J.A22037/14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

GRACE PERRONE AND JULIO PERRONE, 

AN INCAPACITATED PERSON,

BY ERIC PERRONE, HIS GUARDIAN,

Appellants

v.

ROSE CITY HMA, INC., T/D/B/A 

LANCASTER REGIONAL MEDICAL 

CENTER, HEALTH MANAGEMENT 

ASSOCIATES, INC. D/B/A LANCASTER 

REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, 

HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING SYSTEMS, 

LTD, AND HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPING 

SYSTEMS, LLC,

Appellees

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1838 MDA 2013

Appeal from the Order Entered September 11, 2013

In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County 

Civil Division No(s).: CI-11-14933

BEFORE: PANELLA, SHOGAN, and FITZGERALD,*JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED APRIL 10, 2015

In this slip-and-fall case, Plaintiffs/Appellants Grace Perrone 

(“Appellant”1) and her husband Julio Perrone, an incapacitated person by his 

guardian, Eric Perrone, appeal from the order granting summary judgment 

in favor of Defendants/Appellees, Rose City HMA, Inc., T/D/B/A Lancaster 

 

*

Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1

For ease of discussion, we utilize the singular “Appellant” to refer to Grace 

only, and the plural “Appellants” for both Grace and Julio. The guardian, Eric 

Perrone, is Appellant Julio’s son.
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Regional Medical Center (“LRMC”), Health Management Associates, Inc. 

D/B/A Lancaster Regional Medical Center (“HMA”), Hospital Housekeeping 

Systems, Ltd., and Hospital Housekeeping Systems, LLC (the latter two 

collectively, “HHS”). Appellants raise five issues for our review:2four pertain 

to the trial court’s findings that they failed to establish Appellees’ floorcleaning machine leaked the water which caused Appellant’s fall and the fifth 

is a challenge to the court’s exclusion of evidence on hearsay grounds. After 

careful review, we reverse the granting of summary judgment to Appellees 

LRMC and HHS. With respect to Appellee HMA, we vacate the award of 

summary judgment such that HMA may pursue its vicarious liability claim.

Appellant Julio was a patient at Appellee LRMC’s hospital, and 

Appellant Grace was visiting him. “The parties agree that [Appellant] was a 

business invitee of” LRMC. Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 5. LRMC had an 

agreement with Appellee HHS for HHS to provide housekeeping services, 

which included cleaning and maintaining the elevators. LRMC owns cleaning 

machines, and both LRMC and HHS are responsible for maintaining them. 

Id. at 7.

On January 27, 2010, Appellant’s sister, Ida Geib (“Sister”), arrived at 

the hospital to visit. Sister entered an elevator, along with two men in 

 

2 Appellants’ statement of questions involved raises two issues, whereas the 

argument section of their brief is divided into five issues. See Pa.R.A.P. 

2119(a) (requiring argument section to be divided into as many parts as 

there are questions to be argued).
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uniform and a floor-washing machine. LRMC employee Linda Brown testified 

that the hospital has six floors, consisting of a ground floor and five 

numbered floors.3 Sister disembarked on the third floor while the two men 

stayed on the elevator. Shortly thereafter, Sister and Appellant returned to 

the elevator together to leave the hospital; as we discuss infra, the length 

of time that Sister was away from the elevator is an issue in this appeal. 

The same elevator returned and there was no one in it. When Appellant 

entered the elevator, she slipped on water on the floor, fell, and sustained 

injuries. Two LRMC employees, Linda Brown and Ellen Poshefko, cleaned up 

the water and transported Appellant to the emergency room in the same 

elevator with a wheelchair.

On December 16, 2011, Appellants initiated this case by filing a writ of 

summons. On April 13, 2012, they filed a complaint, raising claims of 

negligence, and Appellant Julio raised a claim of loss of consortium claim. 

The parties conducted discovery, including depositions of the following 

individuals: Appellant, Sister, Brown, Poshefko, William Street, an HHS 

director who supervises HHS employees at LRMC, and Sheldon Cash, a 

regional vice president of HHS.

On July 2, 2013, all three Appellees filed separate motions for 

summary judgment, averring Appellants failed to produce sufficient evidence 

 

3 Dep. of Linda Brown, 7/20/11, at 25.
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that the water on the elevator floor came from LRMC’s machine or that they 

knew or should have known there was water on the floor. The trial court 

granted summary judgment in favor of all Appellees on September 11, 2013. 

