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of the Bunched Carrot grades, carrots must have tops which are fresh
and free from decay and free from damage caused by freezing, seedstems ,
yellowing or other discoloration, disease, insects or mechanical or
other means. "Fresh" means that the tops are not badly wilted.

Color of Tops. The color of the tops should be reported on the certif- (29)
icate. is refers to the color of the leaves and not that of the
leafstems. In describing the color of tops, the following terms should

be used:

Good green color meaning that the leaves show a good bright
shade of green color.

Light green color meaning that the leaves. show a light shade
of green color.

Discoloration of Tops. Yellowing, browning, or dark discoloration (30)
caused by bruised, water-soaked or frost damaged tops or other dis-
coloration or injury to the tops that materially affect the appearance
of the bunch should be scored as damage. The appearance of bunches
having slight discoloration such as yellowing, browning, or other
abnormal discoloration affecting a few leaflets are not damaged if the
tops as a whole show a predominantly normal green color. Inspectors
should use good judgment in scoring discoloration of the tops. While
tops are not used for food, the market value-of--bunched carrots to a
large extent is based upon the general appearance of the tops. The
inspector should not become technical; on the other hand, bunches
that show decidedly brown, black or yellow leaves in sufficient
quantity to materially affect the appearance should be scored.

"Bronze" or "Purple Colored Tops". Sometimes certain sections of carrot(31)
fields may have tops that are somewhat "bronze" or "purple" colored.

These tops should not be considered damaged unless the general appear-

ance of the bunch is materially affected. This color is a growing con-
dition and is not considered as objectionable as brown discoloration, and
inspectors should allow- considerably more of this type of discoloration
before scoring as damaged.

Bacterial Blight. Bacterial Blight affects roots, leaves, flower (32)
Stalks and flower heads of carrots in the field. On the leaves, it will

appear as irregular necrotic spots and on the stems and petioles as

brownish streaks. These types are scored on the basis of appearance,
under the definition of damage. .


APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES (6)

Bunched Carrots /

Based on sample inspection, individual packdges in the lot are subject
to the following limitation: Provided, That the averages for the entire
Jot are within the tolerances specified for the grade:

(1) For a tolerance of 10% or more, individual packages shall have not
more than one and one-half times the tollerances specified, except
at least one defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted
in.a package.

(2) For tolérance of less than 10%, individual packages shall have not
more than double the tolerance specified, except at least one
defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted in a package.

Carrots With Short Trimmed Tops (7)

Based on sample inspection, individual packages in the lot are subject
to the following limitations: Provided, That the averages for the entire
lot are within the tolerances specified for the grade:

(1) Packages of more than 5 pounds and tolerance of:
(a) 10% - individual packages shall have not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified;
(b) Less than 10% - individual packages shall have not more
than double the tolerance specified;
Provided, That at least one defective specimen shall be permitted in
a package.

(2) For packages of 5 pounds or less:
Individual packages are not restricted as to the percentage of
defects;
Provided, That not more than one carrot which is frozen or affected
by soft rot: may be permitted in any package.


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
BUNCHED CARROTS1

Source: 19 FR 5202, Aug. 18, 1954, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR

32514, June 27, 1977.

Effective September 18, 1954

Sec. GRADES

2851.2455 U.S. No. 1.
2851.2456 U.S. Commercial.

UNCLASSIFIED
2851.2457 Unclassified.
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
2851.2458 Application of tolerances.

LENGTH OF Tors

2851.2459 Length of tops.

STANDARD BUNCHES
Standard bunches.

DEFINITIONS

Similar varietal characteristics.
Firm.

Fairly clean.

Fairly well colored.
Fairly smooth.
Well formed.
Damage.

Fresh.

Full tops.
Diameter.

Serious damage.

2851.2460

2851.2461
2851.2462
» 2851.2463
2851.2464
2851.2465
2851.2466
2851.2467
2851.2468
2851.2469
2851.2470
2851.2471

AvtHority: The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as
amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622,
1624,

GRADES

§ 2851.2455 U.S. No. 1.

“U.S. No. 1” consists of carrots of
similar varietal characteristics the
roots of which are firm, fairly clean,
fairly well colored, fairly smooth, well

1 Compliance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse fallure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State
laws and regulations,

formed, and which are free from soft
rot, and free from damage caused by
freezing, growth cracks, sunburn,
pithiness, woodiness, internal discolor-
ation, oil spray, dry rot, other disease,
insects or mechanical or other means.
Bunches shall have tops which are
fresh and free from decay and free
from damage caused by freezing, seed-
stems, yellowing or other discolor-
ation, disease, insects or mechanical or
other means. Unless otherwise speci-
fied, the bunches shall have full tops
and the length of tops shall be not
more than 20 inches. (See § 2851.2459.)

(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified,
the diameter of each carrot shall be
not less than three-fourths inch.

(b) Tolerances. In order to allow for
variations incident to proper grading
and handling the following tolerances
shall be permitted: .

(L) For defects of roots. 10 percent,
by count, for carrot roots in any lot
which fail to meet the requirements of
the grade, other than for size: Pro-
vided, That not more than one-half of
this amount, or 5 percent, shall be-al-
lowed for defects causing serious
damage, including therein not more
than one percent for carrot roots af-
fected by soft rot;

(2) For defects of tops. 10 percent, by
count, for bunches in any lot which
fail to meet the requirements of the
grade, including therein not more
than 5 percent for decay;

(3) For off-length tops. 25 percent, by
count, for bunches in any lot which
have tops longer than the specified
length; and,

(4) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by
count, for carrot roots in any lot
which are smaller than the specified
minimum diameter, and 10 percent, by


(44)

(45)

(47)

(48)

(48)

-19-

Score as serious damage when:

1. The crack exceeds 1/2 (50%) the lengti of the carrot; or,
2. The crack is more than 1/4 inch wide; or,
3. The crack is more than 3/8 inch deep.

Seedstems. Seedstem growth materially affects the flavor and eating
quality of the carrots and, when readily noticeable, the carrot
should be scored against the U. S. No. 1 grade. Any carrot showing
that the seedstem nas been removed should be scored.

Pithiness. This is probably the result of unfavorable growing condi-
tions or frost injury resulting in the texture of the roots being
fibrous and spongy. In order to determine pithiness, the roots that
show indications of sponginess should be cut or broken so that a cross
section may be viewed. The crispness should also be observed while
cutting or breaking. Any roots that are definitely spongy and porous
should be scored.

Woodiness. Carrots which have been growing for a long time are apt to
develop cores which are very tough and fibrous. A test for determining
woody cores is to cut the carrot at right angles to its longitudinal
axis with.a sharp knife. If the core is woody to tne extent that the
knife will require appreciably more force to cut it than is required to
cut the surrounding layer of flesh, it is usually woody enough to score.

Bacterial Blight. Bacterial Blight on the roots appears as constric-
tions where tne infection has been earlier. Again, it may appear as
narrow bands of brown or black, later to become raised or scabby and
then coalesce. These types are scored on tie basis of appearance or
waste, but chiefly on appearance, under the general definition of
damage. Describe as "Dlight scars".

ilixed Varieties. The U. S. Grades specify that the carrots shall have
similar varietal characteristics. Mixing of two or more varieties of
the half-long and long types which show a marked similarity, would not
be particularly noticeable or objectionable. However, a mixture of
snort type carrots with a decidedly long type in the same container

a
would be decidedly noticeable and such lots would not meet grade require-

ments. In such cases the smaller proportion siiould be scored as-a grade
defects.


§ 51.2384 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” means any defect,
or any combination of defects, which
seriously detracts from the appearance,
or the edible or shipping quality of the
individual carrot or the appearance of
the sample as a whole, or which cannot
be removed without a loss of more than
20 percent, by weight, in the ordinary
Preparation for use.

Inches Millimeters (mm)

1/8 = 3.2
V4 = 6.4
3/8 = 9.5
1/2 = 12.7
5/8 = 15.9
3/4 = 19.0

7/8 22.2

¥U.S. Government Printing Office

CONVERSION TABLE

The United States Standards for
Grades of Topped Carrots contained in
this subpart shall become effective De-
cember 20, 1965, and will thereupon
supersede the United States Standards
for Topped -~Csrrots which have been in
effect since July 17, 1954 (7 CFR 51.2360—
51.2381).

Dated: November 17, 1965.

G.R. GRANGE,
Deputy Administrator,
Marketing Services.

IF.R, Doc. 65-12514; Filed, Nov. 19, 1966;
8:49 am.)

Inches Millimeters(mm)

1 25.4

1-1/4 = 31.8
1-1/2 = 38.1
1-3/4 = 44.4

50.8
76.2
101.6

+ 1987 - 180-917/60383


(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified,
the diameter of each carrot is not less
than 1 inch or more than 3 inches, and
the length is not iess than 3 inches.
(See § 51.2365.)

UNCLASSIFIED
§ 51.2364 Unclassified.

