UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

 TENTH CIRCUIT

MUSKET CORPORATION, 

 Plaintiff Counter Claim Defendant 

 - Appellant/Cross - Appellee, 

v. 

STAR FUEL OF OKLAHOMA, LLC, 

 Defendant Counter Claimant - 

 Appellee/Cross - Appellant, 

LINCOLN O. CLIFTON; DAVID A. 

SELPH, 

 Defendant Counter Claimants, 

and 

MARK LUITWIELER, 

Defendant. 

Nos. 13-6133 & 13-6146 

(D.C. No. 5:11-CV-00444-M) 

(W.D. Okla.) 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

 

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of 

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the 

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under 

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

April 6, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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Before LUCERO, MURPHY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. 

 

 Musket Corporation (“Musket”) appeals the district court’s grant of judgment as a 

matter of law following a jury verdict in its favor on an implied contract claim. Star Fuel 

of Oklahoma, LLC (“Star”) cross-appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on 

several other claims decided in Musket’s favor and arguing that the jury’s award was 

duplicative. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm in part and 

reverse in part. We conclude that the district court erred in granting judgment as a matter 

of law on Musket’s implied contract claim and remand with instructions to reinstate the 

jury award. Regarding the issues raised in Star’s cross-appeal, we affirm. 

I

 The events at issue in this case began while Mark Luitwieler was a regional 

marketer in Musket’s wholesale fuel business.1

 Luitwieler, in April 2008, proposed a 

risk-sharing agreement to Link Clifton, a principal and co-owner of Star. In an email 

dated April 4, Luitwieler made the following proposal: 

How about we share the risk on these naked fixed contracts. Ill [sic] buy 

them when I feel its [sic] right. You sell when it makes sense. We’ll split 

the profits / losses. OR I can pass on all risk to you and ill [sic] just add a 

penny to each of these and let you move them. 

The email referenced two specific fuel contracts. 

 1

 Because this case comes to us on review of an order deciding a motion for 

judgment as a matter of law, we recite “the evidence and the inferences to be drawn 

therefrom in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict.” Myklatun v. Flotek Indus., 

Inc. 734 F.3d 1230, 1234 (10th Cir. 2013). 
-3-

 Clifton forwarded the email to Dan Engle, Star’s chief financial officer, and 

Elizabeth Hatcher, who was in charge of wholesale pricing for unbranded fuel at Star, 

indicating the email was “[f]or your rec’s.” Engle responded that the arrangement had 

“inherent risk.” He later explained that he was concerned about the arrangement 

allowing “someone else to make buy decisions for you, when they don’t even work for 

your company.” 

 In the ensuing months, Star and Musket proceeded to split profits on several fuel 

contracts. In these transactions, Musket would purchase fuel from a third party and Star 

would re-sell the fuel. On April 14, 2008, Hatcher asked Luitwieler to explain the pricing 

for one of these transactions. Luitwieler replied that Musket would add approximately 

one half of a cent to the purchase price Musket paid to account for detergent additive and 

a product authorization fee. Luitwieler told Hatcher to “sell for the best you can and the 

[sic] we will split the margin.” On April 29, Luitwieler stated that he was going to “call 

the ball” on another fuel transaction “if everyone agrees.” He offered two potential 

scenarios for the transaction, one in which Musket and Star split profits and another in 

which the companies split losses. After the transaction resulted in a profit, Engle asked 

Clifton via email how to split those profits with Musket. 

 According to forensic accountant David Payne, a majority of the “back-to-back” 

fuel deals between Musket and Star between March and September 2008 resulted in an 
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approximately even split of profits.2 The profit margin Star reaped on these deals was 

substantially higher than would be the case in a normal buyer-seller relationship: a 

normal “jobber or reseller” would typically reap around one cent per gallon in profit, 

whereas Star, in that same role, was receiving profits of five or seven cents per gallon. 

During a period ending July 12, 2008 in which fuel prices were generally rising, Star 

made $183,758 in profit on these transactions. Hatcher testified that Star had no intention 

of sharing in losses, however. 

 Luitwieler purchased 420,000 gallons of gasoline at $3.4982 per gallon on July 3, 

2008. He believed that the profit-sharing agreement described in his April 9 email was 

operative, and that he had authority to make this this gasoline purchase. Shortly 

thereafter, Clifton told Luitwieler during a telephone call that because the companies had 

done well on gas trades, they should buy more. Luitwieler understood this comment as 

an instruction to purchase additional gasoline under the agreement, and bought another 

420,000 gallons at $3.15 per gallon on July 17. 

 On July 21, Musket employee Kendra Garcia emailed Hatcher and another Star 

employee, James Roosa, stating that Musket purchased 10,000 barrels of gasoline 

(420,000 gallons) at $3.155 per gallon, and asked when Star would like to move the fuel. 

