U

d

Marketing and

Regulatory

Programs

Agricultural

Marketing

Service

Specialty

Crops

Program

Specialty 

Crops 

Inspection

Division

Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels 

and Filberts in the Shell

Inspection Instructions

August 2016
Non-Discrimination Policy: In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights 

regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA 

programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender 

expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance 

program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by 

USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. 

Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, 

audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 

(voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be 

made available in languages other than English. 

To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at 

http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the 

letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your 

completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 

1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: program.intake@usda.gov. 

USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.
These instructions contain information and guidelines to help personnel of the 

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Specialty Crops Inspection (SCI) Division 

uniformly apply and interpret U.S. grade standards, other similar specifications, and 

special procedures.

These guidelines do not supersede the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act or any 

other applicable Federal or State laws or regulations. Compliance with these statutes is 

mandatory. This publication supersedes any previously issued inspection instructions.

The citation of any data, criteria, techniques, illustrations, copyrighted material, or 

pictorial representations accredited to private authorship is used with the permission of 

the individual(s) or source(s) cited. Unless a specific reference is cited, the information 

in this manual has been derived from sources available to the public or from the 

technical knowledge of USDA personnel.

Except for official USDA inspection aids or devices and color guides (or standards) 

produced under license of the Department of Agriculture, the mention of any supplier, 

patented device, product, brand name, or equipment does not imply endorsement by 

USDA over any other similar or equally effective material.

Inspection instructions are issued by USDA after careful consideration of all data and 

views submitted. The Department welcomes suggestions for improving the inspection 

instructions in future revisions.

Comments may be submitted to:

Director, Specialty Crops Inspection Division

Specialty Crops Program

USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service

1400 Independence Avenue, SW, STOP 0240

Washington, D.C. 20250

These instructions replace the Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels And Filberts In The Shell dated 

January 2008, and include, but not limited to, all previous correspondence, memos, 

inspection instructions, or procedures.
ii

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iii

INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILBERT/HAZELNUT KERNELS AND

FILBERTS IN THE SHELL

SECTION PAGE NO.

PART I – FILBERT/HAZELNUT KERNELS............................................................................... 1

GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 1

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING.............................................................................................. 1

CHECK SAMPLES ............................................................................................................... 2

IN-LINE INSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................... 2

CARRIER OR LOT INSPECTIONS ........................................................................................... 2

SIZE OF SAMPLE................................................................................................................ 2

NUMBER OF CONTAINERS SAMPLED FOR COMPOSITE........................................................... 3

CONSUMER SIZE CONTAINERS ...................................................................................... 3

SAMPLE FOR CUTTING TO DETERMINE INTERNAL DEFECTS ................................................... 3

TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF STANDARDS ................................................................. 4

TOLERANCES .................................................................................................................... 4

SUMMARY OF TOLERANCES........................................................................................... 4

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS ............................................................................................. 4

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................... 5

TIME AND DATE ................................................................................................................. 5

PRODUCT.......................................................................................................................... 5

TYPE OF FILBERT ......................................................................................................... 5

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS.......................................................................................... 6

BRANDS/MARKINGS ........................................................................................................... 6

ORIGIN ............................................................................................................................. 6

SIZE ................................................................................................................................. 7

REMARKS ......................................................................................................................... 7

DEFECTS .......................................................................................................................... 7

BROKEN KERNELS ............................................................................................................. 7

CHAFING OR SCRAPING...................................................................................................... 7

CLEANNESS ...................................................................................................................... 8

EXTERNAL DISCOLORATION ................................................................................................ 8

FOREIGN MATERIAL ........................................................................................................... 8

INSECT INJURY .................................................................................................................. 9

INTERNAL FLESH DISCOLORATION....................................................................................... 9

MIXED TYPES (OREGON FANCY ONLY)................................................................................ 9

MOISTURE CONTENT........................................................................................................ 10

MOLD ............................................................................................................................. 10
iv

RANCIDITY ...................................................................................................................... 10

SHAPE ............................................................................................................................ 11

SHRIVELING .................................................................................................................... 11

TYPE .............................................................................................................................. 11

DECAY............................................................................................................................ 12

PART II – FILBERTS IN THE SHELL..................................................................................... 13

GENERAL........................................................................................................................ 13

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING............................................................................................ 13

CHECK SAMPLES ............................................................................................................. 13

IN-LINE INSPECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 14

CARRIER OR LOT INSPECTIONS ......................................................................................... 14

SIZE OF SAMPLE.............................................................................................................. 14

NUMBER OF CONTAINERS SAMPLED FOR COMPOSITE......................................................... 14

CONSUMER SIZE CONTAINERS .................................................................................... 15

INSPECTION EQUIPMENT................................................................................................... 15

TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF STANDARDS ............................................................... 16

TOLERANCES .................................................................................................................. 16

SUMMARY OF TOLERANCES......................................................................................... 16

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS ........................................................................................... 17

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................... 17

TIME AND DATE ............................................................................................................... 17

PRODUCT........................................................................................................................ 17

TYPE OF FILBERT ....................................................................................................... 18

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS........................................................................................ 18

BRANDS/MARKINGS ......................................................................................................... 18

ORIGIN ........................................................................................................................... 19

SIZE ............................................................................................................................... 19

SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS..................................................................................................... 20

8E IMPORT SIZE REQUIREMENTS....................................................................................... 20

DEFECTS ........................................................................................................................ 20

BLANKS .......................................................................................................................... 21

CLEANNESS AND BRIGHTNESS .......................................................................................... 21

DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................ 22

GREENISH-TAN DISCOLORATION AND/OR RIDGING OF SHELLS ............................................ 22

INSECT INJURY ................................................................................................................ 23

