DA 15-0534

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2016 MT 300

CITY OF BOZEMAN,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

JAMES KING,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DC 15-52B

Honorable Mike Salvagni, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

James King (Self-Represented), Bozeman, Montana

For Appellee:

Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Madison L. Mattioli,

Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Greg Sullivan, Bozeman City Attorney, Ed Hirsch, Prosecutor,

Bozeman, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: October 12, 2016

 Decided: November 22, 2016

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

11/22/2016

Case Number: DA 15-0534
2

Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 James King was convicted of disorderly conduct on September 12, 2014, in the 

Bozeman Municipal Court. Acting pro se, he appealed the verdict to the Eighteenth 

Judicial District Court, Gallatin County. The District Court, in a comprehensive opinion 

and order, declined appellate jurisdiction and remanded the matter to the Municipal Court 

for enforcement of King’s sentence. King appeals. We affirm.

ISSUE 

¶2 A restatement of the issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred when it 

declined to exercise jurisdiction over King’s appeal from the Municipal Court.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 On November 23, 2013, King was involved in a physical altercation with John 

Cernick in Bozeman, Montana. The responding officers cited both King and Cernick for 

disorderly conduct. Cernick subsequently entered a guilty plea while King pled not

guilty.

¶4 King’s trial was initially set for April 2014 but was reset to May 16, 2014, to 

accommodate the court’s schedule. The May 16 trial was vacated to allow King to file a 

motion to dismiss which, following a hearing, the court denied. At calendar call on July 

2, trial was confirmed for July 8, 2014. Both King and the State agreed to that date. 

Later that day, King reappeared at the close of calendar call and informed the court that 

his out-of-state eyewitness could not be present on July 8 but could be present on July 22. 

King indicated that he had arranged to switch trial dates with another defendant so that 
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King’s trial could take place on July 22, 2014. The audio recording of the 1.5 minute 

conversation does not indicate that State’s counsel was present, nor did King represent 

that the State agreed or objected to the change in trial date. The court rescheduled the trial 

for July 22, 2014. Subsequently, the State moved to continue the trial on the grounds 

that the arresting officer could not be present on that date. Over King’s objection, the 

court granted the State’s motion and King moved to dismiss on speedy trial grounds. The 

court instructed King to file a written motion on the matter, which he did in August 2014. 

The Municipal Court subsequently denied King’s motion without a written order, and 

conducted the trial on September 12, 2014. Following a guilty verdict, King was 

sentenced to pay a $100 fine and $135 in surcharges and fees. No jail time was ordered. 

King appealed his sentence to the District Court, asserting eight grounds for appeal. The 

District Court obtained the Municipal Court record, reviewed it, and on July 1, 2015, 

issued its Memorandum Opinion and Order (Order).

¶5 The District Court initially noted that § 46-17-404(2), MCA, provides that a party 

may appeal to the district court from a judgment of municipal court when the amount in

controversy exceeds $200. The court further observed that Rule 1(b)(2) of the Uniform 

Municipal Court Rules of Appeal to District Court, Title 25, Chapter 30, MCA

(U.M.C.R. App.), limits a district court’s appellate jurisdiction over criminal cases to 

cases where the amount in controversy exceeds $300. The court recognized, however, 

that Rule 3, U.M.C.R. App., and § 46-17-404(2)(b), MCA, grant the district court 

discretion to exercise appellate jurisdiction notwithstanding the amount in controversy in 

the “interests of justice.” Excluding the surcharge and fees imposed in King’s sentence,
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as required by City of Kalispell v. Koestner, 2001 MT 53, ¶ 12, 304 Mont. 315, 21 P.3d 

622, the court determined that King’s $100 fine did not satisfy the threshold amounts set 

forth in the applicable rules or statutes. While the District Court acknowledged that 

neither the rules nor the statutes defined “interests of justice,” it concluded that it would 

accept appellate jurisdiction if King’s issues were meritorious. Consequently, the District 

Court addressed each of King’s issues and determined that it would not exercise appellate 

jurisdiction on “interests of justice” grounds as it was unlikely that King would prevail on 

any of the issues raised.

