COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Petty and Decker 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

AMANDA C. PADULA-WILSON 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1203-14-2 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER 

 APRIL 14, 2015 

MICHAEL G. WILSON 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY 

Herbert C. Gill, Jr., Judge 

 Amanda C. Padula-Wilson (Parental Rights Law Center, on briefs), 

for appellant. 

 Michael G. Wilson (Anne Brakke Campfield; Barnes & Diehl, P.C., 

on brief), for appellee. 

 Amanda C. Padula-Wilson (the mother) appeals a final custody order of the circuit court. 

She argues that the court erred by admitting certain expert testimony, by precluding her expert 

witness from testifying, by depriving her of due process, by finding no abuse by the father, and 

by abdicating its judicial responsibility. Michael G. Wilson (the father) asks this Court to award 

him attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, 

reverse and remand in part, and deny the father’s request for attorney’s fees and costs. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 The parties married in 1999. They had three children, who were twelve (A.W.), eight 

(C.W.), and four (A.G.W.) years old at the time of the parties’ separation in 2012. On January 3, 

2013, the parties agreed to a pendente lite order governing custody and visitation. Pursuant to 

that order, the father was allowed supervised visitation with the children. The order did not 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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specify primary custody of the children, but by implication allowed the children to continue 

living with the mother. On August 12, 2013, the circuit court issued a letter opinion awarding 

primary physical custody of the children to the father and visitation to the mother. 

 At a hearing on August 20, 2013, the father presented evidence that the mother was 

“psychotic” and had experienced a “break from reality.” The circuit court entered an order on 

that day retaining pendente lite physical custody with the father. It also directed the mother to 

seek mental health treatment and barred her from visitation with the children. 

 The mother filed a motion to change custody, and the circuit court heard the motion on 

December 6 and December 30, 2013. The court issued a letter opinion on January 27, 2014, 

retaining primary physical custody with the father and allowing the mother supervised visitation. 

 The mother again made a motion requesting a change in custody. The circuit court heard 

her motion on May 8, 2014. The court issued a letter opinion on May 16, 2014, affirming the 

earlier decision to award the father sole physical and legal custody of the children. The court 

provided that the mother would “continue to have visitation based on the recommendations of” 

one of the psychologists involved with the case. 

 The court issued a final custody order on June 20, 2014. The order incorporated the 

findings made in its previous letter opinions. It awarded the father sole legal and physical 

custody of the children and allowed the mother supervised visitation. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 On appeal of the circuit court’s final custody order, the mother asks this Court to reverse 

and remand the case for a new hearing. She argues that the circuit court erred by: (A) admitting 

certain expert testimony, (B) excluding her expert’s testimony, (C) depriving her of her 

constitutional rights, (D) failing to find that the father abused the children, and (E) abdicating its 
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judicial responsibility. The father contends that the circuit court did not err and asks for an 

award of attorney’s fees and cost incurred on appeal. 

A. Admission of Expert Testimony 

 The mother argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by admitting the expert 

testimony of Jill Gasper, Michelle Nelson, Laura Wert, and Cara Campanella. She suggests that 

the circuit court impermissibly allowed witnesses to testify to conclusions of law by making 

recommendations on custody arrangements. She also contends that Nelson’s testimony and 

report contained inadmissible hearsay. Further, the mother alleges that Campanella testified 

beyond the scope of her expertise. Finally, she suggests that the father did not timely identify 

Gasper, Campanella, and Wert as witnesses.1

 A circuit court’s decision to admit expert testimony rests within the sound discretion of 

that court. Farrell v. Warren Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 375, 429, 719 S.E.2d 329, 

355-56 (2012). However, a ruling that is “plainly wrong . . . amounts to an abuse of discretion.” 

Condo. Servs. v. First Owners’ Ass’n of Forty Six Hundred Condo., Inc., 281 Va. 561, 575, 709 

S.E.2d 163, 172 (2011). This Court reviews a decision admitting expert evidence in the context 

of the particular circumstances of the case. See Farrell, 59 Va. App. at 429-31, 719 S.E.2d at 

356-57. We review the challenges under these well-established legal principles. 

 1

 To the extent the mother raises in her assignments of error the claims that the circuit 

court improperly allowed Gasper to testify to conclusions of law and that it applied the wrong 

legal standard in determining that the testimony of Gasper, Nelson, Wert, and Campanella was 

scientifically reliable, she does not address these issues in the argument portion of her brief. See 

Rule 5A:20(e) (requiring the appellant’s brief to include “argument . . . relating to each 

assignment of error”). Consequently, we decline to consider them. See Jay v. Commonwealth, 

275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008) (holding that this Court “may treat a question 

presented as waived” if a party fails to adhere to the requirements of Rule 5A:20); Fox v. Fox, 61 

Va. App. 185, 206, 734 S.E.2d 662, 672 (2012) (holding that the appellant waived an argument 

on appeal due to significant procedural deficiencies in the opening brief). 
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1. Conclusions of Law 

 The mother contends that the circuit court improperly allowed Cara Campanella, 

Dr. Michelle Nelson, and Dr. Laura Wert to testify to conclusions of law when they stated their 

recommendations for visitations. 

 Campanella, a counselor, testified about the therapy she provided to A.W. and A.G.W. 

When asked whether she had an opinion regarding visitation between A.W. and the mother, 

Campanella answered that it was “difficult” to make a recommendation because she had not 

observed A.W. interact with the mother. She did, however, recommend that A.W. have some 

one-on-one visitation with the mother. Campanella noted that she did not advise against the 

mother also having combined visitation with all three children. Campanella additionally testified 

that she had recommended to the father that visitation occur in a “therapeutic setting.” 

