COURT OF CHANCERY

OF THE

STATE OF DELAWARE

JOHN W. NOBLE 417 SOUTH STATE STREET

VICE CHANCELLOR DOVER, DELAWARE 19901

 TELEPHONE: (302) 739-4397

 FACSIMILE: (302) 739-6179

April 9, 2015

Timothy R. Dudderar, Esquire Thomas G. Macauley, Esquire

Aaron R. Sims, Esquire Macauley LLC

Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 760

1313 North Market Street Wilmington, DE 19801

Wilmington, DE 19801

Re: American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

Date Submitted: March 30, 2015

Dear Counsel:

Plaintiff American Messaging Services, LLC (“AMS”) purchased a 25% 

ownership interest in Defendant DocHalo, LLC (“DocHalo”) in September 2014. 

The companies provide separate but complementary products and services, which 

they agreed to cross-sell and bundle to their existing and new customers in the 

EFiled: Apr 09 2015 03:36PM EDT 

Transaction ID 57054784

Case No. 10761-VCN
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 2

healthcare industry.

1

 They entered into the Revenue Sharing Agreement, which 

established the economic terms of their business relationship.

2

AMS and DocHalo developed and employed a strategic sales and marketing 

plan. They agreed that a contract addendum (the “Contract Addendum”) would be 

offered to AMS’s customers who decide to purchase DocHalo’s services.

3

 The 

Contract Addendum includes a pricing schedule and provides that fees are payable 

to AMS. As of March 14, 2015, four AMS customers had agreed to obtain 

DocHalo’s services and had been presented with a Contract Addendum.

4

Unfortunately, the parties’ relationship quickly soured after DocHalo 

expressed concerns regarding the revenue share percentages and product pricing. 

The parties began to discuss unwinding their relationship in January 2015. On 

March 4 and 5, 2015, with the parties’ future relationship uncertain, AMS learned 

that a DocHalo executive had contacted some of its sales personnel about joining 

 

1 AMS provides paging services to customers in many industries, including 

healthcare. DocHalo supplies an encrypted secure messaging application, which 

healthcare organizations use to communicate confidential patient information to 

providers. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8.

2

See Compl. Ex. D (Revenue Sharing Agmt.).

3

See Compl. Ex. E (Contract Addendum).

4 Aff. of Jennifer Richardson (“Richardson Aff.”) ¶ 26.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 3

DocHalo. DocHalo had also unilaterally reached out to some of AMS’s customers, 

providing them with Statements of Work that purported to substitute for the billing 

and payment terms of the Contract Addendum.

5

 The Statements of Work provided 

that although AMS would invoice customers directly for DocHalo services that 

were integrated with AMS’s, DocHalo would bill for its stand-alone services.

On March 6, 2015, AMS filed its Complaint, alleging breach of contract, 

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, misappropriation of 

trade secrets, and tortious interference with contractual relations. For now, at least, 

AMS’s contract and trade secrets claims substantially overlap; AMS alleges that 

DocHalo has exploited two lists of AMS customers—the Secure Prospect List and 

the Medical Account List (together, the “Lists”)—which AMS provided to 

DocHalo to implement the sales and marketing plan.6

 

5

See Aff. of Mark Cittadino Ex. 1 (Statement of Work).

6

See Richardson Aff. Ex. 1 (Secure Prospect List); id. Ex. 2 (Medical Account 

List).
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 4

The Secure Prospect List contains over 200 hospitals, which have been 

identified as those most likely interested in DocHalo’s offerings.

7

 The Medical 

Account List identifies over 1,000 health care organizations that AMS currently 

services. It includes hospital names, and for each hospital, its geographic region, 

number of pager users, and the relevant AMS account manager. AMS alleges that 

DocHalo has improperly used the Lists to solicit and convert its customers.

On the same day it filed the Complaint, AMS sent to DocHalo a cease and 

desist letter, which demanded that it stop contacting AMS’s customers and 

soliciting its employees. The parties negotiated a “stand down,” whereby DocHalo 

agreed to comply with the letter until March 16, 2015. During that time, the 

parties negotiated an unwinding of their business relationship. After that exercise 

proved fruitless, AMS filed its motion for a temporary restraining order seeking to 

prevent DocHalo from (i) contacting the customers on the Lists and (ii) contacting 

AMS’s sales personnel. Although AMS initially requested relief for 60 days, it 

now seeks a 30-day order.