Her email states “Your call-we split the profits.” After the Star employees did not 

 2

 Payne explained that the profits on many of the transactions involving an 

approximately even split were not divided precisely 50/50. He treated any profit sharing 

in which the division was within one half of one cent per gallon to be a splitting 

transaction, to account for detergent, product authorization, and time charges. 
-5-

respond, Luitwieler emailed Clifton, asking whether Star would purchase 20,000 barrels 

at $3.33 on a fixed-price contract. Clifton forwarded the email to Hatcher and Roosa, 

asking “What the [f]?” At the time, gasoline was selling on the open market for a 

substantially lower price.

 Luitwieler met in person with Clifton, Hatcher, and possibly Roosa (Luitwieler 

could not recall if Roosa was present) on July 23, 2008. The Star representatives began 

“back-pedaling” when Luitwieler brought up the 840,000 gallons noted above. 

Luitwieler explained that the two options would be to sell now and split the losses, or for 

Star to take the fuel on a fixed-price contract. Because the Star representatives were 

adamant that they would not accept an immediate loss, and because Hatcher thought the 

gasoline market had upside because of potential hurricane impact, Luitwieler gathered 

that there was a “default agreement” to simply hold the fuel. Luitwieler nonetheless told 

several Musket co-workers that Star agreed to purchase the 840,000 gallons at $3.35 per 

gallon. He calculated this rate by taking an average of the two purchase prices, adding 

detergent and product authorization, and adding one cent per month Musket held the fuel. 

 Around the same time period, Star and Musket were negotiating a settlement 

agreement to resolve an unrelated dispute over an ethanol terminal venture. Seeking to 

except the 840,000 gallon fuel deal from the release contained in the settlement, Musket’s 

counsel asked Luitwieler for a copy of the contract. Luitwieler said he had a copy in his 

files, and stated that the agreement was titled “August fixed price gasoline contract” and 

had been executed on August 4. On August 15, Luitwieler sent an unsigned copy of this 
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contract, stating that he was “98% confident” he had a signed copy. On the same day, 

Musket sent Star a draft settlement agreement relating to the companies’ ethanol terminal 

dispute. The draft provided for a mutual release but expressly excluded claims related to 

“that certain August Fixed Price Gasoline Contract dated August 4, 2008.” Star and 

Musket executed the final settlement agreement on September 10, 2008, which included 

the above-quoted language. However, Luitwieler later admitted that the contract he 

claimed had been executed on August 4 was actually created on August 15. 

 Luitwieler’s final day of employment with Musket was September 11, 2008. The 

very next day, he began working for Star to start up their Supply and Logistics Division. 

Luitwieler had apparently been preparing for the move for some time. His personal 

calendar included a notation for August 17 in which Luitwieler was set to meet with 

Clifton and Roosa to “finalize Deal.” On August 19, Luitwieler sent an email to his wife 

stating that Clifton “just called and said I am on. . . . Will get offer tomorrow.” On the 

same date, Luitwieler conducted several Internet searches for methods of transferring 

data from one laptop to another or from a laptop to the Internet. Luitwieler subsequently 

downloaded “IDrive” software, which he used to transfer several gigabytes of data from 

his Musket laptop to an online account between September 3 and 11. 

 During his first day of employment at Star, Luitwieler executed a contract on 

behalf of Star under which Star purchased 15,000 barrels of diesel fuel from Musket. 

Luitwieler also had a conversation with Musket director of supply and logistics Brad 

Jenkins. Jenkins stated that Musket would go forward with the diesel contract as long as 
-7-

Star also pulled the 840,000 gallons discussed above. Luitwieler agreed. He contacted 

Garcia and informed her that Star would pull the gas over the weekend. Garcia sent an 

email to several Musket employees, and copied Luitwieler at Star, stating: “Okay-Star 

would like to pull the 20mb of gasoline this weekend in OKC. This was the fuel that was 

PTO’d into our inventory back in July. We paid 3.3241 for it and Star paid 3.35. Is 

everyone cool with this?” Jenkins approved the deal, also copying Luitwieler. Although 

the average market price for wholesale gasoline had fallen below $3 per gallon in early 

September, it rebounded to $3.36 on September 13. 

 Luitwieler claimed that Star attempted to pull the gasoline over the weekend but 

was stymied by a technical error. By September 17, the wholesale gasoline market had 

plummeted by approximately 50 cents per gallon. Don VanCuren, Musket’s director of 

wholesale marketing, contacted Clifton asking for a signed copy of the gasoline contract. 

After initially mistaking the contract VanCuren referenced for a different contract, 

Clifton referred the request to Luitwieler. Luitwieler forwarded Clifton the September 12 

email from Garcia. 

 The following week, VanCuren demanded that Star pull the fuel by the end of 

September. Luitwieler sent a note to Clifton and Roosa stating that he “fe[lt] terrible 

about this” and that he “should have just sold it when we had that meeting but, we 

decided different.” On September 24, Luitwieler proposed that Star phase the gasoline 

purchases over three months, adding a penny to the purchase price for each month of 

delay. The following day, Jenkins responded that Musket was agreeable. Luitwieler 
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asked for Clifton and Roosa’s thoughts on the proposal later that afternoon. On October 

5, Jenkins sent a contract to Luitwieler with the terms he had offered. Luitwieler 

forwarded the agreement to Roosa asking for guidance and stating, “I cant [sic] hold 

them off forever.” 