 Nelson, a clinical psychologist, testified about her evaluation of the mother and the 

mother’s relationship with the children. Dr. Nelson opined that the children “absolutely need 

contact with their mother.” She specified that she believed “therapeutic or supervised individual 

visitation with the children” would be beneficial to the family. Nelson explained that the 

mother’s relationship with each child would progress at a unique pace and concluded that the 

visitation schedule would ideally allow for increased visitation as the parent-child relationships 

improved. 

 Dr. Wert, also a clinical psychologist, testified about her therapy sessions with C.W. She 

explained that if supervised visitation with the mother went well, visitation could be increased. 

Wert also recommended that any phone contact between C.W. and the mother be supervised. 

 Code § 8.01-401.3(B) provides that although under certain circumstances an expert may 

testify as to an opinion, “in no event shall such witness be permitted to express any opinion 

which constitutes a conclusion of law.” See also Rule 2:704(a) (noting that although an expert 
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witness in a civil case may testify as to the ultimate issue of the case, such a witness may not 

offer an opinion that is a conclusion of law). The mother contends that the witnesses’ 

recommendations regarding custody and visitation were conclusions of law, because the circuit 

court’s ultimate custody and visitation determinations were part of the final judgment. 

 The circuit court was required to determine custody and visitation arrangements. Code 

§ 20-124.2. The law provides that “the court may order an independent mental health or 

psychological evaluation to assist the court in its determination of the best interests of the child.” 

Code § 20-124.2(D). The Code includes a list of factors that lower courts are required to 

consider in determining custody and visitation arrangements. Code § 20-124.3. Determinations 

of custody and visitation based upon the statutory factors are clearly legal conclusions. 

However, the challenged testimony does not suggest that the experts based their 

recommendations on the statutorily required factors. The recommendations from the mental 

health experts who testified were professional determinations, not legal conclusions. Accord 

M.E.D. v. J.P.M., 3 Va. App. 391, 407, 350 S.E.2d 215, 225 (1986) (instructing the circuit court 

on remand to consider the recommendations of the clinical psychologist). Therefore, we hold 

that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the witnesses to provide their 

custody and visitation recommendations. 

2. Hearsay 

The mother contends that Dr. Nelson’s report and testimony improperly relied on 

inadmissible hearsay from Dr. Bowers. The father argues that the bases for Nelson’s conclusions 

were properly admitted into evidence. He alternatively suggests that any error was harmless 

because any inappropriate references to Bowers’ evaluation did not affect the decision. 

Nelson documented her psychological evaluation of the mother in a twenty-nine-page 

report. She considered numerous materials for the purpose of her examination, including a 
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psychological evaluation by Dr. Bowers. Nelson’s report included a written summary from 

Bowers stating that the mother “seem[ed] obsessed with her children and it [was] very difficult 

for her to put this entire situation in a context that allows both [her] and her husband to be 

co-parents with a respect for the role they must play together and as individuals.” Nelson wrote 

in the report that she shared Bowers’ concerns about the mother’s “narcissistic personality 

features.” 

 The mother objected to the admission of portions of Nelson’s report that relied on 

statements by other mental health professionals, contending that they were hearsay. The circuit 

court admitted the report into evidence. In addition, Nelson testified about her evaluation of the 

mother and the mother’s relationship with her children. Nelson stated during direct examination 

that “[t]he psychological testing that was done by both myself and Dr. Bowers, as well as my 

observations and information from Dr. Bowers, indicate that [the mother] ha[d] issues with what 

I would call narcissism.” She specifically noted that the mother consistently believed that she 

was correct and as a result had difficultly compromising. Nelson further addressed the mother’s 

inability to separate the needs of the children from her own. The third characteristic that Nelson 

observed in the mother was her difficulty in understanding how other people perceived her 

“behaviors and comments.” Nelson also expressed her opinion that the mother was not 

cooperative with co-parenting. 

 In its January 27, 2014 letter opinion, the circuit court noted that it had previously 

“thoroughly addressed” the mother’s mental condition.2

 It continued, however, that “new 

evidence from the evaluations of Dr. Bowers and Dr. Nelson must be addressed.” The court 

 2

 In its August 12, 2013 letter opinion, the court found that the mother “report[ed] never 

having been in counseling, been prescribed psychotropic medications, or been psychiatrically 

hospitalized before the commencement of this litigation.” The circuit court noted, however, that 

Nelson had concluded that the mother’s “psychological insight” was “variable to poor.” In that 

opinion, the court awarded physical custody to the father and unsupervised visitation to the 

mother. 
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noted that Dr. Bowers evaluated the mother and concluded that she “possess[ed] narcissistic 

personality features.” Additionally, the circuit court mentioned Dr. Bowers’ conclusion that the 

mother “ha[d] an extremely difficult time being a co-parent.” The court ultimately concluded 

that the father would retain primary custody of the children and the mother would have 

supervised visitation. 

 “In any civil action any expert witness may give testimony and render an opinion or draw 

inferences from facts, circumstances or data made known to or perceived by such witness at or 

before the hearing or trial during which he is called upon to testify.” Code § 8.01-401.1. The 

third-party information relied upon by the witness “need not be admissible” if it is “of a type 

normally relied upon by others in the particular field of expertise in forming opinions.” Id.; see 

also M.E.D., 3 Va. App. at 400-01, 350 S.E.2d at 221-22 (holding that under the statute, an 

expert may draw upon inadmissible hearsay in forming his or her opinion). However, “Code 

§ 8.01-401.1 does not authorize the admission in evidence, upon the direct examination of an 

expert witness, of hearsay matters of opinion upon which the expert relied in reaching his own 

opinion.” McMunn v. Tatum, 237 Va. 558, 566, 379 S.E.2d 908, 912 (1989). Consequently, 

based upon this record, the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting the hearsay of Bowers’ 

conclusions during the direct examination of Nelson. 

