2015 IL App (3d) 140031

Opinion filed April 8, 2015 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

A.D., 2015 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF )

ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

ANGUS D. LAKE, ) 

 ) 

Defendant-Appellant. ) 

Appeal from the Circuit Court

of the 12th Judicial Circuit, 

Will County, Illinois, 

Appeal No. 3-14-0031 

Circuit No. 11-CF-680 

Honorable 

Robert P. Livas, 

Judge, Presiding. 

_____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SCHMIDT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Presiding Justice McDade and Justice Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Defendant, Angus D. Lake, pled guilty to aggravated driving under the influence of 

alcohol (DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1), (d)(1)(F) (West 2010)). Defendant appeals, arguing 

that: (1) his sentence of nine years' imprisonment was excessive; and (2) a $5-per-day 

presentence incarceration credit should be applied against various fines imposed by the trial

court. We affirm defendant's sentence, vacate the trial court's order for fines and fees, and 

remand the matter of fines and fees to the trial court with directions.
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¶ 2 FACTS

¶ 3 Defendant pled guilty to aggravated DUI (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1), (d)(1)(F) (West 

2010)) based on having a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 or more and being involved in a 

motor vehicle accident in which a vehicle driven by defendant struck a horse that Michelle 

Eustis, defendant's girlfriend, was riding, resulting in Michelle's death. In exchange for 

defendant's guilty plea, the State agreed to dismiss three additional charges against defendant. 

The parties made no agreement concerning defendant's sentence.

¶ 4 A sentencing hearing was held. Police officer Cornelious Monroe testified that he 

interviewed defendant on April 11, 2011. Defendant stated that he raced horses at Balmoral Park 

racetrack (Balmoral) on the evening of April 10, 2011. Afterward, defendant went to a bar near 

the racetrack with Michelle and others at approximately 11:30 p.m. or 12 a.m. While there, 

defendant drank approximately four beers. The group left the bar at approximately 2 a.m. and 

went to a barn at the racetrack and continued drinking. Defendant drank four to five swigs from 

a bottle of whiskey at the barn. Michelle and Heather France left the barn to take a ride on 

Michelle's horse.

¶ 5 When Michelle and France had been gone for approximately 20 minutes, defendant got 

into his truck and drove off on a gravel access road to look for them. Monroe said the road was 

"pretty dark" at night. Defendant told Monroe he was driving at a speed of approximately 20 

miles per hour. Defendant felt impaired or "buzzed" when he began driving. Defendant told 

Monroe that he felt the same way when he drove that night as he did on previous occasions when 

he had been charged with DUI. As he was driving, defendant saw Michelle and France riding 

bareback on a horse. He drove alongside the horse, and the horse began bucking its head. The 

horse struck the truck and the two women fell off the horse. Defendant's truck went into a ditch. 
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Defendant got out of his truck, checked on Michelle and France, and called 911. 

¶ 6 Marcus Turner testified that, on the evening in question, he went to a bar near the 

racetrack with defendant, Michelle, France, and others. They were all drinking beer. They all 

left the bar at approximately 1 or 1:30 a.m. and went to a barn at the racetrack to "party." 

Defendant, Michelle, and France left the barn. Michelle and France were headed to the other 

side of the racetrack to get Michelle's horse. After about 15 or 20 minutes, Turner went outside 

and saw defendant's truck on the side of the road and Michelle and France lying in the road. 

Defendant was sitting down and smoking a cigarette. Defendant appeared to be in shock. 

Turner asked defendant if he called an ambulance. Defendant did not respond. Turner asked a 

second time, and defendant called an ambulance. Defendant appeared to be drunk; defendant's 

eyes were red and he smelled of alcohol. 

¶ 7 Kevin Meredith and Michael Waterman, firefighter paramedics, responded in separate 

ambulances to Balmoral at approximately 4:46 a.m. on April 11, 2011, in response to a call of 

someone falling off a horse. Waterman testified that he was in the first ambulance to arrive on 

the scene. When Waterman arrived, he heard a lot of screaming and observed two women lying 

on the ground. Waterman treated Michelle, who was bleeding from a head wound. Michelle

was taken to a hospital in the ambulance. Michelle subsequently died as a result of her injuries. 