KERNEL DISCOLORATION.................................................................................................. 23

MIXED TYPES .................................................................................................................. 24

MOISTURE CONTENT........................................................................................................ 24
v

MOLD ............................................................................................................................. 24

RANCIDITY ...................................................................................................................... 25

SHAPE ............................................................................................................................ 25

SHRIVELING .................................................................................................................... 26

SPLIT OR BROKEN SHELLS ............................................................................................... 27

STAINING OF SHELLS ....................................................................................................... 27

DECAY............................................................................................................................ 28

APPENDIX I – IMPORT CERTIFICATE EXAMPLE.................................................................... 29
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Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

1

PART I – FILBERT/HAZELNUT KERNELS

GENERAL

These instructions are to be used by inspection program personnel when applying the 

Oregon Grade Standards for Filbert (Hazelnut) Kernels (603-051-0305 through 603-

051-0325) to imported and domestically produced kernels. There is no U.S. Standards 

for shelled filberts. This section provides guidelines not covered by the Oregon grade 

standards, General Shipping Point Manual, General Market Manual, marketing order, or 

import regulations (§999.400) and do not establish any new or essential rules.

The Oregon standards are based on the metric system of weights and measures. The 

application requires use of sizers and scales calibrated in metric terms. Scales should 

have the capability of recording tenths of grams. All weights will be reported in tenths of 

a gram and percentages in hundredths of a percent.

The designations “Filberts” and “Hazelnuts” are used interchangeably for nuts of the 

same genus. Domestically, the designation “Filbert” is used for nuts from European 

species of trees and “Hazelnut” for American. For the purpose of these instructions the 

designation “Filbert” will be used for both species. “Hazelnut” is the generally accepted 

standard designation of commodity with occasionally used interchangeably.

Filberts are grown on a commercial basis in many parts of the world with Turkey being a 

major source of supply. Oregon and Washington account for the major portion of 

domestic production.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING

Obtaining representative samples is essential. Accurate certification is possible only if 

the samples examined are truly representative of the entire lot or accessible portion. 

Sample all portions of a lot or load even if it is difficult to reach all layers or parts. If you 

cannot access the entire lot for sampling, restrict the inspection and certificate to the 

accessible portion.

Certifications of export lots and lots being imported must be unrestricted. Submitted 

samples may be analyzed and certified as to quality, size, etc.; as long as the certificate 

clearly indicates the certification covers only the samples submitted. Under traditional 

inspection, only officially licensed inspectors will draw samples, representing lots 

intended for certification.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

2

CHECK SAMPLES

Market inspectors must draw enough kernels to provide for a sample for analysis and a 

check sample. The check sample, equal in size to the sample for analysis, will be 

retained at the inspection office for at least 30 days. Shipping point inspectors are not 

required to draw “check” samples during inspection unless specifically instructed by 

supervisors. When requested, kernels not destroyed during inspections and all check 

samples will be returned to the applicant at their expense. Otherwise, dispose of 

samples according to section 51.22 of the Regulations Governing Inspection, 

Certification and Standards for Fresh Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Products.

IN-LINE INSPECTIONS

In-line inspection provides a continuous inspection while the filberts are being 

processed. Samples are usually taken during packing at the end of the sizing and 

grading line. The samples are drawn and analyzed in order to monitor the quality 

throughout the packing process. In-line inspections are also a way of keeping the 

applicant informed as to compliance with the intended grade throughout packing.

CARRIER OR LOT INSPECTIONS

The standards provide for inspection on the basis of a composite sample. This will 

consist of kernels drawn from units representative of the lot. Any container or groups of 

containers in which the kernels are obviously of a quality, type, or size materially 

different form that in the majority of containers, will be considered a separate lot and 

should be sampled and certified separately.

SIZE OF SAMPLE

The official sample size will vary in relation to the size of the lot, with a minimum of 600 

grams per lot. A sample size double the amount analyzed is necessary to account for 

the retained check sample. A minimum of 200 grams for each 5,000 pounds packed 

will be analyzed.

Stationary lots of hazelnut samples for will be composited for analysis, unless otherwise 

requested or specified. The following table indicates the size of sample and minimum 

grams analyzed per lot.

Lot Size Grams Drawn Grams Analyzed

15,000 lbs. and under (6,804 kg.) 1,200 600

Each additional 5,000 lbs. (2,268 kg) + 400 + 200
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

3

The approximate weight of the grams sampled and the weight of the grams analyzed 

must be reported on the notesheet.

An SC-187 (Notice of Sampling Form – intranet link) must accompany samples sent to 

another office for analysis.

NUMBER OF CONTAINERS SAMPLED FOR COMPOSITE

The suggested minimum numbers of containers sampled for the various types of 

packaging are as follows:

• Filberts that are packed in bags containing 100 or more pounds will be sampled 

at a minimum rate of 5 percent.

• Filberts that are packed in cartons containing less than 100 pounds will be 

sampled at a minimum rate of 2 percent.

• Filberts that are packed in bulk bins or bulk poly sacks (super sacks) will have a 

sample drawn from each bulk bin or sack.

• Filbert lots of less than 50 containers will have at least 5 containers sampled.

Sample approximately the same amount of kernels from each container, varying the 

location in the container where the sample is being drawn.

CONSUMER SIZE CONTAINERS

Master containers will be sampled representatively at the rate of 1 for every 50 

containers in the lot with a minimum of 20 master containers sampled when in onepound or less consumer packages and 15 when more than one-pound packages. 

