- 53-

as they will affect the test. The cylinder is filled with enough juice
to cause it to overflow and float off any bubbles or foam present before
the saccharometer is inserted. Care is taken that the instrument has
peen.in the liquid a sufficient time to settle and allow the thermometer
to act, (never less than three minutes). A reading of the scale is
taken at a level with the liquid, care being taken not to read the
“thin film of liquid (meniscus) which tends to climb the stem. ‘The
thermometer is then read and corrections applied to the scale reading.

he saccharometer and tube mist be clean, as any sugar or dirt adhering (231)
will result in inaccurate readings. The Balling scale saccharometer

used for this purpose has thermometer attached, together with @

correction scale for temperatures. Most Fahrenheit instruments are

standard at 60 or 68 degrees F., Centigrade instruments at 20 degrees

C. When the temperatures are above these figures, the correction is
additive; when below, subtractive.

Tt will be observed that some of the instruments now in use have ne (232)
decimal points printed on the temperature correction scale, The mmbers,
however, are decimals and should be used as such. Also, some instruments
have the thermometer graduated by the Centigrade scale, which does

not change the general method used.

fhe saccharometer should be read as closely as possible to the nearest (233)
tenth degree, and this reading, together with the temperature
correction shall be entered on the ‘back of the note sheet, but in
* peporting the sugar test on the face of the certificate, the nearest
half degree shall be used, a5 18.5, 19, 19.5%, etc.

fTMe following table lists the corrections for Brix Hydrometer readings (234)
which may be used in offices that are not equipped with the Balling
« scale saccharometer:


2.

-2l-

For red varieties good characteristic color means at least
two-thirds of the surface of the berry 1s light red through
dark red color; except, for the Tokay variety pink through
dark red, ‘and ror the Cardinal variety light. red through purple
shall be permitted.

Characteristic color for black varieties means reddish-purple
to black except that Ribier or similar varieties of grapes
shall have at least two-thirds of the surface of the berry
showing reddish-purple to black color. ©

For red varieties characteristic color means at least two-thirds
of the surface of the berry is pink to dark red; except, for
the Toxay variety light pink through dark red and for the
Cardinal variety light pink through purple color shall be
permitted.

JUICE GRAPES
Color Term Black Varieties Red Varieties White Varieties (85)
Fairly weil 85-or 75% of 60% of berries 50% of perries
colored berries charac- 60% of surface light green,
(U.S, No. 1 teristic color characteristic straw or amber

Juice) according to color. 45% of  color*
variety berries for
Tokay.

* Required only when the grapes test less than 20% soluble solids.

Characteristic Color.

pot A Dl

1.

Black Varieties.

Purple to black is considered characteristic color for
Malvoisie, Grenache, Trousseau, Ribier, Rose of Peru,
Black Prince and Black Hamburg.

Reddish-purple to black for Cornichon, Aramon, Mission,
Grignolino, Zante and Black Morulda.




(264)

(265)

(266)

(267)

- (268)

(269)

(270)

(272)

(272)

- 62 -

Color. The following terms are to be used in describing the colo
American type grapes:

Well colored is défined_as meaning that the berries show full
color characteristic of the variety. This is the minimum

~

color requirement for U. S. Fancy Table Grapes. -,

Fairly well colored is defined as meaning that not less than 75%
by weight shall show full characteristic color of the variety;
25% may show partially or Poorly colored berries which are not
characteristic of immature berries. This is the minimum require-
ment of U. S, No. 1 Table and U. S. Wo. 1 Juice grape grades.

Poorly colored applies to those grapes that fail to meet the
requirements of "fairly well colored."

Color should be reported-in general terms unless the lot 1s out of
Grade due to undercolored bunches in which event the undercolored

Comactness of Bunches. A factor which should be described in con-
nection with quality is the compactness of bunches. In describing
compactness of bunches, the following terms should be used.

t. This means that the berries are
closely arranged around the mein and lateral
stems with no open spaces between the berries,
thus forming a compact cluster.

c ct. This means that the bunches
are we. but that the berries are not
so closely spaced as in "compact bunches."
The arrangement is such that the cluster has
& somewhat open or spreading appearance due
to longer main or lateral stems than occur on
compact clusters.


(b) Any equipment used shall be made of materials that will not
affect, or be affected by the grape stems or grape juice being tested
which would cause an incorrect test.

1436.7 Grapes, Titration to Determine Soluble Solids to Acid Ratio.

(a) In order to compute the ratio of soluble solids to acid the
equipment necessary is as follows:

(1) 10 c.c. pipettes

(2) 250 c.c. Erlenmeyer flasks

(3) 100 c.c. graduated cylinder

(4) Dropping bottle for indicator - 1 oz. capacity

The additional necessary supplies are phenolphthalein indicator
solution and sodium hydroxide standardized so that 1c.c. is
equivalent to 0.01 gram tartaric acid.

(b) Procedure for making the soluble solids to acid ratio test:

(1) The soluble solids content of the juice of the grapes in
the sample is determined in accordance with present practice.

(2) 10 c.c. of the clear juice shall be pipetted into the
Erlenmeyer flask.

(3) Add up to approximately 100 c.c. of distilled water to
the juice in the flask. : :

(4) Add three to four drops of the indicator solution.

(5) Titrate by the addition of the sodium hydroxide (1 c.c.
equivalent to 0.01 gram tartaric acid) until the end point is
obtained as evidenced by the first definite color (pink) change.

(6) Calculate the ratio according to the following:

‘Sodiun de used= acid content
1

Divide the acid content into the soluble solids percentage to
obtain the ratio. An example is given as follows: :

17.5 soluble solids
7.5 c.c. of NaOH or 7.5 < 10 = 0.75
-75/17.500/23.3 ratio
150

RSs

2
2

——


-n-

Often the condition of the floor underneath the pile or the presence
of sawdust on the floor is an indication of leaking containers and
warrants further investigation. Sometimes used containers are used
for juice stock and this condition should be reported whenever found.

CONDITION OF PACK

Under this heading the type of pack as well as the condition of the
pack should be described.

Some of the more commonly used packs are:

“stem-up Pack". This is the most commonly used pack. In it
bunches are placed in the container with the top bunches 50
arranged that they all have the stems up.

"paced Pack". Buncles are placed in the container with the
top bunches so arranged that the face is smooth, with no stems
exposed.

* «faced Pack", ‘This is a combination of the "stem-up pack"
and “faced pack”. Each end of the container is "faced-packed"
and from one or two bunches to the entire middle portion is
packed "stem-up". :

jhe condition of the pack will be described by use of the following
terms: .

Well filled. This is the desirable condition of pack end means
tat the cotitainer is sufficiently filled to prevent movement
within the container and between bunches. Lugs and crates will

when it is raised by one cleat,
\ the top edges of the conta
considered should be the

sf
Ee
i

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

qi)




(li2)

(3)

q4)

(115)

(126)

(17)

- 28 -

appearance, the bunch should be scored as a defect in all Table
Grape grades. This is not a requirement of the Juice ‘grape &rades.

peat Hopper Damage. When grape leaf hoppers are abundant, their
residue Geposited as very numerous small dots on the grapes
chiefly on the shoulders of the bunches, but they also may be

found on other. parts of the bunch. Much of the residue rubs off
in handling, but when it occurs in bunches to the extent that

jury. The presence of mealy bugs, or a deposit of
honey dew secreted by the mealy ougs, shall be classed as a
defect and reported as “insect injury", when appearing in
noticeable amounts. The honey dew catches dust and dirt, which

The light brow coler orten seen on Malaga grapes and known as
“sunkissed" must not be confused with mildew injury. :


(c) In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in the U.S. No. 1
Institutional grade only, tolerances, by weight, other than for maturity, are provided as set forth
in Tables Ia and Ia of this section.

-TABLE Ia — TOLERANCES AT SHIPPING POINT FOR U.S. NO. 1

INSTITUTIONAL GRADE ONLY '
[Percent]
Factor U.S. No. 1 Institutional
(A) For clusters/bunches failing to meet color requirements ———--—_——. 10

@) For clusters/bunches failing to meet requirements for minimum
diameter of berries

10

(© For offsize clusters/bunches: 4
(@) For clusters/bunches and berries failing to meet the remaining

requirements for the grade 8
Including in (D):

(a) For serious damage 2

And, including in (a):

(@ For decay ¥ofl

TABLE Ila — TOLERANCES EN ROUTE OR AT DESTINATION FOR
US. NO. 1 INSTITUTIONAL GRADE ONLY

[Percent]
Factor U.S. No. | Institutional
_ 4A) For clusters/bunches failing to meet color requirements ————_———— 10

@®) For clusters/bunches failing to meet requirements for minimum
~ diameter of berries 10
‘(© For offsize clusters/ounches 4
(D) For clusters/bunches and berries failing to meet the remaining .

requirements for the grade 12
Including im (D):

(®) For permanent defects 8

(For serious damage 4

‘And, including in (b):

@ For serious damage by permanent defects 2

(ii) For decay 1

\Ghppng Poe, a wedn thee surth mna np of righ on shipment a th rodaing aa
or at port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or, in the case of shipments from outside the continental
United States, the port of entry into the United States.


-35-

All inspectors are cautioned to be extremely careful in estimating the (151)
percentage of raisining and raisined grapes. These percentages are .
based on weight, and raisining and reisined berries weigh much less

than normal grapes. Each inspector should check his judgment by welgh-

dng several bunches containing raisining and raisined berries, then

picking these perries off and weighing the different stages separately,
calculating the percentages and comparing them with his estimate.

Remember that wilted berries are not scored against the Juice Grape grades.

Review the definitions of raisining and raisined in the U. S. Standards, (152)
as well as the color photos C-3 illustrating raisining and raisined
grapes.

Report: ified rais: 5 a8 failing to due to rats: (153)
or raisined, When a qualified Taisining and raisined grade is being

reported, or if it now fails to grade account of raisining

berries, then the range and average for either (or both) should be

reported. However, separate statements should be made when widely

different conditions are encountered, particularly when @ qualified

raisining and raisined grade is being reported and part of the, containers

are within and part exceed the regular tolerance.

Examples: (154)

1. Ranging from 12% to 35%, averaging 20% raisining;
Wf raisined berries. (Meets qualified grade).

Grade: "U. S. No. 1 Juice, 25% raisining and raisined
berries."

2. Averaging 10f raisining and from 2% to 9%, averaging 7%
raisined berries. (Fails to meet qualified grade due to

Grade: "Meets quality requirements put fails to grade
U. 8. No. 1 Juice only account condition".

3. In most lugs average 10% raisining and 2% raisined berries;
in many lugs from 15% to 25%, averaging 17% reisining end
averaging 5% raisined berries.

Grade: “Most lugs U. S. Wo, 1 Juice, many lugs U. S. No. 1
Juice, 20% raisining and raisined berries.”


- 58 -

(243) Catawba (Red). ‘he first American Grape; still popular after more ¢
a century. Of high quality and attractive appearance. . Often Picker ~
too soon and before fully matured. Of excellent keeping quality;
does not’ shatter or split easily. Extensively grow on the Erie Shore _
of Ohio and in the Central Lake District of New York State. Bunches
medium to large, rather long, usually sroad, somewhat cylindrical to
tapering, mostly single-shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered, vary- ..
ing from rather loose to compact. Berries medium size, roundish to -
oval, when fully matured are deep coppery red; skin rather thick,
variable in toughness, adhering slightly to pulp; pulp green, translu-
cent, juicy, fined grained, slightly tough to soft, with no pigment.
Frequently matures vary late, with subsequent danger from damage due
to freezing being the chief reason that the Catawba has not been more
popular.

(2ub) aware (Red). Regarded by many as the best American table grape.
Ripens a days ahead of the Concord. Bunches small, compact,
slender, rather blunt, often cylindrical, regular, usually shouldered.
Berries small, round, uniform in size and shape, light red covered
with a thin lilac colored bloom, skin thin, moderately tough, adheres
somewhat to pulp. Flesh light green, translucent, very juicy, tender,
very sweet.

yu, FOR CAN. _

(245) In the American or Labrusca type grapes there are two classes, that is,
Table and Juice, both of which are included in the same Standards.
Each inspector should familiarize himself with the details of the
U. S. Grades for the class of grapes he is inspecting and learn as
much as possible about the characteristics of the leading varieties.

(246) First under this heading should be the designation of the commodity -
to be preceded only by the variety, if know, or a classification as
to type. Examples: AMERICAN TYPE TABLE GRAPES in 4 quart Climax
baskets stamped "Concord", "Red AMERICAN TYPE GRAPES" or “Worden Grapes". -


-3r-

Sunburn berries are berries that are injured by exposure to the (129)
direct rays of the sun. This includes “gulfur burn" occurring -
a8 a sunken, and usually discolored and dried areas on the

exposed surfaced.

he wore common form of sun injury occurs on white grapes and (130)
on these the effect is different. Malagas will show a darkening

- of the skin and in the first stages are considered as “sunkissed."

A further stage is turning from amber to light brown or dark

brown, ‘They are then considered discolored (see preceding
paragraphs). In severe cases the Malaga may go from this

@iscolored condition to a sunburn in which the skin is a dark
brown color and the flesh also shows discoloration, Such
berries should be scored as damaged by sunburn.

on ‘Thompson Seedless, the “sunkissed" condition rarely, arever, (131)
is found, Bunches exposed to the sun will turn rrom an amber

into a light brow or dark brow color in which the flesh is

affected both as to color and taste. In the Table Grape grades
individual discolored berries are to be scored, When discolored
berries are so numerous as to affect the appearance of the bunch
(about 15%), score the entire bunch as damage. :

Thrip Injury. Thrips may cuase @ light scarring that is similar (132)
to leaf scars. They also may cause & more severe scar with a
-heavy corky russeting of the skin. Thrip scars shall be scored

on the same basis as other scars.

Weak berry, Waterberry and Redberry. These defects occur (133)
most frequently on the varieties Thompson Seediess, Malage,

Emperor and Tokay; and in Zinfandel, Cornichon and Mission in

the black varieties.

Weak berries are those which approach a waterberry or redberry (134)
dn condition but are not so far advanced or affected. They are
usually watery, slightly transparent and more or less soft to

the touch. Weak berries are to be scored a8 damage.

Waterberry of Redbersy are conditions characterized by a soft (135)
flabby condition o: ‘@ part or all of the berries on the bunch,

usually at the tip or lower end, but occasionally scattered

throughout the bunch. - : ~


-6l-

Berries. The U.S. Fancy and U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grades require
that on each bunch of grapes at least 90%, by count, of the berries be
at least 9/16 inch in diameter. The 9/16 inch size may be specified
snaller or larger, but must be shown in connection with the grade when
so specified. There is a separate 10%, by weight, tolerance in each
of these grades for bunches which fail to meet the percentage, by
count, requirement for minimum diameter of berries.

The U.S. No. 1 Juice Grapes grade has no specific requirements for
minimum size berries.

les for Table :

“Bunches and berries, mostly medium, some large. Undersize
berries within tolerance.”

“Bunches generally medium; berries mostly medium; from 5% to
20% average approximately 15% of bunches show over 10%
undersize berries.”

QUALITY

Refer to General Market Inspection Instructions and same heading of
Part I in this handbook.

Under this heading refer to:

Maturity.

Color.

Compactness of bunches.
Defects.

Maturity. “Mature” means that the grapes are juicy, palatable and
‘ave reached that stage of development at which the skin of the berry
easily separates from the pulp. Frosen or slightly frosted stock
should not be confused with mature grapes.

Unlike the European grape standards, the American Bunch Grapes
’ standards contain no requirements for sugar tests.

(259)

(260)

(261)

(262)

(263)


Application of Tolerances
§51.887 Application of tolerances. -
‘The contents of the individual packages in any lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the
(a) For tolerances of 10 percent or more, individual packages may contain not more than one and
one-half times the specified tolerance.
(©) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages may contain not more than
double the specified tolerance.
$ 51.888 Maturity requirements. .
(a) In the case of grapes grown in Arizona or California, "mature" means grapes in any lot shall
meet the maturity requirements for the variety as set forth in the applicable State Agricultural
Laws and Regulations referenced in this section. This incorporation by reference was approved
by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
Copies may be obtained from, in the case of Arizona maturity regulations, Arizona Department
of Agriculture, Citrus, Fruit and Vegetable Standardization, 1688 W. Adams, Phoenix, AZ
85007 or in the case of California maturity regulations, California Department of Food and
Agriculture, Fruit and Vegetable Quality Control, Standardization Section, 1220 N Street, P.O.
Box 942871, Sacramento, California 94271-0001 or copies of both regulations may be inspected
at USDA, AMS, F&VD, FPB, Standardization Section, Room 2065-S, 14th and Independence
Ave., Washington, DC 20250 or at the Office of the Federal Register, Suite 700, 800 North
Capitol, Washington, DC.
(1) Arizona maturity regulations are contained in Chapter 4 - Plant Services Division, Article 7.
Fruit And Vegetable Standardization, Section R3-4-733 Table Grape Standards, Effective
January 6, 1994.
(2) California maturity regulations are contained in The California Code of Regulations, Title 3,
Subchapter 4, Fresh Fruits, Nuts and Vegetables, Article 25 Table Grapes and Raisins, February
28, 1992. :
(©) Grapes subject to U.S. import regulations shall meet the maturity requirements specified in
such regulations.
(©) Grapes produced in States other than Arizona or California, or grapes imported from
countries outside the United States during periods in which U.S. import regulations do not apply,
shall meet the minimum. percentage of soluble solids set forth in Table III as determined by use
of a standard hand refractometer.

Table IT

Variety Percent of soluble solids
Muscat 175
All varieties not listed in this table —————____ 165

‘Cardinal, Emperor, Perlette, Ribier, Olivette Blanche, Rish Baba, Red
Malaga, and similar varieties ———_—— 1355



ry

-b-

or berries that are cracked or wet and loose from the capstems.

Slight deadening or dulling of the color without softening or (280)
definite bleaching of Table Grapes will not be scored as a defect.
Injury that causes appreciable bleaching or loss of color of the
berries of black or red grapes, and only slight bleaching but

with the other effects apparent on white grapes, shall be scored
~as “sulphur Dioxide injury." Also, berries which show shrivelling
(sinking) at the capstems shall be scored as @ defect.

Grapes which are severely injured by Sulphur Dioxide which have (181)
become wet and sticky from leakege of juice, and those that show

a material portion of the berry affected by shrivelling .and have

a large sunken area at the capsten shall be scored as serious

damage.