¶6 King filed a timely appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7 The district court’s determination of whether it has the power to review a 

municipal court’s decision is a question of law which we review to determine whether its 

interpretation is correct. Koestner, ¶ 8 (citation omitted). 

DISCUSSION

¶8 Did the District Court err when it declined to exercise jurisdiction over King’s 

appeal from the municipal court?

¶9 Continuing to act pro se, King generally argues that the District Court’s denial of 

his motion to appeal constituted an abuse of discretion and error. He challenges the 

court’s determinations that his issues lacked merit and that he was not likely to prevail on 

appeal. 

¶10 King presents numerous specific arguments on appeal alleging District Court, 

Municipal Court, and State error, abuse of discretion, misconduct, and bias. He first 
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asserts that the District Court intentionally misinterpreted one of his issues presented on 

appeal and consequently failed to address “the most important basis of the appeal,” i.e.,

whether, over King’s objection, the Municipal Court erred when it granted the State’s 

motion to continue the July 22, 2014 trial. King claims that the District Court purposely 

misconstrued his argument as an appeal of the Municipal Court’s May 2014 ruling 

pertaining to video teleconferencing of an out-of-state witness. He argues that the 

District Court’s failure to address the true issue in its Order was a violation of multiple 

rules of judicial conduct. King’s claim is unsupported by the record and consists solely 

of accusations and allegations without legal argument or analysis. The record indicates 

that the District Court gave generous consideration to King and his appeal and granted 

him leniency as a self-represented litigant. The court entered a 32-page opinion and 

order, offering detailed analysis and conclusions. We reject King’s unsubstantiated 

argument of judicial misconduct and bias. 

¶11 We next address King’s claim that the Municipal Court abused its discretion by 

granting the State’s request for a continuance to the July 22 trial. The record reflects that 

the State argued that King failed to consult the State prior to obtaining the court’s 

permission to reschedule the trial from July 8 to July 22. As noted above, the audio 

recording between King and the court does not indicate that State’s counsel was present.

The State maintains that upon learning that the court had moved the trial date to July 22, 

it immediately moved to reschedule on the grounds that its witness could not be present

on that date. The court initially denied the State’s motion but after conducting a hearing 

on the motion, it granted it over King’s objection. While King challenges this decision, it 
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was nonetheless within the Municipal Court’s discretion. State v. Gleed, 2014 MT 151, 

¶ 10, 375 Mont. 286, 326 P.3d 1095. The court heard the arguments presented by the 

parties and the rationale for a continuance. Consequently, the Municipal Court was in a 

better position than this Court to render this decision based upon the circumstances of this 

case. We will not disturb a discretionary ruling absent a finding that the court acted 

“arbitrarily, without employment of conscientious judgment, or exceed[ed] the bounds of 

reason resulting in substantial injustice.” In re T.N.-S., 2015 MT 117, ¶ 16, 379 Mont. 

60, 347 P.3d 1263 (internal citations omitted). We conclude the court’s decision did not 

constitute an abuse of its discretion.

¶12 King’s remaining issues and his claims that these issues have merit, include: (1) 

the State violated the discovery process; (2) the Municipal Court and the State 

“suppressed evidence” that would have benefitted King; (3) the Municipal Court chose 

the State’s non-critical witness over his critical witness in violation of his Montana and 

United States constitutional rights; (4) the State was judicially estopped from moving for 

a continuance from the July 22 trial date based upon its acknowledgement that such 

continuance would violate King’s right to a speedy trial; (5) the Municipal Court 

“ignored” his August 2014 motion to dismiss after the court ordered that he file it; and (6)

the evidence presented in this case was insufficient to convict him.

¶13 We conclude the District Court neither erred nor abused its discretion in its 

considered and detailed Order addressing the merits of each of these issues. As it was 

unlikely that King would have prevailed on these claims had the District Court exercised 

appellate jurisdiction, the interests of justice did not demand that it do so. Whether the 
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“interests of justice” would be served by accepting appellate jurisdiction is soundly 

within the District Court’s broad discretion. Section 46-17-404(2)(b), MCA. 

¶14 As the District Court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the interests of 

justice would not be furthered by allowing King’s appeal, we affirm.