“Unclassified” consists of carrots
which have not been classified in ac-
cordance with any of the foregoing
grades, The term “unclassified” is not
@ grade within the meaning of these
standards, but is provided as a desig-
nation to show that no grade has been
applied to the lot.

‘TOLERANCES
§ 51.2365 Tolerances.

In order to allow for variations inci-
dent to proper grading and handling in
each of the foregoing grades, the follow-
ing tolerances, by count, are provided as
specified:

(a) Defects—(1). U.S. Extra No. 1
grade. Ten percent for carrots in any
lot. which fail to meet the requirements
of this grade: Provided, That not more
than one-half of this amount, or 5 per-
cent, shall be allowed for defects causing
serious damage, including therein not
more than 1 percent for carrots affected
by soft rot.

(2) U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 1 Jumbo
grades. Ten percent for carrots in any
lot which fail to meet the requirements
of the grade: Provided, That not more
than one-half of this amount, or 5 per-
cent, shall be allowed for defects caus-
ing serious damage, including therein
not more than 2 percent for carrots
affected by soft rot.

(3) U.S. No. 2 grade. Ten percent for
carrots which fail to meet the require-
ments of this grade, including therein
not more than 2 percent for carrots
affected by soft rot.

(b) Off-size. (1) Five percent for
carrots in any lot which are larger than
the specified maximum diameter; and

(2) Ten percent for carrots in any lot
which are smaller than the specified
minimum diameter or shorter than the
specified minimum length.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
§ 51.2366 Application of tolerances.

Individual samples shall not have more
than double the tolerance specified: Pro-
vided, That not more than one carrot
which is frozen or affected by soft rot
may be permitted in any package
weighing approximately 3 pounds or less:
And provided further, That the averages
for the entire lot are within the toler-
ances specified for the grade.

SAMPLE FOR GRADE DETERMINATION
§ 51.2367 Sample for grade determina-

tion.

Each sample shall consist of 50 carrots.
When individual packages contain at
least 50 carrots, the sample is drawn
from one package; when individual
Packages contain less than 50 carrots,
a sufficient number of adjoining: pack-
ages are opened to form a 50 carrot
sample.

Stanparp Sizinc

§ 51.2368 Standard sizing.

(a) Packages. of carrots containing 2
Pounds or less may be certified as “stand-
ard sizing,” provided the variation in
diameter of the carrots in any individual
package is not more than three-elghths
inch and the variation in length ts not
more than 24 inches.

(b) Not more than 10 percent of the
packages in any lot may fail to meet
the requirements for “standard sizing.”

DErinitIons
§ 51.2369 Similar varietal characteris-
tics.
“Similar varietal _ characteristics”

means that the carrots in any lot are of
the same general type. For example, car-
rots with a short, but blunt growth like
the Oxheart variety, shall not be mixed
with Iong or half-long carrots like the
Imperator or Danvers varieties.


4

$51.2497 Diameter. “Diaracter”
means the greatest dimension of the root
measured at right angles to the longi-
tudinal axis,

$51.2498 Serious damage. “Serious
damage” means any defect which seri-
ously affects the appearance, or the
edible or shipping quality of the individ-
ual carrot or the general appearance of
the carrots in the container, or causes
a loss of more than 20 percent, by weight,
in the ordinary preparation for use.

Dated: Aucusr 12, 1954.
(sean) Roy W. Lennartson,
Deputy Administrator,
Marketing Services.

IF..R. Doc, 54-6408; Filed, Aug. 17, 1954;
8:53 a. m.]}


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(33)

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(36)

Excessively Straggly or Ragged Tops: Occasionally, in the bunching
process, it is necessary to trim off so many brown, ,or otherwise dis-
colored leaves and leafstems that it gives the bunch an excessively
straggly or ragged appearance. On account of the wide variation in size,
number of leaves, and length of tops, it is impossible to state a mini-
mum number of leaves that each individual carrot must have before the
appearance of the bunch is materially affected. If the tops have been
trimmed to the extent that a number of bare leafstems, with very few
full leaves remaining, results in the bunch having an excessively
straggly or ragged appearance, the bunch should be scored against the
grade. Unless an excessive number of leaves have been removed on
account of freezing injury, blight, or other causes, there generally
will be a sufficient number of leaves to consider the tops as satisfac-
tory for the bunch as a whole. However, if only a relatively few
leaves remain, the appearance of the bunch should be considered materi-

ally affected and scored as a defect against the 10% tolerance for
defects of tops.

Differentiate Between Decay and Dead, Watersoaked or Bruised Leaves:
Attention is called to discolored, dead, bruised or watersoaked leaves
which might wrongly be classed as decay. Careful examination of these
leaves may show no mold and that the tissues do not disintegrate easily
when rubbed, as is common with Bacterial Soft Rot. Such leaves are
not decayed as this term is used in the Inspection Service. "Decay
will be used in the sense of being a deterioration or decline involving
decomposition, which is induced by fungi, bacteria and the like and
which is of a complete and progressive nature."

Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops have a separate 10% tolerance
for carrots with leafstems that materially injure their
appearance, including a 5% tolerance for Téafstems affected by decay.

Individual carrots with discolored, or otherwise damaged, leafstems

should be scored individually (even though they are tied in bunches)
against the tolerance for damaged leafstems.

Reporting Quality of Roots of Bunched Carrots When Tops are Damaged.
When a Tot of bunched carrots shows over 0 ie bunches wi

damage to tops by discoloration, or individual Packages exceed one and
one half times the tolerance (15%), the lot would fail to grade on
account of damaged tops. As the 10% of the bunches permitted showing
damaged tops is scored on the basis of the bunch, such percentagés'must
not be added to the total defects, which are scored on the basis of the
individual root, to arrive at a percentage of U. S. No. 1 quality.



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH

Washington, D. C. 20259
SHIPPING POINT INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS FOR TOPPED CARROTS

Fresh carrots are marketed year round with no distinct peak. However, (1)
the lowest supply is likely to be in the summer and the highest in the
spring. Approximately 80% of the crop is produced in California and

Texas; .with Arizona, itichigan, Colorado and several other states

producing the balance.

GENERAL

More detailed instructions pertaining to Date, Inspection Point, Kind (2)
of Car, Condition of Car, Loading and Pack than is found in this hand-
book may be found in the General Inspection Instructions-Shipping Point.

SAMPLING

Representative sampling is fully as important as grade interpretation. (3)
If the samples are not representative of the lot, the results of the
inspection may be incorrect regardless of how accurat2 the grade inter-
pretations may be. Samples selected should cover all portions of the

car or lot. Samples should be selected proportionately from each size,
grower's lot, grade or brand.

SAMPLES FOR GRADE DETERMINATION

Each sample shall consist of 50 carrots, regardless of the size of tie (4)
package. When individual packages contain at least 59 carrots, the

50-carrot sample is drawn from one package. When individual packages
contain less than 50 carrots (such as 1 to 3 1b. consumer packages) , a

sufficient number of adjoining packages are opened to form the 50-carrot
sample. For example, it may be necessary in the case of 1-1b. packages
packed in master containers to open as many as 5 or 6 of the 1-lb.units

{

REPRINTED NOVEMBER 2007


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH

Washington, D. C. 29259

SHIPPING POINT INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS FOR BUNCHED CARROTS AND
CARROTS WITH SHORT TRIED TOPS

Although over 90% of the total U. S. Carrot production is now shipped QQ)
topped, there is some business still being done in California and

Texas in bunched carrots, but very little in carrots with short trimmed
tops.

SAHPLES FOR GRADE DETERIINATION

In the Topped Carrot standard the sample size is constant at 50 carrots. (2)
However, this is not the case with Bunched Carrots or Carrots with Short
Trimmed Tops .

With Bunched Carrots when scoring defects of the roots, the root is the (3)
unit, while in scoring defects of the tops the bunch is the unit. In
other words, you might decide to examine 25, 59, or more roots from each
sampled container, but all bunches from the sample container must be
examined for defects of the tops.

In the standard for Carrots with Snort Trimmed Tops defects for both (4)
roots and tops are on the basis of the individual carrot and sample size
can vary (25, 50, 75, etc.).


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TOLERANCES

Bunched Carrots

U.S. U.S.
No. 1 Commercial

Defects of Roots 10% 20%
1. Serious damage
(included in "A") 5% 10%
(a) soft rot
(included in
serious damage 1% 1%
Defects of Tops 10% 1/7 10% 1/
1. Decay 52 5% 1/
Size
1. Smaller than speci-
fied minimum
diameter 5% 5%

2. Larger than speci-
fied maximum
diameter 10% 10%

Tops
1. For tops longer than

specified maximum
length 25% 1/ 25% 1/

Applied on a bunch basis

Carrots
with short-trimmed tops
U.S. U.S.
No. 1 Commercial
10% 20%
5% 10%
1% %
10% 10%
5% 5%
5% 5%
10% 10%
10% 10%


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(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

Certifying Standard Sizing. Standard sizing may be certified in con-
nection with the grade when the product is in packages weighing
approximately 2 pounds or less. This classification requires that not
more than 10% of the individual packages in a lot may contain carrots
which vary more than 3/8 inch in diameter or 2-1/2 inches in length.

