1

Filed 4/10/15 In re S.A. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re S.A., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

B.A.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E061583

(Super.Ct.No. J253275)

 OPINION

In re S.A., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

K.D.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E061906

In re S.A., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

B.A. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

E062123
2

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lily L. Sinfield and 

Lynn M. Poncin, Judges. Affirmed.

Grace Clark, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant B.A.

Liana Serobian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant R.C.

Leslie A. Barry, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant K.D.

Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, Dawn M. Messer, Deputy County Counsel, for 

Plaintiff and Respondent.

INTRODUCTION

In these appeals,

1

the biological parents of S.A. and his paternal grandmother 

challenge various orders of the juvenile court. In case Nos. E061583 and E061906, 

father contends the juvenile court abused its discretion by denying father’s petition under 

Welfare and Institutions Code2section 388, without conducting an evidentiary hearing on 

father’s request that S.A. be placed in his custody, and both father and paternal 

 

1

 By order dated November 3, 2014, we consolidated the appeals in case Nos. 

E061583 and E061906. On March 10, 2015, we consolidated the appeal in E062123 with 

the other two cases. The appeals were consolidated for purposes of briefing, oral 

argument and decision only. Case No. E061583 is designated the master file.

2

 Unless otherwise indicated, all undesignated statutory references are to the 

Welfare and Institutions Code.
3

grandmother contend the county social worker did not assess paternal grandmother for 

placement and the juvenile court erred by not applying the relative placement preference 

found in section 361.3. Finally, in case No. E062123, mother (joined by father)

challenges the order terminating her parental rights to S.A. on the ground she was not 

transported from state prison for the Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 

hearing, in violation of her rights under Penal Code section 2625. 

We conclude the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by denying father’s 

modification petition. Although father made a prima facie showing of changed 

circumstances, he did not show that placing S.A. in father’s or paternal grandmother’s 

custody would be in S.A.’s best interest. With respect to paternal grandmother, we 

conclude paternal grandmother was properly assessed and the juvenile court was not 

required to apply the relative placement preference. Also, even if the juvenile court 

erred, the error was harmless because father and paternal grandmother did not show that 

the placement of S.A. with grandmother was in S.A.’s best interest. Finally, although 

mother had a statutory right to be present at the section 366.26 hearing, termination of 

mother’s parental rights in her absence was harmless because mother’s testimony at the 

hearing would not have changed the result.
4

I.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Detention

While in pretrial detention in county jail, mother was transported to a local 

hospital and gave birth to S.A. Two days later, San Bernardino County Children and 

Family Services (CFS) received a referral from the hospital alleging mother’s incapacity 

to care for S.A. because mother had been returned to county jail and signed an 

authorization to release the child to CFS. It was also reported that father’s whereabouts 

were unknown. The reporting party told a social worker with CFS that mother agreed to 

release S.A. to CFS or to S.A.’s paternal grandmother, but the form she signed only 

authorized his release to CFS. The reporting party also said that, when first contacted, 

paternal grandmother indicated she did not want to take S.A. but, later,

3 changed her 

mind and called to say she did want to take the child. Father had also called the hospital 

requesting that S.A. be released to him, but his request was denied because mother had 

only authorized release to CFS

When interviewed over the telephone, paternal grandmother admitted she initially 

told someone at the hospital that she did not want S.A., but then changed her mind after

she learned S.A. was named a “Jr.” Paternal grandmother denied having a criminal 

record, but reported that her children were taken from her and later returned to her after 

 

3

 The reporting party indicated that paternal grandmother called back “a few 

hours later,” but paternal grandmother told the social worker that she called back “about 

an hour and a half later.”
5

she went to “rehab.” The social worker tried unsuccessfully to contact father using the 

telephone number given to her by the reporting party. Paternal grandmother told the 

social worker she had no way of contacting father other than going to the home of 

father’s other child or looking for him on the streets, that father calls her using different 

telephone numbers each time, and that he was somewhere in Barstow. After conducting 

a risk assessment meeting, CFS concluded S.A. had no appropriate caregiver, and the 

child was placed in the custody of a foster family.