 Where an error occurs, this Court will not reverse the judgment if “it plainly appears from 

the record and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits 

and substantial justice has been reached.” Code § 8.01-678. A non-constitutional error such as 

this one is harmless if it is clear that the error “‘did not influence the [fact finder], or had but 

slight effect.’” Schwartz v. Schwartz, 46 Va. App. 145, 159, 616 S.E.2d 59, 66 (2005) 

(alteration in original) (quoting Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 260, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 

(2001)). “[R]elevant to the harmless error analysis is whether the evidence admitted in error is 
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merely ‘cumulative’ of other, undisputed evidence.” Id. at 160, 616 S.E.2d at 67 (quoting Brecht 

v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 639 (1993)). 

 Although some of the conclusions of Dr. Bowers were mirrored by Dr. Nelson, the 

mother certainly disputed that evidence. Thus, we cannot say that the inadmissible hearsay from 

Bowers was “merely ‘cumulative’ of other undisputed evidence.” Id. (quoting Brecht, 507 U.S. 

at 639. The circuit court specifically referenced and expressly relied on Bowers’ opinions. 

Therefore, we cannot hold that the inadmissible evidence relating to Bowers’ assessment did not 

influence the circuit court’s decision. Consequently, we conclude that the error was not 

harmless. 

3. Scope of Expert Designation 

 The mother alleges that Campanella testified beyond the scope of her expert designation 

under Rule 4:1(b)(4)(A)(i). The father’s expert witness disclosure stated that Campanella was 

expected to testify about her therapy sessions with A.W. The disclosure provided that 

“Campanella does not want to interfere with [A.W.]’s progress in therapy by revealing his 

confidences.” 

 At the December 6, 2013 hearing, the mother stipulated that Campanella was an expert. 

The father asked Campanella about concerns raised by A.W. The mother objected to the 

response as revealing confidences, contrary to the father’s expert designation, and the court 

sustained the objection. The guardian ad litem asked Campanella about “a couple of tearful 

instances” with A.W. The mother objected because the expert designation specifically stated 

that Campanella would not reveal personal information about A.W. The guardian ad litem

responded that the expert designation was not his. The court overruled the objection and allowed 

the testimony. On appeal, the mother challenges this testimony elicited by the guardian ad litem. 
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 Rule 4:1(b)(4)(A)(i) provides that “[a] party may through interrogatories require any 

other party to identify” each expected expert witness and “state the substance of the facts and 

opinions to which the expert is expected to testify.” The purpose of the disclosure requirement 

in Rule 4:1(b) is to provide the parties the opportunity “‘to discover the expert witnesses’ 

opinions in preparation for trial.’” Condo. Servs., 281 Va. at 576, 709 S.E.2d at 172 (quoting 

Woodbury v. Courtney, 239 Va. 651, 654, 391 S.E.2d 293, 295 (1990)). The mother did not 

serve the guardian ad litem with interrogatories. Thus, the circuit court did not abuse its 

discretion in ruling that the guardian ad litem was not limited by the scope of expected testimony 

provided in the father’s disclosure.3

 See Hey v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t. of Human Servs., Nos. 

2795-07-4, 2796-07-4, 2840-07-4, 2008 Va. App. LEXIS 572, at *6-7 (Va. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 

2008) (assuming arguendo that it was error under Rule 4:1 to allow the defendant to call the 

expert to testify without prior notice to Hey, but holding that any error was harmless because of 

the guardian ad litem’s ability to present the witness as her own). 

 For these reasons, we hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing 

Campanella’s testimony at the December 6, 2013 hearing.4

4. Timeliness of Disclosure of Expert Witnesses 

 The mother suggests that the father did not timely identify Gasper, Campanella, and Wert 

as expert witnesses. The father contends that Gasper’s testimony was reasonable in light of the 

circumstances that necessitated the August 20, 2013 emergency hearing. He also argues that he 

 3

 In light of our holding that the father’s expert witness disclosure did not limit the scope 

of testimony that the guardian ad litem could solicit from the witness, we do not address the 

husband’s argument that the circuit court was not plainly wrong in determining that the expert 

designation sufficiently encompassed Campanella’s testimony. 

4

 The mother cites John Crane, Inc. v. Jones, 274 Va. 581, 650 S.E.2d 851 (2007), in 

support of her proposition that an expert witness’ testimony must be limited to the scope of the 

expert disclosure pursuant to Rule 4:1(b). That case is unpersuasive here, however, because it 

interpreted the strictness of the disclosure requirement in Rule 4:1(b) as applied to the disclosing 

party. Id. at 591-96, 650 S.E.2d at 856-57. 
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did not need to identify Campanella in his expert disclosure because at one hearing she testified 

as a lay witness and at the other hearing she was a witness for the guardian ad litem. Last, the 

father suggests that the mother was not prejudiced because her expert could not possibly rebut 

Campanella or Wert. 

 At the August 20, 2013 hearing, the father raised information that he had learned the 

preceding weekend. The father and guardian ad litem asked for the father to receive sole custody 

and the mother to have no visitation with the children. The father alleged that he was “fearful for 

the health and safety” of the children. 

 The mother objected to Gasper testifying because she had received no notice. The father 

responded that “this [was] an emergency situation.” The court allowed Gasper to testify. Gasper 

testified about photographs that the mother sent to A.W. Gasper opined that the mother was 

“totally psychotic at this point.” She recommended that the court shift custody to the father and 

not allow the mother to have contact with the children for at least thirty days. 

