Filed 4/10/15 P. v. Martins CA4/3

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JOSEPH SOUZA MARTINS,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G049485

 (Super. Ct. No. 96HF0479)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Dan 

McNerney, Judge. Affirmed.

Mark D. Johnson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney 

General, Barry Carlton and Adrianne S. Denault, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff 

and Respondent.

* * *
2

Defendant Joseph Souza Martins appeals from the denial of his petition for 

recall of his indeterminate life sentence under Penal Code section 1170.126 (unless 

otherwise identified, all further statutory references are to this code), which was enacted 

as part of the Three Strikes Reform Act (Voter Information Guide, Gen Elec. (Nov. 6, 

2012) text of Prop. 36, § 6, pp. 109-110 (hereafter Voter Information Guide).) Defendant

contends the order must be reversed because he was entitled to have a jury decide the 

issue of whether resentencing him to a lower term posed an unreasonable risk of danger 

to public safety, and to have that decision made in accordance with the “beyond a 

reasonable doubt” standard of proof. The contention is unpersuasive.

Nothing in the process set forth in section 1170.126 can result in an inmate 

being subjected to a longer sentence. Here, as in all cases to which section 1170.126 

applies, the lengthy sentence defendant complains of has already been imposed, and we 

presume, appropriately. What section 1170.126 does is offer an inmate the opportunity to 

have that lengthy sentence recalled, so he or she can be resentenced to a shorter term. 

And if the inmate is unsuccessful in obtaining relief, as defendant was here, his or her

sentence remains unchanged. In these circumstances, the inmate’s Sixth Amendment 

right to a jury trial, and to proof of facts beyond a reasonable doubt, are not implicated.

And because defendant had no such rights in connection with the section 

1170.126 petition proceeding, we need not address his related contention that his counsel 

provided ineffective assistance by not asserting those rights in the court below.

FACTS

Defendant was convicted of possession of methamphetamine (Health and 

Saf. Code, § 11377, subd. (a)). Defendant was found to have six prior serious or violent 

felony convictions, and he was sentenced to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life.
3

In April 2013, defendant petitioned to have his sentence recalled pursuant 

to section 1170.126. The prosecutor did not dispute defendant’s eligibility for recall of 

his sentence, but opposed the petition on the ground that resentencing defendant to a 

lower term would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. (§ 1170.126,

subd. (f).) In support of that contention, the prosecutor cited defendant’s criminal 

history, his extensive history of disciplinary violations while in prison, and his 

association with a violent prison gang called the Nazi Low Riders.

The trial court agreed with the prosecutor and denied the petition. On 

appeal, defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial 

court’s decision. Instead, he argues only that because the determination he posed a 

danger to public safety means he will serve a longer sentence than he otherwise would 

have under section 1170.126, he was entitled to have that issue decided by a jury, and 

supported by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

DISCUSSION

1. The Resentencing law

Section 1170.126 was enacted by voter initiative in 2012, as part of the 

Three Strikes Reform Act. (Voter Information Guide, supra, text of Prop. 36, § 6, 

p. 109.) Among the stated purposes of the initiative, as explained to voters, was to 

“[r]estore the Three Strikes law [sections 667 and 1170.12] to the public’s original 

understanding by requiring life sentences only when a defendant’s current conviction is 

for a violent or serious crime” and to “[m]aintain that repeat offenders convicted of nonviolent, non-serious crimes like shoplifting and simple drug possession will receive twice 

the normal sentence instead of a life sentence.” (Id. § 1, p. 105.)
4

In accordance with those goals, section 1170.126 provides persons who 

were previously sentenced to indeterminate life terms under an earlier version of the 

“Three Strikes” law the opportunity to petition for recall of their sentences and 

resentencing to the term that would have been imposed for their crime under the revised 

Three Strikes law passed by the voters in the form of Proposition 36. Thus, section 

1170.126, subdivision (a) states that it is intended to apply only to those “persons 

presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment . . . whose sentence under this 

act would not have been an indeterminate life sentence.” And subdivision (b) specifies 

that the relief to be obtained through a successful petition is “resentencing in accordance 

with the provisions of subdivision (e) of Section 667, and subdivision (c) of section 

1170.12, as those statutes have been amended by the act that added this section.” 