CFS filed a petition alleging S.A. was a dependent child under section 300, 

subdivisions (b), (g), and (j). CFS recommended that S.A. be removed from mother’s 

custody and placed in a foster home. Mother did not appear at the detention hearing, so 

the juvenile court continued the hearing and ordered that mother be transported from 

county jail. Mother appeared at the continued detention hearing, entered a denial of the 

allegations, and submitted on the issue of detention. The juvenile court adopted CFS’s 

recommendations, ordered that S.A. be detained in the custody of CFS, and ordered that 

mother by transported for the jurisdictional and dispositional hearing.

Jurisdictional and Dispositional Hearing

In a report prepared for the jurisdictional hearing, CFS reported that father’s 

whereabouts were still unknown. CFS also reported that while paternal grandmother was 

in the process of being assessed for relative placement, she called CFS “stating she no 

longer wanted placement and she would be unable to care for [S.A.]” CFS recommended 

that S.A.’s placement with the foster family be continued, that the juvenile court declare 

S.A. to be a dependent, and that the juvenile court set a hearing pursuant to section 
6

366.26 to determine a permanent plan for S.A. with the goal of adoption. Mother did not 

appear for the jurisdictional hearing because she had been transferred from local custody 

to state prison, so the juvenile court continued the hearing. Mother did not appear at the 

continued jurisdictional hearing, and the juvenile court once again ordered that she be 

transported. The juvenile court also granted a request from counsel for CFS that the 

minutes of mother’s criminal case and prison sentence be attached to its dispositional 

report.

Mother appeared for the continued jurisdictional hearing. Her attorney objected to 

the allegations in the petition, but offered no affirmative evidence. Counsel also asked 

the court to consider relative placement with mother’s cousin. The juvenile court 

declared S.A. to be a dependent of the court, ordered him removed from mother and to 

remain in the care of his foster family, ordered that mother receive no family 

reunification services, set a hearing pursuant to section 366.26 to determine a permanent 

plan, and directed CFS to conduct an adoption assessment. The juvenile court stated on 

the record that mother would be transported for the hearing.

Father’s Section 388 Petition

Father made an appearance in this dependency case after the jurisdictional hearing 

and filed a modification petition under section 388. Father did not indicate which order 

of the juvenile court he wanted modified, but informed the juvenile court that he was 

almost certain S.A. was his biological son and that he wanted S.A. to be placed in his 

custody. The juvenile court set the petition for a nonevidentiary hearing and authorized 

CFS to conduct paternity testing. In a report prepared for the hearing on father’s petition, 
7

CFS reported that, if a paternity test established that S.A. was father’s son, father 

requested the child be placed with paternal grandmother. Father did not request family 

reunification services, and CFS recommended that, until paternity testing was completed, 

father remain the alleged father. At the hearing on father’s petition, father’s attorney 

denied the allegations in the section 300 petition, submitted on the detention order, and 

requested that paternal grandmother be assessed for placement if the paternity test 

established S.A. was father’s biological son. The court continued the hearing until the 

result of the paternity test was received. The test result subsequently came back positive.

At the continued hearing, father’s attorney explained to the juvenile court that 

father’s petition did not ask that S.A. be placed in father’s custody, but instead was “a 

plea” to have the child placed with paternal grandmother. Counsel acknowledged that 

paternal grandmother initially declined to take S.A. because she was caring for a sick 

relative, but informed the court that paternal grandmother was now willing and able to 

care for S.A. Although S.A. had been living in his foster home since his detention and 

had never lived with father’s family, counsel argued that placing S.A. with paternal 

grandmother would be in his best interest.

The court noted that counsel’s strongest point in support of the petition was that 

father was shown to be the biological father, but stated it was inclined to deny an 

evidentiary hearing on the issue of placing S.A. with paternal grandmother because 

counsel had not addressed whether such placement would be in S.A’s best interest.

Counsel responded that placement with paternal grandmother would provide S.A. with 

the “real benefit” of being raised by his biological family. When the juvenile court 
8

indicated that father had not requested placement with paternal grandmother in his 

written petition, counsel told the court father was willing and able to have S.A. placed 

with him. After hearing from counsel for CFS and from counsel appointed for S.A., the 

juvenile court found that, although father had made a prima facie showing of changed 

circumstances based on the result of the paternity test, he had not made a prima facie 

showing that a new placement for S.A. would be in the child’s best interest. Therefore, 

the juvenile court denied the petition. Father timely appealed.