 On October 16, Clifton told Jenkins that Star would not purchase the gasoline. 

The price of wholesale gasoline had fallen to less than $2 per gallon by then. After 

sending a formal demand letter and exchanging additional correspondence, Musket sold 

the 840,000 gallons to a third party at $1.4075 per gallon, suffering a significant loss. 

 Musket filed suit against Star, Luitwieler, and Star principals Clifton and David 

Selph in Oklahoma state court. The case was subsequently removed to federal court. 

Following discovery, the district court entered partial summary judgment in favor of Star. 

It concluded that the agreement to purchase 840,000 gallons of gasoline was subject to 

Oklahoma’s statute of frauds, and that the unsigned agreement created by Luitwieler 

never became effective. The court dismissed Musket’s breach of contract claim, along 

with a related claim for breach of the ethanol terminal settlement agreement. However, 

the court allowed Musket’s breach of implied contract claim to proceed to trial. It also 

denied a motion in limine to preclude evidence related to the 840,000 gallons from being 

introduced, explaining that the “Order granting defendant Star Fuel’s motion for partial 

summary judgment specifically and only addressed plaintiff’s breach of contract claim 

relating to the written but unsigned Fuel Purchase Agreement, purportedly dated August 

4, 2008” but did not prevent Musket from pursuing “any other claim that might involve 
-9-

evidence relating to the 840,000 gallons.”

 The case was tried to a jury in October 2012. The jury returned a verdict in favor 

of Musket and against Star on several claims in the following amounts: (1) $1,631,700 

for breach of implied contract; (2) $11,130 for fraud; (3) $11,130 for constructive fraud; 

(4) $200,000 for misappropriation of trade secrets; and (5) $200,000 for unfair 

competition. It also found in favor of Musket and against Luitwieler on several claims. 

 After trial, Star renewed its request for judgment as a matter of law on several 

claims decided in favor of Musket. The district court granted the motion in part. It 

concluded that Musket’s implied contract claim was barred by the statute of frauds, and 

vacated the jury’s award as to that claim.3

 The court denied Star’s motion as to the 

remaining claims and entered an amended judgment. Both Star and Musket appealed. 

II

 We first consider Musket’s appeal. This court reviews de novo a district court’s 

decision on a motion for judgment as a matter of law, applying the same standard as the 

district court. Murphy Oil USA, Inc. v. Wood, 438 F.3d 1008, 1012 (10th Cir. 2006). 

Judgment as a matter of law is granted “only if all of the evidence, viewed in the light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party, reveals no legally sufficient evidentiary basis to 

find for the nonmoving party.” Jones v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 674 F.3d 1187, 1195 

(10th Cir. 2012). 

 3

 Clifton and Selph were also held liable on this claim as guarantors. When 

discussing this claim, we include Clifton and Selph in referring to Star. 
-10-

 We agree with the district court that Musket’s implied contract claim was subject 

to the statute of frauds absent some applicable exception. “An implied contract . . . is no 

less within the statute of frauds than is an express contract.” GFF Corp. v. Assoc. 

Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 130 F.3d 1381, 1387 (10th Cir. 1997) (applying Oklahoma law). 

Under Oklahoma law, which the parties agree applies to this diversity case, “a contract 

for the sale of goods for the price of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or more is not 

enforceable” absent a writing that specifies a quantity and is “signed by the party against 

whom enforcement is sought.” Okla. Stat. tit. 12A, § 2-201(1). This Court has 

recognized gasoline as a good that is subject to the statute of frauds. See Prenalta Corp. 

v. Colo. Interstate Gas Co., 944 F.2d 677, 687 (10th Cir. 1991). And the gasoline at issue 

was to be sold for well over $500. 

 Musket argues that the statute of frauds does not apply because the contract at 

issue was not one to purchase goods, but rather a risk-sharing arrangement. Musket 

describes the contract at issue as having two options: under option one, Musket and Star 

would split the profits or losses on fuel sales; under option two, Star would purchase fuel 

from Musket at cost plus one cent per gallon and assume all risk. The Oklahoma 

Supreme Court has held that “[a]n oral agreement to share in the profits and losses arising 

from the purchase and sale of real estate is not within the statute of frauds.” Sperling v. 

Marler, 963 P.2d 577, 582 (Okla. 1998) (quotation omitted). Comparing by analogy the 

case at bar to the joint venture alleged in Sperling, Musket contends that the agreement is 

enforceable absent a writing because it was a risk-sharing agreement rather than a sale of 
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goods. 

 The problem with this argument is that Musket did not argue that Star breached 

option one of the agreement by refusing to split profits. Instead, Musket argued to the 

jury that Star was liable because it breached an agreement to purchase the 840,000 

gallons of gasoline under option two of the agreement. Even on appeal, Musket 

acknowledges that option two required Star to “purchase the fuel.” Because Musket 

based its claim on Star’s breach of an alleged obligation to purchase gasoline, it is 

governed by § 2-201(1). 