Appellants filed a motion for reconsideration, but before the trial court ruled 

on it, they took this timely appeal on October 10th.4

At this juncture we summarize the trial court’s findings as follows. 

See Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 8-13. Sister “was unable to estimate how 

much time had elapsed [from] when she got off the elevator and when she 

and [Appellant] got back . . . , or say whether anyone else had gotten on the 

elevator in her absence.” Id. at 8. “No issues were reported to . . . HHS or 

[LRMC] regarding moving the scrubbing machines on the elevator and the 

scrubbers were not known to leak; however, [HHS director] Street and 

[HHS vice president] Cash acknowledged that water leaking from the 

machines was a possibility.” Id. (emphasis added).

The court also considered LRMC employee Poshefko’s testimony that 

 

4 See Sass v. Am Trust Bank, 74 A.3d 1054, 1062 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

(stating mere filing of petition for reconsideration of final order—without trial 

court’s express grant of reconsideration—does not toll thirty-day period for 

appeal), appeal denied, 85 A.3d 484 (Pa. 2014).

Appellants also filed, as ordered by the trial court, a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

statement of errors complained of on appeal. We note the statement is ten 

pages long and raises twelve enumerated issues, which are further divided 

into at least twenty subsections. We remind counsel that the 1925(b) 

“Statement shall concisely identify each ruling or error that the appellant 

intends to challenge with sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for 

the judge.” See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(ii).
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she recalled that in the past, she observed “water come from a cleaning 

machine,” but HHS employees “immediately wiped it up with a towel.” Id.

Initially, Poshefko stated she saw this occur on 

an unspecified number of times both before and after 

[Appellant’s] fall, but then she testified seeing it happen 

only once. However, Ms. Poshefko was unsure of whether 

the incident she recalled occurred before or after 

[Appellant’s] fall. Viewing her testimony in the light most 

favorable to [Appellants] as the non-moving parties, Ms. 

Poshefko saw water coming from [LRMC’s] cleaning 

machines several times, but she also specifically recalled 

seeing . . . HHS’s employees wipe up the water 

immediately.

Id. at 8-9. The court found Poshefko’s statement that “a very small amount 

of water was left by a machine being transported” did “not support a 

reasonable inference that in this specific instance, a large quantity of water 

leaked from a scrubbing machine.” Id. at 11.

The trial court further reasoned as follows. LRMC “initiated an 

investigation and was unable to locate any evidence of prior slips and falls 

on liquids in elevators and no representatives or employees of [LRMC] or . . . 

HHS were aware of leaks from cleaning equipment. In the case of spills on 

the floor, . . . HHS’s policy was to immediately wipe it up with a towel and 

put down a ‘wet floor’ sign.” Id. at 9. Citing the depositions of HHS 

supervisor Street, LRMC employee Brown, and LRMC chief operating officer 

Deborah Willwerth, the court stated the “elevator is open to the public, and 

there are numerous possible sources of the water, including other hospital 

equipment, flowers, spilled drinks, and snow and ice tracked in from 
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outside.”5 Id.

The court also found:

None of [Appellees’] employees saw the accident happen, 

and there is no evidence any employee knew of the water 

on the floor until [Appellant] fell. . . . HHS’s policy was to 

put up a ‘wet floor’ sign in the case of a spill, but no 

witness testified seeing one the in the elevator on the date 

of the incident.

The scrubbing machines, which were the only machines 

at LRMC that used water, were functioning normally on the 

day of the incident. No agent or employee of any 

[Appellee] was aware of problems with the machines 

leaking. Only Ms. Poshefko recalled seeing the cleaning 

machines leave a ‘very small’ amount of water on the floor 

on some occasions, but . . . HHS’s employees wiped it up 

immediately after moving the machine.

Id. at 10.

The court concluded Appellants failed to cite sufficient evidence that 

Appellees “caused the water to be on the floor of the elevator,” and that 

such a conclusion would “require[ ] building inference upon inference.” Id. 