4

Paternal Grandmother’s Section 388 Petition

Paternal grandmother filed her own section 388 petition seeking an order placing 

S.A. in her custody, and the juvenile court set a nonevidentiary hearing. At the hearing 

on her petition, paternal grandmother informed the juvenile court that she loved S.A. and 

believed S.A. should be placed with her. Father’s counsel argued in favor of the petition, 

informing the juvenile court paternal grandmother had been assessed for placement and 

was found suitable. Counsel argued that, although S.A. may have bonded with his 

caregivers, he would benefit from being placed with blood family.

Counsel for S.A. asked the juvenile court to deny the petition because S.A. had 

been with his caregivers since his removal from mother and had bonded with his 

caregivers, and because paternal grandmother had initially declined to take S.A. 

Moreover, counsel for S.A. argued that, because paternal grandmother’s petition was 

 

4

 Paternal grandmother and S.A.’s paternal aunt also filed notices of appeal. By 

order dated August 11, 2014, we dismissed both appeals. Paternal aunt made no further 

appearances in these appeals.
9

filed after the jurisdictional order, the relative placement preference no longer applied. 

Counsel for CFS also opposed the petition, arguing that paternal grandmother had been

assessed for placement but declined to take the child, and placement of S.A. with paternal 

grandmother would not be in the child’s best interest. The juvenile court found that 

paternal grandmother did not make a prima facie showing of changed circumstances for 

relief under section 388 and denied the petition. Paternal grandmother timely filed a 

notice of appeal.

Termination of Parental Rights

In a report prepared for the selection and implementation hearing, CFS 

recommended the juvenile court terminate mother’s and father’s parental rights and select 

adoption as the permanent plan for S.A. CFS reported that S.A., who had lived in the 

home of his prospective adoptive family since his detention, had developed a significant 

emotional bond with the family, and that he was suitable for adoption.

Mother did not appear for the selection and implementation hearing, so the 

juvenile court continued the hearing. Although the juvenile court signed two orders 

directing that mother be transported for the continued hearing, she was not transported 

and did not appear at the continued hearing. Counsel for father, appearing specially for 

mother’s appointed attorney, entered into the record mother’s objections to the 

termination of her parental rights and to adoption as a permanent plan.
10

Father’s counsel presented no affirmative evidence on behalf of father, but 

objected to the termination of father’s parental rights. Counsel argued that father had 

been hamstrung in the case from the beginning because mother had not informed him of 

her pregnancy or of S.A.’s birth, and he had not learned about S.A.’s birth until after the 

jurisdictional hearing, which resulted in his being offered no family reunification services 

and, consequently, his inability to establish a bond with S.A. Counsel argued that 

termination of parental rights would not be in S.A.’s best interest because the child would 

lose the real benefit of being raised by his biological family.

Counsel for S.A. argued that the child was highly adoptable, and that because 

father received no family reunification services and did not form a bond with the child, 

the court should adopt the recommendation of CFS, terminate parental rights, and find 

the child to be adoptable.

Counsel for CFS argued the sole issues before the juvenile court were whether 

S.A. was adoptable and whether an exception to termination of parental rights applied. 

Because there was no evidence of a bond between father and S.A., counsel for CFS 

argued father could not show that termination of his parental rights would be detrimental 

to the child.

After hearing arguments from counsel, the juvenile court found that S.A. 

was likely to be adopted, and the beneficial interest exception to section 366.26, 

subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), did not apply because father had established no bond with S.A. 

The court then terminated mother’s and father’s parental rights. Mother and father timely 

appealed the termination order.
11

II.

DISCUSSION

A. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Denying Father’s 

Section 388 Petition Without Conducting an Evidentiary Hearing (Case Nos. E061583 & 

E061906)

Father contends the juvenile court abused its discretion by denying his section 388 

petition without conducting an evidentiary hearing. Because we conclude father did not 

make a prima facie showing that modification of S.A.’s placement would be in the child’s 

best interest, we find no abuse of discretion and affirm the order.

