full of chimneys 

### 3 that don't deliver perfect draft. 

### 4 Lastly, if the decision were to move 

### 5 forward with a new standard regardless, 

### 6 separate standards should be produced for the 

### 7 different technologies, catalytic and 

### 8 non-catalytic, for the same reasons they 

### 9 were -- they were different in the existing 

### 10 NSPS. 

### 11 This two-tiered approach is necessary to 

### 12 recognize differences in maintenance and 

### 13 draft sensitivity and stimulate 

### 14 competitiveness. We wouldn't want to see 

### 15 monopolies created. To summarize, the bigger 

### 16 prize in improving air quality would be to 

### 17 accelerate replacement of those old pre-EPA 

### 18 stoves. 

### 19 The number of wood stoves and inserts 

### 20 produced today is a fraction comparatively 

### 21 and manufacturers have improved on the NSPS 

### 22 standards through market competition. We 

### 23 believe the cost of compliance to meet new 

### 24 standards will chill the effort to replace

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 84 (Pages 330 to 333) Page 330 

### 1 those products that are most polluting. 

### 2 Should EPA pursue new standards, they should 

### 3 be two-tiered as they are today. And I thank 

### 4 you for this opportunity to present comments 

### 5 to you today. 

### 6 MR. CARROLL: My name is Allen Carroll, 

### 7 I'm with Applied Ceramics and I also 

### 8 represent the Catalytic Hearth Coalition, I'm 

### 9 the Chairman. A little background on who I 

### 10 am, I have a Master's degree in ceramic 

### 11 engineering. 

### 12 I spent more than 45 years in technical 

### 13 ceramics and industrial processing and I 

### 14 predate the Clean Air Act and I was able to 

### 15 observe the automobile catalytic converter 

### 16 competition and actually assisted in the 

### 17 production of the original catalyst 

### 18 substruct. 

### 19 This obviously makes me ill and I was 

### 20 able to start looking at the wood stove 

### 21 industry in 1982. I've attended 32 

### 22 consecutive HPBA shows. What this has 

### 23 allowed me to do is be part of the early days 

### 24 of the catalyst development in wood-burning



### Page 331 

### 1 stoves and, to be quite honest, we saw a 

### 2 number of failures in the early years, 

### 3 misapplication by design. 

### 4 What we have seen in recent years is 

### 5 significant advances in the design and use of 

### 6 the catalyst. Today, you've heard a number 

### 7 of points. We heard about studies which 

### 8 really weren't studies, they were surveys of 

### 9 people who misuse their wood-burning stoves. 

### 10 It seemed to me that there was a bias in 

### 11 the survey that directed the survey company 

### 12 to look at older catalytic stoves and not 

### 13 current catalytic designs. A lot of the 

### 14 catalyst improvements that I mentioned were 

### 15 not included in the stoves that they 

### 16 referenced. 

### 17 Conversely, manufacturers of both 

### 18 catalytic and non-catalytic wood stoves met 

### 19 with EPA in 2009. Gil, you may remember 

### 20 this. We were determined to determine the 

### 21 original reason for the bifurcation or dual 

### 22 standard of the original NSPS and learned 

### 23 that it was a result of a lack of information 

### 24 on long-term emission, performance and Page 332 

### 1 catalytic longevity. When this group of 

### 2 manufacturers inquired of EPA about how to 

### 3 have the onerous standards reevaluated, they 

### 4 were told the comprehensive study of 

### 5 longevity might prove to be helpful. 

### 6 With that in mind, we got together with 

### 7 a BPA contractor, Beth Friedman, to come up 

### 8 with a test that would not be biased, and the 

### 9 study platform, the end result expectations, 

### 10 et cetera, were all reviewed by Ms. Freidman. 

### 11 And that information was then given to a 

### 12 third-party test lab and the completed and 

### 13 unaltered results of the study was then 

### 14 provided by the test agency to the 

### 15 manufacturers involved, the EPA, and the 

### 16 results were posted on the worldwide web. 

### 17 This study showed that catalyst having 

### 18 burned a minimum of three cords of wood per 

### 19 heating season for up to nine-and-a-half 

### 20 years only burned one gram per hour higher 

### 21 versus a new combustor when returned and 

### 22 retested in the original certified stove 

### 23 model. The point of the study was to see if 

### 24 catalysts degraded significantly over time

Page 333 

### 1 and to prove that today's well-engineered 

### 2 catalytic stoves burn clean decades after 

### 3 they were manufactured, so as to obtain a 

### 4 level playing field with a single emissions 

### 5 standard. 

### 6 I would like to remind EPA of the 

### 7 published white paper written by one of the 

### 8 industry's leading experts scientist, 

### 9 Dr. Howe. His conclusion based on this study 

### 10 was, and I quote here, only a very modest 

### 11 deterioration in particulate emission was 

### 12 seen in the older catalyst as compared to a 

### 13 new catalyst. 

### 14 The omni test suggests that catalyst 

### 15 degradation in a well-designed stove is not 

### 16 an issue. As most people in this room know, 

### 17 the EPA requires that we provide a two-year 

### 18 free replacement on all catalysts. As a 

### 19 catalyst manufacturer, this is very important 

### 20 to me. 

### 21 We have observed a dramatic reduction in 

### 22 warranty replacements as a result of the 

### 23 stove design changes. This has reached the 

### 24 point that one manufacturer voluntarily

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 85 (Pages 334 to 337) Page 334 

### 1 provides a 100 percent, ten-year warranty for 

### 2 their catalytic product. 

### 3 Also, we're part of a large number of 

### 4 healthy catalyst replacement businesses that 

### 5 include OEMs, manufacturers of catalysts, 

### 6 distributors, reps and dealers all active in 

### 7 this business. 

### 8 Data from a network of these suppliers 

### 9 verify unquestionably that homeowners invest 

### 10 in the higher efficiency and cleaner 

### 11 emissions of catalytic stoves and do, in 

### 12 fact, maintain their appliances. My company 

### 13 and several others will provide CBI data to 

### 14 support this claim in the next coming weeks. 

### 15 More than two years ago, a leading 

### 16 catalytic wood stove manufacturer partnered 

### 17 with OEM catalyst suppliers and, as a result, 

### 18 OEM suppliers of catalysts are now selling 

### 19 direct to consumer replacement catalysts. 

### 20 This arrangement has significantly 

### 21 reduced the replacement cost, thus 

### 22 encouraging replacement after warranty 

### 23 periods. Additionally, we still manufacture 

### 24 original catalysts for hundreds of

Page 335



### 1 older-models catalytics. This includes 

### 2 catalytic stove manufacturers that are no 

### 3 longer in business and my friend a little 

### 4 while ago said that one size fits all. My 

### 5 plant would be thrilled with that since we 

### 6 make one 118 different sizes. 

### 7 We make different thicknesses. We make 

### 8 round. We make rectangular. We make square. 

### 9 We make mullite. We make cordierite. We 

### 10 make stainless steel. We have different 

### 11 coatings. One size fits all is absolutely 

### 12 untrue. 

### 13 Applied Ceramics also has a website 

### 14 dedicated to helping the consumer through 

### 15 videos, frequently asked questions concerning 

### 16 maintenance and proper operation of their 

### 17 catalytic stove. 

### 18 We see catalysts as an integral part of 

### 19 the long-range hybrid technology employed by 

### 20 the clean-burning, sustainable wood-burning 

### 21 residential wood heaters. Another concern is 

### 22 the conditioning requirement stipulated in 

### 23 the proposal. While both catalyst and 

### 24 non-catalytic wood stoves require a 

### Page 336 

### 1 conditioning period, they're not equal. The 

### 2 condition taking place in a test agency of 

### 3 record will cost the manufacturer of 

### 4 catalytic stoves considerably more than 

### 5 the -- than secondary combustion products. 

### 6 As we see catalyst-equipped stoves' 

### 7 manufacturers as our customers, we feel it 

### 8 would be prudent for all technologies to have 

### 9 the same conditioning requirements so as not 

### 10 to discourage innovation. Also, we feel 

### 11 strongly the option of a three-step phase in 

### 12 standard makes the most sense. 

### 13 We also recognize that in 1988 many 

### 14 poorly-designed stoves were put on the market 

### 15 without sufficient time to test for real 

### 16 world outcome in terms of performance. No 

### 17 one can deny wood stoves last for decades 

### 18 and, with that said, the more time permitted 

### 19 to allow us to work with stove manufacturers 

### 20 to refine their products, a better end result 

### 21 will be achieved. 

### 22 We would like to thank EPA for 

### 23 considering these facts and thank them for 

### 24 their service.



### Page 337



### 1 MR. MURPHY: Thank you, Mr. Carroll. 

### 2 questions? 

### 3 MR. WOOD: No, sir. 

### 4 MR. MURPHY: The next two speakers are 

### 5 Albert Barden and Chris Podrecca. 

### 6 MR. BARDEN: My name is Albie Barden, 

### 7 A-L-B-I-E, B-A-R-D-E-N. I've been building 

### 8 masonry heaters for 37 years. I'm the 

### 9 President of the Maine Wood Heat Company. I 

### 10 was reading a book by Peter Clegg called 

### 11 Energy Sources for the Home. 

### 12 I was selling wood stoves out of my 

### 13 living room and I turned to a page and there 

### 14 was a picture of a Swedish tile stove, 

### 15 kakelugn, 3D image. It was a teaching model 

### 16 and I felt a hand, an invisible hand, come 

### 17 down on my shoulder and it said do this. 

### 18 I knew that there was no surviving 

### 19 tradition of masonry heaters in North 

### 20 America, although Mark Twain, 

### 21 Thomas Jefferson and many others who've spent 

### 22 time in Europe knew that it was a pretty good 

### 23 deal, and there were retired whalers from 

### 24 Salem, Massachusetts that tried to start

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 86 (Pages 338 to 341) Page 338 

### 1 building Russian fireplaces in the 1700s, but 

### 2 nobody had succeeded in the 20th century and 

### 3 so I said, okay, this will be my life's work. 

### 4 So I started writing a self-published 

### 5 newsletter, and there are copies of it out 

### 6 there, called The Masonry Stove Guild 

### 7 Newsletter. And, over the course of 

### 8 two-and-a-half years, I published four issues 

### 9 and they were distributed at no cost all over 

### 10 the country and to other parts of the world 

### 11 and we generated thousands of people 

### 12 interested in the phenomenon. 

### 13 We started getting articles written. I 

### 14 got a contract with Rodale Press to write a 

### 15 book, and I took a trip to Europe and started 

### 16 seeing what was happening in Europe with a 

### 17 little baby boy on my back. We discovered a 

### 18 connection in Finland. 

### 19 I'm from New England. I'm from Maine, 

### 20 and we figured out that for this to fly in 

### 21 North America it had to have red brick and it 

### 22 had to have a front and center firebox. 

### 23 Without that, there would be no chance. 

### 24 Finland had that tradition. It had a living



### Page 339 

### 1 school tradition. It had a supplier of 

### 2 high-quality castings and it had technical 

### 3 information. 

### 4 So, at one point, I made a second trip 

### 5 to Finland, rolled in the snow naked, shook 

### 6 hands with a manufacturer and that started a 

### 7 36-year partnership. I'm one of the 

### 8 co-founders of the Masonry Heater Association 

### 9 of North America. I'm one of the co-founders 

### 10 of the Association of Masonry Heater and Oven 

### 11 Professionals. 

### 12 I'm a co-founder of the Common Ground 

### 13 Country Fair in Maine which is for organic 

### 14 gardening and farming and sustainable living. 

### 15 I'm a co-founder of the Needing Conference in 

### 16 Maine which has to do with restoring 

### 17 sustainable grain growing to Maine and 

### 18 wood-fired ovens. 

### 19 I'm basically committed to anything that 

### 20 has to do with sustainability and ecological 

### 21 soundness as my heart tells me it's true, and 

### 22 masonry heaters have for me held that 

### 23 magnetic passion and quality for all these 

### 24 years. We represented a friend. I've 

### Page 340 

### 1 written several books. I finished the book 

### 2 for Rodale long after they'd given up for me 

### 3 and self-published it. 

### 4 I co-authored a book with my friend from 

### 5 Finland, Heikki Hyytiainen, who has been the 

### 6 Director of Finland's Masonry Heater 

### 7 Organization for about seventeen years. He 

### 8 did 1,400 tests, computer-modeled tests on 

### 9 trying to define what the best way to burn a 

### 10 Finnish fireplace would be. 

### 11 We brought his heater to Wildacres and 

### 12 we brought a second version of it to 

### 13 Ben Myren's lab out in Washington State and 

### 14 we built it and tested it there. It was a 

### 15 top-down burn design with grates covering the 

### 16 floor. We did three tests. We did the crib 

### 17 test, the cord wood test and the Colorado 

### 18 test. 

### 19 In the ASTM cord wood test, it tested 

### 20 cleaner than anything that's ever been tested 

### 21 in North America and I believe that stands 

### 22 still today so his research had proven 

### 23 valuable. He continues to build these all 

### 24 over Europe especially in eco villages and



### Page 341 

### 1 that unit sits in storage waiting to be 

### 2 looked at again. 

### 3 When we did the Colorado tests, we had 

### 4 to do a -- we had to do a little bit of a 

### 5 burn in bottom and wait for it to die out 

### 6 before we could add the full charge, and what 

### 7 we were left with was a boxing ring of rope 

### 8 of coals, and so we were building a fire in 

### 9 an impossible situation. 

### 10 It didn't do well in that test, but in 

### 11 the ASTM cord wood test it was burning the 

### 12 way it was suppose to be burned and it burned 

### 13 with flying colors. 

### 14 I'm down to the last bit and I want to 

### 15 try to touch your hearts, if I can. I don't 

### 16 think there's anything broken here with 

### 17 masonry heaters. The DEP came to me in Maine 

### 18 and they asked me to educate them and they 

### 19 said, In all the years that you've been 

### 20 building heaters in Maine, there's never been 

### 21 a single complaint about a masonry heater. 

### 22 I end every evening of my life by going 

### 23 outside. I'm a ordained Episcopal priest. I 

### 24 go outside with tobacco as an offering. I

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 87 (Pages 342 to 345) Page 342 

### 1 give direction and I give prayers to the four 

### 2 directions to the sky, to the earth, and then 

### 3 I name every tree on my property; the pine, 

### 4 the hemlock, the spruce, the fir, the oak, 

### 5 the maple, black walnut, the white walnut, 

### 6 the dying elm, the alder, the sumac, the 

### 7 hawthorn, the chestnut. 

### 8 All the trees that are on my forty 

### 9 acres, I name them one by one and I give them 

### 10 thanks for all that they give me. We are a 

### 11 consumer culture and, unless we make a shift 

### 12 to become a conserver culture, we're all down 

### 13 the tubes. 

### 14 Masonry heaters, I think, are part of 

### 15 that solution of being a conserver culture. 

### 16 They feed the hearth, they're clean. They 

### 17 are negative ion generators and everybody 

### 18 that owns one loves it. Thank you for the 

### 19 opportunity to be here. It's good to see 

### 20 some of you again. 

### 21 MR. PODRECCA: Hello. My name is 

### 22 Chris Podrecca, P-O-D-R-E-C-C-A. I am the 

### 23 owner and operator of Chimney Sweep 

### 24 Professionals in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts.



### Page 343 

### 1 It is a family business. I took over the 

### 2 reigns a couple years ago. 

### 3 I'm also the Vice President of the 

### 4 Massachusetts Chimney Sweep Guild and I'm 

### 5 here today sort of representing them and just 

### 6 being a presence and hearing what people have 

### 7 to say, partly to continue to educate myself 

### 8 on this issue. 

### 9 I have information and facts, but I'm 

### 10 not going to lie to anybody and say that I'm 

### 11 an expert, so-to-speak, but I was -- while 

### 12 I've been here, I haven't really heard 

### 13 anybody touch on one specific part of what I 

### 14 would consider a major part of this whole 

### 15 proposal, and I'll sort of read my notes 

### 16 cause it will be easier than talking off 

### 17 the -- off the cuffs -- off the cuff. 

### 18 I have concerns with the EPA's proposed 

### 19 NSPS. As a self-proclaimed environmentalist 

### 20 of sorts, I am pro-environment and in favor 

### 21 of restrictions and rules that promote 

### 22 environmental health and safety, which leads 

### 23 me to what I think may be a major unforeseen 

### 24 consequence of the EPA's NSPS. I am on the 

### Page 344 

### 1 front line every day in peoples' homes and 

### 2 you would not believe some of the things that 

### 3 I've seen people install, 

### 4 do -- craziness -- and you're dealing with 

### 5 fire, so one of the things that I love about 

### 6 what I do is that I am given the opportunity 

### 7 to educate people on what it is that they're 

### 8 doing with their fires inside their house. 

### 9 Many times, that's actually more 

### 10 important to me than performing the requested 

### 11 sweeper service, because a lot -- you know, 

### 12 people take for granted that they have a wood 

### 13 stove and that it runs into a chimney and 

### 14 that it goes up out and they just think they 

### 15 throw wood in it and everything is -- that's 

### 16 it. 

### 17 So I take great -- I take great pride 

### 18 that, when I leave a customer's home, they 

### 19 are not only physically safer but mentally 

### 20 safer when they operate their appliance. So 

### 21 to tie this all together, as I've been here 

### 22 so far there's been no mention of the system 

### 23 for which these stoves are being installed 

### 24 into. The exhaust system design or the



### Page 345 

### 1 chimney, you know, the vent pipe, the in-line 

### 2 damper if there is one, the thimble, the flue 

### 3 size, the height of the flue, all of these 

### 4 things are in my opinion almost just as 

### 5 important as the efficiency of the stove that 

### 6 we're talking about. 

### 7 Any one of these -- the aforementioned 

### 8 components of the system, if improperly sized 

### 9 or installed or damaged, can seriously affect 

### 10 the efficiency and increase the pollution 

### 11 output of the stove. 

### 12 As before mentioned, I care about the 

### 13 safety of my customers and I have concerns 

### 14 that, with the increased regulation, the 

### 15 exhaust produced will be much cooler and will 

### 16 therefore increase the likelihood of creosote 

### 17 formation which is what causes chimney fires. 

### 18 My experiences is that catalytic 

### 19 converter stoves are always filthy, that's 

### 20 just my experience. This is often because 

### 21 they're bypassed or improperly operated or 

### 22 they've never been touched in -- since they 

### 23 were installed in 1980, you know, and even 

### 24 when they're properly operated, the cooler

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 88 (Pages 346 to 349) Page 346 

### 1 temperatures still create creosote. 

### 2 So I guess what I'm getting at is that, 

### 3 you know, can try to fix the stove -- if you 

### 4 try to fix the stove and what you're asking 

### 5 of the stove manufacturers without taking 

### 6 into account the chimney system for which 

### 7 it's tied into, you're really only addressing 

### 8 half of the problem. 

### 9 So, while I think that the EPA's heart 

### 10 is in the right place and I would tend to 

### 11 agree with you guys that, you know, improving 

### 12 the air quality is something that I believe 

### 13 in, I think that its mind is somewhat 

### 14 misguided. 

### 15 You know, we should be partners together 

### 16 in educating the public as to how to properly 

### 17 operate any stove, be it a new stove that, 

### 18 you know, has incredible particulate, you 

### 19 know, or an old stove, and so I feel like the 

### 20 EPA should be almost partners with us and we 

### 21 should be partners with you in educating the 

### 22 public or a stove swap out programs. To me, 

### 23 that would be a far more effective way of 

### 24 tackling the issue of the air pollution



### Page 347



### 1 created by wood stoves. 

### 2 You know, I can't speak to specifics as 

### 3 far as the particulates and all of that other 

### 4 stuff involved, you know, and -- and the 

### 5 other part of this is that the NFPA 211, 

### 6 which is the National Fire Protection Agency, 

### 7 they require that you have a chimney 

### 8 inspected or swept annually anyways. 

### 9 So whether you have a more efficient 

### 10 burning stove, that doesn't necessarily 

### 11 affect my live -- my livelihood, so-to-speak, 

### 12 so that -- I just wanted to say that so that 

### 13 you don't think I'm here sort of representing 

### 14 the manufacturers saying my bottom line and 

### 15 all that stuff. Well, it could be affected 

### 16 and it may and it probably will to an extent. 

### 17 The NFPA is our sort of standard that we 

### 18 hold ourselves to and that we expect our 

### 19 customers to abide by. So, in theory, 

### 20 whatever you guys choose to do won't affect 

### 21 what is asked of me by that standard. 

### 22 So, in closing, I just think that that's 

### 23 a major thing that hasn't been addressed yet 

### 24 and I don't necessarily have the right answer Page 348 

### 1 for it, but it's something that should be 

### 2 considered and -- and, you know, explored. 

### 3 Thank you very much for your time. 

### 4 MR. WOOD: Thank you. When you have 

### 5 time to submit official comments to the 

### 6 docket -- 

### 7 MR. PODRECCA: Uh-huh. 

### 8 MR. WOOD: -- or just e-mail me with 

### 9 ideas, I would appreciate your ideas. I -- I 

### 10 share your concerns and I've talked with a 

### 11 number of the manufacturers about how can we 

### 12 best do those things. 

### 13 MR. PODRECCA: Yeah. 

### 14 MR. WOOD: So we have a voluntary 

### 15 program effort back in our office to educate 

### 16 everybody we can. 

### 17 MR. PODRECCA: Right. 

### 18 MR. WOOD: Okay. 

### 19 MR. PODRECCA: That's what we do too. 

### 20 MR. WOOD: It's a little hard for us to 

### 21 do that from headquarters. 

### 22 MR. PODRECCA: Yeah. 

### 23 MR. WOOD: And, you know, Burnwise 

### 24 is -- is the website.



### Page 349



### 1 MR. PODRECCA: Okay. 

### 2 MR. WOOD: EPA.GOV/Burnwise, and we also 

### 3 try to provide tools to help encourage change 

### 4 out programs. 

### 5 MR. PODRECCA: Yes. 

### 6 MR. WOOD: So we agree with you all of 

### 7 those things are important and they all need 

### 8 to be done. Part of our -- 

### 9 MR. PODRECCA: I agree. 

### 10 MR. WOOD: -- marketing -- yeah, of 

### 11 course you do and we'd agree. It needs to be 

### 12 the right device with the right fuel operated 

### 13 the right way; all of those are important. 

### 14 So other ideas to help us with doing that -- 

### 15 MR. PODRECCA: Yeah. 

### 16 MR. WOOD: -- I would be interested in 

### 17 it. We have some reservations about what is 

### 18 appropriate to have in a federal regulation 

### 19 in regard to, you know, professional 

### 20 installation and -- 

### 21 MR. PODRECCA: It could snowball, yeah. 

### 22 MR. WOOD: -- and all of those things, 

### 23 are we intruding on the homeowners too much, 

### 24 even though we believe those are the --

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 89 (Pages 350 to 353) Page 350 

### 1 MR. PODRECCA: Right. 

### 2 MR. WOOD: -- right things to do, so 

### 3 ideas that could help us in that regard, I'd 

### 4 appreciate having your official comments. 

### 5 MR. PODRECCA: Yeah. I think that like 

### 6 many people have sort of said that one of the 

### 7 unforeseen things is that I think you'll be 

### 8 turning people to using older stoves in a 

### 9 sense but also turning people to use 

### 10 unlicensed installers and whatnot to do 

### 11 these, you know, whereas they do require, you 

### 12 know, licensure in the state to do those 

### 13 installations. 

### 14 So that is -- those are some of the 

### 15 unforeseen things that we don't have answers 

### 16 for yet and we won't really have them until 

### 17 something's implemented but I just think that 

### 18 they need to be explored so I'll -- I'll come 

### 19 up with some ideas and I'll -- I'll submit a 

### 20 formal written document. 

### 21 MR. WOOD: I appreciate that, just one 

### 22 quick sentence. 

### 23 MR. PODRECCA: Yeah. 

### 24 MR. WOOD: You know, we work with



### Page 351 

### 1 industry and the local regulators in Libby, 

### 2 Montana and one of the things we found there 

### 3 that, correct me if I'm wrong on this, John 

### 4 Crouch, but I think we found over fifty 

### 5 percent of the installations were improper, 

### 6 many of them unsafe. 

### 7 MR. PODRECCA: I bet it's more than 

### 8 fifty percent. 

### 9 MR. WOOD: Or more. 

### 10 AUDIENCE MEMBER: That was -- that was 

### 11 in Libby. 

### 12 MR. WOOD: In Libby. In Libby, Montana. 

### 13 MR. PODRECCA: I wouldn't be surprised 

### 14 if that number was higher. 

### 15 MR. WOOD: Thank you. 

### 16 MR. PODRECCA: Thank you. 

### 17 MR. MURPHY: So we -- we just have two 

### 18 speakers remaining, so I don't know if 

### 19 there's anybody else in the room 

### 20 who -- anybody else who plans to speak but 

### 21 you're welcome, you can still provide your 

### 22 name outside. We're here til 7:00. 

### 23 We cleverly scheduled this to go til 

### 24 7:00, so it doesn't mean everybody has to 

### Page 352 

### 1 stay around because there's only two more 

### 2 speakers but, you know, Gil and Greg are 

### 3 gonna be here, I'm sure they'd like to have 

### 4 conversations as they -- 

### 5 MR. WOOD: Yes. 

### 6 MR. MURPHY: -- as they stay here for 

### 7 another hour-and-a-half. So, anyway, the 

### 8 last two speakers we have scheduled are Chris 

### 9 Neufeld and Scott Nichols. 

### 10 MR. NEUFELD: I need bifocals. My name 

### 11 is Chris Neufeld. The spelling of my last 

### 12 name is N-E-U-F-E-L-D. I'm the Vice 

### 13 President of Blaze King Industries of Walla 

### 14 Walla, Washington. 

### 15 I would first like to thank the EPA for 

### 16 recognizing the efforts of the catalytic wood 

### 17 stove manufacturers who have learned to build 

### 18 very predictable and dependable catalytic 

### 19 wood stoves, thereby allowing for single 

### 20 emission standard. 

### 21 As we shared today, earlier today, that 

### 22 was the one and only objective that the 

### 23 Catalytic Hearth Coalition had when it met 

### 24 with the EPA. I was honored to be present in



### Page 353 

### 1 Minnesota when the EPA and states and other 

### 2 area resource staff met with four delegates 

### 3 of the HPBA and two manufacturers. 

### 4 On that day, there was a proposal for a 

### 5 discussion to have three bins. The first two 

### 6 bins would be standards that manufacturers 

### 7 would need to meet over specific periods of 

### 8 time. The third bin was a rewards bin and it 

### 9 was said that the rewards bin suggested to be 

### 10 1.3 grams per hour would be exactly that, a 

### 11 rewards bin and not a standard. 

### 12 Products that met the rewards bin would 

### 13 then be eligible for consumer incentives and 

### 14 programs such as stove change outs and tax 

### 15 credits. Again, it was not suggested that a 

### 16 low -- pardon me -- a number as low as 1.3 

### 17 ever become a standard, and I have confirmed 

### 18 this understanding with two other people that 

### 19 were in the room that day. 

### 20 Second, it was suggested that same day 

### 21 that in addition to running the current four 

### 22 awaited burns test, agencies begin collecting 

### 23 cord wood data for establishing future 

### 24 standards. With no real opportunity to have

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 90 (Pages 354 to 357) Page 354 

### 1 done so, I'm concerned that the draft 

### 2 proposal sets a standard only a short five 

### 3 years from now, should we not have the 

### 4 emissions data prior to setting a standard 

### 5 for 2020 or later. 

### 6 As for the proposal -- proposed 

### 7 testsmith that involve a worst case scenario 

### 8 testing, I am dumbfounded. Their current 

### 9 testsmith that uses four weighted burn 

### 10 category -- categories best reflects the way 

### 11 in which a wood stove is operated by a 

### 12 consumer. 

### 13 There's not a manufacturer in our 

### 14 industry that would argue against the fact 

### 15 that most consumers operate their stoves in 

### 16 the low and medium-low burn rates for most of 

### 17 the time. The proof of this is in the ink. 

### 18 Every single brochure from every single 

### 19 manufacturer for every single stove promotes 

### 20 low burn time settings. 

### 21 No manufacturer at all ever promotes how 

### 22 fast they can burn the wood, so why in the 

### 23 world would we test cord wood and then toss 

### 24 out current weighted four run averaging in



### Page 355 

### 1 favor of a method that does not reflect real 

### 2 world usage. 

### 3 Blaze King will submit to EPA via 

### 4 CBI emissions data showing that even stoves 

### 5 that have a weighted average of less than one 

### 6 gram per hour will struggle to meet a 1.3 

### 7 gram per hour standard based upon worst case 

### 8 scenario emissions testing. 

### 9 Blaze King manufactures the largest line 

### 10 of clean-burning catalytic stoves below 2.5 

### 11 grams per hour. We ask you to review the 

### 12 close -- closely the proposed standards and 

### 13 to consider retaining the four run weighted 

### 14 average method. 

### 15 Also, Blaze King is concerned over the 

### 16 lack of a suitable replacement combustor 

### 17 program. The draft proposal states that if a 

### 18 manufacturer wishes to use a different 

### 19 combustor than the combustor the stove was 

### 20 approved with -- than the one the stove was 

### 21 approved with, the stove would have to be 

### 22 recertified. This would be cost-prohibitive, 

### 23 given most of the combustors used in our 

### 24 industry come from only one or two 

### Page 356 

### 1 manufacturers. 

### 2 We'd like to suggest an alternate plan. 

### 3 If a replacement combustor is available, 

### 4 manufacturers should be required to test the 

### 5 replacement combustor in the same model stove 

### 6 through the third-party process described 

### 7 elsewhere in the proposal and perform one 

### 8 run. 

### 9 That one run should have to be the worst 

### 10 emissions result run from the original 

### 11 certification test. If the replacement 

### 12 combustor burns as clean or cleaner than the 

### 13 same run used in the certification, it should 

### 14 be deemed a suitable replacement. Acceptance 

### 15 of such a plan would encourage continued 

### 16 innovation by the combustor suppliers. 

### 17 In closing, I'd like to point out an 

### 18 underlying tone of the draft proposal. The 

### 19 tone is loud and clear on pages 353 and 354 

### 20 but not isolated to those two pages. On 

### 21 those final two pages, it is written that 

### 22 manufacturers of catalytic-equipped stoves 

### 23 must place on their label and in their manual 

### 24 specific recommendations to inspect the stove



### Page 357 

### 1 at least three times a year. 

### 2 As a manufacturer of both catalytic and 

### 3 non-catalytic products, I can assure you that 

### 4 all solid wood stove heaters should have the 

### 5 same warnings on the label and owners manual. 

### 6 At the end of the day, it is up to the 

### 7 consumer to keep clean burning non-catalytic 

### 8 wood stoves and catalytic wood stoves burning 

### 9 clean. Thank you. 

### 10 MR. NICHOLS: Hello. My name is Scott 

### 11 Nichols, last name spelled N-I-C-H-O-L-S. I 

### 12 represent Tarm USA Incorporated out of Lime, 

### 13 New Hampshire. 

### 14 My company imports and distributes 

### 15 European wood boilers, wood pellet boilers 

### 16 and woodchip boilers. I appreciate you 

### 17 providing this opportunity to come speak in 

### 18 person, you're just close enough to make the 

### 19 drive easy but not so easy that I really 

### 20 wanted to come here but I appreciate that you 

### 21 did very much. 

### 22 I am going to submit a separate written 

### 23 comment and, given the five-minute period 

### 24 today, I'm gonna speak about one specific

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 91 (Pages 358 to 361) Page 358 

### 1 area of the draft rule that is of biggest 

### 2 concern to me. There is a catch twenty-two 

### 3 that the draft and NSPS proposal places my 

### 4 company in. 

### 5 On the one hand, EPA openly recognizes 

### 6 and admits to problems with existing test 

### 7 methods, speaking specifically about hydronic 

### 8 heaters here. EPA seeks comment at numerous 

### 9 places in the draft proposal for ways to 

### 10 improve existing testing methods. 

### 11 On the other hand, the EPA claims that 

### 12 hydronic heater manufacturers have had seven 

### 13 years to prepare for a final rule and, 

### 14 therefore, EPA has proposed mandatory 

### 15 compliance on the date that the final rule is 

### 16 published. 

### 17 The problem is obvious; some would claim 

### 18 that we should preemptively test the methods 

### 19 that EPA has proposed. We would do so if 

### 20 money was not an object. History has 

### 21 provided clear evidence that EPA remains 

### 22 unsettled as to test methods. 

### 23 My crystal ball shows no clear path 

### 24 forward but only many questions for comment



### Page 359 

### 1 about test methods from EPA. Because of the 

### 2 nature of the products we sell, most of them 

### 3 cannot be tested using EPA Method 28 OWHH. 

### 4 On the other hand, all of our products 

### 5 are tested to the European standard EN303-5 

### 6 and all EN303-5 class five, Europe's highest 

### 7 emission threshold. 

### 8 We also provided a boiler to Brookhaven 

### 9 National Laboratory for a joint project 

### 10 between the EPA and NYSERDA. The purpose of 

### 11 that project was to create a fair and 

### 12 accurate test method for hydronic heaters 

### 13 used with nonintegral thermal storage. 

### 14 As mentioned in the draft proposal, New 

### 15 York State has already accepted the 

### 16 Brookhaven Test Method. Our company has 

### 17 clean air and efficiency goals that align 

### 18 with EPA and we believe that we have been 

### 19 leaders in advancing clean burning products 

### 20 and installation and use techniques for 

### 21 ensuring clean burning. 

### 22 For instance, we were the first company 

### 23 to introduce oxygen-controlled residential 

### 24 wood boilers in the United States. We have 

### Page 360 

### 1 also been leaders in advocating for the use 

### 2 of thermal storage to improve combustion and 

### 3 efficiency. Often leading on the tip of the 

### 4 sword, it's cost our company sales but our 

### 5 philosophy is to push best practice. 

### 6 We now find ourselves potentially being 

### 7 cast out by EPA because we have not been the 

### 8 object of smoke compliance and don't sell 

### 9 common outdoor water stove technology. It is 

### 10 as though we are the good kid in the 

### 11 classroom but the classroom teacher is 

### 12 focusing on the troublemaker and teaching 

### 13 down to the troublemaker's level. 

### 14 Uncertainly -- uncertainty about crux 

### 15 positions of the final rule puts my company 

### 16 at serious risk. Having to comply on the 

### 17 date of final publication without an approved 

### 18 test method prior to publishing the final 

### 19 rule is impossible. 

### 20 If that happens, it is likely that my 

### 21 company will be virtually out of business 

### 22 while we struggle to react to what is 

### 23 published. It is hard to imagine how we will 

### 24 be able to survive a virtual product outage



### Page 361 

### 1 while spending hundreds of thousands of 

### 2 dollars on product testing. 

### 3 There are real people working for me who 

### 4 will rely on the EPA to give us a clear path 

### 5 forward. We need EPA to give us solid 

### 6 direction so that we can demonstrate to EPA 

### 7 and the public that the products we have are 

### 8 acceptable and compliant or even cleaner. 

### 9 Given the way that rule publication 

### 10 progresses, it is my understanding that we 

### 11 will not know the final decision for EPA 

### 12 regarding hydronic heater test methods until 

### 13 the final rule is published. 

### 14 I therefore ask for two considerations 

### 15 and that is for EPA to allow a period of one 

### 16 year after the final rule is published for 

### 17 hydronic heaters to meet compliance limits 

### 18 using the chosen test method, whatever it is. 

### 19 And, secondly, I ask that in addition to 

### 20 whatever other test methods EPA will adopt, 

### 21 that EPA also adopt either European test 

### 22 method EN303-5 or the Brookhaven Test Method 

### 23 or both, both methods. Thank you. 

### 24 MR. WOOD: One question, Scott. Do

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** 92 (Pages 362 to 364) Page 362 

### 1 you -- do you sell only indoor units or do 

### 2 you do both indoor and outdoor units? 

### 3 MR. NICHOLS: Only indoor. 

### 4 MR. WOOD: Only indoor, okay. Thank 

### 5 you. 

### 6 MR. NICHOLS: Thank you. 

### 7 MR. MURPHY: So we've reached the end of 

### 8 our list of speakers. Is there anyone else 

### 9 in the room who would like to provide 

### 10 comments? 

### 11 Okay. So we're gonna be here til seven, 

### 12 like I said. You're welcome to stay around. 

### 13 I don't know if anyone has any -- anything to 

### 14 add for the panel at this point. We'll just 

### 15 kind of take a -- 

### 16 MR. WOOD: Well, you know, just -- just 

### 17 our thanks I mean. 

### 18 MS. SIMCOX: Yeah. 

### 19 MR. WOOD: Before everybody leaves, 

### 20 okay, we really -- we really thank you for 

### 21 being here, you know. It's too early for our 

### 22 closing remarks but I'm gonna say it anyway. 

### 23 Thank you for being here, we really 

### 24 appreciate it and, you know, we want a good



### Page 363 

### 1 rule and that's -- we appreciate everybody 

### 2 being here. 

### 3 MR. MURPHY: Great, thanks. So we'll 

### 4 kind of break informally until somebody else 

### 5 shows up but thank you again for coming. 

### 6 7 (Recess taken.) 

### 8 9 MR. MURPHY: This is Jim Murphy with 

### 10 EPA. There being -- it being 7:00 p.m. 

### 11 Wednesday, February 26th and there are no 

### 12 further speakers here, this is a public 

### 13 hearing for the proposed rule for residential 

### 14 wood heaters and the meeting is now 

### 15 adjourned. 

### 16 (Whereupon, the hearing concluded at 7:00 p.m.) 

### 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Page 364 

# AU T

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. 1 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS 

### 2 3 4 5 6 7 I, CHRISTINE MANOS, Shorthand Reporter, 

### 8 do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and 

### 9 accurate transcription of my stenographic notes, 

### 10 to the best of my knowledge and ability. 

### 11 12 WITNESS MY HAND, this 10th day of March, 

### 13 2014. 

### 14 15 16 17

________________ Christine Manos 

### 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** Page 1

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320:18

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

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**aggravated** 26:15 149:8

204:1 **aggressive** 37:23 38:12 **ago** 15:15 40:4 60:3 91:5

92:11 106:13 134:21 150:1 174:9 261:18,23 334:15 335:4 343:2 **agree** 79:4 124:13 274:22

275:20 277:16 278:12 291:17 306:2 346:11 349:6,9,11 **agreed** 57:20 214:9 **agreement**58:21 162:22

177:22 230:21 **agrees** 230:16,17 **agricultural** 172:23 319:5

319:11 320:18,24 **Agriculture** 113:15 **ahead** 5:23 90:2 117:6

118:18 136:11 195:9 247:17 271:3 **Aho** 78:8,10,11 85:23

86:13,17 **aimed** 95:5 **air**3:12,19,20 6:11 7:5,20

8:9 15:11,12 18:2 26:2 26:7 29:18 31:2,7,10,12 31:17 32:8,15 33:20 36:9 37:4,8,13,18 38:8 39:21,22 42:12 44:9,15 44:16 46:5 47:11 49:19 51:4 64:14 66:4 67:12 67:15,19,24 68:3,19 70:19 71:21 72:7 73:1,1 73:4,9,16 74:9,20 75:11 75:16,18 76:19,22 77:14 78:20 79:6 81:5 86:22,22,23 87:9,15 89:3 95:15 96:14,14 98:10 99:21 110:11 115:11 121:17 123:1 127:20 129:24 130:8 131:13 134:12 138:23 147:15,17,18 148:16 151:10 152:17 153:1 167:7 170:19 173:3 184:15,17 187:6,15,22 188:9 189:15 190:3 192:12 195:18 196:5 202:11,19 203:19 206:11 209:1 218:18 219:4,7 220:23 221:14 222:5,16 225:10,13,19 225:20,21,23 226:15,20 226:21,22,24 227:10 232:18,19 233:15,20 234:9,22 235:2,7,8,17 238:17,18,22 241:5,11 242:6,24 245:18 246:16 246:19 247:2 253:24 259:4,7,10 261:8 262:17 263:3 264:23 271:1 272:11,16 287:23 288:21 298:16 305:23 305:24 316:16,17,21 317:14,24 320:11 324:15 329:16 330:14 346:12,24 359:17 **airshed** 228:2 **airtight**96:21 315:8 **air-monitoring** 190:8 **Alabama**37:1 **Albert**337:5 **Albie** 337:6 **alder**342:6 **Alderman** 165:14,15

173:24 174:2 182:3,6 182:24 **alert** 145:16 **algorithim** 23:9 259:15 **align** 359:17 **Alison** 7:11 116:18 **alive** 104:10 106:9 **Allan** 195:5 202:4,5,6 **Allen** 330:6 **Allergy** 123:17 **alleviate** 171:7 **alleviates** 83:4 **Alliance** 123:12 143:11 **allies** 94:14 **allow**86:11 99:2 244:18

247:21 305:2 313:14 322:4 328:11 336:19 361:15 **allowable**39:20 **allowed** 105:12 116:10

178:13 289:4 330:23 **allowing** 98:15 110:23

132:22 155:16 352:19 **allows** 76:2 132:24

260:16 **almighty** 91:8 **almost**32:14 41:2 45:24

50:3 96:23 130:10 132:11 133:18 200:8 245:18 265:15 269:21 272:22 282:6 288:5 316:24 345:4 346:20 **alone**21:15 96:20 124:13

207:12 242:5,13 258:1 262:8 324:24 **along** 13:8 142:18 159:17

218:14 319:19 **already** 13:2 25:20 27:22

29:9 34:15 35:12 41:9 46:17 87:20 119:6 128:18 130:1 197:14 200:24 205:7 206:10 212:16 222:24 262:23 263:11,20 277:18 278:1 306:20 307:2 313:24 314:6 321:16 325:19 359:15 **ALSC** 163:2,9 **alter** 180:5,5 **altered** 58:10 **alternate** 356:2 **alternative** 28:6,11 35:4,7

52:7 154:11 297:9 298:8 **alternatives** 116:3 127:10 **although** 34:4 47:22

91:20 170:10 191:2 337:20 **always** 64:4 145:3 175:6 206:5 209:12 245:19 280:20 289:1,19 301:1 345:19 **amazing** 156:17 216:9

316:23 **ambient**26:5 78:20 96:14

99:21 190:3,7 235:7 324:15 **America**36:21 52:15

53:13 55:12 62:10 93:18 100:15 101:1,6 103:1,3,19,24 104:1,8 112:24 113:11 116:17 117:16 118:7 119:4 122:2 123:17 130:23 138:8 217:3 228:18 253:5,22 256:2 257:7 257:13 266:11,16 267:7 271:3,10,23 284:14 294:11 306:12 319:2,9 337:20 338:21 339:9 340:21 **American** 9:14 39:17

47:6 51:20 53:8 72:18 72:20,22 73:8 77:15 101:16,22,23 102:4,11 102:11,17,18 103:6,7 103:22,22 104:9,10,13 104:14,15,17 108:8 110:13 113:9,22 114:8 115:3,17,17 116:14,15 116:15 122:17 128:14 128:21 129:3,4,5 131:2 131:7,10,11 140:4 141:12 143:20 162:23 163:1,4 202:10 221:12 265:10 271:21 **Americans**49:21 52:4,8

91:17 109:12,12,15 139:14 220:24 251:17 254:6 **Americas** 273:6 **America's** 107:9 127:5

258:19 **among** 26:18 88:12 210:4

261:9 **amount**39:20 41:6 79:5

134:22 160:8 172:10 176:24 212:14 214:9 312:7 **amounts**43:3 146:16,23 **Ana**36:24 **analogy**272:4,14 **analysis** 24:4 83:9

270:22 **Analyst** 147:13 **analytical** 15:24 18:6

22:21 **ancillary** 105:18 **and/or**203:11,12 295:9 **anniversary** 72:23 **announced** 231:19 **annoyed** 188:12 **annual** 62:24 70:12

110:17 150:22 234:18 **annually**45:24 88:3 217:1 236:5 311:10 347:8 **another**76:4 81:7 83:7

91:22 127:11 142:23 154:17 157:2 221:4 231:16 254:15 255:12 261:19 267:4 273:4 274:3 288:11 327:6 328:18 335:21 352:7

**answer** 18:23 121:10

223:15 230:18 244:20 277:2 314:24 321:13 347:24 **answered** 320:16

**answers** 350:15 **Anthony** 253:17 **anthropogenic**43:22 **anticatalytic**280:3,6 **anticipate** 10:24 102:3

121:22 **anticipating** 119:19 **anti-catalytic**283:15 **anybody** 109:4 114:12

194:24 343:10,13 351:19,20 **anyone**5:3 77:4 272:15

282:13,18 362:8,13 **anyone's** 203:9 213:12 **anything** 83:15 106:12

173:13 175:13 197:1 317:1 339:19 340:20 341:16 362:13 **anyway** 18:21 194:8,8

352:7 362:22 **anyways** 347:8 **anywhere** 153:17 212:16

295:16 **apart** 144:13 314:19

317:3 318:4 **apnea** 170:13 **Appalachia** 106:21 **Appalachian** 267:24 **appalling** 255:3,24 **apparently** 83:17 **appealed** 314:22 **appealing** 200:22 **appear**83:10 **appears**235:15 326:3 **applaud** 192:2 **applauds** 68:7 245:23 **appliance** 16:5 56:24

106:24 129:6 139:5,21 145:2 183:14 186:21 212:15 289:16 296:5 300:9 316:5 317:5 344:20 **appliances** 14:18,18