However, it also stated, “While it is certainly possible that the water in the 

quantity found in the elevator came from one of [LRMC’s] machines, such a 

conclusion would require the jury to speculate.” Id. at 11. The court 

reiterated that “[t]he source of the water was never determined, and there 

was no evidence it came from any of [LRMC’s] machines, which according to 

the maintenance logs, were both functioning properly.” Id. at 10; see also 

id. at 7 (“No problems were reported in the logs on the day of the incident, 

 

5 As stated above, Appellant’s fall occurred on January 27, 2010.
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indicating that the two scrubbers were functioning normally.”).

We now consider the relevant standard of review and general 

principles for summary judgment. “The Superior Court may overturn a trial 

court’s entry of summary judgment only if there has been an error of law or 

a clear abuse of discretion.” Estate of Swift v. Ne. Hosp. of Phila., 690 

A.2d 719, 721-22 (Pa. Super. 1997) (citations omitted). Pennsylvania Rule 

of Civil Procedure 1035.2 provides in pertinent part:

After the relevant pleadings are closed . . . any party 

may move for summary judgment in whole or in part as a 

matter of law

* * *

(2) if, after the completion of discovery relevant to 

the motion, including the production of expert reports, 

an adverse party who will bear the burden of proof at 

trial has failed to produce evidence of facts essential to 

the cause of action which in a jury trial would require 

the issues to be submitted to a jury.

Pa.R.C.P. 1035.2(2).

This Court has stated:

Summary judgment is properly granted when the 

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, 

show there is no genuine issue of material fact and that 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law. The judgment may . . . be granted [only] in cases 

that are clear and free from doubt. A reviewing court must 

examine the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, accepting as true all well-pled facts and 

giving that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences 

drawn from those facts. . . .

. . . Pennsylvania law places the burden on the plaintiff to 
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establish the existence of negligence on the part of the 

defendant by proving four elements: (1) a duty or 

obligation recognized by law; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) 

a causal connection between the conduct and the resulting 

injury; and (4) actual damages. . . .

Estate of Swift, 690 A.2d at 721-22 (citations omitted).

“A business visitor is a person who is invited to enter or remain on 

land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business dealings 

with the possessor of the land.” Id. at 722. A possessor of land owes the 

highest duty of care to an invitee. See id.

Applying section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of 

Torts, this court has explained that a party is subject to 

liability for physical harm caused to an invitee only if:

he knows of or reasonably should have known of the 

condition and the condition involves an unreasonable 

risk of harm, he should expect that the invitee will 

not realize it or will fail to protect themselves against 

it, and the party fails to exercise reasonable care to 

protect the invitees against the danger.

An invitee must prove either the proprietor of the land 

had a hand in creating the harmful condition, or he had 

actual or constructive notice of such condition.

Id. (citations omitted).

[T]he mere existence of a harmful condition in a public 

place of business, or the mere happening of an accident 

due to such a condition is neither, in and of itself, evidence 

of a breach of the proprietor’s duty of care to his invitees, 

nor [sufficient to] raise[ ] a presumption of negligence. . . 

.

In construing this portion of the Restatement, 

Pennsylvania courts have uniformly held that if the harmful 

transitory condition is traceable to the possessor or his 

agent’s acts, . . . then the plaintiff need not prove any 
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notice in order to hold the possessor accountable for the 

resulting harm. In a related context, where the condition 

is one which the owner knows has frequently recurred, the 

jury may properly find that the owner had actual notice of 

the condition, thereby obviating additional proof by the 

invitee that the owner had constructive notice of it. 

Where, however, the evidence indicates that the transitory 

condition is traceable to persons other than those for 

whom the owner is, strictly speaking, ordinarily 

accountable, the jury may not consider the owner’s 

ultimate liability in the absence of other evidence which 

tends to prove that the owner had actual notice of the 

condition or that the condition existed for such a length of 

time that in the exercise of reasonable care the owner 

should have known of it.

Moultrey v. Great A & P Tea Co., 422 A.2d 593, 596 (Pa. Super. 1980) 

(citations omitted).

For ease of disposition, we summarize the arguments for Appellants’ 

first four issues together. They first argue the court erred in not reviewing 

the record in the light most favorable to them when it found they had not

established the amount of time between Sister’s initial ride on the elevator 

and return to the same elevator when Appellant fell. Appellants reason that 

based on this conclusion, the court found insufficient circumstantial evidence 

that the machine left water in that intervening period of time, and thus “a 

host of hypothesized alternate causes” was possible. Appellants’ Brief at 29. 