(§ 1170.126, subd. (b).)

Consequently, the initial inquiry under section 1170.126 is whether an 

inmate who is already serving an indeterminate life sentence under the Three Strikes law, 

would have been sentenced to that same indeterminate life term under the revised 

sentencing provisions of the Three Strikes Reform Act. And the petition to recall the 

indeterminate life sentence is required to specify the exact basis for its imposition: “The 

petition . . . shall specify all of the currently charged felonies, which resulted in the 

sentence under paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of section 667 or paragraph (2) of 

subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, or both, and shall also specify all of the prior 

convictions alleged and proved under subdivision (d) of Section 667 and subdivision (b) 

of Section 1170.12.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (d), italics added.)

Subdivision (e) of section 1170.126 then details which inmates are 

“eligible” for resentencing, based upon what they were sentenced for originally. The first 

requirement is that “[t]he inmate is serving an indeterminate term of life imprisonment 
5

imposed pursuant to [the Three Strikes law] for a conviction of a felony or felonies that 

are not defined as serious and/or violent felonies . . . .” (§ 1170.126, subd. (e)(1).)

The second requirement is that “[t]he inmate’s current sentence was not 

imposed for any of the offenses appearing in clauses (i) to (iii), inclusive, of 

subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or clauses (i) to (iii), 

inclusive, of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12.” 

(§ 1170.126, subd. (e)(2).) These cross-referenced offenses include certain controlled 

substance charges, certain felony sex offenses, as well as offenses committed using a 

firearm, committed while the defendant was armed with a firearm or deadly weapon, or 

committed with the intention to cause serious bodily injury.

And the third requirement relates to prior convictions, specifying that the 

eligible inmate “has no prior convictions for any of the offenses appearing in clause (iv) 

of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or clause (iv) of 

subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12.” (§ 1170.126, 

subd. (e)(3).)

If the inmate meets these basic eligibility requirements, he or she must be 

resentenced in accordance with section 667, subdivision (e)(1) and section 1170.12, 

subdivision (c)(1) – i.e., to twice the term otherwise provided as punishment for the 

current felony – “unless the court, in its discretion, determines that resentencing the 

petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” (§ 1170.126, 

subd. (f), italics added.) Thus, whether an eligible inmate actually obtains resentencing 

relief will depend upon the court’s discretionary assessment of the inmate’s 

dangerousness.

Subdivision (h) of section 1170.126 specifies that “[u]nder no 

circumstances may resentencing under this act result in the imposition of a term longer 

than the original sentence.”
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2. Right to Jury Trial

Defendant asserts that under the two-step process outlined in section 

1170.126, the court’s initial determination an inmate is “eligible” for resentencing to a 

lower term under subdivision (e), equates to a finding the inmate is entitled to such relief. 

Then, in step two, the court can refuse to impose the lower term defendant is entitled to if 

it determines, pursuant to subdivision (f), that doing so would pose an unreasonable risk 

of danger to public safety. Based on that interpretation of the process, defendant argues 

that the court’s determination of dangerousness in step two amounts to a factual finding 

which increases an inmate’s minimum sentence from the term presumptively set in step 

one, and thus the inmate is entitled to have that issue decided by a jury instead, as 

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. (See, Alleyne v. 

United States (2013) 570 U.S. __ [133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314] [“a criminal 

defendant cannot be subjected to a longer sentence – including a longer minimum 

sentence – on the basis of judicial fact finding”].)