29:20 52:17 60:13 96:4 97:6 104:15,18 111:11 126:5,14,22 133:13 137:9,13 138:24 139:15 139:16 145:7 159:1 167:15,18 168:20 191:16,21 210:6,21 211:3 219:10 221:5 222:1 224:1,14 236:24 238:1 248:20 274:21 276:5 279:22 282:16 288:9 289:22 297:6 324:1 327:19 334:12 **appliance's** 186:9 **applicable** 105:19 **applicants** 126:16 **applied** 8:14 15:20 330:7

335:13 **applies** 10:4 14:24 33:14

195:13 293:22 **apply** 10:8,9,11,15 33:10

76:10 195:15 271:21 324:9 327:11 **Applying** 202:24 **appreciate**47:24 78:22

83:24 96:5 116:20,21 124:16 131:23 156:8 186:1,12 222:9 223:5 223:17 250:22 259:6 273:7 290:19 291:20 298:12 305:16 310:6 319:8 321:12 348:9 350:4,21 357:16,20 362:24 363:1 **approach** 35:6,8 37:11

38:11,13 39:12 70:8 83:3 214:15 268:4 329:11 **approached** 106:19 **approaching** 190:20 **appropriate** 54:7 149:18

170:21 184:15 279:14 349:18 **appropriately** 33:17 80:1

185:16 **approval** 57:7 211:20

212:6,22,23 292:13 **approve** 289:2 **approved** 22:10 40:11

355:20,21 360:17 **approximately**40:15

60:16 71:10 101:2,13 101:18 133:9 233:19 235:24 236:11 257:18 258:2 300:23 311:9 312:6,16 **April** 1:4 111:12 190:9 **Arab** 91:7 **arbitrary** 270:18

**area**6:2 11:5 32:14 125:4

133:18 134:1,2,8,11,13 134:22,23 135:5 154:17 157:11,19 159:2 189:15 197:10 225:7 226:10 235:14 249:16,20 252:16 285:2 307:4 320:1,15 321:7 353:2 358:1

**areas** 3:21 4:18 6:12

18:20 31:10 109:17 143:13 210:7 218:22 221:9 251:14 254:2 297:1 321:11 323:4 **argue** 354:14 **argument**280:9,16

309:23 **arguments** 125:1

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**Arlington** 14:15 51:21 **aromatic**32:9 71:13,13

203:17 **around** 4:21 6:2 13:24

14:11 38:20 58:18 121:11 135:8,11,12 143:20 153:6 168:17 172:20 173:8 329:2 352:1 362:12 **arrangement**334:20 **arrangements** 178:14 **array** 33:11 **arrive** 215:6 **arrives** 172:22 **art**75:17 88:4 94:17 **article** 112:22 **articles** 338:13 **ash** 30:13 287:4 296:16 **ashes** 126:2 **asked** 3:9 15:14 57:23

62:20 95:12,13 167:24 201:15 237:14 252:17 273:11 274:3 316:8 335:15 341:18 347:21 **asking** 11:21 12:12 65:11

95:13 108:16,21 193:22 250:6 254:9 256:1,8 346:4 **asks** 115:8 **asleep**305:19 **aspect** 19:22 142:23

269:8,24 **aspects** 36:1 47:22

108:20 118:16 147:23 153:8 247:1 275:12 **assembled** 164:14 296:1

296:3 **asserted** 63:1 **assertion** 97:7 220:17 **assessment**74:17 **assistance** 83:2 113:6 **Assistant**2:15 30:23

131:20 **assisted** 330:16 **Associate** 19:4 **associated** 38:4 43:12

153:11 189:19 191:18 300:9 **association** 14:15,16

19:6 31:2,7 39:18 51:21 72:18,20,22 73:8 75:20 76:7 77:15 95:22 122:18 123:16,22 124:9 183:12 202:10 208:13 248:11 265:10 268:1 294:10 339:8,10

**assume** 19:14 191:10

197:21 **Assuming** 197:24

**assurance** 97:17 219:17

303:14

**assure** 111:10 164:23

357:3 **assured** 302:18 **assuredly** 113:21 **assuring** 219:3 **asthma**4:2,9,11 26:15 43:8,15 45:20 49:20,20 50:2 51:8 69:1 73:5 76:21 77:10 87:19,20 87:23 88:11 123:16,24 149:8 169:3 204:1,2,5 **asthmas**49:23 **asthmatics** 189:23 **ASTM** 228:24 230:20,21

231:2 273:24 274:5 298:5 340:19 341:11 **ASTME2558**40:9 **ata**275:9 **Atlantic**307:10 **atmosphere** 62:3 **atmospheric** 190:14 **attached** 92:18 167:20 **attack**91:21,22 281:4 **attacking** 281:16 **attacks**4:10,11 26:14

45:20 149:8 280:19,23 282:7 283:11 **attainment**234:21 **attempt** 180:5 **attempted** 148:12 **attempting** 324:14 **attend** 248:14 **attended** 172:9 252:17

253:6 316:7 330:21 **attending** 88:6 **attention** 19:23 39:4

79:16 91:13 105:1 107:19 260:6 **attorney** 67:14 **attractive** 80:8 221:8 **attributed** 32:17 **Auburn** 36:23 **audience** 192:22 230:17

280:18 281:2 321:17 351:10 **audit** 164:8 **audited** 62:19 137:17 **auditing** 53:16,19 161:13

162:18 163:10,13 164:13 **auditors** 161:15,17 **audits** 62:22 **augmented** 121:23 **August**47:16 300:13 **Austria**214:18 216:6 **authorities** 318:8 **authority** 53:12 130:15

256:4 289:12,21 **authorized** 136:18 **auto**205:17,23 **automated** 119:10,14 **automatic** 128:12 317:10 **automatically** 128:12,24 **automobile**228:7 330:15 **availability**270:8 **available**8:19 10:21 11:5

15:17 18:23 24:11 28:22 40:3 52:17 71:6 72:10 88:16 103:16 109:20 110:19 115:16 133:2 190:22 202:21 205:8 247:23 270:15 275:22 276:16 288:23 303:5,24 356:3 **average** 18:17 27:15,19

44:23 66:16 67:4 70:13 76:24 126:24 150:15 176:20 190:16 206:20 230:1 232:10 258:12 262:22 276:17 355:5,14 **averaged** 241:18 **averages** 153:15 **average-age**62:16 **averaging** 354:24 **avoid** 145:13 **avoided** 41:7 **avoiding** 134:18 **awaited** 353:22 **award** 196:5

**aware**80:14 90:15 178:16 **away** 73:24 94:16 111:14

126:20 167:1,4,8 169:10 171:14 173:14 199:7 211:23 221:10 252:5 256:2 282:1 **awfully**315:13 **axiomatic**328:19 **A-C-K-E-R-L-Y** 116:20 **A-H-O** 78:12 **A-L-B-I-E** 337:7

**a.m** 1:19

**B B**  98:2 **Babies** 123:20 **baby** 338:17 **back**2:18 5:4 9:22 11:6

13:3,24 24:22 60:22 62:3,22 91:18 100:23 101:10 105:3,9,11 111:19 112:4 113:10 121:24 124:24 127:2 144:18 158:14 194:14 195:6 206:6 209:12 216:3 224:8 231:17 248:16 250:17 287:21 310:9 311:8 327:1,19 338:17 348:15 **backed** 214:3 **background** 105:8

267:17 330:9 **backing** 113:12 **backyard** 90:16 151:5 **bad** 82:1 95:16 171:16

175:17 **baffle** 315:10 316:15,17

316:21 **baffles**260:10 **baghouses** 158:19 **bags** 54:2 163:24 **baking** 295:9 **balance** 38:15 41:23

226:21 227:10,14 240:10 **balances** 186:18,19 **bald** 305:15 **ball** 217:15,16 231:19,20

233:3 358:23 **ballpark** 196:19 **bally-hoed** 228:13 **ban** 38:20 39:23 60:23 93:21 **bank** 169:12 **banned** 57:1 281:15 **banning** 188:20 263:20 **bans** 39:11 306:24 **bar** 14:2 **Barbara** 195:5 202:6 **Barbecue** 14:14 19:6

95:22 248:10 **barbecues** 5:9 10:10 **Barden** 337:5,6,6 **bark**30:13 225:3 **barn** 172:9 322:3 **Barry** 122:10 125:13,13

131:15 **base** 103:11 216:21 **based** 31:14 35:11 42:21

51:21 53:4 84:5 89:9 95:22 98:8 100:11 128:7 135:22 144:24 151:3 152:14,15 164:18 175:4 235:21 258:18 268:22 277:10 285:5 333:9 355:7 **basic**256:2 **basically** 158:12,13

339:19 **basis** 59:3 117:15 133:8

142:8 237:19 **batch** 216:13 **bathrooms** 194:17 **battery** 157:1 **battles**205:17 **BDT** 16:7 119:7 **beat**258:10 **beautiful** 196:23 197:6,11

198:7 199:5,7 **beautifully** 197:7 **became**91:18 92:18 **become**39:1 87:21 106:8

139:13 159:13 165:20 166:9 185:23 200:21 212:7 239:11 263:5,15 264:5,8 320:2 342:12 353:17 **becomes** 83:14 182:12

199:18 216:11 226:15 226:22 303:16 328:21 **becoming** 29:16 182:20

212:5 **bed** 135:13 177:8 316:22 **Bedford** 86:20 **beep**25:1 **before**2:6 7:1,13 9:22

11:15 12:6 85:22 87:1 137:24 144:18 183:2 192:19 193:19 199:9 251:4 272:17 286:11 287:22 295:3 296:19 312:18 341:6 345:12 362:19 **began** 261:24 **begin** 11:16 25:19 91:4

108:12 111:17 178:24 193:19 320:24 321:5 353:22 **beginning** 3:8 5:1,1 16:16 214:6 293:19 **begins**286:14 **behalf**2:14 31:1 42:6,7

55:11 67:15 72:19 122:21,22 136:10,18 248:1 284:3 294:9 **behavior**80:22 86:7

328:21 **behaviors** 63:11 **behind** 256:19 **being** 2:22 4:3 35:12

36:21 57:13 60:21 94:4 101:16 115:6 120:1 125:6 133:3 144:6 154:5 167:14 168:4 173:6 212:7 215:14 219:19 228:13 245:10 270:24 272:23 288:17 298:11 307:6 342:15 343:6 344:23 360:6 362:21,23 363:2,10,10 **beings** 197:4 **believe** 34:7 76:12 96:16

96:19 112:21 117:14 118:11,13,20 119:8 121:8 124:15 134:21 137:3 139:9 142:11 145:11 155:11 176:8 177:22 181:15 196:8 211:16 212:19 215:21 215:23 217:2,5 218:7 227:22 243:10 252:14 258:21 260:5 263:3,5 264:13 281:2 297:8 315:24 319:14 324:16 324:22 325:14,16 329:23 340:21 344:2 346:12 349:24 359:18 **believed** 196:18 **believes** 138:9,20 147:2

260:15 **Bellevue**223:21 **belong** 284:11 **below**63:15 150:23 216:1

227:14 231:9 316:17 319:23 355:10 **Ben** 209:21 340:13 **benefit**27:1,23 65:17

85:7 127:18 132:23 196:20 200:16 220:16 270:21 **benefits** 6:10,14 9:11,16

26:23 27:4 28:9 29:18 38:13 42:20 45:13,22 61:11 80:13 85:12 89:17 90:14 117:11 126:17 140:3 153:2 184:1 191:17 206:14 208:22 219:4 240:21 274:23 **benefitting** 25:18 **Benjamin** 310:23 311:3 **benzene**32:10 **benzine**44:9 **Berry** 245:2,4,5 **besides** 140:2

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**best**25:14 34:19,23

35:11 40:6 53:4 70:17 71:6,21 72:10 77:18 130:18 131:5 158:3 202:18 213:13 216:9 222:4 257:20 304:20 324:9 340:9 348:12 354:10 360:5 364:10 **bet**351:7 **Beth** 332:7 **better**3:12,13 20:16 34:7

64:7,7 142:13 154:11 175:14 207:14 213:11 216:21 227:9 229:19,24 272:2 316:13 336:20 **better-performing** 289:9 **between** 9:15 23:17 55:1

65:21 66:6 80:2 125:6 135:3 169:6 216:12 236:13 264:15 289:7 301:21 308:22 309:19 319:16 359:10 **beyond**4:8 28:21 84:19

205:3 208:16 253:6 **bias** 331:10 **biased** 332:8 **Biber**323:19,20,20 **bifocals** 352:10 **bifurcation** 331:21 **big** 12:5,6,7 22:6 117:6

201:5 231:6 255:8 259:21 285:3 315:13 316:3 320:15 **bigger**237:2 329:15 **biggest**49:22 144:7

358:1 **bill** 251:21 278:13 **billion** 26:24 45:23

132:19 **billions**42:19 **billion-dollars** 50:3 **bills** 52:6 169:23 170:5 **bin** 353:8,8,9,11,12 **bins** 353:5,6 **bio**61:21 158:2 **BioLight** 157:3 160:20 **biomass** 52:3 132:8

157:4 161:11 183:10,13 183:13 184:10,13 185:7 185:12 197:17 311:17 **birch** 154:8 **bit**20:17 120:22 194:7

341:4,14 **black**94:12 197:1 342:5 **Blaze** 352:13 355:3,9,15 **blind** 106:10 **blocks** 93:15 **blow**227:13 273:5 **blown** 106:6 **blows** 316:21 **BNL** 320:4 **board** 123:9 182:22 202:9

294:10 **boasts** 60:12 **Bob** 90:1,4 **bodies**212:1 **body** 162:20,24 163:3 164:12 211:18,22 **boiler**46:24 169:16 186:3

298:23 299:5 303:5,24 304:11 359:8 **boilers** 3:1 5:17 6:18 8:8

27:11 28:5 29:16 33:19 42:13,17 43:5 46:11,21 47:2 48:4 69:11 75:15 87:7 88:18 89:2,9 137:3 138:7 151:7 152:6 243:17 298:21 303:18 303:21 357:15,15,16 359:24 **Bold** 123:18 **Bonar** 195:5,10,11

198:21 199:1,4 **book**90:18 337:10

338:15 340:1,4 **books** 340:1 **borrow**22:8,8 **Boston** 1:18 90:15

239:23 305:15 **both** 9:4 12:10,10 15:1

20:23,24 22:24 23:3,12 53:2 54:12 58:13 70:12 74:10 78:22 90:24 95:24 96:13 100:1 124:12,15 125:9 136:2 178:21 181:2 183:20 184:18 186:23 190:5 218:9,11 220:15 222:15 225:24 247:6 284:11 291:8 306:4 310:10 323:12 331:17 335:23 357:2 361:23,23 362:2 **bothered** 254:20 **bothers** 254:15 **bottom** 17:6 135:1 290:6

341:5 347:14 **bought**283:1 **box** 144:16 197:1 316:3 **boxing** 341:7 **boy**275:10 338:17 **BPA**332:7 **branch** 310:6 **Brandon** 122:10 125:13 **brands**218:1 257:22

324:1 **break** 12:20 144:13

192:18 310:23 318:13 363:4 **breath** 68:2 123:18 **breathe** 171:1 **breathing** 169:15 173:21

188:17 189:17 203:22 **Brett**251:1 257:4 **brick**295:23 296:7

316:22 338:21 **brief**79:16 83:24 209:13 **briefly**257:8 **bring** 25:20 46:6 77:23

79:15 104:8 117:18 214:6,16 230:9 **bringing** 25:21 113:1

165:10 217:15 **brings** 312:22 **British** 170:17 **broad** 33:15 150:11 152:4 277:22 279:21 **broaden** 88:21 **broader**32:20 138:14 **broad-reaching** 150:2 **brochure** 354:18 **brochures** 215:7 **broken** 341:16 **bronchitis** 170:12,15 **Brookhaven** 359:8,16

361:22 **brothers** 213:23 **brought**39:3 94:5 170:18

205:21 224:17 297:22 313:7 340:11,12 **Brown** 327:11,13 **Brown's** 327:12 **Bruce**298:19,20 **BSER**274:22 276:23

277:6,9 279:3 **BSR**277:9 **BTU** 69:20,24 70:1 130:2

130:20 133:8 186:14 214:10 215:6 217:5 276:14 319:23 320:1,9 322:2,5,10 **BTUs** 58:10 59:6 278:18

319:17 **budget**309:22 **build** 97:20 108:16,21,23

108:23 110:19 116:16 249:22 252:3,10 340:23 352:17 **building** 16:14 65:5 108:6

108:14 109:12 113:8,10 192:11 224:3 285:7 294:2 296:24 337:7 338:1 341:8,20 **buildings** 105:19 304:13 **builds**226:13 **buildup** 300:8 **built**3:11 22:1 57:6 65:7

65:7 77:21 98:10 294:4 295:23 296:3 298:12 340:14 **built-in** 196:22 **bulbs** 116:9 **bulk**21:4 **bunch** 64:17 **burden** 65:12 235:4

244:13 **burdened** 52:5 203:11 **burdens** 168:3 **burdensome**256:10 **Bureau** 143:7 172:23

187:14 188:9 216:22 **bureaucracy**212:13 **burn** 3:6 5:11 33:24 40:12

83:15 87:4 121:4 122:2 127:10 142:23 149:17 153:17 207:10 225:18 226:11 227:1,13 229:7 230:13 232:2,3,6,12,14 233:4 254:8 258:6 260:9,13 275:3 276:9 276:16 286:14,17 287:3 288:18 290:2 294:22 306:24 313:20 314:18 316:4,19 317:2,15,18 318:3 333:2 340:9,15 341:5 354:9,16,20,22 **burned** 2:22,24 41:10

94:4 146:22 172:24 236:5,11 286:11 316:23 332:18,20 341:12,12 **burner** 168:4,8,12 173:5

173:12 **burners** 200:12,24

248:19 265:18 326:13 **burning** 10:2 14:18 38:19

41:4 65:18 68:4 74:3 75:12 79:3 94:16,18,21 119:15 121:3 127:15 128:2 131:6 141:15 142:15,18 143:2,5,14 144:3 150:21 154:12 168:3 171:4,13,22 173:18 191:13 195:14 196:7,23 197:6 215:16 215:17 231:8 235:14,23 236:22 240:18 241:3,14 242:21 251:14 252:6,7 252:24 263:14 287:14 289:24 309:7,12 314:13 314:14 316:11 341:11 347:10 357:7,8 359:19 359:21 **burns** 62:2 197:6 207:19

232:8 240:8 252:18 353:22 356:12 **burnt**295:8,16 **Burnwise** 348:23 **burn-rate**8:15 9:21 **Bushway**283:24 293:17

293:18,24 **business** 16:24 17:4 20:5

56:1,16 59:22 60:1,22 61:16 94:12,19 100:21 100:23 101:4,12 102:9 103:18 108:9 113:16,21 115:8 131:3 142:3 179:7 196:11 216:22 234:13 238:19 250:16 250:17 251:21 252:1 254:14 256:11,22 259:1 259:22 260:3 263:1,12 264:19 290:6 298:22 299:3 301:5,10,11 302:10 303:4 314:10 319:1 321:2 334:7 335:3 343:1 360:21 **businesses** 15:5 16:12

16:15 22:12 79:10 84:21 101:24 113:3,7 129:4 131:10 134:15 140:10 142:5 251:15 254:5,8 256:15 260:3 273:5 308:6 319:10 334:4 **business's** 290:6 **business-related** 270:10 **button** 24:23 **buy** 106:23 107:15 160:6

170:15 199:7 201:13 250:9 282:20 283:19 287:18 **buyer** 169:10 **buyers** 63:16 151:12 **buying** 89:14 111:1,4

169:8 191:8 228:8 272:19 327:13 **buys** 327:11 **buzzer**24:20 **bypass** 64:4 145:3,5

146:22 199:16,17 281:24 282:21 **bypassed** 345:21 **bypasses**287:1 **bypassing** 282:1 **B-A-R-D-E-N** 337:7 **B-A-R-R-Y** 125:14 **B-E-R-R-Y** 245:5 **B-I-B-E-R**323:21 **B-U-S-H-W-A-Y**293:24 **B415.1** 128:10

**C cabins**  105:18 **calculation** 265:11 **California**36:24 95:23 **California's** 205:18 **call** 11:10 118:5 173:8

193:14 229:3,4 **called** 337:10 338:6 **calling** 47:12,18 50:8

252:4 **callouses** 309:17 **calls** 50:10,16,23,24

77:15 237:3 **Calvin** 100:6,9

**came**58:7 62:22 90:18

93:20,20,20 157:6 166:21 214:24 215:7 224:8 341:17 **camp**88:3,6 106:16 **campaign** 134:21 **Canada**52:20 96:1

130:13 170:18 257:19 281:13 **Canadian** 128:7,18

130:24 **Canadian-based** 129:1 **Canadian-manufactured**

128:8

**cancer**44:14 73:7 169:24

203:24

**cancerous** 32:15

**cancers** 189:15 **cap** 58:12 69:24 70:5 **capabilities** 210:5 **capable**47:6 53:22

266:19 269:4 **capacity** 137:1 306:24 **capita**246:7 **capital** 22:6 **capture** 153:23 241:13

242:14 **captured** 153:13

**car**91:20 156:15 175:6

205:18 **carbon** 32:7 42:12 44:7

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56:14 60:13,14 61:23 61:24 62:2,7 71:11 74:7 87:8 93:14,19 127:6,17 133:2 150:9,17 151:16 157:23 158:1,5,6,13 189:6 203:15 275:15 297:13 300:7 **carbon-beneficial** 138:1 **carbon-neutral** 132:10

298:15 **carcinogenic**71:12

203:20 **carcinogens** 74:9 87:10 **cardio** 189:19 **cardiovascular**43:8,14

75:2,6,8 77:10

**care** 54:21 106:10 309:11

345:12

**career**224:16 266:21 **carefully**244:7 **Carolina** 7:6,10,22 **carried** 106:4 **Carroll** 14:9 19:1,2,4

24:13,17 330:6,6 337:1 **carry** 65:12 88:7 115:21 **carrying** 164:15 **carryover**23:10

**cars** 91:19 92:19 276:5 **cascading** 269:9

**case** 124:10 127:22

143:22 200:8 271:5 280:18 354:7 355:7

**cases** 20:23 49:23 78:21

148:10 206:22 **cast**20:20 21:3,5,7,9,19

64:16 65:5 92:23 257:24 263:1 296:14 316:1,18,19 326:21 360:7 **casting** 21:15 **castings** 90:9 244:11

246:10 267:4 339:2 **cat** 144:16,20 145:2,4,9

145:24 146:19,21 158:17 309:1 **catalyst**82:10 282:20

292:10,14 311:17 330:17,24 331:6,14 332:17 333:12,13,14,19 334:4,17 335:23 **catalysts** 81:21,23

292:13 332:24 333:18 334:5,18,19,24 335:18 **catalyst-equipped** 81:16

336:6 **catalytic**20:24 21:11

29:14 64:3 80:2 81:19 130:1 144:8,11 145:12 199:10,12,14 232:7 258:14,16 260:8 261:5 261:14,15 262:6,13 263:17 274:21 277:21 278:1,14 279:11,16,21 280:4 281:4,17,20,21 281:22,23 282:12,15,17 282:20,23 283:12,18 285:3,4,8 286:1,4,6,15 287:22 288:8,11,15,19 288:22 291:7,21 292:4 308:23 309:3 312:3 324:4 329:7 330:8,15 331:12,13,18 332:1 333:2 334:2,11,16 335:2,17 336:4 345:18 352:16,18,23 355:10 357:2,8 **catalytics** 335:1 **catalytic-equipped**

356:22 **catastrophes** 269:10 **catch** 192:24 265:22

306:18 358:2 **categorically** 97:6 **categories**46:9 115:14

126:13 152:4 155:16 197:17 261:10,22 264:14 354:10 **category** 29:23 39:7

62:12 101:3 115:22,22 127:20,20 128:17 129:7 152:10 176:13 181:20 195:16 258:1 261:6 262:1 354:10 **cats** 232:13

**caucus** 57:18 214:5

**cause**43:6 69:17 73:7

160:4 167:3 198:3 203:22 208:7 264:21 343:16 **caused** 68:24 143:1

169:8 253:10

**causes** 75:2,3 241:14

243:2 345:17 **causing** 26:12 32:1 50:4

77:22 **cavalier**22:11 **CBI** 334:13 355:4 **CCS** 158:2

**cease** 188:21 **celebrates** 72:23 **cellphone** 198:17 **cementing** 326:7

**census** 114:10 143:7 **center**48:15 50:6,15 51:6

123:20 304:1 338:22 **centers**218:5 **central** 27:9 28:17 73:1

129:7 151:2 284:7 298:23 299:5 303:5,18 303:21,24 304:10 **century**46:2 255:11,19

294:17 338:2 **CEO** 14:14 72:17 100:10

195:11 **ceramic**316:15 330:10 **ceramics** 330:7,13

335:13 **certain** 19:17 82:19 84:9

98:6 154:1 198:1 250:1 279:10 286:9 288:24 **certainly** 91:13 96:5

99:16 130:10 136:4 194:15 202:2 223:16 250:14 310:17 **certainty** 130:12 187:2 **certificate**62:16 66:16

163:22 **certificated** 62:23 **certificates** 23:10 65:10

308:15 **certification** 16:20 29:24

35:23 53:7 98:21 99:2,3 99:6 139:2 153:9 185:18 211:15,18 212:1 212:20 213:16 225:15 266:23 267:1 269:12 296:23 298:8 302:19 356:11,13 **certifications** 155:10 **certified** 30:2 46:17 65:14

65:20 66:4 67:1 96:12 105:7 137:18 139:4 146:15 210:16 230:4,8 231:9 284:13 293:3 298:1 305:5 314:16 317:4 324:2 332:22 **certify** 22:19 210:21

228:5 237:24 297:23 302:7 364:8 **certifying** 210:17 211:18

211:22 212:10 228:7 **cetera**285:15 332:10 **chain** 217:15,16 231:19

231:20 233:3 **chair**294:9 **Chairman** 330:9 **challenge** 130:17 156:20

186:1,12 205:24 259:21 **challenges** 206:2 **challenging** 114:21

115:12 **chamber**296:9 **chambers** 295:2 **chance**22:17 95:10

146:6 175:14 198:21 338:23 **change** 15:7,8,10,10 18:5

18:6 21:8 28:20,23 29:10 48:20 59:14,23 66:3 67:4 83:3 85:24 86:2 89:4 94:1 96:6,10 99:14,20 119:8 121:7,8 121:11 124:11,18 134:21 174:14 207:5 208:17 210:15 222:1 223:9 253:13,20 255:5 255:7 304:1,9 307:3 309:6 315:1 325:18 328:11 349:3 353:14 **changed** 56:10 73:19

141:23 159:7 261:24 265:8 304:5 **changes** 15:23 18:9

19:15,18 20:8,12 21:15 21:22 23:5,7,14 97:4,7 97:16,17 98:4 127:7 158:8,18,24 192:10 201:21 210:11 219:16 220:18 234:1 248:22 250:2,5,12,20 260:23 316:14 324:12 333:23 **changing** 5:24 38:7,9 94:2 186:3 214:24 215:2 265:18 **channels**295:2 296:10

314:23 **chapter** 123:15,18 **characteristics**297:19 **charcoal** 153:20 **charge** 153:16 157:1

160:18 294:23 341:6 **charged** 113:1 **charges** 153:17 157:4 **Charles** 131:18 **Charlie** 136:15 **chart** 133:22 135:5,17 **charts** 135:1 253:16 **cheap**214:19 **cheaper** 142:21 191:10 **check**289:15 **checked** 289:16 **Chelsea**67:10,11,14 **cherished** 93:6 **chest** 170:13 **chestnut**342:7 **Chief**36:18 **childhood** 76:21 126:3 **children** 9:5 43:9,16

45:19 49:21,23 50:23 69:2 87:17,18,23 88:12 161:5 189:23 204:6 308:8 **Childrens** 77:8 **chill** 325:17 329:24 **chimineas** 10:11 182:19 **chimney** 82:12 141:7,18

141:22,24 142:4,10,17 144:7 145:5,13,14,16 145:23 146:2,17,24 147:3,4 195:12 284:7 284:10,12,13,13,15,17 284:20 285:6 286:2,16 286:19,21 289:19 291:6 293:20 295:4 327:3,6 328:24 342:23 343:4 344:13 345:1,17 346:6 347:7 **chimneys** 5:13 94:23

145:22 285:18,19,22 300:2 329:2 **Chinese**294:14 **chip**28:4 30:4 **choice**4:19 18:11 138:15

139:14 162:15 184:8 191:11 261:3 296:13 300:5 **choices** 79:22 151:13 **chokes**229:11 231:14,14 **choking** 50:20 **choose** 54:6 123:11

127:9 157:22 277:15 290:1 347:20 **chopped** 92:5 **chores** 126:3 **chosen** 197:20 361:18 **CHP** 157:6,9 159:17

160:10 **Chris** 156:5 161:9,10 337:5 342:22 352:8,11 **Christine** 1:23 364:7,17 **chronic**4:9 73:6 77:9

149:2 203:11 204:7 **Chuck**209:5 213:21 **chunk**315:20 **chunks** 315:7,13,19 **cigarette** 165:24 166:1 **circulation** 94:9 **circumstances** 323:7 **circumvent**243:23 **circumvents** 264:9 **cited** 188:14 208:8

270:24 **cities** 26:6 **citizen** 48:19,21 208:11 **citizens** 93:24 187:21

192:13 235:1 237:5 240:4 243:11 **city** 37:1 74:21 106:15,16

133:15 134:2 241:16 **Clackamas** 209:10 **claim** 334:14 358:17 **claimed** 130:16 **claims**276:14 282:3,5

358:11 **Claire**48:9,11 **clarification** 267:16

298:3 321:16 **clarify** 305:2 **clarifying** 192:21 **class** 119:5,19 201:8

279:21 359:6 **classes** 77:17 261:9

279:17 **classic**304:3 **classics** 304:11 **classroom** 360:11,11 **clause** 168:9 **clean** 31:2 41:4 46:4,13

48:17,24 50:9 51:4 66:4 67:12,15,19 68:2 70:19 71:21 72:6 73:16 75:17 86:21,22,23 93:23 94:10 95:15 98:10 119:15 120:10 133:14 134:12 137:14 138:23 147:18 186:15 187:4 191:14 195:18 196:5 202:19 205:18 217:6 219:4,7 221:14 228:13 229:8 230:4,14 232:5,5 233:15 238:17 245:18 250:13 256:19 261:8 264:7 272:6,8 281:22 282:18 287:3 299:9 305:23 330:14 333:2 342:16 356:12 357:7,9 359:17,19,21 **cleaned** 66:5 145:13

253:24 **cleaner**3:10 8:24 9:18

24:9 25:17 29:3 38:8,10 39:10 40:13 44:16 47:8 77:14 85:6 89:3 94:18 118:12 121:6,20 138:8 138:12 185:13,23 187:6

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188:5 191:10,16 192:12 207:2,5 208:24 214:16 222:5 258:13,15 259:4 259:4,10 272:12,17 304:2 310:13 325:21 334:10 340:20 356:12 361:8 **cleaner-burning** 27:6,23

29:8 39:15 94:2 142:11 155:15 214:6 **cleanest**25:13 155:24

196:7 208:7 223:23 **cleanest-burning** 196:2 **cleaning** 93:18 287:20 **cleanly** 117:17 149:17

196:23 240:9 **cleanup** 57:24 58:3,4,9

58:22 59:5,13,20 60:22 61:2 **clean-burning** 40:20 41:8

54:14 57:4,9 137:12 184:12 185:7 195:22 196:9 205:7 226:3 281:17 296:22 335:20 355:10 **clean-combusting** 137:7 **clear**28:12 120:21 168:2

185:2 233:15 252:5 258:1 284:5 306:13 321:6 356:19 358:21,23 361:4 **clearer** 119:9 **clearly**47:14 143:23

268:11 276:6 **ClearStak** 156:8 160:21 **Clegg** 337:10 **cleverly** 351:23 **cliff**59:8 **climate**213:14 243:1

246:17 253:13,20,22 255:5,7 294:18 **climbing** 184:8 **clock**58:18 **clog** 287:8 **clogs**287:3 **close** 32:3 93:21 122:12

125:21 265:15 271:15 316:10 355:12 357:18 **closed**49:15 **closely** 16:14 125:10

212:20 220:3 236:23 238:2 355:12 **closeout** 111:6 **closes** 194:19 **closest**327:4 **closing** 95:11 120:22

124:20 186:22 228:4 264:11 272:20,21 347:22 356:17 362:22 **Club**254:22 255:8 267:24

268:1 **clustered** 236:23 **CO** 157:17 274:19 275:19

275:24 276:10 289:15 **coal** 10:13 60:16 118:8

127:15 272:6,8 **coalition** 123:2,11,11,13 123:21,24 330:8 352:23 **coalitions** 123:10 **coals** 341:8 **Coast** 161:16,16 307:9 **coatings** 335:11 **Codman** 123:19 **coffee** 14:2 **cold** 2:20 20:15 177:8

215:14,16,20 216:12,12 246:17 295:21 305:11 305:13 315:14 316:22 **colder**26:7 190:12 **coldest**242:8,22 **collaborating** 15:6 **collar** 105:12 **colleagues** 294:12

305:13 307:2,9 **collected** 164:6 178:1 **collecting** 61:24 353:22 **collection** 274:18 **collectively** 235:13,16 **Colorado** 340:17 341:3 **colors** 341:13 **Columbia**31:9 170:17 **combination** 23:6 158:21 **combinations**277:11,14 **combined** 5:19 6:8,8 **combustibles** 108:20 **combustion** 25:24 26:4

31:23 32:17,21,24 33:12 35:21 43:18 47:21 49:11 87:11 125:23 137:15 139:19 148:15,20 153:11 175:16 189:10 225:13 225:18,23 226:2,12,13 226:14,19,22 227:9,11 233:10 235:23 279:6 294:24 296:9 315:10 317:10 336:5 360:2 **combustor** 145:24

263:18 281:24 286:5,7 286:11,12,22 287:1,3,6 292:4,7,19 332:21 355:16,19,19 356:3,5 356:12,16 **combustors** 199:12

287:14 355:23

**come**7:2 14:8 17:22 32:3

43:4 76:6 87:1 112:4 119:11 130:23 135:9 137:15 156:2 187:10 193:15,16 209:12 233:23 251:3 254:4 283:1,6 285:18 289:5 294:21 306:18 309:5 313:8 332:7 337:16 350:18 355:24 357:17 357:20

**comes** 3:5 126:7 194:9

199:12 309:6 **comfort**294:6 **comfortable**295:14

305:7 315:19 **coming** 6:16,23 21:4

35:23 72:13 127:2 148:2 186:15 217:14 267:5 334:14 363:5 **comment**2:17 19:3 51:14

66:23 67:2 117:2 130:11 179:12,21 228:10 267:18 278:23 357:23 358:8,24 **comments** 7:24 10:17,23

11:2,4 12:15 23:13 24:11 30:18 31:14,16 36:2 55:14 63:12 69:4 69:12 72:13,19,21 78:16 79:18 85:15 105:6 124:10 136:8 137:22 183:9 187:19 192:4,5 195:15 204:23 205:13 208:20 210:8 228:23 233:24 237:23 239:13 245:7,10 247:4 248:1 257:11 266:14 267:21 273:8 275:12 290:15 291:1,19 297:16 330:4 348:5 350:4 362:10 **Commerce** 113:16 **commercial** 71:4 319:22

320:8,19,20,24 323:4 **commercially-available**

71:1,4,7,17 **commission** 94:6 121:13 **commissioned** 63:8 **Commissioner**25:5

30:23 78:11,12 85:17 239:18,20 246:8,15 **commissions** 112:2 **commit**95:8 **commitment**52:24 55:3

302:23 **committed** 137:6 339:19 **committee**53:8 141:10

144:9 162:8,23 163:2 164:20 294:9 298:9 **committing** 83:17

**common** 38:15 41:13

72:4 85:5 205:23 310:4 339:12 360:9 **commonly**226:17 **Commonwealth** 1:1

202:7 364:1

**common-sense**268:4 **communities** 3:15 4:13

4:16 38:20 47:10 48:17 51:5 72:4 87:22 123:12 233:16 235:18 236:22 241:10 307:5 **community**6:15 44:16

116:22 123:9 242:11 311:9 **companies** 16:24 17:3

21:5,6 22:24 23:2,12,22 40:15 51:23 56:12 64:12 98:17 99:12 101:16,22 109:11,22 111:15,18,21 157:14 160:21,24 248:16 270:4 272:24 281:12,16 283:10 313:7 **company** 21:24 22:22 39:3 55:24 57:15 59:6 63:9 100:10 104:22 108:2,8 109:9 111:18 114:14,20 115:3,18 125:15 126:9 130:7 136:17 137:6 157:2 195:12,17 196:4,19 213:24 214:15 216:5 223:11 224:3,15 249:9 249:18 250:17 257:20 262:20 267:11 274:11 275:8 281:8 293:24 311:5,16 312:4,24 318:23 331:11 334:12 337:9 357:14 358:4 359:16,22 360:4,15,21 **company's** 200:8 **comparable**276:18

300:3 **comparably** 130:5 **comparatively** 329:20 **compared** 138:13 140:6

140:8 224:24 262:18 333:12 **comparison** 151:6 **compelled** 68:5 **compellingly**268:11 **compete**210:13 **competition** 66:6 328:12

329:22 330:16 **competitive** 62:11 211:10

213:17 244:18 277:5 **competitiveness** 329:14 **compiled** 230:2 **complainants** 188:15 **complaint**6:20 237:3

341:21 **complaints** 6:17 166:20

182:17 188:7,10 208:12 **complete** 10:23 63:11

72:21 164:1 212:15 219:13 248:1 294:24 **completed** 58:1 245:10

332:12 **completely** 59:21 60:5

142:19 145:15 171:24 195:22 201:10 287:1 302:12 **completely-renewable**

62:5 **Complex**65:24 **complexities** 326:9 **complexity** 237:18 326:5 **compliance** 35:4,6 83:20

105:14 137:18 163:21 164:4 174:11,15 176:17 176:23 178:2 181:24 205:1 207:8,10,12 259:15 269:15 289:17 289:22 297:17 324:17 324:23 326:17 329:23 358:15 360:8 361:17 **compliant**23:21 115:16

177:15 187:3 207:22 361:8 **complicated** 264:5,9 **complies** 163:18 **comply** 9:13 47:3 71:8 128:13 129:13,21 131:12 139:16 191:1,3 192:1 360:16 **component**20:10 138:21 **components** 54:12 64:24

69:7 149:22 164:9 165:22 207:14 295:24 345:8 **compound**45:8 **compounding** 77:22 **compounds**44:8 74:8

150:10 189:7 203:16 226:17 **comprehensive** 139:12

186:4 332:4 **comprised** 189:4 **comprising** 257:22 **compromise**85:7 206:9 **computer-modeled**

340:8

**con** 90:24 **concentrations** 76:24

243:3 246:20 **concentrators** 61:23 **concept**96:6

**concern** 154:17 188:1

213:7 234:8 237:2 241:24 247:5 262:15 292:10 322:23 335:21 358:2 **concerned** 19:8,10 21:20

50:7 96:22 109:6 188:15 218:21 242:12 249:2 251:9 354:1 355:15 **concerning** 179:13

335:15

**concerns** 19:22 20:1,11

79:8,17 83:4 84:17 118:14 153:8 191:24 192:3 210:10 222:10 237:5 238:11 242:1 257:9 259:6 266:12 306:3 324:10 343:18 345:13 348:10 **conclude** 17:14 189:2

244:21 **concluded** 74:24 363:16 **concluding** 268:13 **conclusion** 141:1 146:13

155:20 213:3 333:9 **condensation** 286:24 **condition** 336:2 **conditioning** 335:22

336:1,9 **conditions** 35:17 190:14

243:2 246:19 272:23 308:15 317:19 **conducive** 190:14 **conduct** 130:4 **conducted** 128:6 154:23

162:2 190:8 236:3 268:7 **conducting** 266:20

268:24 **Conference** 339:15

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**confidence**269:1 **confident** 125:8 165:8

249:23 259:24 **configuration** 82:11 **confirmed** 353:17 **conjunction** 15:23 **connected** 212:20 327:2 **Connecticut**76:22

171:10 182:9 187:15,18 187:21 188:1,6,20 190:1,9 191:23 192:12 323:22 328:6 **connection** 123:3 338:18 **consecutive** 330:22

**consensus** 53:3 58:23

128:7 **consequence** 17:23 24:5

81:7 83:7 240:19 243:14 343:24 **consequences** 19:9 77:8

79:14 142:16 186:23 319:15 **Consequently**270:1 **Conservancy**268:2 **Conservation** 239:22

268:1

**conserver**342:12,15 **consider** 10:22 18:11

24:2 29:21 69:4 76:18 80:2 94:16 106:1 138:16 162:15 186:23 234:15 295:17 304:18 316:1 343:14 355:13 **considerable** 15:18 **considerably** 19:19

196:16 198:9 336:4 **consideration** 35:1 63:21

204:24 208:9 **considerations**23:19

361:14 **considered** 60:5 63:24

77:1 112:20 205:23 216:18 264:13 301:16 305:4 321:3 348:2 **considering** 81:9 251:10

264:24 267:17 336:23 **considers** 301:19 **consignment**327:24 **consistent**52:19 55:4

137:20 162:13,13 165:10 198:14 243:5 277:19 285:17 321:7 **consistently** 5:11 139:20 **consists** 296:6,15 315:6 **constantly** 65:20 **constituents** 189:5

203:14 **construction** 293:8 **consultant** 136:17 224:9

231:7 **consultants**230:23 **consulting** 59:9 224:10

**consumer** 18:17 33:6

37:16 42:1 63:9 64:10 79:21 85:7 103:7,11,22 104:18 107:8 120:9,15 126:15 127:1 174:24 221:7 230:15 247:13 259:20 260:18 261:3 264:2,9 276:18 279:24 299:11 306:5 324:5 334:19 335:14 342:11 353:13 354:12 357:7

**consumers** 17:13,14

20:12 23:2,18 25:18 27:4 28:6 33:3 38:6 41:18 42:22 47:9 52:24 54:15,22 55:5 63:6 65:23 81:17 82:22 110:4 119:23,24 120:4 120:10,16 121:21 126:20 139:2 184:1,9 184:19 186:22 187:5 207:1,17 218:9 219:2 220:16 221:4,12,23 232:22 238:2 260:18 275:19 276:7,19,20 297:10 299:14,17,22 300:5 318:7 354:15 **consumer's** 137:13 **consumer-oriented**

117:9 **consumption** 128:4

184:7 **contact**201:10 323:13 **contacted** 238:8 **contacting** 238:7 **contain** 154:24 155:6

300:19 **contained** 62:2 **contains** 3:22 32:6

140:24 **contaminants** 155:2 **contaminated** 155:6 **contemplated** 21:22 35:9

99:15 **content**30:13 176:20

225:5 **contest**278:6 **continually** 304:23 **continuation** 149:12 **continue** 12:19 18:15

19:13 35:24 77:21 92:20 107:11 121:3 135:11 155:17 164:21 206:9 222:12 235:20 249:21 260:17 289:3 296:24 301:10 315:5 343:7 **continued** 17:2 18:13

52:16 53:5 98:16 149:15 164:3 269:14 356:15 **continues** 39:19 117:1

190:1 208:18 340:23 **continuing**41:18 235:10

313:19 **continuous**218:8 **continuously**288:5 **contract**338:14 **contracted** 59:9 **contractor**289:18 332:7 **contrary** 197:23 **contribute**26:5 54:12 87:11 117:5 134:17 187:6 **contributed** 190:11 **contributes**43:24 74:20

132:19 235:23 **contributing** 265:9 **contribution** 224:2 **contributions** 190:17,19 **contributor** 133:4 **contributors** 51:22 **control** 26:19 31:8,18

32:20 156:16 157:14 190:24 202:17 233:11 236:2 288:21 306:23 316:20 317:10 **controls** 63:23 66:1

157:1,19 159:8 282:17 311:16 **convened** 60:2 **convenience** 110:8 **conveniently** 307:9 **conventional** 299:13

301:16,20,23 302:3 303:8 **conversation** 323:15 **conversations** 352:4 **Conversely** 331:17 **conversion** 325:24

326:12,17 **convert** 146:20 **converter**285:10,14,16

330:15 345:19 **converters** 285:9 **converting** 325:20 **convey** 156:9 **conveyed** 90:23 **convinced** 97:1 196:13

197:18 **convincing** 255:16 **Conyers** 161:14 **cool** 64:19 **cooler**345:15,24 **cools**225:23 **cooperating** 218:16 **cooperation** 55:1 **cooperative** 318:24 **coordinated** 147:14

242:6 **Coordinator**233:10 **COPD** 170:24 **copies** 12:11 194:12

338:5 **copy** 12:12 140:20 141:1 **cord** 16:1 35:20 41:10

56:7 58:14 61:13,15 65:11,14,19 66:5 85:2 92:2 159:2,2,4 175:20 176:6,10 181:2,13,17 181:20 207:11,11,16 215:18 216:11 220:2,5 220:9,11 222:20 225:19 225:21 226:4,12 227:9 228:6,24 229:4,7,17 230:10,14,18 231:4,8 231:11,24 238:4 249:4 270:12,13,17 273:13,19 310:1 313:20 340:17,19 341:11 353:23 354:23 **cordierite** 335:9 **cords** 236:12 332:18 **cordwood** 97:21