“A juvenile court order may be changed, modified or set aside under section 388 if 

the petitioner establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) new evidence or 

changed circumstances exist and (2) the proposed change would promote the best 

interests of the child. [Citation.] The parent bears the burden to show both a legitimate 

change of circumstances and that undoing the prior order would be in the best interest of 

the child. [Citation.] Generally, the petitioner must show by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the child’s welfare requires the modification sought. [Citation.]” (In re 

A.A. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 597, 611-612 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)

“The juvenile court shall order a hearing [on a section 388 petition] where ‘it 

appears that the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted . . .’ by the new order. 

(§ 388, subd. (d).) Thus, the parent must sufficiently allege both a change in 

circumstances or new evidence and the promotion of the child’s best interests. [Citation.] 

[¶] A prima facie case is made if the allegations demonstrate that these two elements are 
12

supported by probable cause. [Citations.] It is not made, however, if the allegations 

would fail to sustain a favorable decision even if they were found to be true at a hearing. 

[Citations.] While the petition must be liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency 

[citations], the allegations must nonetheless describe specifically how the petition will 

advance the child’s best interests. [Citations.]” (In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 

1147, 1157.)

“This court reviews a juvenile court’s decision to deny a section 388 petition 

without a hearing for abuse of discretion. [Citation.]” (In re G.B., supra, 227 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1158.) “. . . ‘“The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the 

trial court exceeded the bounds of reason. When two or more inferences can reasonably 

be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision 

for that of the trial court.”’ [Citations.]” (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-

319.)

Technically speaking, father’s petition did not allege any changed circumstances

whatsoever. Rather, father alleged he was “99.9” percent sure S.A. was his son, and he 

wanted to raise, protect, and provide proper guidance to S.A. Father alleged placing S.A. 

in his custody would be in the child’s best interest because “he [is] my son and I want to 

love him and raise him.” On those bare allegations, the juvenile court could have 

summarily denied the petition without holding any hearing. Instead, the juvenile court 

set the petition for a nonevidentiary hearing.
13

Although the petition only requested S.A. be placed with father, at the initial 

hearing on the petition, father’s counsel asked that paternal grandmother be assessed for 

placement in the event the paternity test established biological parentage. The juvenile 

court continued the hearing so it could consider the result of the paternity test. At the 

continued hearing, father’s counsel again informed the juvenile court father was actually 

requesting that S.A. be placed with paternal grandmother. After hearing arguments from 

counsel, the juvenile court indicated it was not inclined to conduct a full evidentiary 

hearing on the petition. Although the result of the paternity test was father’s “strongest 

point” in support of the petition, the juvenile court noted it had not yet heard any 

indication that placing S.A. with paternal grandmother would be in the child’s best

interest.

Father’s counsel responded, “the benefit is obviously being with your own 

biological family,” a benefit that counsel recognized was “intangible” and unquantifiable. 

When the juvenile court asked counsel why father was asking for placement with paternal 

grandmother when the petition itself only requested placement with father, counsel 

informed the court that father was willing and able to take the child. The juvenile court 

found that the positive result of the paternity test was a changed circumstance, but 

concluded father did not meet his burden of showing that modifying S.A.’s placement 

would be in the child’s best interest. The court noted that CFS exercised due diligence in 

trying to locate father from the beginning, but father did not appear until late in the case 

and therefore had not been assessed for placement. The court stated, “I don’t know the 
14

status of whether or not [father] is adequate as a parent or not,” and, therefore, denied the 

petition.

In his brief, father contends he made a prima facie showing in his petition that a 

modification of S.A.’s placement would be in the child’s best interest, and that denial of 

an evidentiary hearing violated his due process rights. He contends denial of an

evidentiary hearing was “egregious” because he did not learn of the proceedings until late 

in the process, and a full hearing on his petition would be his only opportunity to present 

the juvenile court with evidence of his fitness as a parent. We disagree.

As noted, father’s petition alleged he wanted to raise, care for, and provide proper 

guidance to S.A. In the petition, father did not allege how removing S.A. from his foster 

family and placing him in father’s care would be in the child’s best interest. Nor did 

father’s counsel articulate how the proposed change would be in S.A.’s best interest. At 

most, counsel argued S.A. would gain a “real” yet “intangible” benefit from being raised 

by his biological family. Such vague allegations of a benefit to the child did not meet 

father’s burden of making a prima facie showing that removing S.A. from his prospective 

adoptive parents, with whom he had already bonded and was well cared for, and placing 

him with father, who had never been assessed for placement, would be in S.A.’s best 

interest.