Wet Berries. The grape standards define “wet" as moisture from (182)
Yain or crushing. Wet berries are considered serious damage in
all of the U. S. grades.

‘At shipping point moisture from rain is scored as a serious (183)
defect because mold and "slip skin decay" usually accompanies

or soon follows it. Grapes wet from rain are rarely encountered

in the markets except possibly in markets near the shipping areas.

Moisture rrom condensation is a normal condition found on any (184)
“product moving from a cold to a warm atmosphere. Grapes wet from
moisture of condensation should not be reported or scored as

defects.

In nearly 21] instances wet berries to be scored a5 defects in (185)
the markets are those that are wet from juice leaking from decayed

or crushed berries, from berries damaged py sulfur dioxide

“injury or freezing injury or leaking from shattered berries or
berries loose at the capstems.

In cars, inspectors should carefully check grapes in the top (186)
layer lugs over the wheels and in the stacks nearest centerbracing

as these are the locations that berries leaking at the capstems

first develop due to transit conditions.


13

B. Let the juice mm freely into the
Exlenmeyer flask. Do not blow out the
gmall amount remaining in the tip. |

C. Add to the juice 100 nl. distilled water.

-

D. Add to the juice and distilled water

10 ml. sodium hydroxide. It is

to transfer approximately this amount from
the main sodium hydroxide container into
a clean container before filling the
pipette. This reduces the possibility

of contaminating the sain container.
Discard any excess sodium hydroxide.

Mr ane vemin it to the main container.



(10) Table II TOLERANCES EN ROUTE GR AT DESTINATION

Factor U.S. Sxtra '.S, Fancy U.S. No. 1°
Fancy table table table

Percent Percent, Percent
(a4) For bunches failing to meet
Color requirenents......., lo 10
(2) For bunches failing to met —
requirements for minimm
Giameter of berries... 4... ,
(c) For bunches failing to meet

(t) For undersize bunches
and for bunches and berries
failing to meet the remain-
ing requirements for the erade. . 12
Including in (D):

(a) For permanent defects. .
(b) aries eas
4nd, including in (b):

(4) For serious damage by
it defects . . .
(44) For decay. yn tot

6

10

:
|
i}
H

B
Lx)

.
Fo
ca

eo

Hn
Hn
wn

Z
a
#
E
8
§
&
5

Vy Shipping point, as used in these standards
stores cr orent in the producing area ar af port of deen fe ote
stores or overseas shipment, or, in the case of shipments from outside
the continental United States, Port of.entry into the United States.


Tir

Mold... - eee
Shriveling..-.--
Split Berries. ...-
Sulphur Dioxide Injury
Wet Berries. ....--
Decay. . 2-2 -e eee ee
Examples of Condition Statement

oe eee

.
.

GRADE. ce ee ee eee ee ee 209% 212
GENERAL EXAMPIES. © 22 eee eee ee eee 213 - 217
SOLUBLE SOLIDS DETERMINATION. .- + +--+ sees 218 - 235
PART II - AMERICAN OR LABRUSCA TYPE
PRODUCING AREAS... oe ee eee ee we 23862 237
PRINCIPAL VARIETIES. +--+ eee eercrescs 238 - 2ui
U.S, STANDARDS... ee ee ee ee ts 245,
PRODUCTS INSPECTED. 6. ss eee ee ee Bh mug
CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS. 250

251 - 255

CONDITION OF PACK . -

Well Filled... 2.2 ee eee eee errr rere 252
Fairly well filled soos eee ee ee ee 253 25H
Slack, .. 2 eee eer err eer rrr er ere 255
SIE. oe ee te cee ee eee es 256 = 260
Bunches, 1 eee eee ee 257 = 258
Berries... 2s. ee cere eee errr eter 259
Examles. esse eee errr eee rere? 260
QUALITY . eee eee eee nes BEL = 285
Maturity sc ee eee ee ee ee 262 = 265
Color. ..- teil... . . 2b 269
Compactness of Bunches... - se eee eee es 210 2
Defects, we cece ccc cccecewereces WMH?


“> 38 -

G67) Exampies:

U.S. Fancy Table.

1. “Stems strong and well developed, light green to turning
brown, "

U.S. No, 1 Table.

1. “stems light green, “
2. "Most stems light green, some turning brown."
3. “Stems mostly turning brow, many dry and pliable."

U.S. _No.-1 Juice,
cee.

1. “Stems slightly wilted."

2. “Most stems wilted, some Partially dried."

3. "Stems generally light green, few show slight mildew
discoloration, "

(188) Defects That May Have Developed in transit or Storage.

Factors of condition which my have developed in transit or storage
should be reported in detail under the “Condition"TM heading.. No attempt
this benmade, t,deserdbe all the condition factors affecting pant we
this handbook since the information 1s fully covered in Misce:
Publication No. , Which should be in each inspection office.

Some condition defects of most Common occurrence, together with a brief
description are listed below.

(169) Crushed Berries. Berries become crushed from rough handling in

dition, Berries that are flattened due to a well filled pack,
tanh often occurs on both top and bottom of the containe®, when
Greg skin 15 not broken, should not be scored as crushed becrics,
Crushed berries should be scored as serious damage. If they are
wet, this fact should also be reported in connection with the


- 6T-

Quality: Most berries well colored, some fairly well
colored; most bunches compact, some fairly
compact, few straggly. Grade defects within
tolerance. :

: Berries are generally firm and firmly attached. ©
2% shattered berries. 1% decay occurring
fairly uniformly in all beskets.

U. S. Wo. 1 Table.


8

1436.13 Grapes, Maturity Standards by Variety.

The following varieties of grapes shall be considered mature if
they test not less than that percent of soluble solids which is
specified below: .

Percent of

Soluble Solids Variety

19

17-1/2

15-1/2

4-1/2

4

All white varieties of Muscat type shipped as juice
grapes

All white varieties of Muscat type shipped as table

grapes and Malaga grown north and west of San Gorgonio
Pass

Beauty Seedless grown south and east of San Gorgmio
Pass .

Cardinal, Robin, Berenda Red, Imperial Cardinal, and
Richards Black grown north and west of San Gorgonio
Pass

Robin grow north and west of San Gorgonio Pass

Burger Fresno Beauty
Emperor Servian Blue

Gros Colman Pierce

Bleu Grau Concord

Drodelabi Dattier de Beyrouth
Red Malaga Pierce Isabella
Khalili . Isabella Regia
Persian 23 California Concord
Dizmar . Perlette

Ribier Queen

Delight Blackrose
Superior Seedless

Cardinal, Robin, Berenda Red, Imperial Cardinal, and
Richards Black grown south and east of San Gorgonio

Pass
Ladyfinger Khandahar

Rish Baba Olivette Blanche
Exotic


{Sy United States
Agricuttural
= G
ad rapes

Vegetable
Division

Fresh Products
Branch

menogonne Market Inspection
November 1971 .
Instructions



the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the grapes and includes berries which are
split, crushed, wet, affected by decay or waterberry, or affected by heat or freezing. Grapes which
show healed cracks at the “lossom and shall not be considered as seriously damaged.
§51.909 Materially shr: <led at capstem. : ;
"Materially shriveled st cpstem" means that the skin of the berry is definitely wrinkled adjacent
to the capstem and the surface is materially sunken.
_ $51,910 Straggty.
“Straggly" means that the berries are so widely spaced on main and lateral stems that the bunch
-is distinctly open or very stemmy or stringy in structure.
§51.911 Container.
"Container" as used in these standards shall, for the purposes of determining maturity and other
factors of grade of grapes in packages containing 5 pounds or less, mean the master container in
§51.912 Export.
‘When designated as Export, grapes shall be packed with any of the customary protective
materials such as cushions, liners, or wraps, or properly packed in sawdust or granulated cork.
The so-called "semi-sawdust packs" which are cushioned and/or covered with sawdust are not
approved as protective packaging for export. :
§51.913 Clusters.
“Clusters” as used in these standards in reference to the U.S. No. 1 Institutional grade only shall
‘be defined as two or more berries sharing a common point of attachment.

__ Metric Conversion Table
_ §51.914 Metric conversion table.
Inches Millimeters -

(mm)

3/16 equals 48

8/16 equals 127

9/6 equals 143

10/16 equals 159

11/16 equals 175

WWNGequals 6-19.

13/16 equals 20.6

14/16 equals ‘ 22

15/16 equals . 23.8

1 equals 25.4

Pounds Grams

1/4 equals 113.4 .

12 equals 226.8

3/4 equals 3402

1 equals 453.6

2 equals 9072

3 equals 1,360.8

4 equals 1,814.4

13


Added, July 1993, HU-119-9(a)
Page I, Table of Contents, Grapes, Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971

IL

Color Requirements of grades ...........sssssccssssssssssssesssssssseseecesscssseesssseese
Definition of color terms ......... 5 - 86
Compactness and filling of bunches 87-100



5 equals 2,268.0

10 equals 4,536.0
: Table Grape Maturity Chart

Percent | Arizona Agricultural California Agricultural Code’ U.S. Standards for Origins
Soluble Code! Outside California & Arizona?
Solids

17.5 white varieties of Muscat and White Malaga = [Muscat

NW of San Gorgonio Pass
17.0 [fhompson Seedless grown NW of Sen Gorgonio
16.5 |All varieties not listed elsewhere in this column 1All varieties not listed in this
foolumn
16.0 [Thompson Seedless
[Flame Seediess
15.5 mal, Emperor, Periette,
ier, Olivette, Blanche, =~
Baba, Red Malaga, and
ae
seedless, Fresno Beauty
15.0 [Perlette, Beauty Seedless
45 inal, Robin, Berenda Red, Imperial Cardinal,
Richards Black grown SE of San Gorgonio Pass;
anche
14.0 [Exotic fPxotic

' Varieties listed, when tested by refractometer, are mature when meeting or exceeding the specified
soluble solids. All varieties, regardless of refractometer reading, are mature at 18 to 1 or higher titration ratio.

? All varieties, when tested by temperature compensated hand refractometer, are mature when meeting or
exceeding the specified soluble solids percentage... The Thompson Seedless at 15 percent or more soluble solids and
Perlette or Superior Seedless at.14 percent or more soluble solids and all other varieties regardless of refractometer
reading are mature, provided that the juice contains a.sminimam of 20 perts soluble solids to every part acid in the
Juice as determined by titration: Thompsoti Seedless below 15 percént soluble solids, and Perlette or Superior
Seedless below 14 percent soluble solids may not be titrated. They are immature with out further testing. The
California Agricultural Code should be consulted for official sampling guidelines and titration precedures.

3all varieties, when tested by refractometer, are mature when meeting or exceeding the specified soluble
solids.

14


(101)

(102)

(198)

(105)

- 26+

Defects. The term "grade defects" will be used on the certificate
report all blemishes that ar» serious enough te affect grade. In
reporting defects, there are three cardinal points to consider, These
are: the amount, the particular type or nature of injury, and the
approximate degree to which the individual Specimens ere affected. in
order to avoid giving the certificate the appearance of a catalog of
defects, they should be grouped into one percentage followed by their
names. It is not necessary to name all defects found, but the three
most important from the standpoint of percentage in order of their
inportance should usually be shown.

With the exception of a few factors, no attempt will be-made to.

describe the insect injuries, diseases and defects of grapes in this
handbook. This information is fully covered in Miscellaneous Publication
No. 340. .

Almeria spot, .A disease peculiar to Grapes of the Alzeria variety,
characterized by purplish or brown Spots. The discoloration
appears to extend from the seed outward to the skin, The shape

of the berry usually is distorted or flattened over the discolored
area.

The cause is unknown; it does not seem to develop decay, and
increases very little, if any, in transit or storage, although 1+
definitely becomes more noticeable with time. The U. S. Extra
Fancy and U. S. Fancy Table Grape grades specify “free from ....
Almeria Spot," therefore any degrees affecting a berry should be
scored against these grades. when distinctly sunken or dark in
color, it should be scored as Gamage against the U. S. No. 1
Table Grape grade.

Pepe teiery, Bee Injury. A form of injury consisting of small

s in grape bderr: 8 has been attributed to bird pec'cs.
These lesions often develop decay. Bees also have been reported
a3 causing injury but this is not probable, though bees are found
at the site of other injuries, especially when rapes contain a
large amount of sugar such as very ripe Muscats. This injury
should be reported as “bird pecked," if not being scored as wet
and leaking, or if it has not progressed into decay. It is a
Serious defect in all U. S. Standards for Grapes.


15

TEST 3: The third test uses the remaining box of the original 3.
Select 20% of the grapes, but not less than 2 bunches fron a
contiguous area of the container which appears to be the least
mature. Ceush the grapes and pour the juice through the strainer or
sieve as was done in TEST 1. Test the juice with the refractometer
and record the percent of soluble solids. Average the percent of
soluble solids from TEST 1 with the percent of soluble solids from
this test. If this average is equal to or more than the minimm

- soluble solids specified for the variety, the lot shall be considered
mature. Proceed to TEST 4 if the average soluble solids is less than
the minimm. .

TEST 4: Throughly mix the juice left over from the first two tests.
Combine 10 ml. of it with 10 ml. of the juice from TEST 3. Thoroughly
mix the 20 ml. of juice and extract 10 ml. Titrate this 10 ml. and
calculate the soluble solids to acid content following steps A through
G under TEST 2 above. If the ratio is 20 to 1 or higher, the lot
shall be passed as mature. Lf the ratio is less than 20 to 1, the lot

is considered imature and no further testing is required.


ay

of standard, the maturity of varieties included in Group A shall be
determined by testing the juice from entire tbmches representative of
the least mature grapes in any lot and which constitute not less than

10. percent ‘by weight, of the contents of each container that may be
tested,

1436.16 Grapes, Not in Group A.
‘The maturity of every variety which is not included in Group A
shall be determined by testing the juice from a composite sample which

is representative of the average of the grapes in any container or
bulk lot. ;

1436.17 Grapes, No Tolerances for Maturity Standards.

‘The standards which are provided by this article are minimm
standards, and the tolerances allowed by Sections 1436.20 and 1436.22
shall not be applied to any test which is made in accordance with this
article for the purpose of determining whether any lot of grapes
complies with the maturity standards for the variety.


(20) he foltowing information should be given under this heading:

Product (including Variety, when known)


- 48 -

General Examples:

(213). (1) U.S. Fancy table,
Pack: Stems up pack. Lugs well filled.
Size: Bunches and berries mostly medium, many large.
Bunches with undersize berries within tolerance.
Quality: Generally well colored and uniform in appearance,

Grade defects average 4% mostly scarred and
sunburned berries, .

Condition: Berries free from decay are generally fira, 34

slightly soft, rubbery and wrinkled. Berries

firmly attached to capstems. From 3 to
10%, average 5% shattered berries. Stems mostly
turning brown to brow, few dark brown, some dry
and brittle. From 5 to 20%, average 10% by weight
of bunches show moldy stems. From 3 to 20%, average
10% decay occurring irregularly throughout lugs.
Decay is Gray Mold Rot in advanced stages, mostly
occurring in nests.

Grade: Meets quality requirements but fails to grade U. °
Fancy Table only account condition,

(214) (2) ws. Fancy Table _(Tokays).

_ Packs Stems up pack. Lugs well filled.

Size: Bunches and berries mostly medium, many large.
‘Bunches with undersize berries within tolerance.

Quality: Most bunches reasonably well colored; 5 to 15%,

average 12% poorly colored bunches, Other grade
punches daneses en Ont? 20%: syenese 126 mostly
bunches shot berries or trimming
bunches weighing Jess thes G2t'p 5 :

Gondition: Berries are firm and firmly attached to

capstens. shattered berries. Stems generally
well developed and strong; 5 to 10s, average 5¢


United States Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera
Type)

Grades.

51.880 U.S. Extra Fancy Table.
51.881 U.S. Extra Fancy Export.
51.882 U.S. Fancy Table.
51.883 U.S. Fancy Export.
51.884 U.S. No. 1 Table.
51.885 U.S. No. 1 Institutional.
Tolerances

51.886 Tolerances.

Application of Tolerances
51.887 Application of tolerances.

Maturity Requirements
51.888 Maturity requirements.
Definitions

51.889 Well developed grapes.
51.890 One variety.

51.891 Uniform in appearance.
51.892 Color terms.

51.893 Firm.

51.894 Weak.

51.895 Shriveled at capstem.
51.896 Shattered.

51.897 Wet.

51.898 Decay.

51.899 Waterberry.

51.900 Sunburn.

51.901 Damage.

51.902 Fairly well filled.

51.903 Excessively tight.

51.904 Shot berries.

51.905 Dried berries. :
51.906 Well developed and strong.
51.907 Diameter.

51.908 Serious damage.

51.909 Materially shriveled at capstem.
51.910 Straggly.

51.911 Container.


PAGE

Arizona Maturity Regulations ... ecccccccccccceccccces 1.

California Maturity Regulations .....ccccccsesssccccccnccccnsocs 2-10
Instructions For Determining Grape Maturity Based on

The California Agricultural Code .......sccssscsecccccccecccees 1-17

ARIZONA MATURITY REGULATIONS

Arizona Fruit and Vegetable Standardization, 1982 Arizona Official
Compilation of Administrative Rules and Regulations, Title 3, Chapter
7, article 1, Section R3-7-104, Subsection 7, Parts d through f.

d. "Mature" means that each bunch of grapes of the varieties
known as Cardinals and Robins shall test not less than 14-1/2 percent
soluble solids and Perlettes shall test not less than 15 percent
soluble solids. ‘Thompson Seedless variety shall be considered mature

“if they test 16 percent soluble solids, and the Exotic variety shall
be considered as mature if they test 14 percent soluble solids;
however, all varieties shall be considered mature if the juice
contains soluble solids equal to, or in excess of, 18 parts to every
part of acid contained in the juice (the acidity of the juice to be
calculated as tartaric acid without water of crystallization) .

e. In all varieties the testing of soluble solids in the juice
shall be determined by the Balling or Brix scale hydrometer.

_ £. ‘The maturity of varieties named in this regulation shall be

; determined by testing the juice of entire bunches representative of

the least mature grapes in any container and.consisting of not less
than 10 percent by weight of the contents of the container; however,
no lot of grapes shall be considered as failing to meet the maturity
requirenents of this section because the sample of grapes from one

container fails to meet the required test.


(136)

(137)

(138)

(139)

-32-

Affected berries test low in sugar content and ere thin skii

They are easily broken and liable to subsequent decay. ‘The

term waterberry is used almost exclusively when referring to the
disease when affecting the white varieties of grapes. Redberry - -
which appears to be the same disease, is applied to the condition
on black varieties. The color of the affected berries in black
grapes is red or brownish red. .