Meredith arrived on the scene after Waterman. Meredith treated France, who had injuries to her 

clavicle and both legs. France admitted that she had been drinking and appeared to be 

intoxicated. 

¶ 8 David Bartucci testified that he was a security officer at Balmoral. Bartucci responded to 

the scene of the accident early in the morning on April 11, 2011. He saw defendant standing 

outside defendant's truck. Bartucci told defendant to go to his truck and not leave. Defendant 
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initially moved his truck but stayed in the area. After about 20 minutes, defendant drove away. 

Bartucci followed defendant on a "brief pursuit throughout the grounds." Eventually, defendant 

stopped his truck, walked into one of the barns, and began feeding horses. Bartucci asked 

defendant to follow him. Defendant yelled at Bartucci, saying that he did not have to go 

anywhere, he had probably lost his girlfriend, and he was just trying to feed his horses. Bartucci 

replied that defendant had to go back to the scene of the accident and talk to the police when they 

arrived. Defendant seemed distraught. Defendant eventually followed Bartucci to the scene of 

the accident.

¶ 9 State Trooper Joshua Lotley testified that he was dispatched to Balmoral at 

approximately 6:33 a.m. on April 11, 2011. Defendant had bloodshot eyes and slurred speech 

and appeared to be under the influence of alcohol. Defendant said he had been drinking. Lotley 

conducted a Breathalyzer test on defendant, and defendant had a BAC of 0.147. Defendant told 

Lotley that he drove behind a horse, and the horse threw off two riders. Defendant was 

cooperative and compliant. 

¶ 10 Trooper Dustin Geier testified that he went to the scene of the incident and prepared an 

accident reconstruction report. Based on the skid marks and damage to defendant's truck, Geier 

concluded that defendant's vehicle was traveling at a speed of at least 46 miles per hour and that 

the vehicle struck the horse. The skid marks indicated evasive action. Geier opined that 

defendant saw the horse in his path and jerked the steering wheel to the left, causing the back of 

defendant's truck to fishtail and strike the rear of the horse. Geier did not believe that the 

damage to the truck was consistent with the horse bucking up at the truck or with the truck 

sideswiping the horse. The damage to the truck was over a broad area halfway to two-thirds of 

the way up the vehicle and descending down, which would be consistent with the horse being 
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struck and sliding down the back of the vehicle. If the horse had bucked, Geier would have 

expected to see smaller, more focused areas of impact where the horse's hooves struck the truck. 

Geier believed that contributory causes of the crash were DUI, excessive speed, and lack of 

visibility. The road on which the accident occurred was worn and had no lane markings. There 

was no artificial lighting in the area. This was the first accident reconstruction involving a 

collision between a vehicle and a horse that Geier had done. 

¶ 11 Charles Eustis testified that he was Michelle's father. On April 11, 2011, Michelle was 

25 years old. Michelle had a daughter, Haylee, who was seven years old on the date of the 

accident. Charles owned horses at Balmoral. At the time of the accident, defendant was dating 

Michelle and had been living with Charles, Michelle, and Haylee for two to three months. 

Defendant had been racing horses at Balmoral for more than two years. Charles was notified 

about the accident shortly after it occurred. He went to the racetrack and saw Michelle in an 

ambulance. He saw the horse that had been involved in the accident, and the horse's "whole rear 

end was torn up." The horse survived. 

¶ 12 The State introduced Charles's victim impact statement into evidence. Additionally, 

Jacquelyn Eustis, Michelle's sister, read her victim impact statement.

¶ 13 Defendant submitted a drug and alcohol evaluation to the court stating that he suffered 

from chemical dependency and had been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 

The evaluation stated that defendant had been sober from drugs and alcohol for a year and that 

he would benefit from intensive outpatient therapy. Defendant had been attending alcoholics 

anonymous and narcotics anonymous meetings in jail. 