 Following the hearing, the circuit court entered a pendente lite order for custody, as 

permitted by Code § 20-103, awarding the father primary physical custody of the children. A 

pendente lite award does not have a presumptive effect and shall “not be determinative when 

adjudicating the underlying cause.” Code § 20-103(E). The parties had subsequent hearings in 

December and May, at which the mother had the opportunity to present evidence. The final 

custody order did not reference Gasper’s testimony at the August hearing. In light of the nature 

of the August pendente lite hearing, the mother’s opportunity to present further evidence at 

subsequent hearings, and the lack of apparent effect on the final custody order, we hold that any 

error in admitting Gasper’s testimony was harmless. See Schwartz, 46 Va. App. at 159, 616 

S.E.2d at 66 (holding that a non-constitutional error is harmless if it is clear that the error “‘did 
 - 11 - 

not influence’” the finder of fact or “‘had but slight effect’” (quoting Clay, 262 Va. at 260, 546 

S.E.2d at 731)). 

 Wert and Campanella testified at the December 6, 2013 hearing. The mother received 

notice of their expected appearance almost a month in advance. When the mother objected to 

their testimony, the father responded that she had the opportunity to talk to both of them and her 

expert had the opportunity to review their depositions. The guardian ad litem also asked the 

circuit court to allow testimony from Wert and Campanella. The circuit court permitted the two 

witnesses to testify. 

 Campanella again testified at the May 8, 2014 hearing, as a witness summoned by the 

guardian ad litem. When the mother objected that she had received notice only three business 

days beforehand, the guardian ad litem responded that he had not been served with any discovery 

and, thus, was not required to provide the mother with notice. The court again allowed 

Campanella to testify. 

 As discussed supra, Rule 4:1 provides a party the opportunity to discover witnesses, and 

consequently the burden of discovery is on the party seeking it. See Condo. Servs., 281 Va. at 

576, 709 S.E.2d at 172. The mother did not serve the guardian ad litem with interrogatories, and 

thus he was not required to disclose his expert witnesses under Rule 4:1(b)(4)(A)(i). Therefore, 

the circuit court did not err by allowing Campanella to testify when called as a witness by the 

guardian ad litem at the May hearing. Further, any error in allowing Campanella and Wert to 
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testify as witnesses for the father at the December hearing was harmless in light of the guardian 

ad litem’s request to call them as witnesses. See Hey, 2008 Va. App. LEXIS 572, at *6-7.5 

B. Exclusion of Evidence 

The mother contends that the circuit court abused its discretion by excluding the 

testimony and report of Arlo West. She offered West’s testimony in conjunction with her motion 

to set aside the circuit court’s August 12, 2013 custody determination and for a new hearing to 

consider newly discovered evidence. The mother argues that the court erroneously applied 

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993), in deciding that her evidence 

was inadmissible. 

 Again, “[t]he decision whether to admit expert testimony rests within the sound 

discretion of the trial judge” and will be reversed on appeal only if the trial court abused its 

discretion under the particular circumstances of the case. Farrell, 59 Va. App. at 429-31, 719 

S.E.2d at 355-57. However, a ruling that is “plainly wrong . . . amounts to an abuse of 

discretion.” Condo. Servs., 281 Va. at 575, 709 S.E.2d at 172. “Generally, when a specific 

objection is made to evidence or when inquiry is made by the trial judge concerning the purpose 

of evidence, the proponent of the evidence has the burden of establishing its admissibility.” Neal 

v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 420, 425 S.E.2d 521, 523 (1992). 

 5

 The mother further argues that the circuit court erred at the May hearing by 

“converting” Campanella from an expert witness to a lay witness but allowing her to testify to 

her opinions. The only authority the mother cites in support of this argument is Rule 4:1(d)(1). 

Rule 4:1(d) pertains to the “sequence and timing of discovery.” This rule is not relevant to the 

question of whether Campanella’s testimony, in which she stated a past recommendation that she 

had made, was lay testimony relating to past events or expert testimony offering her professional 

opinion. Accordingly, the mother failed to provide any relevant authority on this issue. See 

Rule 5A:20(e) (requiring the appellant’s brief to include principles of law and authorities on each 

assignment of error). We therefore consider the argument waived. See Jay, 275 Va. at 520, 659 

S.E.2d at 317 (holding that this Court “may . . . treat a question presented as waived” if the party 

fails to adhere to the requirements of Rule 5A:20); Fox, 61 Va. App. at 206, 734 S.E.2d at 672. 
 - 13 - 

 The mother sought to introduce the testimony of West as a forensic audio expert at the 

May 8, 2014 hearing. The father objected, and the court reviewed West’s deposition in order to 

determine whether the witness qualified as an expert. 

 On voir dire during the deposition, West stated that his forensic audio certification 

covered voice analysis. He explained that the week-long certification course also taught video 

authentication, video analysis, and video enhancements. West stated that voice analysis involved 

examining a “visual representation of sound,” referred to as a spectrogram. He explained further 

that performing “spectrogram analysis” meant studying an image that depicts the entire length of 

an audio recording whereas “spectral analysis” looked at smaller, “individual slices” of such a 

recording. West elaborated that voice analysis included determining whether emotions were 

involved, including pain. He stated that a scream resulting from pain differed scientifically from 

one resulting from a tantrum. When asked if his “theory could be tested,” West responded that 

he “would think so.” 

 The mother played a recording of a 9-1-1 call that C.W. made while in the father’s 

custody. West testified that he did both a spectrogram analysis and a spectral analysis on the 

recording. He identified two points in the recording that he concluded reflected “some sort of 

pressure” on the person screaming. In particular, West stated that at one point the pressure 

caused pain to the person screaming. In conducting the analysis, West compared the 9-1-1 

recording with other recordings obtained from the YouTube video website: one of two brothers 

trapped during a house fire, another of two young females who were shot, and a third by 

someone in the World Trade Center before it collapsed. 

 The father objected to West’s testimony, arguing that he was “not a scientific expert, 

according to Daubert.” The court ruled that the testimony was inadmissible. In doing so, the 
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court applied Daubert due to the “highly scientific nature” of the proffered testimony, but noted 

that Daubert was not always the appropriate standard in Virginia. The court specifically found: 

The factors the Court must consider under the Daubert test are: 

(1) whether the theory or technique in question can be and has 

been tested; (2) whether it has been subjected to peer review and 

publication; (3) [what] its known or potential error rate [is]; (4) the 

existence and maintenance of standards controlling its operation; 

and (5) whether it has attracted widespread acceptance within a 

relevant scientific community. 

The court went on to state: 

In his testimony, Mr. West provided little information regarding 

these factors. Indeed, Mr. West provided no concrete information 

about his scientific method. He admitted that there is little peer 

review in his field. He has never been published. He failed to give 

any substantial answer about error rate. Additionally, no testimony 

was offered about the acceptance of his method in the scientific 

community. Finally, Mr. West was incapable of providing one 

instance where he had previously used his method to identify if a 

recorded voice was experiencing pain. 

 It is clear that a witness “qualified as an expert” may testify to opinions based on 

“scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge” if that testimony will assist the trier of fact 

in a civil proceeding. Code § 8.01-401.3(A). In Virginia, 

“[w]hen scientific evidence is offered, the court must make a 

threshold finding of fact with respect to the reliability of the 

scientific method offered, unless it is of a kind so familiar 

and accepted as to require no foundation to establish the 

fundamental reliability of the system, such as fingerprint analysis; 

or unless it is so unreliable that the considerations requiring its 

exclusion have ripened into rules of law, such as ‘lie-detector’ 

tests; or unless its admission is regulated by statute, such as 

blood-alcohol test results.” 

Billips v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 805, 808-09, 652 S.E.2d 99, 101 (2007) (quoting Spencer v. 

Commonwealth, 240 Va. 78, 97, 393 S.E.2d 609, 621 (1990)). “When a litigant claims that a 

particular scientific, technical or other specialized theory or technique is valid, there must be 
 - 15 - 

some basis for determining the validity of the proffered theory or technique.”6

 Shooltz v. 

Shooltz, 27 Va. App. 264, 274, 498 S.E.2d 437, 442 (1998) (citing application of Spencer in 

Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 244, 421 S.E.2d 821, 835 (1992)). Virginia has not 

adopted the framework for admissibility of scientific evidence provided in Daubert. See, e.g., 

Billips, 274 Va. at 808-09, 652 S.E.2d at 101 (“[T]he Spencer rule applies to the use of scientific 

evidence in judicial proceedings generally.”); Pope v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 486, 515-16, 

729 S.E.2d 751, 765-66 (2012) (affirming the trial court’s decision to exclude scientific evidence 

under Spencer). See generally D. Arthur Kelsey, Virginia’s Answer to Daubert’s Question 

Behind the Question, 90 Judicature 68, 70-71 (2006) (noting that “the Virginia General 

Assembly has rejected invitations to rewrite” the statute pertaining to the admission of scientific 

evidence “to better conform the Rule to the specific language of Daubert,” and the “Virginia 

Supreme Court likewise has taken note of Daubert, but has conspicuously declined to adopt it”). 

We hold that the circuit court erred by evaluating the admissibility of the proposed evidence 

through the lens of Daubert. 

 Therefore, we reverse and remand on this issue. On remand, the trial court shall consider 

the scientific reliability of the evidence offered by the mother under the analytical framework 

enunciated in Spencer, 240 Va. 78, 393 S.E.2d 609, and its progeny. 

 6

 The mother suggests that the restrictions on admissibility stated in Tarmac Mid-Atlantic 

v. Smiley Block Co., 250 Va. 161, 166, 458 S.E.2d 462, 465 (1995), provide a three-prong test 

for evaluating whether scientific evidence is reliable. Tarmac simply specifies a few scenarios in 

which expert testimony is inadmissible: if it is “speculative,” it is “founded on assumptions that 

have no basis in fact,” or the trial court is not “satisfied that the expert . . . considered all the 

variables bearing on the inferences to be drawn from the facts observed.” Id. at 166, 458 S.E.2d 

at 465-66; accord John v. Im, 263 Va. 315, 320, 559 S.E.2d 694, 696 (2002). The opinion does 

not, contrary to the mother’s assertion, provide that all expert evidence falling outside of these 

circumstances is admissible. 
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C. Constitutional Rights 

The mother contends that the circuit court deprived her of her constitutional rights to due 

process and equal protection. Specifically, she argues that it was unconstitutional for the circuit 

court to base its custody and visitation determinations on the best interests of the children. She 

further suggests that the court violated procedural due process by failing to provide her a prompt 

hearing, failing to consider the removal of the guardian ad litem, and shifting the burden of proof 

to her. 

A portion of the mother’s arguments, including those related to the Equal Protection 

Clause, are based on the premise that the circuit court rendered a “de facto” termination of her 

parental rights by allowing her only supervised visitation. At the outset, we emphasize that the 

circuit court did not terminate the mother’s parental rights. A termination of parental rights 

divests a parent “of all legal relations to the child, and the parent has no legal right to even 

communicate [with] or visit that child.” Haugen v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 274 

Va. 27, 34, 645 S.E.2d 261, 265 (2007). The order providing that the mother have supervised 

visitation with the children, in contrast, did not sever her legal relationship with them. 

The mother contends that the provisions within Code §§ 20-124.2 and -124.3 requiring 

that supervised visitation be based on the best interests of the children are unconstitutional. She 

suggests that under Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000), the appropriate legal standard would 

necessitate a finding that she was an unfit parent. In Troxel, the Supreme Court of the United 

States held that the statutory best-interests test was unconstitutional if it authorized a court to 

“disregard and overturn any decision by a fit custodial parent concerning visitation whenever a 

third party affected by the decision files a visitation petition, based solely on the judge’s 

determination of the child’s best interests.” Id. at 67. This Court has already addressed the 

limits of Troxel and held that it does not apply to “[c]ustody and visitation disputes between two 
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fit parents.” Griffin v. Griffin, 41 Va. App. 77, 83, 581 S.E.2d 899, 902 (2003). In 

circumstances involving two fit parents, “one parent’s fundamental right [is] pitted against the 

other parent’s fundamental right,” and the “best interests” test in Code § 20-124.3 applies. Id. 

Therefore, the circuit court’s consideration of the best interests of the children in making its 

custody and visitation determinations did not violate the mother’s constitutional rights. 

The other cases cited by the mother, L.F. v. Breit, 285 Va. 163, 736 S.E.2d 711 (2013), 

and Wyatt v. McDermott, 283 Va. 685, 725 S.E.2d 555 (2012), do not support a different 

outcome merely because they quote language from Troxel. In L.F., the Supreme Court of 

Virginia interpreted the assisted conception statute in light of the father’s fundamental parental 

rights. 285 Va. at 180-84, 736 S.E.2d at 720-22. The Court held that the father’s parental rights 

arose from his biological relationship with the child and his “full commitment to the 

responsibilities of parenthood.” Id. at 182-83, 736 S.E.2d at 721-22. Wyatt recognized that 

tortious interference with parental rights is a cause of action in Virginia. 283 Va. at 699, 725 

S.E.2d at 562. Neither conclusion applies here. 

The mother argues that the circuit court violated her due process rights by not providing a 

prompt hearing following the “removal of parental rights” that occurred at the August 2013 

hearing. The hearings that followed, however, moot this claim. Courts should not “‘give 

opinions on abstract propositions of law, or . . . decide questions upon which no rights depend, 

and where no relief can be afforded.’” Va. Dep’t of State Police v. Elliott, 48 Va. App. 551, 554, 

633 S.E.2d 203, 204 (2006) (quoting Hankins v. Town of Va. Beach, 182 Va. 642, 643-44, 29 

S.E.2d 831, 832 (1944)). After the August 2013 hearing, the circuit court held three additional 

hearings: two were four months later in December and one occurred in May of 2014. There is, 

quite simply, “no relief [that] can be afforded” to the mother on her claim that the circuit court 
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erred by not providing her another hearing closer in time to the August hearing.7

 See Elliott, 48 

Va. App. at 554, 633 S.E.2d at 204; accord Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Blankenship, 

No. 0648-11-2, 2011 Va. App. LEXIS 357, at *10 (Va. Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2011) (holding that the 

claimant “received a hearing, thereby mooting the claim that his procedural due process rights 

were violated”). Therefore, we do not address this argument.

The mother further contends that she was denied a fair trial because the circuit court 

failed to consider her motion to remove the guardian ad litem. The single authority the mother 

cites in support of this argument is Morgan v. Illinois, 504 U.S. 719 (1992). The mother relies 

on Morgan for the proposition that due process requires both judicial inquiry into whether a juror 

is biased and the removal of a biased juror. The holding in Morgan that the right to due process 

in a criminal jury trial requires a fair hearing is not relevant to whether the circuit court erred in 

denying the mother’s motion to remove the guardian ad litem. We consider this argument 

waived because the mother failed to provide any relevant authority on this issue. See Rule 

5A:20(e) (requiring the appellant’s brief to include principles of law and authorities on each 

assignment of error); Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008) 

(holding that this Court “may . . . treat a question presented as waived” if the party fails to adhere 

to the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e)); see also Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 851, 667 

S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008) (“If the parties believed that the circuit court erred, it was their duty to 

present that error to us with legal authority to support their contention.”). 

Last, the mother argues that she was deprived of a fair trial in violation of her right to due 

process because the circuit court shifted the burden of proof to her during the emergency hearing, 

 7

 The narrow and “exceptional situations” in which a reviewing court may address a moot 

issue are not present here. Elliott, 48 Va. App. at 554, 633 S.E.2d at 204-05 (explaining that this 

Court will review mooted issues only in the context of “disputes of abbreviated duration where 

the party seeking review ‘can make a reasonable showing that he will again be subjected to the 

alleged illegality’” (quoting City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 109 (1983))). 
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rather than presuming that both parents have equal rights to custody. “No ruling of the trial 

court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable 

certainty at the time of the ruling.” Rule 5A:18; see also Tackett v. Arlington Cnty. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 62 Va. App. 296, 324, 746 S.E.2d 509, 523 (2013) (“‘[E]ven due process claims 

will not be considered for the first time on appeal.’” (quoting Stokes v. Commonwealth, 61 

Va. App. 388, 396, 736 S.E.2d 330, 335 (2013))). Rule 5A:20(c) requires the opening brief to 

include an “exact reference” to the record or appendix where the alleged error was preserved 

below. Cf. Brooks v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 576, 580-81, 739 S.E.2d 224, 226 (2013) 

(explaining that the purpose of the exact reference requirement is “to spare the Court from 

having to comb the entire record to determine whether and where the alleged error was 

preserved”). Nowhere in the portion of the record cited by the mother as reflecting her 

preservation of this argument did she actually do so. Further, the August 20, 2013 transcript 

does not contain the appellant’s objection on this issue nor does her motion to clarify and amend 

the resulting order. The six-volume appendix contains 2017 pages, and is only a portion of the 

complete record. The record itself comprises nine volumes of documents and eleven transcripts 

of proceedings before the circuit court. We decline to scour the record to determine whether the 

mother raised this issue below and find the mother’s failure to include an accurate reference 

pursuant to Rule 5A:20(c) significant. Consequently, we consider this argument waived. See 

Jay, 275 Va. at 520, 659 S.E.2d at 317; Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 206, 734 S.E.2d 662, 672 

(2012). 