 Musket also contends that the district court erred in rejecting its equitable estoppel 

argument. Equitable estoppel presents a mixed question of law and fact under Oklahoma 

law. See Oxley v. Gen. Atl. Res., Inc., 936 P.2d 943, 946 (Okla. 1997). Factual 

questions related to estoppel are for the jury to decide. See Crowell v. Thoreau Ctr., 

P’ship, 631 P.2d 751, 752 (Okla. 1981). Whether a set of facts gives rise to estoppel is a 

question of law. See Gen. Fin. Corp. v. Jackson, 296 P.2d 141, 143 (Okla. 1956). To 

equitably estop a defendant from asserting the statute of frauds, a plaintiff must establish 

five elements: 

 First, there must be a false representation or concealment of facts. Second, it must 

have been made with knowledge, actual or constructive, of the real facts. Third, 

the party to whom it was made must have been without knowledge, or the means 

of knowledge, of the real facts. Fourth, it must have been made with the intention 

that it should be acted upon. Fifth, the party to whom it was made must have 

relied on or acted upon it to his prejudice. 

Lacy v. Wozencraft, 105 P.2d 781, 783 (Okla. 1940). “[T]he representation or 
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concealment may arise from the silence of the party when he is under imperative duty to 

speak . . . .” Id. 

 Musket argues that the jury’s fraud and constructive fraud verdicts support its 

equitable estoppel position. By finding in favor of Musket on its fraud claim, the jury 

determined that Star made a false material representation that it actually or constructively 

knew to be false with an intent that it be acted upon, and that Musket reasonably relied 

upon that representation to its detriment. See McCain v. Combined Commc’n Corp. of 

Okla., Inc., 975 P.2d 865, 867 (Okla. 1998) (listing elements of fraud). And by holding 

in favor of Musket on its constructive fraud claim, the jury found that Star concealed or 

failed to disclose a material fact that it had a duty to disclose, that Star did so with the 

intent to create a false impression upon which Musket would act, and that Musket was 

injured through reasonable reliance on that impression. See Croslin v. Enerlex, Inc., 308 

P.3d 1041, 1045-46 (Okla. 2013) (discussing elements of constructive fraud). 

 The district court was bound by these findings so long as they were supported by 

the evidence. “The Seventh Amendment protects a party’s right to a jury trial by 

ensuring that factual determinations made by a jury are not thereafter set aside by the 

court, except as permitted under the common law.” Skinner v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 859 

F.2d 1439, 1442-43 (10th Cir. 1988), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in 

Guillory-Wuerz v. Brady, 785 F. Supp. 889, 891 (D. Colo. 1992). “If a jury resolves a 

factual issue, the court may not ignore that determination in fashioning equitable relief or 

applying an equitable doctrine.” Haynes Trane Serv. Agency v. Am. Standard, Inc., 573 
-13-

F.3d 947, 959 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). Thus, in making an equitable 

decision “arising out of the same facts” as a legal claim submitted to the jury, the court 

must defer to the jury’s fact-finding unless that finding is set aside. Skinner, 859 F.2d at 

1444-45. 

 Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Myklatun, 734 

F.3d at 1234, Star never rejected the risk-sharing arrangement Luitwieler proposed on 

April 4, 2008. Instead, Star split profits with Musket on numerous deals over the ensuing 

weeks, reaping returns much higher than one would expect in a normal wholesaler to 

reseller transaction. Despite sharing in these profits, however, Star had no intention of 

sharing in losses. Musket purchased the 840,000 gallons at issue believing a risk-sharing 

agreement was operative. When faced with a potential loss on the 840,000 gallons, Star 

and Luitwieler (while working for Musket) elected to hold the fuel hoping that prices 

would rebound. After Luitwieler switched companies, he represented that Star would 

purchase the gas at $3.35 per gallon and even claimed that Star had attempted to pull the 

fuel on the weekend of September 13, 2008, when prices briefly rose to roughly equal the 

purchase price. Over the next month, Musket held the gasoline on the belief that Star had 

agreed to buy it, even as gas prices plummeted. Musket would have taken steps to 

mitigate its exposure to risk had it known Star did not intend to perform. 

 We agree with Musket that the record supports the jury’s finding of fraud and 

constructive fraud, and that these findings must be applied in assessing Musket’s 
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equitable estoppel argument.4 Further, we do not discern a meaningful difference 

between the elements of fraud and constructive fraud contained in the jury instructions 

and the elements required for equitable estoppel under Oklahoma law. One of our sibling 

circuits has held that proof of fraud necessarily gives rise to equitable estoppel. See 

Lissmann v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 848 F.2d 50, 53 (4th Cir. 1988) (“Obviously, if fraud 

or deceit were also present, they, being more egregious, would incidentally also create an 

equitable estoppel.”). This holding appears consistent with Oklahoma courts’ repeated 

admonition that the statute of frauds should not be used to perpetrate a fraud. See, e.g., 

Harris v. Arthur, 127 P. 695, 697 (Okla. 1912) (“[T]he courts will not allow the defense 

of the statute of frauds, when in so doing it becomes an instrument for perpetrating a 

fraud. And this is accomplished . . . by holding that the party is in equity estopped from 

making use of the statute in his defense.”); see also Brown v. Founders Bank & Trust 

Co., 890 P.2d 855, 863 (Okla. 1994) (the statute of frauds is “not intended to be used as a 

shield or breastwork for a wrongdoer”). 