GRADE DEFECTS

Each of our standards specify certain factors that are basic to
describing the quality and condition of a lot. On carrots, these
factors are: Firmness, Cleanness, Smoothness, Form (Shape), Trimming
and Color of Roots. These factors may be described on the certificate
in general terms unless they fall below the requirements of the grade.
Although not required to be shown on the certificate, the description

of the tot, in regard to these factors, should be recorded on the note
sheet.

Firmness.

Firm - carrots not soft, flabby or shriveled (minimum requirement
of all grades).

Fairly firm - carrots slightly wilted, soft or flabby.

Flabby and wilted - carrots badly wilted, flabby, soft, limp or
rubbery.

Cleanness.

Clean - individual carrot is practically free from the dirt and

peer foreign matter. (Minimum requirement of U. S. Extra
No. 1).

Fairly clean - individual carrot reasonably free from dirt and
other foreign matter. Maximum aggregate area of
caked dirt allowed on a carrot 1 inch in diameter
and 6 inches in length is 11/16 of an inch (the
size of a dime). Allow lesser or greater amounts
on smaller or larger carrots. (Minimum require-
ment of U. S. No. 1).

Dirty - although not defined in standards may be used to describe
carrots that are not "fairly clean" but are not so dirty

as to be “seriously damaged" by dirt. (Minimum require-
- ment of U. S. No. 2).


TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II

BUNCHED CARROTS AND CARROTS WITH
SHORT TRIMMED TOPS

Paragraph
Numbers
INTRODUCTION ...ccccececercectcercccccscesceesecee sevens oe
SAMPLE FOR GRADE DETERMINATION .......-..-- sce eeeeececeeee 2- 4
TOLERANCES .....ceceecersceees see e een eceeeeeeeeee seceeeeee 5
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ........ easecceccces weee G6 - 7
Bunched Carrots..... scene ccc eneneesenene senesecscsecee 6
Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops....... rer rrr rrr rrr . 7
SIZE .ccceeceeenes ocacccccccecece seco eeeecee see eeeeeeeeeee 8 - 24
Bunched Carrots ...... see e cee eeneecneneces sesceceeeee 8- 21
SizZ@ OF ROOC.....ccececcccceercarcccreeeceescseseece 8
Length Of Tops......sseccesccccccccnceccceces 9- 12
Uniformity in Sizing for Standard Bunches.. . 3
Requirements of Standard Bunches........... . 14-19
Count Per BuNch.......ccesecececcecceseeeee -- 20
Number Of BUNCHES....ccccseccesccncccecccccercvsceee 21
Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops...........- rrr rere es 22 - 24

Size of Root..
Length of Tops..
Standard Sizing...... se ceeeees
GRADE DEFECTS ......ccccccccencscccecscccecesesccene eeceee 25 = 35

Condition of TopS.......cccccccccccccccceececssseceses 28 = 35


CARROTS

(1) 7-1/2" tn length, 2" across at crown with

Stocky (blunt) types:
a 7/8" cut at tip.

(2) 5" in length, 1" across at crown with
a 5/8" cut at tip.

a

Figure B


approximately 3 pounds or less: And provided further, that the
averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified for
the grade.

Thus, for consumer units of 3 lbs. or less, there are restrictions on (8)
both the sample and the package when soft rot or freezing is a factor.
Since not more than 1 carrot affected by soft rot or freezing is allowed in
any package, it will be necessary to examine the contents of consumer
units individually before making up the 50-carrot sample.

The tolerance for soft rot in the U. S. No. 1 grade is 2 percent. (9)
Individual samples (50 carrots) may not contain more than 4 percent

soft rot (or 2 carrots). For example, let us say that it takes five
1-1b. bags to make up the 50-carrot sample. One carrot affected by

soft rot is found in each of two of these bags (or 4 percent for the
sample). This lot could average within tolerance.

However, if these 2 carrots were found in the same consumer unit the (10)
lot would not grade U. S. No. 1, regardless of the average for the

lot. Such a lot would be reported as "in most samples no soft rot,

in many samples 2%, in few samples 4% (2 carrots in one bag), average

1% soft rot". The grade statement would read "Fails to grade U. S.

No. 1 account defects."

In the example above, the lot tolerance was not exceeded, but since (11)
the package tolerance was exceeded it was necessary to show this in
the soft rot statement.

Handwritten Certificates. The handwritten certificate, FV-184, was (12)
developed so that it could be prepared and delivered to the applicant
promptly on completion of inspection. The writing on the FV-184 form
certificate should be neat and easily read.

Tne following is the minimum amount of information that should be (13)
given under their respective heading. Additional information will be
reported when instructed to do so by your supervisor.

PRODUCT

Usually the product will be designated on the certificate as "Topped (14)
Carrots", without an attempt to determine the type or variety. In-

spectors should not certify variety. However, the variety may be
reported as "Manifested" or "Invoiced" if so requested by the applicant.


(5)

(5)

(7)

within the master container to obtain the 59-carrot sample. If five
1-1b. units are opened and found to contain only 47 carrots, then 3
carrots will be taken out of the sixth. Follow the same procedure
(obtaining each sample from a different master container) until a suf-
ficient number of samples are examined.

The number of individual samples to be examined per car or lot may vary
according to conditions. The Federal Supervisor will issue instruc-
tions as to the minimum number of samples required for each size lot.
When grade defects are found to be close to the tolerance the number
of samples should be increased, if possible. This should apply when
above or below tolerance. For examples, take more samples at 8% just
as you would take more samples at 12%.

TOLERANCES
The tolerances in the U. S. Standards are applied on a count basis.

The following table gives the over-all tolerances and restricted
tolerances permitted for the grade.

U.S. No. 1
U.S. Extra No. 1 U.S. No. 1 Jumbo U.S. No. 2

A. For Total Defects 10% 10% 10%

0

1. Serious Damage
(included in "A") 5%

Qa
Be

(a) Soft rot
(included in
serious :
damage ) 1% 2% 2%

B. For Off-size
1. 5% for carrots larger than specified maximum diameter.
2. 10% for carrots smaller than specified minimum diameter or
shorter than specified minimum length.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

Individual samples shall not have more than double the tolerance
specified: Provided, that not more than one carrot which is frozen
or affected by soft rot may be permitted in any package weighing


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U.S, No. 1 Jumbo requires that the diameter be not less than 1 inch
or more than 2-1/2 inches, and that the length be not less. than 5
inches.

U. S. Ho. 2 requires that, unless otherwise specified, the diameter
be not Tess than 1 inch or more than 3 inches, and that the length be
not less than 3 inches.

Measuring size. Length is measured from the crown to the lowest point (21)
which is not less than one-fourth inch in diameter. Diameter is

measured at the greatest dimension at right angles to the longitudinal
axis.

Reporting size. A general range of the minimum and maximum diameter (22)
and Tength should be stated in inches and fractions of an inch. Unless
tinis range is comparatively small, it may be necessary to also show

tne range of most carrots. For example, “Generally 3/4 to 1-1/4

inches in diameter and 5 to 10, mostly 7 to 9 inches in length. Off-

size within tolerance." When fairly uniform, the- "mostly" need not be
shown.

Reporting off-size. Except when the percentage of undersize or over- (23)
size is specifically requested, or in determining the percentage of

U. S. No. 1 quality, and no sample exceeds the tolerance, it will be
satisfactory to state “Off-size within tolerance". If no sample con-

tains more tnan double the tolerance, and the lot averages within

tolerance, the statement “off-size average within tolerance" should

be used.

Off-size Specimens which also show Grade Defects. Off-size specimens (24)
that are defective should be scored both for undersize and oversize

and for grade defects. The reason for this is that size and grade

defects have separate tolerances in the grade. Generally the percen-

tage of off-size specimens that are defective will be negligible and

will make no difference in the grade certification.

On out of grade lots, when the percentage of off-size specimens that (25)
are also defective amounts to more than 1%, the usual size statement

should be shown, giving the total. amount of undersize and oversize,
including those specimens which are also defective. ilo mention of

defects should be made under the "Size" heading. However, this in-
formation should be reported under the "Defects" heading. For example:
“Grade defects range from 5 to 25%, average 15%, mostly growth cracks,
sunburn and badly misshapen, including 3% also shown as being undersize

(or oversize, or both)".


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United States

Department of
Agriculture

Agricultural
Marketing
Service
Fruit and
Vegetable
Divs

Fresh Products
Branch

Washington, D.C.

July 1971

Carrots

Shipping Point
Inspection Instructions

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(b) In order to allow for variations
incident to proper bunching not more
than 10 percent, by count, of the
bunches may fail to meet the require-
ments for “standard bunches.”

DEFINITIONS
§ 2851.2461 Similar varietal characteris-
tics.
“Similar varietal characteristics”

means that the carrots in any lot are
of the same general type. For exam-
ple, carrots with a short, but blunt
growth, like the Oxheart variety, shall
not be mixed with long or half-long
carrots, like the Imperator or Danvers
varieties.