Key to defendant’s argument is his portrayal of section 1170.126 as 

requiring a “two-step process.” In defendant’s view, the two steps involved in this 

process are not part of a single inquiry, but should instead be viewed as essentially two 

separate proceedings. In the first step, the court determines whether a defendant is 

“entitled” to relief, and in the second step, the court will decide the terms of that relief –

either the inmate will be resentenced to the lower term, or to another indeterminate life 

sentence, based on whether imposing the lower term represents “‘an unreasonable risk of 

danger to the public safety.’”

We reject this portrayal of the section 1170.126 process. Contrary to 

defendant’s theory, at no point in the process outlined in section 1170.126 is the inmate 

subjected to the risk of a longer sentence. Here, as in all cases to which section 1170.126 

applies, the indeterminate life sentence defendant ended up with was the one already 
7

imposed in an earlier proceeding, and we presume, appropriately. What section 1170.126

does is offer the opportunity for an inmate to have that lengthy sentence recalled, so that 

the shorter term specified in section 1170.126 can be imposed.

An inmate who is merely deemed “eligible” for resentencing under 

subdivision (e) of the statute has not obtained any relief from his indeterminate life 

sentence – presumptive or otherwise. It is not until after a court makes the discretionary 

determination that resentencing the inmate to the lower term would not pose an 

unreasonable danger to public safety, that the inmate’s sentence is recalled and he 

becomes entitled to resentencing in accordance with the statute. But if the court 

determines instead that resentencing the inmate would pose an unreasonable danger, then 

the inmate’s indeterminate life sentence remains in place and unchanged. In these 

circumstances, the inmate’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, and to proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt, is not implicated.

This same point was cogently made in People v. Superior Court (Kaulick)

(2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1279, “Penal Code section 1170.126, subdivision (f) does not 

state that a petitioner eligible for resentencing has his sentence immediately recalled and 

is resentenced to either a second strike term (if not dangerous) or a third strike 

indeterminate term (if dangerousness is established). Instead, the statute provides that he 

‘shall be resentenced’ to a second strike sentence ‘unless the court . . . determines that 

resentencing the petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.’ 

In other words, dangerousness is not a factor which enhances the sentence imposed when 

a defendant is resentenced under the Act; instead, dangerousness is a hurdle which must 

be crossed in order for a defendant to be resentenced at all. If the court finds that 

resentencing a prisoner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger, the court does not 

resentence the prisoner, and the petitioner simply finishes out the term to which he or she 

was originally sentenced.” (Id. at pp. 1302-1303, italics added.)
8

We agree with this analysis. Defendant argues, however, that Kaulick’s 

interpretation of the “‘shall be sentenced . . . unless’” language in section 1170.126 

“cannot be squared” with decisions construing similar language as creating a presumptive

sentence which must be imposed unless additional facts are found (i.e., defendant’s 

“dangerousness”) to justify an increase. The argument is unpersuasive, because as 

Kaulick points out, the section 1170.126 proceeding is not a sentencing proceeding –

instead, it is a proceeding designed to determine whether an inmate will be resentenced.

Kaulick also relied on the United States Supreme Court’s determination in 

Dillon v. United States (2010) 560 U.S. 817, 828 [130 S.Ct. 2683, 177 L.Ed.2d 271]

(Dillon), that a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to have essential facts found by a jury 

beyond a reasonable doubt were not implicated when Congress passed legislation (18 

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)) that provided prisoners with the opportunity to petition the court for 

a discretionary reduction in their sentences based on subsequent downward modifications 

to the federal sentencing guidelines. (Kaulick, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 1304.) We 

find Dillon persuasive as well.

Significantly, the Supreme Court emphasized in Dillon that “[b]y its terms, 

§ 3582(c)(2) does not authorize a sentencing or resentencing proceeding. Instead, it 

provides for the ‘modif[ication of] a term of imprisonment’ by giving courts the power to 

‘reduce’ an otherwise final sentence in circumstances specified by the Commission.” 