**core** 164:13 296:6,11

319:1 **correct**94:24 141:8

201:20 209:24 279:2 322:9 351:3 **Corrected** 1:4 **correction** 177:21,23

178:6 **correctly** 66:2 241:7

289:24 290:2 **correlated** 149:2 **correlation** 133:22 135:3 **corresponding** 84:3 **corridor**44:3 **cost** 19:18 20:7,12 23:4

26:24 27:2,8 35:1 37:14 37:16,24 40:18 45:24 50:3 58:14,19,20 59:11 59:16,18 64:12,24 82:17 84:5 97:2,5,8,12 99:16 102:14,15,16,16 104:2,2,3 111:20 112:2 126:12,18,21 127:2,19 131:12 140:9 142:24 145:19 146:20 169:17 176:1 177:3,16 181:7 185:19 191:20 207:6 219:6 220:13,18,19,21 221:6,24 248:24 249:7 259:23 262:16,19,24 278:11 295:19 299:8,12 299:24 325:3,6,12 328:11 329:23 334:21 336:3 338:9 360:4 **Costar**248:8 **costing** 26:20 299:11 **costly** 109:15 179:8

207:2 318:9 **costs** 9:17 17:15 21:16

23:16,17 38:4 40:22 41:17 62:6 65:14,21 66:3 99:18 102:17 109:15 111:24 112:1 128:3 137:15 140:11 168:5 170:24 176:3 181:9 185:18 203:4 208:23 219:1 220:15 249:10 250:4 259:19 274:24 278:24 308:3,5 308:5,6,7 319:7,9 324:20,23,24 325:16,19 326:17 **cost-effective** 26:17,19

46:13 59:20 184:23 220:7 240:10 264:18 **cost-prohibitive** 355:22 **cough** 77:2 171:16 **council** 67:13,15,16,19

67:21,24 68:5,7 69:18 72:7,12 **Council's** 68:1 **Counsel** 47:17 **counter-productive** 81:4 326:4 **counties** 32:2 **counting** 21:15 96:21

202:16 **countries** 89:11 150:2,7 **country** 31:18 32:2 36:10

43:20 44:1 80:16 82:7 90:6 92:17 117:23 120:3 121:11 125:11 126:16 142:19 143:14 165:22 167:13 168:18 172:21 173:9 249:20 251:17 252:6 254:12 297:1 338:10 339:13 **county** 109:11 120:4

124:6 284:9 **couple** 11:10 106:13

122:13 124:9 156:21 157:8,24 158:10,11,14 159:3 244:9 290:11 327:1 343:2

**course**2:15 4:11 13:18

182:18 261:24 273:17 338:7 349:11 **court** 11:17 193:21

280:13 **courtesy** 143:11

**cover**9:24 161:16 309:16 **covered** 15:1 68:16 148:7

152:1 202:23 210:7 320:13 **covering** 340:15

**covers** 156:11 **COWOK** 112:7 **co-authored** 340:4 **co-founder**223:22

339:12,15 **co-founders** 339:8,9 **CO2** 253:10 **crank**278:23 **cranked** 3:18 **cranks** 172:8 **craziness** 344:4 **create**41:22 97:24

149:20 151:20 152:8 185:10,20 186:7 227:10 286:13 306:14 316:15 317:8 346:1 359:11 **created** 53:2 99:9 148:16

267:7 329:15 347:1 **creates** 26:7 79:7 82:14

146:1 216:13 286:22 **creating** 6:14 145:22

153:5 186:13 203:8 224:12 272:23 **creation** 81:8 273:1 **creative**297:12 **credibility** 180:2 **credible** 138:20 139:9

141:10 **credit** 169:14 **credits** 353:15 **creosote** 142:12 145:6,21

146:1,16,23 147:2 286:23 345:16 346:1 **crib** 16:2 35:22 58:13

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181:2,15 215:17 224:17 225:3,4,7,14,22 228:4 229:4 238:4 340:16 **cribs** 215:16 224:20,23

229:11 309:24 **crisis** 50:7 141:15 **criteria** 30:7 289:1 290:16 **critical** 149:10 153:1

175:8 203:1 207:13 213:4 240:24 297:16 **critique** 14:24 **Crouch** 90:2 95:20,20

351:4 **crowd** 252:18 **crucial** 141:4 192:11 **crunch** 115:14

**crux**360:14 **crystal** 358:23 **CSAB415.1-10** 128:6

129:16 **cubic** 190:4 226:6,8

241:19 243:4 **cuff**343:17 **cuffs** 343:17 **Cullville**229:6 **cultivating** 53:1 **culture** 342:11,12,15 **cumulative**45:6 97:3 **curb**48:24 **current** 17:11 22:15 27:9

33:13 37:10,21 38:23 39:5 46:2,8,12,19 58:17 81:10 88:23 95:4 99:6 107:3 118:12 127:22 132:5 135:21 152:3 153:9,13,15,22 155:5 155:17 159:24 179:24 198:15 210:24 211:20 212:21,23 215:22 237:10 258:14,15,21 274:5 288:17 299:4 302:16 306:20 313:10 319:20 320:10 322:6,24 331:13 353:21 354:8,24 **currently** 8:24 10:3 16:5

16:23 28:22 69:16 70:24 93:24 128:9,15 133:8 136:16 153:2 167:13 191:1 196:6 200:6 202:1 209:14 210:19 211:4 215:24 234:18 241:20 259:16 260:20 276:12 298:9,11 301:14 304:7 311:7 320:5 **Curt**2:9 6:24 **customer**95:12 144:18

216:20 283:7 288:10,12 **customers** 52:21 54:2

63:13 64:18,19 103:1 113:5 185:24 249:10 250:7 288:15 289:3 305:10 313:18 319:5,12 336:7 345:13 347:19 **customer's** 344:18 **cut**22:14 56:22 89:5 92:5

92:12,12 110:8 131:2 256:20 **cutting** 110:18 **cycle** 135:20 177:17 **cyclones** 158:18 **Cystic** 123:8 **C-A-R-R-O-L-L** 19:4 **C-H-E-L-S-E-A**67:12 **C-L-A-I-R-E**48:12

**D D**  130:4 176:2,23 177:16

181:9 248:23 **dads** 92:4 **daily** 126:18 190:19

234:19 301:10 **dairy** 322:3 **damage** 155:3 287:15 **damaged** 144:16,17

300:2 345:9 **damages** 129:3 **damp** 105:12 135:13 **damper** 144:16 316:10

317:5,12 318:1 345:2 **dampers** 144:8 **Dan** 217:13 228:22

309:23 **Dance** 123:23 **danger** 147:1 148:20 **dangerous**44:7 49:2

75:16 89:3 144:6 145:23 **dangers** 166:4 **Daniel** 223:20 **dare**270:20 **darker** 143:10,13 **data** 10:17 15:16,21 16:9

18:8 20:15 81:11 98:5,8 98:11 114:10 129:17 130:17 154:7 174:23 175:1,18,24 176:9 178:1 180:7 181:6,16 220:6,12 223:6 274:19 275:14,23 276:4,11,15 276:18 308:19 334:8,13 353:23 354:4 355:4 **database** 176:14 181:22

270:15 318:9 **date**23:9 46:6 302:1

303:11 304:24 305:8 314:3 358:15 360:17 **Dave** 140:17,20 **David** 55:20 61:7 233:7

239:20 246:3 **day** 13:16,18 51:2 52:21

83:8 92:20 135:4,8,19 151:4 172:9 173:22 221:20 278:18,22 295:12,18,20 344:1 353:4,19,20 357:6 364:12 **days** 3:21 50:4 74:20

87:24 92:4,8 99:4,9 129:13 133:16 173:22 190:5 241:23 242:8 287:13 315:16 330:23 **deadline**22:4 36:3

137:24 237:24 239:14 **deadly** 74:3 **deal** 4:21 337:23 **dealer**214:4 215:7 270:7 **dealers** 56:19 92:22

94:20 258:24 299:5 300:20 301:4,15,24 302:2,4 303:6,18 305:6 305:10 334:6 **dealerships**257:18 **dealing** 344:4 **dealt**254:21 **dear**90:14 **death** 26:13 43:7 59:7

73:3 75:2 149:6 203:23 **deaths**42:18 **decade**47:13 **decades** 22:2 76:6 156:2

206:9 268:23 333:2 336:17 **December** 190:5 **decided** 5:18 143:21

166:21 316:14 **decision** 23:17 40:24

76:19 99:1 138:5 184:22 231:4 255:2 260:19 329:4 361:11 **decline** 103:10 114:11

143:19 235:20 **decrease** 102:3 150:18

198:4 199:8 **decreased** 26:15 203:23 **decreases** 102:22 149:5

199:19 **dedicated** 31:12 86:22

165:18 195:22 335:14 **deed** 169:11 **deemed** 356:14 **Deer**294:1 **default**278:19 **defend** 79:22 **Defense**42:7,8 **define** 186:14 279:19,22

340:9 **defined** 159:5 **definitely** 93:12 **definition** 210:15 274:22 **definitions** 152:10 **degradation** 333:15 **degraded** 332:24 **degree**330:10 **degrees** 255:10,12,17 **Delaware**67:23 **delay**43:1 44:20 76:3

99:21 132:7 144:18 179:8 204:22 205:12 **delegates** 353:2 **delightful** 90:16 **delightfully** 295:14 **deliver**41:24 122:21

329:3 **demand** 197:22 200:23

221:21 324:6 **demise**92:19 **demographically** 80:15 **demographics** 82:4

102:22 **demonstrate** 141:17 179:22 361:6 **demonstrated** 16:8 34:22

52:23 70:18 74:1 75:19 95:8 202:18 250:20 268:12 277:18 **demonstrates** 54:10

71:18 139:18 **demonstrating** 220:6 **demonstration** 198:22

199:2 **denied** 178:24 **dense**49:12 **densified** 52:2 **density**226:7,10 288:1 **deny** 336:17 **DEP**341:17 **department**25:6 30:24

75:7 78:13 87:14 113:15,15 131:22 132:3 151:19 187:16 195:20 202:13 239:21 304:7 305:22 **departments** 172:24

173:11 **department's** 241:4 **depend** 56:19 94:18 **dependable**352:18 **dependent** 137:11

139:19 217:3 **depending** 186:9 207:20

231:12 287:17 **depends**291:13 **depleting** 300:8 **deposit** 136:24 307:10 **deposited** 145:22 **depressing** 50:24 **depth** 124:7 **Deputy**25:5 **describe** 11:7 193:11

257:9 260:4 266:11 279:17 **described** 283:5 356:6 **describing** 120:19 **deserve** 120:20 208:24 **design** 80:4 95:14 155:19

186:10 214:19 215:7 216:3 218:11 224:4 266:22 277:14 278:6 317:23 331:3,5 333:23 340:15 344:24 **designed** 22:9 55:3

134:12 162:17 219:21 315:8 320:17 **designing** 64:6 294:2 **designs** 84:3 185:4,14,17

220:7 266:16 277:18 278:2 296:3 297:24 302:20 328:19 331:13 **desire** 196:2 200:18

220:24 221:5 222:12 **desired** 222:16 224:19 **desires**297:10 **desist** 188:22 **desk**290:21 **despite** 72:5 185:6

197:22 259:10 306:21 310:4 **destroy** 115:20 169:20 **detail** 97:12 114:18 **detailed** 11:3 30:18 55:14 **details** 139:7 306:7 **detectors** 289:15,15 **deterioration** 333:11 **determine**63:9 84:13

219:24 331:20 **determined** 34:21 148:13

177:1 190:10 277:6 331:20 **determines** 285:14 **determining** 34:23

176:15 181:22 **detrimental** 64:14 226:1 **devastate**258:22 **devastating** 270:4 **develop**23:21 35:16 39:6

57:16 87:19 114:15 131:12 152:10 154:10 161:1 218:17 229:17 230:9 232:20 238:21 258:6 260:16 264:14 311:15 312:21 313:15 328:12 **developed** 26:20 53:3,12

55:10 56:1,4 83:1 105:11 170:12 180:7 231:21 237:12 **developing** 29:22 48:18

57:3,9 186:2 207:7 222:13 224:2 261:7 299:8 304:9 **development** 17:5 88:8

102:16 103:11 140:9 141:19 155:12 187:8 224:4 236:15 239:7 245:14,22 249:7 261:23 266:10 308:13 330:24 **developmental** 203:24 **develops** 311:16 **device**29:23 33:6 45:3

45:11 80:22 81:22 148:7 150:12 151:17 157:4 225:23 317:16 349:12 **devices** 10:5 25:12,17,23

32:21 33:2,12,16 34:3 34:14 45:4,6 46:4,10 47:3,7,21 50:18 73:15 73:18,22 76:5,10 77:20 79:4,24 81:11 82:20 87:11 89:6 148:4,15,17 149:14,18 150:22 151:13,21,22 152:1,4 152:12,23 153:4 154:6 154:13,14 155:18,24 156:23 160:2,10 188:15 188:18 190:24 191:8 192:9 202:23 203:6 204:19 206:4 237:9 242:19 296:22 307:23 308:1 **diabetes** 77:11 **diabetics** 189:24 **diagnosed** 169:2 170:24

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**dictated** 315:22 **die** 169:19 341:5 **diesel** 219:22 228:8 **difference** 96:13 118:24

177:12 316:23 **differences** 80:2 277:15

308:22 329:12 **different**20:20 23:7,7

60:6 65:10 91:5,6 118:16 147:22 157:24 158:1,10,15 159:21 176:7 181:14 214:15 230:8 254:24 260:6 261:22 262:3,4,12 266:23 271:7 275:12 276:16 285:7,12,24 311:14,24 329:7,9 335:6,7,10 355:18 **differently** 286:17 **difficult** 16:3 33:1 56:9

115:23 177:14 263:6 281:20 282:12 **difficulties** 152:15 **difficulty** 82:19 85:9 **dig** 231:16 **digital** 140:21 141:2 **dilution** 317:14,24 **dimensions** 82:11 **diminish** 103:16 325:17 **diminishing** 66:8 200:9 **dioxin** 32:11 **Dircks** 217:12,18,19,20

222:22 223:1,7,14 **direct**25:24 43:21 148:21

171:21 271:23 334:19 **directed** 81:24 112:23

331:11 **directing** 116:3 **direction** 88:14 94:7

185:3 204:22 262:8 342:1 361:6 **directions**24:22 207:18

342:2 **directly** 30:7 74:19 77:24

127:11 128:24 213:6 257:16 273:16 282:24 282:24 283:1 **director**7:4,19 19:5

51:18 88:1 95:20 126:8 131:21 179:15 187:13 202:12 253:8 318:21 340:6 **Dirigo**209:7,13,20,23

210:4,12,19 211:1,6,12 213:4,8 **dirt**225:4 **dirtier** 17:17 191:5 232:9

264:22 272:14 **dirty** 18:14,18 38:7,10

49:2 60:24 200:12,24 232:12,14 265:18 272:10 309:17 326:12 **dirty-burning** 200:4

265:12 **disadvantage** 82:15

211:11 244:19 **disadvantaged** 328:17 **disadvantages**260:14 **disagree**255:15 **disagrees** 83:21 **disappear** 198:9 **disappointed** 97:15

98:12 118:2 219:15 263:23 **disasters**253:10 **disbelief**91:8 **disclosures** 169:7 **discourage** 81:3 336:10 **discovered** 92:12 338:17 **discredit**283:17 **discussed** 15:22 114:18 **discussion** 259:2 353:5 **discussions**254:18,20

322:20 **dise** 111:24 **disease**9:4 26:14 73:3,6

75:3,8,9 77:11 149:7 189:24 204:8 **diseases** 9:4 73:5 77:9

203:12 204:10 **disenfranchised** 107:14 **disengage** 104:12,17

282:21 **disincentives** 81:8 **disingenuous** 37:23 **dismissal** 95:3 **dismissed** 268:18 **dispensing** 308:19 **dispersion** 242:24 **displaces** 184:24 **display** 54:1 **displayed** 316:6 **disposable**201:9 **disproportionately** 211:5 **distant**91:10 **distinction** 204:4 262:9

301:21 **distinguish** 261:9 **distinguishes** 197:16 **distortions**281:1 **distributed** 338:9 **distributes** 357:14 **distribution** 36:21 218:5 **distributions** 325:11 **distributor** 136:22 **distributors** 14:17 259:1

334:6 **district**31:8 251:19 **districts** 39:21,22 188:21 **Disturbingly** 64:1 **diversified** 114:19 148:10 **divide**265:13 **division** 7:5,20 87:15

131:21 187:14 **docket** 12:18 156:10

290:15 348:6 **doctor** 169:18 **document**350:20 **doing** 39:9 108:14 122:14

166:17 312:7 314:10 344:8 349:14 **dollar**9:13 216:24 220:22 **dollars** 5:23 19:20 26:21

26:24 27:1 40:16 42:19 45:23 56:18 57:9 101:2 108:7 112:7,8 132:20 198:3 215:10 249:12 252:24 256:18 258:6 262:20 265:9 307:3 311:10 325:7,8 326:19 326:20,24 361:2 **domestic** 150:21 **domestically** 183:20 **domestically-produced**

151:1 **Dominion** 5:21 **donate** 105:24 106:20 **donated** 106:10,22 **done**6:4 98:14 103:8

156:15 173:5 191:13 222:20,24 223:1 230:7 241:7,15 242:4 243:6 273:13,18,23 278:4 289:13 315:2,3 349:8 354:1 **door** 13:22,23 60:23

170:23 174:20 194:17 296:15 **doors**23:19 49:15 173:18

296:16 **Dorchester** 123:18 **Doris** 90:17 **DOT** 304:12,14 **double** 143:2 175:24

181:7,9 249:7 **doubled** 91:15 307:15 **doubles** 58:14 **doubling** 176:2 **douglas** 154:8 **Dover**298:22 318:18,19

318:21 322:1,9,13,21 323:16 **down** 111:11 112:9,16

121:17 135:14 143:24 162:21 173:11 176:20 219:8 227:22 229:16 231:23 260:8 272:10 287:24 312:1 313:6 337:17 341:14 342:12 360:13 **downstream** 285:16 **downturn** 114:17 **downward** 147:8 **downwards** 94:13 **downwind** 69:18 **dozens**46:16 165:3

228:11 230:8 258:23 260:2 **Dr**7:11 92:10 104:23

253:17 255:15,22 333:9 **draft**79:4 228:1 264:4

274:5 312:2 329:3,13 354:1 355:17 356:18 358:1,3,9 359:14 **drafting** 69:4 **dramatic** 102:3,8 103:21

333:21 **dramatically** 135:6,16

177:2 183:22 189:3 203:7 212:13 **drastically** 110:3 270:2 301:9 **draw**286:2 **drill** 144:14 **drive** 37:24 160:12

227:18 264:18 324:19 357:19 **driven** 57:10 **drives** 329:1 **driving** 156:14 157:13

227:22 326:2 **drop** 134:9 318:8 327:17 **dropped** 110:18 142:21

327:15 **dropping** 135:19 **drops** 134:13 **droughts** 253:11 **dry** 83:16 121:17 **dryer**282:19 **dual** 331:21 **dubious**204:4 **ducting** 316:20 **due**20:15 27:8 50:2 69:9

69:15 82:8 115:5,5 130:13 142:20 145:18 146:19 158:8 171:2 186:2 226:23 245:23 259:22 269:16,24 **dull** 198:10 **dumbfounded** 354:8 **durability** 116:5 **durable**57:12 **during** 13:17 45:10 117:2

133:15,16 164:5 183:19 190:12 258:5 261:23 270:1 294:18 312:19 315:14 **Dustin** 318:21 **duties** 71:20 **duty** 309:10 **dwindling** 294:17 **dying** 342:6 **D-I-R-C-K-S** 217:20 **D-O-V-E-R**318:21

**E E**  304:3,11 **each** 11:22 20:3 21:18

42:18 43:20 45:2,4 50:5 52:21 65:22 75:16 76:2 77:2 88:5 116:23,24 117:1 164:5 186:6,6 188:11 216:13 229:15 274:17 276:11 277:12 285:10 294:7 305:18 **earlier** 13:15 140:20

141:14 148:9 160:5 238:23 262:19 273:12 309:7 327:20 352:21 **earliest** 125:24 **early** 2:19 92:4 111:2,8

124:23 155:23 165:6 227:11 235:21 306:21 330:23 331:2 362:21

**earn** 270:9 **earnest**272:9 **earth** 61:24 311:4 342:2 **earth's** 255:9,16 **ease**80:19 184:2 **easier**81:3 250:4 343:16 **easily** 120:17 212:9,24 **easily-defeated** 247:12 **East** 161:16 307:8 **eastern** 237:7 294:16 **easy** 57:12 63:7 64:22

80:11 93:5 210:2 247:7 287:10 301:2 357:19,19 **eat**60:20 **eats** 111:13 **ebay**201:2,3,4 **echo**239:24 **echoing** 244:6

**eco** 340:24 **ecological** 339:20 **Ecology**305:22 **economic**27:3 28:8

40:24 56:9,23 59:9 100:16 112:19 132:20 132:23 134:10,14 140:9 153:3 186:20 218:24 244:13 **economics** 128:23 **economies** 109:14 **economy** 56:23 57:14

132:21 233:16 240:24 254:4 311:9 **ECOS** 39:18 **Ed** 122:9,16 123:23 **educate**94:20 289:20

341:18 343:7 344:7 348:15 **educated** 121:15 **educating** 166:9 346:16

346:21 **education** 291:14 **educators** 94:19 **effect**64:14 101:7 112:9

135:22 200:3 253:21 263:5 278:21 312:17 **effective** 10:16 36:7 98:1

131:12 201:8 211:21 269:20 302:1 303:11,17 304:24 305:8 346:23 **effectively** 273:19,21

308:11 309:20 **effectiveness** 3:5 59:11

220:21 **effects**4:8 43:7 188:16 **efficience** 184:20 **efficiencies** 29:18 150:22 **efficiency** 3:4 27:10,15

63:21 64:18 70:2 79:23 119:20,21 150:15 151:17,20,23 184:20 206:17,21 258:7 271:4 271:20,22 274:19 275:16,18,24 276:6,11 276:14 278:16,19 279:6 280:4 282:1 298:10 334:10 345:5,10 359:17 360:3 **efficient**4:15 8:20 25:18

27:7,12 29:3 47:8 54:14 55:6 63:6 79:2 80:11 81:11 89:18 91:19 98:1

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264:4 **effort**5:19 114:14 120:13

233:23 236:8 237:24 243:8 244:22 328:3 329:24 348:15 **efforts** 78:22 115:7

147:17 149:21 150:3 152:8,20 195:18 218:10 218:12 238:14 277:23 306:1 352:16 **EHHI** 166:16 **eight**22:3 44:24 45:16

46:7 65:16 66:19 129:9 147:16 171:11 **eighteen** 45:20 313:4 **eighties** 259:24 **eighty**40:12 61:15 89:6

135:18 **eighty-nine** 71:12 **eighty-percent**3:10

132:17 200:17 **eighty-plus** 306:19,19 **eight-and-a-half**62:17 **eight-year**35:7 **either** 18:23 32:2 60:19

80:3 107:3 145:14 158:12 172:22 194:2 227:14 260:10 274:1 361:21 **elasticity** 110:3 **elderly** 190:1 203:11

308:7 **elected** 248:9 **electric** 156:14,23 **electrical** 128:1 174:10 **electricity** 60:15 127:13

127:14 160:16 **element** 146:3 **elements** 149:20 296:7 **elevate** 135:11 **elevators** 14:4 **eligible**353:13 **eliminate**40:19 41:11

113:22 120:8 152:11 177:21 260:24 261:2 **eliminating** 297:12 **Elliot**283:23 **Elliott**284:1,2,6 290:13

290:18,20,24 291:4,9 291:11 292:3,17,22 293:1,6,11,16 **elm** 342:6 **elsewhere** 110:8 356:7 **embargo** 91:7 **embarrassed** 205:14 **embarrassing** 169:14 **embrace** 139:10 **emerge** 16:16 **emergencies** 143:22 **emergency** 50:1 75:7

171:23 204:11 **emerging** 234:9 235:15 **emetic**226:21 227:14 **emission** 8:4 9:7 27:14

31:20 33:10,23 34:9,20 34:23 35:12 37:7 40:7,9 44:12 46:11,22 47:2,20 47:23 59:14 68:15 69:22 70:13,14,17 74:10,16 76:8 77:19 98:18 130:19 149:13,14 150:3,8 151:9 152:22 153:12 154:7 155:21 157:23 176:7 181:14 186:13,17 202:17 205:6 207:23 218:24 220:10 220:12,19 222:14 230:7 230:10 232:20 234:14 238:13 252:3 253:10 270:17 300:16 302:24 303:23 331:24 333:11 352:20 359:7 **emissions** 3:12 8:17 9:1

15:23 17:20,22 18:5,12 18:15 23:4 24:7 26:2 28:13,15 29:10,22 30:8 32:1 34:19 35:14,20,23 36:8 42:15 43:18 45:1,8 45:12,14 47:9 64:8,13 69:19 70:10,15,20 71:3 71:9,18,19,24 73:9,21 74:4,6 81:2,5 87:6,16 88:17,20 93:19 95:10 108:19 109:7 117:20 124:11 125:3 133:4 140:2,6,7 145:5,9 147:8 150:18 152:13,19 153:15,21,23 154:4 155:3 158:1,20 166:7 166:16 168:23 174:22 175:12,14 176:10,15 177:24 181:17,22 184:2 184:15,19 186:8 187:22 188:13,17 189:11 196:16 199:17,20,24 200:17,20 204:21 207:20,22 208:6 215:5 219:22,23 220:1 224:13 224:24 227:12,19 234:8 234:10,17 235:17,18,22 236:1 237:17 238:15,22 239:1 250:3,21 258:8 264:7 268:21,24 269:15 270:13,16 271:3 274:17 275:15,16,19,24,24 276:10,10,15,24 277:6 277:19 278:3 279:7 281:8 283:14,16 296:1 297:2 304:20 310:1 313:11 314:17 326:2,2 326:16 333:4 334:11 354:4 355:4,8 356:10 **emit**49:12 76:6,15 151:2

325:22 **emits** 151:6 **emitted** 75:12 **emitting** 149:14 191:20

240:11 **emphasize** 105:16 308:4 **emphatically** 79:21 **empires** 294:14 **empirical** 98:5 **employ**36:22 49:11

61:10 218:3 257:16 284:19 311:7 **employed** 216:22 335:19 **employee**314:13 **employees** 23:18 61:11

114:9 142:6 209:18 274:13 **employing** 155:8 271:24 **employment**41:20 **employs** 53:6 **enable**33:5 88:18 **enact** 150:2 **enacted** 300:14,22 **enactment**300:24 **encompass** 277:22 **encourage** 18:17 39:24

65:19 82:22 89:19 132:6 147:5 155:12 240:6 241:3 316:1 318:5 328:14 349:3 356:15 **encouraged** 56:11 139:3

159:22 **encourages** 85:3 213:15 **encouraging** 138:7 159:8

240:15 264:24 334:22 **end** 126:15 138:23

171:23 177:24 183:16 194:2 215:18 218:9 230:15 270:2 276:21 287:20 295:16 296:22 297:15 306:7 307:10 314:24 320:23 321:1 325:2 332:9 336:20 341:22 357:6 362:7 **endanger**47:14 **endangers**49:13 **endorse** 33:9 102:6

103:24 **endorsing** 93:21 **ends** 56:8 195:24 299:11

299:20 **enemy** 227:19 324:9 **energies** 52:11 **energy**27:7 28:2 35:2

49:2 56:11 62:5 93:23 94:11 118:1 120:14 128:3 131:5 132:8,12 132:14 138:2 140:4,5 141:14 143:12 151:19 158:2 161:11 183:15,23 184:7,10,24 187:16 191:11 240:6,11 251:16 295:5 311:18 313:21 318:22 319:2,3,6,9 337:11 **energy-efficient**49:16 **enforceable** 139:12 **enforced** 273:1 **enforcement**60:1 83:20

138:21 **enforces** 163:3 **enforcing** 192:7 **engage** 116:23 286:7 **engages** 287:6 **engaging** 145:24 **engine**219:20 228:7

285:13,17 286:3 292:11 **engineer** 195:21 201:15 **engineered** 225:14 **engineering** 37:14 126:8

330:11 **engineers** 195:21 199:21

201:22 227:17 **engines** 261:20,22 **England** 1:15 2:9,21 3:18

4:17 6:2,5,22 7:12 48:22 92:22 123:17 136:16,20 137:16 138:4 138:9,19 142:1 193:10 204:2 240:4 284:7 338:19 **Englander's** 93:6 **English** 215:1 **engulfed** 50:20 171:5 **enhance**233:13 **enjoy** 197:11 199:5 **enjoyable**54:14 **enjoyed** 92:6

**enormous** 182:21 **enough** 17:16 22:8,8

50:12 115:13 121:10 167:2 197:22 247:7 279:13 295:18 314:19 314:20 317:3 357:18 **enshrine**283:15

**ensure** 18:13 30:2 36:7

54:21 134:23 139:4 148:14 152:11 177:14 191:13 207:9 229:18

**ensures** 53:19 **ensuring** 53:23 359:21 **enter** 13:23 52:18 **entered** 12:17 **entering** 49:16 **entertaining** 280:20

283:20 **entire** 60:9 98:23 173:7

271:20 303:6,8 **entirely** 86:8 **entirety** 180:7 **entrance** 14:1,5 **environment** 16:4 48:23

49:9 127:18 142:13 165:16 172:14 196:10 213:17 218:9 233:13 264:8 294:23 306:6 **environmental** 5:22 25:6

30:24 35:2 42:7,8 47:12 47:17 48:16,19 58:6 67:20 78:13 79:23 80:12 87:14 113:23 131:22 165:19 183:16 186:18 187:16,24 202:13 239:21 245:6,20 254:19 267:23 268:2 270:24 304:8 343:22 **environmentalist**343:19 **environmentalists**

254:22 **environmentally** 55:6 61:18 **environmentally-benef...**

79:3 **environmentally-frien...**

41:24 **environments** 74:11 **EN303-5**359:5,6 361:22 **EPA** 1:15 2:5,8 4:23 7:12

8:2,13 9:12,17 10:17,22 15:2,7,14,17,20 16:8,8 18:10 19:23 22:15 25:8 26:19 28:15 29:21 30:11,16 31:20,22 32:12 34:8,18 35:15,19 36:6 37:2,7 38:11 39:5 39:17 40:4,18,21 41:13 42:24 43:17 44:19 45:22 46:5,20,23 47:13 47:18,24 54:16 55:8 57:7,16,18,20,23 58:3,9 58:24 59:10 60:6,7,18 62:20 65:14 68:7 69:16 70:8,24 71:20 72:7 73:14,16,22 74:15,24 75:4,20 76:2,7,18 77:16 78:3 83:22 85:3 87:1 88:23 90:14 92:15 94:13 95:13 96:5,8,24 97:14,15,22 98:13,20 99:17 100:1 105:3 107:2 113:19 118:2,5,9 119:16,22 120:8,13 123:4 124:17 125:6 129:19 130:17 132:1,6 136:11 138:3,16 139:22 139:24 146:21 148:3 151:18 153:9 154:10,21 155:7 166:13 167:7 178:11,16,19 179:3,6 179:19 186:22 188:2 191:1,3,14 192:2 193:10 195:18,24 196:8 196:8,18 197:8 199:7 203:21 205:9,11 208:15 208:20 209:16,23 211:7 211:24 212:2,5,19 213:7,14 218:16 219:15 222:10 223:24 224:12 226:24 227:15 228:7 231:21 232:19 237:14 239:3 241:20 243:20 245:19,24 247:17 249:23 251:10 252:5,9 253:6 254:6,10,18 255:1 256:8 258:10,14 259:3 261:4,13,19,21 261:24 262:3,5,8 263:20 264:13,23 266:20 267:8 268:16,17 269:5,7 270:16 273:17 275:2,14,17,20 276:8,9 277:9 279:2,18 281:6 282:3,4 283:14,19 284:23 289:1,5,23 296:23 297:18 298:13 299:4,12 300:12 301:2

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19:19 25:19 31:3 32:19 33:9 34:2,5,13 35:3,5 37:10 40:9 42:10 46:18 54:8,19 68:14 72:5 73:8 138:5 139:15 147:24 149:21,24 151:3,8 152:2 153:7 155:11 162:9 167:10 183:9,17 186:1 196:5 217:1,15 218:12 220:8 225:15 234:1 236:15 237:24 238:16 239:6 243:8 244:22 258:18,21 259:3 259:9,17,18,23 260:1 260:22 262:16 263:2,4 264:11,17 268:14 272:4 306:1 311:12 343:18,24 346:9 **EPA-accredited** 209:9 **EPA-approved** 297:5 **EPA-certified** 22:1 29:2

58:24 61:13 99:22 121:2,5 144:23 145:8 146:4 190:22 197:3,7 198:6 222:21 225:22 231:8 248:21 265:5 273:13 316:24 **EPA-proposed**47:4

259:12 **EPA-qualified** 71:14 **EPA-voluntary** 129:8 **EPA.GOV/Burnwise**

349:2 **Episcopal** 341:23 **equal** 210:13 336:1 **equally-significant**38:16 **equation** 278:23 **equipment**52:1 152:9

155:4 184:12 185:2,15 185:22 186:4,8,15 232:1 234:4,12 236:18 237:16 238:3 239:10 289:20 318:6 **equipped** 195:24 **equivalent** 139:1 219:20

327:4 **ER** 171:23 **erosions** 111:15

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6:18 9:3 18:19 19:10 34:8 43:16 74:13 87:17 89:11 97:13 109:16,23 177:23 203:10 205:9 221:9 239:22 251:13 291:6 310:10 340:24 **ESPs** 158:18 **essential** 25:13 117:18

138:21 139:10 202:20 **essentially** 140:22

162:16 268:17 296:2 303:7 317:11 **establish** 35:20 42:16

154:22 237:16,19 262:3 268:21 270:16 292:7 302:13 **established** 40:6 57:22

58:3 83:19 92:11 261:21 262:5,12 300:16 **establishing** 8:5 37:7

47:19 261:11 353:23 **estate**289:14 **esteemed** 294:12 **estimate** 19:19 101:13,16

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262:18 **et**285:15 332:10 **Eugene** 100:12 **Europe**25:21 47:1 76:2

106:5 205:9 214:22,23 231:24 271:6 294:16 295:11 337:22 338:15 338:16 340:24 **European** 27:13 30:12

71:9,9 89:11 150:7 205:15 206:19 214:19 214:20 216:3 228:11 267:14 270:23 271:13 271:15,24 357:15 359:5 361:21 **Europeans** 271:2 **Europe's** 359:6 **evaluate** 184:20 220:23

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23:14 29:7,17 43:24 46:4 49:16 60:15 73:7 73:20 77:4 78:1 82:2 88:22 97:3 103:20 118:21 121:21 177:11 196:19 199:8 205:4 207:3 208:6 209:21 215:11,23 229:22 235:2 235:6 242:13 243:21 249:1,6,8,21 252:2 253:11 255:22 259:21 263:8 270:19 271:15,17 295:6 301:8 307:21 325:6 345:23 349:24 355:4 361:8 **evening** 341:22 **evenings**242:22 **events** 110:9 **eventually**254:4 256:21

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172:22 244:3 342:17 348:16 351:24 362:19 363:1 **everyone**2:12 11:20 79:1

122:14 135:12 161:10 177:22 198:23 263:19 **everyone's** 68:2 222:16

277:1 **everything** 109:8 169:21

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145:4 197:23 358:21 **evidenced** 225:1 **evolve**23:1 **exact**222:3 263:4 **exactly**24:6 108:13

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34:12 35:17 64:15 65:9 88:11 150:7 159:14 221:4 229:12 260:7 261:19 262:10 269:11 280:22 297:23 315:23 **examples** 20:24 182:3 **exceed** 32:2 135:6 208:23 **exceedances** 134:3

136:5 190:2 **exceeded** 241:21 291:23 **exceeding** 32:3 56:17 **exceedingly** 16:2 **excellence** 196:5 **except**76:11 307:23 **exceptions** 122:13

**excess**225:21,23 226:20

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**excuse**23:6 153:16 189:8

225:17 252:9 269:19 281:9 299:10 300:2 327:9 **Executive** 36:18 51:17 **exempt** 148:11 152:3

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345:15 **exist**79:10 301:14 **existed** 294:14 **existence** 99:12 109:21

126:6,23 **existent**238:15 **existing** 8:13 10:12 29:2

58:22 68:11,17 94:4 96:12,17,24 99:17,22 114:5,7 148:11 149:24 167:11 185:4,21 197:24 200:3 208:10,16 239:1 243:11,23 258:9 264:17 300:21 317:6 329:9 358:6,10 **exists** 34:21 41:9 **exit**5:12 286:12 **exits**295:3 **expand** 114:16 **expanded** 33:11 148:6

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147:6 272:15 332:9 **expected** 81:17 **expects** 110:10 **expedite**57:21 **expeditious** 191:21 **expeditiously** 136:11

208:21 **expenditures** 183:23 **expense** 15:18 24:8

98:19 129:2 309:2 **expenses** 110:8 **expensive** 57:1 66:1

81:20 85:11 185:24 200:22 221:22 263:6,16 281:23 302:5 326:8 **experience**31:12,15 99:8

120:23 133:17 174:10 174:15 178:16 190:2 196:24 199:15 200:10 205:15 258:20 263:10 268:23 270:20 285:5 294:5 299:1 300:10 302:21 326:21 345:20 **experienced** 134:3,7

152:14 162:18 164:15 179:14 268:9,20 **experiences** 345:18 **experiencing** 59:6 144:2 **expert** 7:12 343:11 **expertise** 174:15 **experts** 55:10 246:24

268:9 333:8 **explain** 115:1 126:23 144:4 224:19 **explicitly**275:20 **exploiting** 243:24 **explore**211:7 219:11 **explored** 311:14 348:2

350:18 **explosion** 288:4 **exposed** 70:6 87:18,21

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166:17 168:22 207:21 239:9 **express** 275:11 **expressed** 31:15 238:12

259:7 292:10 **extended** 310:7 314:2

328:15 **extending** 205:1 **extension** 99:5 **extensive** 270:21 **extent** 134:19 154:14

322:22 347:16 **exterior**286:16 **extra** 84:1 110:9 138:17 **extract**295:2 **extremely** 32:24 98:12

109:23 164:15 220:14 226:1 228:13 230:14 288:7 **eye** 94:12 **eyes** 171:14 327:12 **E-E-N** 90:5 **e-mail** 252:8 348:8

**F F**  90:5 **fabricators** 84:22 **face**22:4 23:15 108:10

109:13 180:1 192:7,7 **faced** 203:1 214:13

215:12 **facets** 34:4 **facilities**49:3 163:16

308:18 **facility** 53:21 163:18,20

163:22 164:3 257:15,17 266:18,19 267:12 321:19 **facing** 111:21 112:20

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177:21,23 178:6 **factories** 116:15

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281:1 336:23 343:9 **factual** 130:6 **fading** 288:16 **Fahrenheit**255:10,18 **fail** 70:3 270:4 **failed** 16:8 269:17 **failing** 269:15 **fails**24:1 **failure**273:1 275:6 301:6 **failures** 331:2 **faint** 172:2 **fair** 11:20 84:9 289:8

339:13 359:11 **fairly** 156:14 **fairness** 59:1 60:1 **faith** 57:15 302:15 305:4 **faith-based** 106:19 **fall** 20:15 170:17,22

305:18 **falling** 234:20 319:24 **false**211:17 213:2 224:21

254:23 280:15 282:5 **falsely** 145:11 **falters**226:23 **familiar** 142:7 239:11

267:13 **families**25:10 38:3 43:10

47:10 49:13 50:11 51:3 57:13 60:19 88:19 96:9 96:15 103:19 108:16 109:7,13 117:16 120:18 127:8 129:5 201:9 253:2 297:24 **family**4:4 63:15 96:15

108:22 109:4 110:10,13 115:4 123:8 125:21 131:4 197:11 253:4 309:21 343:1 **family's** 57:2 104:4

126:11 **family-owned** 56:1 311:5 **fan** 285:3,4 **far**75:16 89:2 91:9 98:22

167:1 212:5 241:23 273:22 274:23 293:11 312:12 313:8 326:18 344:22 346:23 347:3 **Farm** 172:23 **farmer-owned** 318:24 **farmhouse**246:4 **farming** 339:14 **farms** 320:20 **fast** 156:14 354:22 **faster** 184:4 214:7 **father**309:10 **fathers** 50:20 **fault** 167:19 **favor** 18:3 33:22 35:5

274:6 343:20 355:1 **fear**56:23 106:24 143:3

255:23 **feature** 197:15 279:22 **features** 32:19 64:19 **February** 1:19 2:19 11:1

112:21 209:24 305:15 363:11 **federal** 30:4 32:20,23

33:10 83:14,18 108:6,7 113:2 134:3 135:18 148:14 192:8 237:10,17 349:18 **feed** 183:13 342:16 **feedback**238:10 **feeding** 126:2 **feel** 50:18 69:14,22 70:8

70:15 103:9 160:1 164:10 169:19 252:7 254:6 255:6,24 256:6 267:17 288:7,22 305:6 312:10,24 320:14 336:7 336:10 346:19 **feeling** 171:24 172:1 **feelings** 109:5 **feels** 129:20 184:14 **Feen** 90:1,2,4,4 100:3 **Feen's** 90:6 **fees** 214:23 **feet** 167:1,4,8 285:20,20 **fellow** 106:3 **felt**90:21 103:7 337:16 **few**56:21 62:21 91:9

93:15 94:15 95:2 103:3 113:17,19 114:23 204:23 238:11 **fewer**45:15 110:18

209:17 221:22 269:17 327:13 **Fibrosis** 123:8 **field** 86:21 97:18 98:6

116:5 144:24 210:13 229:23 245:6 250:6 273:21 277:5 284:17,22 311:22 313:16 324:19 333:4 **fifteen** 21:13 32:15 64:1

151:3 174:9,14 178:15 227:2 258:5 267:5 **Fifth** 138:19 **fifty**46:24 56:17 101:14

101:20 106:20 112:12 143:3 200:8 285:20 351:4,8 **fifty-percent**224:24 **fifty-pound** 106:4 **fight** 115:12 309:1 324:4 **fighting** 91:18 104:1 **figure**261:2 321:11 **figured** 338:20 **filing** 169:6 **fill** 93:2 272:7 **filmed** 106:15 **filter** 135:23 **filters** 133:23 **filter-based** 135:24 **filthy**345:19 **final** 10:24 28:16 34:18

35:11 36:7 64:23 69:5 76:9 81:1 99:1 155:12 178:4 208:3,21 279:12 356:21 358:13,15 360:15,17,18 361:11,13 361:16 **finalize**42:24 44:19 48:2

139:22 **finalized** 84:6 **finalizing** 49:6 **finally** 30:16 35:14 53:11

73:23 84:16 99:13 119:21 171:10 179:12 185:1 263:24 **financial** 6:9 18:16 86:1

115:2 166:18 167:17 168:3,18 171:8 203:3 269:9 272:24 273:4 **financially** 167:21 270:3

312:5 **financing** 328:13 **find** 75:1 104:7 107:11

144:12 145:6 168:10 216:9 236:4 241:2 253:19 281:14 283:7 297:4 298:13 299:22 302:11 307:18 310:11 310:13 360:6 **finding** 211:13 **findings**236:10 **fine**3:22 4:7 9:1 31:24

32:4,5 43:6,10,19 70:10 70:11 74:19 124:15 189:5,11,17,18 234:19 235:5 246:20 250:11 307:16 **finest**246:9 **finicky** 326:9 328:21 **finished** 12:10 194:8

249:6 314:7 340:1 **Finland** 338:18,24 339:5

340:5 **Finland's** 340:6 **Finnish** 340:10 **fir** 154:8 342:4 **fire** 5:8 33:19 108:17,21

128:1 131:13 145:14,17 145:23 146:2 175:8,14 197:6,11,14 198:13 199:7 289:14 295:7 296:6 300:7 316:22 341:8 344:5 347:6 **firebox** 198:11 225:9,24

260:11 296:9 338:22 **fired** 151:7 287:14 **fireplace**5:12 8:16 40:6

40:20 77:2 96:21 196:4 223:24 266:13 281:7 314:21 316:9,13 317:17 340:10 **fireplaces** 5:8 10:2,10,15

10:16 36:20 38:19,21 38:24 39:8,10,16,23 40:2,11,14,17 41:3,11 61:14 76:8,11,13,20,23 152:5 171:13 195:23 196:7 217:24 248:6,9 338:1 **fires** 56:13 146:17,24

199:6 344:8 345:17 **firewood** 126:2 256:20 **fire's**295:3 **fire-hazard** 141:12 **fire-viewing** 196:24

199:13,15 200:10 **firing** 295:18 **firm** 59:10 **firmly** 121:8 260:15 **first** 14:7 31:20 33:10

42:16 45:2 63:19 69:22 73:24 79:20 89:7 96:7 100:18 108:3 123:3 125:17 131:24 132:15 137:17,24 148:3 156:11 157:8 183:18 184:17 195:4 197:20 204:24 210:1,10 219:12 224:14 231:15 258:20 265:7 268:5 272:23 275:13 294:3 311:21 314:12 352:15 353:5 359:22 **firsthand** 294:5 300:10