Appellants cite Sister’s deposition testimony that the elapsed time “was only 

a ‘couple minutes’” and that “the elevator returned without anyone in it.” 

Id. at 29-30. Appellants further aver “there was no evidence of record to 

fairly suggest any alternate cause of the water,” and that instead, the water 
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was clear, odorless, and free of dirt or other substances which might indicate 

it “was tracked in from the outside or utilized for any other purpose.” Id. at 

30. They also reason they were not obligated to “negate all other possible 

causes” of the water, and indeed Appellees “themselves evidence [sic] the 

reasonableness of the conclusion that the cleaning machine leaked into the 

elevator.” Id. at 31, 32. Appellants conclude that in the light most 

favorable to them, a finding “that it was more likely than not that the 

cleaning machine continued its pattern of leaking into the elevator at the 

time of this occurrence is supportable.” Id. at 31.

Appellants’ second claim is that the court’s finding—that Appellees and 

their employees were not aware of problems with the machines leaking 

water—is contrary to the record. Appellants cite HHS supervisor Street’s 

testimony that since 2008, he “reinforc[ed] to his cleaning crew the 

obligation to check the elevator for cleaning machine leakage during the 

transport of the cleaning machines,” and that immediately after Appellant’s 

fall, he again “reinforced to his cleaning crew,” the danger of the cleaning 

machines leaking. Id. at 34. Appellants further cite HHS vice president 

Cash’s testimony “that the cleaning machines leaked into the elevators 

because of the effect [of] the up and down change of gravity” and LRMC 

employee Poshefko’s testimony “that the cleaning machines recurrently 

leaked water into the elevators during their transport.” Id.

Appellants’ third claim on appeal is that the court’s finding, that “the 
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cleaning machines were inspected at the end of the shift, and were 

functioning normally,” is contrary to the record. Id. at 40. Appellants cite 

Street’s admission “that he did not inspect the cleaning machines at any 

time after the accident[,] and there is no record evidence that anyone else 

did.” Id. at 40-41.

In their fourth claim, Appellants aver the trial court erred in its 

interpretation of Cuthbert v. City of Phila., 209 A.2d 261 (Pa. 1965), to 

hold Appellants were required to eliminate “other causes as suggested by 

the evidence.” Appellants’ Brief at 42 (citing Trial Ct. Op., 11/27/13, at 5-

6). Instead, Appellants maintain, the correct standard pursuant to 

Cuthbert is that a plaintiff must eliminate “other causes, if any, as were 

fairly suggested by the evidence,” and in this case, none of the alternate 

causes cited by the trial court were fairly suggested by the evidence. 

Appellants’ Brief at 42-43. We hold Appellants are entitled to relief.

In First v. Zem Zem Temple, 686 A.2d 18 (Pa. Super. 1996), the 

plaintiff fell while dancing at a wedding reception. Id. at 20. There was a 

temporary nine-by-twelve foot dance floor, which “consisted of numerous 

panels . . . made of a wooden parquet-type material,” and was supplied by 

one defendant and installed by the co-defendant venue. Id. The plaintiff 

filed a negligence suit, alleging, inter alia, the defendants failed to ensure 

the dance floor was safe, install and inspect it properly, and warn her of the 
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dangerous condition.6 Id.

At her deposition, the plaintiff testified “she fell because the heel of 

her shoe slipped on the dance floor” and that she had observed one section 

of the floor was a lighter color. Id. The disc jockey at the reception, who 

witnessed the plaintiff’s fall, testified: (1) one “section of the dance floor . . . 

was discolored and extremely, extremely slippery;” (2) “he noticed . . . other 

couples dancing on the floor avoided the slippery area, made comments . . . 

that the floor was slippery, and, when they came into contact with the area, 

appeared to be slipping on the floor’s surface;” and (3) he “observed that . . 

. where the panels of the dance floor were connected there was a ‘metal lip’ 

which was raised higher than the other areas of the floor.” Id. The 

defendants pointed to the disc jockey’s testimony that the plaintiff “did not 

fall until she was approximately three to four feet away from these areas” 

and argued “the slippery or raised areas of the dance floor could not have 

caused [the plaintiff] to fall.” Id. at 20-21.

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, 

finding the plaintiff “could not identify the reason [she] fell on the dance 

floor and could not prove directly that the identified ‘hazards’ on the floor 

caused her to fall.” Id. at 21.