 The district court did not expressly reject the jury’s fraud findings in granting 

Star’s motion for judgment as a matter of law. Instead, the court concluded that 

“equitable estoppel is an extraordinary remedy and [Musket] has not shown that a 

manifest and unconscionable injustice would result if [Star] were not equitably estopped 

 4

 Star briefly suggests that Musket’s fraud, constructive fraud, and implied 

contract claims were not based on the same set of facts. However, the Final Pretrial 

Report indicates that the claims were based on the same conduct and Star agreed with 

that position in its post-verdict motions. 
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from relying on the statute of frauds.” It reasoned that Star’s conduct was no “more than 

the moral fraud or wrong involved in the repudiation of a contract actually entered into, 

but which by reason of the statute it is not bound to perform.” We hold that this 

conclusion was legally erroneous. 

 The dispositive language quoted above comes from St. Louis Trading Co. v. Barr, 

32 P.2d 293 (Okla. 1934). There, the court concluded that defendants were not estopped 

from asserting the statute of frauds as a defense because the plaintiff “fail[ed] to establish 

an injury resulting from her change of position.” Id. at 297. Read in context, the court’s 

insistence that equitable estoppel is appropriate only if “a manifest and unconscionable 

injustice would result if such relief were withheld,” id. at 296, refers to the requirement 

that a plaintiff suffer prejudice by relying on the representation of the defendant, rather 

than simply claiming expectation damages. Immediately after the quoted passage, the 

court explains that plaintiff did not show “injury resulting from her change of position, as 

distinguished from the damages resulting in [sic] the refusal of the defendants to perform 

the alleged oral contract.” Id. The court stressed that “[t]he very essence of equitable 

estoppel is the resulting prejudice to the party who invokes the doctrine.” Id. at 295. 

Analyzing case law from other courts, the Barr opinion distinguished between an offer of 

employment that prompted a plaintiff to quit an existing job, which qualified as “unjust 

and unconscientious” and sufficient to invoke equitable estoppel, and “the mere moral 

fraud or wrong involved in the repudiation of a contract.” Id. 

 Several other Oklahoma cases have made the same distinction between 
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detrimental reliance and the loss of expected benefits. In Funk v. Anderson-Rooney 

Operating Co., 423 P.2d 465 (Okla. 1966), the court analyzes several prior cases applying 

the rule that a plaintiff must suffer an “unjust and unconscionable” injury by changing his 

position to invoke equitable estoppel. Id. at 468. It synthesizes the following rule from 

these cases: 

[W]here A brings an action against B to recover damages for breach of an 

oral contract . . . and A seeks to eliminate the Statute of Frauds as a defense 

on the grounds of equitable estoppel, the evidence necessary to invoke the 

doctrine of equitable estoppel is measured by the detriment sustained by A 

in acting upon the oral contract or altering his position and not the benefits 

that he would have received under the oral contract. 

Id. at 468-69. Similarly, in Burson v. Whistler’s, Inc., 302 P.2d 155 (Okla. 1956), the 

court explained: 

While it has been held in some cases that the doctrine of estoppel is the 

basis of the rule that the statute of frauds cannot be invoked to perpetrate 

fraud, . . . it is commonly held that the word “fraud” as used here means 

actual, positive fraud, and not mere reliance on the honor, word, or promise 

of defendant, and is to be distinguished from the use of the word, in 

connection with equitable estoppel, as synonymous with “unconscientious” 

and “inequitable.” Thus, in order to justify the exercise of equitable 

jurisdiction, the fraud complained of must be something more than the mere 

refusal of a party to perform his agreement, since either party has the right 

to refuse to execute a parol contract within the operation of the statute, and 

the exercise of that right is no more a fraud than a breach of any other 

contract. 

Id. at 157 (quotation, citation, and emphasis omitted). 

 We further note that Oklahoma courts have repeatedly stated the elements of 

equitable estoppel without including a requirement that the conduct at issue cause a 

manifest and unconscionable injustice. See, e.g., McWilliams v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 
-17-

268 P.3d 79, 83 (Okla. 2011); Sellers v. Sellers, 428 P.2d 230, 240 (Okla. 1967). To the 

extent Barr conflicted with these later-decided cases, we would be compelled to follow 

the latter. See Wade v. EMCASCO Ins. Co., 483 F.3d 657, 665-66 (10th Cir. 2007) (in 

diversity cases, a “federal court must follow the most recent decisions of the state’s 

highest court”). But the better reading of Barr, and the one most consistent with other 

Oklahoma cases on point, is that manifest injustice refers to the requirement that a 

plaintiff be meaningfully prejudiced by a change in position made in reliance on a 

defendant’s misrepresentations. 

 Applying the proper rule to the case at bar, we conclude that Star is equitably 

estopped from asserting the statute of frauds because of the jury’s fraud and constructive 

fraud verdicts. Musket relied on Star’s representations and omissions to its substantial 

detriment. It purchased 840,000 gallons of gasoline and held them through a period of 

rapidly declining prices because of Star’s fraud and fraudulent concealment. But for that 

fraud, Musket could have sold the gas on the open market at or above the $3.35 price. 

Musket lost well over a million dollars in absolute terms, and more than $1.6 million 

compared to the price at which it would have otherwise sold the fuel. This loss provides 

the prejudice or “injustice” required by Oklahoma law for the doctrine of equitable 

estoppel to apply. See Lacy, 105 P.2d at 783-84 (holding that the spending of $6,000 by 

plaintiff in reliance on oral promise of lease, coupled with defendant’s silence, “would 

result in fraud or other injustice” and thus would trigger equitable estoppel). 

 In addition to the manifest injustice issue, Star argues in conclusory fashion that 
-18-

equitable estoppel is inappropriate because Musket had an adequate remedy at law for its 

injuries. See Barr, 32 P.2d at 296 (“Although equity may intervene for the purpose of 

preventing this statute [i.e. the statute of frauds] from being used as an instrument of 

fraud,” courts should exercise this equitable power “only in cases where the law does not 

provide a complete and adequate remedy”). Because the statute of frauds would preclude 

Musket’s contract claim, as noted supra, this rule does not prevent the doctrine of 

equitable estoppel from applying in this case. 

 Finally, Star notes that the district court ruled, in support of its position, that 

punitive damages were unavailable as a matter of law. But under Oklahoma law, a 

plaintiff seeking punitive damages for fraud “must show the act constituting the cause of 

action is actuated by, or accompanied with, some evil intent, or must be the result of such 

gross negligence, such disregard of another’s rights, as is deemed equivalent to such 

intent.” Rogers v. Meiser, 68 P.3d 967, 977 (Okla. 2003), superseded on other grounds 

by Okla. Stat. tit. 60, § 837. We have not been directed to any Oklahoma cases imposing 

a similar requirement for equitable estoppel.5 

 5

 Star raises several alternative arguments attacking the jury’s implied contract 

verdict in addition to its contentions related to the statute of frauds. We are not 

persuaded by any of these arguments. 

 Star begins by suggesting that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s 

award. But Star did not advance any reasoned argument on this point in its renewed 

motion for judgment as a matter of law. Accordingly, we will not consider it. See Elm 

Ridge Exploration Co. v. Engle, 721 F.3d 1199, 1219 (10th Cir. 2013). 

 Additionally, Star argues that Musket cannot pursue an implied contract claim 

because it alleged an express contract covering the same subject. But the rule cited by 

Continued . . . 
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 The underlying facts of this case were hotly contested. In light of the jury’s 

verdict that Star committed fraud and constructive fraud, however, the district court was 

bound to apply the findings necessary to support those claims in ruling on Star’s motion 

for judgment as a matter of law. And those findings, absent any apt countervailing 

argument by Star, compel the conclusion that the doctrine of equitable estoppel bars Star 

from asserting the statute of frauds. Accordingly, the jury’s implied contract award must 

be reinstated.6

III 

A

 Star cross-appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on several claims. 

We review de novo the sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury’s verdict. Sanjuan v. 

 

Star applies only when an express contract is “established,” not when one is merely 

alleged. See Jones v. Univ. of Cent. Okla., 910 P.2d 987, 991 (Okla. 1995). Because 

Musket’s express contract claim was dismissed at the summary judgment phase, Musket 

was free to argue an implied contract to the jury. 

 Finally, Star claims that it cannot be equitably estopped because Musket 

committed fraud. Star argues that it was not obligated to purchase gas bought by 

Luitwieler, that Luitwieler purchased the 840,000 gallons without Star’s knowledge, that 

Luitwieler falsified documents, and that Luitwieler attempted to complete the purchase of 

gasoline without Star’s consent. But because of the procedural posture of this appeal, we 

take the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict. See Myklatun, 734 

F.3d at 1234. Star’s argument rests on findings contrary to those necessarily made by the 

jury. Accordingly, we must reject the assertion that Musket defrauded Star rather than 

vice-versa (as the jury found). 

6

 Because Clifton and Selph do not advance any argument challenging their status 

as guarantors, we also reinstate the judgment as against them. 
-20-

IBP, Inc., 275 F.3d 1290, 1293 (10th Cir. 2002). We will reverse only if “the evidence 

points but one way and is susceptible to no reasonable inferences supporting” the verdict. 

Id. (quotation omitted). “We do not weigh the evidence, pass on the credibility of the 

witnesses, or substitute our conclusions for [those] of the jury.” Harolds Stores, Inc. v. 

Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1546-47 (10th Cir. 1996). 

1 

 Star contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s verdict on 

Musket’s fraud claim.7

 To prevail on its fraud claim, Musket was required to prove that: 

(1) a false material representation was made as a positive assertion; (2) it was known to 

be false or made recklessly without knowledge of the truth; (3) there was an intention it 

be acted upon; and (4) the other party relied on the representation to its detriment. 

McCain, 975 P.2d at 867. The mere failure to perform is insufficient—there must be 

clear and convincing evidence that the promise was made with the intent not to perform. 

Citation Co. Realtors, Inc. v. Lyon, 610 P.2d 788, 790 (Okla. 1980). 

 As noted supra, the record fully supports the jury’s findings of fraud. Star 

accepted an even split of profits on several deals apparently in conformance with 

Luitwieler’s proposal, yet, as Star employee Hatcher acknowledged, the company had no 

intention of splitting losses. Luitwieler later represented on behalf of Star that it would 

 7

 Star also argues that the jury’s fraud verdict was prohibited by the statute of 

frauds. Because we have concluded that Star is equitably estopped from asserting the 

statute of frauds, we do not address this argument. 
-21-

purchase the 840,000 gallons at issue, causing Musket to hold the gasoline instead of 

selling it under favorable market conditions. Clifton knew of this latter representation by 

September 23, 2008. 

 Star focuses on the issue of whether Musket’s reliance was reasonable. See State 

ex rel. Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Brown, 519 P.2d 491, 495 (Okla. 1974) (under Oklahoma 

law, reliance must be justifiable). It points to several statements from Musket employees 

expressing concern over Luitwieler’s integrity and questioning why Star would pay more 

for the 840,000 gallons than the market price. The employee who questioned why Star 

would engage in the transaction explained that he was unaware of the profit-sharing deal 

at the relevant time. And several employees testified that although they were concerned 

about Luitwieler generally, they had no reason to doubt the existence of a risk-sharing 

agreement with Star. The jury was free to accept these explanations and weigh these 

witnesses’ credibility. We are bound by their determination on that score. See Harolds 

Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d at 1546-47. 

2 

 Star also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s 

constructive fraud award. “Constructive fraud is the concealment of a material fact by 

one who has a duty to disclose.” Howell v. Texaco, Inc., 112 P.3d 1154, 1161 (Okla. 

2004). Star contends that Musket failed to establish a duty to disclose because the 

transaction at issue was an ordinary commercial exchange. But a duty to disclose can 

exist absent a fiduciary duty or other special relationship “if a party selectively discloses 
-22-

facts that create a false impression.” Specialty Beverages, L.L.C. v. Pabst Brewing Co., 

537 F.3d 1165, 1181-82 (10th Cir. 2008) (applying Oklahoma law). By accepting split 

profits following Luitwieler’s proposal without disclosing that Star did not intend to split 

losses, Star created a false impression and was thus liable for constructive fraud. 

3

 We next consider Star’s argument that the evidence was insufficient to support the 

jury’s misappropriation of trade secrets award. “To prove misappropriation of a trade 

secret, [a plaintiff] must show (i) the existence of a trade secret, (ii) misappropriation of 

the secret by defendants, and (iii) use of the secret to [the plaintiff’s] detriment.” MTG 

Guarnieri Mfg., Inc. v. Clouatre, 239 P.3d 202, 209 (Okla. App. 2010). 

 Star contends that Musket failed to establish that it misappropriated or used any of 

the documents taken from Musket by Luitwieler. We have no trouble concluding the 

evidence was sufficient to show that Star misappropriated the documents at issue.8

 

Oklahoma law defines misappropriation as the “acquisition of a trade secret of another by 

a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper 

means.” Okla. Stat. tit. 78, § 86(2)(a). And the phrase “improper means” includes 

“breach of a duty to maintain secrecy.” § 86(1). By bringing Musket’s documents to 

Star, Luitwieler breached a non-disclosure agreement. And the jury permissibly 

concluded that Star should have known that Luitwieler, a director recently hired from a 

 8

 Star does not challenge the existence of trade secrets. 
-23-

similar position at another company, was subject to non-disclosure duties. 

 Relying on non-Oklahoma cases, Star argues that “use” means “commercial use.” 

See, e.g., Univ. Computing Co. v. Lykes-Youngstown Corp., 504 F.2d 518, 539 (5th Cir. 

1974). Assuming commercial use is required under Oklahoma law, we conclude that 

Musket provided enough circumstantial evidence to support the jury’s verdict. A 

computer forensics investigator testified that numerous Musket documents, including 

those identified as trade secrets, were downloaded from Luitwieler’s IDrive account from 

computers associated with Star. Several Musket customers identified in files taken by 

Luitwieler began doing business with Star, and Star’s wholesale fuel business increased 

significantly after Luitwieler was hired. The jury permissibly inferred that the documents 

at issue were commercially used by Star, particularly in the absence of any potential noncommercial use for the files. 

 Star also claims that the jury’s verdicts are inconsistent because it found in favor 

of Luitwieler on Musket’s misappropriation claim against him. However, Musket 

presented evidence suggesting that Star employees other than Luitwieler accessed the 

Musket documents. Multiple Star computers accessed the IDrive account, including a 

computer in Kansas City and one in Oklahoma in the span of eighty minutes. Moreover, 

the Oklahoma Supreme Court has explained that “[u]nder respondeat superior, the 

negligence or wrongful act, as opposed to the civil liability of the servant, is imputed to 

the master. . . . [A] finding of no civil liability on the part of the servant does not 

necessarily negate the liability of the master.” Hooper ex rel. Hooper v. Clements Food 
-24-

Co., 694 P.2d 943, 945 (Okla. 1985) (emphasis omitted). 