309:18 **fishing** 88:5 **fit**91:7 180:6 209:18 **Fitchburg** 90:6 **fits**286:5 335:4,11 **Fitzgerald** 131:18,19,20 **five** 9:8 11:21 12:3 22:1

35:8 49:23 66:19 75:21 99:15 101:21 114:3 122:13 163:10,13 178:8 193:23 194:6 196:6 205:3,4 209:14,17 229:9,22 252:2,11 281:12 306:11 310:16 313:10 314:3 315:16 354:2 359:6 **five-day** 88:3 **five-minute** 174:19 175:7

175:11 357:23 **five-percent**315:12 **five-year**35:6 **fix**98:3 328:4 346:3,4 **fixed** 80:16 212:24 **fixes** 317:7 **fixing** 59:23 **flag** 29:15 **flame** 198:7 225:8,24

316:16 **flames** 198:9 **flash** 288:2 **flat**226:5,5 **flawed** 177:23 **flaws** 70:2 264:12 **fleet**326:12 **flexible** 13:14 **flies** 179:24 **flood** 240:22 **floor** 14:3 112:15 120:21

194:18 340:16 **flow**225:10 **flue**286:12 345:2,3 **flues** 285:18,21 **fly** 88:4 287:3 296:16

338:20 **flying** 341:13 **focus** 14:23 19:21 21:24 34:1 69:12 95:23 105:4 210:8 211:1 214:18 267:20 **focused** 150:5 214:2

235:9 **focusing** 28:3 360:12 **folks** 11:12,21 13:19

160:6,11 193:15 194:4 194:23 243:22 244:7 273:3 280:19 **follow**215:12 256:18

269:15 **following** 69:4,21 184:16

275:22 295:7 **follow-up**223:2,4,16 **food** 104:4 **fooled** 259:9 **fooling** 272:11 **foot** 120:5 226:7,8 **footage** 106:13 **footprint**60:14 62:7

93:14 297:14 **force**86:22,22 111:16,17

113:20 126:5 265:17 301:4 **forced** 8:9 33:20 68:19

111:12 122:4 127:19 128:21 129:13,24 130:8 225:18 320:11 **forces** 81:15 286:21 **forcing** 116:4 **Ford** 285:11 **foreclosure** 169:12,13 **forefathers** 91:23 **forefront**57:3 **foregoing** 364:8 **foreign** 93:8 108:7

283:10 **foremost**79:20 258:21 **foresee** 102:7 **foreseeable** 301:13 **forest**30:9 79:8 84:23

132:18 240:15 294:17 **forested** 241:9 **forestry** 256:16 **forests** 127:4 132:18

133:1 240:13,16,24 **forget**22:14 131:6 **form** 94:17 131:7 **formal** 23:13 245:9

350:20 **formaldehyde** 32:10

44:10 **formally** 57:18 **format** 102:2,10 103:8 **formation** 286:23 345:17 **formative** 134:5 **formats** 101:18 **formed** 304:5 **former** 136:15 179:15

314:12 **forte** 110:2 **forth** 5:21 70:16 312:13

313:3,23 **fortunate** 5:18 312:10 **Fortunately** 88:15

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**forty** 63:20 64:1 67:23

91:5 144:21 145:1 200:6 342:8 **forty-four**32:12 189:12 **forty-plus** 153:18 **forty-seven** 65:15 **forward** 10:23 36:5 51:2

55:14 68:8 72:12 120:5 122:6 129:19 132:7 160:23 161:3 196:14 200:14 229:19 238:13 239:3,6 329:5 358:24 361:5 **fossil** 28:7 52:7,11

117:23 127:10,17 128:1 128:4 138:11,14 140:6 140:8 185:1 187:7 304:16 **foster**54:20 213:14 **fostering** 54:24 **fosters** 149:15 **fought**67:24 72:24 91:18 **found**45:22 76:23 154:24

163:20 166:24 243:22 308:21 351:2,4 **foundation** 123:17 296:5 **founded** 61:8 **founders** 195:12 **founding** 253:6 **foundry** 262:24 263:1 **four** 12:2 31:9 40:4,14

45:23 62:15 114:3 132:11 167:6 169:17 177:19 198:6 212:16 215:13 281:10 288:6 289:7 304:10 310:18 315:4 338:8 342:1 353:2,21 354:9,24 355:13 **fourteen** 45:19 50:4

262:21 **fourth** 138:16 199:20

207:23 **four-gram** 200:16 **FPI** 90:10 **fraction** 327:16 329:20 **framework**40:2 **Frank**55:19,23 90:5 **frankly**240:5,13 244:2,6 **free**62:6 278:22 290:8

333:18 **freedoms** 256:3 **freestanding** 96:20

105:13 221:16 **freezing** 17:9 **Freidman** 332:10 **frequency** 160:3 **frequent**6:20 **frequently**242:21 280:24

335:15 **Friedman** 332:7 **friend** 106:8 315:18 335:3

339:24 340:4 **friendly**288:20 318:7 **friends**4:5 90:14 216:6 **from** 3:12 8:17 9:18 12:20

13:4 14:4 16:16 19:7 20:19 21:4 24:14 26:5 27:16,23 28:19 36:8 37:10 42:12,17 43:4 44:14 49:1,16,19 50:11 51:8 57:1 58:23 59:12 59:16 60:6 62:12,21 65:12,13 66:5 68:6,10 69:6 71:24 72:9 73:21 73:21,24 74:6,24 75:8 75:12 78:5 81:2,12 82:2 83:9 84:23 86:8 87:6 88:17 89:6,8 90:14 91:12 93:15 95:3,4 104:18 105:20 107:10 107:21 110:14 114:9,23 117:1 118:15 122:8 129:22 132:14,24 133:15,19,21,23 134:6 135:17,24 147:21 148:11,18 150:3,15,23 153:17,18 154:4,20 160:14 162:21 165:19 167:1,8,24 168:2,4,17 168:21 169:6,15,16,23 170:2,3,5,9,14,17 171:3 171:10,10,21 172:1,4 172:20,22,23,23 173:8 173:17 174:14,16,23 175:9 176:16,16,22 177:6,8 178:2 179:14 181:9,23 182:7,8,9,17 183:18 184:3 187:10,23 188:8,13,16 190:9 192:15 193:9 196:8 197:16 200:16 203:22 204:18 209:3 211:23 212:6,7,16 213:6 214:18 215:1,2 216:4 223:21 224:13 226:7 227:15 228:21 229:4 231:10 234:8,17 235:18 237:4 238:3,15,19 239:1,8 241:5,14 245:13 246:3 248:8 249:17,18 250:15 251:5 251:18,19,22 252:9 260:24 261:16 262:22 263:9,10 268:19 275:8 277:15 278:5,21 281:13 281:16 283:1 284:21 285:16 287:18 289:11 297:22 298:1 300:7 302:21 305:21 306:24 307:6 309:18 310:7 314:3 315:15 316:3 324:17 327:8 334:8 337:23 338:19,19 340:4 348:21 354:3,18 355:24 356:10 359:1 **front** 11:13 65:6 338:22

344:1 **frustrated** 286:24 **frustrations**208:12 **fuel** 3:7 16:1 18:6 23:7

27:9,17 28:13 30:2,7 42:23 52:12,16 53:1,13 54:2,9,11,17,23 55:7,12 56:5 57:7 60:14 62:24 63:4 80:23 83:13 84:24 128:4 136:22 137:2,10 137:19,21 138:15 139:4 139:13,17,20 153:16,17 154:5,8 162:2,5,14 175:20,20 176:4,8,20 176:24 177:6 180:19 181:2,2,11,15 183:14 191:6 207:2 219:18,23 220:2 221:3,11 222:13 224:17 225:3,4,7,9,13 225:14,19,20,20,22 226:21 227:10 228:6 238:3 289:16 297:6 315:20 317:19 320:9 325:24 349:12 **fueled** 10:12 27:15 310:1 **fueling** 118:17 298:4 **fuels** 28:7 51:18 52:7,23

53:14 54:8 55:2 61:21 117:24 127:10,17 132:11,22 137:19 138:12,14 139:1 140:6 140:8 149:19 154:16,17 154:18 155:9 175:23 181:5 184:5 185:1 187:7 214:20 304:16,16 **fuel-based** 52:11 **fuel-burning** 221:5

224:13 **fulfilling** 71:20 **full** 20:14 58:18 90:13

94:10 198:12 210:6 242:14 269:1 278:21 296:4 314:3 329:2 341:6 **fully**37:2 47:6 51:6 68:14

108:13 168:24 195:23 227:21 259:6 274:15 **full-time**61:10 90:13

195:19 284:18 **function** 26:16 149:5

203:23 287:4 315:21 **functions**296:8 **fund**42:7,8 238:21 **funded** 281:12 **Funding** 82:24 **furnace** 105:5 127:20,23

128:5,14,15 129:10,20 130:1,8 167:2,6,9 168:23 169:5 171:14 216:8,10,11 **furnaces** 8:9 28:5 33:20

42:13,18 43:5 46:10 48:3 49:10 68:19 75:15 81:10 87:7 88:17 89:2 97:9 98:24 110:11,21 115:11 128:8 129:12 131:13 152:7,23 166:24 167:11,23 182:16 214:1 214:22 233:20 311:5 319:5,16,18 **furnace's** 320:1 **furniture** 197:9 **further** 15:2 17:7 33:9

54:5 72:13 81:16,23 85:3 118:11 145:4 205:12 206:14,15 219:12 237:23 239:12 260:5 325:16 328:23 363:12 **Furthermore** 70:4 149:11

151:1 190:7 **fussiness** 328:18 **future** 10:5 76:18 113:8

131:14 138:8 155:19 157:12 158:4,7 159:13 159:24 160:9 192:12 219:1 220:13,20 221:13 290:7 296:23 301:13 307:18 310:13 312:23 353:23

**G gadgets**  64:6 66:1 **Gagner**209:5 213:19,20

213:21 **gain** 38:9 272:1 **gained** 58:23 **gains** 98:18,20 263:9 **game** 131:3 **gap** 320:14 **garbage** 309:7,12 **gardening** 339:14 **Gary** 209:21 **gas** 10:13 28:8 29:19 30:8

52:13 91:14 127:12,16 140:5 151:8 158:12 184:6,19 227:13 315:15 323:24 327:19 **gases** 286:12 **gasoline**219:21 228:9 **gas-burning** 217:24 **gas-heating** 248:20 **gathering** 126:1 **gauge**264:12 292:1 **gave** 182:3 223:10 **general** 58:16 136:15

166:3 235:13 236:10 **generally** 28:14 63:4

117:14 204:2 233:24 235:3 324:5 **generate** 156:24 160:16

176:14 181:21 185:11 208:11 278:17 **generated** 188:17 216:20

216:23 338:11 **generation** 59:24 65:2,3

110:20 160:15 161:5 176:10,15 181:17,23 312:21 **generations** 62:15 76:17

131:14 **generators** 342:17 **genetically** 197:5 **gentlemen** 24:16 140:16

165:13 257:3 **Georgia** 161:14 **German** 106:7 215:1 **getting** 194:2 272:12,13

338:13 346:2 **Gil** 7:8 114:18 116:19

209:10 229:3 323:17 331:19 352:2 **Gina**2:15 **give** 9:8 12:12 13:5 21:23

23:1 41:18 90:20 131:11 194:13 198:21 223:15 253:1 255:15 313:17 342:1,1,9,10 361:4,5 **given** 13:1 19:14 21:17

21:21 35:10 47:5 75:19 95:10 109:23 129:15,24 133:12 136:6 187:2 254:22 256:7 332:11 340:2 344:6 355:23 357:23 361:9 **gives** 127:23 **giving** 65:16 210:21

251:3 271:8 **glad** 119:20 187:19

253:23 **glance** 193:24 **glass** 315:9 **global** 61:20 184:18 **glow** 198:10 218:2 **go**4:9 5:3,23 7:13 13:10

13:15,21,24 14:6 16:24 28:21 50:19 90:2 105:17 108:10 112:5 120:17 124:7 134:24 135:7,24 142:14 144:18 146:11 158:3 169:22,23 172:19 173:12,18 194:20 195:2,8 197:21 198:2 205:13 230:12 249:1 252:1 262:22 276:7 285:6 301:4 310:19 312:8 313:5 341:24 351:23 **goal** 15:2 17:6 **goals** 79:5 184:17 185:5

186:19 359:17 **goes** 13:16 58:17 84:18

135:13 144:11 226:7,23 295:17 306:9 307:20 344:14 **going** 11:10 20:13 21:23

22:13 24:20 107:8 119:24 124:14 127:18 160:2,3 166:22 179:5 192:18 193:8 198:12 201:12 205:13 217:17 224:19 229:18 230:17 232:11 250:8 255:20 283:23 299:17 308:3 311:23 328:3 341:22 343:10 357:22 **Goldman** 14:8,9,12,13

19:7 **gone** 143:24 150:11

272:18 **gonna**2:5 13:9,14 14:7,9

61:14 91:2 101:7,9 102:13 103:2,4 112:6 118:18 122:9 123:5 131:17 141:3 160:4 161:2,3 183:2 193:11 193:11,14,14 194:23

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15:4 19:2 30:21 36:16 51:13 55:22 57:15 62:18 67:13 71:23 72:15 78:10 86:18 100:7 107:24 120:1,5 120:20 122:15 130:15 131:19 136:14 140:19 147:11 156:6 174:5 183:5 187:12 193:7,20 195:10 196:10,10 202:5 203:9 209:6 213:20 217:19 229:13 235:3 245:4 253:22 257:2 266:8 275:19 277:7 282:7 284:1 289:10 293:20 302:15 305:4 311:1 324:9 337:22 342:19 360:10 362:24 **Goodwin** 90:17 **good-paying** 270:5 **Gorham** 257:15,17 **gotten** 209:11 **govern** 323:1 **government** 19:5 55:1

113:13 166:8 168:1 173:4 234:13 238:19 **grab** 317:15 **grabbed** 91:13 **grade** 161:18 163:5 **grain** 339:17 **gram** 18:12 118:23 198:6

199:18 229:20,21 332:20 355:6,7 **grams** 29:12,13 34:17

37:22 62:22 70:4,10,11 94:15 95:2 118:13,22 229:24 231:11,11 262:22 313:12 320:8 324:11 353:10 355:11 **Grand** 106:14,16 **granddaughter** 109:2 **grandfather** 108:24 109:3 **grandfathered** 114:2 **granted** 344:12 **granting** 98:21 138:16 **grants** 6:3 **graph** 260:9 **graphs**253:16 **grass** 115:24 **grateful** 173:23 174:4 **grates** 340:15 **gray** 320:15 321:7,11 **great**2:16 3:4 54:21

69:17 86:5 95:3 98:18 109:9 114:18 185:7 206:6 234:22 255:14 272:6 288:18 293:3 344:17,17 363:3 **greater**26:23 27:2 58:19

154:9 200:1 **greatest**26:9 98:22 99:23 144:3 148:24 153:10 154:14 168:22 204:15 247:2,10 **greatly** 111:10 199:14

226:9 254:21 **green** 2:5 7:3,16,18 12:1

104:24 143:12 180:10 180:13,16,20,24 182:2 182:23 192:19,24 203:5 240:20 265:21,24 266:2 266:5 267:24 322:19 323:13 **greener**227:5 328:7 **greenhouse**28:8 29:19

30:8 140:5 184:19 **green-type**271:1 **Greg** 2:5 7:2,3,8,14,18

11:9 116:18 209:10 323:9,16 352:2 **grew**51:8 92:17,17 184:4 **grid** 143:21 **grids** 157:20 **gross** 216:3 280:24 **ground** 158:14 339:12 **group**63:8 106:20

166:21 234:12 238:18 238:23 257:6 332:1 **groups**47:12 48:22

157:24 254:19 255:24 267:23 271:1 **grow**45:7 109:4 113:6

115:7,18 151:11 **growing** 69:9 72:1 88:11

117:15 203:2 236:20 339:17 **grown** 63:2 73:22 114:21 **growth** 49:22 63:3 115:20

187:9 **guarantee** 129:16 244:3 **guess**270:20 346:2 **guideline**291:5 **guidelines**220:22 291:2 **Guild** 141:22,24 284:12

338:6 343:4 **gullible**281:1 **gun** 106:5 **guys** 275:9 306:18 321:9

323:18 346:11 347:20 **G-O-L-D-M-A-N** 14:13 **G3** 224:10

**H H**  248:10 **Haggard** 100:6,7,9 **half**38:18 50:1 56:22

63:22 72:24 97:3 132:13,13 133:9 198:13 242:10 264:17 346:8 **Hall** 1:17 2:13 **Hallowell** 156:4,6,7 **halt** 17:23 **Hampshire**6:7 44:4

86:20,21,24 87:4,13,22 88:2 131:22 132:3,9,17 133:5,8,13 136:23 274:14 275:9 298:22 299:2 300:11,14,15,19 300:22 303:3 304:7,12 304:14 357:13 **Hampshire's** 132:12,21 **hand** 105:20 295:15

296:2 337:16,16 358:5 358:11 359:4 364:12 **handled** 99:10 **handling** 112:1 **handout** 132:15 **handouts** 11:3 132:15 **hands**252:20 309:17

339:6 **hands-on** 229:12 **hang** 120:7,9 276:3,5 **hanging** 263:7 **Hannah** 140:17,19,20 **happen** 16:21 17:24

89:15 100:17 101:7 216:18 222:4 256:17 263:15 **happened** 100:23 171:23

173:4 315:4 **happening** 156:18 158:9

338:16 **happens** 77:20 172:21

182:10 287:2,5 360:20 **happy** 13:20 117:7

122:18 244:20 284:22 288:9 290:18 **hard** 2:21 4:21 37:6 58:20

112:1 132:1 140:20 141:1 197:5 248:24 250:12 348:20 360:23 **harder**78:1 **hardly** 165:24 **hardship** 6:15 **hardware**296:15 **Hardy** 55:24 **harm** 75:3,19 77:4 87:16

208:18 **harmed** 167:22 168:7,10 **harmful** 3:23 32:6 42:17

43:7 47:9 69:6 71:24 72:8 74:5 75:11 77:23 89:8 93:19 155:1 203:10 **Harmon** 218:3 **harms** 165:19 167:17 **harsh** 83:18 254:10 **harvested** 236:4 **harvesting** 236:9 **hate** 130:23 131:3 **hated** 90:20 **having** 5:3 18:7 172:12

204:5,7 210:22 220:6 244:2 271:23 289:12,21 305:14 332:17 350:4 360:16 **havoc**286:23 **hawthorn** 342:7 **hazard** 166:14 300:7 **hazardous**48:24 74:8

87:9 **hazards** 141:7 145:17 **head** 90:22 305:15 **heading** 262:7 **headquartered** 67:20 161:14 217:22 **headquarters** 348:21 **health** 3:14,24 4:6,8 5:15

9:2,11,15 15:4 16:13 25:19,22 26:12,17,23 35:2 36:10 42:20 43:2 45:13,22 47:11,15 48:15,23 49:9,11,13,19 68:3,10,23 69:5 74:5 75:23 78:2 85:12 89:16 122:23 123:13,13,14,19 123:21,23 124:1,2,21 124:22 125:11 133:6 134:10 140:3 148:16,18 149:3,9,10 153:5,10 165:16,18,19 166:11,14 166:18 168:19,24 172:14,15 173:10 186:18 188:1,16,21,23 189:1,16,20 191:17 203:8,9,21 206:10 208:22,24 233:13 234:7 235:1,3,11 237:6 239:8 241:5,15,24 242:1,14 243:7,13 246:21 274:23 343:22 **healthcare**40:22 41:17

104:3 **healthier**77:14 **healthy** 73:1,1 77:4 123:1

123:10,11,20,20 233:16 334:4 **health-based** 32:4

306:22 **health-protective**47:20

48:2 77:17 88:20 **hear**7:17 24:24 85:22

144:9 165:14 172:20 182:14 281:3 **heard** 19:7 61:6 80:21

84:4,23 105:6 118:15 119:11 121:7 124:8 141:14 147:21 148:9 157:15 158:17 201:17 213:5 221:20 228:11 251:18,21 252:12 253:7 272:5 331:6,7 343:12 **hearing** 1:8 2:4 10:20,20

11:7 12:19 18:24 72:16 193:12 194:22 228:15 239:23 253:7 343:6 363:13,16 **heart**4:10 9:3 26:12,14

26:14 105:24 149:7,7 171:20 172:1 189:24 203:12 339:21 346:9 **heartened** 166:12 **hearth** 14:14 18:10 19:6

36:19 90:9 95:21 105:2 174:10 217:21 222:8 248:10,15 258:20 268:9 323:23 324:21 330:8 342:16 352:23 **hearths**294:6 **Hearthstone** 61:8,8,12

64:16 65:9 244:11 246:11 **Hearthstone's** 62:14 **hearts**208:24 341:15 **heat** 19:13 25:12 38:3

42:23 51:9 57:2 60:20 61:17,19 87:4 88:18 92:1,20 95:16 101:8,9 109:16,16 117:15,17,22 120:24 125:21 127:9 133:7 137:2 149:23 160:8 172:6 196:22 199:4 201:7 217:4 218:2 225:8 236:5 240:5 248:6,9,15 250:10 251:14 252:18 252:22 253:3 254:9 278:21 282:2 295:1,3 295:19 296:1,9 297:10 298:14 299:15,17,20 304:13 313:21 337:9 **Heatalator**218:2 **heated** 143:9 285:18

286:8 295:9 **heater**2:18 4:15 5:4 7:12

10:7 56:2 57:4,10 70:7 70:22 72:6 78:17 98:14 154:3 214:5 216:7,15 216:17 277:18 294:4,10 296:4,12 300:4,6 301:20 302:20 303:1 306:2 314:20 317:1,4 318:3 339:8,10 340:6 340:11 341:21 358:12 361:12 **heaters** 1:10 3:9,12 4:24

5:6 8:2,6,9,10,14,18,19 8:23 10:2,12,16 28:17 28:18 31:5,21 33:4,18 33:20 34:1 36:9 49:6,7 50:17 51:16 57:17,24 59:13 60:15,24 61:15 68:11,16,19,20,24 69:10,13,15 70:16 71:2 71:8,15,17 72:1,1,10 73:11 77:18 87:3 89:18 96:2 97:9,10 129:7 152:5,23 162:10 167:12 182:4,7 187:23 188:4,4 188:9 190:24 191:3,7 197:17 202:15 205:3 208:2 214:7 233:20 234:3,5,8,17 236:13,17 236:19 237:4,13 238:6 239:2,4 248:17 293:23 294:3,13,20 295:12,22 296:21 297:20 298:11 298:24 299:2,12,13,18 299:21 300:1,13,15 301:9,17,18,24 302:4,6 302:14 303:7,9,10,21 303:22 304:15,19 305:3 307:23 311:21 312:22 313:20 321:18 335:21 337:8,19 339:22 341:17 341:20 342:14 357:4 358:8 359:12 361:17 363:14 **heating** 27:9 28:3 41:19

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335:14 **Helpro**218:3 **helps** 54:2,5 240:19 **hemlock**342:4 **Henry** 217:13,14 222:18

223:18,19,20 229:2 231:2 233:2 **Henry's** 309:23 **her**33:7 171:1 192:24 **hesitate** 108:24 **hesitation** 41:1 **hey** 112:5 **HHT** 218:7 220:1 **Hi** 42:5 265:21 **high** 40:23 70:5 137:20

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102:1 113:20 124:21 143:4 209:13 358:20 **hit** 108:4 114:13 232:11 **hitting** 292:23 **hokum** 259:5 **hold** 264:22 315:12

347:18 **holding** 239:23 **hole** 317:21 **holes** 316:16,17,18 **Holland** 100:13 **home** 5:5 16:14 26:9

50:22 52:5 56:13 91:14 106:11 108:17,22,22 109:1 120:24 127:4,9 127:12 135:9 148:24 154:19 167:3,8 169:4,9 169:20 170:1,4,6,9 171:3,5 184:3,5 196:22 197:12 199:5 203:4 204:15 217:21 222:8 230:15 233:3,19 285:23 289:11 294:4 300:7 309:3,19 337:11 344:18 **homeless** 106:14,16 **homemade**249:19 **homeowner**27:19 56:12 146:6 287:1,5,8 **homeowners** 75:14 80:9

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221:12 **Honda** 157:6 **honest**280:2 331:1 **honestly** 125:23 **honored** 294:11 352:24 **hook**64:18 **hooked** 322:3 **hope**97:19 98:8,9,11

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310:15 **hopes** 282:4 **hoping** 280:18 315:3 **horrendous** 16:16 **horse** 171:17 172:9 **hospital** 204:12 **hospitalizations** 50:2 **hostage**91:9 **hot**3:20 233:20 295:15

295:20 315:13 316:23 **hotline**50:7 **hotter**286:13 **hour**29:12,13 34:17

37:22 58:12 62:23 70:4 70:11,12 77:2 118:13 118:22,23 190:4 198:7 198:13 199:19 200:15 200:16 218:23 220:9 229:20,21,22,24 231:11 231:12 249:8 258:12 259:12 262:22 263:17 264:1 271:18 284:24 289:6 313:13 322:11 324:12 325:23 326:14 326:15,16 332:20 353:10 355:6,7,11 **hourly** 168:11 190:19

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270:7 **hurting** 256:2 **hurts** 111:13 **husband** 170:12 **Hussong** 245:3 248:4,5,8 **HVAC** 128:1 **hybrid** 278:2,9,15 335:19 **hybrids** 159:14 **HydraFire**218:2 **hydrocarbons** 32:10

71:13 203:17 **hydronic**8:8 33:18 56:2

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**I ICC**  196:21 **Ice**294:19 **idea** 95:16 116:2 120:11

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348:9,9 349:14 350:3 350:19 **identify** 54:3 141:7 155:6 **ignition** 227:12 **ignorant**280:17 **ignored** 97:14 **IHP**38:16 **II** 105:21 106:6 **ill** 330:19 **illegal** 317:24 **illness** 167:3 **illnesses** 149:5 **illusion** 272:19 **illustrates** 135:7 **image** 337:15 **imagine** 171:8 250:16

263:14 293:12 360:23 **immediate**41:14 192:10 **immediately**47:19 305:1 **immunogenic**203:19 **immunological** 203:24 **impact**20:5,7 23:24 24:2

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81:12 82:22 185:21 **inefficiently** 314:20 **inevitably**259:20 **inexpensive** 63:6 87:5 **inflated** 276:13 **inflationary** 324:20 **influence**208:6 **influences** 30:7 **influencing** 81:1 **informal** 245:8 **informally** 363:4 **information** 7:4,20 11:4

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119:18 122:4 315:24 318:5 336:10 356:16 **innovations** 64:17 **innovative** 36:18 114:15

244:10 **innovators** 250:15 318:7 **inordinate** 172:10 **input** 159:12 268:19

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96:22 218:1 223:24 224:6 233:21 257:11,14 266:13,17,24 329:19 **inside** 167:1 344:8 **insidious**204:13 **insight**267:15 **insignificant**243:7 **inspect**356:24 **inspected** 347:8 **inspection** 161:12,24

162:4 163:14,21 164:1 164:2,5,19 **inspections** 163:15 **inspectors**289:14 **install** 75:14 76:5 286:4

328:5 344:3 **installation** 38:21 39:9

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293:4 350:10 **installing** 300:1,3 **instance** 328:21 359:22 **instant**99:3 **instead** 35:21 237:10

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290:16 **intended** 195:15 **intense** 124:5 295:3 **intent** 180:2 302:8 305:2

328:5 **intention** 54:17 **intentionally** 179:22 **interactions**64:11 **interest** 141:3 146:9

213:13 293:3 328:14,15 **interested** 241:2 310:10

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139:11 **Internet** 182:15 **intertwined** 126:1 **intrinsic**64:9 186:9 **introduce**2:8 7:1 179:10

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163:21 169:1,10 192:7 216:14 243:14 275:3 280:21 299:4 307:5 324:21 338:8 **issuing** 10:24 188:21 **items** 172:15 **iteration** 183:18 **i.e**226:10 279:20

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11:6 85:18 193:8 248:8 363:9 **job**6:17 92:13 114:9 **jobless** 126:16 **jobs** 56:16 64:14 101:23 102:4,11 113:22 129:5 187:10 254:3 270:5,6 317:8 318:6 **Joe** 183:6 **John** 90:2 93:20 95:20

107:23 116:19 174:7 209:4,7 255:4 310:24 314:9 327:11,12,13 351:3 **join** 2:13 **joined** 214:4 **joint**296:12 359:9 **Joseph** 183:3 323:20 **Jotul** 257:6,8,13,21 258:4

259:11,18 260:12,15 262:18 266:10,16 267:6 270:13 271:10,12,23 **judgment** 139:8 **July**236:13 **jump** 110:14 **June** 111:13 236:13 **junk**283:21 **jurisdiction** 289:13,21 **jurisdictions**297:4 **just**2:2,9 3:19 6:24 7:13 12:8 13:7,9,14,16 14:3 14:11 16:15 21:3,15 22:13,23 24:3 55:9 56:8 58:16 59:7 60:21 65:8 67:13 75:11 82:1 84:16 86:4 90:3 95:17 110:5 111:22 117:2,24 120:22 124:9,20,23 127:22 141:3 145:15 146:7 156:11 179:19 180:10 183:2 193:10,18 194:23 201:12 205:13 209:13 231:12 232:17 239:24 240:1,22 249:20 250:10 252:12 253:14 254:2 255:4,6,9 257:15 263:14 270:6 271:5 272:11 281:2 288:21 290:9 291:4,24 308:17 316:19 326:23 343:5 344:14 345:4,20 347:12 347:22 348:8 350:17,21 351:17 357:18 362:14 362:16,16 **justified** 304:21 **justify** 58:20 201:23

**K K** 248:7 **kakelugn** 337:15 **Katrina** 143:20 **kay** 91:20 **Kearns** 90:17 **Keene**6:6 133:15 134:2

160:5 **keep**4:22 18:15 42:2

104:9 110:7 112:14 114:7 133:1 139:23 173:20 185:22 212:21 228:15 240:16,19 250:14 313:19 316:22 357:7 **keeping** 24:5 41:20

109:12 117:19 309:20 **keeps** 247:22 327:8 **Kelly** 310:23 311:1,3 **kept**62:12 208:3 315:19 **Kerry** 93:20 **Kerry's** 255:4 **key** 19:24 20:10,18 28:13

146:3 218:21 220:5 277:15 **Keystone**93:21 **kid** 360:10 **kids**45:20 88:2,6 92:5

110:9 149:1 **kill** 59:21 217:2 254:3

305:18 **kiln** 314:10,13,14 315:7 **kiln-dried** 35:22,22 **kind** 105:10 106:23 107:6

107:12 125:9 158:8 159:18,19 182:20 243:24 307:20 311:21 315:23 362:15 363:4 **kinds**242:1 285:7 **King** 352:13 355:3,9,15 **Klear**311:23 **Klein** 36:14,16,17 **knew**92:7 250:1 327:22

337:18,22 **know**2:20,22 3:3,17 6:17

6:21 13:4,6,10,11 20:16 21:7,8 24:21 28:19 39:3 49:10 50:21 51:19 73:4 73:14 84:11 88:23 91:11 92:1 96:1,18 106:2,17 109:3,4 117:5 118:17 120:18 127:23 130:10,10,12 133:24 135:13 146:12 173:16 173:16 182:21 197:4,14 201:20 241:3,6 243:1 255:4 261:7 263:14 265:6 273:19 277:23 278:3 279:4 283:3 288:14 291:2,22 299:5 299:6 301:12 302:21 309:18,22 310:3 312:11 321:10,16 322:2 323:2 333:16 344:11 345:1,23 346:3,11,15,18,19 347:2,4 348:2,23 349:19 350:11,12,24 351:18 352:2 361:11 362:13,16,21,24 **knowing** 305:7 **knowledge** 100:22

212:12 268:19 364:10 **knowledgeable**268:8 **known** 8:8,11 33:18

69:10 87:16 131:9 201:24 229:15 233:17 248:20 294:18,20 **knows** 98:5 **Kozy** 248:6,7,8,14 **Kuhfahl** 55:20 61:4,5,7

66:14,17,19,22 67:7 **K-E-L-L-Y** 311:3 **K-L-E-I-N** 36:17

**L lab**  64:7 178:22 179:7

195:24 199:22 209:11 215:5,15 229:6 252:9 264:1 278:5,5 332:12 340:13 **label** 120:14,15,21 356:23

357:5 **laboratories** 161:17

162:19 163:11,14 176:24 180:3 209:8,14 209:15,22 210:5,12,14 210:18,20 211:1,6,10 213:3,9,15 **laboratory** 16:4 57:6

174:23 176:3,11 178:2 179:15,16 181:10,18 210:1,16 211:19 220:2 318:9 359:9 **labs** 58:24 176:5 181:12

209:9,17 231:6 **lack**71:11,11,12 176:9

181:16 186:3 331:23 355:16 **ladies** 257:3 **laid** 247:15 **Lake**74:21 **Lakes** 233:18 **Lakeville**217:22 **land** 233:17 240:16 **landmark**74:1 **lands** 91:10 240:16 **language** 175:22 181:4

222:10 297:21 **lanterns**295:21 **large** 9:12 19:14 21:5

22:24 25:15 52:3 78:22 103:13 124:1 189:21 195:23 214:23 216:20 235:9 236:24 315:6,9,9 322:16 326:2 334:3 **largely** 296:14 **larger**43:24 210:14,20 **largest**25:24 39:1 43:21

101:3 103:18 114:22 123:14 129:24 130:8 136:21 148:21 209:22 223:23 303:22 306:11 355:9 **last** 13:20 18:12 20:14

22:2 29:4 52:22 62:13 63:3 65:8 73:14 78:11 93:16 134:4 135:5 141:19 143:6 156:21 164:8 182:8 183:6 193:20 206:9 230:2 237:11 255:5,9 265:11 265:14,22 278:6 279:9 304:10 315:3 336:17 341:14 352:8,11 357:11 **Lastly** 329:4 **late** 56:3 135:8 259:24

294:16 **later** 15:22 24:11,12

79:18 84:12 86:16 89:16 107:18 142:17 223:5 317:24 354:5 **latest** 143:7 281:4 **latter**260:12 **launched** 224:15 **launching** 141:15 **law**83:14 201:23 320:13 **lawn** 115:24 282:13 **laws** 172:3 299:1 300:19

301:1,14 303:2 **lawyer** 168:8,11,15 **layer**212:13 **laying** 23:18 **lazy** 198:7 **lead** 24:4 29:21 32:19

93:18 112:23 130:3 189:1 191:15 222:15 241:13 **leader**7:9 217:23 248:9

258:2 **leaders**48:19 113:3

238:18 256:4 359:19 360:1 **leadership**202:9 206:4 **leading** 21:5 53:12 62:6

257:22 333:8 334:15 360:3 **leads** 67:2 343:22 **Leahy** 245:7,16 248:2 **learn** 109:2 116:24

157:16 282:18,19 **learned** 58:8 284:22

331:22 352:17 **learning** 311:11 **least**34:13 46:6 87:12

88:6 96:19 129:18 145:20 193:20 198:2 241:22 249:12 254:12 254:13 264:24 281:10 306:16 325:7 357:1 **leave** 12:13,16 64:3 77:7

91:2 101:21 105:15 201:16 282:7 305:9 308:17 344:18 **leaves** 362:19 **leaving** 23:16 253:15

320:4 **Lebanon** 274:14

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**led** 231:23 **left**90:21 99:13 112:13

114:6 319:20 341:7 **leg** 106:6 **legacy** 185:8 **legal** 214:23 314:22 **legally-justified** 130:21 **legislative** 131:9 **legislators** 120:3 172:20 **Leighton** 1:17 2:13 **lengthen** 19:10 **lengthening** 206:15 **less** 8:20 26:20 42:23

52:10 66:2 80:7 88:19 98:1 109:15 131:4 142:12 160:21 200:22 207:2 264:6 268:20 274:13 286:16 288:18 310:15,17 355:5 **less-dense** 154:4 **less-efficient**326:3 **less-expensive** 302:3 **let** 18:1 80:4 84:11 100:19

200:13 227:24 258:17 273:7 322:7 **lethargic**325:24 **letter** 105:20,23 179:2 **letters** 39:17 **letting** 255:1 **let's** 22:14 41:22 104:7

131:6 265:11,13 **level** 33:1 34:9 40:10,17

69:19 70:21 71:3 96:16 167:9 172:21 191:19 221:18 233:24 243:21 269:5 333:4 360:13 **leveling** 277:5 **levels** 3:24 4:1 22:15 26:6

37:10,15 38:1 41:21 135:4,7,15,17 155:1 166:8 167:4,6,24 190:18 199:18 202:21 210:17 242:16 269:13 277:6 313:12 327:16 **levity** 305:17 **levoglucosan** 133:23 **liability** 168:14 324:21 **Libby** 15:8 96:9 351:1,11

351:12,12 **license**293:9 297:24 **licensure** 350:12 **lie**343:10 **lieu** 169:11 **life**91:22 123:18 125:24

126:11 168:2,6 173:7 241:1 258:17 341:22 **lifespan** 81:22 **lifetime**45:5,11 65:8

76:16 **life's** 338:3 **light** 11:24 12:2,3,6 116:9

135:9 157:5 194:1,9,10 203:3 319:4,21 320:19 323:3 **lighting** 135:15 **lightly** 126:19 **lightweight**280:21 **like** 9:23 12:22 18:19 19:21 24:20 44:2,9 49:8 73:5 74:2 83:7 84:16 90:5,5 92:16,22 94:19 94:19 95:11 105:3,16 110:8 111:16,18 113:12 122:1 125:2 131:4,24 133:16 142:4 144:10 157:14,17 159:5,7,19 160:4,10,14 167:16 169:19 174:12 179:1 182:19 192:20 195:1 197:1 201:13,14,22 210:8,18 211:1,7 213:3 213:13 219:11 222:11 228:10 230:6,23 239:22 240:2 244:5 248:15 257:9 266:11 267:21 268:5 272:3,6 275:3,11 275:11 279:9 282:7 287:7,7 288:3,5 289:23 291:4 293:8 301:7 303:18 305:6,10 307:21 313:22 317:1 320:14 323:2,9 333:6 336:22 346:19 350:5 352:3,15 356:2,17 362:9,12 **likelihood** 345:16 **likely** 39:1 63:10,15 66:2

75:3 87:19 134:8 175:15 230:20 249:22 270:3 324:19 360:20 **likes** 92:10 111:14 **Lime** 357:12 **limit** 11:21 37:22 69:22

70:11,20 71:19,20 186:17 193:22 218:24 259:17 270:22 274:17 296:24 322:11,12 **limitations**82:17 **limited** 203:15 268:19

302:10 308:13 **limiting** 149:13 **limits** 9:7 15:23 16:2 18:5

27:14 31:21 33:11,23 37:8 42:16 46:11 47:20 68:16 70:15 72:8 76:8 89:7 128:9,11 129:21 150:8 151:9 155:21 158:22 202:18 205:6 206:20 207:23 219:23 220:10 237:19 244:4 268:15,21 270:16,17 283:16 300:16 304:21 306:24 323:12 361:17 **line** 17:6 22:21 25:20

113:10 114:19 135:2 223:23 224:16 258:13 271:20 290:6 299:14 303:6,8,19 319:22 320:23 344:1 347:14 355:9 **liner**328:5 **lines** 9:10 14:24 23:1

30:17 91:13 114:8 130:5 272:14 301:3 **lining** 316:22 **linked** 4:7 6:13 75:5 **links**204:9 **lint**282:18 **liquid** 158:12 **Lisa** 140:18 147:12

192:20 **list** 13:10 362:8 **listed** 63:18 146:8 212:15 **listen** 7:23 116:24 **listening** 90:23 **listing** 292:18 **liter**241:22 **literally** 160:1 173:21 **literature** 111:23 **little** 11:22,24 20:17

22:22 24:20 25:1 56:10 90:3 92:7,8,16,19 100:22 109:1 113:22 116:6 146:5 173:9 193:24 194:7 199:23 212:11 220:16 253:21 275:8 294:19 305:17 330:9 335:3 338:17 341:4 348:20 **Liu** 36:15 42:5,6 **live** 18:20 26:10 50:17

120:24 149:1 166:23 167:18 204:16 244:3 275:5 284:8 347:11 **lived** 231:22 **livelihood** 347:11 **liver** 149:6 **lives**4:13 45:16 50:13

73:2,5 77:7 102:11 251:19 **living** 90:6 149:6 168:19

197:10 201:12 270:9 294:5 337:13 338:24 339:14 **load** 13:3 177:6 198:12

216:13 226:7 229:13 230:1 231:24 278:22 315:12 **loaded** 225:9,12,21 226:4 **loading** 160:3 229:9

296:15 **loadings** 15:3 17:8 **loads**273:19 **load-bearing** 265:17,17 **loans** 328:15 **lobbying** 283:14 **local** 31:17 32:13 39:11

74:20 93:9 173:10 184:18 188:21 208:1,4 208:13 243:1 305:24 318:7 351:1 **locally-available** 184:23 **locally-harvested** 62:4 **locally-sourced** 65:18 **located** 14:15 56:15

209:9 257:15 266:18 274:13 294:1 **location** 76:16 **locations** 100:12 204:14 **log** 161:22 **loggers**256:18 **logical** 39:22 **logs** 315:18 **long** 5:16 15:6 35:10

42:14 68:12 73:13 75:13 91:14 108:2 124:21 142:14 148:2 149:11 153:20 168:13 202:15,22 205:4 214:11 232:4 244:23,23 245:18 245:23 289:3 295:12 307:12 312:8 340:2 **longer**51:3 75:22 194:7

221:8 226:11 263:8 269:22 316:15 335:3 **longest**303:24 **longest-running** 62:14 **longevity** 332:1,5 **long-burning** 282:22 **long-range**335:19 **long-standing** 240:12 **long-term** 27:8 77:7

236:7 240:6 331:24 **long-time**48:18 **look**20:16 36:5 51:2

55:13 80:18 102:1,5,22 104:6 110:4 116:13 117:9 121:24 124:24 143:9 158:1 159:4,11 160:1 166:22 177:24 196:24 201:3 255:21 269:6 273:20 331:12 **looked** 159:24 254:16

341:2 **looking** 124:2 158:2,6

159:12,23 160:23 161:4 212:12 222:23 223:5 235:12 244:7 306:13 319:6 323:1 327:20 330:20 **looks** 72:12 113:11 **loopholes** 152:11 244:1 **lose**256:17 **loses**226:20 **losing** 168:6 173:7 **loss** 101:22 102:4 144:1

171:9 286:20 **losses** 168:19 **lost**45:16 102:11 112:2,3

112:5 160:15 206:10 270:5 299:14 **lot**2:22 5:15 19:23 65:6

90:10 91:2 101:23 105:6 110:11 117:4,4 118:18 119:11,24 121:7 156:18 157:9,11 158:1 158:5,7,18 159:8,15 168:24 169:18 172:14 182:12 229:5 240:2 248:15 249:19 250:13 253:24 259:2 280:22 287:11,16 289:24 328:3 328:8 331:13 344:11 **lots** 133:1 272:5 307:16 **loud** 356:19 **love** 127:3 197:5,14

246:1,12,13 321:12 323:7 344:5 **loves** 342:18 **low** 15:22 27:10 62:7 77:11 111:16 142:21 149:14 153:21 157:23 207:18 220:9 232:4,8 232:12 262:18 264:7 269:5 275:3 277:19 283:16 288:8 328:15 353:16,16 354:16,20 **lower** 18:5 34:16 45:18

46:19,22 62:6 109:24 117:20 140:2,5,7 147:7 177:24 191:20 198:8 201:12 214:12,13 219:23 226:11 228:17 232:7 247:8 279:6 326:3 **lowering** 17:19,22 41:17 **lowers**27:7 **lower-cost**63:4 **lower-emitting** 130:5 **lower-income**38:2

120:18 273:3,6 299:14 **lowest** 145:9 207:10

267:1 271:19 **low-carbon** 240:10 **low-emissions**271:12

280:4 **low-energy** 328:14 **low-income**41:19 43:9

96:9 101:5 103:1,19 117:10,11 **lucky**244:9 **lumber**53:8 161:20,20

162:23 163:1,4,5,7 **lunch** 12:20 183:3 192:18

193:1 **lung** 9:4 26:13,15 39:17

72:18,20,22 73:3,3,5,7 73:8 75:19 76:7 77:9,15 122:17 124:9 149:5,7 202:10 203:12,23,24 204:7,10 208:12 265:10 **lungs** 26:12 87:16 208:24 **Lupo**253:17 255:15 **L-I-U**42:6

**M machine**  12:5 95:15

106:5 282:15 **mad** 91:18 **made**25:15 64:23 97:23

98:17 109:19 112:24 113:11 114:14 116:16 125:1,4 128:19 130:11 130:13 167:14 179:13 191:10 201:21 209:20 233:22 234:22 248:18 288:7 302:23 312:21 339:4 **magic**291:13 **magnetic**339:23 **magnitude**20:18 188:24 **main** 13:24,24 14:5 92:24

125:21 200:11 296:8 **Maine** 78:13,18 79:1

80:14 82:5 83:21 85:3 122:24 123:7,8,13,14

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123:15,16 141:23 147:22 257:5,15,21 262:11 266:18 337:9 338:19 339:13,16,17 341:17,20 **mainly** 56:23 188:7