Waterberry and redberry are considered a8 serious defects, as
crushing and decay often result from this condition,

Examples of Quality Statements.
1. U.S. Fancy Table.

2.

3.

"Most bunches reasonably well colored, some well colored.
Uniform in appearance. Grade defects average within tolerance."

U.S. No.1 - Table. (Pails to grade due to excessive poorly
colored bunches)

"Most bunches fairly well colored, some well colored; 10% to 20%

average 15% poorly colored bunches. Other grade defects avera~-
of, including 6% straggly bunches, remainder mostly badly sca:
berries,

U.S. No. 1 - Juice,
“Generally fairly well colored. Grade defects average within
tolerance, *

CONDITION

Under this heading report the following factors:

Condition of Berries.

Raisining and Raisined Berries.

Attachment to Stems (shattering).

Condition of Stems. .
Defects that may have developed in transit or storage.
Decay.

fe


(97)

(198)

(199)

© (200)

(a)

2. Juice Grapes: "In most lugs 1%, some lugs 2% decay,
an few lugs no decay."

If part of the containers exceed the tolerance but are within
the container tolerance and the average for all containers

is within the grade requirement, the average including all “
containers with "no decay" for the entire carload (or lot)

must be shown.

Examples:

(e)

2. ‘Mable Grapes: “Less than 1% decay,"

2. Table Grapes: “In most lugs from 1 to 3 decayed
. berries, in many lugs 2f, averaging less than 1/2 of
1g decay."

3. Juice Grapes: “In most lugs from 1/2 of 1% to 3% decay,
many lugs no decay, averaging 1% decay."

Although the above examples are intended to show the method
of handling when the grade is met, the same methods may be
used when the carload (or lot) fails to meet the grade :
account general defects. However, in case the grade is not
met account decay in excess of the tolerance, similar
statements to those in the set of examples just preceding
would be used, showing full range of decay in containers in
which decay occurs, containers free from decay, if any,

and the average for the entire carload (or lot).

Decay affecting the U. S. Table Grape grades may be scored by individual
berries, up to and including 3 berries. For all practical purposes,
individual berries should be scored by weight in tenths of pounds.

(.01 for one berry, .02 for two berries, .03 for three berries.) If
no lug has more than 3 decayed berries, the decay should be reported
by count, however, if the containers show more than 3 decayed berries,

in

the decay scored by weight should be reported on the certificate
percentages.

4


ee

Revised August 30, 1976 BN-71(3a)

-47-

GRADE

Under this heading is a definite statement showing which standard was
used as the basis of the grade, i.e., Table Grapes or Juice Grapes.
When the lot inspected consists of different lots, part of which are up
to grade and part of which fail to meet the grade requirements, it will
be necessary to make separate statements for the different grades. In
all such cases indicate grade on each lot and avoid grade statements
that are indefinite, or that tend to contradict what has been reported
under the previous headings of the certificate. -

(209)

rt Grape and Plum Act. When Vinifera type table grapes are exported (210) *
to countries, other than Canada and Mexico, they must be inspected and *

certified on an “Export Form Certificate” (FV-47, 303, or 184) as
meeting the applicable grade for ‘designated destinations and all other
requirements of the Export Grape and Plum Act. Refer Export Apple-
Pear and Grape Inspection Instructions and the Export Grape and Plum
Act for the specific requirements of the Act. :

Grade Statement When Color Requirements Not Met. Lots failing to meet
the color requirements of the various grades for European Grapes should
be reported as failing to grade due to that cause. The 10% tolerance
for under colored bunches in the color requirements is separate from
the tolerance for general defects.

Example:

“Fails to grade U.S. No.1 Table due to poorly colored
bunches in excess of tolerance in some lugs."

Wo Percentage of U.S. No.1 Qualit Reported for Grapes. Unlike other
ties, grapes have never reported as a percentage of

U.S. No.1 quality, or other grade quality, when failing to meet 2

specified grade. Also, in grapes, the percentage of a higher quality

should not be certified. The several appearance factors in the grade

- make such reporting impractical.

(211)

(212)

erent




1436.4 Grapes, Additional Samples.

Compliance or noncompliance, as to the maturity of grapes, shall
be determined by the sample method described in Section 1436.3,
California Administrative Code. a second official sample, taken as
described in Section 1436.3, California Administrative Code, may be
tested after the low-test grapes in the containers in the lot have
been removed.

1436.5 Grapes, Method of Testing.

(a) All grapes in the sample shall be completely crushed without
unnecessary crushing of the stems. The juice shall be poured through
a sieve or metal screen strainer that will permit the juice to escape
rapidly and at the same time not permit, under pressure, any pulp or
solids to go through. In no case shall the screen or sieve be less
than 8 mesh per lineal inch.

(b) When making a soluble solids test, a temperature compensated
hand refractometer shall be used, the juice shall be thoroughly mixed
and a small sample of the juice placed upon the prism and read
immediately to avoid evaporation. When the hand refractometer is used
as a dipping instrument, it shall be immersed to a depth that will
insure complete coverage of the prism and remain in the juice 2 to 3
minutes for temperature equilibrium and the juice shall be thoroughly
mixed prior to reading.

(c) Prior to each grape season, hand refractometers shall be
checked for accuracy optically by using a standard solution. If the
instrument is not accurate, it shall not be used in any official
testing procedure. .

(4) When a test has been completed, the juice shall be drained
or dried from all equipment before the juice from a subsequent test is
used, ‘The refractometer shall be washed and dried after each use.

1436.6 Grapes, Equipsent and Instruments.

(a) The hand refractometer shall be temperature compensated, read
directly in Brix percentage scale with the smallest division 0.1
degree, have a sharp demarcation line (shadow) and be without
interference by color or an indistinct line, and be sealed with acid
Proof material on the face where the juice is placed.


14

F. Titrate by adding sodium hydroxide
fran the pipette drop by drop
until the endpoint is reached.
The endpoint is when the solution
Changes to a light pink color and
will not change back when mixed.
Record the exact amount of sodium
hydroxide used. Do not round
up or down.

16% soluble solids /.75 acid content = 21.3

In this example the lot would be pessed. Under California regulations
most varieties of grapes are considered mature if the ratio is 20 to 1
ao higher. If the ratio is less than 20 to 1, proceed to TEST 3.

Before proceeding to TEST 3, wash or rinse refractometer and titration
equipment in distilled water. Using tap water may cause test results
to be inaccurate.

© These mathematical calculations are not necessary when chart II at the
end of these instructions is used.


Added, July 1993, HU-119-9(b)
Page 39, Grapes, Market Inspection
_ Instructions, November 1971

-39-

the description of crushing, thus:
2% berries crushed and leaking occurring adjacent lids."

Freezing Injury. Grape berries, when injured by freezing, lose their natural crispness and have a
dull, wilted or flabby appearance. ‘The pulp is watery and when the capstem is pulled from the
berry, it will be noticed that less of the pulp adheres to the brush than in a normal berry. Damage
to stems resulting from freezing has been described under “Condition of Stems."

Internal Discoloration. Grapes of the lighter skinned varieties such as Thompson Seediess
sometimes exhibit an off-color appearance that is caused by discoloration of the flesh. This
condition may be observed readily upon sight but confirmation of intemal discoloration requires
cutting the suspect berry in half to examine the flesh. If the flesh exhibits a darkened, off-color
appearance it should be considered affected by intertial discoloration. Keep in mind that only
suspect berries should be cut for verification. ‘There is no need for the inspector to cut berries for
this defect without apparent external indications of a problem. Grapes affected by internal
discoloration should always be scored as serious damage with scoring based on the individual
berry.

‘When grapes of the Almeria or Calmeria variety are encountered that exhibit intemal discoloration
please refer to paragraphs 103 and 104 for further information. nana ae

Mold, Mold on grape berries generally indicates the presence of decay, though it may be inearly

stages. It is desirable to state whether a heavy or light growth of mold is present, especially in
connection with Rhizopus Rot. ‘The slight surface development of green mold (Cladosporium)
should not be considered as decay. For mold affecting stems see the paragraphs on “Condition of

_ Stems".

Shrivelling. Shrivelling, especially occurring around the capstems, is frequently seen on grapes
from storage late in the winter and in the early spring. Shrivelling around the capstems may also
occur as one of the results of sulfur dioxide injury. The U.S. Extra Fancy and the U.S. Fancy
‘Table Grape grades state “not shrivelled at capstems.” More than slight wrinkling of the skin
should be scored against the tolerance for general defects in these grades. The U.S. No.1 Table
Grape grade states berries should not be materially shrivelled at capstems which means that the
skin of the berry is definitely wrinkled adjacent to the capstems and the surface is materially
sunkea.

om

(Rs)

aR)

aB)


a

§ 51.3620 Compact.

“Compact” means that the bunches
are well filled and have no open spaces.

§ 51.3621+ Fairly compact.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL . . s+ s+ + + 2 ee ee

TYPES . 2.2. 2 ee ee ee ee

PART I - EUROPEAN OR VINIFERA TYPE

Added, June 1989, BN-104-7(a)
Page I, Table of Contents,
Grape, Market Inspection
November. 1971

Instructions,

PRODUCING AREAS AND CLASSIFICATION BY USE .

IMPORTED GRAPES . - - +--+ =
SAMPLING .. +--+ + 2+ 2 ee @

TOLERANCES . .

Table Grapes - Shipping Point +. 2...
at Destination

Table Grapes - En Route or
Juice Grapes . ..-.- + +

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES . -

DETERMINING PERCENTAGES .
#ae¢Scoring basis for serious dama

PRODUCTS .. +. +22 ©
Products ..... -
Mixed Varieties ..
Type of Container .

Distinguishing Marks

Quantity Inspected

Examples

eevee ne
ee eevee
eee eave

CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINER

CONDITION OF PACK

Types of Pack .... .
Terms - Table and Juic oe
Terms - Export ..... «
’ Examples... 2... 2 2 «
Reporting Net Weight ...
SIZE 2. 2. 1 2 ee ew ee eee
Size of bunches ..... -
Size of berries ......
Grade Requirements .. . .-
Minimum Bunch Size. . . .
Minimum Berry Size. . . .

Examples ...-+.

.

eee eeree

re re ey

eee eee

.

rr er)

eee eeee

.

eee we ee

eee eee

ee ee eee

eee eee

ee wee ee

eee eae

oe ee eee

eooenee

re er!

20
21
24
27

32

37
38
41
4s

53

55
57
57
59

Paragraph
Numbers

1
2

7

121

9
10
11

12

19
18atece

31
23
26
28
29
30
31

36

52
40
44
50

“$1

52

65
54
56
64
58
64
65


Fairly well colored (U.S. | Each bunch shall have not Each bunch shall have not less No

No. 1). less than 75 percent, by than 60 percent, by count, of requirement.
count, of berries showing | berries showing characteristic
characteristic color. color.”

§51.893 Firm. :

“Firm” means that the berry does not yield more than slightly to moderate pressure and is not
flabby or wilted. ,

§51.894 Weak. . :

"Weak" means that individual berries are somewhat translucent, watery and soft, may have
Telatively low sugar content, inferior flavor, or are of poor keeping quality.

§51.895 Shriveled at capstem.

"Shriveled at capstem" means that the berry shows more than slight wrinkling of the skin
surrounding the capstem.

$51.896 Shattered.

“Shattered” means that the berry is separated from the bunch and may or may not have the
capstem attached.

§51.897 Wet.

"Wet" means that the grapes are wet from moisture from crushed, leaking, or decayed berries or
from rain. Grapes which are moist from dew or other moisture condensation such as that
resulting from removing grapes from a refrigerator car or cold storage to a warmer location shall
not be considered as wet.

§51.898 Decay.

“Decay” means any soft breakdown of the flesh or skin of the berry resulting from bacterial or
fumgus infection. Slight surface development of green mold (Cladosporium) shall not be
considered decay.

§$51.899 Waterberry.

“Waterberry" means a watery, soft, or flabby condition of the berry. Affected berries are low in
Sugar content, have tender skins, and are easily crushed. This is an advanced or more pronounced
stage of the condition referred to as “weak”.

§51.900 Sunburn. -

“Sunburn” means injury to the berry caused by exposure to the sun, including “sulphur bum,"
usually occurring as a sunken and discolored or dried area on the exposed surface.

§51.901 Damage. :

“Damage” means any specific defect described in this section; or an equally objectionable
variation of any one of these defects, or any other defect, or any combination of defects which
materially detracts from the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the individual
berry, the appearance of the bunch as a whole, or the marketing quality of the stems.

*Characteristic color for black varieties means reddish-purple to black except that Ribier or similar
varieties of grapes shall have at least two-thirds of the surface of the berry showing reddith-purple to black color. :
For red varieties characteristic color means at least two-thirds of the surface of the berry is pink to dark red;

except, for the Tokay variety light pink through dark red and for the Cardinal variety light pink through purple
color shall be permitted.

1


- 60 -

will be level full, or trifle more than level full so that the
contents are in firm contact with the cover. ao

(253) Fairly well filled. This term means that the pack is not quite full, .
or that there may be a slight movement within the container. The pack
is not ideal, but is not sufficiently slack to justify the use of the
term “slack”. “

(254) Climax baskets containing less than 12 quarts will be described as
“fairly well filled" when slightly below the top edge, but not mre

than 1/4 inch below; and in 12 quart baskets or larger, when the
contents are not more than 1/2 inch below the top edge.”

(255) Slack. Containers included in this classification are those that are
"not sufficiently filled to meet the requirements of “fairly well
filled". The amount of slackness should be shown in inches or

fractions of an inch.

SIZE

(256) The size of bunches and berries is a very important factor and always
should be shown on the certificate. To describe size, a knowledge of
the normal size for the variety under consideration is necessary.
bunches and berries should be described separately, unless the si.
term used for each is the same, in which case they may be combined.
The terms “small”, “medium” and “large” are to be used in describing
. the size of bunches and berries.

(257) Bunches. The U.S. Fancy and U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grades require
“that bunches must not be “excessively small” except that, in the U.S.
Fancy Table Grapes grade, compact Portions of bunches with 5 berries
or more may be used to fill open spaces between whole bunches. The
U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grade allows Portions of bunches with 3
berries or more to be used to fill open spaces between whole bunches.

(258) The U.S. No. 1 Juice Grapes grade has no specific requirements for
size of bunches.


- 46 -

nested, or in which the berries are matted together or leaking, a clt

range is impractical.

When in such condition, it will be found that many

if not most of the bunches have lost so mich of their original weight

that the entire sample mst be used asa
evident that no one c

2% of this kina,
be used, such as
or "1/4 to 1/2 of

(207) Inspections made in cars may often

lugs showing 1/2 to 2/3 decay will

Practically none.

basis in estimating. It is
ould determine by estimate that there was 23 or

~

fractional expressions rather than Percentages should -._
"decay affects from 1/4 to 1/3 of contents of lugs"

the berries in the lugs

examined show advanced decay. "

be reported by layers as it is fre-

the upper layers of a car show much heavier decay

(208) Examples of Condition Statements:
1. Table Grapes.

Berries

mostly light green to br

Which are impossible to explain as
be side by side with those showing

firm and firmly attached to capstems. Stems

‘own, some dry and pliable. In most

lugs 1 to 3 decayed berries, in many 1 to 3% decay, average
2% Blue Mold Rot.

2. Table Grapes.

Berries are mostly firm, some
around the capstems. Stems
brown, some dry and pliable,

brittle.
1% decay,

and sticky with juice from shat!
is Gray Mold Rot,

slightly soft and shrivelled
mostly light green to
in some lugs many stems dry and

In most lugs berries are firmly attached; less than
. In 3 stacks next B bunker and 2 stacks next A bunker
from 10% to 25%, average 15% shattered berries; from 5 to 104,
average 8% decay and 10 to 256, average 15% of berries wet

3. Juice Grapes.

Berries mostly firm and are firmly attached to capstens, stems

tered or decayed berries. Decay
mostly in advanced stages.

ome fresh; from 10% to 20%, «
a ranging

s- ‘In most lugs less than -

of 1% decay, Some 2% to 58; averaging 1£. Decay is Gray
mos

in various stages, tl;

ly advanced.


(©) Berries free from:
(1) Decay;
(2) Waterberry;
(3) Sunburn.
@ Stems free from:
(1) Mold;
~ Q) Decay.
* © Berries not damaged by:
(1) Any other cause.
(@ Bunches not damaged by:
(1) Shot berries;
(2) Dried berries;
(B) Other defective berries;
(4) Any other cause. ~
(g) Stems not damaged by:
(1) Freezing;
(2) Any other cause.
@) Size:
(1) For berries: Exclusive of shot berries and dried berries, 75 percent, by count, of the berries
on each bunch shall have the minimum diameters indicated for varieties as follows:
@ Thompson Seodless, Perletie, Delight, Beauty Seedless, Superior Seedless, Flame Seedless
and other seedless varieties nine-sixteenths of an inch.
Gi) Other varieties ten-sixteenths of an inch.
(2) For clusters/bunches: In this grade grapes shall consist of at least a two berry cluster ranging
to clusters and/or bunches of grapes not greater than five ounces in weight. See Section 51.913.
@ For tolerances see Section 51.886.
Tolerances
§$51.886 Tolerances.
(@) No tolerances are provided in these standards for grapes which fail to meet the applicable
maturity requirements other than the allowances specified in §51.888 or in the sampling and
testing procedures of State maturity regulations.
(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of the

foregoing grades except U.S. No. 1 Institutional, tolerances, by weight, other than for maturity,
are provided as set forth in Tables I and II.


(87)

(88)

(89)

(90)

(92)

(92)

- 22-

2. Red Varieties.

Light pink, red, dark red or purple is considered characteris-
tic color for red varieties. a

tness and Fill: of S. The filling of berries in bunches
of grapes and the compactness of are related to some extent.
fac

tors vary considerably in different varieties.

regard to compactness, ~

Some of the most desirable varieties have bunches that are somewhat
Open in appearance, and at the most are only fairly compact, as
Compared with others that are normally compact to very compact.

Well filled Emperor bunches, with long pliable lateral stems, usually
will be loose to fairly compact. Tokay bunches, on the other hand,
usually are compact to very compact. When the bunches have been
thinned by clipping out part of the stems, or when they are only feirly
well filled, Tokay bunches may be fairly compact or even loose,

‘The terms to be used to describe compactness are:


te

)

Revised, December 1997, HU-139-8(a)
Page 18, Par. 77, Grapes, Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971

-18-

affected by a wide variation between bunches. In other words, when bunches of uniformly
small grapes are mixed with bunches of.uniformly large grapes; or bunches of light color red
grapes are mixed with bunches of very dark red grapes; or bunches of white grapes that are.
light green are mixed with bunches of predominately amber colored grapes, the contents of
the container would not have a “fairly uniform appearance.” The reverse situation would also
be objectionable although the irregularity would have to be more pronounced before it
becomes objectionable. In other words, it is not the relatively poor color or small size that is
objectionable but the contrast. For example, one or two well colored bunches mixed with a
container of general minimum colored bunches would be objectionable. If the grapes on the
bottom of a container are of inferior color or size as compared to those packed in the top, it
would not be considered fairly uniform in appearance or uniform in appearance, although

Poorer color or size showing in the face is more objectionable than the same amount in the
bottom of the container.

The inspector is cautioned not to be too technical in scoring this factor. The general
appearance should be considered and, in the case of Tokays and Emperors particularly, it
should be remembered that there is normally considerable variation in color in the same
bunch.

It will be necessary to remove a large part or all of the contents of a container before judging
uniformity of color or size.

Although not required by any of the remaining grades, if a lot meets the requirements as to
uniformity of appearance it may be so described on the certificate.

Color. The U.S. standards specify in detail the color required for red and black varieties of

grapes in the Table Grape and U.S. No. 1 Juice Grape grades. There are no color

requirements for white varieties of grapes in the standards for Table Grapes. However,

applicant's often request that color be reported on white varieties; use the following terms:

green, turning amber or amber. Report the facts at applicant's request, not affecting grade.

Also, for white varieties of grapes in the U.S. No. 1 Juice Grape grade when sugar test shows

that soluble solids are less than 20%, in which case they must meet the requirements of

“fairly well colored” (refer to Color Requirements in Standards). If no test is made showing

soluble solids of white grapes to be below 20%, no minimum color requirement should be
applied to U.S. No. 1 Juice grapes, however, color should be described. thnk

In all cases the bunch is the unit for determining color. It is necessary to accurately estimate
the percentage, by count, of the berries on each bunch which show the color in question.
Care must be exercised


(1) The minimum percentage of soluble solids for any lot shall be determined from the juice of at .
least 10 percent, by weight, of whole bunches of the least mature grapes in that container which
appears to have the least mature grapes. No lot shall be considered as failing to meet these
requirements unless samples from two containers which appear to have the least mature grapes
_test below the required percentage of soluble solids.

Definitions

§51.889 Well developed grapes.
. “Well developed" rapes means grapes which are not abnormally small forthe variety.

$51.890 One variety.

"One variety" means that the grapes show similar varietal characteristics.
§51.891 Uniform in appearance.
“Uniform in appearance" means that not more than one-tenth of the containers in any lot show
sufficient variation in color or size of berries to materially detract from the appearance of the
contents of the individual container, and that the stems are well developed and strong.

§51.892 Color terms.

The color terms "well colored," “peasonably well closed," and "fairly well colored" are defined

in Table IV.
Table IV
Color terms Black varieties Red varieties ‘White varieties
“Well colored (U.S. Extra | Each bunch shall have not {| Each bunch shall have not less No
Fancy). Jess than 95 percent, by than 75 percent, by count, of Tequirement.
count, of berries showing | berries showing good
good characteristic color.' | characteristic color.'

Reasonably well colored | Each bunch shall have not | Each bunch shall have not less No |
(USS. Fancy). Jess than 85 percent, by than 66-2/3 percent, by count, of | requirement.
count, of berries showing | berries showing good
good characteristic color.' | characteristic color ' except the
. Tokay and Cardinal varieties

shall have not less than 75
percent, by count, of berries
showing characteristic color?

1 Good characteris color for back varieties rcane pape" bik ini ie Rb or sar
varieties of grapes shall have at least two-thirds of the surface of the berry showing purple to black color.

For red varieties good characteristic color means at least two-thirds of the surface of the berry is light red through
dark red color; except, for the Tokay variety pink through dark red, and for the Cardinal variety light red through

purple shall be permitted.

10


(124)

(125)

(126)

(127)

(128)

Residue. Sprays of various kinds have been tried for
the control of various insects and diseases, particularly on
dulce grapes,

taste. These would have to be berred
and U. S, No. 1 Juice grade on

and froma U. S. Wo. 2 Juice grade on the basis of taste and
odor. °

Ade


ns a
i He i Hl ay iit iH it I i i
CCR ee a
ca ata i i ii ‘i i ie
at if be He i iy il
ity He eee
sia: i li gt ai ik . Hi %
oH: Hi tet la i it ls


-52-

(225) It 4s important that the refractometer be properly adjusted before
starting the test. Otherwise it will be impossible to make an accur _
determination of the sugar content. It will be found most convenient
to adjust the instrument to read zero with distilled water at the tem- .
perature at which the test will be made. As the temperature changes
during the day it will be necessary to readjust the instrument. A
small supply of distilled water should be kept on hand for this purpose, .
and precautions taken to keep it clean. Tap water should not be used -
because it frequently contains enough minerals in solution to materially
affect the reading. Distilled water may be optained from drug stores,
chemical supply houses or laboratories. ‘The water that service

stations put into auto batteries may not be distilled and should not
be used.

(226) me refractometer must be clean or the accuracy of the reading will be
affected. It must be thoroughly cleaned after each use, as juice
allowed to remain and dry on the instruments will materially affect
the accuracy of the next test made. Care should be taken not to
scratch the surface of the prism or the hinged plate.

(227) ‘The test for Table Grapes is a minimum sugar test; whereas for Juice
Grapes 1t 1s an average sugar test.

(228) For Juice Grapes. Theoretically, the average test would be that ob-
from testing the blended juice squeezed rrom all of the grapes

in the lot. As squeezing all of the grapes in the lot is naturally
impractical, a sample container should be selected which represents 1 _
nearly as possible the average sugar content of the lot. This container
may be one containing the original pack or it may be one filled by
selecting bunches to fill a container so that its contents would be
representative of the lot. If there is a wide variation in maturity,

more than one sample lug should be selected for testing and the results
of the tests from the various lugs averaged.

(229) In determining the percentage of soluble solids for Juice Grapes the
hydrometer 1s the instrument to be used as specified by the Standards.
However, the refractometer may be used provided the readings are not
borderline or just below the minimm soluble solids requirements. In
such instances the hydrometer should be used. If no hydrometer is
readily available check with your supervisor.

(230) Hacina the Suspr Test by Erirosster. ‘The most comaon method for ob-
taining for test consists ef squeezing the grapes through muslin,

The juice should be free from floating particles of pulp or other matter


3

$51.3613 Unclassified.

small. except that portions

ively

excessi

bunches

of

Consisting of not less than

berries, on each

ave a minimum diameter,

Hel
lit wail i Hy iii
igen o eele ty
se a wu te HEE F
Poa (ib ji
il Fl a i i
See i a
3 ie E gotds

ied an a i Hau


ny

CALIFORNIA MATURITY REGULATIONS

California Deparment of Food and Agriculture, 1981 Administratin
Code - Title 3 of California, Group 4, Article 25, Parts 1436.3

through 1436.17.

1436.3 Grapes, Sampling and Testing Method.

Compliance with Sections 1436.12, 1436.13, 1436.14, 1436.15,
1436.16 and 1436.17 of the California Administrative Code, relating to
the maturity of grapes included in Group A Table Grapes, shall be
determined by examination of the grapes in a representative sample of
containers taken at random from any lot of containers of ‘grapes.

(a) A “lot" of grapes means any group of containers, containing
grapes of the same variety, and the same grade or brand, and which is
set apart or is separate from any other group or groups.

(b) The following procedure shall be used to determine whether
grapes in a lot are in compliance with the maturity standards of this
article.

(c) Sampling method. ‘There shall be selected at random from r*-
lot, the number of sample containers specified by the following ta

100 containers or lesS .....ccscccccccccccccesccccccsece 3
101 £0 300 .rcccccccccccce scccccccces 5
301 to 500 .eseccssecccees socssccecccssccncens 6

501 £0 700 ..cccecsecccccccccccccccccccccccccccccsccccce 7

For lots of over 700 containers, one additional sample container
shall be selected for each additional 200 containers or fraction
thereof.

(d) From the sample containers selected in accordance with
paragraph (c), select the three containers which appear to contain the
least mature grapes; of these three containers, select the two that
contain grapes which appear to be the least mature of the three.
Remove from each of the two containers so selected 20% of the grapes,
but not less than two bunches, from a contiguous area of each
container which appears to be the least mature. Combine the grapes
removed from both containers, crush and extract the juice for



- 2h.

1. TABLE GRAPES, STRUCTURE OF BUNCHES - EMPEROR,

All bunches are ‘straggly. Bunch No, :
below the requirement for U.S.No.! Grade, -s

3 is just

4

a

(Upper row bunches photo raphed hanging; lower row sa
bunches spread out on flat surface) ,


Deleted, March 1997, HU-136-4(a)
Page 2, U.S. Standards for Grades of Table Grapes (European or Vinifera Type)
Grapes, Market Inspection Instructions, November 1971


(a)

(B)

(c)

JUICE GRAPES (EUROPEAN OR VINIFERA TYPE) qu)

U. S. No. 1. Juice U. S. No.2 Juice
For raisining or raisined

berries in any container 15*
Including in (A)
(a) For raisined berries 5 15
For berries failing to meet
remaining requirements of
the grade 10 10
Including in (B)
(a) For serious damage 5
Included in (a) .
(b) For decay 2 5

For bunches damaged by dried
berries and/or immature shot
berries 10

* Any amount of raisining may be permitted if percentage of raisining

The
the

4s specified in connection with the grade.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

application of tolerances for each of the standards is basically (12)
same:

Based on sample inspection, individual packages in the lot are
subject to the following limitations: Provided, That the
averages for entire lot are within the tolerances specified for
grade:

A. For tolerances of 10 percent or more, Aindividual packages may
contain not more than one and one-half times the speciriea
toscrances.

B. For tolerances of less than 10 percent, individual packages
may contain not more than double the specified tolerance.


3

testing. After extraction, agitate, and thoroughly mix the juice, and
test. If the test result complies, with the soluble solids standard
specified in this article, no further testing is required.

(e) If the result of the soluble solids test, as specified in (d)
above, fails to comply with the soluble solids standard specified for
the variety, proceed to the second test as follows: thoroughly stir
the juice used for the soluble solids test; measure out 10 c.c. of
this juice and titrate to determine the ratio of soluble solids to
acid; if this ratio is equal to or higher than the ratio standard of
20 to 1, and the minimm soluble solids as specified in this article,
no further testing is required.

(£) 1£ the soluble solids test provided in (d) above, or the
ratio test provided in (e) above fails to equal the standard specified
for the variety of grape being tested, proceed to the third test as
follows: remove the least mature appearing grapes from the third
sample container by the same procedure prescribed in (d) above,
extract the juice of the grapes selected from this third container,
thoroughly mix the juice, and proceed with the soluble solids test.
Determine the mathematical average soluple solids percentage of the
first test, (d) above, and this third test (£); this percentage shall
be deemed the soluble solids percentage for the lot. If the result of
this test complies with the soluble solids standard specified in this
article, no further testing is required.

(g) If the soluble solids test provided in (£) above fails to.
equal the standard specified in this article for the variety being
tested, proceed to the fourth test as follows: thoroughly stir the
juice used for the soluble solids test provided in (d) above (the
2-box test) and (£) above (the 3-box test). Remove 10 c.c. of juice
from each test and combine and thoroughly mix these two quantities of
juice. When thoroughly mixed, remove 10 c.c. of this combined juice
and titrate. Té the result of this test couplies with the ratio
standard of 20 to 1, and the minimm soluble solids as specified in
this article, no further testing is required.

(b) Por grapes not included in Group A, the number of containers
prescribed in (c) above shall be selected and not less than 10 percent
of the grapes shall be selected at random from each of the
containers. ‘Then combine the samples and make one composite test of
the total juice extracted.


9

It is hereby declared that the differences in climatic condition
that exist north,and west of San Gorgonio Pass cause Malaga, Thompson
Seediess, Beauty Seedless, Robin, Cardinal, Berenda Red, Imperial
Cardinal, and Richards Black varieties of grapes which are grown there
to have, at maturity, @ higher percentage of soluble solids than
mature grapes of these varieties which are grown south and east of San

This Section shall apply to Robin variety of grapes only when
shipped in containers specifically marked with a statement that the
_ grapes are of that variety only.

1436.14 Grapes, Titration.

Any variety of grapes which are in Group A (Section 1436.9,
1436.10, and 1436.11), except all varieties of grapes shipped as juice
grapes, Thompson Seedless, Perlette, and Superior Seedless varieties,
shall also be considered mature if the juice contains soluble solids
equal to or in excess of 20 parts to every part of acid cocained Ut
the juice (the acidity of the juice to be calculated as tartaric acid
without water of crystallization).

The Thompson Seedless variety shall be considered mature if the
juice contains not less than 15 percent soluble solids, and the
Perlette and Superior Seedless varieties shall be considered mature if

the juice contains not less than 14 percent soluble solids, provided
the juice so tested for the three varieties ghall also contain soluble

eetide equal to or in excess of 20 parts to every part acid contained
in the juice.

Titration will not be permitted for any varieties of grapes when
shipped as juice grapes.
1436.15 Grapes, Group A Standards.

Any variety of grapes which is included in Group A may be placed

in the standard for juice grapes and any other variety may be placed
i ene standard uhich is established for table grapes, but regardless


(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

PART I - EUROPEAN OR VINIFERA TYPE

PRODUCING AREAS AND CLASSIFICATION BY USE

European type grapes are grown commercially throughout California,
except in some of the counties in the extreme north or in the higher
mountain districts. The industry is most extensive in the San Joaquin
and Sacramento Valley, in parts of the coastal counties and in San
Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties. Early varieties of

European type grapes are produced in considerable volume in the Phoenix
and Yuma districts of Arizona.

Only varieties of the European or Vinifera type are grown commercially
in California and Arizona. Over 100 varieties are listed as being of
commercial importance and classified and described in Special Publication
No. 25, “Descriptive Catalogue of California Grapes" issued by the
California State Department of Agriculture, June 15, 1922. Also,
classification and description of black juice varieties appears in a
State of California Department of Agriculture publication entitled

“Black Juice Grape Varieties in California" issued in 1929.

Classification of grapes is based primarily on their uses, yet in many aa
cases typical varieties of one group are used for more than one purpose. \ )
For example, Thompson Seedless and Muscat grapes, outstanding raisin °
varieties, are frequently used for table or juice purposes. Likewise,

Tokay, Emperor or Malaga are prominent table varieties, but strippings

from the vines of these varieties are used for juice purposes. Also,
selected bunches of grapes from varieties which are used principally

for juice purposes are sometimes handled for table use.

cre

IMPORTED GRAPES

During the late Winter and Spring months, considerable quantities of

grapes from Argentina, Chile, and the Union of South Africa are imported
into the United States. Most imports arrive at the port of New York and
many lots are shipped by car or truck to other markets. ‘Inspections are

tl
i
‘
i
F
|
i

4s the same as for similar packs of American grapes.


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
AMERICAN (EASTERN TYPE) RUNCH GRAPES!

Amended, Effective September 8, 1983 (48 F.R. 40509)

Gaapes

Bec. *

81.3610 U.S. Fancy Table Grapes.
613611 U.S. No.1 Table Grapes.
813612 US. No. 1 Juice Grapes.

Avrnmosrrr: The provisions of this subpart,
fagued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1067. as
amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622;

1626.
‘Gaaes ;
$51.8610 U.S. Fancy. Table Grapes.
“U.S. Fancy Table Grapes” consists of :
bunches of grapes of one variety. (except’
when designated .as assorted varieties:

)

‘which are mature and well colored. The
berries are firm, firmly attached to oar
shattered,

(b) Size of derries. Not less than 90
percent. by count, of the berries.
exclusive of dried berries, on each
bunch shall have a minimum diameter.
unless otherwise specified. of “ie of an

(e) Tolerances. In order to allow for
variations incident to proper grading and
following tolerances,

handling, .the by
weight, are permitted:
(1) 5 percent for bunches in any lot
are A

are. seriously | 3
inchided in this latter amount not more
“than 1 percent may be permitted for ber
ries affected by mold or decay, and not
more. than 2 percent for*dried berries

. or those affected by berry moth.

18 13611. DS. No. 1 ‘Table ‘Grapes.


1436.11 Grapes, Black Varieties.

_ The following varieties of black grapes and other similar
varieties are in Group A: :

Black Corinth California Concord
Black Ferrara Concord

Black Hamburg Corinthe Noir
Blackrose Cornichon

Black Zante Danugue

Blue Grau Drodelabi

Exotic Olivette Noir
Frankenthal Panariti

Fresno Beauty Pierce

Gros Colman Pierce Isabella
Gros Guillaume Prizzutello Nero
Isabella Prune de Cazouls
Isabella Regia Purple Damascus
Black Monukka Rose of Peru
Black Morocco Ribier

Muscat Albarbient's Servian Blue

Black Prince Snow's Muscat Hamburg
_Muscat Hamburg Zante Currant

1436.12 Grapes, Maturity Standards.
Except as otherwise provided in Sections 1436.13 and 1436.14
“mature” means that:

(a) A variety of grapes in Group A (Section 1436.9, 1436.10, and
1436.11) test not less than 16-1/2 percent soluble solids in juice,
and

(b) A variety of grapes not in Group A test not less than 19
percent soluble solids in juice, except the Alicante and Palomino
varieties which shall test not less than 18 percent.

(c) Soluble solids content shall be as determined by the standard
. hand refractometer. :


(a) The following shall be considered as damage to the individual berry:

(1) Scarring such as that caused by thrips, mildew, rubs, and similar injuries when materially
detracting from the appearance of the berry;

() Discoloration when any light brown, tan, or darker discoloration of the skin materially
detracts from the appearance of the berry: Provided, That "sunkissed” berries of the white Malaga
variety which show discoloration of amber or light brown color shall not be considered as
damaged. "Buckskin" berries of the Tokay variety, and similar injury to other varieties, shall be
considered as damaged by discoloration;

(3) Heat when the flesh of the berry is affected;

(4) Almeria Spot when any spot is distinctly sunken or dark in color;

(5) Mildew when active powdery mildew is present;

(©) Freezing when the berry is frozen or when the flesh of the berry is affected by freezing;

(7) Insect injury when penetrating the skin of the berry or when there is noticeable insect
infestation on the bunch; when mealybug residue or aphis honeydew are present in noticeable
amounts; or when leafhopper residue materially detracts from the appearance of the individual
berry or of the bunch.

(b) The following shall be considered as damage to stems:

(1) Active powdery mildew or any other disease when present on the stems to the extent that it
detracts from the appearance of the bunch or when scars caused by mildew or other disease
constrict or weaken any part of the main or lateral stems; and,

(2) Freezing when the stems are frozen or the capstems are swollen or dried, or when the main or
lateral stems are water-soaked and limp, or dried, as a result of freezing.

§51.902 Fairly well filled. ,

“Fairly well filled" means that the berries are reasonably closely spaced on main and lateral
stems and that the bunch is not very loose or stringy.

§51.903 Excessively tight.

"Excessively tight" means that the berries are so wedged together that the bunch is extremely
compact for the variety and resulting distorted berries materially detract from the appearance of
the bunch.

§$51.904 Shot berries.

"Shot berries" means very small berries resulting from insufficient pollination, usually seedless
in those varieties which normally develop seeds.

§51.905 Dried berries.

"Dried berries" means berries which are dry and shriveled to the extent that practically no
moisture is present.

§51.906 Well developed and strong.

“Well developed and strong" means that the main and lateral stems are firm, fibrous, and pliable,
not distinctly immature or spindly or.threadlike at time of packing.

§51.907 Diameter.

"Diameter" means the greatest dimension of the berry taken at right angles to a line running from
the stem to the blossom end.

§51.908 Serious damage.

"Serious damage" means any defect or any combination of defects which seriously detracts from

12




- 54 -

SORRECTION FORBRIX HYDROMETER RE,
100 to 32° Centigrade

500 to 89.69 Pahrenheit

Temperature Substract from Brix Reading |

c. RE
10.0 50.0 40
11,0 ° 51.8 35
12.0 53.6 - 230
13.0 55.4 225
ee re
0 5 .
16.0 60.8 10
17.0 62.6 +05
17.5 Std. 63.5 00
Add _to Brix Reading

18.0 64.4 205
19.0 66.2 10
20.0 68.0 15
21.0 69.8 -20
22.0 1.6 30
23.0 Bs 35
24.0 15.2 40
25.0 20 50
26.0 The 255
27.0 80.6 60
28.0 82.4 70
29.0 22 .
30.0 86.0 8
32.0 7. -90
32.0 89.6 a.)


- 50 -

Condition: #§ Berries generally firm and firmly attached to
capstems. Stems strong and well developed, mos _
green color, some turning brown. In most chests
1 to 3 decayed berries, in many 1% decay, average --
less than 1/2 of 1% decay.

Grade: Palis to grade U. S. Fancy Export account of bunches
failing to meet berry size requirements and grade
defects.

(217) (5) S. No. 1 Juice ded_lugs).

Pack: Most lugs fairly well filled, many well filled.

Size: Berries and bunches mostly medium, some large.

Quality: Fairly well colored. Grade defects average 4g
mostly excessively straggly bunches.

Condition: Berries firmly attached to capstems and mostly
firm. Stems mostly slightly wilted, many fresh.
Average 12% raisining, 3% raisined berries. In
most lugs less than 1/2 of 1% decay in some 1 to 4,
in some 5 to 8%, average 1% decay. Decay is Gray
Mold Rot in various stages. :

Meets quality requirements but fails to grade
U. S. Ho. 1 Juice account decay in some lugs.

E

€


56)

7)

8)

»”)

Deleted, June 1989, BN-104-7 (c)
Page 14, Para. 58, Lines 3 and 4
Grape, Market Inspection Instructions

November 1971

-14=-
VARIETY SMALL MEDIUM LARGE
Emperor, Malaga Under 11/16 11/16 to 13/16 Over 13/16
and Red Malaga
Ribier & Cardinal Under 12/16 12/16 to 14/16 Over 14/16
Thompson Seedless _. Under 10/16 10/16 to 12/16 Over 12/16
& Similar Varieties
Tokay Under 11/16 11/16 to 13/16 Over 13/16
Almerias Under 11/16 11/16 to 13/16 Over 13/16
Alicante Bouschet,
Zinfandel and Under 9/16 9/16 to 11/16 Over 11/16
Carignane

Grade Requirements for size of Bunches and Berries.

: The U.S. Extra Fancy Table Grape grade .
requires that bunches weigh not less than 1/2 pound. The U.S.
Fancy Table and U.S. No. 1 Table grades require that bunches weigh
not less than 1/4 pound. :

in all Table Grape grades there is no separate tolerance for
underweight bunches. They are included in the tolerance for
general grade defects.

Juice Grape grades contain no requirements as to bunch size.

Minimum Berry size:

(a) Table Grapes:

Each of the table grape and Export grades requires that each bunch
have a ninizun percentage of berries of a specific minimun
diameter. They are as follows:


- 43-

instead report Gray Mold or other identified disease.

Reporting and Scoring Decay. If any-decay is present, mention always (192)
‘Should be made on the face of the certificate, also "NO DECAY" is to
be shown when none is found.

In the past it has been the practice to report "practically free from (93)
decay" when certain requirements were complied with. This practice
should be discontinued and the following instructions carried out:

(a) In the case of Table Grapes, containers with 1 to 3 decayed (19%)
berries are to have such facts stated numerically on the
face of the certificate; any decay in excess of 3 berries
4n the entire container is to be reported as less than 1/2
of 1%, or such percentage that may be found, according to
the facts.

Example:
"In most lugs no decay, in some lugs 1 to 3 decayed berries."

(b) In the case of Juice Grapes, containers with 1/2 of 1% (or (195)
Jess than 1/2 of 1%) decay are to have such facts stated on
the face of the certificate; any decay in excess of 1/2 of
1% is to be reported as less than 1%, or such percentage
that may be found, according to the facts.

Example:
"In most lugs 1/2 of 1% or less decay, many lugs no decay,"
(c) If no container exceeds the tolerance, it is sufficient to (196)
: ‘show in general terms the containers in which "decay" and
"no decay" were found, and the average need not be shown.
Examples:

1. Table Grapes: "In most lugs no decay, many lugs 1%
or less decayed berries.“ ,


- 45 -

Examples:
1. "Most lugs no decay, some lugs 1 to 3 decayed berries."

2. “Less than 1/2 of 1% decay."

3. “Most lugs 1 to 3 decayed berries, some less than 1/2 of

1g to 2%, average less than 1% decay."

(201)

{he following table is provided as a guide for inspectors when reporting (202)
decay in Emperor, Almeria, Malaga and Tokay Table Grapes in lugs weighing

25 to 28 pounds:
Number decayed berries

per_lug Report _as
lto 3 1 to 3 berries per lug
& to 13 Less than 1/2 of 1 decay
14 to 24 Less than 1% decay
25 to 1g decay
35 to 65 2% decay
66 to 90 3% decay

The Table is based on the fact that the average for practically all
- varieties of Table Grapes is 1 berry = .01 1b. When inspecting
varieties having normally small berries, or normally large berries,
allowances obviously should be made for this size variation.

Decay affecting the U. S. Juice Grape grades usually will be scored in
tenths of a pound, The U. S. No. 1 Juice grade permits 2% of grapes
affected by decay, but limits the weight of bunches to 15% which have
spots of decay affecting three or more contiguous berries.

In scoring weight of decay in Juice grapes, it is sometimes necessary
to score berries which are in contact with the affected berries in
addition to those that actually show decay st the time, for instance,
a bunch of grapes with a large spot of decay on the side of the bunch
theoretically would have the unaffected portion above and below the
affected spot trimmed off, but the unsalvageable berries in contact
with the spot of mold or decay would be scored with the weight of ~

- affected berries.

For heavier decay both in table and juice stock, which 1s generally

(203)

(204)

(205)

(206)


1436.8 Grapes, Standards.

There are two standards for grapes. All &rapes of the varieties
in Group A shall be considered table grapes and all other varieties
juice grapes. Except as otherwise Provided in Section 1436.23 of this
article, grapes of all varieties shall at least @eet the standard for

juice grapes.

1436.9 Grapes, White Varieties.

The following varieties of white grapes and other similar

varieties are in Group A:
Alneria
Aspiran Blanc
Bicane

Chasselas de Fontainebleau

Chasselas Napoleon
Cornichon Blane

. Crystal

Dattier de Beyrouth
Delight

Dizmar

Golden Queen

Italia (Italian Muscat)

Khalili
1436.10 Grapes, Red Varieties.

Rhandahar

Ladyfinger

Malaga

Ohanez

Olivecte Blanche
Olivette de Vendemain
Perlette

” Persian 23

Pizzutello di Roma

. Rish Baba :

Posaki
‘Thoupson Seedless

The following varieties of red grapes and other similar varieties

are in Group A:

Hf

Maraville de Malaga
Molinera Gorda

Pink Thompson Seedless


~

-9-

When it can be determined that 8 portion of the car or lot consists of (25)
lugs of one variety and the other portion consists of lugs of mixed
varieties of the same color, general terms should be used unless the
inspector knows the number of each portion.

‘In order to accurately describe this condition under the "products" (26)

and "Grade" headings on the certificate, statements such a5 the follow-

ing should be used, when at least half of the containers show one variety:
Product: “Black JUICE GRAPES 4n open lugs, labeled ‘Black

Bull! ‘most lugs contain Zinfandels, some lugs

ginfandels and Carignanes mixed, Manifested as

1170 lugs."

Grade: Most lugs U. S. No. 1 Juice
-Some lugs U. Ss. Wo. 1 Mixed Juice.

‘Type of Conainer, Always state the type of container. Grapes are en
shipped in various containers, the most common being lugs or displey
lugs with some foam containers being used in recent years.

Tr shipped in unlidded lugs (occasionally done with Juice Grapes) (28)
this fact should be mentioned on the certificate.

Distinguishing Marks, The purpose of this is to identify the lot with (29)
the certificate. Include significant identifying brands, grower's or
shipper's name and address, state lot stamps, export stencils or other
distinguishing marks. . : .

Quantity Inspected. The mimber of packages in a lot must be stated on (30)
the certificate. hie will usually be in the form of an applicant's

count or manifest count. If the inspector
containers he may certify count on the certificate.

é
‘i
§


(3)

ac)

Grade:

- 49 -

of bunches show dry, black spindly stems. From ,
2 to 5%, average 4% Gray Mold Rot gmerallyin initial”
stages.

Fails to grade U. S. Fancy Table account grade
defects.

U. S. No, 1 Table.

Packs Faced pack, most lugs well filled, some fairly (215)
well filled.

Size: Bunches generally medium, berries generally medium,
few small. Bunches with undersize berries within
tolerance.

Quality: Most bunches fairly well colored, range from 8 to
20%, average 15% poorly colored bunches. Other

defects average 3%, mostly scarred berries
and shot berries. :

Condition; Berries are generally firm and firmly attached to
capstems. Stems mostly turning brown, some ary
and pliable. In most lugs no decay, in some lugs
1 to 3 decayed berries.

Grade: Fails to grade U. S. Wo. 1 fable account color.

U,_S. Fancy Export. (216)

Pack: Most chests tight, some fairly tight, few slack
with sawdust 1 inch below top edge of chests.

Size: punches and berries mostly medium, some large;
from 5 to 25%, average 15%, of bunches fail to
meet berry size requirements.

Quality: In most chests grapes are well colored, in many

chests reasonably well colored. Grade defects
range fron 4 to 18%, average 12%, including 5%


Condition of Berries
Attachment to Stems.

Condition of Stems
Condition Defects.
Crushed Berries
Wet Berries . .
Split Berries .
Freezing Injury
Mold and Decay.
Examle....

GRADE. 2 2 we wwe
APPENDIX I... 1...

.
.
.
.
.
.
°

ed

APPENDIX Il....U.S. Standards

eo ewe e

Cr ey

Cr ee

eo ereee

Cy

Cr er rey

Cd

Ce ry

er ey

.

ey

.
ee ee

3

BEBESS see

”


(2g)

(295)

(296)

(an

(298)
(299)

(500)

- 66 -

Freezing Injury. Grape berries, when injured by freezing, |
their natural crispness and have a dull, wilted or flabby
Sppearance. The pulp is watery and when the capstem is pulled
from the berry, it will be noticed that less of the pulp adheres:
to the brush than on a normal berry.

+  Mold_and Decay. Mold on grape berries Generally indicates the
presence ‘of decay. The kind and degree of mold found should be
reported.

If any decay is present in a lot of &rapes, mention of it should
always be made on the face of the certificate; also "No decay"
is to be reported if none is found. Amounts of decay should be
estimated as accurately as possible. See same heading in Part I
of this handbook.

Example of Condition Statement:

“Berries are generally firm and mostly firmly attached,
few shatter readily; 2 to 8%, average 5¢ shattered
berries. In most baskets, 1 to 3 decayed berries, in
many 1 to 3% decay, average 2% Blue Mold Rot".

Under this beading a definite statement should be made showing the

grade of the lot and indicating which grade was used as the basis for
the inspection.

Any. lot of grapes consisting of more than one variety which meets all
other requirements of the grade may be certified as being mixed
varieties as: "U. S. No. 1 Table Mixed" or "J. S. No, 1 Juice Mixed",

Example:
Pack: Well filled,
Size: Bunches and berries mostly medium, some large.

Undersize within tolerance.


- 23-

Excessively tight means the berries are so closely wedged together (93)
that the appearance of the bunch is materially affected by berries ”

on the lower portion being distinctly distorted from normal shape.
Disregard very tight shoulders even though some distortion may be
evident. Excessively tight bunches are defects of the U. S. Extra
Fancy and U. S. Fancy Table grades. This condition occurs mostly

dn the Tokay variety and occasionally in Emperors from vines on
resistant stock.

Other terms ‘used to deseribe compactness of bunches are: (94)

Comact, fairly compact, and loose.

In describing filling the following terms should be used: (95)

Well filled - verries closely spacec 9% main or lateral st (92)
‘#ith no open spaces or stringiness.

ted - berries closely spaced on main or lateral (87)
stems. Bunch may be loose with regard to compactness but is not
stringy. (Lower limit U. S. Extra Fancy and U. S. Fancy Table
grades).

Siightly stragety - berries not so closely spaced on main or (23)
Stems as in “fairly well filled" resulting in bunches

which are slightly open or slightly stemy in structure. (Lowe>

limit U. S. No. 1 Table grade).

ly - berries so widely spaced on main and lateral stems (99)
that the bunch 1s distinctly open or very stemmy in structure.
Straggly bunches are defects of all grades except the Juice
ri .

Grape grades.
Excessively straggly - only a few scattered berries along the (1005

main stem, Such bunches are excessively stemny in appearance

and are defects of the U. S, Ho. 1 Juice grade. The definition
of excessively straggly is intended primarily for the Muscat
wariety which characteristically has a high percentage of stragely


Revised May 1986, BN-99-4(a)
Page 64, Para. 288 and 289 Grapes

Market Tngpection Instructions,
November 1971 .

(281)

(282)

(283)

(284)

= 64 -

@ separate 2% tolerance. Remember dried ‘berries are
in weight. It takes a large number by count to weigh 1/10 of a

puesting. No russeting on berries is permitted in the U.S. Fancy

The U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grade permits russeting vhich does not ;

ure the appearance of the berries. The U.S. No. 1 Juice Grapes
pase ponies Tusseting which does not seriously damage the
appearance of the berries.

Hail, Disease, Insects and Other « See the same heading in
Fart T of these instructions, .

(285) of Statement for U.S. No. 1 Table :
"harare mostly well, some fairly well solved
over 85% of bun

(286)

(287)

ches fairly compact to compact,”
mostly compact. Grade defects within tolerances:

SNDITIN
Refer to General Market Inspection Instructions and sane headings
Part I in this handbook.

Condition of Berries. All grades in the standards for American’ type
@rapes require that the berries shall not be soft. Berries meeting
grade requirements should be described as "firm."

(288) * Attachment to and Shattered Berries. Each grade requires
berries have a capsten attached. \Llowing
* illustrates two factors should be - “Berries

Dried berries are considered very objectionable. All grades restrict.
‘them with a se

eee neaen

teeene


-57-

cracks badly with inability to heal over like the Concord sometimes
prevents profitable marketing of the crop.

joore ack). Resembles the Concord closely but bunches generally (240)
Jer and inclined to looseness; bunches intermediate in length and

breadth, irregularly cylindrical to tapering. Berries larger than

those of the Concord but not of as good texture and quality. Ripens

two to three weeks earlier than Concord. Skin intermediate in

thickness; tender; adheres to pulp; contains dark, purplish-red pigment.

Flesh greenish, translucent, juicy, fine grained and tough, slightly

foxy.

ion (Black). An important variety for lighter soils of Michigan, (241)
where it assumes commercial proportions but not of commercial
importance in other leading districts. Clusters medium to small, blunt,
cylindrical to slightly tapering, ‘usually not shouldered, medium to
compact. Berries medium to fairly large, roundish, dull bleck; skin
thick, tender adheres to pulp; contains small amount of light purplish
pigment. Flesh light green, translucent, juicy, fine grained, tender,
foxy. Poorest in quality of all commercially grown eastern black
grapes due largely to its insipid flavor and dull black color. If
allowed to reach maturity, the berries as a rule shatter easily. This
variety has little to recommend it, save the fact that it matures
early,.being three to four weeks ahead of the Concord, which is about
the only reason it is grown. Buyers who understand grapes avoid
buying the Champion if possible, and therefore, it 1s often substituted
for Concord.

_ Niagara (white). The leading American White Grape, grow chiefly in (2u2)
the Lake Ontario District. Being vigorous, productive and adaptable, :
and ripening at about the same time, 4t holds the same place in white
grapes that the Concord does in black grapes. It is a showy grepe,
with large well-filled ‘bunches that are long to” medium, somewhat
proadly tapering, often cylindrical, frequently single-shouldered,
compact or moderately 80. Berries medium to large, light green changing
to pale amber color or yellowish~ Skin is tender, containing no
pigment; does not crack easily, but berries often shatter easily from
stems. Flesh light green, translucent, juicy, moderately tender, sweet,
slightly foxy; seeds separate easily from pulp. A variety rather
susceptible to fungus diseases, particularly Black Rot, which has
caused heavy losses during unfavorable seasons.


-16-

(65) Examples of Size Statements. ~
(European or Vinifera type) “ -

(67)

1.

2.

3.

Well

U.S. No. 2.

“Bunches and berries mostly medium, some large.
Bunches with undersize berries within tolerance."

U.S. Fancy Table.
“Bunches mostly large, some medium.