Remove one consumer size package from each master container sampled and use in 

the composite sample. The location the package is taken from should be varied in each 

master container.

SAMPLE FOR CUTTING TO DETERMINE INTERNAL DEFECTS

For in-line and lot inspections, for every 200 gram sample examined, 10 kernels not 

affected by other defects will be cut for internal defects. If a scorable internal defect is 

found in the 10 kernels, cut the entire 200 grams and add the percentage of internal 

defects to the total defects for the 200 grams examined. For the next 200 gram sample 

examined return to cutting 10 kernels.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

4

TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

TOLERANCES

Filbert kernels are inspected utilizing the Oregon Grade Standards for Filbert (Hazelnut) 

Kernels (603-051-0305 through 603-051-0325), or the USDA, AMS, Fruit and Vegetable 

Program, Import Requirements for Hazelnuts (§999.400).

SUMMARY OF TOLERANCES

Oregon Fancy 

and Oregon 

No. 1

Marketing 

Order and

8e Import 

Requirements,

Exhibit A

Oregon No. 1 

Whole and 

Broken

Foreign Material

Foreign Material 0.02 of 1% 0.02 of 1% 0.02 of 1%

Mixed Types

Mixed Types (Oregon Fancy only) 10% N/A N/A

Defects

A. Total Defects 10% 5%* 5%*

B. Serious damage caused by serious 

shriveling and broken kernels 

(included in A.)

5% N/A N/A

C. Moldy, rancidity, decay, or insect injury 

(included in A. & B. – Oregon Fancy/No. 1)

(included in A. – Marketing Order, 8e Import 

Requirements, and Oregon No. 1 Whole 

and Broken)

1% 2% 1%

D. Mold, rancidity, or insect injury 

(included in C.) N/A 1% N/A

Size

E. Off-size 15% N/A N/A

F. Undersize (included in E.) 10% N/A N/A

* Serious damage defects only, not including broken kernels.

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

The grade of a lot of filbert kernels must be determined on the basis of a composite 

sample drawn from containers in various locations in the lot. However, any container or 

group of containers in which the filberts are obviously of a quality, type, or size 

materially different from that in the majority of containers should be considered a 

separate lot, and sampled separately.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

5

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE

Entries on the notesheet and certificate must be legible and accurate. Support all 

information appearing on the certificate by information on the notesheet. All information 

and notations must be properly recorded so that anyone familiar with inspection 

procedures can understand them and write a certificate. Notesheets and certificates 

are prima facie evidence and must withstand legal scrutiny.

Detailed instructions about dates, inspection points, places of inspection, types of 

carriers, lading, and other items not covered by these instructions may be found in the 

General Shipping Point Manual, General Market Manual, Federal-State Inspection 

Certificate (FV-184) Manual, or Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Inspection Certificate (FV300) Manual. Contact your supervisor for anything not covered in these instructions.

TIME AND DATE

Report the date and time that the sample was drawn and analyzed, when a sample is 

analyzed on a day other than when it was drawn, the date that the sample was 

analyzed will be reported on the certificate, and the “sample drawn” time and date 

should be reported in the “Remarks” section.

For samples drawn at one inspection location or market and analyzed at another, enter 

the information in the “Remarks” section of the certificate. For example: “Sample 

drawn on 07/25/16 in Washington, D.C. 10:30 am and analyzed on 07/27/16 in Newark, 

N.J. 11:00 am.” An SC-187 (Notice of Sampling Form – intranet link) must accompany 

samples sent to another office for analysis.

PRODUCT

The common name “Filbert Kernels” or “Hazelnut Kernels” will be used to describe this 

commodity in the product heading. A descriptive term such as “blanched” may be 

reported in the “Product/Variety” section on the shipping point notesheet and certificate 

or in the “Lot ID” section on market notesheets and certificates.

TYPE OF FILBERT

As a general policy filberts should be described as round type or long type. The 

Inspection Service does not certify variety. When variety is in question, the inspector 

must inform interested parties that only type may be certified.

Refer to visual aid FIL-1-IDENT identifying round types and long types.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

6

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS

Always report the number of containers. In the market and at shipping point locations 

for stationary lot certification, always verify the container count provided by the applicant 

for each lot and report it as the “inspector’s count.” When the number of containers 

available for inspection does not match the application, confirm that the amount 

presented for inspection constitutes the lot. If an accurate count cannot be determined, 

report the count at someone else’s authority, but also report the reason for doing so on 

the notesheet (e.g., numerous pallets with mixed product).

At shipping point locations for “days-run” certification, the manifest for count typically 

provided by the applicant is acceptable to use for reporting the number of containers.

Shelled filberts are generally packed and shipped in non-lined, poly-lined, or vacuum 

packed cartons, as well as bulk bins or bulk poly sacks (Super Sacks). Shelled filberts 

marketed in consumer size packages such as film bags and shrink-wrap trays are 

generally packed in master cartons.

BRANDS/MARKINGS

At shipping point, report the brand, type, size, color, Positive Lot Identification (PLI), and 

other important information appearing on the container on the notesheet and certificate 

in the appropriate sections.

At market, report the brand, type, size, color, count, grade, weight, point of origin, and 

other important information appearing on the container on the notesheet in the 

“Brands/Marks” section. On the certificate, report only the brand name and other 

pertinent information in the “Brand/Markings” section.

ORIGIN

Do not make a positive statement about origin on your own authority; rather, quote the 

container markings that list the state or country of origin in the appropriate space on the 

notesheet and the certificate. If origin is not marked, try to obtain this information from 

the applicant. This policy is necessary because some firms may use one mark on the 

same product packed in several states.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

7

SIZE

When determined, the sizing should take place before analyzing the sample for possible 

defects. Use a sizer with round openings, calibrated in millimeters, and pass the 

kernels through the opening at any angle. The size will be reported in connection with 

the grade according to the requirements of the standards. The size heading should be 

blocked out for inspections based on the whole and broken grade.