For these reasons, we hold that the mother’s constitutional claims are either procedurally 

barred or without merit. The circuit court did not terminate her parental rights, nor did it violate 

due process by basing its determinations on the best interests of the children. We do not consider 

her claim that the lack of a prompt hearing following the August 2013 hearing violated her right 
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to due process because that issue is moot. Last, her arguments that the circuit court erred by 

failing to consider her motion to remove the guardian ad litem and shifting the burden of proof to 

her are procedurally barred. 

D. Evidence of Abuse 

 The mother suggests that the circuit court erred in finding that the evidence did not prove 

that the father physically abused the children. She further alleges that the father committed 

abuse by allowing the children’s paternal grandfather, a convicted sex offender, to stay in the 

house with the children. 

We accord the circuit court’s factual findings great weight. E.g., Bottoms v. Bottoms, 

249 Va. 410, 414, 457 S.E.2d 102, 104-05 (1995). As such, “these findings should not be 

disturbed by an appellate court unless they are plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

them.” Id. at 414, 457 S.E.2d at 105. The circuit court examined the evidence that the father 

was physically abusive and found that “the [c]ourt cannot find sufficient support for the claim.” 

 An audio recording of a C.W.’s call to emergency services was played for the court. 

C.W. could be heard screaming. On the recording, the father said, “Right now I’m going to 

break your hand.” The mother testified that one time the father pushed her as she held one of the 

children, who was a baby at that time. The mother feared that he would kill the child. Although 

she had never witnessed the father abuse C.W., she had seen “red marks” on C.W. “on numerous 

occasions.” The mother also stated that sometimes the marks developed into bruises. She 

testified that “frequently” C.W. would scream that the father had physically hurt him, although 

she never witnessed any violence against C.W. 

 The circuit court reviewed the Child Protective Services interview with C.W. 

Dr. Simpson testified that C.W. had mentioned that his father had pushed him in a manner that 

caused the child to be scared. Sally Martin, a licensed clinical social worker, testified that C.W. 
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told her, with the mother in the room, that the father physically assaulted him. However, after 

Martin responded that she would report the allegation to Child Protective Services, C.W. spoke 

to her privately and said “it’s not that serious.” Martin observed that although C.W. professed to 

be afraid of his father, he did not actually appear to be afraid or angry and could not provide 

details about the alleged incidents of abuse. 

 The father testified, explaining the circumstances leading up to the child’s 9-1-1 call. He 

stated that C.W. became angry when told to stop playing his video game. C.W. ran outside and 

called 9-1-1. The father caught him and grabbed his hand. The father stated that he did not hurt 

C.W. or intend to hurt him. He explained that he responded, “I’m about to break your hand,” to 

C.W., when he grabbed C.W.’s hand and the child asked him what he was doing. He clarified 

that he meant that his grip would break C.W.’s hand if the child kept wiggling and trying to 

escape the hold. 

 Officer Kevin Wire, with the Henrico County Police Department, responded to the 

emergency call. He testified that he did not observe any marks, bruising, or other injury to 

C.W.’s wrist. Officer Wire spoke with C.W. and the father and did not arrest the father. The 

court also heard testimony from Detective Nicole Otero, an investigator with the Special Victims 

Section of the Chesterfield County Police Department. Otero investigated the possible abuse of 

C.W. and concluded that she did not believe him. Detective Alexander Wise, also with the 

Chesterfield Police Department, worked with Otero and conducted a forensic interview. Wise 

testified that he thought C.W. “had been coached” and did not seem “as afraid of his father as he 

was suggesting.” 

 Beth Gilmore, an investigator with Henrico County Social Services, testified that she 

assessed the allegation that the father physically abused C.W. Gilmore ultimately recommended 
 - 22 - 

that the children continue counseling and the father participate in parenting education “as an 

additional support for him.” 

 Dr. Gasper, at the April 24, 2013 hearing, stated that she was not convinced that “this 

[was] a child abuse case” and that C.W.’s allegations of abuse were not credible. Dr. Nelson 

expressed similar skepticism when the mother alleged to her that the father had abused C.W. 

approximately eighty times and she did not once take him to the pediatrician or otherwise seek 

help. 

 Code § 16.1-228(1) defines an “abused or neglected child,” in pertinent part, as a child 

whose caregiver “creates or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or 

inflicted upon such child a physical or mental injury by other than accidental means.” Of the 

numerous professionals involved to determine the presence of abuse, not one found a reason to 

conclude that it existed. Although the mother suggests that it was “per se child abuse” for the 

father to threaten to break C.W.’s hand, the father provided an alternative explanation of the 

statement recorded on the emergency call that was not a threat. The circuit court’s factual 

finding that the evidence did not prove that the father abused C.W. was not plainly wrong or 

without evidence to support it. 

 The mother further argues that the father committed child abuse under Code 

§ 16.1-228(6) by allowing the children to stay with his own father, the children’s grandfather, 

who has a criminal record of “improper touching” of a minor. That subsection, in pertinent part, 

defines an “abused or neglected child” as one whose caregiver “creates a substantial risk of 

physical injury by knowingly leaving the child alone in the same dwelling . . . with a person to 

whom the child is not related by blood or marriage and who the [caregiver] knows has been 

convicted” of a sexual offense against a minor listed in Code § 9.1-902. The mother’s argument 

fails because the statute specifically excludes relatives. See Gilliam v. McGrady, 279 Va. 703, 
 - 23 - 

709, 691 S.E.2d 797, 800 (2010) (noting that Virginia courts “assume that the General Assembly 

chose its language with care”). 