254:21 **mainstream** 138:15

139:13 **maintain** 81:20 133:1

175:16 211:8 226:2 281:22 282:19 287:11 334:12 **maintained** 81:24 **maintaining** 107:3 **maintenance** 80:8 85:10

287:9,12 293:4,12 308:22 326:10 329:12 335:16 **major** 19:9 23:16 44:6

49:8 53:9 74:15 96:17 128:14 166:6 204:22 221:18 251:14 262:15 323:23 324:1 325:20 343:14,23 347:23 **majority** 71:3,14 190:22

197:8 231:5 237:2 **make**2:2,5 5:2 8:22 9:18

12:17 16:2 22:6,13 28:16 35:18 52:21 56:8 64:6 74:2 78:1 89:15,17 96:13 107:18 111:7 112:7 127:8 130:9 141:8 146:6 149:9 151:12 161:7 164:22 177:13 179:21 188:3 192:9,10 196:2 215:3 215:22 221:22 228:10 240:17 254:12 260:19 272:16 275:11,21 276:12,23 299:20 300:5 306:8,20 310:12 316:14 317:16 324:13 335:6,7 335:7,8,8,9,9,10 342:11 357:18 **makers** 205:17 **makes** 60:9 97:22 118:23

129:23 157:4 175:2 247:9 250:8 282:22 301:21 303:5 304:22 326:8 330:19 336:12 **makeup** 154:19 **making** 15:2,18 25:12,17

39:6,6 43:20 51:3 70:24 80:8 98:3 130:22 165:21 178:11 184:22 250:5 255:2 278:14 280:16 283:11 309:21 309:21

**man** 106:4 253:21 279:11

280:5,7,8,12,16,19,23 281:4 283:11 284:4 **manage** 112:18 116:7,11

308:11 **management**30:10

147:15 163:18 176:5,22 181:12 187:15 188:9 242:6 **manager**86:21 136:15

161:11 266:10 284:18 **managers** 226:24 **mandate** 118:9 256:21

313:9 **mandated** 298:6 **mandates**252:11 254:3

254:12 256:14 **mandatory**41:15 358:14 **manmade**253:13

**manner**99:10 206:13

238:1 **Manos** 1:23 364:7,17 **manual** 83:13,17 315:22

316:9 356:23 357:5 **manuals**215:1 310:5 **manufacture**30:6 36:19

51:24 61:10 196:6,21 199:11 217:23 320:16 334:23 **manufactured** 5:1 10:5

246:10 257:14 286:18 295:23 333:3 **manufacturer**9:6 20:23

58:1 82:1 100:14 128:15 130:1,8,11 136:21 137:17 139:6 176:1 178:22 179:9 181:8 191:20 251:18 267:5 269:11 274:4,12 277:13 284:3 287:17 325:9 333:19,24 334:16 336:3 339:6 354:13,19 354:21 355:18 357:2 **manufacturers** 9:8,20,21

14:16 20:6,21 21:2,19 22:13 23:11 27:4,22 34:7 38:14 47:6 53:10 54:1,23 55:11 59:1 63:8 79:9 84:2,14,19 89:12 95:3 97:20 98:14 101:11,14 102:4 103:23 104:10,14 107:5 128:18 128:21 129:3,20 131:1 131:11 142:24 148:9 155:16 159:21 183:14 183:20 185:2 187:3 188:3 192:1 206:1 213:6 218:15 230:22 231:5 238:5 244:9,10 244:12 248:14,17 250:13 251:12,23,24 254:13 256:10 258:24 259:22 260:21 264:19 266:17 269:7 273:12 276:12 280:6 287:12 290:3 298:5 302:18,22 303:12,20 305:10 306:12,20 308:16 312:12 313:1,14 325:6 325:13 326:18 329:21 331:17 332:2,15 334:5 335:2 336:7,19 346:5 347:14 348:11 352:17 353:3,6 356:1,4,22 358:12 **manufacturer's** 174:16 207:17 **manufacturer-financed**

265:7 **manufactures** 61:12

257:13 286:4 319:4 355:9 **manufacturing** 36:23

52:1 55:4,24 102:14 129:1 176:18 182:1 213:22 218:4 265:16 270:5,6 299:9 317:8 319:10 **many** 6:22 15:9 16:23

23:7,14 25:10 26:6 27:22 29:8 32:1,18 37:5 46:9 48:21 52:4,4,8 58:5 68:4 69:1 73:17 74:9,12 77:6 80:9 87:3 87:22,23 88:24 96:22 97:12,12,15 98:7 118:16 126:5,19,21 127:8 133:10,10 136:5 139:24 142:3 148:10 150:1 166:20 171:4 178:18 179:20 182:7 184:9 188:7 191:2,4 194:21 202:21,23 203:7 208:19 214:8,8,20,22 217:4 219:16 220:20,24 221:4 224:8 240:4 241:9 248:22 249:16,18 251:7 252:7,17,21,24 253:1 254:6,23 256:14 259:21 262:8 266:24 285:7,24,24 289:18,21 292:24 294:20,21 299:21 300:5 301:4,7 310:6 311:24 312:11 319:8,12 324:1 327:8 336:13 337:21 344:9 350:6 351:6 358:24 **map** 143:5,10,11 **maple**342:5 **March** 60:11 364:12 **margin** 111:14 **marginally-greater**

200:19 **margins** 111:14 325:9 **mark**36:14,17 53:24 54:2

111:11 112:16 128:20 163:23 295:10 337:20 **marked** 23:23 **market**24:8 25:23 29:9

38:18 46:17,21 47:3,7 52:9 53:11 60:19 62:11 65:1 66:6 81:15 82:15 88:21 107:10 116:3,4 119:11 120:20 137:10 148:6 149:13 172:12 179:11 184:10 186:21 201:1 203:1,5 205:21 214:7,17 215:10 216:2 217:23 258:1 259:16 272:1 283:13 311:23 313:5,17 320:14 321:5 324:20 329:22 336:14 **marketed** 320:18 **marketing** 83:4 102:16

325:2 349:10 **marketplace**52:18 205:8

205:24 260:24 325:5 **markets** 113:5 128:20

155:9 319:4 **market's** 187:9 **marking** 161:18 163:5,7 **marks** 31:19 **Martin** 24:19 25:4 **Maryland** 156:23 **masonry** 8:10 33:20

68:20 97:9 152:5 293:23 294:1,3,4,10,13 294:20 295:6,11,22 296:4,4,13,21 297:19 298:11 307:23 337:8,19 338:6 339:8,10,22 340:6 341:17,21 342:14

**mass** 93:23 296:17 **Massachusetts** 1:1,18

25:6,10 28:2,14,19,22 29:1,19 30:23 90:7 93:11,12 122:24 123:21 123:22 202:7,9,12 204:3 262:11 284:8,12 293:7 294:2 337:24 342:24 343:4 364:1 **massive** 23:5 97:4 **master**214:1 **Master's** 330:10 **matching** 292:11 **material** 37:4 296:13 **materials** 161:21 163:8

278:13 **Mattapoisett**342:24 **matter**26:1 31:24 32:9,14

34:17 39:2,21 40:19,23 41:6 44:13 68:15 74:7 74:14,16,18,19 75:1,10 81:14 87:8 135:4 148:22 150:6,9 151:4 151:16 172:6 173:20 175:7 187:22 189:6,7 189:12,14,18 190:11,17 204:4 234:24 242:10,17 246:20 296:14 322:15

**max** 134:4 **maximize** 258:7 297:10 **maximum** 190:16,19

304:3 313:13 **may** 11:2 12:16 13:15

19:23 20:2 21:20 22:15 36:2 54:1 64:7 80:14 82:7 85:14 90:15,15 99:16,17 111:12 115:19 119:3 121:12 137:15 144:16,17 169:6 193:24 200:19 204:17 209:21 212:5 215:18 221:8 228:22 237:1,23 239:13 247:1 249:14 261:9 264:1 265:6 287:18,19 290:12 321:2 322:2 324:9 327:10 331:19 343:23 347:16 **maybe**88:9 116:21 192:24 233:4 283:18 315:3 **McCabe**2:16 **McCarthy** 2:15

**mean** 5:15 75:13 229:21

269:6,9 280:7 282:24 290:21,22 351:24 362:17 **meaning** 88:24 **meaningful** 15:21 18:2

35:18 36:8 218:17 220:11 222:13 230:10 232:20,21 263:2 276:15

**means** 3:12 12:4 25:1

41:5 50:19 130:6 146:5 162:12 194:1 198:1 201:8 212:4 312:15 318:2 **meant**316:4 **Mears** 233:7 239:18,19

239:20 246:3,8,15 **measurably**272:16

**measure** 177:11 **measurement**69:24

230:10 232:20 **measurements** 70:2

135:23,24

**measures** 70:10 135:22

306:24 **measuring** 134:6 318:6 **Mechanics** 60:11 **mechanism** 302:7 **media**252:15 259:2 **medical** 122:23 123:16

169:23 **medications** 110:9

170:16 **medicine** 169:18 **medium-low**354:16 **Meeker**310:24 314:8,9,9

314:10 **meet**9:7 16:5,10 25:14

33:7 34:15 46:14,17 53:21,23 56:8 71:2 75:23,24 79:11 94:15 98:14 118:21 128:9,19 138:17 139:1 151:23 152:13 202:1 206:2 209:11 220:20 225:15 226:16 235:10 247:19 251:24 252:3,11 258:9 259:11,17,23 263:16 264:18 273:17 297:17 299:20 306:21 312:14 328:20 329:23 353:7 355:6 361:17 **meeting** 129:12 219:1

220:13 230:20 235:6 252:16 259:18 278:3 305:14 363:14 **meetings** 125:2 214:8

228:12 283:7 **meets** 128:16 234:18 **member**31:11 60:2 162:5

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351:10 **members** 15:15 16:10

42:9 52:20 67:16,22 72:3 86:24 **member's** 20:11 **memories** 125:24 **memory** 13:4

**men** 280:12 **mentally** 344:19 **mention** 83:8 118:3

129:23 171:17 307:7 344:22 **mentioned** 7:18 83:8

108:15 109:18 160:5 238:23 281:9 309:7 331:14 345:12 359:14 **mentions** 110:14 113:14 **merchan** 111:24 **mercury** 140:7 **merit** 175:18 **message** 61:17 **met**35:12 78:20 106:8

205:6,22 289:1 306:17 311:16 313:24 314:6,17 331:18 352:23 353:2,12 **metal** 137:5 **metals** 155:1 **meteorological** 190:13

243:1 **meteorologist**253:18 **meteorology** 208:4 **meter** 190:5 241:19 243:4 **method** 6:4 20:8 22:21

58:23 70:9 97:16,22 99:7 105:14 128:7 153:9,14 154:3 177:20 177:21 186:6,7,17 209:16 214:9,12 215:13 215:22 216:1 219:16,24 220:11 228:24 229:17 230:11,21 231:2 232:21 249:5 268:6,7,13,13 269:4 273:24 274:5 298:10 302:16,17 303:14,15 311:20 315:23 320:3 355:1,14 359:3,12,16 360:18 361:18,22,22 **methodologies** 324:13 **methodology** 15:24 18:6

35:16 260:23 271:7 **methods** 37:23 84:5

154:11,13 187:2 207:8 222:14 248:23 267:14 271:22 279:3 298:4 308:14 358:7,10,18,22 359:1 361:12,20,23 **methos**40:9 **metric**215:2 **metropolitan** 31:10 **MFA**318:23 **MHA**294:9 **mic** 14:10 90:3 **Michael** 233:7,9 **Michigan** 100:13 106:14

233:17 **micro** 157:6,9,20 160:10 208:4 **micrograms** 190:4

241:18 **microphone** 193:17 **microphones** 11:11 **microwave** 282:14 **middle** 111:1,5 201:8

247:8 273:3,5 285:23 308:24 **Middlesex**246:4 **Mideast**91:21 **midnight** 134:6,6 135:12

135:12 136:1,1 295:13 **midwest**44:2 **mid-2000's** 15:9 **might**5:14 126:5 144:9

157:15 177:9 207:3 259:16 276:21 280:2 307:1 328:16,22 332:5 **Mike** 131:18,20 283:23

284:2,6 **miles** 74:24 171:14 251:7

251:19 **Miller**48:9,11,11 122:9

122:15,16 **million** 5:23 17:10 21:14

27:1 41:3 45:10 49:20 49:21 50:1,2,4 52:14 56:18 57:9 58:10 59:6 69:20 94:8 96:19 101:2 130:2,20 200:4 214:10 215:6,9 217:5 219:9 221:16 258:4,5 262:20 265:12 307:2 319:17 325:20 **millions**40:16 41:18

96:21 114:1 256:17 **mind** 53:6 60:9 95:1

139:23 216:17 332:6 346:13 **mine** 92:17,23 95:13

106:9 288:10 299:6 **mini** 288:4 **minimal** 189:3 **minimize** 151:10 204:20

258:8 **minimum** 151:20,23

227:1 232:2,3,6 298:15 317:18 332:18 **Minnesota**217:22 233:10

234:18,21 235:17 236:2 236:10,11 237:8,12 238:5,18 249:16 353:1 **Minnesota's** 233:15

235:2,3 **minus** 176:21 177:7,9 **minute**9:23 24:21 25:1

194:10 282:12 **minutes** 11:22 12:3,3

122:13 193:23 194:6 229:9 231:15,16 288:6 310:16 **misapplication** 331:3 **misconceptions** 185:11 **misguided** 346:14 **misrepresentation**

280:10 **misrepresentations** 280:17 **missed** 50:4 **mission** 68:1 73:2 141:6

233:12 319:1,3 **Missouri** 251:5,22 253:18

256:15 **Missourians**251:16 **Missouri-based** 318:24 **mistake**97:22,23 276:8 **mistaken** 24:4 **mistakenly** 77:23 **misuse**331:9 **MIT** 95:17 **mixture**225:20 226:6 **MM** 186:14 **mobile** 189:13 **mockery** 60:9 **mode** 144:20,22 **model** 9:10 21:19 23:1

62:14 130:2,5 265:5 276:3 300:18 311:24 325:1 332:23 337:15 356:5 **modeling** 298:7 **models**21:7,13,20 22:1,5

22:9 23:22 29:3 38:8,10 46:24 71:1,5 94:2 97:13 114:1,3 158:10 207:6 244:14 269:20 271:13 302:11 304:4,5 327:4 **model's** 328:1 **model-specific**277:11

279:4 **modern** 75:17 82:24

127:10 185:12 195:23 197:16 328:1 **modernize**42:15 **modes** 145:5 **modest**20:3 21:17 45:24

97:8 220:18 333:10 **modifications** 164:23

303:15 **modified** 54:20 229:6 **modify** 317:22 **moisture** 176:20 225:5 **mold** 90:9 180:6,6

**mom** 112:10,17

**moms** 86:21,22 92:4 **monetized** 26:23 208:22 **money** 22:8 29:6 42:24

47:9 88:20 93:7 119:24 121:10 133:11 168:5 169:18 170:5 187:5 251:16 309:6 312:7 328:7,17 358:20 **mongering** 255:23 **monitor** 164:21 236:8

292:1 **monitored** 190:16 **monitoring** 157:18

241:16 **monopolies** 329:15 **monoxide**32:7 42:12

44:8 56:14 71:11 74:7 87:8 150:9,17 151:16 189:6 203:15 275:16 300:8 **Montana** 15:8 96:10

351:2,12 **month** 112:21 171:1

172:16 **monthly** 164:2 190:16 **months**26:7 72:14 93:4

110:24 169:4 186:16 190:12 265:9 269:22 300:23 313:4 **Montreal** 281:15 **Moore**55:19,22,23 66:10

**more**4:15,15 8:20 17:15

19:19 25:17 27:7,13,16 28:16 29:3,4,6,7,11,16 30:18 31:23 35:14,18 36:2 42:8 43:18 44:23 45:5,9 46:14 47:1,8,13 52:9 63:10 65:12 66:1 67:23 69:5,23 72:8 73:20 75:16 76:4 77:12 79:2 80:6,8,24 81:10,19 81:23 82:24 84:17 87:19 88:22 89:2,18 90:23 91:19 94:17 95:1 97:11 99:16 106:2 109:15 116:21 117:9,16 117:18 119:1,3,14 121:12,23 124:7,9 126:11 132:19 134:8 136:5 138:12,13 139:14 142:5 143:3,15,21 144:1,5,5,5,21,22 145:21 146:1,14,17,19 150:1,16 152:8 157:9 159:13 160:3,4,6,9,10 160:14 166:9 175:13,15 175:24 181:7 182:10 183:2 191:11 197:6 198:10 199:8 200:21 202:17 205:5 206:13,19 207:3,23 211:21 213:12 218:17 220:3 221:21 226:11,17 229:10 232:10 238:1 239:11 242:9 247:24 249:6,11 249:21 250:7 255:16,22 258:10,19 263:6,8,13 263:16 278:18 279:7 280:2 282:16 283:18 286:11 288:20 289:5 290:23 292:21 299:9,11 299:19 302:5 303:19 304:3 307:15,16,22 309:2 310:4,21 312:12 322:20 323:8,10 325:8 326:8,8,18 327:17 328:21 330:12 334:15 336:4,18 344:9 346:23 347:9 351:7,9 352:1 **Moreover**42:21 **morning** 2:1 14:12 19:2

30:21 36:16 48:14 51:13 55:22 67:13 72:15 78:10 80:21 86:18 100:7,9 104:19 105:1,5,16 107:24 108:5 122:15,19,20 131:19 135:14 136:14 140:19 147:11,21 156:7 194:4,5 195:8 201:3,18 **mornings**242:23 **Morrissey**266:7 274:8,9

274:10 282:10,11 **Morrisville**61:9 **mortality**43:14 75:6 **mortgage** 169:24 **most**3:13 4:17 19:11,15

24:8 26:18 38:1,8 41:24 43:10 49:10,18 50:24 54:6 61:23 72:4 80:16 92:22 98:4 101:10 104:16 107:9 113:21 115:23 122:12,12 127:5 134:8 144:20 155:17 169:8 174:21 178:20 182:15 188:15 198:5 201:7 207:16 208:11,23 220:23 221:10 230:17 242:21 245:16 246:2 248:12 249:13 251:23 253:19,24 268:8 271:12 273:4 285:8 295:2 302:2 308:1 319:20 330:1 333:16 336:12 354:15,16 355:23 359:2 **mostly** 90:8 120:24

239:24 248:19,20 284:9 **mother**50:20 **mothers** 77:3 123:20 **motivates** 63:16 **motivation** 64:9 **motives** 91:12 **motor** 125:3 134:15

175:3,5 **motors** 156:16 **mountain** 241:10 242:2

267:24,24 307:12 **mountainous** 241:9 **mountains**240:19

**move**4:21 10:23 13:7

14:11 90:3 111:11 132:6 136:11 143:16 151:11 161:3 208:20 238:13 300:21 315:16 329:4 **moved** 150:2 170:3

247:16 **movement**307:24 **movements**48:20

**moves** 139:22 239:3 **moving** 50:21 68:7 114:8

151:8 239:6

**mow** 116:1

**mower**282:14

**mowers** 115:24 **MPCA**233:11 237:3 **MPCA's** 233:11 **much** 6:19 14:23 18:21

25:21 48:8,12 51:10 55:18 61:3 65:12 66:9 76:6 78:7,15 80:8,24 89:24 100:5 120:13 121:3 122:11 136:19

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140:12 146:12 151:7 171:21 172:6,24 175:2 182:23 191:12,19 200:1 200:21 211:21 217:11 222:17 225:20 226:15 229:19 231:4 234:10 236:4 245:1 252:23 255:16 256:7 266:5 268:20 273:6 283:21 287:13 310:21 316:12 325:23 345:15 348:3 349:23 357:21 **mullite** 335:9 **multiple**65:24 115:14,21

210:16 215:5,5 224:5 298:4 **multiplied** 325:4 **multitude**240:20 **multi-fuel** 319:5 320:17 **Murphy**2:1,2 6:24 11:9

19:1 24:13,16,18 30:20 36:12 42:4 48:5,8 51:12 55:16,18 61:4 66:11 67:9 78:4,7 85:17 89:21 89:24 95:19 100:3 107:20 122:7 131:15 136:13 140:13,16 147:10 156:3 165:12 173:24 180:9,12 183:1 192:14,17 193:2,7,8 198:22 202:4 209:2 213:19 217:8,11,17 222:18 223:18 228:20 233:6 239:15,18 245:1 250:23 257:1 265:20 273:9 274:8 282:9 283:22 298:18 310:20 314:8 318:11,18 323:19 337:1,4 351:17 352:6 362:7 363:3,9,9 **must**4:21 57:11,12,13

81:21 88:12 94:3,5 109:19 152:19 166:9 208:3 225:4 247:11,19 265:4 286:12 306:4 317:21 318:2 356:23 **Myren's** 340:13 **myriad** 240:23 277:13 **myself**84:7 100:19 142:4

343:7 **mysterious**287:21 **M-E-A-R-S** 239:20 **M-E-E-K-E-R**314:11 **M-I-L-L-E-R**48:12 **M-O-O-R-E** 55:23 **M-O-R-R-I-S-S-E-Y**

274:10

**N NAAQS**  134:5 135:21 **NACA**31:1,6,19 32:18

34:4 35:19,24 **NACAA**39:18 **NAFTA** 128:23 **naked** 339:5

**name**2:2 7:18 11:15,17

14:12 25:3 30:21 36:16 42:5,5 48:11 51:16 61:6 72:17 78:11 86:18 90:4 100:9 104:20 105:21 116:19 122:15 125:13 131:19 140:19 141:24 147:11 156:7 161:10 165:15 174:7 183:6 187:12 193:8,18,20 195:10 202:5 209:6 213:20 217:19 223:20 224:11 233:8 239:19 245:4 248:4,7 251:4 257:3 265:22 266:8 274:9 279:23 280:2 284:1,6 293:23 311:2 314:9 318:20 323:20 330:6 337:6 342:3,9,21 351:22 352:10,12 357:10,11 **namely** 187:21

**names** 193:15 294:20 **Nanasi** 78:9 86:18,19 **Nancy**24:19 30:22 90:5

165:15

**narrow**225:6 **narrowly-defined** 33:14 **nation** 19:13 38:20 43:23

44:17,22 76:14 91:8 161:16 224:1 **national** 31:1,6 72:20

78:19,23 96:16 118:1 141:24 142:8 190:3 221:18 235:22 237:15 243:21 244:2 284:11 328:14 347:6 359:9 **nationally** 32:1 39:21

56:19 327:15 **nations**44:12 93:18 **nationwide**26:1 42:9,16

63:17 89:7 139:11 142:2 183:11 221:16 **native** 93:16 **natural** 127:12,16 151:7

184:6 191:9 206:15 227:13 253:10 268:1 315:14 **naturally**23:24 62:2 **nature**268:2 359:2

**near** 155:13 166:23 167:5

167:18 168:19 215:20 230:11 236:23 314:1 **nearby**69:17 **nearly**49:24 50:1 132:12

132:13 206:22 267:3 **necessarily** 31:16 86:6

96:24 277:21 291:13,22 347:10,24 **necessary** 68:8 141:8

148:14 164:23 285:1 329:11 **necessity** 55:9 **need** 25:14 69:14 77:13

80:17 83:1 94:10 96:3 99:14 105:9,10,17 107:1 112:6,18 116:14 118:11 121:5,12,20,22 129:18 149:17 158:21 159:10 161:3,5 175:5 184:14 197:13 207:22 260:5 264:3 273:3 297:23 298:3 301:11 312:20 321:2 327:5 328:22 349:7 350:18 352:10 353:7 361:5 **needed** 18:8 25:21 46:13

115:15 126:3 172:6 205:12 221:10 222:4 267:7 328:22 **Needing** 339:15 **needs** 79:11 102:23

103:11 112:20 119:9 124:3 131:2 133:13 164:24 185:19 191:12 205:9 262:3 299:24 319:2 349:11 **negative** 37:18 142:15

158:7 186:24 211:5 342:17 **neglected** 147:3 **negotiate** 94:13 170:11 **negotiation** 275:1 **neighbor**51:1,2 168:7,11

169:20 309:11 **neighborhood** 50:10

118:24 121:1,2,14 123:19 182:11 **neighborhoods** 26:9

69:17 119:1 148:24 204:15 **neighboring** 300:18 **neighbors** 50:11 121:4

166:19,23 168:6 171:12 172:7 188:8 204:18 206:6 315:16 **neighbor's** 169:4,16

170:7 171:4 173:19 **neither** 124:13 227:15

232:15 301:22 **Nelson** 233:7,8,9 240:1 **NERA**59:9 **NESCAUM** 39:18 136:9

147:13,16 151:14 152:7 154:23 155:11,20 187:18 242:6 243:5 **NESCAUM's** 30:19

187:19 **Nest** 157:14 160:20 **net**59:13 140:5 249:13 **network** 162:18 165:8

214:4 334:8 **Neufeld** 352:9,10,11 **neutral** 60:13 127:6,17

158:6

**never**90:22 168:23

215:20 269:23 283:8 341:20 345:22

**new** 1:10,15 2:9,17,21 3:8

3:18 4:17,24 6:1,5,6,22 7:12,24 8:4,6,22 9:9,13 10:11 16:1,2,10,14 18:13,15 20:3 22:20 23:8,21 31:4,5,21 33:11 33:13,17,24 38:4,7,10 38:22 39:10 42:13 44:4 48:22 49:5 51:15 52:17 59:2 64:21 65:23 67:22 73:10,23 75:14 76:11 76:11,13 78:17 80:9 82:18 86:20,21,24 87:2 87:4,13,22 88:2,8,15 89:1,17,19 92:14,22 93:5 97:2,5,24 98:7 99:15 100:17 101:17 102:1,9 104:12 112:23 113:3,4 114:3,15 123:17 126:16 129:12 131:22 132:2,9,11,17 132:20 133:5,7,12 136:16,20,23,23,24 137:16 138:4,9,19,22 142:1 145:19 146:20 147:4,6,7 148:1,7 157:16 159:1,9 160:24 162:10 165:20 166:14 173:2 179:10 183:10,24 185:17 186:2 191:2,16 192:2 193:10 198:4 200:2,6,16,21,22 201:13 202:14,17 204:2 207:6 214:11,13 218:20 219:22 222:1 224:4 234:2 239:4 240:3 245:15,23 246:22 250:1 250:7,9,17 251:9 257:23 259:12 261:10 263:5 272:15 273:24 274:14,16,21 275:9 278:2,17 284:7 293:22 297:17 298:22 299:2,9 300:11,14,15,19,22 302:19 303:2,13 304:7 304:12,14 316:3 320:3 323:1 324:11 327:14 329:5,23 330:2 332:21 333:13 338:19 346:17 357:13 359:14

**newer**24:8 81:18 82:23

85:6 158:20 185:23 **newest**299:16 **newly-covered** 34:3

**news** 126:18 252:14 **newsletter**338:5,7 **newspaper**287:7 **new-generation** 58:4 **next**24:18 25:2 36:13

44:24 45:16 48:9 50:17 55:19 67:9 78:8 90:1 100:5 107:21 110:20 117:3 122:9 131:17 133:21,21 140:17 156:4 161:1,4 170:23 209:4 217:12 233:6 245:2,12 249:5 250:24 255:12,19 255:21 266:6 272:3 283:22 295:19 298:18 312:21 313:2,4 334:14 337:4 **NFPA**347:5,17 **NGO's** 19:24 **Nichols** 352:9 357:10,11

362:3,6 **Niebling** 131:18 136:14 136:15 **night** 121:18 **nineteen** 167:20 300:23 **ninety** 59:13,16 65:13

150:16 206:22 252:19 313:1 **ninety-eight**59:17 **Ninety-five**225:6 **Ninety-nine** 101:23 **ninety-percent**58:2,4,22

61:2 228:15,16 **nine-and-a-half**332:19 **nine-person** 195:19 **Nissan** 285:13 **nitrogen** 32:7 74:7 76:24

87:8 150:9 **nobody**202:1 338:2

**non** 29:2 31:6 261:14 **nonbinding** 175:23 181:5 **noncombustible**225:3 **noncompliant**94:1,9,11

263:12,21

**none**21:20 134:16 168:1

195:14 303:9 **nonfatal** 26:14 **nonintegral** 359:13 **nonpartisan** 31:6 **nonprofit** 117:8 165:17

238:19 **non-air**35:1 **non-airtight**317:16 **non-attainment** 134:9,13

134:18,24 136:4 307:4

**non-cancer**32:16 **non-cat**64:16 94:14

144:23 145:7 146:3,21 158:17 225:22 227:2 229:7 288:17 **non-catalyst**80:6 **non-catalytic**21:1,11

29:13 80:3,10 223:23 224:5 260:8,9,13,22 261:5 262:7,13 274:20 277:22 278:12,20 279:16,19 280:1 289:2 289:9 308:24 309:4 324:3 329:8 331:18 335:24 357:3,7 **non-cats**232:11 **non-certified** 83:5 85:21

201:6 265:2 **non-emission** 300:21 **non-EPA** 146:15 **non-fatal** 149:7 **non-profit**31:7 67:19

234:13 **non-profits** 183:15 **non-repeatable** 177:18 **non-smoking** 77:3 **normally** 5:10 110:17

112:14 127:8 **north** 7:6,10,22 36:21

51:20 53:13 62:9 228:18 240:3 257:7,13 258:18 266:11,16 271:3 271:10,21,23 284:8

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294:10 306:12 337:19 338:21 339:9 340:21 **northeast**44:3 52:5

72:18 122:18 136:10 147:14,16 202:10 242:5 **Northeastern** 240:3 **Northeast's** 136:21 **northern** 294:15 **northwest**44:2 213:22 **Norway**267:13 **Norway's** 271:12 **Norwegian** 267:11

281:14 **Notary** 1:24 **note** 13:21 103:20 132:4

191:17 244:5 **noted** 8:22 246:8,15,23

297:2 **notes** 85:19 206:7 277:9

343:15 364:9 **nothing** 25:2 172:17,17

173:6 197:6 198:10 211:3 212:18 279:24 295:19 **notice** 70:23 178:9,13,19

178:21 179:2 287:18,19 **noticeably**272:17 **notices** 178:20 **November** 169:6 278:7 **nowadays** 169:9 **NSPS** 14:21 15:13 17:7

26:16,18 27:3,24 29:12 37:11,20,21 38:5,23 40:1 44:18 46:12,23 47:19 51:15 54:9,18 55:8 60:7 62:11 70:19 96:2,7 98:10 100:2 108:4 114:10,24 118:10 119:9 127:22 129:11 132:2,6 139:17 148:2 158:23 185:19 186:2,24 196:14 197:18 200:23 202:14 208:15 210:7 213:5 218:13 222:11 224:14 236:16 237:10 261:20 263:22 267:7,20 272:15 275:1 296:20 297:8 299:4 300:12 301:2,19,22 302:8,17 302:19 303:9,16 304:21 304:24 305:5,9 319:15 320:10 322:11,14 329:10,21 331:22 343:19,24 358:3 **nuisance** 168:9 **nullifies**287:2 **number** 13:12 20:3,9,20

21:17 23:2 45:6 50:15 62:9 79:8 84:20 94:14 123:9 124:1 130:16,18 130:21 138:10 153:7 164:8 174:12,18 175:19 176:19 177:10,19 178:8 186:13 189:21 198:8 199:22 201:17,18 214:10,14 215:19 217:6 227:22 228:16,18 229:21 231:9 238:5 240:23 246:23 264:13 265:15 270:22 271:18 289:6,8 291:13 297:16 303:22 325:10 329:19 331:2,6 334:3 348:11 351:14 353:16 **numbers** 19:14 20:13,16

62:18 109:24 111:13 113:24 119:22 126:17 178:1 214:12 230:24 267:1 278:10 285:1 288:14 313:3,12

**numerous** 21:21 34:4

161:19 188:19 189:4 215:21 258:24 321:10 358:8 **NYSERDA**359:10 **N-A-N-A-S-I** 86:19 **N-E-L-S-O-N** 233:9 **N-E-U-F-E-L-D**352:12 **N-I-C-H-O-L-S** 357:11

**O oak** 58:13 154:2 342:4 **object**358:20 360:8 **objective** 352:22 **obligations**212:8 241:4 **observe** 330:15 **observed** 333:21 **observers** 20:2 **obsession** 318:8 **obsolete**46:9 **obstacle**325:20 **Obstructive** 73:6 **obtain** 333:3 **obtaining** 153:1 269:12 **obvious**49:18 358:17 **obviously** 83:4 330:19 **occasions**255:1

**occur**74:10 153:24 **occurring** 45:2

**occurs** 148:23 204:13 **odor** 188:12 **OECA**99:7 **OEM** 334:17,18 **OEMs** 334:5 **off**2:7 22:17 23:18 24:20

40:24 59:8 100:18 106:7 117:23 143:21 144:13 198:20,23 205:13 216:2 229:4 343:16,17,17 **offense**83:18 **offer**28:6 80:10 137:22

297:9 **offered** 99:22 214:20

260:18 265:6 304:1 **offering** 116:6 341:24 **offerings** 114:16 **offers** 93:24 **office** 1:15,16 6:21 7:5,7

7:10,12,20 193:10 284:18 348:15 **Officer**36:18 **offices** 183:16 **official** 10:21 290:15 291:19 348:5 350:4 **offline** 322:20 323:8,10 **offset**92:24 128:3 263:9 **offsets** 128:3 **often** 64:4 67:4 120:20

144:12 145:3,6,13 146:22 153:19 188:13 237:5 247:8 281:24 295:8 345:20 360:3 **Oh** 290:24 292:20 **oil** 10:12 52:12 56:5 60:14

91:7 93:1,3,8 127:12 133:9 142:21 315:15 318:23 **okay** 7:17 11:9 14:9 25:2

36:13 48:8,10 55:21 67:6 86:15 100:4 122:8 131:16 181:1 183:1 192:17 193:2 209:3 217:8,17 257:2 273:9 274:8 293:1,10 298:18 310:20 318:11,18 322:13 323:19 338:3 348:18 349:1 362:4,11 362:20 **old** 6:3 17:10,20 19:11

29:5 38:7,10 59:24 62:17 66:16 81:12 82:22 88:24 91:14 96:10 121:18 160:13,22 188:14 199:3 200:12,14 200:23 201:6 207:4 216:1 223:12,12 249:21 250:10 258:18 263:8 272:10,18 289:10 299:18 324:8 325:17,22 326:7,12 327:9,10 328:9 329:17 346:19 **older** 17:17 18:14,18 24:6

43:9 77:8 81:18 82:2 83:2 86:3,8 96:17 114:1 144:5 145:18 146:14 190:23 191:4 264:22 304:5 324:18 331:12 333:12 350:8 **older-models** 335:1 **oldest**80:15 82:6 100:14

109:11 **old-generation** 57:24

61:1 **olive** 310:6 **OMB** 103:20 **omission** 76:12 **omni** 333:14 **omnipresent**92:2

**once**22:5 46:7 53:19

57:22 58:1 65:7 76:14 102:24 114:2 155:24 163:20 178:23 199:17 199:24 212:15 284:16 287:13

**one**4:3 5:14 16:23 19:19

19:21,24 20:22 21:6,24 22:8,11,20,21,23 23:24 26:21 27:2,3 34:16 40:22 52:14 55:20 61:2 65:9 66:13 69:19,24 70:16,20 71:18,19 75:11 84:16 85:18 88:9 88:10 98:5 105:15 106:3 108:4,14 109:10 111:14 114:22,22 115:12,22 118:13 120:16 122:5 126:11 127:6,10 128:11 144:4 147:20 148:21 156:22 157:13 160:19 163:12 163:13 164:6,6 167:22 170:21 171:24 172:2,4 174:18 176:12,21 177:7 177:9 179:19 180:13 181:19 182:2,8,10 191:22 194:9 195:11 199:6,10 201:7 204:6 209:8 213:21 214:21,21 216:19 218:22 222:5,6 228:10 232:15 233:4 235:16 241:4 244:2,5 248:18 251:24 252:14 253:1 257:21 262:20 264:14 265:11 271:22 273:11 275:23 278:1 280:11 281:13,13 285:12 286:5,11 288:10 288:12,12 291:23 292:11,20,21 295:18,23 299:18 312:14 313:12 313:24 317:1 321:15 326:18 332:20 333:7,24 335:4,6,11 336:17 339:4,7,9 342:9,9,18 343:13 344:5 345:2,7 350:6,21 351:2 352:22 355:5,20,24 356:7,9 357:24 358:5 361:15,24

**onerous** 332:3

**ones** 52:18 89:18 112:11

118:12 120:19 243:12 290:2 **one's** 199:4 **one-and-a-half**45:9 **one-third** 27:18 34:15 **one-year**99:5 **ongoing** 54:5 187:24 **only**4:24 10:4,12 22:3

40:20 45:1 46:8 47:8 52:16 59:17,23 61:12 63:24 65:16 79:16 87:18 88:16 94:15 97:8 101:21 103:3,3 108:18 109:7,21 110:23 115:19 119:14 142:17 144:4 150:5 151:15,22 157:15 171:2 176:3 181:8,10 195:14 196:4,10,12 203:18 207:1 215:24 220:18 252:21 258:9 272:10 275:14 288:24 297:5 302:11 304:22 324:8 325:7 326:6 332:20 333:10 344:19 346:7 352:1,22 354:2 355:24 358:24 362:1,3 362:4 **onset** 169:3 **onto**263:7 **open** 64:4,5 144:20,22

145:3 146:22,22 171:22 174:20 194:22 199:17 **opening** 7:2 140:24 141:5

199:15 253:8 291:24 **openings** 201:4 **openly** 358:5 **operate**57:12 63:7 80:7

80:11 121:21 160:6 219:21 247:7 263:6 264:4,6 281:21 282:13 282:13,15 283:4 298:21 301:11 326:9 344:20 346:17 354:15 **operated** 33:3 64:5 66:2

170:23 185:10 186:11 188:14 345:21,24 349:12 354:11 **operates** 157:5 **operating** 157:20 169:5

185:22 188:8 231:17 278:19 300:10,24 **operation** 80:4,5,19

82:19 83:11 85:9 86:3 146:7 149:19 154:12 175:1 184:2 190:23 199:23 220:4 326:10 335:16 **operational** 70:3 **operations** 36:23 301:10

318:22 **operator**80:22 119:13,16

121:24 286:7 291:21 342:23 **operators** 121:14 **opinion** 166:5 290:4,9

345:4 **opinions** 299:6 **opportunities** 83:1 113:4 **opportunity** 14:20 18:22

19:3 25:8 31:3 36:5 42:10 48:13 51:14 55:13 61:6 67:18 78:15 85:13 100:8 116:6,20 116:22 123:12 125:16 131:23 136:19 174:6 178:12 183:8 187:20 208:19 222:9 223:20 238:24 239:5 250:22 251:3 264:6 265:16 293:21 298:13 311:8 318:20 330:4 342:19 344:6 353:24 357:17 **opposed** 59:4 270:13

277:7 286:2 **opposes** 69:19 **opposite**222:3 253:14

263:4 297:3 **opposition** 146:7 **optimal** 54:13 264:10 **optimism** 228:23 229:2 **optimize** 23:3 **optimized** 285:11 **option** 35:4,5,10 41:19

52:8 80:9 127:24 179:1

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205:11 221:9,12 336:11 **options**23:2 79:21 80:12

109:19 311:14 313:18 328:13 **ordained** 341:23 **order** 11:20 20:17 21:9

23:21 35:17 86:1 144:12 149:17 151:12 225:14 271:13 272:1 293:6 295:2 301:11 317:23 **orders** 188:22 **Oregon** 100:12 209:10

231:21 **organic**32:9,14 44:8,13

74:8 150:10 189:6,7,14 203:16 226:17 339:13 **organization** 48:16 67:20

141:21 218:15 242:7 340:7 **organizations** 122:23

123:5,7 124:2 234:14 238:20 **original** 37:20 100:2

108:4 114:10,23 178:11 259:23 267:7 330:17 331:21,22 332:22 334:24 356:10 **originally**280:12 292:16 **other**6:7 8:6 9:1 10:6

12:15 14:24 15:9 19:24 21:6 32:6 36:1,6 39:19 43:15 44:6 52:1 61:20 63:4 64:3 75:22 83:12 83:15 89:18 96:3 102:13 105:6,18 106:23 116:23 117:1 129:6 140:6,8 150:24 154:4 155:9 159:9 164:8 167:12 184:5 195:16 197:17 208:5,9 214:20 218:15 220:23 229:15 232:6 235:19 242:2 244:5 245:24 250:14 253:2 255:14 257:12 261:2 266:14 273:12 276:5 277:17 282:16 283:4 305:18,24 307:2 307:7 308:1,8 317:22 329:1 338:10 347:3,5 349:14 353:1,18 358:11 359:4 361:20 **others** 28:1 37:2 38:17

44:17 97:11 113:19 139:7 154:9 165:3 249:18 268:2,20 269:7 298:1 334:13 337:21 **other's** 116:24 **ourselves** 94:20 204:18

243:16 250:14 272:11 347:18 360:6 **out**5:4,12,24 12:13 15:9

16:24 18:12 28:20,23 29:10 38:2,7,10 59:22 59:23 60:9,18,21 66:3 83:3 85:24 86:2,3 88:6 90:18 94:1,3,6,9 96:10 97:23 101:11 107:11 109:8 115:23 121:13 126:2,6,22 131:3 134:21 144:11,14 147:5 157:6,10,24 158:15 159:9,15 160:13,13 164:16 173:20 175:3 201:10,19 207:5 217:18 222:1 226:23 231:17 232:13 234:20 236:4 247:15,16 249:3 250:13 251:8,20 252:1 255:6 256:11,15,22 259:1,22 260:3 264:19 265:8,18 276:22 283:7 288:5,13 288:16 295:4,8 301:4 304:1,6,9 305:11,12,16 308:17 309:6,12 312:18 315:15,17 321:11 325:18 337:12 338:5,20 340:13 341:5 344:14 346:22 349:4 354:24 356:17 357:12 360:7,21 **outage**360:24 **outcome**269:6 270:3,10

336:16 **outcomes** 149:4 189:20

232:21 **outdated**43:4 47:14

68:12 149:12 152:3 312:18 **outdoor**2:24 3:1 6:18 8:7

10:9 27:10 33:18 46:11 49:10 56:2 57:4,10,17 60:24 69:11 74:11 77:22 166:24 167:2,5,8 167:11,22 168:23 169:5 169:16 171:13 182:16 214:5 216:10,14,17 243:17 298:23 300:3,6 304:15 311:4 317:6 360:9 362:2 **outdoors** 56:15 152:16 **outlawed** 312:19 **outlawing** 252:7 **outline** 79:16 **outlined** 53:21 128:9

297:20 **outlines** 128:5 **output** 159:12 276:14

279:1 345:11 **Outreach** 7:4,19 **outs** 15:8,10,10 96:6

99:14,20 121:8,8,11 124:11,18 208:17 223:9 307:3 328:11 353:14 **outside** 12:24 13:19 33:5

50:19 87:23 113:5 194:16,17 195:2 211:14 257:16 280:13 285:6 341:23,24 351:22 **outweigh** 274:24 **out-of-code**300:2 **out-of-date** 75:13

**oven** 295:9 339:10

**ovens** 5:9 10:10 339:18

**over**2:23 5:23 6:5,5 7:13 7:14 9:7,22 11:6,18 13:22 20:9 21:3 22:2 27:21 31:9 35:6 36:22 38:18 40:4,16 41:2 44:24 45:8 46:1,24 50:14 52:5,14,22 56:18 56:21 57:8 63:22 88:24 90:3 92:17 96:10 100:21 105:2 109:6 110:15 112:13 117:2 126:24 129:9 132:17 133:6 134:20 135:18,18 143:8 153:4,16 157:7 161:1,15 182:14 200:4 210:2 212:3 215:9,14 218:3 221:15 226:11 230:2 243:3,6,10 255:11,12 257:16 258:4 260:20 262:20 265:8 266:21,23 268:23 271:11 278:11 282:23 287:14 295:7 296:11 297:22 299:13 322:5 326:16 328:15 332:24 338:7,9 340:24 343:1 351:4 353:7 355:15 **overall** 14:22 72:5 117:19

163:17 200:20 271:19 279:7 298:16 **overburdening** 54:23

**overcome**227:4 **overdue**42:14 68:12

73:13 149:11 202:15 244:23 **overestimate**20:2 **overheat**287:14 **overreaching** 37:12

**oversee** 164:14 **overseeing** 131:9 212:11

**overseen** 53:7 162:20 **oversight** 161:18 211:19

212:3,4 213:2 308:18 **overstate**32:22 196:16 **overview**7:15 **overwhelmed** 173:1 **overwhelming** 23:11

182:12 197:22 **overwhelmingly** 16:12

208:22 **Owen** 36:15 42:6 **OWHH** 57:18 359:3

**own** 33:5 56:7 90:6

113:24 151:3 167:19 176:2 214:23 244:1 249:22 263:10 268:19 283:7 290:8 298:21 299:1 304:1 309:14,16 309:19 311:15 312:7

**owner**55:23 149:19

228:8 284:7 288:7 311:4 323:21 342:23

**owners** 63:14,15 94:19

132:23 185:21 195:11 207:4 213:22 218:4 240:16 281:21,24 282:23 283:3 288:8 319:13 357:5 **ownership**27:8 257:6 281:14 **owner's** 83:12,16 310:5