REMARKS

A statement as to whether a lot meets or fails a marketing order agreement or import 

requirement will be shown under “Remarks” or on approved certificates that indicate lot 

status through the use of check boxes. Any other pertinent information that concerns 

the quality or disposition of the lot should be reported in this section.

DEFECTS 

After percentages of any off size have been determined, the kernels should be returned 

to the sample for analysis of defective kernels.

BROKEN KERNELS

During shelling and processing, the machinery sometimes chips filbert kernels.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score when more than 1/4 of the original whole kernel is broken off. 

Do not score in Oregon No. 1 Whole and Broken, or when applying the marketing order 

or import requirements.

CHAFING OR SCRAPING

Filbert kernels are normally covered with a brown skin. During the shelling or sorting 

process the kernels may come into contact with each other or with the machinery with 

enough force to cause the skin and/or meat to become shaved or scraped off.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score when it extends into the meat and affects more than 1/8 to 1/4 of the 

surface area. Do not score as damage when only the skin is scraped off and the meat 

is smooth.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

8

CLEANNESS

Clean is defined as practically free from plainly visible adhering dirt or other foreign 

material. This is a requirement of all Oregon grades, the marketing order and import 

requirements.

Scoring Guide

Score against the total tolerance for the grade being applied when there is visible dirt 

adhering to the kernel.

EXTERNAL DISCOLORATION

Although not a significant issue, external discoloration may affect shelled filberts during 

certain years.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score when external discoloration is black and materially affects the 

appearance. Kernels affected by dark brown color should not be scored.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

FOREIGN MATERIAL

Foreign material is any substance other than kernels or portions of kernels not adhering 

to the kernel and is scored against the tolerance for foreign material.

Scoring Guide

Loose skins, pellicles or corky tissue in the sample are not scored against the tolerance 

for foreign material until they exceed 0.02% (2/100th of 1%), by weight, of the sample. 

Whole (un-cracked) in-shell filberts in the sample are scored against the tolerance for 

foreign material.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

9

INSECT INJURY

Insect injury is an objectionable defect of filberts. Close examination is important when 

inspecting kernels for insect injury because, during hulling, drying and shelling, the 

webbing and frass may be separated from the kernel and the only evidence of injury is a 

very small clean round hole.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score insect injured kernels and those showing any evidence of 

worm injury, frass, webbing, etc.

INTERNAL FLESH DISCOLORATION

A representative sample of the lot should be cut to determine the percent of kernels 

affected by internal discoloration.

Refer to the Sample for Cutting to Determine Internal Defects section in this book for 

additional guidance.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score only those kernels showing black discoloration within the kernel cavity. 

The brown stain found within the internal cavity of some types of filberts is not scored as 

it occurs naturally.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

MIXED TYPES (OREGON FANCY ONLY)

The Oregon Fancy grade requires that filbert kernels are to be “similar type.” This 

means that the kernels are of the same general type and appearance (for example, 

kernels of the round type should not be mixed with those of the long type). Color of the 

kernels should not be considered since there is often a difference in the skin color of 

kernels of similar type.

Inspectors are cautioned against scoring a mixture of varieties since it is permissible to 

mix varieties provided they are of the same type.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score nuts that are distinctly of a different type, round with long or vice versa.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

10

MOISTURE CONTENT

The Oregon standards define well dried as meaning the kernels are firm and crisp with 

moisture content not more than 6 percent. Firm and crisp kernels usually indicate that 

moisture content is 6 percent or less. Under these circumstances, it will not be 

necessary to determine moisture content.

To determine moisture content, a randomly drawn one-pound sample of kernels should 

be submitted, in an airtight container, to the nearest Federal or Federal/State office 

equipped with the proper instruments to perform an analysis. It should be accompanied 

by the original of a “Notice of Sampling” certificate (SC-187 – intranet link) with the 

following “Remarks” statement: “Sample submitted for determination of moisture 

content.”

MOLD

Mold often occurs on the tips of kernels that have been exposed to moisture entering 

through a split shell. Mold may appear as slight whitish, gray or even pink growth in the 

cracks and on the ridges/tip of the kernel. Mold may also appear as hair-like strands

along the length of the kernel. Brown discolored kernels without visible growth of mold 

are not considered moldy. However, mold may only be evident within the inner cavity. 

A representative sample must always be cut to determine the amount of cavity mold 

present in a lot.

Refer to the Sample for Cutting to Determine Internal Defects section. 

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score mold when visually present on the kernel without 

magnification under normal lighting conditions.

Visual aid: See FIL-3-IDENT.

RANCIDITY

Kernels should be scored as rancid only if they are noticeably rancid tasting. A stale 

flavor or an oily appearance of the kernel does not necessarily indicate rancidity.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score kernels when noticeably rancid tasting.

Visual aid: See FIL-4-IDENT.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

11

SHAPE

All grades, except the Oregon No. 1 Whole and Broken, require the kernels to be free 

from damage caused by deformity.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score deformed kernels in which the appearance is materially affected and 

double kernels that have become separated.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aid: See FIL-CP-4.

SHRIVELING

Kernels may shrivel as a result of moisture loss.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score when the kernel is materially shrunken, wrinkled, and tough.

Serious damage: Score when kernel is seriously affected by shriveling.

Visual aid: See FIL-CP-3.