¶ 14 Several letters in mitigation written by defendant's friends and family members were 

before the court at the sentencing hearing. The letters stated that defendant was trustworthy, 
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hardworking, of good character, and would not intentionally hurt anyone. 

¶ 15 Defendant gave a statement and allocution, stating that he was sorry for what happened 

and accepted responsibility. He stated that he drove on the night of the incident because he 

wanted to find Michelle and France and make sure that they were okay. He was worried about 

the women because they had been gone for 30 to 40 minutes. He did not intend to harm them. 

Michelle was his best friend and "somebody [he] loved deeply and was planning to marry." 

Defendant apologized to Michelle's family, France, and his own family, as he had not been able 

to support his children financially or be with them the past year while he was in jail.

¶ 16 A presentence investigation report before the court at the hearing showed that defendant 

was 41 years old at the time of the incident. He had prior convictions for: (1) DUI (1991); (2) 

driving while license suspended (1992); (3) transportation of alcohol (1993); (4) attempted

criminal sexual conduct (1993); (5) failure to stop at an intersection and property damage (1998); 

(6) assault (2004); and (7) DUI (2006). He had been married and divorced twice and had six 

children who ranged in age from 3 to 21 years old. Defendant left high school after his junior 

year and was employed training and riding race horses for the previous 20 years. 

¶ 17 The trial court sentenced defendant to nine years' imprisonment in the Department of 

Corrections. The court stated that it had considered the evidence presented by the parties, the 

presentence investigation report, and the statutory factors in aggravation and mitigation. The 

court noted that defendant had an alcohol problem. The court found the State's witnesses to be 

credible. After hearing Geier's testimony and considering the photographs and exhibits 

introduced by the State, the court concluded that if the accident did not happen exactly how 

Geier described, it was close.

¶ 18 The trial court opined that defendant's imprisonment was necessary for the protection of 
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the public and that imposing probation rather than imprisonment would deprecate the seriousness 

of the offense. The court noted that defendant's criminal record included three alcohol-related 

offenses. The court stated that every time defendant was convicted of a crime in the past, he was 

given some form of probation or conditional discharge but continued to reoffend. The court 

believed that a sentence of imprisonment was necessary to deter defendant and others from 

engaging in similar conduct. The court stated: 

"I believe his remorse, I believe he is sorry about what happened 

but perhaps if he had in mind the three prior alcohol events where 

he went through the criminal justice system, [it] might not have 

happened to begin with. He served a total of perhaps less than 14 

days in jail *** on those other three matters combined. That won't 

happen here ***."

¶ 19 The trial court orally entered a judgment for costs against defendant at the conclusion of 

the sentencing hearing. The court stated that the State would prepare a costs sheet that was to be 

reviewed by the defense. On the day of sentencing, the court entered a docket order for fines and 

fees in the amount of $2,540. The docket order enumerated the monetary assessments as 

follows: (1) $1,000 DUI emergency response assessment; (2) $150 crime lab assessment; (3) 

$800 DUI equipment assessment; and (4) $590 in manual calculations. A "Criminal Cost Sheet" 

was also filed on the date of sentencing and reflects that costs in the amount of $2,540 were 

assessed against defendant. Among the assessments on the cost sheet were: (1) a $25 Violent 

Crime Victims Assistance Fund (VCVAF) fine; (2) a $100 court systems fee; (3) a $10 arrestee's 

medical costs fee; (4) a $25 trauma center fee; (5) a $1,000 DUI law enforcement fine; and (6) a 
8 

$10 mental illness fee. The cost sheet contains some citations to statutory authority for the 

various assessments.

¶ 20 ANALYSIS

¶ 21 I. Excessive Sentence

¶ 22 Defendant argues that the sentence imposed by the trial court—nine years' 

imprisonment—was excessive and an abuse of the trial court's discretion. We disagree.