On appeal, this Court noted:

 

6 The plaintiff had also proceeded on a theory of strict products liability with 

respect to the dance floor. First, 686 A.2d at 20.
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Although it is clear that a jury is not permitted to reach a 

verdict based upon guess or speculation, it is equally clear 

that a jury may draw inferences from all of the evidence 

presented.

It is not necessary, under Pennsylvania law, that 

every fact or circumstance point unerringly to 

liability; it is enough that there be sufficient facts for 

the jury to say reasonably that the preponderance 

favors liability . . . . The facts are for the jury in any 

case whether based upon direct or circumstantial 

evidence where a reasonable conclusion can be 

arrived at which would place liability on the 

defendant. It is the duty of [the] plaintiffs to 

produce substantial evidence which, if believed, 

warrants the verdict they seek. The right of a 

litigant to have the jury pass upon the facts is not to 

be that a reasonable man might properly find either 

way. . . . 

Id. (quoting Cade v. McDanel, 679 A.2d 1266, 1271 (Pa. Super. 1996)) 

(emphasis added). The Court further stated, 

Negligence may be established by circumstantial evidence, 

and where a plaintiff describes the nature and location of a 

fall, it is for the jury to determine whether a defect which 

existed in the small area described was the cause of the 

injury, and if the defect was of sufficient consequence to 

charge defendants with negligence . . . .

First, 686 A.2d at 22.

The Court reversed the award of summary judgment to the 

defendants. Id. It held “there [was] a genuine issue for trial because [the 

plaintiff] presented sufficient circumstantial evidence from which a jury could 

infer reasonably that a slippery or raised area of the floor caused [her] to 

fall.[ ]” Id. at 21. It reasoned:

Without resort to conjecture, the jury would have had a 
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rational basis to choose, over any other inference 

suggested by the evidence, the inference that there was a 

defect in the dance floor, that the dance floor was unsafe 

and that [the plaintiff] fell as a result thereof. We note 

that the lower court agreed with our conclusion that there 

was sufficient evidence to infer that certain ‘hazards’ 

existed on the dance floor. However, the lower court then 

concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to infer 

that these ‘hazards’ caused [the plaintiff] to fall because 

she fell approximately three to four feet away from the 

slippery or raised areas of the floor. We find that this was 

error.

Id. at 22 (citation to record omitted).

In the case sub judice, we agree with Appellants that they cited 

sufficient circumstantial evidence upon which a jury could conclude 

Appellees were negligent. See First, 686 A.2d at 22. First, we disagree 

with the trial court’s finding that Sister failed to state the amount of time 

from when she exited the elevator, leaving the two men and the cleaning 

machine on the elevator, and when Appellant entered the same elevator and 

fell. The court cited Sister’s deposition testimony at page 44 for this 

finding.7 Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 8. Our review of pages 44 and 45 

reveals the following exchange:

[Sister:] I don’t remember well if [the elevator stopped 

for the men and the machine to enter,] but I remember 

they got on after I did. I got out of the elevator, and I 

went to my brother-in-law’s room. And my sister[, 

Appellant,] said, “Oh that’s good that you arrived. Can 

you go with me to my house because I’m going to go 

home, take a shower and change my clothes?”

 

7 Sister testified at the deposition with the assistance of an interpreter.
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And as we get to the elevator, a couple minutes, 

my sister gets on the elevator, she falls, and I hold the 

door. I don’t remember exactly how everything happened 

because everything was very quick and it was so long ago.

[LRMC’s attorney:] When you got to your brother-in-law’s 

room in the hospital, how long did you stay in the room 

with your brother-in-law and your sister?

[Appellants’ attorney:] Objection, asked and answered. 

She just told you. She gave you a time. And I’m not 

going to speak objection [sic]. She just said the time.

[LRMC’s attorney:] Well, I’m just asking you the amount 

of sometime [sic] you spent in your brother-in-law’s room 

with your sister before you went to leave?

[Appellants’ attorney:] Same objection.

[Sister:] I don’t remember.

Dep. of Ida Geib, 7/21/11, at 44-45.