TYPE

The Oregon Fancy grade requires that nuts be of similar type. The Oregon No. 1 grade 

allows for mixed types.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score nuts that are distinctly different types, such as round mixed with long.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aid: See FIL-1-IDENT.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

12

DECAY

Kernels or portions of kernels showing decomposed areas are scored as decay against 

all grades. An external sunken area under the skin of a kernel may be the only 

indication of decay. In order to determine the presence or absence of decay in the 

sunken area it is necessary cut or break the kernel to expose the underlying flesh.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score any kernels or portions of kernels showing decomposed 

areas.

Visual aid: See FIL-2-IDENT.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

13

PART II – FILBERTS IN THE SHELL

GENERAL

The words “Filbert” and ‘‘Hazelnut” are often used interchangeably. In the United States 

the word Filbert is commonly used for nuts derived from European species of trees, 

while nuts from Native American trees are called Hazelnuts.

This section provides guidelines not covered by the United States grade standards, 

General Shipping Point Manual, General Market Manual, marketing order or import 

regulations (§999.400) and do not establish any new or essential rules.

Any portion of these instructions beginning with §51 and followed with bold print is 

material copied directly from the U.S. Standards for Grades of Filberts in the Shell.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING

Obtaining representative samples is essential. Accurate certification is possible only if 

the samples examined are truly representative of the entire lot or accessible portion. 

Sample all portions of a lot or load even if it is difficult to reach all layers or parts. If you 

cannot access the entire lot for sampling, restrict the inspection and certificate to the 

accessible portion.

Certifications of export lots and lots being imported must be unrestricted. Submitted 

samples may be analyzed and certified as to quality, size, etc.; as long as the certificate 

clearly indicates the certification covers only the samples submitted. Under traditional 

inspection, only officially licensed inspectors should draw samples, representing lots 

intended for certification.

CHECK SAMPLES

Market inspectors must draw enough filberts to provide for a sample for analysis and a 

check sample. The check sample, equal in size to the sample for analysis, should be 

retained at the inspection office for at least 30 days. Shipping point inspectors are not 

required to draw “check” samples during in-line inspection unless specifically instructed 

by supervisors. When requested, filberts not destroyed during inspections and all check 

samples should be returned to the applicant at their expense. Otherwise, dispose of 

samples according to section 51.22 of the Regulations Governing Inspection, 

Certification and Standards for Fresh Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Products.
Inspection Instructions for Filbert/Hazelnut Kernels and 

Filberts in the Shell (August 2016)

14

IN-LINE INSPECTIONS

In-line inspection provides a continuous inspection while the filberts are being 

processed. Samples are usually taken during packing at the end of the sizing and 

grading line. The samples are drawn and analyzed in order to monitor the quality 

throughout the packing process. In-line inspections are also a way of keeping the 

applicant informed as to compliance with the intended grade throughout packing.

CARRIER OR LOT INSPECTIONS

The standards provide for inspection on the basis of a composite sample. This will 

consist of filberts drawn from units representative of the lot. Any container or groups of 

containers in which the filberts are obviously of a quality, type, or size materially 

different form that in the majority of containers, will be considered a separate lot and 

should be sampled and certified separately.

SIZE OF SAMPLE

The official sample size will vary in relation to the size of the lot, with a minimum of 300

count per lot. A sample size double the amount analyzed is necessary to account for 

the retained check sample. A minimum of 100 count for each 5,000 pounds packed will 

be analyzed.

Stationary lots of hazelnut samples for will be composited for analysis, unless otherwise 

requested or specified. The following table indicates the size of sample and minimum 

count analyzed per lot.

Lot Size Filberts Sampled Filberts Analyzed

15,000 lbs. and under (6,804 kg.) 600 300

Each additional 5,000 lbs. (2,268 kg) + 200 + 100

An SC-187 (Notice of Sampling Form – intranet link) must accompany samples sent to 

another office for analysis.

NUMBER OF CONTAINERS SAMPLED FOR COMPOSITE

The suggested minimum numbers of containers sampled for the various types of 

packaging are as follows:

• Filberts that are packed in bags containing 100 or more pounds will be sampled 

at a minimum rate of 5 percent.
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• Filberts that are packed in containers containing less than 100 pounds will be 

sampled at a minimum rate of 2 percent.

• Filberts that are packed in bulk bins will have a sample drawn from each bulk bin.

• Filbert lots of less than 50 containers will have at least 5 containers sampled.

Sample approximately the same amount of filberts from each container, varying the 

location in the container where the sample is being drawn.

CONSUMER SIZE CONTAINERS

Master containers will be sampled representatively at the rate of 1 for every 50

containers in the lot with a minimum of 20 master containers sampled when in onepound or less consumer packages and 15 when more than one-pound packages. 

Remove one consumer size package from each master container sampled and use in 

the composite sample. The location the package is taken from should be varied in each 

master container.

INSPECTION EQUIPMENT

The following equipment is needed for inspecting filberts in the shell:

• Nut cracker – a hand sheller equipped with sharp jaws, which snip off the shell 

in two operations is the most satisfactory cracker. This type cracker enables the 

inspector to readily detect blank nuts and kernels, which are not reasonably well 

developed. A hammer may be used but care should be taken to not crush the 

kernel during cracking.

• Adequate light – a fluorescent light is preferable to natural daylight because it 

will provide about the same intensity of light at all times, permitting more uniform 

interpretation of grade factors. Inspectors should not proceed with an inspection 

unless adequate lighting is available.

• Sizer – a sizer with the necessary round hole openings will be used which may 

include combinations of 34/64, 35/64, 44/64, 45/64, 47/64, 48/64, 49/64, 56/64, 

and 58/64 inch in diameter. These sizes correspond to minimum and maximum 

diameters specified for size classifications of the standards.
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TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

TOLERANCES

§51.1995 U.S. No. 1...

(f) Tolerances: In order to allow for variations incident to proper 

grading and handling, the following tolerances, by count, are 

permitted as specified:

(1) For mixed types. 20 percent for filberts which are of a different 

type.

(2) For defects. 10 percent for filberts which are below the 

requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than 

one-half of this amount or 5 percent shall consist of blanks, 

and not more than 5 percent shall consist of filberts with 

rancid, decayed, moldy or insect injured kernels, including not 

more than 3 percent for insect injury.

(3) For off-size. 15 percent for filberts which fail to meet the 

requirements for the size specified, but not more than 

two-thirds of this amount, or 10 percent shall consist of 

undersize filberts.

SUMMARY OF TOLERANCES

U.S. No. 1 8e Import 

Requirements

Mixed Types

Mixed Types 20% 20%

Defect

A. Total Defects 10% 10%

B. Blanks (included in A.) 5% 5%

C. Rancid, decayed, moldy, or insect injured kernels 

(included in A.)

5% 5%

D. Insect injury (included in A. & C.) 3% 2%

Size

E. Off-size 15% 15%

F. Undersize (included in E.) 10% 10%
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APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

The grade of a lot of filbert kernels must be determined on the basis of a composite 

sample drawn from containers in various locations in the lot. However, any container or 

group of containers in which the filberts are obviously of a quality, type, or size 

materially different from that in the majority of containers should be considered a 

separate lot, and sampled separately.

In grading the sample, each filbert should be examined for defects of the shell before 

being cracked for kernel examination. A filbert should be classed as only one defective 

nut even though it may be defective externally and internally.

NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE

Entries on the notesheet and certificate must be legible and accurate. Support all 

information appearing on the certificate by information on the notesheet. All information 

and notations must be properly recorded so that anyone familiar with inspection 

procedures can understand them and write a certificate. Notesheets and certificates 

are prima facie evidence and must withstand legal scrutiny.

Detailed instructions about dates, inspection points, places of inspection, types of 

carriers, lading, and other items not covered by these instructions may be found in the 

General Shipping Point Manual, General Market Manual, Federal-State Inspection 

Certificate (FV-184) Manual, or Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Inspection Certificate (FV300) Manual. Contact your supervisor for anything not covered in these instructions.

TIME AND DATE

Report the date and time that the sample was drawn and analyzed. When a sample is 

analyzed on a day other than when it was drawn, the date that the sample was 

analyzed will be reported on the certificate, and the “sample drawn” time and date 

should be reported in the “Remarks” section.

For samples drawn at one inspection location or market and analyzed at another, enter 

the information in the “Remarks” section of the certificate. For example: “Sample 

drawn on 07/25/16 in Washington, D.C. 10:30 am and analyzed on 07/27/16 in Newark, 

N.J. 11:00 am.” An SC-187 (Notice of Sampling Form – intranet link) must accompany 

samples sent to another office for analysis.

PRODUCT

The common name “Filberts” or “Hazelnuts” should be used to describe this commodity 

in the product heading. Type (round or long) may be reported in conjunction with 
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Filberts or may be reported in the “Product/Variety” section on the shipping point 

inspection certificates or in the “Lot ID” section on market notesheet and certificate.

TYPE OF FILBERT

As a general policy filberts should be described as round type or long type. The 

Inspection Service does not certify variety. When variety is in question, the inspector 

must inform interested parties that only type may be certified.

Nuts that are distinctly different types, round mixed with long, should be scored against 

the tolerance for mixed types. Inspectors should not score a mixture of varieties. It is 

permitted to mix varieties, provided they are of the same type.

Refer to visual aid FIL-1-IDENT identifying round types and long types.

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS

Always report the number of containers. In the market and at shipping point locations 

for stationary lot certification, always verify the container count provided by the applicant 

for each lot and report it as the “inspector’s count.” When the number of containers 

available for inspection does not match the application, confirm that the amount 

presented for inspection constitutes the lot. If an accurate count cannot be determined, 

report the count at someone else’s authority, but also report the reason for doing so on 

the notesheet (e.g., numerous pallets with mixed product).

At shipping point locations for “days-run” certification, the manifest for count typically 

provided by the applicant is acceptable to use for reporting the number of containers.

Filberts in the shell are generally packed and shipped in sacks, cartons, or bulk bins. 

Filberts in the shell are marketed in consumer size packages such as film bags and 

shrink-wrap trays generally packed in master cartons.

BRANDS/MARKINGS

At shipping point, report the brand, type, size, color, Positive Lot Identification (PLI), and 

other important information appearing on the container on the notesheet and certificate 

in the appropriate sections.

At market, report the brand, type, size, color, count, grade, weight, point of origin, and 

other important information appearing on the container on the notesheet in the 

“Brands/Marks” section. On the certificate, report only the brand name and other 

pertinent information in the “Brand/Markings” section.
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ORIGIN

Do not make a positive statement about origin on your own authority; rather, quote the 

container markings that list the state or country of origin in the appropriate space on the 

notesheet and the certificate. If origin is not marked, try to obtain this information from

the applicant. This policy is necessary because some firms may use one mark on the 

same product packed in several states.

SIZE

Filberts are commercially sized on machines with rotating cylinders having successive 

sections, which contain round openings of certain sizes. The round openings are 

graduated in sixty-fourths of an inch.

Size is the first factor to be determined when grading a sample of filberts. Usually the 

size is specified by the applicant or is marked on the container. The size for each lot 

inspected must be determined and shown on the certificate in connection with the 

grade. It may be shown as a size classification (Jumbo, Large, Medium or Small) or in 

terms of a minimum diameter or minimum and maximum diameters. Size is not a 

requirement of the grade. A lot may meet grade requirements, but fail size 

requirements; or fail grade requirements, but meet size requirements. No lot may fail to 

grade U.S. No. 1 account of excessive off-size.

When a lot is certified as No. 1, the usual “Within tolerance” statement will be made in 

reporting off-size unless the applicant requests that actual percentages be reported. 

Whenever a lot fails to meet the specified size, the percentage of off-size (undersize 

and oversize) must be reported on the certificate. The standards provide a lot tolerance 

of 15 percent for off-size, but only two-thirds of this amount or 10 percent may be 

undersize. 

Size should be determined before grading the sample for external and internal defects. 

Follow the sampling guide and procedures to obtain the composite sample. Then 

thoroughly mix the composite sample and randomly obtain a minimum of 100 nuts for 

sizing and grading. Pick out all nuts which pass through the specified minimum size 

opening and those that will not pass through the specified maximum size opening and 

record the number of each on a notesheet. Never exert pressure to force nuts through 

the minimum size opening. (See the Size Classification section for a breakdown of 

sizes).

When determining maximum size, it may be necessary to turn the nut at various angles 

in order to get it through the opening. If it will go through at any angle do not score the 

nut as oversize. 
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Examples of size statements:

• Nuts conform to size as marked. Off-size within tolerance.

• Nuts generally range from 49/64 to 56/64 inch in diameter. 10% off-size 

including 6% undersize, 4% oversize. 

SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS

The table below outlines the size classifications in Table I of the U.S. Standards for 

Grades of Filberts in the Shell.

Maximum size (in inches)

Will pass through a round 

opening of the following size

Minimum size (in inches)

Will not pass through a round 

opening of the following size

Round Type Varieties

Jumbo No maximum 56/64

Large 56/64 49/64

Medium 49/64 45/64

Small 45/64 No minimum

Long Type Varieties

Jumbo No maximum 47/64

Large 48/64 44/64

Medium 45/64 34/64

Small 35/64 No minimum

8E IMPORT SIZE REQUIREMENTS

Import Regulations for Filberts (§999.400) require that inshell filberts be at least a 

medium size.

DEFECTS 

After the percentage of off-size is determined, segregate all nuts with external defects 

(shell defects) from the sample. These segregated nuts should be cracked separately 

to avoid scoring an individual nut twice against the tolerance for defects. A nut having 

an external and an internal defect should be scored only once against the most serious 

defect. However, an individual nut which is defective, off-size, and of a different type 

should be scored against each of the separate tolerances, that is, scored three times.
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BLANKS

All nuts (without kernels or those which have small undeveloped kernels), which fill less 

than an estimated one-fourth of the capacity of the shell, will be scored against the 5 

percent tolerance for blanks.

Scoring guide:

Damage: Score nuts that have no kernels or those with kernels that fill less than onefourth the capacity of the shell.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

CLEANNESS AND BRIGHTNESS

Filberts are required to be “clean and bright.”

§51.2000 Clean and bright...the individual filbert and the lot as a whole are 

practically free from adhering dirt and other foreign material, and that the 

shells have characteristic color.

Filberts are generally washed and/or bleached before packing. Individual nuts with 

noticeable adhering dirt or foreign matter will be scored against the 10 percent total 

defect tolerance. If the lot as a whole is materially affected with adhering dirt or foreign 

matter, it should be described in general terms. The following terms or combination of 

terms may be used to describe cleanness and brightness:

• Clean And Bright

• Fairly Clean And Fairly Bright

• Slightly Dirty And Slightly Dull

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score when there is noticeable adhering dirt or foreign material.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.
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DEVELOPMENT

Filbert kernels are required to be “reasonably well developed.”

§51.2004 Reasonably well developed...the kernel fills one-half or more of 

the capacity of the shell. 

A kernel, which fills one-half or more of the capacity of a shell, is considered reasonably 

well developed. The term well developed should not be used. See the Blanks section 

for kernels filling less than one-fourth the capacity of a shell.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score kernels which fill one-fourth, but less than one-half of the capacity of a 

shell as “Underdeveloped.”

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

GREENISH-TAN DISCOLORATION AND/OR RIDGING OF SHELLS

The exact cause of this disorder is not known, it may result from sunburn or it may be 

physiological in nature. It should be described on the certificate (greenish-tan 

discoloration of the shells, ridging of the shells, or greenish-tan discoloration and/or 

ridging of shells).

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score if it materially affects the appearance of the individual filberts.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aids: See FIL-CP-2 and FIL-CP-2-A.
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INSECT INJURY

Insect injury is the most serious defect of filberts and small percentages may be found 

in practically all orchards. Insect injury can generally be detected by a small hole at the 

center of the stem scar where a small insect larva (worm) enters the nut. In most

cases, the larvae grow and eventually leave the nut by going through the same hole 

used for entry. A filbert shell with the characteristic hole in it but does not contain any 

kernel is considered a blank.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score wormy kernels and those showing any evidence of worm 

injury, frass, webbing, etc.

KERNEL DISCOLORATION

Although not a significant issue, discoloration may affect filbert kernels during certain 

years. It is important that each discolored kernel in the sample be cut in half to check 

for internal discoloration.

§51.2003 Damage...

(d) Discoloration when the appearance of the kernel is materially 

affected by black color.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score when kernel discoloration is black and materially affects the kernel’s 

appearance. Kernels showing dark brown color should be disregarded.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.
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MIXED TYPES

Filberts are required to be “similar types.”