 

7

The list includes information developed through the parties’ sales and marketing 

efforts.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 5

* * *

A temporary restraining order is intended “to protect the status quo and to 

prevent imminent and irreparable harm from occurring pending a preliminary 

injunction hearing or a final resolution of a matter.”8 Three factors guide the 

Court’s consideration: “(i) the existence of a colorable claim, (ii) the irreparable 

harm that will be suffered if relief is not granted, and (iii) a balancing of hardships 

favoring the moving party.”9 

While these elements are similar to those considered on a preliminary 

injunction motion, the Court’s analysis has a materially different emphasis.10 The 

Court focuses less on the merits of the plaintiff’s claims and “primarily upon the 

injury to plaintiff that is threatened and the possible injury to defendant if the 

remedy is improvidently granted.”11 Thus, while a colorable claim (accepting the 

 

8 CBOT Hldgs., Inc. v. Chi. Bd. Options Exch., Inc., 2007 WL 2296356, at *3 (Del. 

Ch. Aug. 3, 2007).

9

Id.

10 Cottle v. Carr, 1988 WL 10415, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 9, 1988).

11 Id.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

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Page 6

alleged facts as true) is required, “[t]he essential predicate for issuance of the 

remedy is a threat of imminent, irreparable injury.”12

* * *

Establishing a colorable claim is not necessarily a burdensome task and falls 

short of demonstrating a reasonable probability of success on the merits. Here, 

AMS has outlined colorable, though not necessarily compelling, claims.

AMS charges DocHalo with: (i) breach of the Revenue Sharing Agreement, 

(ii) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and 

(iii) misappropriation of trade secrets.13 Two sections of the Revenue Sharing 

Agreement underlie the breach of contract allegations: Section 7, which protects 

the confidentiality of information exchanged between the parties, and Section 8, 

which restricts the parties from soliciting each other’s employees. 

 

12 Id. at *3.

13 Although AMS initially asserted that its claim of tortious interference is 

colorable, it did not respond to DocHalo’s argument that DocHalo could not 

interfere with a contract to which it is a party. That claim, thus, does not appear 

colorable.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 7

Section 7 of the Revenue Sharing Agreement provides:

Each party acknowledges that it will receive confidential 

information during the term of this Agreement including such things 

as trade secrets, know-how, discoveries, marketing information, 

business strategies, customer lists, customer information, and other 

information . . . which may be useful to the receiving party and its 

Affiliates, and which is not generally available to the public (all of 

this information is referred to in this Agreement as “Confidential 

Information” whether or not identified as such on applicable 

documentation). Each party agrees that all such Confidential 

Information will be the sole property of the disclosing party . . . , and 

the receiving party agrees that it will not disclose any Confidential 

Information to any other Person . . . and that the receiving party will 

otherwise keep all Confidential Information in strictest confidence and 

will not use it for any purpose adverse to the disclosing party and its 

Affiliates, and will not use Confidential Information for its own 

benefit or the benefit of others. . . .

14

AMS alleges that DocHalo has breached (and will further breach) Section 7 

by using the Lists to contact AMS customers to negotiate terms by which DocHalo 

will provide its services. AMS asserts that this also constitutes trade secret 

misappropriation.

 

14 Revenue Sharing Agmt. § 7.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

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DocHalo’s acquisition of the Lists was proper—AMS shared them to 

facilitate the parties’ sales and marketing efforts. However, AMS contends that 

DocHalo’s current use is in a manner never intended by the Revenue Sharing 

Agreement, i.e., offering its services as replacements for AMS’s. Putting to one 

side AMS’s assertion of DocHalo’s nefarious intent, nothing in the Revenue 

Sharing Agreement (assuming it remains effective) appears to prevent DocHalo 

from negotiating with AMS’s customers. In fact, AMS receives a percentage of 

revenue from DocHalo’s stand-alone sales.