Although Sister testified she did not remember how long she was in 

Appellant Julio’s hospital room before she and Appellant left together, she 

also stated, in her immediately preceding response, “And as we get to the 

elevator, a couple minutes, my sister gets on the elevator, she falls.” Id.

at 44. While the context of Sister’s reference to “a couple minutes” is not 

entirely clear, see id., we disagree with the trial court that Appellants failed 

to present any evidence of how much time passed between Sister’s initial 

ride in the elevator and Appellant’s fall. The court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) 

opinion acknowledges Sister’s testimony: “[Sister] estimated her time away 

from the elevator in vague, non-descriptive terms and only estimated that 

it was a couple minutes.” Trial Ct. Op., 11/27/13, at 5 (emphasis added). 
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Accordingly, we conclude that for purposes of reviewing Appellee’s motions 

for summary judgment, in the light most favorable to Appellants, Sister’s 

testimony established the amount of time was a couple minutes.

We also disagree with the trial court’s conclusions that the cleaning 

machines were wholly functioning properly that day—based on the fact that 

“[n]o problems were reported in the [maintenance] logs” that day—and 

therefore the machines could not have leaked water in the elevator. See

Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 7. Instead, we hold Appellants provided enough 

circumstantial evidence to submit to a jury the question of whether 

Appellees’ cleaning machine leaked the water that caused Appellant’s fall. 

To overcome Appellees’ motions for summary judgment, it was not 

necessary that every fact “point unerringly to liability.” See First, 686 A.2d 

at 21. Instead, Appellants only had to show “sufficient facts for the jury to 

say reasonably that the preponderance favors liability.” Id. Furthermore, 

as Appellants have established “the nature and location of [Appellant’s] fall” 

in a small space—an elevator—they may establish negligence by sufficient 

circumstantial evidence. See id.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Appellants, Sister 

was in an elevator with two men and a cleaning machine, she disembarked 

before them, a couple minutes later the same elevator returned to Sister’s 

floor with no one in it, Appellant entered the same elevator and immediately 

slipped on water and fell, and the water was clear and free of dirt and did 
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not lead out of the elevator. Furthermore, Appellees’ employees 

acknowledged the cleaning machines sometimes leaked: (1) LRMC employee 

Poshefko previously observed the cleaning machines leak and HHS 

employees clean up the water; (2) HHS vice president Cash conceded there 

is “a small concern” that a machine that is otherwise functioning properly 

could leak water, the “general safety precautions” include looking back to 

into an elevator to ensure no liquid leaked while transporting it, Dep. of 

Sheldon Cash, 1/6/12, at 18-19, 23-24; (3) HHS director Street testified 

that “a few days after this slip and fall,” it was reinforced to HHS cleaning 

crews at LRMC hospital that when they move equipment “in and out of the 

elevators or through the hallways[ to] look[ ] behind to make sure there is 

no, no leakage, or a bucket might have spilled something on the floor,” and 

this precaution was reinforced “quite a bit.” Dep. of William Street, 1/6/12, 

at 39-41. 

We also distinguish the facts in this case from those in Estate of 

Swift. In Estate of Swift, the decedent slipped and fell in a restroom on 

the defendant hospital’s premises. Estate of Swift, 690 A.2d at 721. 

Several medical reports indicated the decedent stated that her fall was 

caused by water on the floor. Id. at 721. The decedent sustained a fracture 

of her femur and, after a course of events, died. Id. Her estate 

commenced a wrongful death action against the hospital, and the trial court 

granted summary judgment in favor of the hospital. Id. at 720-21.
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On appeal, this Court noted the estate presented evidence that the 

decedent had stated “that her fall was caused by water on the floor.” Id. at 

722. The estate also cited the hospital’s “janitorial maintenance records 

which indicate that the person charged with maintaining the area where [the 

d]ecedent fell had left the hospital property four hours prior to the accident.” 

Id. This Court stated, “From this fact, [the estate] infer[red] that [the 

hospital] was negligent in not replacing the missing maintenance person 

and, therefore, caused the condition to exist.” Id. This Court disagreed, 

holding that the estate “failed to show in the record that [the hospital] had 

notice of the condition,” and “present[ed] no evidence as to how the water 

arrived on the floor,” “how long the condition existed,” and “that the area 

was not monitored or maintained by other members of [the hospital] staff.” 

Id. We concluded: “Without such proof, [the estate] cannot establish a 

breach of the legal duty owed to [the d]ecedent by” the hospital. Id. 

Accordingly, we affirmed the summary judgment in favor of the hospital. 