§ 2851.2462 Firm.

“Firm” means that the carrot is not
soft, flabby, or shriveled.

§ 2851.2463 Fairly clean.

“Fairly clean” means that the indi-
vidual carrot is reasonably free from
dirt, stain or other foreign matter and
that the general appearance of the
carrots in the lot is not more than
slightly affected.

§ 2851.2464 Fairly well colored.

“Fairly well colored” means that the
carrot has an orange, orange red, or
orange scarlet color, but not a pale
orange or distinct yellow color.

§ 2851.2465 Fairly smooth.

“Fairly smooth” means that the
carrot is not rough, ridged, or covered
with secondary rootlets to the extent
that the appearance is materially af-
fected.

§ 2851.2466 Well formed.

“Well formed” means that the
carrot is not forked, or misshapen to
the extent that the appearance is
more than slightly affected.

§2851.2467 Damage.

“Damage” means any defect which
materially affects the appearance, or

the edible or shipping quality of the
individual carrot root, or the general
appearance of the carrot roots in the
container, or causes a loss of more
than 3 percent, by weight, in the ordi-
nary preparation for use, or which ma-
terially affects the appearance or ship-
ping quality of the tops. Any one of
the following defects, or any combina-
tion of defects, the seriousness of
which exceeds the maximum allowed
for any one defect, shall be considered
as damage:

(a) Growth cracks which are not
shallow or not smooth, or which mate-
rially affect the appearance of the
carrot;

(b) Sunburn which causes a loss of
more than 3 percent, by weight, in the
ordinary preparation for use, except
that superficial light green color at
the stem end which does not material-
ly affect the appearance of the root
shall be permitted; and,

(c) Yellowing or other discoloration
or injury to the tops when the appear-
ance of the bunch is materially affect-
ed. The appearance of the individual
bunch shall be considered materially
affected when the tops are trimmed to
the extent that only a relatively few
leaves remain. The appearance of
bunches with tops having slight discol-
oration such as yellowing, browning or
other abnormal color affecting a few
leaflets shall not be considered materi-
ally affected if the tops as a whole
show a predominantly normal green
color.

$2851.2468 Fresh.

“Fresh” means that the tops are not
badly wilted.

§ 2851.2469 Full tops.

“Full tops” means that the leafstems
have not been cut back, but dried or
damaged leaves or leafstems may have
been removed.


(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

Revised, January 1995, HU-127-1(a)
Page 8, Para. 32 & 35, Carrots, Shipping Point
Inspection Instructions, June 1971

-8-

Seriously misshapen - Carrot is misshapen to extent that appearance is seriously
affected (Scored against all grades as serious damage).

Trimming. Carrots in all grades are required to be "well trimmed." This means that the tops
are cut back to not more than 1 inch in length. New leaves developing within the original
cluster of leafstems or occasional uncut leaves or leafstems exceeding this length which do
not materially affect the appearance of the carrots are permitted. Carrots may have tips of
roots cut or broken off, provided, that these cuts or breaks are small and fairly smooth and
do not materially affect the appearance of the individual carrot. Refer to the guide
illustrating broken tips.

Trimming is concemed with the deliberate cutting of the carrot, so that the tops are
not more than 1 inch in length. Aliso, tips of the carrots may be cut or broken in order to cut
carrots to a certain length or cut away a defect. Often times carrots may be broken or cut
due to rough handling (see mechanical damage). Since it is often difficult to determine
whether a carrot was cut due to trimming or mechanical damage, unless the inspector is
certain that the defect was caused due to trimming, score as mechanical damage.

Color of Roots.

Well Colored - Not specifically defined in standards but may be used to describe
carrots well above minimum requirements of “fairly well colored."

Eairiy Well Colored - Carrot has an orange, orange red, or orange scarlet color, but
not a pale orange or distinct yellow color. (Minimum requirement of all grades
except U.S. No. 2, which has no color requirements.)

Poorly Colored - Used to described those carrots which are not at least “fairly well
colored."

Following are some additional defects which may also occur due to growing conditions or
harvesting practices. Determination as to whether a defect is to be scored will be made on
the basis of appearance or waste. When a defect materially (damage) or seriously
(serious damage) affects the appearance or wastes more than 5% (damage) or 20%
(serious damage) the carrot will be scored. Any one of the following may individually or in
combination cause the carrot to be scored.

Mechanical Damage. Mechanical damage includes cut, broken or badly bruised carrots
caused by rough handling. This general classification should be used when only small
percentages of these defects are present thus eliminating the longer description that would
be necessary if each type were enumerated. Score when any material portion of the tip or
crown is bruised, broken, or cut off to the extent that the appearance is damaged. See
“Amendment |."

Insect Injury. Wireworm and nematode are the most common insects affecting carrots.
Nematodes may cause (1) the root to be rough; (2) enlarged tips of the carrots; or (3) the
secondary rootlets to have a wart-like appearance. Score against grade when materially
detracting from the appearance. Since such roughness may be due to other causes,


Serious damage - appearance is seriously affected. Individual carrots
with more than 1/2 of surface smeared with mud or dirt
(lesser amounts when dirt is thick or dark) are
considered serious damage.

Smoothness. In determining smoothness the roughness of the surface as (39)
well as the presence of secondary rootlets should be considered. The
official photographs (Topped Carrots folder C-1) illustrates degrees

of smoothness without presence of secondary rootlets. Therefore, if
secondary rootlets are present, a stricter interpretation of surface
roughness than that shown in the photographs is necessary.

Smooth - Carrot has fairly even surface, not ridged, grooved, or
jumpy, and is practically free from secondary rootlets.

Fairly Smooth - Carrot is not rough, ridged or covered with
secondary rootlets to extent that appearance is
materially ayfected (tinimum requirement of
U. S. No. 1).

Rough - Carrot is ridged, grooved, lumpy or covered with second-
ary rootlets to extent that appearance is materially
affected (Minimum requirement of U. S. Ho. 2).

Excessively Rough Carrot is roughior ridged to extent that
appearance is seriously affected. (Scored against
all grades as serious damage).

Form (Shape), Waste is not a factor in scoring shape. Refer to (31)
official photographs for guidance in determining shape.

Well formed - Carrot is not forked or misshapen to extent that
appearance is more than slightly affected. (itini-
mum requirement of U. S. Extra No. 1)

Fairly well formed - Carrot is not forked or misshapen to extent
that appearance is materially affected.
(itinimum requirement of U. S. Ho. 1).

Misshapen - Carrot is forked, twisted, curved or otherwise i11-
formed to extent that appearance is materially
affected. (itinimum requirement of U. S. No. 2).


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Dated August 12, 1954,

§ 2851.2470 Diameter.
[seat] Roy W. LENNARTSON,

“Diameter” means the greatest di- ty Administrat
mension of the root measured at right Depury jrteting Services.
angles to the longitudinal axis. [F. R. Doc, 54-6407; Filed, Aug. 17, 1954;

8:53 a. m.]

§ 2851.2471 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” means any defect
which seriously affects the appear-
ance, or the edible or shipping quality
of the individual carrot or the general
appearance of the carrots in the con-
tainer, or causes a loss of more than 20
percent, by weight, in the ordinary
preparation for use.


CARROTS
Rough or Jagged Broken Tips

OUTER T!
| bs

Figure C


(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

It is permissible (only at applicant's request) to show the carrots
as being of a certain type. For example; "Long type Topped Carrots"
or "Short type Topped Carrots". The principal difficulty in determi-
ning type is distinguishing between the long type and the half-long
type. In many lots the roots may not be distinctly of one type or
the other, but range from long to half-long with all intermediate
degrees. Such variation is not unusual, and no. attempt should be made
to describe type in such a situation, though the variation in shape may
be described if specifically requested by the applicant.

BRAND OR STAMPING
If present, the brand, grade marks, net weights, state lot stamps,
export stencils and the like should be reported on the certificate.
Thesé various marks identify the lot with the certificate.

MANIFEST OR _LOADER'S COUNT

The number of packages in a lot must be stated on the certificate.
The amount will generally be based on the applicant's or loader's
count. If tie inspector can physically count the containers and if
requested by the applicant, he may certify count on the certificate.

TYPE AND SIZE OF CONTAINER

Topped Carrots are most commonly shipped in standard open mesh sacks
or in consumer size film bags which are placed in a master container.
The open mesh sacks may or may not be film lined and are generally
packed to 50 pounds. The film bags are packed in various types of
master containers, the most common being open mesh sacks, multi-wall
paper or in cartons.

There are a variety of different containers being used, in different
areas, on Special orders or shipments. Among these are larger film
bags ranging from 5 to 50 pound capacities, burlap sacks,.and loose
in boxes, cartons or lined crates.

SIZE OR COUNT

U. S. Extra No. 1 requires that the diameter be not less than 3/4 inch
or more than 1-1/2 inches and that the length be not less than 5 inches.

U.S. No. 1 requires that, unless otherwise specified, the diameter be
not less than 3/4 inch or more than 1-1/2 inches, and that the length
be not less than 5 inches.