Berries mostly large, many medium, Bunches with undersize
berries within tolerance."

U._S. Extra Fancy, feils to grade.
“Bunches mostly medium, few large, few small.

Berries mostly medium; 8% to 17%, average 12% of punches
fail to meet berry size requirement.

U.S. Extra Fancy.

“Bunches and berries mostly large, many medium. Bunches
with undersize berries within tolerance."

QUALITY
(66) Report the following factors under this heading:
Development. .
Maturity.
Appearance.
Color. :
Compactness and Pilling of Bunches
Defects.
1-4 3. Well developed grapes are defined as grapes

which are abnormally small for the variety. ‘This requirement is
included in the grade so that bunches ci

abnormally

sufficient
small berries could be scored as defects, especially in the grades where


-33-

Condition of Berries. The condition of berries should be described by
using the terms: firm, wilted, slightly soft or rubbery, and soft.
“Ghe Table Grape grades speciry that ‘the grapes shall be "firm" and in
‘these grades any amount of berries which are other than "firm" would
be condition defects.

(a) Fira, ‘Indicating that there has not been more than
change in the plump condition of fre!
loss of moisture.

(b) Soft, As applied to grapes is a tern used to designate
berries in the Table Grape grades which do not meet the

mets)

qa)

(uk)

requirement of firm, In the more advanced stages are included

berries in which the pulp has broken down, such as often
occurs following freezing injury.

(c) wilted, This condition is generally only found in
Grapes and is generally manifested by a lack of p
turgidity but with no appreciable loss in juice as in the
case of "raisining" berries. The akin is still pliable, but

frequently shows a fine wrinkling. This is usually the stage
before raisining. Wilted berries and rubbery berries are not

defects of the Juice Grape grades.

Raisining Reisined berries are grade defects in the Table Grape
require the berries to be “firm". They are

Juice
lumpness and

(243)

(Que)

45)


-51-

SOLUBLE SOLIDS DETERMINATION

ES

Soluble solids determination must be made on Juice Grapes and on those (218)

“Mable Grapes imported into this country.
. When it is necessary to determine the percent of soluble solids or (219)

sugar content of a lot of grapes, the following procedure should be
followed.

For Table Grapes. For the test select 10 percent, by weight, of the (220)
Teast mature appearing whole punches found in that container having

the least mature grapes. The standards provide that if the test from

the first sample lug is below the grade requirement, the grapes from

at least one more container must be tested before the lot may be

certified as failing to meet the maturity requirement.

If the test from the first sample lug meets the specified minimum (221)
maturity requirement the Lot should be passed without further testing.

tf the first test is below the minimm requirement, make a similar test

from the lug having the next least mature grapes. If this second test

4s also below the minimum requirement report the lot as failing to meet

the maturity requirement. If the second test meets the requirement

consider the first test a “tolerance for maturity" and report the lot

as meeting the maturity requirement.

The standards require that for Table Grapes from states not having (222)
established maturity requirements or from countries other than the

United States the refractometer will be used in determining the percentage
of soluble solids.

Meking the Suger Mest by Refractometer. Stir the juice well and with a (225)
spoon dip & I quantity onto refractometer prism and make the
reading. As @ precaution wipe the instrument dry and take a second

reading to guard against the possibility of error in reading. Record
the reading and report as outlined in the hydrometer section.

fhe hand refractometer should be graduated from 0 to 25% or 0 to 32% (224)
(International Sugar Scale). These dnstruments ordinarily are correct

at 20 degrees Centigrade (68 degrees Fehrenheit) and are provided with

an adjustment setting for standardizing at other temperatures. Mam-
facturers furnish a temperature correction chart and instructions for

- adjustment with each Anstrument.


-1i9-

in judging minimum shades of characteristic color permitted in the
grades as these minimums are sometimes difficult to determine.

The grades mentioned above as containing a color requirement also (79)
provide a 10% tolerance, by weight, for ‘punches that fail.to-show a
sufficient percentage of. adequately colored berries for the grade and
variety involved. This is a separate_tolerance in addition to the

other tolerances of the grade. “9 = TE

Color 1s an_ important factor in determining the market value of a (80)
lot of grapes, Material quantities of bunches that meet “a higher
color standard than that required by the grade should be reported in

’ general terms..on-the certificate as the following examples illustrate:

(a) "Most bunches fairly well colored, some well colored,"

(b) "Most bunches fairly well colored, many well colored."

Or in the case of white varieties:

(c) "Most bunches light green to turning amber, many amber color."

Lots which fail to meet the color requirements of the grade for which (81)
they are marked will seldom be encountered on the markets. However,

when such lots are found, it will be necessary to report the range

and average percentage of undercolored bunches.

Examples: (82)
1. B.S. Fancy. ,

yost bunches reasonably well colored,7 to 15%, average 12%
fairly well colored bunches."
2. U.S. No. 2.

“Mostly fairly well, some reasonably well: colored; from 8
to 20%, average 15% poorly colored bunches."

Colored and Green Color, Bunches failing to meet the require- (83)
mente of “fairly well colored” may be reported as “poorly colored".
When the term "green" 1s used in connection with the color statement,
the word "color" should be used with it, as “green color".


14

Gurr 1

2/ All varieties, uhen tested by refractometer, are mature vhen

TABLE GRAPE MATURITY CHART
Peromt Arizona California Agricultural Oode 2/ U.S. Standarde for Origins
Solble sgricalnural Outside &
Solids Code 1/ & arizona 3/
All white varieties Muscat type.
17.5 Malaga-NW San Gorgonio Pass. Muscat
17.0 [Thompson Seedless-NwW San Gorgonio Pass. .
All varieties not listed in this |All varieties not listed in
16.5 column. this colum,.
16.0 Seedless
or i ‘San Pass. Cardinal, ; Perlette,
15.5 Cardinal, Berenda Red, terest Ribier, éiverce Blanche.
(Cardinal, Richards Black, Robin - NW Rish Baba, Red Malaga, and
San Pass. similar varieties.
Dimmer Dattier de
Ribier Pierce Isabel:
(Gros Colman Delight Isabella Regia
Bleu Grau Fresno Beauty Superior Seedless
Drodelabi “Servian Blue CA. Concord
[Red Malaga Pierce Perlette
Khalili Concord Queen
Persian 23 Blackrose
15.0 Perlette
Cardinal, Cardinal, Robin, Berenda Red,
14.5 [Robin Cardinal, Richards San
Pass. > Bish Baba, Khandahar,
Olivette .
14.0 [Exotic Exotic
y Ditted, viuan tested by ydroseter, are mature vhen meeting or exceeding the
specified soluble solids. All regardless of hydromater reading, are mature at 18
to 1 or higher titration ratio. ’

meeting or exceeding the

soluble ° ‘Tnompeon Seedless at 15 percent or more refractometer reading,
Perlette or Superior Seedless 14 peroene wore, and all other varieties, regardless of
bed Tesding are mature at to 1 or higher titration necte ‘Thospson,

3/ All varieties, when tested
specified soluble

solide.

e Seedless
Superior Seedless below 14 percent refractometer reading may not be

by refractometer, are mature vhen meeting or exceeding the


(174)

(175)

(176)

am

(278)

ap)

- 40 -

at the time or Packing, storing, or shipping somewhat resembles
and is often attributed to freezing injury by receivers or
In addition to the discussion of from Sulphur Dioxige and


ll

DETERMINING GRAPE MATURITY BASED ON

kK SS

THE CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL CODE.

ee Eee

GENERAL: These instructions are for use when determining maturity of
_grapes grown in California or imported grapes that are subject to
maturity requirements based on the California Code. All equipment
should be rinsed in distilled water before using. Rinsing in tap
water will generally give a higher reading because of minerals
present. Save the juice left over from each test. Some or all of it
is used in subsequent tests.

————_——

SAMPLING: Containers shall be randomly drawn from throughout the lot
according to the following chart:

or SIZE CONTAINERS DRAWN

100 containers or less
101 - 300
301 - 500
501 - 700

NAUYW

Select one additional container for each additional 200
containers or fraction thereof.

From the containers dram, select the 3 containers which appear to
contain the least mature grapes. Out of these 3 containers, select
“the 2 containers appearing to have the least mature grapes. From the
2 containers, remove 20%, but not less than 2 bunches, of the least
mature appearing grapes from a contiguous area of each container.
Completely crush all grapes selected, taking care to avoid unecessary
crushing of the stems. ‘After crushing, pour the juice through a sieve
or metal screen strainer that will permit the juice to freely rm into
the container, but not allow pulp or large solids through.


- 56 -

PART IT - AMERICAN BUNCH GRAPES (Labrusca Type)
FRODUCING AREAS

(236) ‘The Labrusca or American type Grape, represented by the Concord, .
‘Worden, Champion, Moore, Niagara, Catawba and Delaware varieties, is
grow quite extensively in New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Arkansas -,
and Missouri, Also to some extent this type is grosn commercially
in some sections of the Central States, Washington and North Carolina.

(237) Labrusce or American type grapes are used commercially for either juice
or table purposes irrespective of variety. at the present time more
are shipped for juice purposes than for table stock. Of the several

PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF LABRUSCA OR AMERICAN TYFE GRAPES

(238) Concord (Black). ‘The Concord is the leading commercial variety among
the American Eastern type grapes. Clusters large to medium, inter-
mediate in length, wide, broadly tapering, usually single-shouldered,
sometimes double-shouldered; medium to rather compact. Berries mediu
to large with attractive blue-black color and skin of average thickness,
slightly adherent to Pulp; contains small amount of wine colored pigment.
Flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, slightly foxy. Not so good a
shipper as some other varieties on account of the rather tender skin
which causes the berries to shatter and crack. It also loses flavor
soon after picking,

(239) Worden (Black). A seedling of the Concord. Bunches and berries

than those of the Concord; ripens one to two weeks earlier; better

quality, clusters large, medium to long, broad tapering to cylindrical,
Single-shouldered, fairly compact. Berries large, roundish
to oval. Skin tender, cracks easily, consequently adapted for nearby
or local consumption. Contains considerable dark red pigment.
Pulp softer and more juicy than the Concord. Bunches often contain
many green shot berries, a distinguishing feature which may be
found helpful in identifying this variety. The fact that the fruit —

lil


TEST.1: Thoroughly mix the juice. Place a clean dipping type ..
refractometer into the juice to allow it time to adjust to the juice
temperature. Use other types of Yefractometers as instructions
direct.

Read the percent of soluble solids on the refractometer scale and
Tecord the reading on the notesheet + If the variety tested is
considered mature according to this test, the lot may be passed. 1f
the soluble solids reading is below the minimm, Proceed to TEST 2.

‘The soluble solids reading obtained here will be used for calculations:
in later tests.

TEST 2: This test is a titration process using a portion of the juice

Yemaining from TEST 1. The equipment necessary for this test is as
follows: .

1. Two 10 milliliter (ml.) pipettes.
2. Qne 250 ml. Erlenmeyer flask.

3. Distilled water.

4. 1333 sodiun hydroxide solution.

5. Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
6. One 100 ml, graduated cylinder,

A. One of the pipettes is used for
measuring juice, the other for
measuring sodium hydroxide. It
is very important to always use
the same one for juice and the other
for sodium hydroxide. To read the Liquid
level, bold tne pipette in a vertical
position and sight across the meniscus
(See inset). In the "juice pipette”
measure exactly 10 ml. juice. .



wkkt

Revised, December 1997, HU-139-8(b)
Page 27, Par. 106, Grapes, Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971
-27-

Discoloration. . The Table Grape grades require “free from damage by discoloration.” The (106)

’ definition of the term includes as defects “Buckskin” berries of the Tokay variety and similar

injury to other varieties. “Sunkissed” berries of the white Malaga variety which are amber or

light brown in color are not considered as injured or damaged, however, when brown or dark
brown, it should be scored as discoloration. Often this condition extends beyond the
discoloration stage and is actually sunburn. Grape berries showing “ring-mildew” should be
scored as discoloration. For instructions on reporting amber color on white varieties of

grapes see “color” section under quality factors, paragraph 77. balahaiad

Hail Injury. Hail injury may occur as discolored bruised areas without rupture of the skin, or (107)
when very severe the skin may be broken causing serious damage.

Heat Injury. This condition apparently is caused by drought and high temperature. Grapes (108)
on vines with poor foliage seem to suffer most.

Affected berries are very soft or flabby, and easily become loose and wet at the capstems. (109)
The brush shows brown discoloration, and the flesh of the berry is discolored or broken

down. The skins are very tender and the berries crush easily in the bunches, in a manner

similar to those affected by redberry, but they may not have the red color of the skin

characteristic of redberry. When the condition occurs as described above, it must be scored

as a serious defect.

However, grapes which have tough skins or which have lost considerable moisture may (110)
resemble “raisining” somewhat, but differ in that the berries are collapsed, not shrivelled and

also lack the sweetness characteristic of raisining berries. Heat injury of this type may not

result in the berries being soft and flabby or easily separated from the capstem. Although

such a condition should be scored as a defect, it should not be considered as serious damage.

Injury of Bunches by Trimming Away Defective Berries. Bunches of grapes, astheycome (111)
from the vine, sometimes show small clusters of defective or undercolored berries. In the

packing house these defective portions are trimmed off with clippers by cutting the lateral

stems. When such trimming causes large holes to be left in the side of the bunch or

otherwise injures its


SAMPLING

Samples should consists of the entire contents of containers. Repre- (7)
sentative sampling is fully as important as grade interpretation. If

the samples are not representative of the lot, the results of the
Anspection may be incorrect regardless of how accurate the grade inter-
pretations may be. Samples selected should cover all portions of the

car or lot. Samples should be selected proportionately from each size,
grower's lot, grade or brand. :

TOLERANCES

The tolerances in the U. S. Standards are applied on a weight basis (8)
except for color which is on a count basis. The following tables give
the over-all tclerances and restricted tolerances permitted for the

grades.

TABLE GRAPES (EUROPEAN AND VINIFERA TYPE)

Table I TOLERANCES AT SHIPPING POINT 1/ (9)
Factor U.S. Extra U.S. Fancy U.5. No. 1
Fancy table table table
Percent Percent Percent
(A) For bunches failing to meet
color requirements. 2 e+ 20 « 10 10 10
(B) For bunches failing to meet
for minimum
diameter of berries ...-. + « « 10. 20 10
(C) For bunches failing to meet
stem color requirements . . « « « 10 _- -

(D) For undersize bunches
and for bunches and berries
failing to meet the remain-

ing requirements for the grade. « 8 8 8
Including in (D):
(a) For serious Co eee 2 2 2

And, including in (a): ;
(4) For decays eeesee ofl tofl tori


- 42.

(287) Examples:

1. "From 2 to 10%, average 5% of berries wet and sticky fron
Juice of crushed berries Occurring generally in bottom of

2. "In most lugs no wet berries, in lugs in 2 stacks next 7
bunker in each end of car 1/k to entire contents are wet
and sticky due to juice from berries loose at capstems,"

3. "In most lugs no wet berries, in few lugs 10 to 20¢, average
2% of berries wet and sticky Occurring in bunches in contact
with decayed and leaking berries."

(288) Decay. Decay is of much more imp:
8 o A mall amount of decay occurring in Table @rapes sericusiy
affects the market value of the product,
a matter of opinion whether or not @ small Percentage of moldy berries
or even a considerable number of berries showing mold around the capstems
affects the quality of the Juice. The amount and kind of decay are
fhe most important features to be considered under this heading, In
the Table Grape grades only 1%-decay is permitted at destination
Q/e2 of 1% at shipping point). In the. Juice Grape grade 2% decay is
permitted in U. S. No. i with not over 15% of the bunches having
eae, mre contigu: berries. U. S. No. 2 Juice permits

decay.

He
el
i
se

(189) Decays most commonly found in grapes are: Gray Mold Rot, Black Mold
Rot, Blue Mold Rot, Rhizopus Rot, and Green Mold Rot.

190) For a detailed description of these decays and others, refer to Mis-
‘ cellaneous Publication No, 340, “Market Diseases of Pruits and Vegetables:
Grapes and Other Small Fruits,"

(191) After rains in the western growing areas, "slip skin decay" usually
develops and is Common on grapes during wet harvesting seasons. It
Occurs a2 8 shallow infection, usually of Gray Mold Rot but sometimes
possibly other infections. Bunches showing this decay mst be examined




Revised May 4, 1972 BN-53-3

(155)

(156)

(257)

(158)

(asg}*

eteene

(160)

(162)

Attachment to Stems. (Shattering) ‘the Table Grape grades and the No,

= 36-

Grape grade require that the berries be
capstem., The Mo. 2 Juice Grape grade require
detached from the capsten.

ei!

the berry. This is a common

the Thompson Seedless.

When 2 or more berries attached
tainer they should be scored as
berries

[~y

firmly attached to
that the grapes not be

Shattered berries are those that have separated from the bunch due
the of the capstem or the removal of the capstem from
defect of some varieties, particularly

together by stems are found in a con-
“small bunches" instead of shattered

Use reasonable care in removing bunches from the container and in
handling them during inspection, Upon completion of inspection, 211
shattered berries, including those which have fallen off during the
inspection process, shall be scored against the tolerance for grade

Gefects, Shattered berries

Sometimes, excessive shattering will be found
layers in a car, especially over the wheels.

of shattering in such instances should be care
certifica:

eee


-15-

U._S. Extra Fancy Table and U.S. Extra Fancy Export: At least

90 percent of the berries on each bunch shall be at least 11/16

of an inch in diameter except:

Ribier - Exotic

. Cardinal . Queen
” . Robin Italia Muscat

. ° And other similar varieties shall be at least
13/16 of an inch.

_ U.S. Fancy Table and U. 5. Fancy Export: At least 90 percent
. of the berries on each bunch shall be at least 10/16 of an inch
in diameter except:

Ribier Queen
Cardinal Robin
Exotic Italia Muscat

And other similar varieties shall be at least
12/16 of an inch in diameter and, .

Thompson Seedless Delight
Perlette Beauty Seedless
And other seedless varieties shall have at least
. 75% of berries on each bunch having a minimum
i diameter of at least 10/16 of an inch.

U.S. No. 1 Table: At least 75 percent of the berries on each
bunch shall be at least 10/16 of an inch except:

Thompson Seedless Delight

Perlette Beauty Seedless

And other seedless varieties shall be at least 9/16
of an inch in diameter.

There is a separate 10%, by weight, tolerance in each of these grades
for bunches which fail to meet the percentage, by count, requirement
for minimum diameter of berries.

(b) Juice Grapes:

_ The juice grape grades contain no requirements for size of berries,
however, a general description of these factors should be reported on
the certificate.