Id. at 723.

In the case sub judice, Appellants have, unlike the estate in Estate of 

Swift, presented circumstantial evidence of how the water arrived on the 

floor, how long this condition existed, and that the elevator was not 

monitored or maintained by Appellees during that time. See id. The trial 

court found:

While it is certainly possible that the machine [Sister] saw 

on the elevator . . . required water and that it was leaking 
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water on the date of the incident in the quantity found in 

the elevator, such a conclusion would require the jury to 

speculate. The jury would further have to speculate as to 

what occurred between the time [Sister] got off the 

elevator and the time she returned with [Appellant].

Trial Ct. Op., 11/27/13, at 10-11. We disagree. When considered together, 

Appellants’ evidence was sufficient to submit to a jury to determine whether 

Appellees’ machine leaked the water, and whether the water caused 

Appellant’s injury. See First, 686 A.2d at 22.

For the above reasons, we reverse the order of the trial court granting 

summary judgment in favor of Appellees LRMC and HHS. We also vacate 

the order to the extent it granted HMA’s motion for summary judgment on 

the grounds discussed above. However, HMA’s motion for summary 

judgment also averred the lack of any agency with LRMC and HHS, and 

accordingly claimed it could not be held vicariously liable. The trial court did 

not reach this issue. Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 13 n.4 (“Because the Court’s 

ruling on [the first] issue is dispositive, there is no need to discuss . . . 

HMA’s first issue, vicarious liability.”). We therefore vacate the portion of 

the court’s order granting summary judgment to HMA; HMA may continue to 

litigate this ground for summary judgment.

Appellants’ final issue on appeal is that the court erred in not 

considering the deposition testimony of Eric Perrone that LRMC nurses told 

him the cleaning machine caused Appellant’s slip and fall. Appellants’ Brief 

at 45. We reiterate that Eric is Appellant Julio’s son and representative. The 
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trial court declined to consider this evidence on two bases. The first basis 

was that Appellants failed to present this evidence, and instead it was 

Appellee HHS who submitted it as an attachment to a motion in limine. Trial 

Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 9 n.4 (“If [Appellants] wanted the Court to consider Eric 

Perrone’s testimony, it was their responsibility to attach it to their 

response.”). In light of our disposition of reversing and vacating the court’s 

order, we need not consider this basis.

The trial court further found the evidence was hearsay which was not 

admissible as an opposing party’s statement under Pa.R.E. 803(25).8 That 

subsection provides that a statement is not excluded by the general rule 

against hearsay when “[t]he statement is offered against an opposing party” 

and “was made by the party’s agent or employee on a matter within the 

scope of that relationship and while it existed.” Pa.R.E. 803(25). Although 

the trial court’s ruling was made in the context of considering summary 

judgment, its analysis would be equally applicable at trial. See Turner v. 

Valley Hous. Dev. Corp., 972 A.2d 531, 537 (Pa. Super. 2009) (“[A] 

motion for summary judgment cannot be supported or defeated by 

 

8 The trial court stated that “[n]otwithstanding the fact that the deposition 

testimony of Eric Perrone was attached as part of the motion for summary 

judgment or [Appellants’] response, the Court is precluded from considering 

it as it constitutes hearsay.” Trial Ct. Op., 9/11/13, at 9-10. Pursuant to 

Commonwealth v. Reed, 971 A.2d 1216 (Pa. 2009), we consider both 

grounds. Id. at 1220 (“[W]here a decision rests on two or more grounds 

equally valid, none may be relegated to the inferior status of obiter 

dictum.”).
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statements that include inadmissible hearsay evidence.”).

Because this issue may arise again when the proceedings resume after 

remand, we review that decision now.

The trial court reasoned as follows:

In his deposition, Eric Perrone stated that he was 

‘pretty sure [he] heard . . . a discussion about the 

maintenance crew going up and down with the 

maintenance machine” and that some unidentified nurses 

said they thought the water came from the cleaning 

machine. However, Eric Perrone was unable to identify the 

nurses who made those statements and, therefore, unable 

to establish the statements concerned a matter within the 

scope of the nurse’s agency or employment. See [Harris 

v. Toys “R” Us-Penn, Inc., 880 A.2d 1270, 1277 (Pa. 

Super. 2005),] Biddle v. DOT, 817 A.2d 1213, 1216 (Pa. 