(Dillon, supra, 560 U.S. at p. 825.) The Supreme Court then explained that “[n]otably, 

the sentence-modification proceedings authorized by § 3582(c)(2) are not constitutionally 

compelled. We are aware of no constitutional requirement of retroactivity that entitles 

defendants sentenced to a term of imprisonment to the benefit of subsequent Guidelines 

amendments. Rather, § 3582(c)(2) represents a congressional act of lenity intended to 

give prisoners the benefit of later enacted adjustments to the judgments reflected in the 

Guidelines. [¶] Viewed that way, proceedings under § 3582(c)(2) do not implicate the 
9

Sixth Amendment right to have essential facts found by a jury beyond a reasonable 

doubt. Taking the original sentence as given, any facts found by a judge at a § 3582(c)(2) 

proceeding do not serve to increase the prescribed range of punishment . . . .” (Id. at 

p. 828.)

Kaulick found Dillon’s language applicable, since in this situation as well, 

“[t]he retrospective part of Prop. 36 is . . . an act of lenity on the part of the electorate”

and “provides for a proceeding where the original sentence may be modified downward. 

Any facts found at such a proceeding, such as dangerousness, do not implicate Sixth 

Amendment issues.” (Kaulick, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1304-1305.) We agree.

Defendant has also attempted to distinguish Kaulick on the basis it was 

decided prior to Alleyne v. United States, supra, 570 U.S. __ [133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 

L.Ed.2d 314]. However, because Kaulick’s essential point is that nothing in section

1170.126 exposes an inmate to a longer sentence than the one he or she is already 

serving, we conclude its analysis of whether the statute implicates the Sixth Amendment 

right to have issues decided by a jury, and based on proof beyond a reasonable doubt, is 

entirely consistent with the principles stated in Alleyne.

Other courts have utilized essentially the same analysis in concluding no 

jury trial is required in comparable situations. In People v. Benitez (2005) 

127 Cal.App.4th 1274 (Benitez), the court rejected a similar argument made in the 

context of section 667.61, which allows the court to make a discretionary determination 

that a defendant is qualified for probation as an alternative to imposing a lengthy prison 

sentence. The court explained that “[f]inding a defendant ineligible for probation is not a 

form of punishment, because probation itself is an act of clemency on the part of the trial 

court.” Consequently, the determination “is not subject to the rule of Blakely [v. 

Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296 [124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403]].” (Benitez, supra, 

at p. 1278.)
10

In People v. Garcia (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 271 (Garcia), the court held 

there was no federal constitutional right to a jury determination of whether the 

defendant’s first degree burglary qualified as a violent felony for purposes of the 

presentence conduct credit limitation prescribed by section 2933.1, subdivision (c). And 

in People v. Lara (2012) 54 Cal.4th 896, 901, our Supreme Court cited Garcia with 

approval, noting that a jury determination was not required because “facts invoked to 

limit conduct credits do not increase the penalty for a crime.” (Italics added.)

Finally, in People v. Solis (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1002, the court rejected a 

contention that the determination of whether section 654 applies must be made by a jury: 

“‘The question of whether section 654 operates to “stay” a particular sentence does not 

involve the determination of any fact that could increase the penalty for a crime beyond 

the prescribed statutory maximum for the underlying crime. . . .’ [Citation.] ‘Unlike the

“hate crime” provision in Apprendi, section 654 is not a sentencing “enhancement.” On 

the contrary, it is a sentencing “reduction” statute. Section 654 is . . . a discretionary 

benefit provided by the Legislature to apply in those limited situations where one’s 

culpability is less than the statutory penalty . . . .’” (People v. Solis, supra, 90 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1021-1022.)

As all of these cases make clear, an inmate has no constitutional right to 

have a jury determine whether the sentence properly imposed upon him in accordance 

with the law should be reduced. Because that is the remedy offered by section 1170.126, 

defendant had no right to a jury determination of any factual issue, and no right to have 

adverse factual finding subjected to proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
11

DISPOSITION

The order is affirmed.

RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, J.

ARONSON, J.