Revised, BN-98 (10b)
February 1985
GRaPEs (MET)

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)


(32)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

-10-

Examples_of Products’ Statement.

1. “Thompson Seedless Table GRAPES in lugs labeled

‘Diamond K. Brand, Shepherd. Fruit Company, Dinuba, California!

Manifested as 945 lugs."

2. "Z4nfandel Juice GRAPES in unlidded lugs labeled ‘estrite
» Jones Fruit Company, Guasti, California, U. S. No. 1
Juice,! Manifested as 1,17¢%lugs."

3. “Table and Juice GRAPES, manifested as 200 lidded lugs Tokays,

labeled 'Fireflame California Grapes! and 800 unlidded lugs
Carignane, labeled 'McK Brand.!" .

CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS

Under this heading should be noted the conditon of the load and con-

tainers, the arrangement of the load with the mumber of rows and layers

and the presence or absence of center bracing and stripping.

Any shifting of the load, broken bracing, wet, stained or otherwise
damaged packages noted should be described as accurately as possible,
giving the extent of the damage and the location in the load.

Stained or leaking containers are an indication of heavy decay or
damaged stock somewhere in the load and should be accurately described.
They have an important bearing on the sale value of the product. It
frequently happens that the stains are old and dry, and are probably
caused by handling with steined or wet hands in the packing house or

loading station. These should be described as "dry stains" in order to

difrerentaute from stains caused by recent leakage. ‘The amount o:
staining or leaking can be shown by the use of such terms as "lugs
Jeaking slightly from crushed berries," or "lugs badly stained and
leaking from decayed berries" or “many lugs wet, with floor beneath
and next to pile wet from leaking juice from decayed stock."

*"

it is important, therefore, in a case of this kind that the inspector
should not base his judgment solely on the appearance of the outside
rows of the pile in reporting on condition of the packages.

~


Revised, October 1990, HU-108-7 (a)
Page 1, Para. 2, Grapes, Market Inspection
Instructions, November 1971

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
. FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH
MARKET INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS
FOR

“GRAPES 1/ ry

GENERAL ‘y

Detailed instructions pertaining to Date, Inspection Point, Kind of
Car (Truck or Trailer), Condition of car (Truck or Trailer), ae
Lading, etc., which are not covered by this handbook, may be found

in the General Market Inspection Instructions. s.

TYPES SG

sere are three basic species of grapes grown in the United states-
First, Vitis vinifera (European or Vinifera), often referred to as
the California grape, is by far the predominating commercial type.
It is grown extensively throughout California and to a lesser
extent Arizona. It is described in Part I of this handbook.

The other species are Vitis labrusca (Fox type) and vitis
rotundifolia (Muscadines), the Labrusca or American type. They: are
represented by distinctly American varieties, and are generally _
grown for commercial use mainly in New York, Michigan, Washington,
Pennsylvania and Ohio. They are described in Part II of this
handbook.

Cultivars that combine the qualities of Vv. vinifera and th

American species are increasing in popularity.*#*** —~ :

1/ These instructions supersede “Market Inspection Instructions
Grapes" issued May 1966. :

2/ These instructions do not establish a new or revised
substantive rule (United States Standards for Grades of Table
Grapes, Juice Grapes (European or Vinifera Types) and American
(Eastern Type) Bunch Grapes (Sec. 51.880 - 51.912, 51.4290 -
51.4307 and 51.3610 - 51.3624 respectively) .

REPRINTED JANUARY 2007

@)

(2)


a4


* Revised, BN-98 (10c)
March 1985
GRAPES MKT

- 6-

Str . This means that the bunch is decidedly open with (273)
‘arge open spaces and very few berries, due to extended main

or lateral stems or to the fact that many lateral stems have

not developed berries.

The U.S. Fancy Table Grapes grade requires that at least 50% of the (274)
bunches in any container shall be compact and the remainder shall be

‘fairly compact. Bunches which are not fairly compact should be scored
against the 5% tolerance in this grade for “straggly bunches”.

The U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grade requires that in any container (275)
weighing more than 5 pounds at least 85% of the bunches aust be fairly
compact or better. This requirement is a container minisum and not

subject to tolerances. Individual containers weighing 5 pounds or

less must have at least 50% fairly compact bunches and the average

of fairly compact bunches dn the lot must be at least 85%. In either

size container, the straggly bunches may not be scored against the

general tolerance for grade defects. Any container having less than

the specified minimum of fairly compact bunches will cause the lot to

fail the grade.

Tne U.S. No. 1 Juice Grape grade requires that not less than 60% of (276)
the bunches in any container shall be “fairly compact” or better. The
remainder way be straggly.

Mildew. (See same heading Part 1). Any visible aildew is to be (277)
Beored against the. U.S. Fancy Table Grapes grade. .

Mildew which is present in sufficient smounts to affect the sppearance (278)
of the berries is considered “damage” and should be scored against the
U.S. No. 1 Table Grapes grade. Berries are not to be regarded as
damaged if they are firmly attached to the stems and show only slight
traces of mildew on the inside of the bunch where it does not effect
_ the appearance of the berries.

The U.S. No. 1 Juice Grapes grade permits mildew that does not (279)
seriously affect the market quality and which would not be classed as
serious damage. . .

Shot berries. (See sane heading Part I). Saall immature shot (280)
Berries, characteristic of the Worden variety, should be disregarded

unless they are excessive in nuaber and materially detract from the
appearance of the lot. :


-20-

| SOLOR REGUTRIMENTS OF HE GRADES
(8) U. S. Extra Fancy Table . « » Well Colored
U. S. Fancy Table... « « Reasonably Well Colored
U. S. Wo. 1 Table. . 2. « » Fairly Well Colored

U. S. No. 1 Juice. . . - Fairly Well colored
U. S. No. 2 Juice and generally

U. S. Ho, 1 Juice, White Varieties. . + « No Requirement

cee
ewes
eee
eee
ee ee.
eee

DEFINITION OF COLOR TERMS
TABLE GRAPES.

(85) Color Term ack Varieties Red Varieties White Varieties
Well Colored 95% of berries Th of berries Wo requirement
(U. S. Extra good characteris- = good characteris-

Fancy) tic color tic color
Reasonably well 85% of berries . 66-2/% of No requirement
colored : g00d characteris- berries good
(U.S, Fancy) tic color characteristic
. color, except _ we
Tokay and
Cardinal 75%
characteristic
color
Fairly well Toh of berries «60% of berries Mo requirenent
colored characteristic characteristic
(U.S, No. 1) color : color

1. Good characteristic color for black varieti¢s means purple
to Grapes


(13)

(a4),

(15)

(16)

DETERMINING PERCENTAGES

ry weight. All percentages of defects used in reporting a
Grapes are by weight. In order to simplify calculations, weight of
samples should always be determined and entered on the note sheet as
pounds or tenths of pounds. Since it is not possible to weigh all
samples, each inspector mst learn to estimate weights by using the
mmber of berries required to weigh one-tenth of a pound for the variety.

The inspector should frequently check the weights of different varieties
throughout the season, so as to make these estimates as accurate as
Possible. Frequent checks with a postal scale, or some other method,
are necessary even for the experienced inspector in order to insure
accuracy in estimating.

Care should be taken not to overestimate amounts of dried or shot

berries which require a large number to make up any appreciable percentage
on account of their light weight,

The following table shows the approximate number of berries required
to weigh 1/10 of a pound, in the more common varieties, and is provided
as a guide in estimating the amount of defects noted.


EMPEROR.

2. TABLE GRAPES, STRUCTURE OF BUNCHES -

wos. 4 and 5 = Not straggly, not fairty well filled. (No. 5
not fairly well filled account upper laterals)

No. 6 - Minimum airly well filled.
+ lower row, Same

(Upper row, bunches photographed hanging
funches spread out on flat surface)


(1) Freezing;

(2) Any other cause.

@ Size:

(1) For berries: Exclusive of shot berries and dried berries, not less than 90 percent, by count, of
the berries on each bunch shall have the mininium diameters indicated for varieties as follows:
@ Ribier, Cardinal, Robin, Exotic, Queen, Italia Muscat, and other similar varieties
thirteen-sixteenths of an inch.

Gi) Other varieties eleven-sixteenths of an inch.

(2) For bunches:

@ Not less than one-half pound.

@ For tolerances see §51.886.

$51.881 U.S. Extra Fancy Export.

"U.S. Extra Fancy Export” consists of grapes which meet the requirements for U.S. Extra Fancy
Table and, in addition, meet the packaging requirements set forth in §51.912.

§$51.882 U.S. Fancy Table.

"U.S. Fancy Table" consists of bunches of well developed grapes of one variety, except when
designated as assorted varieties, which are at least reasonably well colored, uniform in
appearance when so specified in connection with the grade, and which meet the following

requirements:

(8) Basic requirements for berries:
(1) Mature;

(2) Firm;

(3) Firmly attached to capstem;
(4) Not weak;

(5) Not shriveled at capstem;

(© Not shattered;

(7) Not split or crushed;

(8) Not wet.

(b) Basic requirements for bunches:
(1) Fairly well filled;

(2) Not excessively tight for the variety.
(©) Basic requirements for stems:
(1) Well developed and strong;
(2) Not dry and brittle.

(d) Berries free from:

(1) Decay;

(2) Waterberry;

G) Sunbum;

(4) Almeria Spot.

(e) Stems free from:

(1) Mold;

(2) Decay.

(f) Berries not damaged by:


v7

CuagT IT
20 to 1 Soluble Solids - Acid Ratio Chart

Colum A lists refractometer readings in terms af percent of soluble solids
Colum B lists amounts of sodium hydroxide in milliliters. When the amount of
sodium hydroxide used during titration exceeds the amount in Colum B for the
corresponding percent of soluble solids in colum A, the soluble solids/acid
ratio is less than 20 to 1. SEE EXAMPLES. :

Colum A Colum B lum A olum_B
’ % Soluble . ml. Nace % Soluble ml. NaOH
Solids used Solids used
13.0 6.5 15.5 7.7
13.1 6.5 15.6 7.8
13.2 6.6 15.7 7.8
13.3 6.6 15.8 7.9
13.4 6.7 15.9 7.9
13.5 6.7 16.0 8.0
13.6 6.8 16.1 8.0
13.7 6.8 16.2 8.1
13.8 6.9 16.3 8.1
13.9 6.9 16.4 8.2
14.0 7.0 16.5 8.2
14.1 7.0 16.6 8.3
14.2 Tl 16.7 8.3
14.3 TL 16.8 8.4
14.4 7-2 16.9 8.4
14.5 W2 17.0 8.5
14.6 7.3 17.1 8.5
14.7 7.3 17.2 8.6
14.8 7.4 17.3 8.6
14.9 1.4 17.4 8.7
15.0 75 - 17.5 8.7
15.1 7.5 17.6 8.8
15.2 7.6 17.7 8.8
15.3 7.6 17.8 8.9
15.4 7.7 17.9 8.9

EXAMPLE 1: 15.2 soluble solids (Colum A) fron refractometer reading.
6.8 ml. used for titration. Lot passes.

EXAMPLE 2: 14.9 soluble solids (Colum A) fran refractometer reading.
8.2 ml. used for titration. Lot fails.


| athe

Revised, January 1994, HU-122-3(a)
Page 7, Para. 17, Grapes, .
Market Inspection Instructions, -

November 1971
-7-

VARIETY

SIZE OF BERRIES

NUMBER OR BERRIES
PER 1/10 OF POUND

EMPEROR, CALMERIA, Small 14 or more.
ALMERIA, CHRISTMAS Medium 9 to 13
ROSE & similar Large 8 or less
varieties. Average Size Shot 39

Berries
RIBIER, CARDINAL, Small 11 or more
EXOTIC, ITALIA, Medium 8 to 10
QUEEN, ROUGE, & Large 7 or less
similar varieties
THOMPSON SEEDLESS, Small 13 or more
& similar Medium 6 to 12
varieties Large 5 or less
RED GLOBE & Range 15/16 to 1-5 berries

similar varieties

1/4. Average 1
inch berry

The inspector will note that in the definition of "damage"
in the Table Grape standards, when individual damaged

berries are present in quantities sufficient to materially
affect the appearance of the bunch as a whole, the entire
bunch is considered “damaged.”

Grapes that are "seriously damaged" or decayed should be
scored only on the basis of the individual berry and not on
the appearance of the bunch.

While the wording is not the same in the Juice Grape
standards, the intent is the same and the same
interpretation should apply.

Added, June 1989, BN-104-7(b)

a7)

atee

(18)

(18-a)

(19)


51.912 Export.
51.913 Clusters.

Metric Conversion Table

51.914 Metric conversion table.

Grades

§51.880 U.S. Extra Fancy Table.

"U.S. Extra Fancy Table" consists of bunches of well developed grapes of one variety, except
when designated as assorted varieties, which are uniform in appearance, well colored, and which
meet the following requirements:

(®) Basic requirements for berries:

(1) Mature;

(2) Firm;

Q) Fimnly attached to capstem;

@ Not weak;

(5) Not shriveled at capstem;

(© Not shattered;

(7) Not split or crushed;

(8) Not wet.

(b) Basic requirements for bunches:

(1) Fairly well filled;

Q) Not excessively tight for the variety.

(©) Basic requirements for stems:

(1) Well developed and strong;

(2) Not dry and brittle;

(3) At least yellowish-green in color except for Cardinal, Robin, Exotic, and Beauty Seedless
varieties.

(d) Berries free from:

(1) Decay; :

(2) Waterberry;

@) Sunbum;

(4) Almeria Spot. . -
(©) Stems free from:

(1) Mold;

(2) Decay.

(f) Berries not damaged by:

(1) Any other cause.

(g) Bunches not damaged by:

(1) Shot berries;

Q) Dried berries;

(3) Other defective berries;

(4) Trimming away of defective berries;

(5) Any other cause. . .

@) Stems not-damaged by: =~ --------~-~--- ne


Table I — Tolerances at Shipping Puint'
]

Factor

US. Extra

Fancy Table
i=

U.S. Fancy
Table

US. No. 1
Table

(A) For bunches failing to meet color
requirements

@) For bunches failing to meet
requirements for minimum diameter
of berries

(C) For bunches failing to meet stem color
requirements
(®) For offsize bunches and for bunches
and berries failing to meet the
Temaining requirements for the grade —————
Including in (D):
(® For serious damage

And, including in (a):
@ For decay

10

10

10

Kofl

10

10

Kofl

10

Kofl

Table II Tolerances

En Route or at Destination

Factor

US. Extra
Fancy Table

U.S. Fancy

US. No.1
Table

(A) For bunches failing to meet color

.

@B) For bunches failing to meet requirements for
minimum diameter of berries

(C) For bunches failing to meet stem color
requirements ——-

() For offsize bunches and for bunches
and berries failing to meet the
remaining requirements for the grade ———

Including in (D):
(a) For permanent defects —————____—___
(0) For beri damage
And, including in (b):
(i) For serious damage by permanent defects—

10

10

Gi) For decay

~N oO

10

12

ao

=

ix]

=_w hoo

"Shipping Point, as used in these standards, means the point of origin of the shipment in the producing area
‘or at port of loading for ship stores or overseas shipment, or, in the case of shipments from outside the continental

United States, the port of entry into the United States.


-59-

{he type of container should always be stated as: 2 quart Climax (287)
basket, 4 quart Climax basket or 12 quart Climax pasket, etc. -

For instructions on reporting distinguishing marks, state of origin (268)
and quantity inspected refer to the General Market Inspection Instructions.

Examples:

1. concord GRAPES in 12 quart and 4 quart Climax bagkets marked (249)
“penton Center Fruit Association Michigan Grapes". Lids
also marked with various growers! names and addresses.
Manifested as 300 12 quart and 700 4 quart baskets.

2. AMERICAN TYPE GRAPES in 4 quart Climax baskets stamped
“champion U. S. Fancy Table Grapes". Labels under 1ids of
most baskets show “George E. Prince, North East, Pa."

Manifested as 3,816 4 quart Climax baskets.

CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS

Refer to General Market Inspection Instructions and the same heading (250)
under Part I of this handbook. .

Basle:

@hrough lengthwise offset load, 10 rows, 6 layers, 1 row of
baskets along one side wall at an angle to take up space.

22 baskets noted in top layer show handles proken, including
8 with baskets badly crushed, lids off and contents spilling.

CONDITION OF_ PACK
gee sane heading in Part I of this handbook.

- pinuing of containers for Table and Juice Grapes should be descr (251)
as follows: -

Well filled. This is the desirable condition of pack and means (252)
Nell_fvee tainer 1s sufficiently filled to prevent movesses
Nithin the container and between the bunches. Climax baskets


aot

- 65 -

to describe this condition are the following: “Berries shatter slightly",
“berries shatter readily", "berries shatter badly".

It is necessary to estimte carefully the weight of shattered berries (289)
dn each container in order to determine accurate percentages. Shattered
berries are to be scored as condition defects against the general grade
tolerance of 10% but are not to be scored as serious damage unless

they are crushed or leaking.

Condition of Stems. There are no requirements for condition of stems (290)
the grades for "american Bunch Grapes. However, umusual conditions
such as dry, brittle stems following field freezing should be described.

Condition Defects.

Crushed Berries. Crushed berries should be scored as serious (292)
damage. see Part I of this handbook.

wet Berries. Market inspectors should not be too technical in (292)
‘scoring this defect. Berries wet from moisture of condensation

should not be scored as defects, An occasional berry wet from

leaking juice is normal and should be disregarded, however,
appreciable amounts of berries wet from leaking juice should

be scored as seriously damaged. Generally perries to be scored

Split Berries, Split berries are frequently seen on Concord (293
pes and are not considered as objectionable on (293)
markets unless they sre padly split or are leaking.


(42)

(43)

(4)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

zeae filled. his condition means that the pack is not
te full or that there my be a slight movement within the
container, This term means that the pack is not ide:

not sufficiently slack to Justify the use of the term "slack".

Tag and crates will be described as "fairly well filled" when the
contents are not in contact with the covers, but not more than
1/2 inch below the covers,

Grapes packed to meet the "Export" grade mst be packed with one of
the customary protective materials, such as: cushions, liners, wraps,
or properly packed in sawdust or Sranulated cork, -.

When packed in sawdust or gramilated cork the tightness of the grapes
torent Container should be described by use of one of the follovine
terms:

Tight. Tf sawdust or cork fills the container and is through the
bunches the term "tight" 4s used. Packs shaken with @ mechanica)
shaker will usually meet this description,

it. The sawdust or cork may f111 the container but not
be the bunches, or it may be fully through the
bunches but not coupletely fi11 the container and be not more
than 1/2 inch below the top edge of the container. ‘These
onditi should be described as “fairly tight."