With respect to father’s allegations he was entirely blameless for his absence from 

the early stages of the proceedings, the record indicates otherwise. Father called the 

hospital when S.A. was born and asked that the child be placed in his custody, but the 

hospital could not release the child to him because mother had only authorized release to 
15

CFS. As the juvenile court noted, the record indicates CFS exercised due diligence to 

locate father and serve him with the section 300 petition, but father could not be located. 

When father surfaced, the juvenile court had already entered its jurisdictional order, and 

S.A. had already been in his prospective adoptive home for several months.

On the record before this court, we find no abuse of discretion.

B. Paternal Grandmother Was Properly Assessed for Relative Placement, and 

the Juvenile Court Properly Declined to Place S.A. with Paternal Grandmother (Case 

Nos. E061583 & E061906)

Father and paternal grandmother argue CFS never properly assessed paternal 

grandmother for placement, and the juvenile court erred by not applying the relative 

placement preference and denying their requests to place S.A. with paternal grandmother. 

We disagree.

Section 361.3 mandates that, when a child is taken from the physical custody of 

his or her parents, “preferential consideration shall be given to a request by a relative of 

the child for placement of the child with the relative . . . .” (§ 361.3, subd. (a).) The 

county social worker and the juvenile court must consider, inter alia, whether placement 

of the child with the relative is in the child’s best interest. (§ 361.3, subd. (a)(1).)

“Once a child is placed in the home of a nonrelative at the dispositional hearing, 

the relative placement preference does not arise again until ‘a new placement of the child 

must be made.’” (In re N.V. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 25, 31, quoting § 361.3, subd. (d); 

see In re Lauren R. (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 841, 854; but see In re Joseph T. (2008) 163 

Cal.App.4th 787, 793-798 [rejecting the argument that, after the dispositional hearing, the 
16

relative placement preference only applies when a new placement is necessary]; In re 

R.T. (2015) 232 Cal.App.4th 1284, 1300 [noting the split in authority].) Failure to apply 

the relative placement preference is only reversible if the error was prejudicial, meaning 

it resulted in a miscarriage of justice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; In re N.V., at p. 31; In re 

Joseph T., at p. 798.)

Upon receiving the initial referral, CFS properly considered whether S.A. could be 

placed with a relative. The reporting party informed one of the social workers that 

mother agreed to release S.A. to CFS or to paternal grandmother, although the release 

signed by mother only authorized release to CFS. Both social workers visited the home 

of S.A.’s maternal grandmother, and learned that she was already caring for three other 

children and had been confined to a wheelchair after suffering a stroke. When the social 

worker first spoke to paternal grandmother, she declined to take the child. It was only 

later, when she learned S.A. was named a “Jr.,” that paternal grandmother called back to 

say she did want the child. Paternal grandmother told the social worker that she was 

employed as a janitor for the federal court, and that she was willing and able to care for 

S.A. Paternal grandmother denied having a criminal history. She told the social worker 

that her own children had been taken from her, but later returned after she went to 

rehabilitation. CFS held a risk assessment meeting to determine where to place S.A. and 

concluded he had no appropriate caregiver. Therefore, S.A. was placed in a foster home.
17

Contrary to the suggestion in father’s and paternal grandmother’s briefs, CFS did 

continue to assess relative placement after the initial detention. In the report prepared for 

the jurisdictional hearing, the social worker informed the juvenile court that paternal 

grandmother was in the process of being assessed for relative placement when she called 

to say “she no longer wanted placement and she would be unable to care for [S.A.]” At 

the jurisdictional hearing, counsel for mother argued for placement of S.A. with her 

cousin, and the juvenile court authorized such a placement if the cousin was found 

suitable. After the hearing, CFS conducted an assessment and concluded the cousin was 

not suitable. Finally, during the hearing on paternal grandmother’s section 388 petition,

counsel for father argued S.A. should be placed with paternal grandmother because “[t]he 

grandmother was assessed and found suitable.” In other words, despite changing her 

mind again and telling CFS she could not take S.A., CFS completed its assessment of 

paternal grandmother.