On the other hand, the parties entered the Revenue Sharing Agreement “to 

work together to cross sell and bundle each other’s products and services . . . .”15 

The parties agreed initially to offer DocHalo’s services to AMS’s current 

customers through the Contract Addendum, which would provide consolidated 

billing. DocHalo’s recent actions might conflict with the parties’ intent when

entering the Revenue Sharing Agreement. There is thus a non-frivolous basis to 

 

15 Revenue Sharing Agmt. third “Whereas” clause (emphasis added). 
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 9

infer that AMS has colorable claims for either breach of the Revenue Sharing 

Agreement or breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.16 

AMS has also advanced the notion that DocHalo has repudiated the Revenue 

Sharing Agreement. Given that repudiation requires a clear and unequivocal 

statement of intent not to perform contractual duties, the nascent record does not 

strongly support such a claim.

17

 However, AMS does allege that DocHalo has 

stated that the Revenue Sharing Agreement “does not exist.”18 If the agreement is 

no longer effective, the argument that DocHalo’s current actions are adverse to 

AMS, and thus violate the Revenue Sharing Agreement, may have more support. 

The allegation that DocHalo has breached Section 8 of the Revenue Sharing 

Agreement by soliciting AMS salespersons also represents a colorable claim. 

Section 8 prevents the parties 

 

16 Although these claims are colorable, there are problems (as touched upon) 

associated with them. Also, given that finding a breach of the implied covenant 

requires inferring contractual terms, granting extraordinary relief solely on the 

basis of such a claim, while possible, should be somewhat unusual.

17 See, e.g., Frontier Oil Corp. v. Holly Corp., 2005 WL 1039027, at *27 (Del. Ch. 

Apr. 29, 2005) (describing repudiation).

18 Compl. ¶ 51. This statement appears to contradict other communications and 

actions by DocHalo.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 10

during the term of [the Revenue Sharing Agreement] and for a period 

of one (1) year thereafter . . . [from] knowingly contact[ing] or 

solicit[ing], either directly or indirectly, any Person connected with 

the other party or its Affiliates, for the purpose of diverting work or 

business away from such party or its Affiliates. . . .

19

DocHalo allegedly solicited AMS’s sales personnel to join DocHalo. 

DocHalo does not vigorously dispute that improper contact might have occurred, 

but argues that the contact was barely over the line (at most) and will not reoccur. 

In sum, there is a colorable claim that DocHalo breached Section 8. It is 

more difficult to conceive how AMS could show a breach of Section 7; however, 

that claim is not frivolous.

20

 

19 Revenue Sharing Agmt. § 8.

20 For DocHalo to have breached Section 7, it must have misused AMS’s 

confidential information, as defined in the Revenue Sharing Agreement. For 

purposes of this motion, that the Lists contain confidential information is a 

colorable assertion (and one the Court accepts for now). Also, under appropriate 

circumstances, customer lists may be protected under the Delaware Uniform Trade 

Secret Act. See, e.g., Great Am. Opportunities, Inc. v. Cherrydale Fundraising, 

LLC, 2010 WL 338219, at * 20 (Del. Ch. Jan. 29, 2010). Given the lenient 

standard by which the merits of AMS’s claims are now reviewed, its trade secret 

misappropriation claim is colorable.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 11

* * *

As explicated above, the Court’s current focus is on whether AMS faces 

imminent, irreparable injury absent extraordinary relief. In this regard, AMS has 

not convinced the Court that it faces dire circumstances. If the Revenue Sharing 

Agreement is effective, then DocHalo appears to be permitted, or even expected, to 

contact AMS’s customers. AMS contends that DocHalo sent Statements of Work 

in order to supplant the Contract Addendum and convert AMS’s business. 

However, AMS and DocHalo produce different products and provide different 

services. Even if AMS’s customers eventually migrate toward DocHalo’s 

offerings, that situation does not appear imminent.21 Further, the Statements of 

Work explicitly provide that AMS will continue to bill for its services. The 

statements seem focused on billing terms and it is unclear how they would operate 

to deprive AMS of its customers. 

Additionally, a limited number of Statements of Work were sent, only one 

was signed, it has since been rescinded, and DocHalo has expressed its intention 

not to send any more. That AMS has avoided tangible harm to date is not a 

 

21 Nor would such circumstances necessarily be the result of wrongful conduct.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 12

dispositive fact; however, the practical effect of DocHalo’s behavior is relevant to 

the Court’s exercise of discretion. Also, the Statements of Work do not appear to 

breach any explicit terms of the Revenue Sharing Agreement. If anything, they 

improperly modify the Contract Addendum, which the parties apparently agreed 

would govern their relationships with AMS customers who add DocHalo’s 

services. It is unlikely that DocHalo needs the Lists to attempt to replace existing 

Contract Addendum—DocHalo is presumably aware of the customers who have 

contracted for its services. 