315:22 316:9 **owning** 288:12

**owns** 342:18 **Oxford** 123:10 284:8 **oxide**87:9 **oxides** 32:7 74:8 76:24

150:9 **oxygen** 300:8 **oxygen-controlled**

359:23 **oxygen-rich** 294:23

**ozone**234:24 235:4

238:16 **O-O-R-H-E-E-S** 174:8

**P**

**pace**34:10 **pacific**44:2 **package** 96:23 **packaging** 61:22 161:21

163:8 **page**65:13 337:13 **pages** 156:11 275:17

356:19,20,21 **PAHs** 203:17 **paid** 328:2 **pairs** 11:12 **pallets** 161:20 **panel** 7:1,3 24:14 36:13

66:12 78:5 100:4 107:21 122:8 140:14 165:12 192:15 195:6 209:3 228:21 239:15 362:14 **panic**24:23,24 **paper**333:7 **paragraph** 180:22 **parallel** 39:6 230:5 **parameters** 23:8 **pardon** 353:16 **parent**267:11 **parents** 50:11 **Park**7:22 **Parks** 268:1 **part** 10:21 24:1 30:18

103:13 104:22 106:6,21 107:7,10 120:12 123:1 162:9 175:1 211:15 230:18 236:7 240:6 257:5 263:22 298:22 319:3 322:22,22 330:23 334:3 335:18 342:14 343:13,14 347:5 349:8 **participant** 141:18 **participants** 63:17,22 **participate** 53:18 180:3 **participated** 179:17 **participating** 238:16 **particle**4:7 70:10 203:13

235:6 307:16 **particles** 3:22 9:1 49:14

70:12 74:2,23 189:18 **particular** 19:21 20:22

204:3 234:4 235:5,18 236:17 241:7,15 277:7 292:15 **particularly** 15:7 69:1

124:4 189:21 190:13 204:13 242:8 243:17 262:23 **particulate** 15:3 17:7

18:12 26:1 31:24 34:17 37:7 39:2,20 40:19,22 41:6 43:1,3,22 44:1,22 68:15 74:7,13,16,18,19 75:1,10 81:14 87:8,12 135:4 140:2 148:22 150:5,8 151:4,16 153:12 158:16 187:22 189:5,11,18 190:10,17 234:23 235:4 242:10,16 246:20 275:15 276:10 333:11 346:18 **particulates** 37:9 43:6,11

43:19 44:5 144:23 173:15,17 203:22 234:19 284:24 347:3 **parties** 107:13 125:10

310:15 **partly** 56:22 242:17 343:7 **partner**209:20 227:16,24 **partnered** 334:16 **partners** 111:1,4 196:12

201:15 236:3 346:15,20 346:21 **partnership** 70:22 125:5

339:7 **parts**44:1,4 54:19 87:13

150:24 215:3 263:12,21 287:15 295:13 296:8 327:21 338:10 **part-time**284:19 **pass** 57:11 64:6,23

201:19 219:22 249:10 **passage**296:19 **passed** 102:18 126:15

170:3 202:2 215:23 259:20 **passes** 325:11 **passing** 23:17 103:15

271:16 290:4 311:19 **passion** 339:23 **passively** 146:4 **past**40:14 41:2 56:21

57:5 73:17 88:5,9 169:1 169:2 171:7 216:19 235:8 245:23 255:11 258:5 284:20 294:8 295:12 309:15,18 314:2 **patent**317:10 **patented** 56:2 105:12 **patents**224:5 **path** 231:23 316:16

358:23 361:4 **pathway** 119:10 310:13 **pathways** 306:14 **patience** 13:10 **Patio** 14:14 19:6 95:21

248:10 **Patricia** 78:8,11 **Patrick**93:22 245:7 248:2

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**pattern** 21:8,8 65:7 **patterns** 65:6 198:8 **Paul** 107:22 108:1 117:7

120:19 **pay** 5:24 17:16 168:11,14

170:16 250:7 **payback** 110:5 160:12 **payout** 17:12 **payroll** 56:17,22 **peaked** 143:17 **peaks** 136:3 **pedal** 137:4 **Pediatrics** 123:8 **pejorative** 280:1 **pellet**8:9 9:19 14:17 28:4

30:2,4 33:21 46:16 51:18,23,24 52:6,9,22 53:13,14 54:1,8,17 55:2 68:18 97:10 99:19 100:20,24 101:15 102:9 103:23 104:15 115:9 118:20,20 119:1,3 136:16,20,22 137:10,16 137:19 138:6,9,19,24 139:1,13,15 152:5 154:16,17,18,22 159:1 162:2,5,13 163:15 164:17 165:11 178:7 184:3 205:2 216:14 217:24 218:11 221:1 233:22 309:15 327:19 357:15 **pellets** 29:16 30:14 51:24

52:15 53:10,15,23 54:3 54:6 85:1 118:6 138:4 154:20 155:6 161:22 162:1 **pellet-burning** 224:1,6 **pellet-fired** 324:1 **penalized** 115:7 **penalizing** 116:11 **penalty** 159:18 **Pennsylvania**67:17,21

67:22 68:6 69:10 72:2 170:2 **Pennsylvanians** 68:5 **people**4:2,4,13,19 5:10

5:15,24 6:2 9:3 12:10 13:11,12,13,15 18:20 26:10,13 36:22 38:1 43:8 50:17 56:17 76:4 77:9,23 78:18 86:2 90:12 92:18 101:6,8 103:3 104:1 106:22 108:5 117:4,10,11 121:15 122:12 125:11 131:4,4 135:9,15 149:1 149:6 158:5 160:13 165:21 167:14,17,20 168:19 169:8 172:18 173:6 182:15 188:8,12 191:8 193:22 194:16 195:7 197:2,13 199:6 200:11 201:11,17 204:16 212:10,10 216:23 230:6 232:19 242:21 248:23 249:19 250:9 252:19,24 254:11 256:4,5 257:17 263:7 263:13 264:21 282:20 284:19 290:1 311:7 319:21 331:9 333:16 338:11 343:6 344:3,7 344:12 350:6,8,9 353:18 361:3 **peoples** 3:24 10:4 168:2

242:20 344:1 **per** 19:20 26:21,24 27:1

27:20 29:12,13 34:17 37:22 40:18 58:10,12 59:5,15,19 62:1,1 69:20 70:4,10,12 130:2,20 151:4 164:6 186:14 189:12 190:4 198:6 199:19 200:15,16 214:10 215:6 217:5 218:23 220:9,22 226:8 241:19,22 243:4 246:7 249:8,12 258:12 259:12 262:22 263:17,24 265:10 271:17 278:18 289:6 304:17 313:13 320:9 322:10 324:12 325:1,23 326:14,15,16 332:18,20 353:10 355:6 355:7,11 **perceive** 191:9 **perceived** 229:1 325:19 **percent**9:19,20 26:5

27:10,16,17 30:12 32:12,16 34:14 40:12 44:12 46:19 59:5,7,13 59:17,17 60:16 61:16 63:14,14,18,20 64:1,2,5 65:15,16 71:10,11,12 87:12 89:7 101:20,23 127:1,1,14,19 132:11 143:3,8,15 144:1,21 145:2 150:15,16,18,23 154:9 176:21,21 177:7 177:7,8,8,9 184:4 189:12,14 190:18,20,20 200:6,8 206:23 216:4,5 223:11 225:6 227:2 235:24 252:19 257:23 258:2 260:20 306:19 313:1 315:11,12 327:8 334:1 351:5,8 **percentage**201:5 288:8 **percentages** 223:10 **perception** 211:17

212:24 **perfect**215:19 246:18

329:3 **perfectly**286:19 **perform** 64:10 139:5

179:21 209:16 210:6 212:7 216:11 273:21 287:8 356:7 **performance** 1:9 8:1

25:16 31:4 33:13 39:7 40:8 49:5 54:13 78:18 79:24 87:2 97:18 98:7 138:6,22 148:1 152:19 162:10 164:21 166:15 184:21 186:5 219:14,18 224:22 226:3 227:3 229:14,20 230:5 234:2 237:13,15,21 250:3 271:14 278:10 279:8 293:22 331:24 336:16 **performed** 214:3 215:15 **performers** 22:16 35:13

56:6 **performing** 269:4 344:10 **performs** 163:15 164:1

289:18 **perhaps** 82:2 99:4 106:1

171:6 269:22,22,23 307:23 328:13 **period** 117:2 122:1 136:3

153:20 155:18 248:3 294:18 300:20 301:7 302:13 328:16 336:1 357:23 361:15 **periods** 170:13 242:22

307:12 334:23 353:7 **Perkins** 67:10,11,11,14 **permanent**276:1 **permitted** 336:18 **person** 102:23 125:20

144:10 168:12 172:4 291:14 327:20 357:18 **personal** 4:3 120:22

204:14 263:10 290:9 **personally** 51:7 125:18

125:20 126:7 127:3,3 162:6 **personnel** 210:23 213:7 **persons** 82:15 189:23 **perspective** 148:18

174:17 175:4 176:23 179:15 **perspectives**20:20 **pertains** 210:10 267:19 **perverse** 17:9 24:5

185:20 **pesticide**49:1 **Peter**217:12,14,20

337:10 **PFI** 51:19,20 53:3 54:16

139:1 155:5 162:6,7,11 162:16,22 163:1,11,19 164:4,14,20 165:4,8 **PFI's** 53:15 139:8 **phase**34:16 40:17 58:8

61:2 70:21 71:3,14 167:22,22 211:18,22 251:24 276:24 277:20 300:23 301:8,17,23 302:6,11,14 303:6,10 304:12,19 311:11,15 313:10 320:2 336:11 **phased** 149:24 244:17 **phases** 9:7 **phase-in** 75:20 **phase-one**28:16,21 **phase-two**40:9 41:11

59:4 129:21 151:8 205:1 259:17 305:3 **Phd** 195:21 **phenomenon** 338:12 **Philadelphia**67:21 **philosophy**360:5 **phone** 50:10,16,23 157:5

182:14 198:23 321:10 **phonetic** 105:22 112:7 **Phys** 123:23 **physical** 82:16 229:11 **physically** 18:9 167:21

344:19 **physicians** 123:14

165:17 **picking** 157:21 **pickup**285:12 **picture** 133:14 337:14 **pictures** 94:3 171:5 **piece** 186:8 281:5 **pieces** 132:15 197:9

226:6 327:2 **pinched** 57:14 **pine**342:3 **Pioneer** 123:24 **pioneered** 96:7 **pipe**292:6 327:2 345:1 **Pipeline** 93:22 **Piroli** 183:4 **Pirolli** 187:11,11,13 **pits** 5:8 51:1 182:19 **Pittsburg** 100:11 **pizza** 10:10 **place** 16:1 25:21 41:9

69:15 156:1 161:7 172:3 205:19 206:13 210:24 216:16 226:14 251:11 326:7 336:2 346:10 356:23 **placed** 27:13 150:8

206:19 **places** 6:7 150:17 358:3,9 **plain** 254:2 **Plainfield** 294:1 **plan** 98:2 102:6 103:21

103:24 240:7 321:7 356:2,15 **planet**93:19 **planned** 13:16 **planning** 7:6,21 187:14

202:12 290:14 **plans**256:9 298:2 351:20 **plant**335:5 **plants** 16:20 94:5 136:22

136:24 137:4 218:5 272:8,10 **Plastic**298:21 **plate** 117:6 **platform** 332:9 **plausible**289:8 **play** 87:23 118:17 149:1

280:21 **playing** 210:13 277:5

333:4 **plays** 108:22 **please** 11:14 12:23

103:20 104:5 180:17,24 **pleased** 32:18 55:7 73:22

188:2 206:16 207:24 275:2 297:7 **pleasure**2:12 236:5 **pledge**52:19 **plentiful** 87:5 **plugged** 317:21 **plus**21:6 115:10 170:12

176:21 177:6,9 307:14 321:21 **PM** 26:1,6,11,20,22 29:12

29:13 32:4,5 44:4 45:10 69:20 71:11 74:18 75:1 133:4 134:4,9,14 135:7 135:16,22 167:4,10 190:3,12,18 234:19 236:1 238:16 241:19 **PM2.5**203:15 **pneumonia** 169:1 **podium** 90:21 **Podrecca** 337:5 342:21

342:22 348:7,13,17,19 348:22 349:1,5,9,15,21 350:1,5,23 351:7,13,16 **point**5:2,5 58:9 66:7,19

95:6 102:5 103:2 106:24 111:23 118:13 126:4 128:18 129:15 130:24 147:22 177:10 180:17 205:15 212:9 243:18 267:8 270:12 276:23 279:13 321:15 324:5 332:23 333:24 339:4 356:17 362:14 **pointing** 206:5 **points** 174:13 219:11

331:7 **poised** 29:20 **poisoning** 56:14 **poles** 161:22 **policies** 319:11 323:2 **policy**25:5 118:2 122:17

147:13 **political** 280:23 **pollutant**30:8 **pollutants** 3:23 9:2 32:8

42:17 44:7,9,15 72:9 74:9,13 75:11 76:16 87:9 150:4 189:1 220:24 **pollute**232:23 **polluted** 73:4 **polluting** 8:20 17:10,21

144:5 207:5 330:1 **pollution** 3:19,20 4:7

6:19 15:11 26:8,11 31:7 31:18 37:3 39:2 41:12 41:17 42:12 43:2,4,22 44:1,4,22 48:18 49:1 50:9,13 75:17 76:6 77:4 77:6,24 81:12,14 82:1 87:13 89:3,6,8 92:13 148:22,23 190:24 203:14 204:18 208:11 208:18 227:23 233:11 234:23 235:4,6,10 236:2 241:5,11 242:10 242:24 307:17 308:4 345:10 346:24 **pollutive** 267:9

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**polycyclic**32:8,9,13

44:13 71:13 189:13 203:16 **polycyclical** 189:7 **pond** 206:6 **poor**49:19 107:13 109:17

201:8 **poorest** 106:20 **poorly** 185:10 **poorly-designed** 336:14 **pop** 112:18 **pops** 112:11 **Popular**60:11 **populated** 16:12 **population** 82:5 103:17

188:24 189:22 247:9 307:15 **populations**4:2 247:23

308:8 **portable**296:5 **portfolio**28:11 **portion** 23:14 103:18

174:21 175:17 297:13 **portions** 143:13 **Portland** 141:22 257:16 **pose** 9:2 126:21 141:11 **posed** 68:10 **poses** 126:12 **posing** 72:2 **position** 16:17 31:17

147:19 **positions** 360:15 **positive** 35:15 153:8

186:24 228:2 **possibilities** 277:14 **possible** 13:6 18:9 35:19

133:14 153:1 154:15 173:1 179:23 222:7 247:3 307:20 308:2 **possibly** 115:20 260:2 **Post** 1:16 323:22 **posted** 332:16 **postpone**206:14 **potential** 17:21 20:4,11

145:22 154:20 155:8 177:17 186:23 188:23 272:24 277:13 324:21 326:11 **potentially** 153:10 155:3

326:1 360:6 **Poulin** 298:19,20,20 **pounds**41:12 58:10,12

59:5 61:24 69:20 130:2 130:20 151:3 177:6 186:14 214:10 215:6 217:5 226:7,8 **power** 156:24 157:21

160:15 173:11 272:8,10 **powerful** 61:23 **Powerpoint** 140:23 **practical** 175:7 300:16

306:8 **practice** 360:5 **practices** 30:10,15 53:4 **pragmatism** 85:5 **prayers** 342:1 **prays** 108:22 **pre**223:13 **preamble** 174:18 296:20 **precariously** 32:3 **precise**219:13 **precisely** 17:24 **predate**330:14 **predict**255:20 **predictable**84:9 352:18 **predicting** 260:1 **predictor**224:21 **predominantly** 79:12 **preempt**208:1 **preemptively** 358:18 **preface**201:16 **preferred** 35:3,5,9 184:8 **premature**26:13 43:7

75:2 149:6 203:23 249:3 **premise** 174:20 **prepare** 10:19 11:18

358:13 **prepared** 164:22 **preparing** 28:10 92:14

261:16 **preponderance** 92:23 **prescription** 170:16 **presence**71:16 72:2

343:6 **present** 148:20 208:20

273:7 330:4 352:24 **presentation** 13:1 140:21

140:23 141:9 161:4 **presentations** 55:21 **presented** 281:6 282:3

317:20 **presenting** 157:3 284:21 **presents** 148:19 183:17

241:6 **preserving** 142:14 **president** 14:13 36:17

55:23 61:7 90:20 112:22 113:13 122:16 165:16 209:7 213:21 217:21 248:6,8 257:6 278:7 294:8 323:21 337:9 343:3 352:13 **Press** 338:14 **pressure** 147:8 285:14

307:17 **pressures** 62:12 66:6 **Preston** 323:22,22 **presumed** 328:6 **pretty** 122:11 156:17

265:14 321:8 337:22 **prevalence** 69:9 88:11 **prevalent**29:17 **prevent**45:17 48:18 50:9

88:13 172:4 **preventing** 42:18 73:3 **previous**23:10 127:21 **previously** 8:10 127:21

136:9 234:5 236:19 **previously-unaffected**

128:17 **pre-EPA** 199:18 324:18

325:21 327:23 329:17 **pre-NSPS** 223:13 **pre-1988**221:17 **pre-1998**219:9 **price** 17:11 52:10 56:5

60:18 63:19 91:16 102:21 110:2,14 114:4 126:24 133:9 142:20 143:1 145:21 170:8,11 197:21 200:9 219:2,6 221:7 249:22 264:20 326:5 327:8 328:8,12 **priced** 273:2 **prices** 17:1 23:23,23

56:11 93:2 111:11 191:6 220:16 221:24 252:23 324:16 **pricing** 126:22 **pride**78:19 109:10

344:17 **priest**341:23 **primarily** 69:12 142:9

143:9 189:17 312:1 **primary** 36:21 51:9 74:13

133:7 141:6 197:15 199:6 225:12,16 267:20 288:21 316:16 **primitive**49:11 **principal** 294:22 **prints**215:2 **prior**37:20 99:2 176:2

237:23 239:13 354:4 360:18 **priority**63:19 234:16

326:1 **private** 33:3 41:1 **privilege** 156:13 **prize** 329:16 **pro** 90:24 **proactive** 6:9 **proactively** 54:18 **proactivity**238:21 **prob** 134:8 **probability**200:18 **probably**22:19 134:7

158:3,21 245:11 276:8 288:14 317:7 326:19 347:16 **problem** 43:2 77:22 98:3

119:12 121:14,18,19 124:4,14 134:17 144:7 166:6 178:4 182:21 187:21 191:23 197:20 198:5 199:10,13,20 216:2,15 324:13 346:8 358:17 **problematic** 189:21

246:13 **problems**4:9 9:3 43:16

153:6 160:4 169:8 208:7 212:23 234:24 236:21 241:15 246:16 260:4 286:20 358:6 **procedure**2:3 54:4 58:17

120:16 153:15,22 219:12 **procedures** 7:13 11:7

30:1 59:2 193:11 207:13 218:23 247:20 **proceed** 194:23 **process** 15:14 53:4,7,18

54:5 57:21 60:5,8,10 97:24 102:14 119:17 130:22 211:15,18,21,22 212:6,22,23 213:1 218:16 238:7 263:22 274:17 304:8 312:4 356:6 **processes** 53:20 **processing** 61:21 308:15

330:13 **produce**27:22 75:16

89:2 107:6 109:10,22 110:11 130:4,17 137:1 137:12 142:12 146:23 147:2 151:9 175:13 187:4 207:19 236:24 **produced** 37:20 46:24

53:23 127:15 148:10 164:7 278:10 281:11 295:19 329:6,20 345:15 **producers** 165:2 183:13 **produces** 74:3,19 128:15

144:22 174:21 176:7 181:14 **producing**41:5 146:15

213:24 230:1 **product** 14:24 22:23

54:15 56:4,20 60:23 64:11,22 65:4 102:19 102:21,21 108:8 111:19 114:19 115:5 116:2 126:8 130:13 155:10 163:17 164:7 165:10 174:10,24 179:10 214:2 214:16 215:24 216:8 221:11,22 223:11 224:4 224:15 229:18 258:13 268:9 271:20 276:7 313:15 314:16 317:23 325:3,10 327:22 334:2 360:24 361:2 **production** 30:14 53:20

60:17 62:18 84:3 98:16 114:8 163:16,22 164:3 220:15 330:17 **products** 24:6 36:19

37:24 42:1 52:2 55:4 62:24 63:5 65:5,9 66:9 79:9 84:23 89:13 104:16 108:23 109:22 111:1,4,22 113:10 114:5,7,15 115:21 116:4,9 126:10 128:19 132:18 149:16 154:24 161:12,19 162:4 163:14 163:21 164:1 196:2 201:24 218:8,12 221:8 222:15 225:1 228:5 229:14 230:3,13 257:19 262:21 267:9 268:14 270:9 273:2 297:1,9 313:17 319:22 321:6 323:23 325:21 330:1 336:5,20 353:12 357:3 359:2,4,19 361:7 **product's** 126:24 **professional** 195:20

349:19 **professionals** 31:11

165:18 339:11 342:24 **professor**253:17 **proficiency** 179:13,19,20

180:1,4 **proficiency-testing**

179:18 **profile** 186:8 **profit**312:20 **profits** 111:16 **profound** 45:14 **program** 28:24 29:4,11

40:6 53:1,2,3,6,8,12,15 53:19,22 54:19 57:20 70:23 85:24 86:4 88:3 93:23 98:15 111:20 129:8,10 137:20 139:8 139:12 162:1,3,11,16 162:22 163:1,12,19 164:9,11,14,16,17,22 165:3,5,9 212:3,11 213:2 265:8 304:2,9 311:12 322:8 348:15 355:17 **programming** 302:16 **programs**28:2,20 59:23

83:3 86:2,5 147:6 163:6 179:18 212:20 238:17 262:12 265:1 303:1,23 325:19 346:22 349:4 353:14 **program's** 54:22 180:2 **progress** 15:3 17:19

125:4,9 219:8 221:15 **progresses** 361:10 **prohibiting** 269:19

319:16 **prohibition** 30:13 265:1 **prohibitively** 85:11 **project**5:22 7:8 215:9

359:9,11 **projected** 65:14 200:1

255:11 324:22 **projecting** 248:24 **projections** 196:18

197:18 **projects** 6:6 234:15

238:22 **proliferation** 183:24 **promote** 108:6 115:18

118:9 184:11 205:10 343:21 **promotes** 129:1 240:13

354:19,21 **promoting** 108:7 123:12

155:23 208:16 269:18 **promptly**48:2 179:9 **promulgate** 72:7 **promulgated** 16:22 23:15

148:3 **promulgating** 208:21 **promulgation** 99:1,4

110:23 111:3 115:11 118:23 129:14,18 132:5

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**proof**255:18 354:17 **propane** 52:13 56:6

60:14 127:12 221:3 252:23 **proper**41:22 94:21,23

149:19 335:16 **properly** 121:22 231:18

287:4 345:24 346:16 **properties**203:20 **property** 342:3 **proportionally** 325:15 **proposal** 7:15,24 9:6

10:1 14:22 15:1 16:18 17:8 18:22 19:15 20:5 21:22 24:1 31:19 32:19 33:9,17,24 34:13 36:1 42:14 44:18 45:14 48:1 65:23 68:15 79:20 81:8 82:14 83:10,23 84:2,10 97:14 98:23,24 107:18 109:20 110:10,13 111:20 112:10 113:14 115:2,6,8 116:13 120:12 125:17 126:4,12 127:7 128:5,11,24 129:23 132:4 139:15 152:2 155:22 176:19 177:5,19 191:22 192:6 192:10 202:24 210:15 218:21 220:8 230:16 232:8 238:9 257:10,12 258:18,22 259:3,9,18 260:1,22 262:16 263:2 264:11 266:12,15 270:17 272:4,22 291:24 299:4 300:12 301:22 302:17 304:21 306:16 321:23,24 322:6 335:23 343:15 353:4 354:2,6 355:17 356:7,18 358:3 358:9 359:14 **proposals** 99:18 301:2 **propose** 3:8 120:8 155:7

305:1 313:9,22,22 320:9 **proposed** 1:9 2:18 7:9

8:2,22 9:11 10:14 11:2 12:18 14:19,21 16:11 16:22 19:8 20:8 22:10 22:20 23:14 25:19 26:16,18 27:3 28:14 29:12,23 30:17 31:4 34:5,8,16,18 35:3,10 37:5,11,21 38:5 42:11 44:21 45:17 46:1,18,23 47:23 49:5 51:15 54:9 60:4,6 65:13 68:21 69:8 69:12,19,23 70:20,23 71:23 73:9,23 76:9 78:16 79:7,15 80:1 84:18 89:5,14 91:1 93:17 95:2 96:23 97:4 97:15 98:4 100:2 118:4 123:4 128:13 129:11 138:19 139:17 141:11 146:8,14,18 147:23,24 149:21 151:8 152:17 153:7 154:22 167:10 174:13,19 183:9,17 186:24 188:2 191:18 196:14 197:18 202:14 205:3 206:12,17 210:11 210:24 211:4,22,23 212:2 213:1 218:20,22 219:15,19 220:17 224:18 234:1 237:21 238:8 248:23 249:13 251:22 259:15,17 267:20 268:15 269:13 273:24 275:6,13,13 276:24 277:20 284:23 293:21 296:19 298:4 301:19 303:9,15 313:4 319:19 324:7,11 343:18 354:6 355:12 358:14,19 363:13 **proposes** 177:5 **proposing** 166:14 175:19

175:21 181:1,3 222:10 269:5 **proprietary**277:16 **prospect**22:22 **protect**48:22 51:5 68:2

70:6 78:1,23 173:6 233:12 241:5 **protected** 69:6 173:5 **protecting** 49:9 86:23

165:18 235:11 **protection** 25:7,22 30:24

78:14 166:6 187:17 202:13 240:22 268:3 347:6 **protective**46:14 75:24

149:10 **protocol** 57:17,22 58:11

179:24 **protocols**247:14,21 **prototype** 314:14,15 **proud** 6:12 93:10 137:16

218:10 **proudly** 113:11 **prove** 22:17 253:9,13,14

255:5 309:18 325:14 332:5 333:1 **proved** 96:12 **proven** 15:11 42:22

214:16 250:6 254:24 340:22 **provide** 14:22 16:9 25:13

26:22 27:3 29:17 36:2 48:13 52:1 56:16 72:21 77:14 78:16 83:1 84:9 84:24 86:1,6 113:6 131:1 132:11 141:10 147:18 152:19 161:17 183:9 186:16 205:10,11 207:4 213:15 233:23 237:22 239:12 267:15 267:18,21 272:3 276:20 294:6 299:23 301:6 302:15 333:17 334:13 349:3 351:21 362:9 **provided** 15:16 96:6

132:16 136:8 178:3 268:15 332:14 358:21 359:8 **provides** 39:9 52:6 185:1

261:8 271:7 310:14 334:1 **providing** 28:24 29:6

55:5 72:12 79:17 80:12 85:15 196:23 273:22 357:17 **provision** 208:2 261:13 **provisions** 34:6,11

257:12 266:14 **proximity**208:5 242:19

242:20 **pro-consumer**39:13 **pro-employment**39:14 **pro-environment**39:13

343:20 **pro-EPA**93:12 **prudent**336:8 **public** 1:8,24 3:14 9:14

25:18,22 36:10 42:20 43:2 47:15 48:15,22 49:9,19 63:12 69:5 75:23 78:2 94:21 95:21 102:17 103:6 117:19 122:17 124:2,21,22 133:5 134:10 138:14 140:3 141:13 143:20 147:1 148:16,18 153:10 165:17 166:3,5,10 186:18 188:1 241:5 243:13 252:16 294:8 346:16,22 361:7 363:12 **publication** 274:19

276:19 360:17 361:9 **publicity** 169:7 **public's** 26:8 148:23

165:19 **publish** 276:9 **published** 96:8 333:7

338:8 358:16 360:23 361:13,16 **publishing** 360:18 **puff**288:5 **puffing** 287:21 **Puget**305:23 **pull** 62:20 286:21 **pulled** 286:10 **pulmonary** 73:6 189:19 **punished** 290:3 **purchase**33:4,6 76:5

81:20 139:4 151:13 184:22 186:1 304:2 **purchased** 197:9 214:17

221:23 288:11 316:2 **purchasing** 145:19 **pure**259:5 **purely**270:18 **Purinton** 266:6,8,9

273:15 274:6 **Purple** 105:24 **purpose** 141:9 162:17

359:10 **purposely** 21:23 **purposes** 151:6 261:6,11 **Pursuant**261:13 **pursue** 330:2 **pursuit**81:5 **purview**208:14 **push** 59:8 175:6 217:1

360:5 **pushed** 328:23 **pushing** 286:3 **put**5:21,22 59:8 63:21

94:6 109:8 113:9 120:13 143:18 152:16 158:13 171:19 172:3 196:13 201:23 229:10 251:20 253:16 256:9,11 256:14 258:23 260:2 269:14 275:23 276:4,21 287:23 293:6 295:15 303:19 308:24 336:14 **puts** 360:15 **putting** 38:2 104:3 147:8

211:9 251:10 254:7 307:17 **pyramid** 102:20 **P-E-R-K-I-N-S** 67:12 **P-I-R-O-L-L-I** 187:12 **P-O-D-R-E-C-C-A**342:22 **P-O-U-L-I-N** 298:20 **P-U-R-I-N-T-O-N** 266:9 **p.m** 12:19 135:9,14 193:3

363:10,16 **P28-17**298:5

**Q QuadraFire** 223:22 **qualification** 53:18 54:4

163:23,24 314:2 **qualified**40:16 71:2

98:16,22 165:2 268:20 299:12 300:22 301:8,17 301:23 302:6,11,14 303:7,10,21 304:12,19 304:22 305:3 311:15 320:3 323:5 **qualify** 322:4 **qualifying** 70:21 268:14

313:15 **quality** 3:13 6:11 7:5,21

15:12 18:2 28:13 29:18 30:12 31:10,13 35:1 36:10 37:4,8,13,18 38:9 49:19 52:19 53:20,24 55:4 64:15 67:24 76:19 76:22 78:20 80:23 96:14 123:4 137:20 148:16 151:10 153:2 154:23 162:14 163:7,17 163:17,23 164:17 165:10 184:16,17 190:3 206:11 214:2 218:18 222:17 235:2,7,8 238:18 240:22 241:1 245:21 246:16,19 247:3 249:14 259:8 262:17 263:3 264:23 271:1 298:16 324:15 329:16 339:23 346:12 **quantities** 237:1 **quarter**32:14 44:14 46:2 **Quebec**281:16 **question** 35:8 66:13

85:19 95:12 130:14 180:11,13 182:2,16 192:21 201:16 222:19 230:19 252:17 273:10 273:11,11 274:2 312:23 320:22 322:1 361:24 **questions** 13:17 18:23

24:12,14 36:12 48:5 55:16 66:11 78:4 85:14 89:22 100:4 107:20 122:8 131:16 140:13 156:3 159:3 165:13 192:14 194:15 209:2 217:9,10 228:20 239:16 244:21 250:23 290:11 292:12 293:18 310:20 319:21 320:6 321:13 335:15 337:2 358:24 **quick** 13:20 85:18 180:10

222:19 273:10 302:19 321:15 350:22 **quickly** 58:3 168:10

222:7 230:19 247:3 287:6 307:20 **quit**256:1 **quite**66:20 67:4 115:20

194:21 242:17 267:13 297:3 315:19 317:13 331:1 **quote**34:20 129:24

186:14 295:12,16,17 296:21,22 333:10

**R R**  130:4 176:2,23 177:16

181:9 248:23 **racing** 172:1 **radio**280:23 **raise** 19:18 23:23 192:3 **raised** 252:20 309:9 **ramp**229:4

**ran** 273:16 315:15 **random-compliance**

62:21 **Randy** 13:2 55:20 **range** 8:19 9:18 33:15

51:22 79:10 175:23 181:5 198:7 210:6,21 216:24 225:6 **ranging** 150:23 **Rapids** 106:14,16 **ratchet** 121:17 **rate**8:12 33:19 34:1 38:6

68:20 91:4 101:19 105:4,9 106:18 115:10 152:24 164:6 168:12 186:13 226:16 227:1,7 232:2,3,6 264:7 276:10 287:23 315:14 316:5 317:18 **rated** 214:21 **rates**46:22 204:5 207:11

207:13,18 275:4 276:16 325:23 354:16 **rather**86:3 89:15 174:16

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237:14 277:10 281:11 320:8 **rating** 70:2 216:21 320:1

322:5 **ratio**27:2 226:21 227:10 **ratios** 225:13 **Ray** 195:5,11 **reach** 3:23 18:16 38:2

125:8 230:21 285:1 **reached** 66:7 333:23

362:7 **reaches** 84:19 **react**360:22 **read** 86:16 109:2 112:22

123:6 180:22 343:15 **readily**40:2 **reading** 130:2 238:9

337:10 **ready** 14:6 115:9 178:22

195:8 270:8 313:5,17 **real** 17:21 24:2 30:2

35:17 63:3 64:8,15,24 94:18 98:2 145:10 148:19 154:12 168:2 176:11,15 181:18,22 199:24 207:9,15 214:24 219:4,14 220:3 224:21 225:19 227:3,18 229:12 229:13,19 230:4,4,23 232:22 253:15 258:17 264:12 265:17 269:2 270:14 289:14 308:5,5 308:6,7,14 328:20 336:15 353:24 355:1 361:3 **realistic**289:6 **realistically** 94:15 **realities** 186:20 **reality** 78:1 152:18

201:11 272:4 **realize** 17:13 28:7 60:19

297:21 328:24 **realized** 56:12 85:12

269:3 **really**4:12 20:17 94:12

116:14 117:9 119:15 126:7 143:17 146:11 156:11 158:6 159:20,23 161:4 175:5 212:12 224:15 229:23 231:18 239:24 242:14 256:22 302:8 331:8 343:12 346:7 350:16 357:19 362:20,20,23 **reap** 184:1

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196:20 248:12 302:3 331:21 **reasonable** 15:21 18:3

95:9 131:11 147:6 175:22 176:13 181:4,21 185:3,16,19 301:13 **reasonableness** 85:5 **reasonably** 18:15

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139:24 199:6 203:3 329:8 **rebate** 86:4,5 265:1 **rebutting** 282:6 **receive** 132:23 153:3 **received** 19:23 168:1

188:10 209:23 252:8 **receives**237:3 **recent**49:24 52:12 90:18

188:6,11 221:3 233:18 257:24 314:1 315:14 331:4 **recently** 171:19 246:2

255:4 261:17,19 272:5 327:23 **recertifications**269:18 **recertified** 62:15 64:21

355:22 **Recess** 193:5 318:16

363:7 **recession** 16:17 **recognition** 120:15 **recognize** 38:12 98:20

118:5 119:9 132:1 137:9 206:8 329:12 336:13 **recognized** 74:4,15 75:4

98:13 262:9 296:20 **recognizes** 103:20

152:18 238:23 297:18 358:5 **recognizing** 119:18

352:16 **recommend** 154:10

289:1 **recommendation** 186:16 **recommendations** 141:8

356:24 **recommending** 292:14 **recommends** 35:19 **reconsider**83:23 254:10

256:9,13

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318:14 **record** 10:22 63:12 79:18

85:16 267:2 284:2 309:13 336:3

**recover**312:9,17 **recovered** 168:24 **recovering** 215:11 **Recreation** 123:23 **recreational** 240:21 **rectangular**335:8 **Rector** 140:18 147:10,11

147:12 192:20 **recycle**265:7 **recycling** 94:5 **red** 12:3 143:18 194:1,10

198:10 265:5 289:12 291:2 338:21 **redesign** 271:11 **redesigned** 19:17 325:1 **reduce** 15:11 17:7 18:14

24:7 26:16 37:3 39:20 42:11 44:21 49:1 75:20 79:5 88:16 93:8 99:20 113:21 119:16 121:23 134:22 170:8 183:22 187:6 224:13 227:12 234:16 238:14,22 313:11 317:15 319:6 **reduced** 26:22 27:8 30:3

45:10 81:5 143:2 184:2 184:18 239:8 334:21 **reduces** 66:3 226:9 **reducing** 4:14 8:17,24

15:3 27:17 37:9 41:16 47:8 68:22 71:23 176:19 187:9 234:22 238:24 297:12 **reduction** 34:24 35:12

40:7 70:18 77:19 95:9 130:19 158:16 159:10 179:7 200:17,19 220:19 224:24 227:18 234:15 238:14 303:23 333:21 **reductions** 18:2 28:8

29:19 34:20 36:8 45:1,8 45:15 125:3 151:9 196:17 302:24 304:20 **reevaluated** 332:3 **refer** 153:19 **reference** 54:17 229:13 **referenced** 162:11

281:10 331:16 **referred** 162:6 163:2

226:17 280:12 **referring** 280:9 **refills**216:12 **refine** 85:4 336:20 **refiners** 183:14 **reflect**70:17 72:10

154:12 202:18 207:8 219:14 242:1 247:5 308:14 309:24 355:1 **reflected** 118:10 **reflects** 147:19 207:14

238:2 239:9 354:10 **refractive** 316:15 **refractory** 296:7 **refueled** 154:1 **regard** 34:8 349:19 350:3 **regarding** 20:11 105:7

161:24 180:17 213:7 238:7 259:7 267:18 271:3 319:21 361:12 **regardless**21:10 207:6

320:12 321:22 322:15 322:17 329:5 **regards** 98:24 262:15 **Regencies** 90:10 **region** 2:23 3:15 5:17

68:1 124:5,19 147:18 153:6 **regional** 1:15 2:8 8:21

193:9 **registered** 12:23 195:1 **registration** 11:5 12:14

12:16 13:19 194:14 **regrettable**279:18 **regs** 58:6 92:15 95:2,5,6 **regular**278:11 **regulate** 33:1 57:19 166:7

182:19 267:8 288:21 320:7 **regulated**45:3 60:21 125:7 153:4 166:1,2 **regulates**279:18 **regulating** 152:15 297:6 **regulation** 6:8,11 37:17

41:16 60:21 65:22 79:15 81:15 84:18 85:4 139:23 165:1 176:17 181:24 227:17 228:1 237:21 243:19 252:1 256:10 260:16 274:23 284:23 290:5 297:18 315:1 345:14 349:18 **regulations** 8:13 16:10

16:22 18:4,4 41:23 50:12 60:4 68:17 79:1 81:2 84:10 91:1 95:24 100:17 101:17 102:2,10 103:8,15 104:6,12 117:24 118:4 120:3 122:22 123:4 124:11 128:13,16 141:11 146:8 146:14,18 147:5 148:12 150:5,11 183:10 191:2 191:19 213:8 224:12,18 234:12 237:8 251:9,20 253:22 254:7,10,17 266:21 274:16 301:1 303:2,11 **regulator** 179:6 **regulators** 208:14 213:6

351:1 **regulatory**47:5 60:1 84:7

84:8 121:12 212:8 213:10,14 270:11 275:6 275:7 321:4 **reigns** 343:2 **reinstated** 269:23 **reintroduce** 195:7 **reinvest**314:5 **reinvesting** 312:20 **reiterate** 18:1 222:12 **reject**220:17 **rejects** 97:6 **related** 79:9,11 81:1

189:16,17 237:6 276:15 **relates**257:10 266:12 **relating** 82:5,10 **relations**294:8 **relative** 328:1 **relatively** 16:18 327:13 **relaxed** 283:19 **relay** 95:11 **release**226:12,16 227:7 **released** 62:3 188:13

295:6 **relegated** 172:8 **relevant**270:15 **reliable**55:5 191:11

255:14 **reliably-clean** 139:19 **reliance**93:8 187:7 203:2 **reliant**93:5 **relied** 268:18 299:15 **relies**211:24 251:13

280:9,17 **relines** 289:19 **relining** 327:6 328:22 **reluctant**81:18 **rely**25:11 130:24 220:24

237:10 240:4 270:8 299:20 361:4 **remain** 156:1 **remained** 54:22 **remaining** 351:18 **remains**201:7 358:21 **remark**205:13 **remarks** 2:3,6,10 137:24

253:8 255:5 362:22 **remember**86:13 91:19

97:19 111:22 113:24 116:8 117:21 160:19 250:8 295:22 331:19 **remind** 333:6 **reminiscent**205:16 **remodeled** 76:14 **remodelling** 16:15 **Remole**251:1,2,4 265:23

265:23,24 266:1,4

**remorse**90:22

**remove** 86:2,8 107:9

174:19 175:1,3 192:6 204:17 289:10 **removed** 212:5

**removes** 300:6 **removing** 175:10,16

200:10 296:16 **rendering** 39:11 **renewable**28:3 55:6

61:20 92:1 93:9 117:22 118:3,6,8 127:5 132:10 132:14 138:1 140:5 184:7,24 203:6 221:11 240:8 297:11 298:14 304:16 313:21 **renewables** 118:9 **renovate**67:3 **renovated** 38:22 39:11 **reopen** 60:8 **repairing** 59:24 300:1 **repeat**5:2 135:20 143:4

180:16 **repeatedly**200:2 **repetition** 107:1 **replace** 6:3 29:4 81:18

82:3,23 127:24 144:19 243:11 329:24 **replaced** 29:7 64:22

81:21,24 200:15 222:6 303:8 **replacement** 17:9,17

18:18 81:9 219:8 222:1 223:12 292:13 324:18 325:17 326:6 328:9 329:17 333:18 334:4,19 334:21,22 355:16 356:3 356:5,11,14 **replacements** 200:7

223:9 333:22 **replacing** 17:20 127:17

326:14 327:9 **replied** 106:1 **report** 143:7 212:17

237:5 **reported** 21:2

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**reporter** 1:24 11:17

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211:9 274:18 **reports** 212:10 **represent**31:16 34:19

38:18 61:15 117:8 132:12 143:13 248:13 274:11 294:11 330:8 357:12 **representative** 71:5

178:17 245:6 250:24 251:5 **Representatives** 113:18

251:6 **representative's** 265:22 **represented** 21:12

339:24 **representing** 125:14

183:12 305:23 343:5 347:13 **represents** 14:16 35:16

51:22 147:1 192:11 **reproducibility**275:5 **reproducible**278:5 **reps** 334:6 **request**54:19 83:22

151:18 179:1 320:7 **requested** 39:16 57:18

178:20 179:4 303:1 344:10 **requesting** 39:5 **require** 16:19 58:11,13

61:21 71:21 176:12 178:5 181:19 229:5 235:11 259:18 286:6 287:12 288:20 289:22 315:11 335:24 347:7 350:11 **required** 8:24 21:18

34:10 57:7 70:18 88:7 130:21 151:23 152:12 179:3,17,20 180:3 191:1 192:1 202:19 228:4,18 237:18 256:8 276:4 292:19 303:16 318:3 325:8 356:4 **requirement**83:23

138:24 178:9 179:6 226:2 314:17 335:22 **requirements** 8:4 16:6

30:1,5 35:3 57:11 73:10 75:21 82:9 134:16 138:18 139:2 151:15 152:8 165:5 177:13 188:2 192:8 208:1 210:18 211:14 213:11 215:4 218:17,20 219:22 222:14 225:15 237:22 239:12 252:4 293:4 300:17 301:3 308:23 312:14 314:1,6 336:9 **requires**46:5 65:5 80:7

84:2 99:3 106:10 206:17 225:12,16 286:1 296:4 333:17 **requiring** 219:20 264:24 276:7 **resale** 83:5 85:21 86:12

86:14 **research** 7:21 15:17

16:19 17:4 102:15 126:8 187:8 204:9 224:3 266:10 340:22 **reseller**325:9 **reservations** 349:17 **residence**265:3 **resident**33:8 86:20 202:6

257:4 **residential** 1:10 7:11 8:1

8:6,23 25:23 26:4 31:5 31:22 32:5,17,21,24 33:12,16 36:9 42:13 43:12,17,20,23 44:5,11 46:3,9 49:6,7 50:16 51:15 68:3,10,24 71:24 73:10 76:10 77:18 78:17 79:11 83:11 133:19 137:8 148:1,19 148:20 150:21 151:21 151:22 152:9,12 154:19 162:10 166:15 183:10 183:23 184:7 188:3 189:9 202:14 203:2 204:12 211:2 233:9 234:3,7,17 235:14,22 236:12,17 237:9 239:2 251:11,23 320:8,23 321:3,18,19,21 322:16 323:6 335:21 359:23 363:13 **residents**29:1 50:8 69:18 **resides** 93:16 **residue**225:4 **resolution** 47:18 177:11 **resolved** 269:21

**resource** 61:20 78:24

127:5 132:9,10 184:24 191:9 240:8 247:22 297:11 298:15 353:2 **Resourceful** 91:17

**resources** 30:6 87:15

93:9 95:9 110:19 113:2 115:15 123:21 131:21 131:23 165:7 196:1 237:18 294:18 302:23 308:11 **respect**34:12 200:3

208:2 **respected** 268:8 **respectful** 271:18 **Respectfully** 324:10 **respectively** 190:21 **respirator** 170:15 **respiratory** 32:16 43:15

45:18 75:3,8 149:4 189:24 203:18 **respond** 179:3 185:16

279:14 **responded** 54:18 **response** 91:22 95:12

294:17 **responses** 91:21 **responsibility** 11:23 123:15 211:23 212:19 309:5 **responsible** 31:23 44:13

178:18 189:14 203:13 266:22 **rest**321:17 **restoring** 339:16 **restriction** 177:1 **restrictions** 343:21 **restricts** 79:21 **restrooms** 13:21 **result** 16:7 17:9 45:15

49:12 62:23 64:7 79:2 99:24 125:22,22 127:7 138:13 140:3 146:13,17 146:18,24 153:22 176:7 181:14 189:10 200:19 211:19 212:5 213:1,11 219:5 221:6 222:16 226:15 227:6 231:10 239:8 240:17 242:24 246:17 259:3 263:7 264:20 269:17 279:5 331:23 332:9 333:22 334:17 336:20 356:10 **resulted** 150:13 188:19 **resulting** 207:22 262:16

295:5 296:17 313:16 324:17 **results**26:2 43:18 59:12

63:11 108:3 177:18 180:5,6 196:3,13 198:14 206:24 224:19 225:2,17 228:2 230:11 269:17 271:8 278:4 332:13,16 **retail** 102:20 110:1,22,24

111:4 216:24 219:2 220:15 221:6,24 325:8 325:15 327:10 **retailer**323:23 325:12 **retailers** 14:17 84:21

102:18 104:15 112:3 115:3,21 116:7,10,15 **retain** 212:3 **retaining** 355:13 **retap** 144:15 **retention** 296:2 **retest**215:23 303:13 **retested** 19:17 332:22 **retesting** 314:5 **rethink**38:11 **retired** 202:11 224:8

337:23 **retirement** 170:5 **retooling** 16:20 **returned** 332:21 **returning** 91:24 **returns** 66:8 **revealing** 253:20

**revenue**240:17 311:10

**revenues** 112:3

**reverse** 115:19 120:12 **revert** 199:17 **review**46:5 116:2,14

355:11 **reviewed** 332:10 **reviewing** 237:20 **revise** 7:24 47:13 107:4 **revised** 54:18 138:5

149:10 237:11 302:17 **revisions** 1:9 8:2 15:13

96:2 147:24 **revisited** 31:20 148:5 **rewards** 353:8,9,11,12 **re-engineer** 142:24

262:21 **re-enter** 13:23 **re-open** 98:3 **rhetoric**264:2 **Rhode** 168:21 **rich** 226:22 **Richard** 183:4 187:13 **rid** 24:21 **right**2:6 14:4,4 47:5

65:19 68:2 94:7 101:1 115:24 137:5 141:6 157:10 158:9,11 159:17 192:23 194:17 195:8 198:11 201:4,19 204:22 222:5,23 230:18 276:6 291:9,11 309:8 321:1 323:11,12 346:10 347:24 348:17 349:12 349:12,13 350:1,2 **rights** 79:22 214:17 **rigorous** 33:22 47:1 48:2

54:4 77:16 139:9 155:21 307:22 **rigorously** 53:16 **ring** 341:7 **rings** 198:17 **rip** 5:4 **rise** 135:16 206:3 255:12 **risen** 191:6 255:10,17 **rises** 325:10 **rising** 109:14 **risk**43:13 75:6 141:12

145:10 234:20 269:14 360:16 **risks** 26:12,17 44:14

146:2 203:21 241:7 **rivals** 3:19 **river**95:17 **road** 129:19 142:6 **robust**21:24 30:4 47:3

162:18 164:15 **Rod** 298:19 305:20 **Rodale** 338:14 340:2 **Roger**266:6,9 **Rogue**285:13 **ROI** 215:10 **role** 112:24 313:3 **rolled** 339:5 **Roman** 294:14

**room** 50:1 171:24 173:16

192:22 252:19 295:13 333:16 337:13 351:19 353:19 362:9

**rooms** 204:11 252:18 **rope**341:7 **rots** 62:1 **Rough** 288:14 **roughly** 127:13 **round** 106:7 203:8,8 226:6 285:22 335:8 **route**294:24 **routine**287:9 **Rowdy** 305:21 **Roy** 255:22 **rubbish** 281:5 **ruining** 169:14 **rule**4:24 7:9 8:14 9:24

10:7,9,14,22,24 11:2 12:18 15:17 19:8 25:19 27:24 34:2,5 36:7 37:5 39:5,6 44:19,21 46:1 49:7 51:4 63:12 65:11 65:13 68:8,21 69:5 70:23 71:23 72:8 79:7 98:3 99:11 130:22 147:23 149:10,21 151:15 152:18 153:7 155:12 160:1,23 178:4 178:11 183:17 187:1 204:21 206:17 207:24 208:3,21 210:11 211:4 254:17 259:23 260:5 261:7,15,17,21,24 262:2 263:4,9,24 275:7 275:13,13,17 277:20 300:18,18 306:2,4,7 308:12 310:12 312:16 321:17 358:1,13,15 360:15,19 361:9,13,16 363:1,13 **rulemaking** 254:20 **rules** 9:12 22:10 69:16

79:4 95:24 138:10 148:3 167:10 184:16 187:8 211:1,23 251:10 254:7 300:11,14 312:13 343:21 **ruling** 14:19 115:19

**run** 58:12 70:5,14 129:9

144:20 156:24 178:18 232:22 273:19 276:11 285:22 309:14 354:24 355:13 356:8,9,10,13 **running** 28:23 90:7 137:4

215:4 291:15 353:21

**runs** 70:1 215:13 344:13 **rural** 3:14 4:18 6:12 18:20

56:6 60:19 79:12 96:9 101:6 103:1,19 112:24 113:2,8 115:17 116:17 140:8 217:3 221:9 247:9,23 249:16 251:14 266:18 319:2,9 **rushed** 116:2 **Russellville** 37:1 **Russian** 338:1 **Rutland** 241:17 242:8

243:4 **Ryan** 14:8 19:4 **R&D** 21:16 195:20 266:19

267:3,6,6,12 **R-E-C-T-O-R** 147:12 **R-E-M-O-L-E** 266:4

**S**

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**Sacramento** 95:23 **Sadly** 150:19 **safe** 77:1 131:13 157:16

217:4 **safer** 142:12 344:19,20 **safety** 56:13 108:20

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263:21 **Salem** 337:24 **sales** 23:24 56:19,21

62:24 63:2 92:23 102:21 110:3 112:2,5 143:17,23 147:9 149:15 191:7 198:4 199:8 200:7 216:3,4,23 257:24 265:2 269:19,20 270:1 290:7 319:16 327:15 360:4 **salesman** 316:8 **salt**74:21 169:13

**same** 107:18 109:5 125:9

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**save**27:19 73:2 119:24

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**saves**251:16 **saving**42:23 47:9 88:19

93:7 168:5 **savings** 138:13 140:10

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**saw** 100:23 331:1 **saying** 91:4 106:1 117:13

201:17 244:21 279:2 306:10 307:21 323:4,5 347:14 **says** 84:10 130:18 173:12

232:8 253:12 269:2 316:10 **SBA** 102:5,6 **SBI** 90:10 **SBREFA**60:2,10 **scales** 177:10

**scarce** 91:15,15

**scare** 169:10 **scenario**212:2 354:7

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**scene**242:15 **schedule** 122:11 247:13 251:8 **scheduled** 11:11 194:20

351:23 352:8 **schedules** 37:24 **scheme**41:16 **school** 50:4 339:1 **Schuyler** 136:23 **science** 74:17 88:4 94:17

290:1 **scientifically**264:3 **scientist**253:12,14 333:8 **scientists** 189:1 **Scott**352:9 357:10

361:24 **screaming** 277:1 **screeching** 17:23

**screen** 201:2 **search** 169:9

**season** 93:4 332:19 **seasonal** 112:19 115:22

116:9 **seasoned** 286:16,19 **seat** 193:12,16 **seating** 295:9 **second** 28:23 63:19 65:2

70:15 138:4 170:22 180:17 198:5 206:16 211:15 216:2 220:13 262:15 270:12 273:1 274:2 276:23 339:4 340:12 353:20 **secondarily** 95:15 **secondary** 225:13,17

226:1,13,14,19,22 227:8,11 231:13 258:6 260:9,13 315:10 316:17 316:21 336:5 **secondhand** 83:5 165:20 **secondly** 81:7 361:19 **Section** 261:7 **sections** 143:10 **sector**41:1 308:21 **sectors**235:19

**secure**283:13 **security** 140:4

**see**2:17 3:19,20 9:14

13:16 29:6 55:7 63:20 88:10 93:5 97:12 100:16 102:7 109:4 112:8 114:12 117:16 120:8 130:23 131:4 132:14 133:21 135:2,6 135:7,15,16 136:2 143:19,23 146:14,19 150:24 154:5 157:9 159:19 160:9 193:3 194:1 196:3 198:14 200:13 206:23 207:24 215:19 225:10 230:24 243:12 246:22 247:24 249:11 250:12 254:1 273:20 285:7 307:21 308:16 316:3,4 327:11 327:12 329:14 332:23 335:18 336:6 342:19 **seeing** 74:21 242:2 263:11 338:16 **seeking** 10:17 **seeks** 184:9 358:8 **seemed** 170:21 262:7

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**seen** 6:6 50:15 52:12

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**sees** 55:8 245:14 **segment** 101:3 103:13,17 **segments**279:10 **Seidman** 24:19 30:21,22 **select**24:23 **self-proclaimed** 343:19 **self-published** 338:4

340:3 **self-serving** 282:5 **sell** 20:9 90:8 102:18

104:16 110:22 111:7,12 112:12,15 120:2 128:20 155:17 169:3 170:1,6 171:9 257:19 301:12,15 302:13 320:17 323:24 324:2 327:5 359:2 360:8 362:1 **sellable**57:13 **selling** 240:18 298:23

299:9 302:10 321:5 328:2 334:18 337:12 **sells**22:2 65:9 **sell-through** 300:20

301:7 **Senate**245:17,17 **senator**245:7,9,16 246:3

246:21 248:2 **senator's** 246:12 247:4 **send** 156:9 **senior** 122:16 147:13

245:16 **seniors** 80:16 **sensationalism** 60:23

**sense** 38:15 41:13 85:5

99:13 175:2 304:22 336:12 350:9 **senseless** 254:2 **sensible**297:9 **sensitive**4:1,1 288:19 **sensitivity** 328:8 329:13 **sentence**350:22 **separate**40:1 95:2

261:14 262:6 264:14 329:6 357:22 **separated** 296:11 **September** 190:9 281:6

282:4 **series**269:9 273:22

295:1 **serious**4:8,11 43:2 68:4

172:17 189:19 237:5 241:23 360:16 **seriously** 137:21 324:23

345:9 **serve** 88:1 162:24 280:5 282:23 319:2 **served** 107:13 162:7

284:15

**serves** 50:6 147:16

164:24 **service** 56:20 141:18

142:18 284:9 290:7,10 304:8 336:24 344:11 **serviced** 284:20 **services** 52:2 87:15

144:11 161:11 **servicing** 145:6 **set**29:9 33:14 36:15

55:21 68:15 70:16 73:14 89:7 170:20 210:10 246:18 261:13 261:19 272:24 312:13 313:3,23 317:18 319:18 **sets** 16:6 354:2 **setting** 70:11 119:5

160:22 191:14 220:5,9 354:4 **settings** 320:20 354:20 **settlement**5:20

**seven** 17:10 22:3 45:19

60:16 66:19 73:24 88:6 94:8 173:22 177:6 194:20 198:2 218:5 226:7 265:12 281:12 283:10 358:12 362:11 **seventeen** 122:23 340:7 **seventies** 56:3 124:23

141:16 **seventies-era** 327:22 **seventy** 34:14 40:12

46:19 63:13 144:1 257:17 **seventy-five** 112:12 **Seventy-four**64:4 **seventy-percent**57:23 **seventy-seven** 63:14 **seven-and-a-half**58:11 **seven-year-old** 120:23 **several** 8:5 13:18 15:15

21:6 34:5 46:21 60:3 113:13 128:8 134:7 188:11,20 218:15 260:6 317:14 334:13 340:1

**severe** 170:11 **severely** 307:6 **severity** 83:21 188:23 **Seyler**67:10 72:15,17 **Seymour** 183:3,5,6 **shape**285:15 **shapes**285:19 294:21 **share** 14:10 15:2 43:24

118:14 161:23 193:17 231:6 283:13 348:10 **shared** 352:21 **sharing** 7:3 **shed** 195:18 **sheds** 232:19 **sheet** 141:17 **sheiks** 91:9,11 **Shelton** 92:10 **shelves**46:14 **shift**81:16 211:23 342:11 **shifting**47:7 **shine**232:7 **shipments** 21:12 **shipped** 20:21 21:3,17

41:3 260:21 265:14 **shock** 103:7,9 114:13 **shocked** 91:7 **shocker**58:7 **shoe**280:14 **shook**339:5 **shop** 194:18 293:13

327:24 **shops** 92:16 112:18

270:7 **short** 153:12 168:16

248:3 277:2 310:22 312:7 321:8 354:2 **shortage**221:3 **shorten** 73:4 **Shorthand** 1:24 364:7 **shortly** 96:7 **short-lived** 91:20 **shot**201:2 **shoulder**337:17 **show** 18:8 59:12 135:1

224:17 231:1 234:23 236:11 249:24 316:7 **showed** 63:18 332:17 **showing** 16:9 355:4 **shown** 113:20 124:17

221:21 242:7 **showroom** 120:21 328:2 **shows** 81:12 133:22

143:5 145:1 166:8 215:7 330:22 358:23 363:5 **shut**4:20 173:11 **shuttering** 23:18 **shutting** 313:6 **sic** 135:14 **sick**51:4 165:22 167:15

172:18,19 **side**48:17,17 166:5

285:24 316:18 **sides** 316:16 **Sierra**254:21 255:8 **sign** 12:23 13:12 218:19 **signals**47:5 **signature**245:11 **signed** 13:13 162:22

194:24 **significance** 56:13 **significant**9:2 17:18 26:2

37:13,15 41:5 62:9 72:3 74:12 76:12 80:17 81:13 82:15 84:4,20 85:15 101:14 113:23 124:3 125:5 133:4,5,17 134:10,19 140:9 141:12 146:16,23 152:14 153:5 155:1 183:18 228:2 246:16 259:10 264:20 302:22 308:21 331:5 **significantly** 8:18,23 17:2

17:15 23:22 46:22 63:2 88:16 97:5 143:24

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149:23 151:10 154:3 155:2 188:5 190:11 206:22 207:3 271:6 290:5 325:3 332:24 334:20 **significantly-different**

186:7 **signifies** 68:21 **signify** 245:13 **signing** 208:1 **signs**277:21 **Simcox**7:11 104:23

198:19,24 199:3 362:18 **similar** 150:20 152:19

214:19 220:23 273:11 274:3 299:6 300:12,17 316:6 317:7 **similarity** 114:12 **simple**65:24 186:4

221:20 272:3 283:12 **simpler**64:22 **simply**22:7,16 23:10

54:11 119:7 121:10,16 172:8 179:7 199:15 270:14 272:18 276:16 297:5 301:4 **simulate**220:3 **simultaneous** 18:9 21:21 **simultaneously** 18:7 **since** 8:16 20:13 27:13

29:8 30:7 31:22 46:2 49:22 90:8 99:14 109:13 114:11 124:20 124:22 127:13 128:16 132:5 143:23 148:5,5 149:24 162:8 164:7 169:11 170:3 175:5,9 178:21 204:4 222:4 253:5 294:14,16 302:10 303:19 307:14 311:22 335:5 345:22 **sincere**272:9 **sincerity**232:16 **single** 9:21 23:9 118:3

125:20 139:11 186:13 262:1 274:20 277:4 316:4 333:4 341:21 352:19 354:18,18,19 **single-burn** 8:11 33:19

68:20 105:4,8 106:18 115:10 152:24 317:5 **single-rate** 105:13 **sink** 133:2 **sinuses** 171:16 **sir**66:14 195:9 266:2

290:13 337:3 **sit** 124:24 229:16 **site**296:1,3 **sites**48:24 **site-build** 298:1 **sits** 341:1 **sitting** 11:18 93:15 125:2

206:1 **situation** 4:22 171:8

269:20 291:16 341:9 **six**9:20 17:10 45:20 93:4

94:8 96:19 99:15 110:24 129:21 130:2,3 135:14 167:4 168:17 200:4 219:9 221:15 252:23 312:16 325:20 **sixteen** 65:10 67:5

202:16 257:23 **sixteenth** 294:16 **sixties** 169:22 **sixty**61:10 99:4 129:13

161:15 **sixty-percent**27:12 **sixty-plus** 99:9 **sixty-three** 63:18 **six-gram** 229:22 **six-million** 272:17 **sizable**21:18 **size** 74:22 82:10 285:13

285:15 286:5 315:20,20 319:18 321:22 322:12 322:15,17 323:12 335:4 335:11 345:3 **sized** 285:10 345:8 **sizes**261:10 285:19

286:1 294:21 320:21 335:6 **sky** 311:23 342:2 **slap** 108:9 **sleep** 170:13 **sleeps** 108:23 **slide** 146:3 200:14 **slides** 141:4 **slow**38:6 317:15 318:3 **slower**222:2 **slowing** 187:9 219:7,8

221:14 **slowly**288:16 311:23

314:19 317:3 **small** 14:1 16:12 20:5,22

21:24 22:12,12,24 44:14 49:14 56:1,16 59:24 64:12 78:23 79:10 84:20 88:10 94:19 99:11 101:24 108:9 112:11 113:7,16 113:21 129:4 131:3,10 173:15,17 204:3 209:22 211:1,9 213:3 235:12 235:16 248:17 249:9,15 250:13,15 258:23 260:3 264:18 273:5 274:12 288:4 296:16 312:4 322:15 327:16,21 **smaller** 16:23 91:19

94:22 112:17 160:2,2 210:4,18 211:6 244:12 248:13 315:18 **small-volume**97:13 **smart** 157:20 159:8

160:10 311:16 **smoke** 3:22 4:14 17:20

19:13 32:6 43:13,21,23 44:6,11 49:13,14 50:20 50:22 68:10 70:7 74:2,6 74:11,15,18,22 75:5,12 79:5 87:19,22,24 92:12 96:17 118:1 121:3 133:3,18 134:1,23 148:19 149:3,20 153:5 165:20,21,23,24,24 166:1,4,7,10,13,16,17 166:19,22 167:3 169:7 169:10,16 170:1,8,14 170:19 171:2,5,21 172:11,18 173:2,21 182:20 185:10 188:7,10 189:1,2,4,16 190:10,17 203:9,13 204:10,12 216:13 221:19 229:10 234:7,16 235:19 236:21 237:1,3,4 239:1 241:14 242:9,16,18 286:2,3,10 286:13,21 288:1,4,5 289:15 291:10 292:6 360:8 **smoke-encased** 170:4 **smoking** 307:10 309:12 **smoky** 92:7,8 **smolder** 175:15 **smoldering** 170:14 310:3 **smooth** 155:14 **snack** 14:2,2 194:18

**snow**307:7 339:5 **snowball** 349:21 **Soapstone**274:11,15 **soared** 252:23 **soaring** 203:4 **social** 48:20 59:18 123:15 **society** 107:15 **soft** 161:19 163:4 **software**298:7 **solar** 159:16 184:6

214:18 **sold** 3:11 20:1,3 110:17

119:4 157:7 172:11 265:3 293:13 301:24 303:10 304:10,23 305:8 326:22 **soldiers** 106:3 **solid** 22:16 27:14 62:24

63:4 142:4 158:13 221:5 222:13 224:13 289:16 297:6 357:4 361:5 **solution** 104:7 227:23

342:15 **solutions** 158:15 307:18 **solve** 124:14 324:14 **solving** 134:17

**some**2:3,6,9 3:1,2 14:3

20:2 22:12,12 30:11 41:19 50:24 60:19 66:23,23 82:6,7 91:9 94:11 98:16,21 108:5 109:21 116:10 118:14 119:1 123:2 125:1,22 125:22,24 138:17 141:4 142:15,19 147:23 158:20 159:11,20 168:5 171:12 185:8 191:23 202:16 203:17 204:6 205:16,21 206:22 214:12 218:19 222:24 223:1,5 228:23 229:20 229:21 230:23 237:7 238:11 241:16 243:22 244:6 246:8,24 249:2 250:2 252:12 254:2 259:7 264:11 267:1 270:24 275:12 285:19 285:20,21,21,22,23 286:20 287:10,11 291:2 292:10 297:1,19,21 299:5 307:1,8 315:16 315:18 316:14 317:9 319:11 321:9 322:16 323:3,11 328:16 342:20 344:2 349:17 350:14,19 358:17 **somebody**363:4 **somebody's** 151:5 **someday** 206:3

**someone**51:7 223:10 **Somerset**6:2 **something** 66:15 85:20

97:24 110:6 114:17 223:15 240:5 253:9 262:2 283:8 287:7 321:21 346:12 348:1 **something's** 350:17 **sometime**84:12 **sometimes** 135:17

246:18 287:24 **somewhat**245:8 346:13 **somewhere**289:7

**son** 93:16 120:23 199:3

**soon** 13:6 17:16 35:19

114:13 119:3 152:24 195:3 225:8,11 249:5 308:1

**sooner**89:15 **soot**42:11

**sore** 77:3 **sorry** 154:16 192:19

198:19,19,24 265:21 292:21,23 309:4 **sort** 108:9 119:17 343:5

343:15 347:13,17 350:6 **sorts** 343:20 **sound** 52:7 55:7 61:18

305:23 **soundness** 339:21 **sounds**272:6

**source**8:1 25:24 31:4

32:13,15 33:13 39:1 43:21 44:6 49:5 51:9 62:5,8 74:12,16,24 78:17 81:13 87:2 92:1 92:24 96:17 117:22 118:7 125:21 131:5 133:7 138:22 148:1 151:5 152:10 166:14 189:13,15 221:18 234:2 234:9 236:21 240:11 251:15 253:3 254:9 261:6 264:14 293:22 313:20

**sources** 32:23 33:23

44:15 77:23 109:16 148:21 155:22 157:21 220:23 235:9,13,17 238:15 255:14 261:11 307:16 337:11 **sourcing** 215:3 **South** 100:11 **southeastern** 6:1 **southern** 284:9 **southwest**249:16 **so-called** 274:20 281:7

281:19 **so-to-speak**343:11

347:11 **space**28:17 82:12 304:15 **spaced** 314:18 318:4 **Spalding** 2:9 8:21 **Spanish** 281:13 **spare**263:12 **SPAULDING** 2:11 **speak**4:18 11:14 55:13

61:15 97:11 100:8 125:16 131:24 136:18 139:7 168:18 174:6,14 179:14 195:1 324:7 347:2 351:20 357:17,24 **speakers** 11:11 12:8

13:11 14:7 24:18 36:14 48:6,9 55:19 67:9 78:8 90:1 100:5 107:22 122:9 131:16,17 140:17 156:4 183:2 194:5,21 195:4 209:4 217:12 233:6 245:2,24 250:24 266:6 281:10 283:5,23 298:19 310:22 337:4 351:18 352:2,8 362:8 363:12 **speaking** 12:1 49:4 86:13

232:17,18 305:12 358:7 **species** 94:23 **specific**36:2 82:9 174:13

176:13 181:20 204:23 225:5 237:8 277:14 290:23 343:13 353:7 356:24 357:24 **specifically** 37:22 50:16

68:17 70:1 71:7 75:5 83:22 154:2 358:7 **specification** 232:5 **specifications** 53:21 **specifics** 280:11 347:2 **specified** 83:12,13,16 **specify**232:2 **spectrum** 277:23 **speech** 211:16 **speeches** 90:20 **speed** 135:3 154:16

191:24 **spell** 11:17 193:20 266:3

315:14 **spelled** 78:12 90:5

147:12 183:6 305:21 314:11 357:11 **spelling** 352:11 **Spencer's** 255:22 **spend** 271:11 **spending** 146:12 361:1 **spent**9:13 40:15 57:8

170:4 171:6 267:3,12 312:6,12 330:12 337:21

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**spikes** 153:13 242:15 **spilled** 315:15 **spiral** 59:7 **spirit**54:24 **spite**280:3 **split**92:5 226:6 309:16

315:18 **splitting** 94:24 **spoken** 211:12 **sponsoring** 283:11 **sporadically** 5:10 **sporting** 110:9 **spraying** 49:1 **spread** 20:9 142:2 **spring** 111:8 **spruce**342:4 **spur**88:22 328:12 **square** 1:16 123:19

225:11 335:8 **square-inch** 225:7 **squeeze** 18:11 **stability** 190:15 **stabilize** 319:6 **stable**52:10 **stack**208:8 235:19

286:20,24 291:5 309:16 **stacks** 291:10 **staff** 12:13 13:18 67:14

194:13,16 208:13 353:2 **staged** 179:22 **stages** 165:6 **stagnant**246:19 **stagnation** 307:11,13 **stainless** 335:10 **stake**37:4 **stakeholders** 36:6 39:19

114:22 **stand** 114:24 196:20

268:22 **standard** 30:5 31:4 33:7

33:13 34:15,16 40:7,12 40:13 41:15 53:8 54:9 54:17 55:2,10 57:8 83:19 107:4 118:21 119:5 129:12 135:19 136:7 138:22 139:17 145:9 152:13 154:23 155:5 163:2,5 164:4 165:5 186:2,4 190:3 201:12,24 207:9 215:3 234:3 235:10 236:20 237:13,15 239:7 241:20 241:21 242:13,13 244:1 244:2 247:17 256:5 258:10,11,14,16 274:20 277:4,24 279:4 283:14 283:19 293:22 296:20 306:21,23 307:20,22,24 329:5 331:22 333:5 336:12 347:17,21 352:20 353:11,17 354:2 354:4 355:7 359:5 **standardizes** 154:13 **standards** 1:9 2:18 7:6

7:21 8:1,5 9:14 25:20 28:2,12,12,15,16,21 29:10,22 30:12 32:4,23 34:9,13,19 35:11,15,18 39:7 42:11,15,21 43:1 45:7,12,17 46:3,6,8,14 46:18,20 47:2,4,14,23 48:3 49:5 53:1,13,15,24 64:13 68:11 69:8,13,14 71:10 72:6 73:13,14,17 73:23 75:13,24 76:1,4,9 76:9 77:17 78:18,20 80:1 87:3 88:13,21,23 89:5,9,15,17,20 117:14 137:19 138:6 139:8,12 142:9 148:1,8,14 149:13,24 151:20,24 152:3,22 155:8 162:3,8 162:9,11,16,23 163:1 163:11,19 164:14,20 165:9 166:15 167:7 170:19 173:3 184:15 187:14 191:4,15 192:2 200:2 201:21 205:2,19 205:22 206:12 211:9 218:13 219:1,5 220:6 220:14,20 221:13 234:19 235:7 236:16 237:17 238:8 239:4 243:9,16,22,24 244:17 244:23 245:15,21,23 246:22 247:1,5,14,20 259:13 261:12,14,20 262:4,6,11,13 264:16 264:17 273:18 306:17 313:10 319:15,17,19,20 320:5,10 322:24 323:1 324:8,11 326:3 328:20 328:23 329:6,22,24 330:2 332:3 353:6,24 355:12 **standing** 13:2 114:23 **stands** 132:24 268:17

340:21 **Stanley** 105:22,22 106:8

106:11 **Star** 120:14 **Starches** 287:6 **start**2:7 12:1 15:14

108:12 112:8 117:13 128:21 129:19 143:19 175:8,9,15 177:15 215:16,19,21 217:17 249:4 250:16 254:6 272:9 330:20 337:24 **started** 141:22 142:1

175:6 193:8 213:23 214:11 248:15,16 311:6 311:11 338:4,13,15 339:6 **starter** 175:3,5 **starting** 95:6 162:21 **starts** 215:14 226:13,19

231:13 **startup** 174:19 175:8,11

275:4 **startups**216:13 **state** 11:15 31:17 33:1,5

33:7 58:6 70:9 75:17 78:24 79:8,13 80:14,15 84:20 93:11,11 132:2 147:20,21,22 172:19,21 179:6 183:15 187:18 192:8 193:18 200:1 208:13 211:12 213:6 226:24 232:19 234:10 234:15 236:6,21 237:19 237:19 240:2,12,14 241:8,9 242:3,5,15 243:16,21 244:10 246:12 251:5,13 258:11 258:16 262:10 300:14 301:1 303:2 305:21,24 306:10,17 307:15 308:20 310:9 328:14 340:13 350:12 359:15 **stated** 70:24 129:11

253:9 255:9 278:8 316:9 **statement**7:2 130:6,10

130:14 140:24 272:20 **statements** 141:5 179:13 **states**25:11 27:18 31:8

39:3 47:11,17 52:20 53:11 57:16 58:5,24 93:17 100:10 104:23 108:1 109:9 111:18 113:18 114:14 125:14 126:9 127:15 130:7,9 136:10 143:8 147:14,17 148:12 150:4,19 151:14 151:18,24 152:7 155:11 166:7 170:20 189:9 209:15 218:6 227:16 228:3 237:7 240:3,4 242:5 246:2 252:10 253:21 262:9 275:18 281:19 299:3 300:18 301:7,13 302:2,4 303:3 308:6,9 320:4 322:23 323:11 353:1 355:17 359:24 **statewide**236:3 **state's** 132:13 168:9

236:1,9 240:24 244:1 264:16 309:5 **state-level** 271:14 **state-of-the-art**266:19 **state-specific**234:11 **stating** 175:22 180:21

181:4 254:16 **stationary** 32:13 189:13

261:20,22 **stations** 91:14 **statistics** 189:8 **stay** 12:9 17:4 212:19

254:13 265:11 352:1,6 362:12 **stayed** 293:19 **steady** 114:11 **steel** 20:22 21:23 335:10 **Steinert**209:4,6,7 **stenographic**364:9 **stent** 171:19 **step** 12:7,7 22:4 23:5

35:15 49:8 68:9,22 69:19,24 70:16,20 71:18,19,23 77:13 88:13 94:7 117:18 122:6 124:3 128:11 192:3 204:22 245:24 269:13 274:18 312:14 313:12,24 **Stephen** 293:24 **steps** 37:3 41:14 187:3

204:19 243:15 **step-one**307:22 **step-two**46:18 **Steve** 100:6 104:21

283:24 **Stevenson** 63:9 145:1

281:8 **Stevenson's** 63:17 **stick** 13:4 **sticker** 103:7,9 114:13 **still** 34:11 61:9 67:1 80:12

104:8 105:17 106:9 114:1,23 125:19 165:6 167:14 169:24 178:5 191:12 234:11,24 237:20 238:6,9 248:21 271:19 272:13 280:5 299:17 307:4,5 312:8 318:2 325:15 334:23 340:22 346:1 351:21 **stimulate** 329:13 **stipulated** 335:22 **stock**62:21 82:6 183:13

301:12 302:3,5 **stockholders** 111:15 **stocking** 115:24 305:7 **stoke**226:20 227:14 **stood** 280:13 **stop** 17:18 49:15 111:1,4

194:11 217:6 317:17 **stops** 12:4 145:15 **storage** 156:17 159:16

341:1 359:13 360:2 **store**90:8 327:17 **stores** 10:3 112:11 295:5 **stories** 113:9 168:2 253:1 **storms** 253:11 **story** 119:22 120:1

314:12 315:5 **stove**2:17 5:4 8:11,12

9:19 10:6,8 15:7,8 17:12,15,19 22:15 27:20 28:20,23 51:8 54:11 63:2 64:2,6,17 65:8 69:7 80:6,18,19 82:2 83:3 86:8 92:7,8 92:16 95:14,24 100:10 100:20,20,24,24 101:11 101:22 102:8,9,24 103:4,23,23 104:23 105:4,9,10,11,13,19,24 106:11,18 107:6,9,12 107:16 108:1 109:9 111:18 114:14 120:10 121:22 122:2 125:15 126:2,9 130:7 134:20 143:1,17 144:11,15,19 144:22,24 145:4,9,12 146:1,4 147:5,9 156:20 170:23 174:8 175:9 176:16 181:23 197:7,16 198:11 199:8,14,18,19 199:23 200:7,15,16 201:13 218:11 219:16 221:7,18 222:13 226:4 227:2 229:7 231:14,24 232:4 244:8 246:5,13 249:8,12 251:11,24 252:3,10 257:14,23 258:1,22,24 259:22 260:7 262:1,4,10,11 264:20 265:1,4,10 267:4 276:2 278:6,9,12 278:14,18 280:6 281:7 281:12,21,24 282:16,17 282:23 284:3 286:4,5,8 286:8,15,18 287:17 288:1,8,11,17 289:9 290:3,6 291:7,15,15,21 292:15,18 293:7,12,13 297:21 306:11,20 309:3 309:4,14,15,15 316:2 324:19 326:22,22 327:2 327:9,15,22 328:18,19 329:1 330:20 332:22 333:15,23 334:16 335:2 335:17 336:19 337:14 338:6 344:13 345:5,11 346:3,4,5,17,17,19,22 347:10 352:17 353:14 354:11,19 355:19,20,21 356:5,24 357:4 360:9 **stoves** 3:1,2,3,6,9,17 5:6

5:16 6:1,4 8:4,9,15 9:21 10:2 14:23 17:1,11,17 17:21 18:13,14,16,18 19:12 20:3,21 21:1,4,7 21:9,19 22:2 23:4 24:6 27:11 28:5,20 29:3,5,7 29:8 31:21 33:4,15,19 33:21 36:20 37:19 38:5 38:7,10 42:13,15 43:5 46:16,16,20 48:3 51:3 54:7 61:8,13 62:21 63:7 65:11,15,20,24 66:5,24 68:18,21 75:15 80:3,10 81:10,13,17,19 82:10 82:23,23 85:6 86:3 87:7 88:17 90:9,9,11 92:18 93:7,8 94:1,3,4,9,11 96:11,12,18,20 97:1,2,8 97:10 98:7 99:7,19,19 99:22 100:15 101:15,15 104:14 105:7,17 106:20 106:22 107:2 110:20,23 115:9,9,10 117:19 118:11,20 119:2,2,3,4,6 119:10,12,14,15,23 121:2,5,13,18,19,23 126:1 133:20 135:10,13 137:3 138:7,12 142:11 143:1,24 144:6,20 145:8,18,20 146:15,19 146:21,21 147:2,7 152:5,24 167:12,23 171:12,22 178:7 182:5

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182:9,12,18 187:23 190:21 191:7 195:14 196:22 197:8,21 198:2 198:6 199:7,11 200:5 200:21 201:1,5,6,18 205:2,2 218:1 219:13 220:14 221:2,10,16,17 222:2,6,21 223:12,13 223:24 224:6 230:8 231:9 232:7,23 233:5 233:21,22 244:11,14 246:2,7,9 248:21 249:17,21,22 250:3,7 250:10,10 251:15 252:7 256:21 257:11 258:9 259:4,8,11,16 260:8,9 260:10,12,20 261:1,5 261:15 262:7 263:5,8 263:15 264:3,22 265:2 265:8,13,14 266:13,17 266:24 267:14 271:4 272:18 273:14,17 274:12 277:4 278:2,17 278:20 279:11,17,19 280:5 281:5,15,17,20 281:22 282:12,20 283:4 283:12,16,18 286:1,6 287:10,22 288:19,22 289:2,11 292:11 309:23 324:2,18 325:17,22 326:7,8 327:14 328:9 329:18,19 331:1,9,12 331:15,18 333:2 334:11 335:24 336:4,6,14,17 337:12 344:23 345:19 347:1 350:8 352:19 354:15 355:4,10 356:22 357:8,8 **stove's**263:21 **straightforward** 80:7 **strategic** 115:7 **strategies** 26:19 **strategy** 98:9 321:5 **straw**279:11 280:5,7,8

280:12,13,16,19,22 281:4 283:11 284:4 **strengthen** 8:3 200:24

313:18 328:10 **strengthened** 34:6 54:20 **strengthening** 73:11

86:23 **stress**288:19 289:23 **strict**53:17 155:10 **stricter** 118:21 152:22 **strictest** 164:17 **strictly** 177:20 **strides**25:15 234:22 **stringent**27:14 28:17

29:11 35:14 69:23 138:18 202:17 205:6 206:19 207:23 256:14 258:11 **stringently** 72:8 **striving** 81:6 93:13 **strokes**4:10 **strong**41:21 48:1 50:12

53:1 133:22 135:2 143:5 195:17 214:3 233:16 245:20 **stronger**75:21 76:1,3

114:20 **strongly** 18:1 39:24 69:3

69:14 72:7 82:21 85:3 104:5 116:1 132:3,6 135:8 136:6 137:6 139:3 191:14 243:19 336:11 **structures**208:5 **struggle**309:19 355:6

360:22 **struggling** 110:12 **studied** 268:6 **studies**43:12 74:1 75:4

144:24 149:2 234:23 242:4 243:5 255:15 331:7,8 **studs** 144:13,14 **study** 35:24 76:21 145:1

151:3 154:23 166:24 190:8 253:19 268:11,15 268:18 269:2 281:8,11 332:4,9,13,17,23 333:9 **studying** 34:11 **stuff** 182:20 347:4,15 **stunned** 120:8 **stunning** 278:16 **subgroups** 189:22 **subject**45:6,11 52:10

53:5,17 54:3 69:16 **subjected** 172:10 **submission** 30:19 156:10

156:12 178:6 **submit** 137:23 245:9,11

290:14 348:5 350:19 355:3 357:22 **submittal** 239:13 **submitted** 140:20 180:8

247:4 248:1 **submitting** 11:4 30:18

55:14 178:19 297:15 **subsequent**260:23 **subsidiary** 318:23 **substances** 32:6 **substantial** 43:3 178:1

241:6,16 242:17 243:13 244:13 **substantially** 97:2 325:13 **substruct**330:18 **succeeded** 311:19 338:2

**success** 113:9 275:7 **successful** 165:9 213:4

269:12 271:12 280:16 **successfully**282:15 **suddenly**261:24

**sue** 168:8 **suffer** 17:3 244:18 **suffering** 69:17 171:18

172:1 **suffers** 51:7 **sufficient** 130:3 137:2

336:15 **suggest**41:13 104:5

116:1 226:23 250:19 356:2 **suggested** 23:5 263:20 290:17 353:9,15,20 **suggesting** 86:11 **suggestion** 328:10 **suggestions**275:23 **suggests** 99:1,5 275:14

333:14 **suit** 168:13 **suitable**355:16 356:14 **suitcase**217:16 **suite** 1:17 150:11 306:23 **sulphur** 140:7

**sum** 222:8

**sumac**342:6 **summarize** 329:15 **summary** 65:18 275:23

276:4

**summer**3:20 88:10 111:9

169:2 249:5 284:20

**sums** 16:18 **superiority**271:9 **supervision** 308:20 **supervisor's** 293:8 **supplement**201:9 **supplemental** 5:22

127:24 **supplier** 162:4 339:1 **suppliers** 85:1 334:8,17

334:18 356:16 **supply**92:2 107:12

221:21 236:9 315:6 **Supplying** 132:21 **support**29:23 37:2,6,9

42:10 44:18 49:4 53:9 72:5 82:21 96:5 98:5 113:12 114:6 117:13 122:21 124:16 129:5 132:3 136:7,7 137:10 138:23 140:1,4 141:5 147:4 149:21 151:14 152:7,20 157:17 158:24 159:1 184:22 187:19 191:14 204:24 207:7 218:12,22 220:1,8 224:12 234:1 236:15,18 237:24 239:6,9 243:8 283:2 298:6 306:1 308:20 328:11 334:14 **supported** 142:8 245:19 **supporter** 195:17 **supporting** 130:19

174:23 175:18 **supportive** 68:14 243:20

244:22 **supports** 15:13 18:1

28:14 34:4 51:6 73:8 79:1 96:1 138:5 155:20 233:15 245:21 274:15 **suppose**270:10 341:12

**sure** 12:17 63:8 66:20

91:1 111:7 161:7 164:10 272:22 290:18 290:24 292:22 306:8 352:3 **surely**20:10 59:21 **surface**225:7 226:9

295:15 **surfaces**226:5,5 **surprised** 3:17 351:13 **surprises** 308:12 **surrounded** 170:7 171:11 **surrounding** 134:2

287:15 299:2 303:3 **survey**63:18 233:18

236:3,7 281:19 283:11 331:11,11 **surveys** 331:8 **survival** 101:19 **survive** 21:21 114:16

216:5 360:24 **surviving** 22:23 337:18 **susceptible** 189:22 **suspected** 283:9 **sustain** 227:8 **sustainability** 30:9 92:6

339:20 **sustainable**30:15 92:2

131:7 227:11 335:20 339:14,17 **sustainably-harvested**

184:13 **sustained** 167:19 **sustaining** 226:1 **sustains**231:13 **Suuberg** 24:19 25:2,3,4 **swap** 147:5 160:12,13

346:22 **Swedish** 337:14 **sweep** 141:7,22,24 144:7

284:10,12,13,16,17 285:6 293:20 342:23 343:4 **sweeper**344:11 **sweeping** 147:3 **sweeps** 142:4,10 145:6

145:17 147:4 284:7 **swept**347:8 **swiftly** 77:16 87:2 89:19 **swings** 52:11 **switches** 133:19 **sword** 360:4 **symptoms**45:18 87:20 **synergies** 54:12 **system** 11:23 34:19,23

35:11 40:7 43:8 70:17 123:14 128:2,2 130:18 149:5 163:18 225:18 231:17 312:2 317:11 344:22,24 345:8 346:6 **systems** 77:19 84:4,15

159:11 183:11 185:9,23 304:20 318:22 319:3 **S-E-I-D-M-A-N** 30:22 **S-E-Y-M-O-U-R** 183:7 **S-U-U-B-E-R-G** 25:4

**T table**  11:13 12:14,16,24

13:19 104:4 115:15 194:14 195:2 230:9 **tackling** 346:24 **Taft**90:19 **tag** 17:11 265:5 276:1,1,3

276:5 **tagged** 289:12 **tags** 120:7,9 291:2 **tail** 153:20 **take** 9:23 12:20 14:4

41:14 77:13 78:19 88:12 104:5 108:9 111:19 113:3 115:13 137:20 144:13 170:21 192:18 199:7 204:19 206:3 215:21 216:16 226:14 233:2 255:21 269:22 282:11 310:22 318:13 344:12,17,17 362:15 **taken** 23:3 94:3 124:4

126:19 168:16 193:5 243:15 251:8 318:16 363:7 **takes** 34:24 58:18 109:9

172:14 212:14,16 231:16 **taking** 37:3 44:24 49:8

54:21 72:16 99:8 115:12 126:2 192:2 208:8 221:10 245:24 256:2 269:8 321:12 336:2 346:5 **talk** 100:15 121:7 158:17

268:5 272:5 279:10 280:23 323:14 **talked** 158:5 252:15

348:10 **talking** 5:3 125:2 291:20

343:16 345:6 **talks** 90:19 **tanked** 142:19 **target**231:10 **targeting** 262:1 **targets** 98:15 278:3 **Tarm** 357:12 **taste**296:14 **taught**309:10 **tax** 108:7 353:14 **taxing** 312:5 **teach** 88:4 **teacher**360:11 **teaching** 337:15 360:12 **Team** 284:16 **teams** 156:21 **tear**272:9 **technical** 59:3 186:19

192:4 196:1 298:9 330:12 339:2 **technician** 209:21 **technique**290:1 **techniques** 359:20 **technologically**271:2 **technologically-inferior**

149:16 **technologies**28:4,11

39:15 42:22 46:13 64:3 71:6 88:15,22 89:10 155:13 159:21 183:22 184:21 186:3 187:5 197:24 198:15 202:1,20 205:7 217:21 222:8 264:15 277:7 329:7

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336:8 **technology**4:15 8:17 9:9

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130:22 277:10 **technology-performan...**

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173:10 197:13 227:23 289:19 298:24 314:12 **telling** 23:12 **tells**279:24 339:21 **temperature**255:10,17

277:12 285:17 286:9,21 291:22 292:1,4 **temperatures** 346:1 **ten** 21:2 27:21 40:15 41:2

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346:10 **tendency** 38:19 **Tennessee**37:1 100:11 **tens** 324:24 **ten-page** 140:23 **ten-year**334:1 **ten-years** 160:22 **term** 153:12 155:14

230:12 280:1,7,8,12 314:6 **terms** 28:12 119:20 120:7

164:18 279:16,19 292:12 293:3 336:16 **terrible** 120:11 171:19 **terrific**3:2 **territories** 31:9 **terrorism** 255:8 **Tesla** 156:14 160:20 **test**20:8 23:8 29:24 37:23 40:8 57:6,7,8,11 57:16,22 58:11,12,13 58:17,23,24 64:7 70:1,5 70:14 97:16,20,22,24 128:7 129:16 133:24 153:9,14,22 154:3,11 154:13 174:13,21 175:2 175:17 176:12,14 177:15 178:12,17,23 179:5,19,22 180:4,7 181:19 186:17 187:2 195:24,24 199:22 201:21 207:8,13,14 209:9 210:20 211:3,10 214:9 215:4,12 216:1 219:16 220:2,11 222:14 224:17 225:14 228:14 228:24 229:12,17 230:1 230:21 232:8 238:3 260:23 267:14 268:6,7 268:13 271:11 274:5 275:4 276:11 278:5,5 298:10 302:16,17 303:13,15 308:14,18,19 311:20 313:15,16 315:23 317:23 324:11 324:12 328:20 332:8,12 332:14 333:14 336:2,15 340:17,17,18,19 341:10 341:11 353:22 354:23 356:4,11 358:6,18,22 359:1,12,16 360:18 361:12,18,20,21,22 **tested**40:11 53:16 58:2