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-5-

of carrots in the bunch shall be permitted."

“When the diameter of the smallest carrot in the bunch is 1-1/4
to 1-3/4 inches, not over 3/8 inch variation in the size of
carrots in the bunch shall be permitted."

“When the diameter of the smallest carrot in the bunch is larger
than 1-3/4 inches, not over 1/2 inch variation in the size of
carrots in the bunch shall be permitted.”

“In order to allow for variations incident to proper bunching, not
more than 10%, by count, of the bunches may fail to meet the re-
quirements for Standard Bunches."

If bunches do not meet the weight requirements, or are not within
tolerance for ranges specified in the Standards, they must be

reported as small or irregular as the case may be, followed by
the usual size description.

Most shippers want to put up bunches weighing not less than 1 to
1-1/4 pounds per bunch, also each bunch to have carrots of approxi-
mately the same length. Bunches should be tied tightly so they
will not appear to be straggly or loose.

Count Per Bunch. The number of carrots per bunch may be certified,
along with other information of size, when specifically requested
by the applicant. In reporting the count per bunch, the range in
the number of carrots per bunch along with a "mostly" should be

shown. Example: "Range from 4 to 9, mostly 5 to 7 carrots per
bunch."

Number of Bunches Per Crate. It is permissible to certify the
number of bunches or the “dozen bunches count per crate" upon
request of the applicant along with the other information of size,
quality and grade. The entire contents of a sufficient number of
crates should be examined to determine the accuracy of the statement
"conforms to dozen count."

Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops.

1

Size of Roots. Each grade requires that, unless otherwise specified
the diameter be not less than 3/4 inch. There are no requirements
for maximum diameter or for length, however, to insure a more com-
plete and detailed certificate, these factors should be reported.

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)


(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

2. Length of Tops. Each grade requires that the leafstems "shall be
cut back to not more than 4 inches in length." A tolerance of 10%
by count is provided for leafstems over 4 inches long. There is no
requirement as to minimum length of leaf stem. Any carrot showing
one or more leafstems identifiable as such meets grade requirements.
Carrots with no leafstems should be scored against the 19% tolerance
for defects of leafstems.

Standard Sizing of Short Trimmed Carrots. Standard sizing may be certi-
fied in connection with the grades for Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops
when the product is in packages weighing approximately 2 pounds or less.
This classification requires that not more than 20% of the individual
packages ina lot of Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops may contain carrots
which vary more than 3/8 inch in diameter or 2-1/2 inches in length.

GRADE DEFECTS

A major difference in scoring damage of roots on Topped Carrots and
on Bunch Carrots and Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops is the amount of

waste allowed. The Topped Carrot grade reads "............ or which

cannot be removed without a loss of more than 5 percent, by weight,

(lo “ The other standards read " or causes a loss of
i

more than 3 percent, by weight, etc..........

The following factors should be recorded under the proper headings on

the note sheet and may be reported on the certificate in accordance with
instructions from your supervisor:

Firmness Smoothness Condition of Tops
Cleanness Form (shape) Defects
Color of Roots Decay or Soft Rot

Except for Condition of Tops, these headings are discussed in the first

section of these instructions. However, the minimum requirement of each
grade is shown.

Firmness - Firm Smoothness - Fairly Smooth
Cleanness - Fairly Clean Form (shape) - Well Formed
Color of Roots - Fairly Well Colored

CONDITION OF TOPS

Bunched Carrots. The bunch is the basis for scoring discoloration.
Individual plants or carrots cannot be scored. To meet the requirements


§ 51.2370 Well trimmed.

“well trimmed” means that the tops
are cut back to not more than 1 inch in
length, except that new leaves develop-
ing within the original central cluster
of leafstems, or occasional uncut leaves
or leafstems, exceeding this length which
do not materially affect the appearance
of the individual carrot shall be per-
mitted. Carrots may have tips of roots
cut or broken off: Provided, That these
cuts or breaks are small and fairly
smooth and do not materially affect the
appearance of the individual carrot.

§ 51.2371 Firm.

“Firm” means that the carrot is not
soft; flabby or shriveled.

§ 51.2372 Clean.
“Clean” means that the individual

carrot {s practically free from dirt and
other foreign matter.

§ 5).2373 Fairly well colored.

“)?airly well colored” means that the
carrot has an orange, orange red, or
orange scarlet color, but not a pale
orange or distinct yellow color.

§ 51.2374 Fairly smooth.

“Rairly smooth” means that the indi-
vidual carrot is not rough, ridged, or
covered with secondary rootlets to the
extent that the appearance is materially
affected.

§ 51.2375 Well formed.

“well formed” means that the indi-
vidual carrot is not forked, or misshapen
to the extent that the appearance is
more than slightly affected.

§ 51.2376 Secondary new top growth.

“Secondary new top growth” means
new leaves or clusters of leaves which
have developed outside the original cen-
tral cluster of leafstems.

§ 51.2377 Damage.

“Damage” means any specific defect
described in this section; or an equally
objectionable variation of any one of
these defects, any other defect, or any
combination of defects, which materially

detracts from the appearance, or the
edible or shipping quality of the indi-
vidual carrot or the appearance of the
sample as a whole, or which cannot be
removed without a loss of more than 5
percent, by weight, in the ordinary prep-
aration for use. The following specific
defects shall be considered as damage:

(a) Growth cracks which are not
shallow or not smooth, or which ma-
terially detract from the appearance of
the individual carrot;

(b) Sunburn which causes a loss of
more than 5 percent, by weight, in the
ordinary preparation for use, except that
superficial light green color at the stem
end which does not materially detract
from the appearance of the carrot shall
be permitted.

§ 51.2378 Diameter.

“Diameter” means the greatest di-
mension of the carrot measured at right
angles to the longitudinal axis:

§ 51.2379 Length.

“Length” means the greatest dimen-
sion of the carrot measured from the
crown to the lowest point which is not
Jess than one-fourth inch in diameter.

§ 51.2380 Fairly clean.

“Fairly clean” means that the indi-
vidual carrot is reasonably free from
dirt and. other foreign matter.

§ 51.2381 Fairly well formed.

“Fairly well formed” means that the
individual carrot is not forked, or mis-
shapen to the extent that the appear-
ance is materially affected.

§ 51.2382 Excessively rough.
“Excessively rough” means that the
individual carrot is rough or ridged to

the extent that the appearance 1s
seriously affected.

§ 51.2383 Seriously misshapen.

“Seriously misshapen” means that the
individual carrot 1s forked or misshapen
to the extent that the appearance is
seriously affected.


24

January 15, 1979 BN-83-1(a)

Amendment I

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SCORING CUT OR
BROKEN TIPS OF CARROTS

Cut or broken tips of carrots shall be scored on an appearance basis.
Broken or cut tips shall be scored according to the type of carrot
and the relationship of the diameter of the break or cut to the length
of the remaining root.

Long and Half Long (Slender) Type Carrots: As a
guide allow a fairly smooth cut or break 1/2 inch
in diameter for each 5 inches of root remaining.
(See Figure A).

Short (Stocky) Type Carrots: As a gui de allow a
fairly smooth cut or break 5/8 inch in diameter
for each 5 inches of root remaining. (See Figure 8).

Carrots having rough or jagged cuts or broken tips are permitted
provided they do not detract from the appearance of the carrot to a
greater extent than the allowance for fairly smooth broken or cut tips.
(See figure C).


-Il-

Paragraph
Numbers
Trimming.....cccceceeeeeee doce c eens cence ce eens 32
Color of Roots... 33
Others defectsS........ecceeceeeeee a 34 - 51
Mechanical damage...........06- . 35
Insect injury......cececeeeceeees -» 36 - 37

Sunburn... .seceeecceeeees Pere eTeTee eee reser ere erry -. 38 - 40
Growth crackS......cseeeeeceeee
Fresh cracks (air cracks)......
Seeds tems .......seeeeees
Pithiness....
WoodinesS.....s..sseseeeee
Bacterial Blight oe

Mixed Varieties.
Freezing Damage.

Decay Or Soft Rot... .. cece ccccc cece cence ec cncecsccaes 52 - 54
Dry Rots..........ceeeee bec e cence nce cec ee eeceeens wee 53
Soft RotsS......ccceeeneceeseeee seeeee sen eecccecescees D4

GRADE... cece esc c esc e cere ccc eeceern cent eeeeteseseteencces 55 - 58
Reporting Percentage of U. S. No. 1 quality...... 57
Size in Connection with grade................ - 58
NOTESHEETS 2... cceccceecccccccvcceccccncnceeesces seecerecee 59
CERTIFICATE 2... ..ceeeeeee sec e eee encececeeces oe ecevccsone 60

Examples ..... cece cece cece cece cece eceeces seeeeeessPages. 14 - 23
Amendment I Page 24

Appendix I ~ United States Standards


count, for carrot roots which are
larger than any specified maximum di-
ameter.

§ 2851.2456 U.S. Commercial.