 For these reasons, the circuit court was not plainly wrong in finding that the evidence did 

not prove that the father abused the children under Code § 16.1-288. 

E. Judicial Duty under Code §§ 20-124.2 and -124.3 

 The mother argues that the circuit court abdicated its judicial duty by allowing third 

parties to determine visitation. She alleges that the court, in its final custody order, erred by 

giving Nelson and Campanella unfettered authority to determine the terms of her visitation with 

the children. 

 The court’s final custody order awarded the father sole legal and physical custody of the 

children. The order also provided that the mother would “continue to have visitation based on 

the recommendations of Dr. Michele Nelson.” It clarified that the mother “shall only have 

unsupervised visitation with the children when and if Dr. Nelson determines it is appropriate or 

determines any alternatives that are in the best interests of the children.” The circuit court also 

mandated that A.W. continue therapy with Campanella, “who shall coordinate with Dr. Nelson 

regarding [A.W.]’s visitation with the [mother].” 

 In determining whether lower courts have the discretion to order a third party to make 

visitation determinations, we turn to the relevant statute. “When the language of a statute is 

unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language.” Conyers v. Martial Arts 

World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007). Code § 20-124.2 

provides, in pertinent part: 

 A. In any case in which custody or visitation of minor 

children is at issue, whether in a circuit or district court, the court 

shall provide prompt adjudication, upon due consideration of all 

the facts, of custody and visitation arrangements, including support 

and maintenance for the children, prior to other considerations 

arising in the matter. . . . 
 - 24 - 

* * * * * * * 

 D. In any case in which custody or visitation of minor 

children is at issue, whether in a circuit or district court, the court 

may order an independent mental health or psychological 

evaluation to assist the court in its determination of the best 

interests of the child. 

(Emphases added). Further, Code § 20-124.3 provides a list of factors that the circuit court 

“shall consider” in “determining the best interests of a child for purposes of determining custody 

or visitation arrangements.” A plain reading of the statutes instructs the relevant circuit or 

district court to make the custody and visitation adjudications and allows third party evaluations 

to assist in those determinations. 

 Previous decisions by both the Supreme Court of Virginia and this Court support this 

interpretation. “It is the sole province of the judiciary . . . to adjudicate cases.” Holland v. 

Johnson, 241 Va. 553, 555, 403 S.E.2d 356, 357-58 (1991). 

“A court of equity cannot abdicate its authority or powers, nor 

confide nor surrender absolutely to anyone the performance of any 

of its judicial functions. It may rightfully avail itself of the eyes 

and arms of its assistants in the proper preparation for judicial 

determination of the many complicated, difficult, and intricate 

matters upon which its judgment is invoked, but in it resides the 

authority, and to it solely belongs the responsibility, to adjudicate 

them.” 

Raiford v. Raiford, 193 Va. 221, 230, 68 S.E.2d 888, 894 (1952) (quoting Shipman v. Fletcher, 

91 Va. 473, 476, 22 S.E. 458, 460 (1895)). “‘[T]he court must review the evidence, apply the 

correct principles of law, and make its own conclusions as to the appropriate relief required.’” 

Benzine v. Benzine, 52 Va. App. 256, 261, 663 S.E.2d 105, 108 (2008) (quoting Morrill v. 

Morrill, 45 Va. App. 709, 714, 613 S.E.2d 821, 823 (2005) (en banc)). Based upon the plain 

language of Code § 20-124.2 and the established principle that the responsibility to adjudicate 

cases resides with the judiciary, it was error for the circuit court to order third parties to have 
 - 25 - 

complete discretion to decide the mother’s visitation without providing for any judicial review of 

their decisions. 

F. Attorney’s Fees and Costs 

 The father asks for an award of attorney’s fees and costs associated with this appeal. 

The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum 

to determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts 

expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the 

opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine 

whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for 

requiring additional payment. 

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). The wife’s appeal 

in part addressed “appropriate and substantial issues.” See Estate of Hackler v. Hackler, 44 

Va. App. 51, 75, 602 S.E.2d 426, 438 (2004). Consequently, we deny the father’s request for 

appellate attorney’s fees and costs. 

III. CONCLUSION 

 We hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting expert testimony 

into evidence, with the exception of the inadmissible hearsay opinion of Dr. Bowers that was 

contained in Nelson’s report and testimony. We further conclude that the court erred in 

determining that the scientific evidence from West was inadmissible and in delegating its judicial 

responsibility by instructing third parties to determine the parameters of the mother’s visitation 

with the children without any judicial review. The circuit court was not plainly wrong in finding 

that the father did not abuse the children. Last, we deny the father’s request for attorney’s fees 

and costs incurred on appeal. 
 - 26 - 

 Consistent with this opinion, we affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.8

 On 

remand, the circuit court shall make the ultimate custody and visitation determinations without 

considering the hearsay evidence from Dr. Bowers and shall not delegate its judicial duty to 

adjudicate visitation. Further, the court shall reconsider whether the scientific evidence offered 

by the mother was admissible. The circuit court may reopen the record only if it determines that 

the scientific evidence is admissible. 

 Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part. 

 8

 The mother argues that on remand, the decision in Alexander v. Flowers, 51 Va. App. 

404, 658 S.E.2d 355 (2008), requires a hearing before a different judge. In Alexander, this Court 

held that the circuit court judge denied the appellant a de novo hearing and instead relied on the 

ruling of the juvenile and district relations court. Id. at 414, 658 S.E.2d at 359. The Court 

reversed and remanded “for a proper de novo hearing before a different judge.” Id. at 415, 658 

S.E.2d at 360. We do not find the circumstances so extraordinary here, as they were in 

Alexander, to require assigning a different judge to the case.