Commw. 2003).

Trial Ct. Op., 11/27/13, at 10.

On appeal, Appellants cite the same case relied on by the trial court—

Harris—in averring the Superior Court has “recognized that unidentified 

agents of a defendant can . . . provide admissions admissible as exceptions 

to hearsay.” Appellants’ Brief at 45. Appellants reason, “To hold that each . 

. . employee[ ] must be specifically identified by name, where circumstances 

otherwise reveal that they were working at the premises at the time of the 

occurrence, is respectfully not the law.” Id. at 46-47. We disagree.

When reviewing an evidentiary ruling, “we must acknowledge that 

decisions on admissibility are within the sound discretion of the trial court 

and will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of 

law.” Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 920 (Pa. Super. 2014). In Sehl v. 
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Vista Linen Rental Serv. Inc., 763 A.2d 858 (Pa. Super. 2000), the trial 

court precluded testimony from a restaurant owner about “statements made 

by [a] carpet delivery person.”9 Id. at 861. “Later testimony” identified two 

people who could have made that statement. Id. Nevertheless, the trial 

court reasoned the plaintiffs could not positively identify the declarant, and 

thus the court could not “determine whether the declarant was indeed . . . 

an agent under” Rule 803(25). Id. The trial court further stated it could not 

determine whether the statement was made in the scope of that person’s 

employment, where “[t]here was no evidence or offer of proof that the 

driver [or delivery person] for a linen service would have as part of his job 

description the authority to issue such statements.” Id. at 862.

Sehl was discussed in Biddle, the 2003 Commonwealth Court case 

relied on by the trial court.10 Biddle, 817 A.2d at 1215-16. In Biddle, the 

plaintiff/driver sought to testify about statements made by someone he 

believed was a supervisor in the Department of Transportation 

(“PENNDOT”). Id. at 1215. “The record reflect[ed] that the alleged 

supervisor was never found or identified by” the plaintiff or PENNDOT. Id. 

 

9

In Sehl, the plaintiff was working as a waitress in a restaurant when she 

“slipped and fell on a wet rug, which had been laundered and delivered by” a 

linen company, one of the defendants. Sehl, 763 A.2d at 860.

10 “Although decisions of the Commonwealth Court are not binding on this 

Court, we may rely on them if we are persuaded by their reasoning.” 

Charlie v. Erie Ins. Exch., 100 A.3d 244, 253 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2014) 

(citation omitted).
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On appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed the trial court’s preclusion of 

the proposed testimony under Rule 803(25). Id. It held, “Like in Sehl, [the 

plaintiff] was unable to identify the person he spoke with near the site of the 

accident. Thus, he failed to meet his burden of showing that the statements 

concerned a matter within the scope of the unidentified person’s 

responsibilities.” Id. at 1216.

In the instant appeal, Appellants do not deny they have not identified 

the persons who allegedly told Eric that the cleaning machine caused 

Appellant’s accident. Appellants aver:

[T]he unidentified declarant is a nurse working in the 

hospital, day by day, as witnessed by Eric Perrone as he 

visited his father. Another nurse, Linda Brown, and her 

secretary, Ellen Poshefko, who have been specifically 

identified in the instant case have made clear that they are 

employees of the hospital in this matter. There is no proof 

of record that the nurses of the hospital were employed by 

any other entity other than the hospital within which they 

were working at the time of the occurrence. . . .

Appellants’ Brief at 46 (emphasis added).

In the above paragraph, the first sentence reflects Appellants’ 

concession that the declarant has not been identified. The ensuing 

discussion of LRMC employees Brown and Poshefko is not relevant to the 

identity of the unidentified declarant. On appeal, Appellants cite no evidence 

to corroborate their allegation that the declarant was an employee, let alone 

a nurse, employed by any Appellee. Accordingly, we agree with the trial 

court that they have failed to establish the declarant was an agent of any 
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Appellee and that the statements were made in the scope of her 

employment. See Pa.R.E. 803(25); Sehl, 763 A.2d at 861.

For the foregoing reasons we reverse the granting of summary 

judgment in favor of Appellees LRMC and HHS. We vacate the portion of the 

trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of HMA, and HMA 

may pursue its summary judgment claim concerning vicarious liability.

Order reversed in part and vacated in part. Case remanded with 

instructions. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/10/2015