§51.1997 Similar type...the filberts in each container are of the same 

general type and appearance. For example, nuts of the round type shall 

not be mixed with those of the long type in the same container.

Inspectors are cautioned against scoring a mixture of varieties since it is permissible to 

mix varieties provided they are of the same type.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score nuts that are distinctly of a different type, round with long or vice versa.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

MOISTURE CONTENT

Filberts are required to be “dry.”

§51.1998 Dry...the shell is free from surface moisture, and that the shells 

and kernels combined do not contain more than 10 percent moisture.

Individual shells, with surface moisture are scored against the total defect tolerance and 

if a sample contains more than the amount of moisture allowed, the lot will fail.

Note: If the sample must be sent a way for moisture testing use ‘‘Notice of Sampling” 

forms SC-187 (intranet link). Write the word “filberts” in the space marked “Type.” 

Under “Remarks” state: “Sample is submitted for determination of moisture content.” 

Place the original copy of the sampling certificate in an envelope inside an airtight 

package, containing the sample, and retain other copies for billing purposes and office 

files.

MOLD

Generally molds occur as a secondary defect following worm injury. Kernels that are 

moldy following worm injury should be scored as worm injury since the tolerance for it is 

less than the tolerance for mold.

Mold often occurs on the tips of kernels that have been exposed to moisture entering 

through a split shell. In order to score mold it must be visually present on the kernel 

without magnification under normal lighting conditions. Mold may appear as slight 

whitish, gray or even pink growth in the cracks and on the ridges/tip of the kernel. Mold 

may also appear as hair-like strands along the length of the kernel.
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Brown discolored kernels without visible growth of mold are not considered moldy. If 

mold is only evident on parts of the shell and not the kernel it is not considered moldy. 

It may be necessary to cut or break the kernel to determine if the kernel has decay or 

mold in the internal cavity.

§51.2007 Moldy....a visible growth of mold either on the outside or the 

inside of the kernel. 

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score when there is a visible growth of mold on the outside or inside 

of the kernel.

Visual aids: See FIL-3-IDENT.

RANCIDITY

Filberts may be held in common storage for at least a year and for longer periods in cold 

storage without rancidity developing.

§51.2006 Rancidity...the kernel is noticeably rancid to the taste. An oily 

appearance of the flesh does not necessarily indicate a rancid condition.

Kernels will be scored as rancid only if they are noticeably rancid tasting. A stale flavor 

or an oily appearance of the kernel does not necessarily indicate rancidity. 

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score when noticeably rancid tasting.

Visual aid: See FIL-4-IDENT.

SHAPE

Filbert shells are required to be well formed.

§51.1999 Well formed...the filbert shell is not materially misshapen.

The shape of individual nuts of one variety will vary and when two or more varieties of 

the same type are mixed together there may be a wide variation in shape. Inspectors 

should avoid becoming too technical in scoring individual nuts as misshapen unless the 

shell is materially deformed as in the case of doubles.
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Filberts kernels are required to be “not badly misshapen.”

§51.2005 Badly misshapen...the kernel is so malformed that the 

appearance is materially affected.

Generally, a badly misshapen kernel will generally fill less than one-half the capacity of 

a shell. See the Blanks section for kernels filling less than one-fourth capacity of a 

shell.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score shells that are materially deformed. Score kernels which are so 

malformed that the appearance is materially affected.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aid: See FIL-CP-4.

SHRIVELING

Normally, shriveling is not a problem in the Barcelona (round type) but it may be a 

serious factor in the DuChilly (long type). Shriveling is characteristic of the DuChilly 

variety and is to be expected. Inspectors should not become too technical in scoring 

shriveling, especially on long type filberts. 

§51.2003 Damage...

(c) Shriveling when the kernel is materially shrunken, wrinkled, leathery 

or tough.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score kernels which are materially shrunken, wrinkled, leathery or tough.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aid: See FIL-CP-3.
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SPLIT OR BROKEN SHELLS

Filberts are required to be free from broken or split shells.

§51.2002 Split shell....a shell having any crack which is open and 

conspicuous for a distance of more than one-fourth the circumference of 

the shell, measured in the direction of the crack.

If a shell has two or more cracks, those portions of the cracks that are open and 

conspicuous are to be aggregated to determine whether the combined length is greater 

than one-fourth the circumference. Do not apply pressure to the shell in determining 

whether a crack is scorable. A broken shell is one that has a portion or all of the shell 

missing.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score shells having any crack which is open and conspicuous for more than 

one-fourth the circumference of the shell. Multiple cracks may be aggregated. Whole 

kernels without the shells are also considered broken.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.

Visual aid: See FIL-CP-1.

STAINING OF SHELLS

Usually staining is not a factor in the grading of filberts. However, occasional lots may 

have sufficient staining or black discoloration on the individual nut to materially affect 

the appearance.

§51.2003 Damage...

(a) Stains which are dark and materially affect the appearance of the 

individual shell.

Scoring Guide

Damage: Score only those nuts with dark or black discoloration that materially detracts 

from the appearance of the individual nut. Slight discolorations should be disregarded.

Serious damage: Not scored as serious damage.
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DECAY

Generally decay occurs as a secondary defect following worm injury. Kernels that are 

decayed following worm injury should be scored as worm injury since the tolerance for it 

is less than the tolerance for decay.

Scoring Guide

Serious damage: Score any kernels or portions of kernels showing decomposed 

areas.

Visual aids: See FIL-2-IDENT.
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APPENDIX I – IMPORT CERTIFICATE EXAMPLE