THIRD DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

BOGGS and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

March 24, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A2237. IN THE INTEREST OF H. J. C., Jr., a child. 

BRANCH, Judge.

The State brings this appeal from the juvenile court’s dismissal without

prejudice of the State’s petition alleging that H. J. C., Jr. (“the child”), had committed

the delinquent act of violating his probation. On appeal, the State argues that the

juvenile court erred when it denied the State’s motion to recuse and when it granted

the child’s motion to dismiss. We conclude that although the trial court properly

denied the State’s motion to recuse, it erred when it dismissed the petition. We

therefore affirm in part and reverse in part. 

The record shows that on March 21, 2014, the State filed a petition alleging

that the child had committed the delinquent act of violating his probation for previous

delinquenciesincluding burglary and criminal damage to property. The petition cited
both OCGA § 15-11-2 (19), which includes a violation of probation by a child

previously adjudicated as delinquent in its definition of a “delinquent act,”1and

OCGA § 15-11-608 (b), which provides that a prosecutor informed of a violation of

probation “may file a motion in the [juvenile] court for revocation of probation.”2 At

a hearing on March 26, 2014, the State noted that it was orally amending its petition

1

 OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) of the new Juvenile Code, effective January 1, 2014,

defines a “[d]elinquent act” as including “(B) [t]he act of disobeying the terms of

supervision contained in a court order which has been directed to a child who has

been adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act[.]” 

2

 OCGA § 15-11-608 of the new Code provides in relevant part:

(a) An order granting probation to a child adjudicated for a

delinquent act may be revoked on the ground that the conditions of

probation have been violated.

(b) Any violation of a condition of probation may be reported to

the prosecuting attorney who may file a motion in the court for

revocation of probation. A motion for revocation of probation shall

contain specific factual allegations constituting each violation of a

condition of probation. . . . 

(f) If the court finds, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a child

violated the terms and conditions of probation, the court may: (1)

[e]xtend probation; (2) [i]mpose additional conditions of probation; or

(3) [m]ake any disposition that could have been made at the time

probation was imposed.

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to proceed under OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B) only, and not under OCGA § 15-11-608.

The juvenile court then continued the hearing until April 4, 2014, in order to obtain

argument on the interplay between these two new Juvenile Code sections. 

On March 27, 2014, however, the State filed a motion to recuse the juvenile

court with a supporting affidavit alleging that although the child had not objected to

the State’s proposed amendment, the juvenile court had “sua sponte voiced her

concerns” as to the interplay between the two Code sections, such that “the entire

matter of controversy wasraised by the [j]udge,” whose “impartiality and bias would

reasonably be questioned if [she] were to hear argument on the Court’s own motion

and decide [her] own motion.” On March 31, the juvenile court denied the motion to

recuse as insufficient under Uniform Juvenile Court Rule 27.2.

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3 Like Uniform Superior Court Rule 25.2, Uniform Juvenile Court Rule 27.2

provides that an affidavit supporting a motion to recuse

shall clearly state the facts and reasons for the belief that bias or

prejudice exists, being definite and specific as to time, place, persons

and circumstances of extra-judicial conduct or statements, which

demonstrate either bias in favor of any adverse party, or prejudice

toward the moving party in particular, or a systematic pattern of

prejudicial conduct toward persons similarly situated to the moving

party, which would influence the judge and impede or prevent

impartiality in that action. Allegations consisting of bare conclusions

and opinions shall not be legally sufficient to support the motion or

warrant further proceedings.

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At the outset of the continued hearing held on April 4, 2014, the juvenile court

stated the issue before it as whether the State should move to revoke probation under

OCGA § 15-11-608 (b) rather than to petition the court to adjudicate a delinquency

as defined by OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B) to include a violation of probation imposed

on a child previously found delinquent. The child then moved to dismiss the petition

on the ground that a petition charging a juvenile with the delinquent act of violating

probation was not proper under the new Juvenile Code. After hearing argument from

both sides, the trial court granted the child’s motion and dismissed the State’s petition

without prejudice on the ground that OCGA § 15-11-608 created “a new procedure

for addressing violations of probation,” including the mechanism of bringing such a

violation to the juvenile court’s attention by means of motion rather than petition,

such that “petitions[based on an alleged probation violation]filed pursuant to OCGA

§ 15-11-2 (19) (B) are not valid.” This appeal followed. 

1. The State first argues that the juvenile court erred when it denied the State’s

motion to recuse as legally insufficient. We disagree. 

The Supreme Court of Georgia has summarized the procedure governing

motions to recuse, set out in both Uniform Superior Court Rule 25 and Uniform

Juvenile Court Rule 27, as follows:

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[T]he motion [must] be in writing and . . . accompanied by affidavitsthat

present all evidence thereon and fully assert the facts upon which the

motion is founded. The supporting affidavit must state the facts and

reasons for the belief that bias or prejudice exists, being definite and

specific as to time, place, persons, and circumstances of the

extra-judicial conduct or statements demonstrating bias. Bare

conclusions and opinions stated in the affidavit are not legally sufficient

to support the motion or warrant further proceedings. The motion and

supporting affidavits initially are presented to the judge whose recusal

is sought; the judge immediately determines the timeliness of the

motion, the legal sufficiency of the affidavits and, assuming any of the

facts of the affidavits to be true, whether recusal would be warranted. If

all three prongs are met, another judge is assigned to hear the motion to

recuse. The judge hearing the motion has the discretion to consider the

motion solely on the affidavits or convene an evidentiary hearing, and

the ruling on the merits of the motion shall be accompanied by written

findings of fact and conclusions.

Mayor & Alderman of City of Savannah v. Batson-Cook Co., 291 Ga. 114, 116 (728

SE2d 189) (2012) (citations and punctuation omitted). Determining whether an

affidavit supporting a motion to recuse “is legally sufficient, and whether the facts

asserted authorize recusal[,] . . . does not require the exercise of discretion; rather,

they present questions of law, for which the appropriate standard of review is de

novo.” Id. at 119 (1) (citations and punctuation omitted). 

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Even assuming the facts pled in the State’s affidavit to be true, this record

shows that the juvenile court did not err when it denied the motion to recuse. As the

juvenile court noted, “[i]t is as much the duty of a judge not to grant the motion to

recuse when the motion is legally insufficient as it is to recuse when the motion is

meritorious.” Jones County v. A Mining Group, 285 Ga. 465, 468 (678 SE2d 474)

(2009) (citation and punctuation omitted). This juvenile court merely sought further

legal argument on the question of the interplay between OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B)

and 15-11-608 (b), both of which were cited in the State’s petition and had recently

been adopted into law. Even if the State was caught unawares by the court’s questions

concerning these statutes or was inconvenienced by its eventual ruling that the

petition was defective, such circumstances do not warrant recusal, which “is not

required simply because a judge may have to issue a ruling that might offend an

individual or group that could possibly take adverse action against him.” Id. at 467

(citation and punctuation omitted). On the contrary, “[t]here is a presumption that a

trial judge, acting as a public official, faithfully and lawfully performs the duties

devolving upon him.” Id. at 467-468 (citation and punctuation omitted). Because the

State’s affidavit did not include facts sufficient to overcome this presumption, the

trial court did not err when it denied the motion to recuse as legally inadequate. Id. 

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2. The State also argues that the juvenile court erred when it dismissed the

petition without prejudice. We agree. 

As we have noted above, OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B) defines “delinquent acts”

as including “[t]he act of disobeying the terms of supervision contained in a court

order which has been directed to a child who has been adjudicated to have committed

a delinquent act[.]” As in this case, then, the statute provides a mechanism by which

a child who violates probation ordered in a previous adjudication of delinquency may

become the subject of a new delinquency petition. See, e.g., OCGA § 15-11-522 (1) -

(3) (requiring a delinquency petition to state “plainly and with particularity [t]he facts

which bring a child within the jurisdiction of the court,” including “a statement that

[the proceeding is brought] in the best interests of such child,” the “name, age, and

residence address of such child,” and the “name and residence address of such child’s

parent, guardian, or legal custodian”). As part of the same statutory scheme, and as

the juvenile court noted, OCGA § 15-11-608 (b) provides that a delinquent child’s

violation of probation “may be reported to the prosecuting attorney who may file a

motion in the court for revocation of probation[,]” and that such a motion “shall

contain specific factual allegations constituting each violation of a condition of

probation.” (Emphasis supplied.) We are required to read each of these statutes

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“according to the natural and most obvious import of the language, without resorting

to subtle and forced constructions, for the purpose of either limiting or extending their

operation[.]” State v. Johnson, 269 Ga. 370, 371 (1) (499 SE2d 56) (1998) (citations

omitted). 

This juvenile court engaged in a lengthy analysis of the history of these two

sections of the new Juvenile Code, including a comparison of the new statutes with

former OCGA § 15-11-40,

4

before concluding that the motion provided to the State

in OCGA § 15-11-608 “is the exclusive remedy for addressing violations of

probation” such that the State’s petition under OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B) was “not

valid.” The juvenile court noted, for example, that a prosecution under OCGA § 15-

11-2 (19) (B) might have greater implications for a juvenile’s future than a probation

4

 Former OCGA § 15-11-40 (2013) provided in relevant part:

(b) . . . An order granting probation to a child found to be

delinquent or unruly may be revoked on the ground that the conditions

of probation have not been observed.

(c) Any party to the proceeding, the probation officer, or any other

person having supervision or legal custody of or an interest in the child

may petition the court for the relief provided in this Code section. The

petition shall set forth in clear and concise language the grounds upon

which the relief is requested.

 (Emphasis supplied.) 

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revocation by motion under OCGA § 15-11-608. The Supreme Court of Georgia has

held, however, that “[j]udicial construction is appropriate only when a statute is

ambiguous, and when the statutory language is plain and unequivocal, judicial

construction is not only unnecessary but forbidden.” Glover v. State, 272 Ga. 639,

640 (533 SE2d 374) (2000) (citation omitted). OCGA § 15-11-2 (19) (B) plainly

includes a delinquent child’s violation of probation in the category of actions that

may give rise to a new delinquency petition, and OCGA § 15-11-608 (b) plainly

provides that a prosecutor who becomes aware of such a child’s violation of

probation “may file a motion . . . for revocation of probation.” There being no

ambiguity in either of these provisions, the first of which authorizes the State to file

a petition concerning a violation of probation and the second of which authorizes the

State to move for revocation of probation as a consequence of such a violation, no

court is authorized to ignore either a petition brought under the first or a motion

brought under the second. In the absence of any other basis for dismissal asserted

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below,5

the juvenile court erred when it dismissed the State’s petition without

prejudice.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. Barnes, P. J., and Boggs, J.,

concur.

5 See, e.g., OCGA §§ 15-11-540 (providing for dismissal of a delinquency

petition “upon the motion of the prosecuting attorney setting forth that there is not

sufficient evidence to warrant further proceedings”), 15-11-566 (providing for

dismissal of a delinquency petition upon transfer “for trial in superior court”). 

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