United States Agricultural 1400 Independence Ave., SW

Department of Marketing Washington, DC

Agriculture Service 20250 

DAIRY MARKET NEWS

Working Guidelines

The Market News Service is authorized by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 and is supported by 

annual congressional appropriations and user fees. The Agricultural Marketing Act described the purpose of 

Market News in part, as follows: "To collect and disseminate Marketing information, including adequate 

outlook information on a market-area basis, for the purpose of anticipating and meeting consumer 

requirements, aiding in the maintenance of farm income, and bringing about a balance between production 

and utilization of agricultural products." 

Dairy Market News reporters collect information through voluntary telephone surveys of industry 

contacts. These contacts represent all segments of the dairy trade including: producers, processors, end 

users, buyers, brokers, and others. The diverse contact base allows reporters to cross-evaluate reported 

data. All reported data is strictly confidential. The information from all contacts is analyzed, summarized 

and then the composite information is released to the industry at a specified time. Reporters seek out any 

contact that is willing to talk to them on a regular basis.

REPORTING GUIDELINES

These guidelines are based on reporting principles from our Handbook and are compiled from our actual 

daily operating procedures.

GENERAL IN NATURE

Without industry cooperation there would be no market report 

Cooperation is possible because the industry values the information for making marketing decisions 

All information collected is confidential and voluntary 

Reports are a survey of the industry and not all inclusive 

Reporters are unbiased in reporting and strive for consistency 

MORE SPECIFIC ISSUES

If unable to confirm information with the buyer and seller and it is not representative of the market, 

reporters are under no obligation to use it 

If a confirmed trade is unrepresentative of the market, reporters are not obligated to use it 

Uneconomic trading is questioned 

Quality and terms of sale including transportation are always an issue 

Reporting procedures are consistent whether prices are increasing or decreasing 
CONDITIONS OF SALE

Reporters are looking for spot sales in carlot/truckload (CL/TL) quantities 

o First sale, FOB plant

o First sale, FOB plant or warehouse, by marketing agent (effective Report 1 2016)

o Resale information is used for comments only

No audits of sales records are performed

The mostly price range may be used to more closely define the majority of trades when applicable 

Mostly price ranges are not volume weighted, but are transaction driven 

Nominal prices - When not enough actual transactions are reported on a particular product or specific 

grade of product, the reporter may report a nominal price series. Ordinarily, published prices are 

based upon actual transactions; however, because of the practical uses made of price information by 

buyers and sellers, nominal prices may be published for brief periods. Nominal prices represent 

reporters' knowledge and best judgment as to value - - considerations being given to: 

o Expressed opinions of buyers and sellers as to current value.

o Usual price differentials between other grades or levels of trading.

o The general tone of the market, available supplies, etc.

o Other factors which may have an influence on the price.

No price shall be reported on a particular product or specific grade of product when under the abovementioned conditions, no fair price can be arrived at in the mind of the reporter.

CONTRACTS

The general definition is that reporters use spot sales 

Some contract sales qualify to be included if they meet certain criteria: 

o include a new contract sale the week it is established

o if the volume is negotiated each week with none as a possibility

o prices may be based on an index, but sales must be representative of current market conditions

Contract sales are included for lactose and casein markets per industry practice and this is explicitly 

stated in the price line for these reports 

ADDITIONAL

The industry is consulted when additional products to report are considered. Any changes or modifications 

to reports are noticed to the industry prior to implementation after comprehensive consideration to establish 

that changes are market neutral.

USDA/AMS/DAIRY MARKET NEWS, 4600 American Parkway, STE 106, Madison, WI 53718

http://www.ams.usda.gov/market-news/dairy

Issued 2/2007; reissued 12/2015