¶ 23 A trial court has wide discretion in sentencing a criminal defendant. People v. Markley, 

2013 IL App (3d) 120201, ¶ 31. The trial court's sentencing decision is granted great deference 

by reviewing courts because the trial court is generally in a better position to determine the 

appropriate sentence since the trial court has the opportunity to weigh factors like "the 

defendant's credibility, demeanor, general moral character, mentality, social environment, habits, 

and age." People v. Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d 203, 209 (2000). It is not our duty to reweigh the factors 

involved in the trial court's sentencing decision. People v. Coleman, 166 Ill. 2d 247, 261-62 

(1995). It is presumed that the court considered any mitigating evidence absent some indication, 

other than the sentence itself, to the contrary. People v. Anderson, 225 Ill. App. 3d 636, 652 

(1992). 

¶ 24 We review the trial court's sentencing decision for abuse of discretion. Markley, 2013 IL 

App (3d) 120201, ¶ 31. When a sentence falls within the statutory range, the sentence does not 

constitute an abuse of discretion unless it is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the 

offense. Id.

¶ 25 Upon review, we hold that the trial court's sentence of nine years' imprisonment was not 

manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense. The State presented evidence that 

defendant was driving while under the influence of alcohol at a speed of at least 46 miles per 
9 

hour on a dark road with no artificial lighting. Although there was evidence that defendant tried 

to swerve to miss the horse ridden by Michelle and France, he was unable to do so due to his 

excessive rate of speed, his intoxication, and the poor visibility. Michelle died and France 

suffered serious injury as a result of the incident. Defendant had a criminal record which 

included a prior conviction for transportation of alcohol and two prior convictions for DUI, the 

latest of which occurred in 2006. Defendant told Monroe that when he drove on the evening of 

the accident, he felt like he did during his prior DUIs. 

¶ 26 There is no indication from the record that the trial court failed to consider any factor in 

mitigation, including defendant's remorse, history of employment, and the fact that he did not 

intend to hit the horse with his vehicle. Defendant argues that the additional mitigating factors 

(1) that he was unlikely to commit another offense and (2) that he was likely to comply with a 

term of probation applied in this case based on defendant's statement in allocution and his 

diagnosis of PTSD. Defendant's argument is a veiled attempt to have us reweigh the factors in 

aggravation and mitigation. We refuse to do so. See Coleman, 166 Ill. 2d at 261-62. We also 

emphasize the trial court's express reliance upon the fact that defendant drove while intoxicated 

in this instance despite having prior convictions for DUI. The court further noted that although 

defendant had successfully completed terms of probation in the past, he continued to reoffend. 

¶ 27 Lastly, we emphasize that the nine-year sentence of imprisonment imposed by the trial 

court falls in the middle of the range of imprisonment terms that defendant was eligible for. See 

Markley, 2013 IL App (3d) 120201, ¶ 31. Defendant faced a sentencing range of between 3 and 

14 years' imprisonment. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(G)(i) (West 2010). Accordingly, we 

affirm the sentencing order entered by the trial court.

¶ 28 II. Fines and Fees
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¶ 29 Defendant asks that we apply $5-per-day presentence incarceration credit pursuant to 

section 110-14(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) 

(West 2010)) against various fines imposed upon him by the trial court. The parties agree that 

defendant is entitled to the presentence incarceration credit but disagree as to which assessments 

the credit applies against. We hold that the presentence incarceration credit applies against 

$1,135 in eligible fines. 

¶ 30 We review de novo questions regarding the appropriateness of fines, fees, and costs. 

People v. Ackerman, 2014 IL App (3d) 120585, ¶ 26. Section 110-14(a) of the Code provides 

that: 

"Any person incarcerated on a bailable offense who does not 

supply bail and against whom a fine is levied on conviction of such 

offense shall be allowed a credit of $5 for each day so incarcerated 

upon application of the defendant. However, in no case shall the 

amount so allowed or credited exceed the amount of the fine." 725 

ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010). 

¶ 31 A defendant may request presentence incarceration credit for the first time on appeal. 

People v. Woodard, 175 Ill. 2d 435, 457 (1997). 

¶ 32 The parties agree that defendant is entitled to a $5-per-day credit for the 367 days he 

spent in custody prior to sentencing, from April 11, 2011, through April 11, 2012, pursuant to 

section 110-14(a) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010)). The total amount of the 

credit comes to $1,835. 