“U.S. Commercial” consists of car-
rots which meet the requirements of
U.S. No. 1 except for the increased tol-
erance for defects of the roots speci-
fied below:

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for
variations incident to proper grading
and handling the following tolerances
shall be permitted:

(1) For defects of roots. 20 percent,
by count, for carrot roots in any lot
which fail to meet: the requirements of
the grade, other than for size: Pro-
vided, That not more than one-half of
this amount, or 10 percent, shall be al-
lowed for defects causing serious
damage, including therein not more
than 1 percent for carrot roots affect-
ed by soft rot;

(2) For defects of tops. 10 percent, by
count, for bunches in any lot which
fail to meet the requirements of the
grade, including therein not more
than 5 percent for decay;

(3) For off-length tops. 25 percent, by
count, for bunches in any lot which
have tops longer than the specified
length; and,

(4) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by
count, for carrot roots in any lot
which are smaller than the specified
minimum diameter, and 10 percent, by
count, for carrot roots which are
larger than any specified maximum di-
ameter.

UNCLASSIFIED

§ 2851.2457 Unclassified.

“Unclassified” consists of carrots
which have not been classified in ac-
cordance with either of the foregoing
grades. The term “unclassified” is not
a grade within the meaning of these
standards, but is provided as a designa-
tion to show that no grade has been
applied to the lot.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

§ 2851.2458 Application of tolerances.
(a) The contents of individual pack-

ages in the lot, based on sample in--

spection, are subject to the following

limitations, provided the averages for
the entire lot are within the tolerances
specified for the grade:

(1) For a tolerance of 10 percent or
more, individual packages in any lot
shall have not more than one and one-
half times the tolerance specified,
except that at least one defective and
one off-size specimen may be permit-
ted in a package; and,

(2) For a tolerance of less than 10
percent, individual packages in any lot
shall have not more than double the
tolerance specified, except that at
least one defective and one off-size
specimen may be permitted in a pack-
age.

LENGTH OF ToPs

§2851.2459 Length of tops.

In addition to the statement of
grade, the length of tops may be speci-
fied in accordance with the following
iength classifications:

Short Medium Long Extra
long
Under 12 12 to 16 Over 16to Over
inches. inches, 20 inches, 20
inclusive. inclusive. in.
STANDARD BUNCHES
§ 2851.2460 Standard bunches.
(a) When specified as “standard

bunches” the carrots shall meet the
following requirements:

(1) Each bunch of carrots including
tops, shall weigh not less than 1 pound
and contain at least 4 carrots;

(2) When the diameter of the small-
est carrot in the bunch is less than 1%
inches, not over one-fourth inch vari-
ation in the size of carrots in the
bunch shall be permitted;

(3) When the diameter of the small-
est carrot in the bunch is 1% to 1%
inches, inclusive, not over three-
eighths inch variation in the size of
carrots in the bunch shall be permit-
ted; and,

(4) When the diameter of the small-
est carrot in the bunch is larger than
1% inches, not over one-half inch vari-
ation in the size of carrots in the
bunch shall be permitted.


Append

United States Standards



-l1-

Freezing Damage. Freezing injury affects the roots in two ways. The (50)
roots may grow, following a freeze, producing definitely constricted:

areas where the injury occurred, in whichease the carrot would be

scored on the basis of shape (see "Form"). In'‘other cases, freezing

injury may cause the roots to become "pithy". (This fact make it neces-
sary to cut a number of samples following a frdeze, in order to

determine if the roots have been damaged. (See "Pithiness")

It is difficult to determine whether or not lack of firmness, such (51)
as shrivelling, pithiness or flabbiness, may have been the result of
freezing damage or the result of some other cause; so in case of any
reasonable doubt, it is advisable to describe the condition rather
than attempt to state the cause. Small radiating cracks in the center
of the carrot,accompinied by drying out, can be considered as quite
definite evidence of freezing injury. A watersoaked appearance of the
outer flesh does not \ecessarily indicate freezing damage. Reference
should be made to the carrots being “frozen" only when there are ice
crystals present. The term “ice crystals present" should not be used
on the certificate as “he word "frozen" indicates they are present.

It will be the policy rot to anticipate whether there will be damage
after freezing. The ccidition should be fully described and the grade
statement based on the vondition found at time of inspection.

Decay or Soft Rot. Bacturial Soft Rot, Watery Soft Rot, Gray Mold Rot, (52)
Rhizopus Rot and Fusarium Rot are the most important or common decays

of carrots. The U. S. Extra No. 1 grade provides a tolerance of 1% for
soft rot, while the U. S. No. 1 and U. S. No. 2 grades each provide a
tolerance of 2% for soft rot. However, decay affecting the short-trimmed
leafstem should be scored against the 5% tolerance for serious damage.

Dry Rots such as Fusarium Rot or Black Rot should not be reported as (53)
sort rot. They should be scored on the basis of waste or appearance

under the general definition of damage or serious damage as the case

may be and scored against the tolerance for general defects.

Soft Rot must be reported separately from other defects as the grades (54)
provide that carrots must be free from soft rot. If no soft rot is
found, the certificate should state "no soft rot."

GRADE
Under this heading a definite statement pertaining to the grade of (55)

the lot should be made. When the load consists of different lots,
part of which are up to grade and part of which fail to meet the grade


-3-

is examined. Never try to enter the results of two or three samples
from memory. Notes should be so complete and legible that any inspec-
tor could write a complete certificate from them at a later date.

CERTIFICATES

The FV-184 handwritten certificate will vary from state to state in (60)

the information that will go on them. Following are some examples of
different FV-184's from California, Texas and Arizona showing
approved formats for those states. For any state other than these it

will be necessary to check with your immediate supervisor for approved
‘ormat. :

These instructions do not establish

a new or revised substantive rule
(U. S. Standards for Grades of Toppe

d Carrots ,7 CFA §§51.2360-51.2384) .


TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
TOPPED CARROTS

Paragraph
Numbers
INTRODUCTION .....cececeeeeccoeees eee cv es cece ceecrevenensees 1
GENERAL 22... se cece ccc ce cece rene enceseeneceserseres seeceeee 2
SAMPLING ...cccecceseceeseces se eeeceeee saeeeeee aececceeeeeee 3
SAMPLES FOR GRADE DETERMINATION .........- a eeceeeeee seceeeee 4-5
TOLERANCES .......-.- ecaecenes a eeceees se eeeeee secceseceeseee 6
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ............ es ee eeceeeeee 7-11
HANDWRITTEN CERTIFICATE..--------+- ce cnccccess ses ececeeeeees 12 - 13
PRODUCT 2... .. cee ceeeceeeeceeee - 15
BRAND OR STAMPING ..........--
MANIFEST OR LOADERS' COUNT .........0005 se eeeee see ceeeecanee 7
TYPE AND SIZE OF CONTAINER ........ ca acecccccncccncees eseeee 18-19
SIZE OR COUNT ........ eee eeceeeeceeee cece cececeeeeee seeecee 20
Measuring Size........... a eccccenscccves eee ee eens - 21 - 26
Reporting Size........eeeee ae - 22
Reporting Of f-Size......sceeeeeeee eee - 23
Off-Size specimend with grade defects - 24 - 25
Standard sizing......ssseeeeeee acca cence erencere aveee 26
GRADE DEFECTS .....cceceececscecceceee sent eee eneeerceeenees 27 - 54

Firmness..
Cleanness
Smoothness.



(8) SIZE
Bunched Carrots

1. Size of Roots. Each grade requires that, unless otherwise specified,
the diameter be not less than 3/4 inch. There are no requirements
for maximum diameter or for length.

(i) Length of Roots. Although the standards do not set require-
ments for length of roots, this factor should be reported to
insure a more complete and detailed certificate. .

(ii) Size Classification of Roots. There is no size classification
in the Standards and the size of roots should be reported only
in diameters and lengths.

(9) 2. Length of Tops. Each grade requires that, unless otherwise speci-
fied, the bunches shall have full tops and the length of the tops
shall not be more than 29 inches.

(10) The length of tops may be designated as “short", "medium", "long",
or "extra long" or a combination of these length designations may
be used. If these terms are to be used, the inspector should refer
to the definitions of these terms in the standards.

(11) Most bunched carrots have full tops so this fact need not be:stated.
However, if the tops have been clipped, this fact should be reported
with no reference to the length designations. For example: "Tops
clipped to 16 inches."

(12) In determining the length of leafstems and cut back tops, measure-
ments should be made from the point of attachment of the stems to
the roots.

(13) 3. Uniformity in Sizing When Standard Bunches Certified. Inspectors
should not certify Standard Bunches unless specifically requested
to do so by the applicant. In that event, the facts Pertaining
to Standard Bunches should be reported under the "Size" heading on
the certificate, but the actual certification should be made under
the "Grade" heading. The portion of bunches complying or failing
to comply with the requirements of Standard Bunches may be reported
under the "Size" heading.

(14) Requirements for Standard Bunches. “Each bunch of carrots includ-
ing tops, shall weigh not less than 1 pound and contain at least
4 carrots." "When the diameter of the smallest carrot in the bunch
is less than 1-1/4 inches not over 1/4 inch variation in the size


- 22 -

Car Initials and Number PAL POO CS

FORM FY-291-1 (REVERSE) nd

CARROTS. aor

Fy Ba 4
8 18 lewldsl « pl el st 8
“* Te (eels z eS isNle sete
=z |a@ lesleel & a 21s 2S) 21
! / = [o [voles fee
2 2 o FD I73 <
2 Z ain ea
3 7 oT oto t_t-
n rote ae bad 2
fe 2, 2 - - ec : oe
a : 2 2 2
L L ZL vA z - - fa <
at 2 L 2 - “ 2 : -
1 < L
mw | . “ fa <
a L Z x a £. =
bce FIP Sj la, ra} 4
4h: 7h
‘CHECK THESE TENS - !
Caron PLE Aco Ke,
Condition of cary Sp. 22,
Loading, Ty dy » des -£ Fae fL.
Stripping,
Bracing,
Labels—Marks, Aabns A= <7]
Sizes—Counts,_§'7, £ Lewge. Bhd tet teh saeAdevnda SSt PZ.
“Pack + fe, ws, 2 v
Color,
Maturity,
Grade, Us. Atos
Car marked,
Time commenced, 9,20 lym | 7- /d- Yo
Time completed, 6) 20 Pm |s-2b- 70
“TOTAL, :
PERCENT,
This is to certify that ! notified
of ae wouRT Tare
that the above lot was* -
TSIENATORES
‘*Show whether mis! i, viele of 19 Order, or State 'y ects. Car Initials and Number.

0.5 covemnmonr maenrine orricts seeteettane




2
UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF

CARROTS WITH SHORT TRIMMED TOPS?

Source: 19 FR 5203, Aug. 18, 1954, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977, and at 46 FR 63203,
Dec. 31, 1981.

Effective September 18, 1954

(b) Tolerances. In order to allow for

GRADES
Bec. ULBNo1 variations incident to proper grading
. r. fo. 1. inn
bLad80 UB Come and | handii ing (ine following tolerances
‘UNCLASSIFIED bya ror defects of roots. 10 Percent,
‘Unclassin cou carrot roots in any lot
51.2407 ea. which fail to meet the requirements of
APFLICATION OF TOLERANCES the grade, other than for size: Provided,
51.2488 Application of tolerances, That not more than one-half of this
ANDARD SIEZINt amount, or 5 percent, be allow:
a ° for defects causing serious damage, in-
51.2489 Standard sizing. cluding therein not more than 1 percent
DEFINITIONS for carrot roots affected by soft rot;
Bec. (2) For defects of leafstems. 10 per-
61.2490 Similar varietal characteristics. cent, by count, for carrots in any lot
Ha a which have leafstems which fail to meet
1.2403 Fairly Gell colored. the requirements of the grade, including
61.2494 Fairly smooth. therein not more than 5 percent for
51.2495 Well formed. leafstems affected by decay;
51.2496 Damage. (3) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by
81.2497 Diameter. count, for carrot roots in any lot which
51.2498 Serious damage. are smaller than the specified minimum

Aurnorrry: §§ 51.2485 to 61.2498 ‘ssued
under sec. 205, 60 Stat. 1000, 7 U. 8. C. 1624.

GRADES:

$ 51.2485 U.S. No. 1. “U.S. No. 1”
consists of carrots of similar varietal
characteristics the roots of which are
firm, fairly clean, fairly well colored,
fairly smooth, well formed, and which are
free from soft rot and free from damaze
caused by freezing, growth cracks, sun-
burn, pithiness, woodiness, internal dis-
coloration, oil spray, dry rot, other
disease, insects or mechanical or other
means. The carrots shall have leafstems
which are free from decay and free from
damage caused by freezing, seedstems,
yellowing or other discoloration, disease,
insects or mechanical or other means.
The leafstems shall be cut back to not
more than 4 inches in length.

(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified,
the diameter of each carrot shall be not
Jess than three-fourths inch.

1Compiiance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State
laws and regulations.

diameter, and 10 percent, by count, for
carrot roots which are larger than any
specified maximum diameter; and,

(4) For off-length leafstems. 10 per-
cent, by count, for carrots in any lot
which have leafstems longer than the
Specified maximum length.

$51.2486 U. S. Commercial. “U. S.
Commercial” consists of carrots which
meet the requirements of U. 8S. No. 1
except for the increased tolerance for
defects of the roots specified below:

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for
variations incident to proper grading and
handling the following tolerances shall
be permitted:

(1) For defects of roots. 20 percent,
by count, for carrot roots in any lot
which fail to meet the requirements of
the grade, other than for size: Provided,
That not more than one-half of this
amount, or 10 percent, shall be allowed
for defects causing serious damage, in-
cluding therein not more than 1 percent
for carrot roots affected by soft rot;

(2) For defects of leafstems. 10 per-
cent, by count, for carrots in any lot
which have leafstems which fail to meet
the requirements of the grade, including
therein not more than 5 percent for
leafstems affected by decay;


Paragraph

Numbers

Bunched Carrots..........0-- see cecececcccecctceccesess 28 = 34
Color of Tops......... 29
Discoloration of Tops - 30
Bronze or Purple Colored Tops......... 31
Bacterial Blight..... sees ccccceeccecece eaeeees - 32
Excessively Straggly or Ragged Tops......... seeeseee 33
Decay, Dead, water soaked Bruised Leaves............ - 34
Carrots with Short Trimmed Tops............eee08 seceeee 35

REPORTING QUALITY OF ROOT WHEN TOPS ARE DAMAGED ........... 36 - 38

-Il-


If the bunches with damaged tops are more than 1% but less than 102, (37)
they should be reported by the use of the term "generally," either

alone or in connection with a grade defects statement, thus: "Tops
generally fresh and green" or "Tops generally fresh and green, damage

by yellow leaves averages within tolerance ". Less than 1% damage may
be disregarded.

If the percentage of damaged tops exceeds the tolerances, the range and (38)
the average percentage of damaged bunches must be reported. If a lot

is out of grade due to damage by tops, no percentage of U. S.No. 1

quality may be reported, however, a percentage of U. S. No. 1 quality

or grade of the roots aside from the tops may be stated.

Example: Fails to grade U. S.No. 1 due to discoloration
of tops and defective roots. Roots average
85% U. S. No. 1 quality.

Fails to grade U. S. No. 1 due to damaged tops
but roots are of U. S. No. 1 quality.

These instructions do not establish a new or revised substantive rule
(U. S. Standards for Bunched Carrots and U. S. Standards for Carrots
with Short Trimmed Tops, 7 CFR §§51.2455-51.2471 and §§51.2485-51.2498)


CARROTS: LONG OR HALF LONG:

5" in length, 3/4" across at crown
with 1/2" diameter cut at tip.

Figure 4

10" in length, 1 3/4" across
at crown with 1" diameter
cut at tip.

7-1/2" in length, 1+1/4" across
at crown with 3/4" diameter cut at tip.



-9- 4
such carrots should be scored as rough. See paragraph on "Smoothness".

The extent of the injury caused by wireworm is difficult to determine. (37)
Unless the injury is only very slight and distinctly superficial it

should be considered on the basis of waste. Ordinarily the appearance

will be materially damaged before causing 5% waste, in which case it
should be scored as damage.

Sunburn. Sunburn causing a loss of more than 5% shall be considered (38)
as damage. Superficial light green color at the stem end which does

not materially affect the appearance shall be permitted. Superficial

green or purple color at the crown not penetrating sufficiently to

cause internal greening should not be counted in determing waste.

To determine waste, the top of the carrot should be cut off as in the (39)
ordinary preparation for use. Any additional cutting necessary to

remove the green discolored area should be done to determine the per-
centage of waste.

By "ordinary preparation for use" we mean a crosswise cut made just (40)
below the attachment of the leafstem. Only that portion of the carrot

in which the green predominates over the orange or yellow should be
considered as discoloration when determining waste.

Growth Cracks. Deep or unhealed growth cracks are considered as damage(41)
but healed over growth cracks which are smooth and shallow are not to
be considered as such if they do not materially affect the appearance.
Carrots with several unhealed growth cracks or with very deep and long
cracks sufficient to seriously affect the appearance would be scored

against the U. S. No. 2 grade and the 5% tolerance for serious damage
in the other grades.

Fresh Cracks. Fresi cracks are unhealed, fresh in appearance, narrow (42)
and deep and may occur as the result of jarring or bruising while the
carrots are'cool and brittle. They should be recorded separately

from growth cracks, as additional fresh cracking, sufficient to affect

the results of a later inspection, may occur.

Score as damage when: (43)
1. The crack exceeds 1/5 (20%) the length of the carrot; or

2. The crack is more than 1/8 inch wide; or,
3. The crack is more than 1/4 inch deep.


(3) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by
count, for carrot roots in any lot which
are smaller than the specified minimum
diameter and 10 percent, by count, for
carrot roots which are larger than any
specified maximum diameter; and,

(4) For off-length leafstems. 10 per-
cent, by count, for carrots in any lot
which have leafstems longer than the
specified maximum length.