 Finally, Star argues that Musket’s damages expert impermissibly attributed all of 

the profits of Star’s supply and logistics division to trade secret misappropriation. 

However, under the “traditional form of restitutionary relief in an action for the 

appropriation of a trade secret,” the “plaintiff has the burden of establishing the 

defendant’s sales; the defendant has the burden of establishing any portion of the sales 

not attributable to the trade secret and any expenses to be deducted in determining net 

profits.” Cartel Asset Mgmt. v. Ocwen Fin. Corp., 249 F. App’x 63, 79 (10th Cir. 2007) 

(unpublished) (quoting Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 45, cmt. (f) (1995)). 

Having elected to forgo apportionment evidence, Star cannot now complain of the 

damage award. 

4

 In its final sufficiency of the evidence challenge, Star claims that the evidence was 

insufficient to establish unfair competition for several reasons. First, it claims that Star 

and Musket were not competitors. Although Musket’s president testified that the two 

companies were not competitors as to Musket’s “primary business,” he and several other 

witnesses testified that the two companies did compete in the wholesale fuel business. 

 Second, Star contends that Musket failed to show that it lost customers or that Star 

deceived any customers. However, the jury instructions do not contain either of these 

requirements. Star did not specifically object to the instructions given by the court on 

that basis and does not challenge the instruction on appeal. “In a civil case each party 
-25-

must live with the legal theory reflected in instructions to which it does not object.” 

Black v. M & W Gear Co., 269 F.3d 1220, 1232 (10th Cir. 2001); see also Eller v. Trans 

Union, LLC, 739 F.3d 467, 480 (10th Cir. 2013) (“A party who objects to an instruction 

must do so on the record, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds for the 

objection.” (quotation and alteration omitted)); Hynes v. Energy W., Inc., 211 F.3d 1193, 

1200 (10th Cir. 2000) (general objection that instruction is inaccurate insufficient). 

Because Star did not properly object below and does not challenge the instruction on 

appeal, we will not consider its argument that the evidence was insufficient to support an 

element that did not appear in the instruction. See Malandris v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, 

Fenner & Smith, Inc., 703 F.2d 1152, 1176 n.20 (10th Cir. 1981). 

 Star also repeats the inconsistency argument it advanced as to the 

misappropriation of trade secrets verdicts. As with that claim, the jury found in favor of 

Musket on its unfair competition claim against Star, but in favor of Luitwieler on 

Musket’s unfair competition claim against him. We reject this argument for the same 

reasons stated supra. 

B

 Star further argues that the jury’s verdict impermissibly awarded duplicate 

damages. “This court will only disrupt a jury verdict for duplication if the verdict amount 

is not within the range of evidence.” Morrison Knudsen Corp. v. Ground Improvement 

Techniques, Inc., 532 F.3d 1063, 1079 (10th Cir. 2008). “[A] verdict will not be upset on 

the basis of speculation as to the manner in which the jurors arrived at it.” Midwest 
-26-

Underground Storage, Inc. v. Porter, 717 F.2d 493, 501 (10th Cir. 1983). “[E]ven where 

the chance is slight that the jury arrived at the award without erroneously duplicating,” a 

verdict that is “within the range of the evidence” must be upheld unless it “cannot be 

explained by evidence in the record and duplication is apparent.” Morrison Knudsen 

Corp., 532 F.3d at 1079. 

 The jury awarded $200,000 on both the unfair competition and misappropriation 

of trade secrets claims. It awarded $11,130 on both the fraud and constructive fraud 

claims. Star notes that these claims were based on the same overall conduct, but does not 

contend that the awards were beyond the range of the evidence. The jury was instructed 

on the differing elements of each claim. Star offers mere conjecture that the jury 

duplicated its awards as to these different claims. We will not speculate that duplication 

occurred merely because the awards are equal. See Macsenti v. Becker, 237 F.3d 1223, 

1234-35 (10th Cir. 2001). 

IV

 For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE in part and REMAND with instructions 

to reinstate the jury’s verdict on Musket’s implied contract claim as to Star, Clifton, and 

Selph. We otherwise AFFIRM. We GRANT Musket’s Motion to Strike Sections I and 

II of Star’s Reply Brief. See Naimie v. Cytozyme Labs., Inc., 174 F.3d 1104, 1113 n.8 

(10th Cir. 1999) (striking portions of reply brief addressing issues not raised in crossappeal); Fed. R. App. P. 28.1(c)(4) (permitting cross-appellant to file a reply “limited to 

the issues presented by the cross-appeal”). Musket’s motion to file Volume 36 of 
-27-

Appellant’s Appendix under seal, which was provisionally granted, is hereby 

permanently GRANTED. 

Entered for the Court 

Carlos F. Lucero 

Circuit Judge