Nor did the juvenile court err by not considering placing S.A. with paternal 

grandmother. As indicated, throughout the proceedings, grandmother gave CFS 

conflicting signals about whether she wanted to or was able to care for S.A., so placing 

S.A. with paternal grandmother at the dispositional hearing would not have been in the 

child’s best interest. Paternal grandmother filed her section 388 petition after the juvenile 

court entered its jurisdictional order, and at no time during the remainder of the 

proceedings did the need arise to change S.A.’s placement. To the contrary, all the 

reports filed with the juvenile court indicated S.A. was thriving in his foster home and

bonding well with his prospective adoptive family. Therefore, after S.A.’s initial removal 
18

from mother and the jurisdictional hearing, the relative placement preference never arose 

again. (In re N.V., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 31; In re Lauren R., supra, 148 

Cal.App.4th at p. 854.)

Even if we were to conclude that the relative placement preference applied 

throughout the proceedings (see In re Joseph T., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at pp. 793-798),

and that the juvenile court erred by not considering placement with paternal grandmother 

during the hearings on father’s and paternal grandmother’s section 388 petitions and at 

the section 366.26 hearing, we would find no prejudice. “The overriding concern of 

dependency proceedings . . . is not the interest of extended family members but the 

interest of the child. ‘[R]egardless of the relative placement preference, the fundamental 

duty of the court is to assure the best interests of the child, whose bond with a foster 

parent may require that placement with a relative be rejected.’ [Citation.] Section 361.3 

does not create an evidentiary presumption that relative placement is in a child’s best 

interests. [Citation.] The passage of time is a significant factor in a child’s life; the 

longer a successful placement continues, the more important the child’s need for 

continuity and stability becomes in the evaluation of her [or his] best interests. 

[Citation.]” (In re Lauren R., supra, 148 Cal.App.4th at p. 855.)

To repeat, paternal grandmother did not consistently request that S.A. be placed 

with her. Paternal grandmother initially declined to take the child; she changed her mind 

when she learned he was named a “Jr.” and wanted to take the child; she later told the 

social worker she no longer wanted to take the child because she could not care for him; 

and finally, she changed her mind once again and requested that S.A. be placed with her. 
19

Although paternal grandmother had no criminal history, she did admit to having her own

children taken from her in juvenile court proceedings, apparently because of neglect and 

drug use, and returned to her after completing a rehabilitation program. This mixed 

record does not instill confidence that placement of S.A. with paternal grandmother 

would be in his best interest. Contrarily, the record amply demonstrates that leaving S.A. 

in the care of his prospective adoptive family, with whom he had bonded and in whose 

care he was thriving, was very much in his best interest. Therefore, even if the juvenile 

court erred by not considering the relative placement preference during the hearing on 

father’s and paternal grandmother’s section 388 petitions and during the section 366.26 

hearing, the error was harmless.

C. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights in Absentia Was Harmless Error

(Case No. E062123)

Finally, mother contends the juvenile court erred by terminating her parental rights 

in her absence.5 Although we conclude mother did not waive her right to be present for 

the section 366.26 hearing, and the juvenile court should not have terminated mother’s 

parental rights in her absence, mother could not have introduced any evidence at the 

hearing to establish that S.A. was not adoptable or to establish the parent-child benefit 

exception to termination of parental rights. Therefore, we conclude the error was 

harmless.

 

5

 Father filed a brief in mother’s appeal, but only to protect and preserve the 

arguments he made in his own appeal.
20

When a proceeding is brought under the Family Code or under Welfare and 

Institutions Code section 366.26 to terminate the parental rights of a prisoner, or brought 

under Welfare and Institutions Code section 300 to determine whether a child of a 

prisoner is a dependent of the court, the court “shall order notice of any court proceeding 

regarding the proceeding transmitted to the prisoner.” (Pen. Code, § 2625, subd. (b).) If 

the juvenile court receives a statement from the prisoner or the prisoner’s attorney that 

the prisoner desires to be present for the hearing to declare the child a dependent or to 

terminate the prisoner’s parental rights, the court must order that the prisoner be 

transported for the hearing. (Pen. Code, § 2625, subd. (d).) The court may not conduct 

the hearing in the prisoner’s or the prisoner’s attorney’s absence unless the court receives 

a written waiver signed by the prisoner or by another authorized person. (Ibid.) We 

review failure to comply with Penal Code section 2625 for harmless error and reverse 

only if the error resulted in a miscarriage of justice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; In re 

Jesusa V. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 588, 624-625; In re Marcos G. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 369, 

385-386.)