¶ 33 The parties further agree that the $25 trauma center fee, $1,000 DUI law enforcement 

fine, and the $10 mental illness fee assessed against defendant are fines subject to the 
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presentence incarceration credit. The parties disagree, however, as to whether the credit applies 

against (1) the court systems assessment, (2) the arrestee's medical costs fee, and (3) the VCVAF 

fine. We now turn to the contested assessments. 

¶ 34 Defendant contends that the $100 court systems assessment, imposed pursuant to section

5-1101(d) of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(d) (West 2010)) is a fine subject to the 

presentence incarceration credit, while the State argues that said assessment is a fee not subject 

to the credit. Pursuant to the Illinois Supreme Court's holding in People v. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d 

244 (2009), we find that the $100 court systems assessment is a fine subject to the presentence 

incarceration credit. Id. at 254 (holding that a $100 assessment under section 5-1101(d) of the 

Counties Code was a fine rather than a fee because it was to be " 'used to finance education 

programs related to driving under the influence of alcohol' " rather than to compensate the state 

for the costs of prosecuting the defendant (quoting 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(d) (West 2010))). 

¶ 35 The State contends that the $10 arrestee's medical costs fee assessed against defendant 

pursuant to section 17 of the County Jail Act (730 ILCS 125/17 (West 2010)) is a fine subject to 

the presentence incarceration credit. Defendant does not argue that said fine is subject to the 

credit. Under section 17, the arrestee's medical costs fee "shall not be considered a part of the 

fine for purposes of any reduction in the fine." 730 ILCS 125/17 (West 2010). Consequently, 

defendant's presentence incarceration credit shall not apply against the $10 arrestee's medical 

costs fee. See People v. Unander, 404 Ill. App. 3d 884, 890 (2010). 

¶ 36 Defendant argues that the $5-per-day presentence incarceration credit should be applied 

against the $25 VCVAF fine, imposed by the trial court pursuant to section 10 of the Violent 

Crime Victims Assistance Act (Act) (725 ILCS 240/10 (West 2010)).1

 In support of his 

 1

 We note that because some of the assessments imposed upon defendant by the trial 
12 

position, defendant cites People v. Dickey, 2011 IL App (3d) 100397, ¶ 32, in which we applied 

the $5-per-day presentence incarceration credit against the defendant's VCVAF fine. Id. 

However, the State correctly asserts that section 10(c) of the Act (725 ILCS 240/10(c) (West 

2010)) provides that fines imposed pursuant to the Act are not subject to the presentence 

incarceration credit. The precise issue as to whether the credit applies against VCVAF fines

despite the statutory language to the contrary was not raised in Dickey. To the extent that our 

holding in Dickey contradicts the clear language of section 10 of the Act, it was in error. We 

cannot overrule Dickey; only the supreme court can do that. We do, however, refuse to follow it 

for the stated reasons. Consequently, defendant's presentence incarceration credit does not apply 

against the VCVAF fine.

¶ 37 Therefore, we find that defendant's credit of $1,835 applies against $1,135 in eligible 

fines: (1) the $25 trauma center fee; (2) the $1,000 DUI law enforcement fine; (3) the $10 mental 

illness fee; and (4) the $100 court systems assessment. We vacate the docket order for fines and 

fees and remand the matter to the trial court for entry of a new order for fines and fees in

compliance with this opinion. 

¶ 38 CONCLUSION

¶ 39 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed in part and vacated in part, 

and the cause is remanded with directions. 

¶ 40 Affirmed in part and vacated in part. 

 

court are fines rather than fees, the VCVAF fine in the amount of $25 imposed by the trial court 

is arguably incorrect, as section 10 of the Act (725 ILCS 240/10 (West 2010)) provides that the 

flat amount of $25 should be assessed only when no other fine was imposed. However, the 

parties do not raise this issue, so we do not address it in this opinion. 
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¶ 41 Cause remanded with directions.