[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-12458

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-20676-MGC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

TERRENCE RASHOD CLARK, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(April 6, 2015)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, JORDAN, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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A jury found Terrence Rashod Clark guilty of being a felon in possession of 

a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e). Clark appeals his 

conviction, contending that the district court erroneously denied his motion to 

suppress the evidence of his crime, namely, a gun seized from his car during a 

traffic stop that led to his arrest. He argues that the district court erred for two 

reasons: (1) because the arresting detectives’ testimony at his suppression hearing 

was not credible, and (2) because the warrantless search of his car was not a valid 

search incident to arrest under the Supreme Court’s decision in Arizona v. Gant, 

556 U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009).

I.

One evening in August 2013, Clark turned right on a red light without first 

coming to a complete stop, catching the attention of two detectives sitting in an 

unmarked police vehicle in the lane next to him.1

 When the light turned green, the 

detectives drove up behind Clark’s car and activated their car’s lights and sirens. 

Clark did not pull over at first but stopped at a gas station about eight or nine 

blocks away. After Clark pulled over, both detectives exited their car; the first

(Detective Michael Mendez) approached the driver’s side of Clark’s car while the 

second (Detective Franco Cugge) approached the passenger’s side. As they 

 

1 We construe the facts of this case in the light most favorable to the government, the 

prevailing party on Clark’s motion to suppress. See United States v. Steed, 548 F.3d 961, 966 

(11th Cir. 2008).

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approached, both detectives smelled the scent of marijuana wafting from Clark’s 

car. Mendez also observed Clark leaning towards the passenger side of the car 

with his right arm extended. Based on the “strong odor of marijuana” and Clark’s 

movements, Mendez decided to open the driver’s side door. When he did, he saw 

a marijuana cigarette located in the “little cubby or hole” in the “armrest on the 

driver’s side [of the] car.” Mendez then decided to arrest Clark. In the course of 

handcuffing him, the detective “noticed a butt of a gun under [Clark’s] seat.”

After the detectives had secured Clark on the curb, Mendez returned to 

Clark’s car and recovered the gun — which turned out to be loaded — and the 

marijuana cigarette. The detectives then requested backup, including an officer 

who could fingerprint Clark. The fingerprint check revealed that Clark was a 

convicted felon with a long criminal record. The detectives also called a special 

agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who initiated a federal 

investigation of Clark’s possession of the firearm. A later inventory search of 

Clark’s car revealed a bag of marijuana and a digital scale. 

Two weeks later, a federal grand jury charged Clark with being a felon in 

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(e). Clark

pleaded not guilty and filed a pro se motion to dismiss the indictment. He also 

filed a counseled motion to suppress evidence of the gun. After holding a hearing, 

the district court denied both motions. At trial, Clark was convicted. The district 

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court sentenced him to the mandatory minimum sentence of 180 months. This is 

Clark’s appeal. 

II.

A district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress presents mixed 

questions of law and fact. We review the district court’s factual findings for clear 

error and its application of the law to those facts de novo. See United States v.

Farley, 607 F.3d 1294, 1325–26 (11th Cir. 2010). In doing so, we construe the 

facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, which in this case is the 

government. See United States v. Steed, 548 F.3d 961, 966 (11th Cir. 2008). We 

also defer to the district court’s credibility determinations, unless the testimony 

was “contrary to the laws of nature, or [was] so inconsistent or improbable on its 

face that no reasonable factfinder could accept it.” United States v. RamirezChilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002).

A.

Clark argues that the district court erroneously denied his motion to suppress 

because the testimony of the government’s witnesses — the two arresting 

detectives — was not credible. He asserts that the detectives could not actually 

smell the scent of marijuana from two or three feet away. He also asserts that their 

testimony was inconsistent with that of the ATF agent, who testified for the 

defense at the suppression hearing. 

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Clark’s argument fails. The court did not clearly err in crediting the 

detectives’ testimony that they could smell the scent of marijuana coming from 

Clark’s car, especially given that both detectives had made numerous narcotics 

arrests involving marijuana over the course of their careers. (Nine years for 

Mendez and ten for Cugge.) Nor did the court clearly err in crediting the 

detectives’ testimony despite some inconsistencies between their statements and 

those of the ATF agent. Indeed, on cross-examination, the ATF agent reasonably 

explained that, although there were slight differences between her statements and 

those of Mendez,

2 those differences were due to the fact that she had formed her 

own account of the traffic stop’s events based on how she had interpreted and 

paraphrased the detectives’ briefing. Because the district court did not clearly err, 

we are bound by its choice to credit the detectives’ testimony. See United States v. 

Aldridge, 719 F.2d 368, 371 (11th Cir. 1983) (“Absent clear error, the district 

court’s credibility choices at suppression hearings are binding on this court.”). 

B.

Clark also argues that the warrantless search of his car was not a valid search 

incident to arrest under the Supreme Court’s decision in Gant. See 556 U.S. at 

343, 129 S. Ct. at 1719. But the district court did not rely on that particular 

 

2 To accommodate the schedule of Detective Cugge, the district court held a two-day 

hearing on Clark’s motion to suppress. Mendez and the ATF agent testified on the first day, and 

Cugge testified the next day. 

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exception to the warrant requirement, and neither do we. Instead, we conclude that 

the detectives lawfully searched Clark’s car under the automobile exception. 

Under that exception, a warrantless search of a car is constitutional if (1) the car is 

“readily mobile” (that is, operational), and (2) probable cause exists to believe that 

it contains contraband or evidence of a crime. United States v. Lanzon, 639 F.3d 

1293, 1299–1300 (11th Cir. 2011); see United States v. Watts, 329 F.3d 1282, 

1286 (11th Cir. 2011). 

The warrantless search of Clark’s car fit squarely within the automobile 

exception because the car was operational and the detectives had probable cause to 

search it based on the smell of marijuana. See United States v. Tobin, 923 F.2d 

1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1991) (en banc) (“There is no doubt that the agent’s 

suspicions rose to the level of probable cause when . . . he detected what he knew 

from his law enforcement experience to be the odor of marijuana.”); United States 

v. Lueck, 678 F.2d 895, 903 (11th Cir. 1982) (“At the point marijuana was smelled 

by [the officer], probable cause to believe a crime had been committed . . . arose.”). 

Because the detectives had probable cause to search Clark’s car, they properly 

seized the gun.

In any event, Clark’s challenge to the legality of the search in this case 

masks yet another attack on the detectives’ credibility. At the suppression hearing, 

Clark conceded that, if the court were to “take [the detectives] at their word,” they 

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had probable cause to search his car based on the smell of marijuana. Having 

decided that the court did not clearly err in crediting the detectives’ testimony, we 

agree with Clark’s assessment. The warrantless search of Clark’s car did not 

violate his Fourth Amendment rights. 

AFFIRMED.3

 

 

3 Clark’s pro se motion for substitution of appointed counsel is DENIED. 

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