There is no dispute that mother never waived her right to be physically present 

during the section 366.26 hearing. Nor is there any doubt that, notwithstanding the 

juvenile court’s written orders that mother be transported from prison to be present 

during the section 366.26 hearing, she was not transported and did not appear. Moreover, 

mother’s counsel was not present for the hearing either. Instead, father’s attorney, 

appearing specially for mother’s attorney, entered mother’s objections to termination of 

her parental rights. Finally, there is no doubt that the juvenile court conducted the section 
21

366.26 hearing in mother’s absence and terminated her parental rights. Therefore, we 

must conclude the juvenile court erred by not complying with Penal Code section 2625, 

subdivision (d).

Although we conclude the juvenile court erred by terminating mother’s parental 

rights in her absence, we conclude the error was harmless. As CFS contends in its brief, 

the issues before the juvenile court at the section 366.26 hearing were extremely limited. 

“Section 366.26 provides that if parents have failed to reunify with an adoptable child, 

the juvenile court must terminate their parental rights and select adoption as the 

permanent plan for the child. The juvenile court may choose a different permanent plan 

only if it ‘finds a compelling reason for determining that termination [of parental rights] 

would be detrimental to the child [because]: [¶] (i) The parents have maintained regular 

visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from continuing the 

relationship.’ (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).)” (In re Marcelo B. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 

635, 642.)

Mother does not argue that, had she been present for the hearing, she could have 

presented evidence that S.A. was not likely to be adopted. The record amply supports the 

juvenile court’s finding that S.A. was adoptable. (See In re J.I. (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 

903, 913 [assuming error under Pen. Code, § 2625, mother suffered no prejudice from 

being absent from the Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26 hearing because she could not have 

introduced evidence that the child was not adoptable].) Nor could mother have presented 

any evidence at the hearing to establish the parent-child benefit exception to termination 

of parental rights under Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26, 
22

subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), existed. Mother received no reunification services because of a 

prior adjudication of abuse or neglect of a sibling and because, in light of her 

incarceration, services would not be in the best interest of the child. (Welf. & Inst. Code, 

§ 361.5, subds. (b), (e).) Mother did not visit with S.A. either. In other words, mother 

could not have demonstrated that terminating her parental rights would have been

detrimental to S.A. for the simple fact that she had not formed a bond with the child. 

Therefore, we “can say with confidence that ‘[n]o other result was possible’ even if 

[mother] had been present. [Citation.]” (In re Jesusa V., supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 626.)6

 

6

 In her brief, mother argues the “substitution” of her attorney for father’s 

attorney at the section 366.26 hearing was erroneous because her interests conflicted with 

father’s interest. Father’s counsel appeared specially for mother’s attorney solely to enter 

mother’s denials and was never substituted for mother’s counsel, formally or otherwise. 

Nor did mother’s and father’s interests at the hearing necessarily conflict. Although 

father’s counsel argued father had not learned earlier about mother’s pregnancy or S.A.’s 

birth because mother kept it from him, those statements were made in the context of 

arguing for placement of S.A. with paternal grandmother. Father’s counsel never argued 

in favor of terminating mother’s parental rights. In any event, like mother, father 

received no reunification services and never visited S.A., so he too could not have 

established that he had a strong bond with the child or that termination of his parental 

rights would be detrimental to the child.

Mother also argues the substitution of father’s counsel for her attorney was 

inadequate because father’s counsel failed to object under Penal Code section 2625, 

subdivision (d), to the juvenile court proceeding in her absence. To the extent mother 

raises a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we must reject it. As we conclude in 

the text, the result would have been the same even if mother had been present for the 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26 hearing. Therefore, counsel’s failure to 

object was harmless. (In re Jackson W. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 247, 261 [“we may 

reject a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel if the parent does not show the result 

would have been more favorable but for trial counsel’s failings”].)
23

III.

DISPOSITION

The orders of the juvenile court are affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

KING

J.