To the extent that Statements of Work might be sent to customers who have

been provided, but have not yet entered, a Contract Addendum, AMS might 

possibly suffer some type of harm.

22

 However, the nature of the potential harm is 

amorphous at this time. AMS will continue, per the Revenue Sharing Agreement,

to receive a share of revenue from DocHalo’s provision of stand-alone services.23 

 

22 Again, if the Revenue Sharing Agreement is effective, it is difficult to conceive 

how DocHalo’s conduct breaches Section 7. Sending the Statements of Work does 

not appear to conflict with any explicit restriction on DocHalo. There is no claim 

for breach of the Contract Addendum.

23 Again, on the current record, it appears that the Revenue Sharing Agreement is 

in effect.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 13

If the Statements of Work impermissibly alter the billing practices or pricing terms 

of the Contract Addendum, the potential injury to AMS is not of the sort that 

would justify extraordinary relief.24 

AMS contends that DocHalo’s actions will cause confusion in the 

marketplace. However, the market is aware of the pending litigation between the 

parties. If there is already confusion about the status of AMS and DocHalo’s 

relationship, actions that DocHalo might take in the near term would not likely

materially alter that fact.

With respect to the issue of employee solicitation, DocHalo’s Vice President 

of Sales, Mark Cittadino (“Mr. Cittadino”), has made communications, suggestive 

of improper solicitation, to AMS’s salespersons. However, AMS has not lost any

employee to DocHalo and DocHalo has stated that it has no desire to, and will not, 

solicit AMS’s employees. Mr. Cittadino had routine contact with AMS 

salespersons, and although he may have made improper communications, the 

existence of an orchestrated scheme to poach AMS’s employees appears unlikely. 

 

24 It is also unclear why DocHalo would need much of the allegedly confidential 

information contained in the Lists to send the Statements of Work.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 14

DocHalo is thus unlikely to solicit AMS’s salespersons at this juncture. Given the 

record before the Court, the risk that DocHalo will cause imminent, irreparable 

harm by soliciting AMS’s employees is minimal at best.

* * *

When balancing the hardships, the Court must consider the hypothetical 

harms that each party would suffer if AMS’s motion were improvidently decided. 

As discussed, it is unclear whether AMS faces any imminent harm at all. 

Assuming it does, such harm is not clearly irreparable. 

DocHalo contends that entry of AMS’s requested relief would be 

devastating to its business, effectively shutting it down. This notion is difficult to 

accept completely; DocHalo could continue to provide services to customers 

within the terms of its existing contracts and within the terms of the Contract 

Addendum. Also, a temporary restraining order is of short duration. However, the 

Secure Prospect List and, especially, the Medical Contact List, cover a broad range 

of customers. DocHalo could be prevented from contact with thousands of 

hospitals, perhaps more than half of those in the United States. That could 

certainly be problematic for a company focused on the healthcare industry.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 15

There is also the possibility that preventing DocHalo from contacting 

medical providers could adversely affect patient care. Medical personnel use 

DocHalo’s services to exchange information, and communications might be 

disrupted if DocHalo were restricted by a court order. While the Court has not 

carefully considered the likelihood or scope of this potential problem, it is a 

concern that only arises if AMS’s motion is granted.

From the record before the Court, the harm facing DocHalo if it were 

unjustly enjoined is larger than the injury that AMS might face in the absence of 

temporary relief. The balance of the hardships thus tilts in favor of denying 

AMS’s motion.

* * *

AMS has established colorable, though not yet compelling, claims against 

DocHalo. However, AMS does not appear to face imminent and irreparable harm 

that would justify extraordinary relief. It is not clear that the probability of injury 

absent a temporary restraining order is more than minimal. Balancing the 

hardships also suggests denying AMS’s motion. After weighing these factors, 

AMS’s motion for a temporary restraining order is denied.
American Messaging Services, LLC v. DocHalo, LLC 

C.A. No. 10761-VCN

April 9, 2015

Page 16

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Very truly yours,

/s/ John W. Noble

JWN/cap

cc: Register in Chancery-K