‘UNCLASSIFIED

$51.2487 Unclassified. *Unclassi-
fied” consists of carrots which have not
been classified in accordance with either
of the foregoing grades. The term “un-
classified” is not a grade within the
meaning of these standards but is pro-
vided as a designation to show that no
grade has been applied to the lot.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

$51.2488 Application of tolerances.
(a) The contents of individual packages
in the lot, based on sample, inspection,
are subject to the following limitations,
provided the averages for the entire lot
are within the tolerances specified for
the grade:

(1) For packages which contain more
than 5 pounds and a tolerance of 10 per-
cent or more is provided, individual
packages in any lot shall have not more
than one and one-half times the toler-
ance specified. For packages which con-
tain more than 5 pounds and a tolerance
of less than 10 percent is provided, indi-
vidual packages in any lot shall have not
more than double the tolerance specified
except that at least one defective speci-
men shall be permitted in a package;
and,

(2) For packages which contain 5°

pounds or less, individual packages in
any lot are not restricted as to the per-
centage of defects: Provided, That not
more than one carrot which is frozen or
affected by soft rot may be permitted in
any package.

STANDARD SIZING

§ 51.2489 Standard sizing. (a) Car-
rots in packages of 2 pounds or less may
be certified as “Standard Sizing”, pro-
vided the variation in diameter of the
carrots in any individual package is not
more than three-elghths inch and the
variation in length is not more than
2% inches.

(b) Not more than 20 percent of the
packages in any lot may contain carrots
which fail to meet thé requirements for
“Standard Sizing”.

DEFINITIONS

$51.2490 Similar varietal character-
istics. “Similar varietal characteristics”
means that the carrots in any lot are of
the same general type. For example,
carrots with a short, but blunt growth,
like the Oxheart variety, shall not be
mixed with long or half-long carrots, like
the Imperator or Danvers varieties.

§ 51.2491 Firm. “Firm” means that
the carrot is not soft, flabby or shriveled.

§ 51.2492 Fairly clean. “Fairly clean”
means that the individual carrot is rea-
sonably free from dirt, stain or other
foreign matter and that the general ap-
pearance of the carrots in the lot is not
more than slightly affected.

§51.2493 Fairly well colored. “Fairly
well colored” means that the carrot has
an orange, orange red, or orange scarlet
color, but not a pale orange or distinct
yellow color.

$51.2494 Fairly smooth. “Fairly
smooth” means that the carrot is not
rough, ridged, or covered with secondary
rootlets to the extent that the appear-
ance is materially affected.

$ 51.2495 Well formed. “Well formed”
means that the carrot is not forked, or
misshapen to the extent that the appear-
ance is more-than slightly affected.

§ 51.2496 Damage. “Damage” means
any defect which materially affects the
appearance, or the edible or shipping
quality of the individual carrot root or
the general appearance of the carrot
roots in the container, or causes a loss
of more than 3 percent, by weight, in the
ordinary preparation for use, or which
materially affects the appearance or
shipping quality of the leafstems. Any
one of the following defects, or any com-
bination of defects, the seriousness of
which exceeds the maximum allowed for
any one defect, shall be considered as
damage:

(a) Growth cracks which are not
shallow or not smeoth, or which mate-
rially affect the appearance of the
carrot;

(b) Sunburn which causes a loss of
more than 3 percent, by weight, in the
ordinary preparation for use, except that
superficial light green color at the stem
end which does not materially affect
the appearance of the root shall be per-
mitted; and,

(c) Yellowing or other discoloration
or injury to the leafstems when the

appearance of the leafstems is materially
affected.


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
TOPPED CARROTS’

Source: 30 FR 14519, Nov. 20, 1965, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203,

Dec. 31, 1981.

Effective December 20, 1965

GRADES
Sec.
51.2360
51.2361
51.2362
51.2363

US. Extra No. 1.
U.S. No. 1.

U.S. No. 1 Jumbo,
US, No. 2.

‘UNCLASSIFIED
Unclassified.
‘TOLERANCES
Tolerances.
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
51.2366 Application of tolerances.
SAMPLE FOR GRADE DETERMINATION
61.2367 Sample for grade determination.
STANDARD SIZING
Standard sizing.
DEFINITIONS

Similar varietal characteristics.
‘Well trimmed.

Firm.

Clean.

Fairly well colored.

Fairly smooth.

Well formed.

Secondary new top growth.
Damage.

Diameter.

Length.

Fairly clean.

Fairly well formed.
Excessively rough:

51.2383 Seriously misshapen.
51.2384 Serious damage.

AurHorirr: The provisions of this subpart
jesued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as
amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622,
1624.

61.2364

51.2365

51.2368

51.2369
51.2370
51.2371
51.2372
51.2373
51.2374
51.2375
51.2376
51.2377
51.2378
51.2379
51.2380
51.2381
51.2382

GRADES
§ 51.2360 U.S. Extra No. 1.

“y.S. Extra No. 1” consists of carrots
o. similar varietal characteristics which
az? well trimmed, firm, clean, fairly well
colored, fairly smooth, well formed;

‘Compliance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable Btate
laws end reguiations.

which are free from secondary new top
growth and soft rot, and free from dam-
age caused by. freezing, growth cracks,
sunburn, pithiness, woodiness, internal
discoloration, oil spray, dry rot, other

disease, insects or other means. (See
§ 51.2365.)
(a) Size. The diameter of each carrot

is not less than % inch or more than
14% inches, and the length is not less than
5 inches. (See § 51.2365.)

§ 51.2361 U.S.No.1.

“y.s. No. 1” consists of carrots of
similar varietal characteristics which are
well trimmed, firm, fairly clean, fairly
well colored, fairly smooth, fairly well
formed; which are free from soft rot, and
free from damage caused by freezing,
growth cracks, sunburn, pithiness,
woodiness, internal discoloration, oil
spray, dry rot, other disease, insects or
other means. (See § 51.2365.)

(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified,
the diameter of each carrot is not less
than % inch or more than 1% inches,
and the length is not less than 5 inches.
«(Gee § 51.2365.)

§ 51.2362 U.S. No. E Jumbo.

“y.S. No. 1 Jumbo” consists of carrots
which meet all requirements of the U.S.

No. 1- grade except for size. (See
§ 51.2365.)
(a) Size. The diameter of each

carrot is not less than ‘1 inch or more
than 2% inches, and the length is not
less than 5 inches. (See § 51.2365.)

§ 51.2363 U.S. No. 2.

“y.S. No. 2” consists of carrots of
similar varietal characteristics which are
well trimmed, firm, not excessively
rough, not seriously misshapen; which
are free from soft rot, and free from
serious damage caused by dirt, freezing,
growth cracks, sunburn, p ithiness,
woodiness, internal discoloration, oll
sptay, dry rot, other disease, insects or
other means. (See § 51.2365.)


(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

- 12-

i it will be necessary to make separate grade statements
Feat re ai ferent lots. In all such cases great care should be
exercised to indicate grade on each lot to avoid grade statements that
are indefinite or that tend to contradict what has been reported under
the previous headings in the.certificate. Remember that the grade
statement is an interpretation of the facts previously given. When a
lot is certified to be below the requirements of some certain grade,
it should be stated in just what respect the product fails to meet the
requirements of the grade specified.

The standards for topped carrots contain four grades: U. S. Extra
No. 1, U. S. No. 1, U. S. No. 1 Jumbo, and U. S..No. 2. Lots of
carrots that fail to-~grade U. S. No. 1 may be reported on the basis
of a percentage of U. S. No. 1 quality unless the percentage of

U. S. No. 1 quality is less than 50% or unless the lot is out of grade
on account of damage to the general appearance of the lot. It is

our policy not to certify percentage of U. S. Extra No. 1 quality if
the lot fails to meet U. S. No. 1 grade.

Method of Reporting Percentage of U. S. No. 1 Quality. If the per-
centage of U. S.No. T quality is to be reported, the total percentage
of defects (including decay), undersize and oversize (if any) should
be subtracted from 100% to determine the percentage of U. S. No. 1
quality. In reporting percentages of this nature, always use multiples
of 5 except when the figures show 85% or more, in which case exact
percentages should be reported.

Size in Connection with the Grade. When no minimum size is specified
in connection with the grade, it is assumed that the minimum size is
that stated in the grade. However, the applicant may specify a
different minimum size. If undersize carrots exceed the tolerances,
either a lower minimum size may be specified in connection with the
grade or the lot may be reported as failing to grade account the exces-
sive undersize stated under the Size heading. Usually the applicant
should be consulted on this, as the size description used should be
applicable to his basis of sale. Remember, when sizes other than

those specified in the grade are reported, they must be stated in

connection with the grade statement, thus: "U. S. No. 1, 7/8 inch
minimum".

NOTESHEETS

Entries on the notesheet should be kept in a neat, systematic manner
as the inspection progresses. Record each sample immediately after it