Slack, When the sawdust or cork does not properly f111 the con-
tetner, the term "slack" is used and the distance below the tops
of the containers should be shown in inches or fractions of an
inch.


(1) Any other cause.
(g) Bunches not damaged by:
(1) Shot berries; ~
(2) Dried berries;
3) Other defective berries;
(4) Trimming away of defective berries;
(5) Any other cause.
(bh) Stems not damaged by:
(1) Freezing;
() Any other cause.
@) Size:
(1) For berries: Exclusive of shot berries and dried berries, the following percentages, by count,
of the berries on each bunch shall have the minimum diameters indicated for varieties as follows:
@ For Ribier, Cardinal, Robin, Exotic, Queen, Italia Muscat, and other similar varieties, 90
percent shall be at least twelve-sixteenths of an inch;
Gi) For Thompson Seedless, Perlette, Delight, Beauty Seedless, Superior Seedless, Flame
Seedless and other seedless varieties, 75 percent shall be at least ten-sixteenths of an inch; and,
Ci) For other varieties 90 percent shall be at least ten-sixteenths of an inch,
@) For bunches:
@ Not less than one-fourth pound.
@ For tolerances see §51.886.
§51.883 U.S. Fancy Export.
"U.S. Fancy Export" consists of grapes which meet the requirements for U.S. Fancy Table,
except that bunches shall weigh not less than one-half pound, and in addition meet the packaging
requirements set forth in §51.912.
§51.884 U.S. No. 1 Table.
"U.S. No. 1 Table" consists of bunches of well developed grapes of one variety, except when
designated as assorted varieties, which are at least fairly well colored, uniform in appearance
when so specified in connection with the grade, and which meet the following requirements:
(@) Basic requirements for berries:
(1) Mature;
(2) Firm;
Q3) Firmly attached to capstem;
(4) Not weak;
(5) Not materially shriveled at capstem;
(© Not shattered;
(7) Not split or crushed;
(8) Not wet.
- (b) Basic requirements for bunches:
(1) Not straggly.
(©) Basic requirements for stems:
(1) Not weak, or dry and brittle.
(d) Berries free from:


-17-

there are no size requirements for berries. Abnormally small berries
not affecting the appearance of the bunch should be

however, if the appearance of the bunch is materially affected, ‘ne
entire bunch should be scored. -

In grades containing a berry size requirement, abnormally small (68)
berries present in.amount sufficient to affect the appearance of the
bunch will usually be scored-under-the -berry size requirement.

Maturity. fhe Table Grape standards require that the grapes be "Mature (69)
"8s by the Agricultural Laws and Regulations of the state in
which the grapes are produced.

Since state laws require that maturity requirements be met before the (70)
grapes leave their respective state, it will not be necessary, in the
markets, to run soluble solids determination of Table Grapes frou
California or Arizona. However, if specifically requested by the

applicant to do so the procedure set forth by the states must be

followed. Arizona's requirements are set forth in the standards while
California's can be found in the rear of this handbook. .

On Table Grapes from foreign countries or on Juice Grapes, testing (7)
should be done to see if the maturity requirements are met. See the
section on Soluble Solids Determination in this handbook. While the
Standard states that soluble solid determimtion on Juice Grapes be

made with a hydrometer, the refractometer may be used as long as the
readings are not borderline or just below minimum sugar requirements.

In such instances the hydrometer should be used.

Uniformity of Appearance. ‘This requirement is intended to eliminate (72)
wide variations in berry size and/or color within a container. This
requirement means that not more than 1/10 of the containers in any

lot may show sufficient variation in color or size of berries to
materially detract from the appearance of the individual container.

It also requires that the stems be well developed and strong.

“Uniform in appearance" is @ requirement of the U. S. Extra Fancy Table
grade.

A1L bunches in a container my be individually fairly unifora as to (B)
Size or color but the appearance of the container may be materially


Revised, May 5, 1975, Revised, June 1989,

BN~-65~3 (a) BN-104-7(e) Page 44a,
Para. 200(b) Grape,
Market Inspection
Instructions, November
1971

~44a-

The tolerance for decay in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Table (2002
Grapes (European or Vinifera Type) is 1/2 of 1% at shipping point

and 1% at destination or enroute, applies only to decay that

affects the berries.

“#*eeWhen decay and/or mold affects stems only it is to be scored (2001
against the total defects tolerances of 8% at shipping point and

12% at destination or enroute. sess

When the main stem is affected the entire bunch is to be scored, &

if only the lateral stem or stems are affected, score only that
portion of the bunch.


Dereaet. United States Standards
for Grades of

Table Grapes (European or
Vinifera Type)

rE

Effective April 18, 1996
(Reprinted - February 1997)


-“y-

appearance of a bunch is materially affected, the entire bunch
must be scored against grade, otherwise individual berries
should be scored. when active powdery mildew is present, it
must be scored as damage.

Scarred Berries. Scars generally are the result of leaf rubs
caused by wind or thrip injury. Scarred berries are not important
in juice grapes and they should not be scored against U. S. No. 1
Juice grade unless they seriously affect the appearance. In the
U. S. Table Grape grades, berries are not scored unless they are
damaged by scarring. This includes mildew scars on berries.

. Scars which materially affect the appearance of the berries or
the appearance of the bunch are considered damage.

Sometimes when grapes are sulphured during the growing season,
the grape berries will be "burned" or damaged. The injury will
appear as dark brown spots on irregular areas. The injury
should be scored on the same basis as scarred.

Shot Berries and Dried Berries, "ghot Berries" are very small
grape berries resulting from insufficient pollination. They
are usually seedless in those varieties that normally develop
seeds, These berries may be entirely green and hard and are
then termed " imature shot berries." ‘They may be mature and
color uniformly with the normal berries on the bunch in which
case they are called “mature shot berries.”

“pried berries" are berries that are dry and shrivelled to the
extent that practically no moisture is present.

bunch should be scored.

he U.S. Mo. 1 Juice Grape grade specifies that “not more than
a total of 10%, by weight, of the bunches dn any container may
be damaged by dried berries and/or immature shot berries."

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

(122)

(123)


Revised, July 1998, HU-140-8(a)
Page 13, Para. 54, Grapes, Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971

es
Example of Pack Statement: , (61)
4. “Stem up pack. Most lugs well filled, some fairly well filled.”
2. “Faced pack; lugs well filled.”
3. “Most chests fairly tight, some slack with sawdust approximately one inch
below top edge of chests.”

4. “Mostly fairly well filled, some slack with grapes 3/4 inch below top edge of
lug. Net weight ranges from 25 to 30 pounds average 27 pounds per lug.

Reporting Net Weight of Containers. When certifying net weight of packages, it (52)
should be reported under “Pack.” Report the nearest half-pound when weights are
over 10 ibs. To 40 Ibs., and to nearest 1/4 pound when weights are over 5 Ibs. To 10

Ibs. Refer to General Market inspection Instructions for instructions on determining

net weight.

SIZE

The size of bunches and berries is an important factor and should be reported on (53)
certificates. Size of bunches and berries should be described separately unless the
size terms used for each are the same, in which case they can be combined.

Size of bunches: To describe the size of bunches a knowledge of the normal size (54)
for the variety is necessary. The following table can be used as a guide:

Small Medium Large
Most Table varieties —_ less than 3/4 Ib. 3/4 to 1-1/4 Ib. Over 1-1/4 Ib. ones
Most Juice varieties less than 1/2 Ib. 1/2 to 1 Ib. Over 1 Ib.
Size of berries. Sales are frequently based on the size of berries reported on (65)

certificates. For this reason inspectors are cautioned to use care in reporting this
factor. They should use the following terms to describe berry size:


‘th

2.

3.

- 55-

Scale reading 19.5 temperature 86 degrees; correction 0.8; (235)
then 19.5 plus 0.8 equals 20.3, the corrected reading to be
ghown on note sheet. Report as 20.5%, on the certificate.

Scale reading 18.5, temperature 50 degrees; correction
mims 0.4; then 18,5 mims 0.4 equals 18.1, corrected reading
to be shown on note sheet. Report as 18.0% on the certificate.

Scale reading 19.5, temperature 77 degrees; correction 0.53
then 19.5 plus 0.5 equals 20.0, the corrected reading.

Scale reading 18.0, temperature 15 degrees Centigrade;
correction .15; then 18,0 minus .15 equals 17.85; corrected
reading to be shown on the note sheet. Report as 18.0% on
the certificate.


2
UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
JUICE GRAPES (EUROPEAN OR VINIFERA TYPE)’
Sovnkcz: 32 FR 8875, June 22, 1967, unless
noted. Redesignat

otherwise ted at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203,
Dec. 31, 1981.
Effective tuly 20, 1939
Guanes weight, of the berries in any container
Bec. may be or raisined but not
B18) OE No. 2 Sctoe Grapes. more than 5 percent may be ralsined,
‘Mized Juice Grapes. except that any amount of raisining may
Sidaea | Uc. Roca ined guise Cirapes, be permitted if the percentage of raizin-
‘Uwczaserrmap ing is specified in connection with the
grade.
51.4206 Unclassified, (a) Bunches shall not be excessively
APriazcaTION oF TOLMANCES strareiy, or damaged by dried berries, a
61.4395 Application of tolerances, immature shot berries.
(b) Stems shall not be moldy, or dam-
Coton Requmsmanrs aged by freezing.
suave ~ inciaent to ser ‘nantes not
‘Maroarrr Requimements proper 5, more
than 10 percent, by weight, of the grapes
514987 Maturity requirements, in any con! may be below the re-
Deronnons quirements of ¢ cent by welent may
variety. than a total of 5 percent, by weight, may
Here] Lor berniede be seriously , and not more than
514300 Weak berries. two-fifths of this amount, or 2 percent,
s14no1 Redberry. rae erected by decay, at no case
shall more than percent weight,
E108 Relaining berries. the bunches in have spots
ian Decay. ous betvies: and provided further, That
4 ous 2 >
: wee samen. sn additional tolerance of not more than
AvrmoarrT: The provisions of this subpart © total 0 Dercent, by weight. dame
rere eee te0 as amanceds 7 Us.0. nea, aged by dried berries and/or immature
eet 1000 os i 7 USO. 1623, ict berries. No part of this tolerance
* Gaases ahall be allowed for berries which are

$ 51.4290 U.S. No. 1 Juice Grapes.

the
and mature, which are not weak, loose st Cuirements of U.S, No. 1 Juice Grapes.

3 which are free from waterberry. § 51.4292 U.S. No. 2 Juice Grapes.
redberry, mold, or decay, - *U8. No. 2 Juice Grapes” consists of
age caused by freezing, heat, sunburn, grapes of one variety? which are mature;
mildew or other disease, insects, or other which are not detached from the cap-
means: Provided, That there shall ben stems split, crushed, or wet; which are
than 30 percent soluble solids in juice. or decay, from serious damage
Not more than a total of 15 percent, by pele ot ge or other means, |
. (a) In order to allow for variations in- ©

ei

a with the provisions of these

Compliance wit te ’ cident to neoper handling, not more then
with the provisions of the Federal Pood, Drug pe gehen ed relent, Faisines ond in
end Coemetic Act, or with applicable Stat satition not more than 10 percent, by
laws and regulations.


fis

Tall

Hf
hi

ii

me

iE
nee

‘i

il

ul

Srl Uh i! Lt

i Ha

. Ba ag
HF jee!

i il:

Pett)

“ile |

ill i
iti i

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tert eae

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093 16007)

* US GovereamT Prema OPPce: 1907-2 01


Added, October 1990, HU-108-7(b)
Page la, Para. 2a, Grapes, Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971

-1a-

The most appropriate method of deciding which standard to apply for
these mixed Parentage varieties would be by using the unique senses

for the basis of inspection. In other ‘words, hybrids exhibiting
primarily American type characteristics shall be based on the

To assist in determining which standard is more appropriate use the
following criteria to determine the type of grapes. American
(Eastern type) grapes are generally grown East of the Rocky .
Mountains. The pulp of the grape is usually soft and.without form;
its consistency often resemblés that of soft set gelatin. Upon :
squeezing the individual grape between the thumb and fingers or
between the teeth when biting, the pulp will usually expel easily

from the skin as one shapeless mass. in addition, the skin may be ~

Slightly tough or chewy, especially upon Separating from the pulp.
The flavor may be descri ed as “foxy," meaning the characteristic
Sweet, fruity flavor indicative of concord grape juice. some
American type grapes include the Concord, Catawba, Delaware, and
Niagara varieties.

European (Vinifera) type grapes are often referred to as the "old
World" varieties. In the U.S. they are generally grown West of the
Rocky Mountains or in other temperate areas. The pulp of the grape
is usually firm and will retain its forn. Its texture is not
gelatinous at all, but more like the flesh of a ripe plum. The
skin adheres to the pulp and upon Squeezing, the grape will usually
erunch .without easy expulsion of the pulp. Also, because of the
adhering skin, the skin seems to break and chew much more readily
than that of the American types. The flavor is not “foxy," but may
seem more like a neutral sweet flavor. Some European type grapes
include the Thompson Seedless, Emperor, Tokay, Ribier, Cardinal,
Perlette, and Almeria.

When writing certificates on American type table grape lots, it
shall be necessary-to include the type in the grade statement, for
example: U.S. No. 1 Table, American (Eastern) Type. When writing
the grade statement for European type table lots this qualification
will not be necessary, for example: U.S. No. 1 Table. ***«*


United States Standards

/, (a 3
Sy : “; Se v) °
arn) M7 E p yo
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{4 Wy, jo ¥) |
ew PPL EY SEW
on Yas 7 LOuaD L ‘ .

aN ot Na
iS Res way ar- =
CBee
RR
Oy ws
1
Ree ry y


(146)

(247)

(148)

(149)

(>) Raisined berries are not ordinarily found in Table Grapes.

The U. S. No. 1 Juice grade allows not over 15% raisining or raisined
berries but not over 5% may be reisined, except that any amount of
raisining may be permitted if the percentage of raisining is specified
in connection with This
additional tolerance which is Separate from the 10% tolerance provided
for grade defects.

Tt must be remembered that the qualified grade does not permit more
than 5% raisined berries. In any case where

raisined berries, the U. S. No. 1 Juice grade or qualified grade
cannot be given. In such case the grade statement should read as

follows: "..........ceeeee0 Dut fails to grade U. S. Mo. 1 Juice onl,
account condition."

f
i
i
:
}

raist and _reisined berries on the certificate. The
percentage of raisining and rais: oO: Grapes must
always be reported on the certificate, If the total is less than 14,
then the following statement may be used: "Practically no raisining


(1) Decay;

(2) Waterberry;

(3) Sunburn.

(©) Stems free from:

(1) Decay;

@) Mold.

(f) Berries not damaged by:

(1) Any other cause.

(g) Bunches not damaged by:

(1) Shot berries;

(2) Dried berries;

(3) Other defective berries;

©) Trimming away of defective berries;

(5) Any other cause.

(h) Stems not damaged by:

(1) Freezing;

(2) Any other cause.

@ Size:

(1) For berries: Exclusive of shot berries and dried berries, 75 percent, by count, of the berries on
each bunch shall have the minimum diameters indicated for varieties as follows:

© Tnompson Seodles, Perici, Delight, Beauty Seedless, Superior Seedless, Flame Seedless
and other seedless varieties nine-sixteenths of an inch.

Gi) Other varieties ten-sixteenths of an inch.

(2) For bunches:

(® Not less than one-fourth pound.

@ For tolerances see §51.886.

§51.885 U.S. No. 1 Institutional.

“U.S. No. 1 Institutional" grapes must have no less than 95 percent of the containers in the lot
legibly marked "Institutional Pack." Further requirements for this grade include grapes which
consist of clusters and/or bunches of well developed grapes of one variety, except when =i.
designated as assorted varieties, which are at least fairly well colored, uniform in appearance
Bale ements For benicar te ede and which meet the following requirements:
(@) Basic requirements for berries:

(1) Mature;

(2) Firm,

(3) Firmly attached to capstem;

(4) Not weak;

(5) Not materially shriveled at capstem;

(© Not shattered;

(7) Not split or crushed;

(8) Not wet.

(b) Basic requirements for stems:

(1) Not weak, or dry and brittle.


Revised, March 1990, HU-107-6(a)
Page 37, Para. 162, Grapes Market
Inspection Instructions, November 1971

(-37-

-  «aaeThe U.S. Extra Fancy Table grade requires stems to be at least (162:
. yellowish-green in color except for Cardinal, Robin, Exotic, and
Beauty Seedless varieties.*#** :

The following terms are used in the stem requirements of the (163;
grades:

Well developed and strong stems are required by the
U.S. Extra Fancy and U.S. Fancy fable grades.

is a requirement of all Table grades. This is the only
requirement for stems in the U.S. No. 1 grade.

Not moldy or damaged by freezing is the only requirement
for stems of U.S. No. 1 Juice grapes.

There are no requirements for stems in U.S. No. 2 Juice.

White powdery mildew on stems is regarded as damaged by mildew and (164
shall be scored against the general lot tolerance. Free. from
damage by mildew is defined as “free from active powdery mildew, or
from any scars caused by this disease which constrict or weaken any
part of the main or jateral stems." If the main stem of the bunch
is "damaged by mildew" the weight’ of the entire bunch shall be
scored. If only one or two laterals, or capstems on a lateral are
affected, only the laterals involved shall be scored. When decay
and/or mold affects stems only, it is to be scored against the
total defects tolerance of 8% at shipping point and 12% at
destination or enroute.

Damage by freezing as affecting stems in the case of U.S. Table (165
. . grapes means “the wain or lateral stems are water-soaked and limp,

or dried.” The stems of grapes that have been frozen are likely to

_be shrivelled, dried, weak, probably dark brown or black in color
. and possibly moldy, especially at the capstem. In the case of U.S.

No. 1 Juice, freezing, which causes only drying of the capsten,

shall not be considered as damage, but freezing injury to main or

lateral stems is considered damage. 7

Grapes held in storage will lose moisture in the stems very slowly (166
and will tend to “toughen" up rather than to wilt. A good stem
will “cure" and turn light brown or brown while a stem that is not
7 strong or mature will darken, and sometimes become a chocolate
a color especially if it is a weak stem. Weak stems or discolored
black stems are defects of the U.S. Extra Fancy and U.S. Fancy
Table grades.

Added, June 1989, BN-104-7(d)