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur: 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

/S/ JIM RICE

Justice James Jeremiah Shea, specially concurring.

¶15 In his opening brief to this Court, King states that his argument on appeal to the 

District Court “strictly revolved around the Municipal Court’s decision to [o]verrule the 

defense’s objection to [the] State’s continuance of the July 22, 2014 trial date.” On that 

point, I agree that the Municipal Court did not abuse its discretion in continuing the July 

22 trial date, and I would affirm on that basis. I write separately because the Court 

incorrectly perpetuates a misinterpretation of the statute and rule regarding the threshold 

amount in controversy necessary to appeal a municipal court decision to district court.

¶16 As the Court correctly notes, both § 46-17-404(2), MCA, and Rule 1(b)(2), 

U.M.C.R. App., determine the jurisdictional threshold for appealing a municipal court 
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judgment to district court by the “amount in controversy.”1 Opinion, ¶ 5. Upon his 

conviction in Municipal Court, “King was sentenced to pay a $100 fine and $135 in 

surcharges and fees.” Opinion, ¶ 4. In appealing his case to the District Court, King did 

not just challenge the $100 fine; he sought reversal of his conviction and dismissal of his 

entire case on multiple grounds. If his appeal was successful, King would have 

eliminated the fine, surcharges, and fees, totaling $235. Thus, the “amount in 

controversy” that was the subject of King’s appeal was $235.

¶17 The Court, however, ignores the fact that King was contesting all of the monetary 

obligations imposed upon him, and erroneously concludes that the “amount in 

controversy” was merely the fine. The Court arrives at this erroneous conclusion by 

citing Koestner for the proposition that it requires “[e]xcluding the surcharge and fees 

imposed in King’s sentence.” Opinion, ¶ 5 (citing Koestner, ¶ 12). However, in 

Koestner, the interpretation of what constitutes the “amount in controversy” for 

determining district court jurisdiction of a municipal court appeal was not the issue. That 

being noted, we did limit our consideration of the jurisdictional threshold to only the fine 

imposed; thus, I agree that this is a fair reading of Koestner. To the extent that Koestner 

could be read as such, it is incorrect and I would overrule it.

¶18 In Voerding v. State, 2006 MT 125, ¶ 16, 332 Mont. 262, 136 P.3d 502, we 

concluded that “the plain meaning of the word ‘fine’ . . . does not encompass fees, costs, 

 

1

I note that there is a discrepancy between the threshold amount in controversy set by 

§ 46-17-404(2), MCA ($200), and Rule 1(b)(2), U.M.C.R. App. ($300). However, resolution of

this discrepancy is mooted by the Court’s incorrect interpretation of the “amount in controversy” 

as being limited to the fine imposed.
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charges, or any other court-imposed financial obligations.” We also concluded that there 

is a “clear statutory distinction between fines and other court-imposed financial 

obligations.” Voerding, ¶ 19. When it drafted § 46-17-404(2), MCA, the Legislature 

could have used the term “fine” in setting the threshold for district court jurisdiction of a 

municipal court appeal. It did not. It chose instead to use the term “amount in 

controversy.” In construing a statute, our duty “is simply to ascertain and declare what is 

in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit 

what has been inserted.” Section 1-2-101, MCA. Moreover, “statutory language must be 

construed according to its plain meaning . . . .” Infinity Ins. Co. v. Dodson, 2000 MT 

287, ¶ 46, 302 Mont. 209, 14 P.3d 487 (citation omitted). Neither § 46-17-404(2), MCA, 

nor Rule 1(b)(2), U.M.C.R. App., limits the district court’s appellate jurisdiction based on 

the amount of the fine. Rather, the jurisdictional limit is expressly based on the “amount 

in controversy.” By interpreting the term “amount in controversy” as applying only to 

King’s $100 fine, the Court not only fails to construe the statute according to its plain 

meaning, it both omits the term “amount in controversy” and inserts the term “fine,” thus 

managing to violate just about every rule of statutory construction in the interpretation of 

a single statute.

¶19 For the foregoing reasons, although I concur in the result the Court reaches, I 

disagree with its conclusion that the District Court did not have jurisdiction to hear the 

appeal from the Municipal Court.

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA