*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

**The Honorable Tena Campbell, United States District Judge for the District of

Utah, sitting by designation. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JAN 27 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

LANCE PECK and BELINDA PECK,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 97-8122

(D.C. No. 96-CR-38-D)

(District of Wyoming)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and CAMPBELL, District

Judge**

The government appeals the district court’s order suppressing evidence and

statements by defendants Lance and Belinda Peck in which they purportedly admitted

having illegally taken government property. The government contends the court erred in

finding no probable cause to search the Pecks’ car and the circumstances surrounding the
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questioning created a custodial environment triggering the need to give Miranda

warnings. Upon our examination of the record, we cannot agree with either of the district

court’s conclusions. We reverse and remand for further proceedings. 

The facts of this matter are well known to the parties; therefore, we shall not dwell

upon them here except when necessary to clarify our reasoning. Suffice, then, the matter

arises out of a somewhat protracted investigation of the illegal removal of invertebrate

fossils from the 18 Mile Canyon area of southwestern Wyoming. During the course of

the investigation, government officers developed information about Brian Wade which

led to the conclusion he was the prime suspect in this offense. Wade was a known felon

who carried a firearm and had been in a recent altercation in which weapons were

displayed. Wade had also made public threats toward one of the investigating officers.

Acting on information from his ex-wife that Wade was planning to go back to the

canyon, Rangers Sauer and Hurlock and Agents Miller and Vernon decided to watch both

the suspect and the site where fossils had been removed. Wade was subsequently seen 

loading lanterns and boxes into a small, white Toyota pickup and later driving past the

BLM offices toward the canyon. Agent Vernon and Ranger Hurlock followed the pickup. 

In the meantime, Agent Miller, already stationed in the canyon, walked over the hill, saw

lights, and heard voices and digging sounds (metal on rock) at the dig site. Although he

could not distinguish voices, he heard several and saw lanterns set down into the hole. 
1The government states Ranger Sauer and Agent Vernon were out of radio contact

with Agent Miller and Ranger Hurlock so didn’t know what had happened in that pursuit

of the white pickup.

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Around 4:30 a.m., Agent Miller saw the lanterns being moved and alerted the

others he thought the diggers were packing up to leave. To his surprise, although he had

only seen one car come in, two sets of headlights appeared; one turned north toward

Ranger Hurlock and the other south toward Ranger Sauer and Agent Vernon. Agent

Miller then joined Ranger Hurlock who was without back-up. 

Agent Vernon spotted the car which continued south past Ranger Sauer who began

to follow with his headlights off. Over the radio, Ranger Hurlock told him he was

following the white pickup they had observed being loaded with lanterns and gear. When

Ranger Sauer noticed the car he was tailing suddenly accelerate, he turned on his lights

and continued to follow until Agent Vernon caught up with him about twenty miles from

the canyon.1 

Together, having previously chosen a strategy, Agent Vernon and Ranger Sauer

prepared to execute a “felony” or “high risk” stop, believing Brian Wade was in the car

they were following and concerned about the dark and isolated location of the encounter. 

Ranger Sauer activated his emergency lights, and the targeted car stopped. Ranger Sauer

pulled up along the driver’s side with his and Agent Vernon’s high beams and a spotlight

illuminating the area. Stepping out of their vehicles with their guns drawn and pointed at

the stationary car, they announced over their public address system they were federal
2The parties dispute whether Ms. Peck had to kneel with her hands behind her. 

The district court, however, found the officers more credible and concluded she did not

kneel on the ground.

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agents and ordered the passengers of the car to put their hands out of their windows

where they could be seen. Ranger Sauer then instructed the driver, Lance Peck, to reach

in and remove the keys with his left hand and place them on the windshield. Ranger

Sauer ordered Mr. Peck to reach down, open the door, and step out. Once out, Ranger

Sauer told him to lift his shirt slowly and turn around. As he turned, Ranger Sauer

thought he saw a holster on Mr. Peck’s right side, so he commanded over the PA, “I see

your holster. If you reach for it, we’ll have to shoot. Do you understand?” Ranger Sauer

then ordered Mr. Peck to turn around again, back up, and kneel on the ground with his

hands up and head down. Agent Vernon, also with his gun still drawn and pointed,

walked up to Mr. Peck and handcuffed him. 

While handcuffing him, Agent Vernon told Mr. Peck he was not under arrest and

would be released after the scene was secured. Responding to the officers’ questions, Mr.

Peck stated he had two guns in his car, which Ranger Sauer retrieved, unloaded, and

placed on the hood of the truck. The officers then walked Belinda Peck through the same

exit sequence having her lift her shirt but not handcuffing her.2 After Ms. Peck said a

child was asleep in the backseat of the car, Agent Vernon told her they were investigating

the theft of fossils from the canyon. In the meantime, Ranger Sauer conducted a sweep of

the defendants’ vehicle, using “quick peeks with his gun still drawn.” About ten minutes
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had passed from the start of the encounter to this point. There is disputed evidence

whether officers had removed the handcuffs from Mr. Peck, but the district court found

they had. 

Ranger Sauer then told Mr. Peck the officers were investigating the theft of fossils

from the canyon and the Pecks were observed leaving that area. Ranger Sauer asked Mr.

Peck what he was doing there, and he answered he was digging fossils and did not have a

permit. At the officers’ request, Mr. Peck removed several boxes of fish and turtle fossils

from the back of his car. Meanwhile, Agent Vernon told Ms. Peck the couple was not

under arrest. She also stated they were digging fossils but said they dug leaf fossils. The

agents photographed the fossils, took down the Pecks’ name and address, and handed

them a receipt for the tools and fossils. Sent on their way, the couple drove off.

Lance and Belinda Peck were indicted on one count of theft of government

property and aiding and abetting. 18 U.S.C. §§ 641 and 2. The Pecks filed a motion to

suppress, and after a hearing, the court made an exceptionally thorough written ruling.

In its order, the court detailed the facts to which we have referred, indicating in

each area of dispute it found the government agents more credible and indulged all

inferences in their favor. Based on all of these circumstances, the court held the officers

had “reasonable suspicion” to believe the “persons in the Peck vehicle had been engaged

in criminal activity.” However, while the officers could execute a Terry stop, the district

court believed the same information was insufficient to establish probable cause. Next,
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the court alined this case with United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455 (10th Cir. 1993), in

which we held Miranda rights can be implicated during a valid stop when the police

employ highly intrusive and coercive tactics to detain the individual. 

The court cited Ranger Sauer’s testimony that although the Pecks were not under

arrest, they would not have felt free to leave under the circumstances. Relying on United

States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 (1980), the court found a reasonable person in the

Pecks’ place would not have felt free to leave. While underscoring the officers acted

properly under the circumstances, the court apparently believed it was constrained by 

Perdue. We shall deal with each ruling in turn. 

We review de novo the district court’s determination of probable cause, Ornelas v.

United States, 517 U.S. 690, 695 (1996), 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1662, while reviewing its

findings of historical fact for clear error. United States v. Barron-Cabrera, 119 F.3d

1454, 1457 (10th Cir. 1997). What constitutes probable cause is not subject to a precise

determination, but rather is determined by “commonsense, nontechnical conceptions that

deal with ‘the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable

and prudent men, not legal technicians act.’” Ornelas, 517 U.S. at ____, 116 S. Ct. at

1661 (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 231 (1983)) (internal quotation marks

omitted). The Court, however, has described the existence of probable cause as “where

the known facts and circumstances are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable prudence

in the belief that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.” Id., citing Brinegar v.
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United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175-76 (1949). Looking at the facts known to the officers

upon their encountering the defendants within our de novo scope of review, we believe

they had probable cause to search the defendants’ vehicle. 

In addition to those facts relied upon by the district court to support its conclusion

the officer’s had reasonable suspicion, additional facts should have been noted by the

court that indicate reasonable and prudent officers would have believed evidence of

contraband would be found in the car.

The 18 Mile Canyon area is a wilderness in which the most frequent activity is the

removal of vertebrate fossils. Although other legal activity may also take place there,

common sense tells us the late hour and the surreptitious nature of the conduct of the

people digging that night suggest their intent was not likely to be lawful. The lack of

human habitation in the area immediately calls into question late night activities

accomplished in lantern light and accompanied by the clink of metal on stone, particularly

when the locus of that activity is the long known site of illegal fossil harvesting. 

Moreover, it is not beyond the pale of prudence and common sense that a vehicle making

a pre-dawn exit from the site in which that clandestine conduct occurred would contain

the fruits of the nocturnal harvest.

We conclude the officers had probable cause to believe it likely the defendants’ car

contained contraband. It therefore follows they not only were justified in doing so, but

also had probable cause to proceed against the defendants in their chosen manner. 
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That brings us to consideration of whether the court erred in applying Perdue. We

review this issue under the same standard employed in determining whether there was

probable cause, applying clear error to the court’s findings of fact and de novo review to

its conclusion of law. United States v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874, 876 (10th Cir. 1994). 

Using that frame of reference, we think the district court did err because it did not take

into consideration the release of Mr. Peck from his handcuffs and the statements made to

him that he was not under arrest. The court did not seem to appreciate the significance of

the lack of any restraint of Ms. Peck. These circumstances must be put into context with

the fact the officers acted properly and without undue force in stopping defendants’ car

and ordering them from the vehicle under gun point. Moreover, once they found there

was no reason to be concerned with their safety, the officers eliminated all physical

restraint from Mr. Peck. At the point at which the questioning commenced, neither

defendant was physically constrained in any fashion. 

Although the district court found the force employed by the officers was

reasonably necessary for their safety, it nonetheless concluded that force required the

officers to advise the defendants of their Miranda rights before asking further questions. 

The court heavily relied upon the testimony of Ranger Sauer that the defendants would

not have felt free to leave and, consequently, they were compelled to respond to

questioning.
3The fact both defendants were released and permitted to go home after the

interview was completed lends substance to the officers’ statements.

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The record, however, indicates the defendants had been told they were being

restrained only until the area was secured;3

 Lance Peck was standing and not manacled

when he was asked why he was in 18 Mile Canyon, and the officers had holstered their

weapons. In short, based upon the facts as found by the district court, we see none of the

coercive factors that precipitated Perdue. 

We think this case is quite like United States v. Ritchie, 35 F.3d 1477, 1485 (10th

Cir. 1994). Like the court in Ritchie, we do not believe the defendants were in custody at

the time they were questioned. They were free of the restraints imposed upon them for

reasons of the officers’ safety and in no way under physical force or duress. They had

been clearly advised they were not under arrest and were allowed to return home after the

officers secured the contraband that was in the defendants’ car. The totality of these

circumstances leads us to conclude defendants failed to demonstrate the applicability of

the Miranda paradigm. Id.

The judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and the cause is REMANDED

for further proceedings.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

John C. Porfilio

Circuit Judge