62:19 119:10 138:24 228:14 273:24 292:18 305:4 309:24 316:12 318:2 340:14,19,20 359:3,5 **testified** 106:3 240:1 **testify** 12:22 14:21 18:22

25:9 31:3 36:5 42:10 67:18 68:6 116:21,23 166:16 239:6 250:22 251:3 **testifying** 202:8 **testimonies** 90:24 167:20

168:17 **testimony** 11:16,21 12:11

14:21 48:13 86:14 122:21 123:6 124:8 147:19 167:16 193:19 193:23 194:13 251:21 252:12 253:15 321:8 **testing** 16:19 21:16 35:16

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181:5 207:12 215:5,14 215:21 230:2,7 266:16 269:1 273:23 302:18 340:8,8,16 341:3 **testsmith** 354:7,9 **thank**6:16,22 7:16 11:8,9

14:20 18:21,24 19:1,2,3 24:10,16,17 25:3,8 30:19,20 31:2 36:4,11 36:12,14 42:2,4,9 48:4 48:5,8,12 51:10,13 55:12,15,16,18 61:3,4,5 66:9,10 67:6,7,8,17 72:14,15 78:3,4,7,15 85:13,16,17 86:16,17 89:20,21,24 95:17,19 100:3,4,7 104:19,24 107:18,20,21 116:17,18 122:6,7 125:11,15 131:14,15 132:1 136:12 136:13 140:11,13,16 147:9,10 156:2,3,6 161:8 165:11,12,13 174:3,5 180:8,9 182:23 183:1,8 187:10 192:13 192:14 199:1 202:3,4 208:19 209:1,2,3 213:17,19 217:6,8,11 222:18 223:8,19 228:9 228:19,20 232:24 233:2 239:5,15,19,22 244:23 245:1 248:3 250:23 251:2 256:12,23 265:18 265:20 266:2,5 267:9 273:8 274:7 283:21 290:10 292:9,20 293:15 293:16,20 298:16 305:11,14 310:20 311:1 314:7,8 318:10,11,19 321:13 323:16,18 330:3 336:22,23 337:1 342:18 348:3,4 351:15,16 352:15 357:9 361:23 362:4,6,20,23 363:5 **thankful** 254:1 **thanks**2:11 6:24 7:17

24:13 86:15 136:19 193:3 222:17 283:22 293:17 342:10 362:17 363:3 **their**4:6,23 5:5,11,12,24

6:3 9:10,10 22:5,9,17 22:20 23:13 25:12 29:2 33:5 37:10 38:3,7 42:23 50:10,13,19,22,22 52:21 54:1,7 56:7 58:6 63:23 64:11,19 65:12 74:22 77:7,24 79:24 81:9 84:3,15 88:7,7,19 91:12,24 92:7,18,20 93:6 101:9 104:4 108:17,21,22 111:6,7 114:5 116:7,11,12 121:16 127:9 128:19,20 131:1 132:1,24 133:1 135:9,13 136:18 139:4 142:22 143:1 145:2,13 145:24,24 147:2,17 154:20 160:7,13 163:16 163:24 166:19 167:19 168:6,9,11 172:5 173:7 173:10 176:2 181:8 189:20 193:22 194:6 197:12 198:23 200:12 201:9,12 204:20 208:10 208:18 212:8 213:7 221:1 230:15 231:5 232:3,12,14,22 237:6 240:16 243:11 244:14 246:1 249:22 252:18,20 252:22 253:3,3 254:8 256:9,23 263:7 264:22 278:8 280:3,14,14 281:22 283:4,13,15 285:18 288:9 289:20 297:4,10,13 299:23 303:8 304:1,13 307:9 313:16 315:17 318:8 319:6 323:1 328:20 331:9 334:2,12 335:16 336:20,24 344:8,8,20 354:8,15 356:23,23 **themselves** 53:17 106:18

241:24 253:3 279:20,22 308:7 **theoretically** 18:11 **theory** 280:11 347:19 **thereabouts** 193:23 **thermal** 156:23 159:16

184:10 187:4 294:6 296:17 359:13 360:2 **thermometer**292:5 **thermostats** 142:22 **they'd** 112:5,14,15

142:13 160:16 340:2 352:3 **thick**287:24 **thicknesses** 335:7 **thimble**345:2 **thing** 65:19 105:15 210:2

222:4 254:15 268:5 277:8 279:9 282:21 307:7 347:23 **things**4:3,12 5:9 7:14

9:22 11:6,10 13:7 14:3 16:21 91:2,5 108:4,15 149:18 156:18 157:13 157:17 160:19 172:13 182:18 244:5 254:23 272:21 291:3,23 295:18 328:7 344:2,5 345:4 348:12 349:7,22 350:2 350:7,15 351:2 **think**3:16 14:5 20:2

50:21 85:23 99:19 102:7 108:13 109:6 117:4,17 118:22 121:24 122:5,12 124:12 130:3 157:7,9,12 158:8,16,20 159:5,10,12 160:12 194:4,19,21 201:11,20 216:9 230:17,18 231:4 249:19 255:1 259:4 271:22 274:4 277:6 279:14 288:10,12 289:7 291:12 293:19 306:9,15 315:21 326:17 341:16 342:14 343:23 344:14 346:9,13 347:13,22 350:5,7,17 351:4 **thinking** 305:2 **third** 14:3 65:2 138:9

194:18 199:9,13 221:13 276:9 279:9 353:8 **Thirdly** 207:7 **third-party** 53:6 161:13

161:18 164:18 211:24 332:12 356:6 **thirty**40:16 99:8 142:6

194:6 224:7 231:11,15 231:16,22 266:23 274:13 287:13 **thirty-day** 178:9,13,19,21

179:2 **thirty-five** 100:21 **thirty-four**270:19 **thirty-plus**258:19 **Thomas**266:7 274:10

337:21 **though** 46:4 159:3 235:2

243:21 283:6 315:6 349:24 360:10 **thought** 144:8 198:19

249:3 308:16 **thoughts** 156:9 293:5 **thousand** 26:21 157:8

164:7 170:9,9 233:17 **thousands** 75:14 89:1

112:17 165:21 167:14 230:7 325:1 338:11 361:1 **threat**68:4 72:3 126:22

255:8 **threaten** 4:12 77:6 **threatens** 109:20 **threats** 68:9 149:9 **three** 16:5 18:8 21:5

50:14 57:11 63:24 88:5 118:13 132:19 134:3 137:4 141:21,23 144:17 149:17 170:2 171:7,14 172:12 176:19 194:19 195:20 209:17,18 214:20 216:4,5 218:21 219:5,11 231:10 241:22 260:17 265:9 268:23

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270:23 275:12 285:22 288:6 306:11 314:23 325:7 332:18 340:16 353:5 357:1 **three-phase** 156:16 **three-step** 35:7 336:11 **three-way** 306:14 **threshold** 263:17 359:7 **thrift**309:9 **thrilled** 335:5 **throat**77:3 **through** 13:10,22 40:8

53:3 62:15 65:2 93:23 111:8 114:21 127:11,13 128:23 164:20 167:19 169:12 182:14 184:18 190:9 212:17 249:1 273:20 276:14 285:23 286:2,3,10,22 295:1 302:13,24 314:22 325:11 327:12 328:3 329:22 335:14 356:6 **throughout**43:19 52:15

67:16,22 76:14 81:22 106:5 124:18,19 135:19 205:23 216:19 295:10 **throw**344:15 **throwing** 282:1 **tie**344:21 **tied** 16:14 346:7 **tight** 109:23 **tightened** 109:14 **tightening** 177:5 **tighter**35:18 236:16

307:19,24 **tightness** 170:14 **tile**337:14 **Tim** 251:1,4 **timber** 132:24 161:12

162:4 163:14,21 164:1 **timberland** 132:23 **time** 5:16 8:16 9:9 19:11

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185:16 **timekeeping** 11:22 **timely** 206:13 308:15,19 **timer** 193:24 **times**45:24 64:5 73:17

114:3 144:12 167:4,6,9 220:21 275:4 287:16 321:10 344:9 357:1 **Timing** 152:21 **Tinnemore**298:19

305:12,20 310:19 **tip** 360:3 **toaster**282:14 **tobacco** 341:24 **today** 3:11 6:17 7:3,23

10:3 23:13 25:9 31:1 44:18 46:15 49:4 55:13 65:10 67:2,5,18 68:6 72:16,19 79:16 87:1 89:10 91:6 92:20 100:15 101:13,18 102:2 102:10 103:9 104:1,6 105:11 108:11 114:20 114:24 119:11 123:1 125:16 128:22 129:17 131:24 133:16 135:22 136:18 141:9 143:3 150:22 156:9 161:23 167:16 174:6 187:20 195:13 196:12 197:8 202:8 203:1 205:12 206:1 210:9 211:16 215:11 221:15 223:15 233:23 238:12 245:13 246:24 248:13 251:4 252:13 259:7 266:11 267:21 268:22 273:8 275:8 276:23 278:8 279:13 281:10 288:18 294:12 297:20 298:24 318:20 319:14 320:22 322:18 327:4 329:20 330:3,5 331:6 340:22 343:5 352:21,21 357:24 **today's** 2:4 11:7 12:18

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41:22 96:8,11 104:7,8 113:2 121:16 124:15 125:10 227:24 229:17 234:14 238:20 253:16 332:6 344:21 346:15 **told** 54:16 101:10 120:1

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59:19 220:22 **tone**356:18,19 **tons** 31:24 43:19 44:23

45:10 59:14,18 137:1 164:7 189:11 235:24 296:18 **tool** 191:22 192:11 **tooling** 262:24 **tools**6:13 349:3 **top** 35:13 63:21,23,24

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65:15 190:11 216:4 226:9,10 235:3 236:1 327:7 **totally** 59:4 94:6 142:8 **totally-artificial** 199:22 **touch** 141:3 255:6 341:15

343:13 **touched** 345:22 **touching** 253:1 **toward** 49:8 93:13 307:24 **towards**47:7 71:19,23

187:6 233:14 304:2 **town** 241:17 **towns**26:6 188:19 **toxic**3:23 32:8,15 42:12

44:9,15 171:24 187:22 189:15 **toxics**48:15 50:6,14 51:5

155:3 203:19 **toxins**26:3 **tracks** 17:18 **trade**29:2 40:24 51:20

218:14 316:6 **trade-in** 262:12 **Trading** 323:22 **tradition** 240:12 337:19

338:24 339:1 **traditional** 128:1 216:16 **traditionally** 52:9 **traffic** 12:6 **training** 215:8 **transaction** 289:14 **transcript** 1:4 10:19,20

11:19 **transcription** 364:9 **transferred** 168:4 **transition** 155:15 220:1 **transitioning** 238:3 **translate**297:22 **transportation** 61:22

111:24 **transported** 74:23 **trap** 133:18 282:19 **trapped** 50:18 241:11 **travel** 68:6 178:13 245:13 **traveled** 251:7 **traveling** 295:10 **Travis** 278:7 **treated** 161:20 163:7 **tree**62:1,1 342:3 **trees** 61:19,22 342:8 **treetops**256:19 **tremendous** 96:13 98:17 **trend** 158:9 **trends**236:8 **trial** 177:17 **Triangle** 7:22 **trickle** 112:9 **tried** 337:24 **trigger**4:12 **trip** 338:15 339:4 **tripled** 91:16 **triple-acting** 317:11 **trips**214:22 **trivial** 97:10 **trouble**286:14 **troublemaker**360:12 **troublemaker's** 360:13 **troubling** 249:13 **trout**88:2,2 **truck**285:12 **true**282:5 297:3 339:21

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167:9 226:8 241:20 285:21,21 **twenty** 23:1 45:5 49:20

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224:22 258:2 **twenty-gram** 199:19

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12:8 14:7 16:21,24 20:19 21:6 22:2,4 23:6 24:18 40:17 41:2 49:24 50:3 56:17 58:8 63:21 64:1 70:21 71:3,15 75:22 88:9 110:5 132:15 140:17 142:17 144:17 153:18 156:4,11 158:21 167:22 170:5 175:19 183:2 193:14 195:4,24 199:18 200:11 209:4 210:7 215:13 217:12 218:24 232:9 233:6 245:2 248:21 250:24 258:4 264:15 266:6 268:8 269:13 272:21 276:3,24 277:20 278:2 279:17 283:22 284:19 296:8,15,18 298:18 300:23 301:8,17 301:23 302:6,11,14 303:6,10 304:12,19 310:21 311:11,15 313:10 320:2 334:15 337:4 351:17 352:1,8 353:3,5,18 355:24 356:20,21 361:14 **two-and-a-half**338:8 **two-by-four**314:18 318:4 **two-by-fours** 317:2 **two-step** 35:6 274:16 **two-thirds** 37:19 221:15

327:18 **two-tiered** 329:11 330:3 **two-ton** 151:4 **two-year**333:17 **type**8:10 10:6 24:3 37:17

56:24 98:21 125:22 164:16 260:22 280:9 301:6 **types** 8:6 23:19 50:18

82:20 83:13 107:2 115:5 148:7 150:12 154:2 157:21 159:10 260:6,14,17 261:10 262:4 320:21 **typical** 27:11 197:1 **typically**27:6 150:21

154:5 273:16 301:16 **T-I-N-N-E-M-O-R-E**

305:20

**U uh-huh**  222:23 348:7 **UL**292:17 **ultimately** 81:4 126:19

256:11 **unacceptable** 302:12 **unaffected** 127:22 **unaffordable**38:1 **unaltered** 332:13 **unanimous** 199:21 **unannounced** 164:2 **unanswered** 282:8

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**unaware** 166:3 **Uncertainly** 360:14 **uncertainty** 98:23 99:9

324:20 360:14 **uncertified** 86:12 96:11

96:18,20 221:17 225:1 292:16 **unclear** 187:7 212:4

**uncommon** 207:19 **uncontrolled** 19:12 59:12 **under**9:6 22:10 34:13

35:9 38:5 46:12 49:23 65:10,22,23 71:20 73:15 119:6 138:22 152:2 165:2 168:9 200:22 201:4 210:7 245:11 300:11,24 301:22 303:9 305:5 320:13 322:5,8,11,14 323:6 326:24 **underestimate**20:4

154:4 **underestimated** 324:24 **underlying** 356:18 **undermines** 326:11 **undermining** 131:10 **underprivileged** 107:14 **underscore** 9:24 80:5

84:17 105:16 **underscores** 55:3 **understand** 17:13 19:24

66:21 67:8 86:10 93:13 94:10 108:13 115:1 175:10 178:5 227:21 244:15 301:22 309:22 **understanding** 54:10

73:21 98:9 139:18 178:10 205:5 206:18 353:18 361:10 **understands** 96:3 **understate** 196:15 **undoubtedly**269:21 **undue** 6:14 **unemployment** 126:17 **unending** 177:17 **unenviable**23:16 **unforeseen** 343:23 350:7

350:15 **unfortunate**99:24 208:15

279:15 **unfortunately** 15:20 24:3

75:10 191:12 205:20 **unfounded** 254:3 255:13 **unhealthy** 74:20 **unheated** 286:22 **unintended** 17:23 19:9

24:5 319:15 **union** 27:13 36:24 71:9

206:19 **unique**210:4 294:6

297:11,19 **unit** 19:20 58:2 81:2

83:12 151:2 152:16 153:24 157:7 206:21 207:20 208:7 214:21 226:20 231:12 271:18 296:6,8 311:15,20 312:2 313:5 316:6 326:15,15 327:18 341:1 **United** 25:11 27:18 39:2

52:20 53:11 93:17 100:10 104:23 108:1 109:9 111:18 113:17 114:13 125:14 126:9 127:14 130:7,9 150:4 150:19 170:20 189:9 209:15 228:3 359:24 **units** 3:10 9:18 19:16

20:1,9 21:17 22:20 27:6 27:9,15,23 56:14 58:5 59:24 61:1,2 75:18 81:18,19 82:18 83:6 84:21,24 85:10,21 89:3 90:10 98:1,17,22 99:15 99:17 110:16 112:12 148:11 152:18 153:3 155:15 157:9 160:6,14 188:20,22 190:23 191:5 205:8,10 206:8,20 207:1,3,5,16 208:7,10 208:16 215:24 221:22 243:12 247:6,10 297:24 299:19,24 300:22 303:13 304:23 313:16 314:5 317:6 320:12,17 362:1,2 **unit's** 22:21 **universe** 152:1,1 203:6 **University** 156:22 253:18 **unknown** 231:6 259:15 **unless** 250:20 342:11 **unlicensed** 350:10 **unlike** 92:19 228:7 237:7

305:13 307:8 **unlimited** 76:15 **Unlimited's** 88:2 **unlisted** 289:10 **unnecessary** 39:12 129:2

179:8 **unpredictably** 325:2 **unproven** 174:22 **unquestionably** 334:9 **unrealistic**83:19 176:22 **unreasonable** 129:2

301:3 **unregulated** 8:11 38:24 **unsafe**351:6 **unsettled** 358:22 **unstable**56:5,10 226:15 **unsupportable**276:13 **untested** 64:13 **until** 11:2 12:9,9,19,20

77:20 106:6 121:19 135:20 145:14 173:1 269:20 272:9 287:19 288:6 295:12 314:6 350:16 361:12 363:4 **untrue**335:12 **unusable** 177:1 **unusual** 275:7 **update**47:19 68:13 100:2

183:18 218:13 243:8,11 244:14,22 289:20 306:2 **updated** 70:19 72:6 73:13 73:16 239:7 306:4 **updates** 8:22 73:9 **updating** 239:4 **updraft**312:2 **upgrade**82:8,16 84:2

114:4 200:11 309:2 **upgraded** 243:12 265:4

317:7 **upper**45:18 322:11 **urban** 3:21 **urge** 18:10 30:16 38:11

48:1 69:3 87:1 120:5,11 139:23 186:22 191:21 208:20 276:9 308:10 **urges** 72:7 73:11 75:20

76:7 **USA**281:18 357:12 **usage**207:9 355:2

**use** 5:7,7 10:3 18:14

19:11 20:13 27:9,17 37:19 38:3 39:5,15 42:23 45:2 46:15 57:1 67:1 77:2 80:19 81:3 86:9 89:10 114:1 120:6 133:7,12 138:11 145:2 145:18 146:15,19 147:15 154:1,11,18,21 167:13 175:19,22 176:9 176:11 177:20 181:2,4 181:16,18 184:11,23 191:4 192:11 193:11 197:24 202:22 204:19 205:7 207:11,15 227:4 236:8 238:2 242:6 246:7 247:10 253:2 260:12 264:2 279:11,23 280:1,7,8 304:5,16 320:12,19,23 321:19 322:16 331:5 350:9 355:18 359:20 360:1 **used** 16:1 18:7 30:6 70:9

76:1 84:14 92:24 144:6 154:5 155:9 156:23,24 163:24 197:2 201:1 203:7 207:16 220:22 239:10 288:18 294:15 355:23 356:13 359:13 **useful** 144:9 276:20 **useless** 264:2

**user**80:18 127:24 288:20

288:21

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185:14

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304:18 317:14 354:9 **using** 30:1 35:21 40:2

58:22 77:18 88:19 145:24 207:8 228:8 249:4,21 259:14 264:10 298:14 299:18 302:15 303:13 312:2 315:20 350:8 359:3 361:18 **usually**287:5 299:10

327:5 **Utah** 74:21 **utilize** 93:9 **utilized** 231:3 **U.S** 95:24 174:8 210:1

245:6 248:2 258:3 298:12 302:2 303:19 305:9

**V V**  174:7 **valid** 139:24 176:14

181:21 **validated** 174:24 **validity** 130:15 **valley** 123:24 242:2 **valleys** 3:18 241:10

246:17 307:12 **valuable**340:23 **value**22:18 45:23 54:22

55:9 78:19 118:6 190:4 228:17,17 273:4 325:18 **valued** 191:19 **variability** 179:23 268:6,7

268:12 269:2,8,16,24 **variables** 70:4 **variable-speed** 156:15 **Variations**294:13 **varies** 231:10 **variety** 3:4 36:19 148:7

150:3 **various**259:2 267:14,22

277:17 285:14 320:20 **vary**279:3 **vascular**9:4 **vast**31:12 71:3 231:5 **vehicle** 125:3 134:15

160:17 175:3 285:11 **vehicles** 142:5 285:8 **vending** 291:1,5 **vendors** 159:15 183:15 **vent**286:23 345:1 **venting** 286:15 288:24

290:16 **venture**270:20 **verb** 85:22 **verify** 163:16 164:3 334:9 **Vermont**61:9 239:21

240:2 241:8 243:15 244:11 245:13 246:3,6 246:10,11,18 267:4 305:13 **Vermont's**240:23 **version** 140:22 141:2

235:21 328:1 340:12

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124:11 159:12 262:13 308:23 309:3,20 332:21 **very**2:20 4:8 6:12 12:4,5

16:13 18:21 19:8 22:15 25:9 32:18 48:8 49:11 51:9,10 55:18 56:5,8 61:3 62:6,7,8 66:9 78:7 78:15 80:10 81:13 83:18 89:24 97:13 100:5 103:12 119:20 121:15 122:5,14 124:12 125:5,8 129:18 132:8 135:8 136:19 137:21 138:17 140:11 142:4 146:5 153:21 173:23 174:4 177:13,14 182:23 199:23 203:10 205:16 214:5 216:20 217:5,11 218:20 219:3 222:17 225:5,5 227:3 229:7 231:3 240:9 243:19 244:22 245:1 246:6 248:2 251:9 266:5 268:19 269:14 270:3 271:18 273:6 278:9,9 280:20 282:21 283:5,12 283:20,20,21 284:4 287:10,10 288:24 295:21 310:21 312:5 323:17 328:15 333:10 333:19 348:3 352:18 357:21 **veteran** 94:20 105:21,24 **vetting** 53:5 **via**219:1,5 355:3 **viability** 312:23 **viable**42:2 80:9 313:20 **vibrant**201:1 **Vice** 122:16 217:20 343:3

352:12 **Victor** 174:8 **videos** 335:15 **view** 14:22 147:22 275:6 **views** 31:15 116:24

183:12 **villages**242:2 340:24 **violating** 188:22 **violation** 83:14 **Virginia** 14:15 51:21

76:23 106:21 **virtual** 360:24 **virtually** 15:16 126:22

165:23 260:24 324:3 360:21 **visible** 188:13 276:6 **vision** 159:23 161:8

233:14 **visit**323:8,10 **visited** 321:9 323:3,17 **visitors** 172:16 **visits** 50:1 75:7 169:19

204:11 **vital** 42:11 44:15 78:23 **Vitreous** 185:13 **VOCs** 203:17 226:12,18

227:8,15 **Vogelzang** 100:6 104:20

104:21,22 109:17 **voice** 114:24 222:9 **voiced** 306:3 **volatile**44:8 52:10 74:8

150:10 189:6 203:16 226:16 **Volnaka** 105:22 **volume**20:22 327:18 **voluntarily** 333:24 **voluntary**40:5 41:15

57:20 70:22 98:15 191:3 238:13 302:24 303:22 319:20 322:8 348:14

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**volunteer**88:1 302:16 **Voorhees** 174:5,7 180:14

180:15,19,21 181:1 **voted** 64:19 257:20 **vouchers** 28:24 **VTech** 183:11 184:9,14

186:16 **vulnerable**43:10 77:12 **V-O-G-E-L-Z-A-N-G**

104:21

**W waged**  205:17 **wait**341:5 **waiting** 341:1 **waiver** 178:21,24 179:1,4 **walk** 173:14 **Walla**352:13,14 **wallets** 64:20 **walnut**342:5,5 **want**2:2 4:17 5:2 6:16

11:5 17:24 25:8 29:15 50:8 63:6 65:23 86:7 100:15 108:12 117:13 117:16,21 121:3,4 125:15 131:8 146:11 157:22 160:24 172:13 172:24 174:3 177:20 179:12 180:22 183:8 233:1,2 239:24 245:12 251:2 272:8 281:2 284:4 306:8,12 307:19 310:7,8 314:12 315:5 324:4 329:14 341:14 362:24 **wanted** 2:7,7 7:1,14

160:17 178:11 305:13 347:12 357:20 **wants** 103:12 **War** 105:21 106:6

**warm**4:23 108:24 109:13

110:10 115:11 131:13 216:8 295:14 296:7 309:21 **warming** 106:17 **warmth** 295:6 **warnings** 357:5 **warrantied** 139:5 **warranty** 333:22 334:1,22 **washing** 282:14 **Washington** 36:24 70:9

223:21 258:11,16 262:10 264:16 271:14 305:22 306:1,17 340:13 352:14 **wasn't** 171:20 271:15 **waste**48:24 49:2 177:3

202:11 **watch** 169:20 197:14

275:1 **watches** 109:1 **watching** 197:5 **water** 152:17 240:21

360:9 **water-cooled** 106:5 **Watson** 251:1 257:1,2,4 **way** 15:21 26:17 28:5 65:2 91:21,23 92:14 107:11,15 126:11 127:11 138:7 142:14 143:10 144:4 158:3 228:14 229:24 240:13 240:15 244:17 247:22 252:8,21 253:5 264:10 271:2 283:4 287:16 289:10 298:13 310:11 312:8 321:23 329:1 340:9 341:12 346:23 349:13 354:10 361:9 **ways** 92:12 121:13

126:11 211:8,13 240:23 241:2 244:16 297:12 311:24 358:9 **weather**20:15 **weather-tight**49:17 **web** 120:17 215:7 332:16 **website** 120:17 172:17

276:8,12 335:13 348:24 **websites**255:22 **Wednesday** 363:11 **week**58:18 93:16 144:17

173:22 174:9 245:12 255:5,9 327:20 **weeks** 35:24 52:13

212:17 334:14 **weighted** 276:17 354:9

354:24 355:5,13 **welcome**2:1,11 85:14

195:6 202:15 209:12 277:3 351:21 362:12 **welcomes** 31:19 **welcoming** 2:10 **well** 3:6 5:14,17 22:11

27:5 30:9,14 34:2 35:1 38:18 52:14 57:8 58:17 62:19 66:22 75:7 78:24 80:23 82:18 83:9 84:18 85:1,2,20 94:10 99:17 100:19 104:10 122:14 140:21 149:11 150:23 157:2,3,5,18,23 158:19 158:23 159:2,6 164:12 167:3 168:7 170:22 182:8 192:17 200:19 214:3 215:9 218:3,18 223:2,19 229:2 232:11 249:3 252:16 256:23 270:3 271:5 288:24 291:8 292:17 293:6 300:7 306:5,23 307:11 312:19 316:24 317:13 323:13 341:10 347:15 362:16 **well-being**4:16 166:18 **well-designed** 149:18

333:15 **well-engineered** 139:21

333:1 **well-established** 68:23 **well-known** 218:1 **well-meaning** 121:15 **well-qualified** 267:18 **went** 101:11 156:20

252:24 259:22 299:13 **were**5:21 34:1 37:19 40:24 46:4 56:7,11,15 57:23 62:19,19 66:24 66:24 67:1 73:24 77:1 86:11 91:5,12,12,14,20 95:7 106:17,19 125:1,2 134:5 148:11 149:24 167:2 168:7 171:9,11 171:14,16 172:8 178:22 179:17 182:7 190:14 196:18 205:18 209:24 214:12,13 231:9 234:5 236:19 253:8 257:20 267:9 282:3 304:5 306:17 329:4,9,9 331:8 331:14,20 332:4,10,16 333:3 336:14 337:23 338:9 341:7,8 345:23 351:5 353:19 359:22 **weren't**331:8 **west** 106:21 115:23

161:16 274:14 276:22 **WESTAR**39:18 **western** 237:7 **wetter**227:4 **we'll** 11:12 12:8,8,17,19

12:21 13:16 84:11 104:17 108:10 119:21 121:24 137:23,23 192:3 193:2,3 195:3 229:3,3 243:12 245:10 247:24 249:9 285:7 310:21,22 310:22 318:13 323:14 362:14 363:3 **we're**2:5 5:3 6:12 12:11

13:9,14 14:6,9 19:17 55:7,21 58:21 74:21 100:10 108:6,7,14,14 108:16,19,21 109:6 114:20 122:11 157:10 159:23 161:14 183:1 192:18 193:7,11,14,22 194:1,20,23 217:17 219:15 241:1,8 242:12 244:9,15 248:19 249:9 253:23 274:11,13 306:13 311:5 318:12 320:2 323:5 334:3 342:12 345:6 351:22 362:11 **we've** 2:20 5:18,18 6:6

29:9 48:21 52:12 65:3 67:3 108:5 109:11 114:9,17,20 119:11 121:7 141:14 148:9 150:17 158:16 221:20 224:22,23 241:15,21 243:2 245:18 252:12 262:19 273:16 277:24 362:7 **whale**92:13 **whalers** 337:23 **whatnot**350:10 **whichever**232:9 **while** 8:5 33:12 35:14

38:12 48:18 54:23,24 65:16 80:12 109:1 117:19 144:2,2 153:4,7 155:18 166:1 168:12 169:19 188:12 190:21 191:23 192:6 196:22 197:12 204:17 208:14 218:19 219:3 234:10,21 237:20 242:12 265:9 295:10 297:12 304:4 316:10 335:4,23 343:11 346:9 360:22 361:1 **white**30:13 284:15 333:7

342:5 **whole** 180:22 240:20

306:23 343:14 **whole-house**29:15 **wholly** 207:7 **wholly-owned** 318:23 **whoops** 225:17 **who've** 337:21 **Wiberg** 156:5 161:9,9,10 **wide**210:21 **widely**28:22 74:4 76:1

294:15 **wider** 140:1 **widespread** 137:9 **wife** 168:21 170:23

284:18 **wild** 276:22 **Wildacres** 340:11 **wildly**276:13 **William** 90:19 **Williams** 107:22,23,24

108:1 117:7 **willing** 105:23 218:19 **willingness** 95:8 137:13

280:14 **win** 196:5 306:4,14 **wind** 135:3 **window**315:9 **windows**49:15 173:19 **winds** 305:16 **wins** 310:14 **winter**2:21 4:20 26:7

111:2,5 133:16 190:12 294:7 **wintertime**44:3 87:12

190:2,15 307:11 **wipe**232:13 **wired** 197:5 **wisdom** 107:7,10 **wise** 162:15 195:16 **wish** 91:2 178:8 256:13

324:7 **wishes** 166:16 355:18 **withstand** 168:13 **witness** 178:12 280:15

364:12 **witnessed** 179:5 231:8 **witnessing** 178:17 **wonder** 171:20 224:10

250:8 **wonderful** 90:24 **wood** 1:10 2:17,22,24

3:12,17,22 4:14,24 5:4 5:11,16,17,17 6:1,4,18 6:18,19 7:8,11 8:2,4,6 8:10,11,14,15,17,19,23 10:1,6,6 14:17,23 15:7 15:8 16:1 17:1,11,12,15 17:17,19,19 18:13,14 18:16,18 19:12 24:15 25:24 26:4 27:11,11,14 27:19 28:4,19,20,23 29:8,15 30:14 31:5,21 31:23 32:5,17,21,24 33:4,12,15,19 34:1 35:20,22 36:9 37:19 38:3,5,18 40:13,20 41:10,20 42:15,17 43:5 43:13,17,21,23 44:6,11 46:11,16,20,21,24 47:2 47:20 48:3,7 49:6,7,10 49:14 50:17 51:3,8,15 51:24 55:17 56:7 57:24 58:13,14 61:13,15,17 61:19 62:3,4 63:2 65:11 65:14,19 66:5,13,15,18 66:20 67:6,8 68:3,10,11 68:16,20,24 69:7 71:24 72:6 73:10 74:2,3,6,11 74:15,18,22 75:5,12 77:18 78:6,17 79:3,5 80:3,10 81:10,13,16 83:2,16 85:1,2,6,18 86:10,15 87:3,4,5,11,19 87:21,24 88:17,19 89:18,23 90:8 92:3,5,7 92:21 93:6 94:16,21,24 94:24 95:14,23 96:2,11 96:17,18 97:8 98:24 99:6,19 100:14,20,24 101:11,14 102:8,23 103:4,22 104:14,24 107:9,16 110:23 114:11 115:9 117:11,15,17 118:1,6,11 119:2,4 120:24 121:4,5,17 122:2,3 125:23 126:1 127:4,9,23 128:2,2,5 129:9,11 131:5,6,13 132:9,10,18,21 133:3,7 133:8,10,18,19 134:1 134:20,22 135:10,22 136:16,20,22,22 137:3 137:16,24 138:4,6,9,11 138:15,19 140:1,15 141:15 142:14,18,23 143:1,2,5,9,14,24 144:3 148:3,15,19,20 149:3 149:22 150:21 153:11 154:2,12 155:7,9 156:20 159:2,2,4 161:19,20,22 162:1,10 163:4,7,15 164:17 165:11,20,23,24 166:4 166:7,10,13,15,17,19 166:22,24 167:2,5,9,11 167:11,23,23 168:3,4,8 168:12,23 169:5,7,9 170:1,3,7,19,23 171:2,4 171:13,21 172:5,18,24 173:2,5,12,13,17,21 175:8,20 176:6,10,16 176:22 180:18 181:2,13

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214:4 **Woodstock**274:11,15 **wood-based** 220:10 **wood-burning** 25:11,16

25:23 38:21,24 39:10 39:23 40:1,14 41:11 46:3,10 57:4 60:12 73:15,18 75:15 76:10 79:12 80:18 82:20 83:6 83:11 87:6 89:1,8 90:11 126:5,10,13 133:13 151:2 153:3 157:11 167:12,15,18 168:20 171:12 191:8,16 192:9 202:23 206:4,20 223:24 236:24 237:9 238:1 242:19 326:22 330:24 331:9 335:20 **wood-fired** 8:7 68:18

69:11 211:2 339:18 **wood-heating** 33:16 96:4

137:8 138:8 151:21 152:12 185:9 **Worcester**284:9 **word** 80:5 118:3 **wording** 178:5 **words**261:2 277:17

317:22 **work**38:14 41:22 59:10

90:12 98:13 99:17,24 104:7 107:2 110:1 118:18 124:15 125:18 132:2 151:19 211:7 213:13 214:24 222:12 232:15 233:14 234:12 235:8 238:23 250:10 257:21 284:17 285:1 288:23 298:13 309:22 315:13 336:19 338:3 350:24 **workable**220:11 306:9

310:12 **worked** 37:6 40:4 48:21

57:15 96:8 105:2 156:22 169:21 **workers** 56:7 104:11

113:10 **working** 36:6 48:23 61:16

104:11 124:18 125:10 145:15 157:10 234:14 238:17,20 292:7 298:10 310:10 317:13 361:3 **works** 7:10 48:16 146:7

162:22 164:11 298:11 **workshops** 105:18 **world** 24:2 30:3 35:17

64:9 93:18 94:18 98:2 105:20 106:6 150:24 154:12 164:18 176:11 176:15 181:18,22 199:24 207:9,15 219:4 219:14 220:3 224:21 225:19 227:3,18 229:12 229:13,19 230:4 232:22 246:9 255:7 264:12 270:14 308:14 327:12 328:20 329:2 336:16 338:10 354:23 355:2 **worldwide** 150:1 202:22

332:16 **world-style**230:24 **World-wide**25:15 **worried** 50:11 108:18,19

**worse**82:2 87:21 324:13

**worsen** 73:5 **worst**3:20 50:24 354:7

355:7 356:9 **worth** 282:6 **wouldn't** 106:17 206:5

329:14 351:13 **wound** 169:13 **wrap** 174:1 194:2 282:10 **wrapping** 174:2 **write** 85:19 227:17

338:14 **writing** 72:22 146:10

338:4 **written** 10:19 11:1,4

12:11,15 16:23 22:17 72:13 79:18 137:23 156:10 192:4 194:12 211:4 245:9 321:23 322:17 333:7 338:13 340:1 350:20 356:21 357:22 **wrong** 24:23 197:23

200:5 227:24 231:23 254:24 262:2 351:3 **wrote** 105:22 290:8 **W-A-T-S-O-N** 257:4 **W-I-B-E-R-G** 161:9

**Y Yale**  76:21 **Yarmouth** 257:5 **yeah** 22:12 165:15 223:4

223:14 322:21 323:7,9 348:13,22 349:10,15,21 350:5,23 362:18 **year**2:21 8:3 20:4,14

22:3 26:24 27:1,20 29:4 29:5 32:1 42:19 43:20 44:23 45:2,7,7,16,21 50:5 58:8 62:1 64:24 72:23 75:16 76:2,4 93:5 110:17 112:12 117:3 134:4 137:1 156:21 170:22 189:12 203:7,8 241:18,23 248:19 252:2 261:17,23 265:14 269:22 287:20 304:18 323:24 357:1 361:16 **years** 9:8 15:15 23:1

27:21 35:9 37:5 40:4,15 41:2 44:24 45:5,17 46:7 48:21 49:24 50:14 52:22 56:21 57:5 60:3 62:13,17 63:3 66:8,16 67:5,23 73:18,24 75:22 75:22 76:2 88:5,24 91:5 92:11 99:7,16 100:21 105:2 106:13 107:17 110:5 114:21 129:9,22 130:3 132:5 134:21 141:20,21,23 142:3,17 143:6 150:1 157:8 161:1 169:1,17 170:2 171:7 172:12 174:9,14 178:15 188:6,11 202:16 205:4,4 206:10 210:2 214:1 216:19 217:4 224:7,22 229:16,16 230:3 231:22 252:11 255:13,21 257:24 258:5 258:19 265:15 267:3,5 270:19 284:10,14 290:9 294:3 304:10 312:16 313:10 314:3,15,23 315:4 317:14 330:12 331:2,4 332:20 334:15 337:8 338:8 339:24 340:7 341:19 343:2 354:3 358:13 **yellow** 12:2 194:1,9 **Yep** 182:24 **Yesterday** 156:13 **yet-uncompleted** 97:21 **yield** 275:3 **yielding** 36:7 42:19 **Yodel** 265:6 **yodels** 90:9 **York** 136:24,24 359:15 **young**43:16 92:4 189:23

203:11 **youth** 88:4 **Yvonne**78:9 86:19 **Y-V-O-N-N-E** 86:19

**Z**

**zero** 93:14 302:5

**zone**232:12,14

**$ $1,100.00**  93:2 **$1,400.00** 326:24 **$1,500.00** 327:6 **$100,000.00** 134:20

271:11 **$11,300.00** 59:14 **$118.00** 9:15 **$150.00** 278:11,15 **$169** 170:9 **$2,000.00** 29:1 93:24 **$2,500.00** 327:5 **$20,000.00** 58:19 **$200.00** 316:2 328:3 **$222,200.00** 59:19 **$250,000.00** 21:10 312:6 **$259** 170:9 **$287.00** 9:15 **$3,000.00** 27:20 **$300,000.00** 172:11

304:17 **$300.00** 27:20 171:1 **$376,000.00** 65:1 **$4,000.00** 17:12 110:15 171:6 327:7 **$500.00** 326:23 **$550,000.00** 65:21 **$75,000.00** 63:16 **$750.00** 28:24 **$780,000.00**40:23 **$877,000.00** 65:3 **$879.00** 328:2 **$9,500.00**40:21 **$900,000.00** 65:22 **$912.00** 110:14

**0 0.5** 255:17 **0.6** 130:2,20 **01** 65:1 **02109** 1:18 **04**215:6 **06**58:9 59:5 215:12,20,22

216:1 217:1

**1 1**  1:4 **1st**236:13 **1,000** 96:10 268:24 **1,100** 257:18 **1,200** 218:4 **1,400** 265:8 340:8 **1,600** 86:24 **1.3** 37:22 199:21 201:19

229:20 231:10 262:23 277:1 324:11 353:10,16 355:6 **1.3-gram** 218:23 220:9

263:17 290:4 **1.3-grams**259:12 263:24

284:23 289:6 **1.4**255:10 **1.5** 198:9 217:1 317:3

318:4 319:17,23 **1.95**62:22 **10th** 300:13 364:12 **10,000**45:18 **100** 1:17 96:23 190:20

215:14 334:1 **100,000** 172:16 **11.5**255:12 **110th** 72:23 **111** 261:8 **116** 31:9 **118** 335:6 **12-foot**286:15 **12:30** 12:20 192:17 **120** 216:23 **131,000** 278:18 **133**275:17 **134**275:17 **14,000**288:13 **14,000th** 284:20 **15**215:12,20,22 **15,000**45:19 233:21 **15-minute**318:13 **150** 143:15 **16**26:24 **17-year** 199:3 **1700s** 338:1 **17025** 179:16

## A80197F **HEARING February 26, 2014**

**Atkinson-Baker, Inc. 1-800-288-3376** Page 38

**182** 59:18 **1869** 109:13 **1880s** 295:11 **1960s** 315:15 **1970** 307:14 **1970's** 327:16 **1975**90:8 **1976**248:16 250:18 **1978**61:9 326:23 **1980**49:22 345:23 **1980s** 148:4 183:19 **1982** 330:21 **1988** 8:14 31:22 34:2

37:20 62:11 67:1 68:12 73:15,23 95:7 100:23 101:10 105:3,9 107:17 122:1 124:20 237:11 261:15 336:13 **1989** 103:6 114:11 213:24 **1995**306:18

**2 2**  29:13 255:12 **2.0** 215:18 **2.5**69:20 71:11 118:22

119:6 167:4,10 190:3 190:12,18 198:8 229:21 234:20 236:1 241:19 262:22 355:10 **2.6-grams** 271:17 **2:00** 12:20,21 193:3 **20**26:5 **20th** 338:2 **20,000** 110:16 **200** 101:2 154:8 288:15 **2000** 184:3 **2001** 64:15 **2003** 316:7 **2005** 143:19 162:8 **2006** 190:9 **2008** 143:18,23 190:10

257:20 284:16 300:13 303:19 **2009** 74:17 311:6 331:19 **2010** 54:16 184:3 311:11 **2011** 157:6 209:24 235:21

236:13 284:16 316:2 **2012**20:13 21:2 47:16

62:20,20 64:21 236:1 236:14 311:19 **2013**20:16 190:6 265:6

281:6 282:4 **2014** 1:4,19 11:3 190:6

237:23 239:13 364:13 **2015**3:8 5:1 11:1 111:2

115:10 312:17 **2020** 354:5 **21** 304:10 **21,600**235:24 **211** 347:5 **22** 177:8 **22-percent**258:15 **22.5** 176:21 177:8 **23**284:14 **24** 173:21 190:4 295:7 **24-hour** 106:10 135:23

136:3 241:21 242:13 **240** 167:8 **25**73:17 87:12 88:24

107:17 150:23 189:14 214:1 216:19 284:10 290:9 294:3 **25,000**21:3 **25-foot**286:18 **25-percent** 145:20

263:16 **250,000** 137:1 151:7 **26** 1:19 62:13 66:8 132:5 **26th** 363:11 **26,000**233:19 **267**45:24 **275-gallon** 93:2 **28**27:10 209:17 311:20

320:3 359:3 **28A** 105:14 107:4 **28th** 47:16 **28WHH** 58:22 **280HH** 57:8 **286** 327:8

**3 3D** 337:15 **3,262** 59:14 **3.03**62:24 **3.2-million** 311:10 **3.5**29:12 **3.5-grams** 258:12 **3.75**21:14 **30th** 236:13 **31,000**233:20 **32** 69:20 194:5 214:14

217:5 330:21 **34** 184:4 **345,000** 31:24 43:19 **35** 105:2 190:4 **35,000** 133:6 **35-micrograms** 241:22 **350,000** 319:17,23 321:1

322:5,10 **353** 356:19 **354**356:19 **36**71:1 **36-year**339:7 **360,000** 233:21 **37** 141:19 337:8 **39th** 323:24

**4 4** 26:23 **4th** 58:7 **4,800**44:23 201:3 **4-gram** 326:15 **4.5**34:17 70:11 119:5

289:7 **4.5-grams** 249:8 **4:20** 318:12 **4:35**318:14 **40**216:24 **400** 56:18 127:1,1,19

154:9 311:23 **400,000** 321:2 **41.3** 190:18 **42** 31:8 **44**44:12 **4400** 169:17 **45**330:12 **450** 29:5 **470**45:15 **48**61:24

**5 5**  1:16 237:23 239:13 **5G3** 177:20 **5H** 177:22 **5th** 11:2 36:2 **5,000** 248:18 **5:00** 135:8 **50-million** 216:24 **53-percent**258:13 **55**27:16 150:15 **56-gram** 326:15

**6 6** 214:10 **6.3**49:21 **60,000**282:23 **60-gram** 326:14 **60-grams** 325:23 **600,000** 189:11 322:2 **610** 63:17 **611** 41:12 **66** 127:14 **660** 36:22

**7 7,000**  110:18 **7.5** 70:4 313:12 **7:00** 12:19 351:22,24

363:10,16 **70** 150:23 **74.3** 190:20 **75**26:5 **75,000** 137:2 265:13 **750,000**42:9 **780,000** 236:12

**8 8th**  112:21 **8.5**66:16 **8.75**67:5 **83**46:19 **85**260:20 **85-percent**261:1 **850** 167:1,3 **88** 122:4 142:9 **88-millimeter** 106:7 **89** 101:10

**9 9:00**  1:19 **90**27:16 **90-micrograms** 243:4 **911** 50:6 **92** 71:11 **94**71:10 106:9 **98** 59:5,7 65:13 **98-percent**58:9 60:22 **99** 150:18