BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 1 

# Innovative Transport Solutions. The Reality of Electric Driving . Cooperations and key learnings .

Dr . Thomas Becker, AK-4, Vice President Governmental Affairs, BMW GroupBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 2



### Efficient ICE Technology Aerodynamics

Intelligent Use of 

### Light Weight Material Intelligent Energy Management/ Active Hybrid Alternative Fuels:

Hydrogen, 

### Electricity 

# EfficientDynamics . 

# Short-, Medium - and Long - Term Solutions.

Short-Term Mid-Term Long-TermBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 3 

# Challenges. Megacities with different needs.

New York USA

Mexico City Mexico London UK Tokyo

Japan Los Angeles USA

Shanghai China Barcelona Spanien Paris

FrankreichBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 4 

## Presentation projecti . Use cases for electric vehicles.

E-Hybrid series/parallel Pure BEV 50 km 50 km

25 km Bereich Zero Emission 100 km 

### Type 1 City dweller

Typ 2 EV -Anxiety 

# ? Typ 4 Sports canon Typ 3 Commuter

Average daily vehicle trip Germany 35 km USA 53 km Singapore 20 kmBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 5 

## Presentation projecti . Overview of MINI E technical data.

 Curb weight 1.465 kg (3,230 lbs)
 Payload 195 kg (430 lbs)
 Acceleration 0- 100km/h (62 mph) in 8,5 sec
 Top speed 95 mph, electronically regulated
 Output 150 kW/ 204 hp
 Consumption 0.19 kWh/mls / 0.12kWh/km
 Torque 220 Nm
 Range depending on profile, FTP72: 156 mls
 Seats 2BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 6 

# MINI E Projects. Organisational Structures.

Infrastructure Utilities Goverment

Scientific reasearch
Fleet 50 Cars *

* Governmental funding 40 Cars **

* * Governmental funding 500 Cars in total 50 Cars in project
Various utilites ***

* ** rreports to CARB an CARBBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 7 

# MINI E Project Berlin. User profile – overview.
Block Stories / hypothesis /

questions Results – summarizing version 1 Applicants/User profile:

Who applied for and who uses the MINI E?  In general: Mainly 35 years and older, male, highly educated and above average income, affinity to new technologies  Second car in household, majority would use the MINI E for daily commuting and the range offered fits daily mobility needs  Brand newcomer  High interest in eco issues and interest in MINI E even though rarely experiences with E-driving 2 What are the reasons for being interested

in the MINI E? Structure of motivational factors: • (New) Technology • Ecological impact • Brand loyalty • Reducing costs  Most important factor: experiencing new sustainable and clean technology (Sustainability meets Technology)  Second : supporting environmental protection and getting away from oil (running out, security issue)  Less important: reducing costs for daily mobilityBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 8

116i Mini Cooper MINI E (D)

Number of users 18 22 40 Age Ø 51 years Ø 40 years Ø 48 years Gender Male N=13

Female N=7 Male N=6

Female N=16 Male N=33

Female N=7

Distribution of vehicles (town / country) City of Berlin

Trips 13574/

125.197 km Up to now: 13449/

145.030 km Up to now: 15.951/

146.713 km 

# MINI E User Behavior. Overview Samples Datacollection Car.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 9 

# MINI E User Behavior. Single trip lengths.
Source: Berlin Data loggers



### Results:

Measured trip lengths don‘t differ – no objective limitations measured. Average single trip length Germany: 14,1 km Source: infas/DLR 2008; DIW 2008

Bisher längste Fahrt mit MINI E: 158 km.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 10
Source: Berlin Data loggers 

# MINI E User Behavior. Daily driving behavior.

Results: Measured daily driving behavior does not differ in the same segment. But highly relevant differences between compact car and sedan segments.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 11 

# MINI E User Behavior. Parked periods.

Results: Electric cars do not require longer parking periods – no objective limitations through charging process measured. Source: Berlin Data loggersBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 12 

# MINI E User Behavior. Range: How do users evaluate the actual range in terms of everyday mobility? Source: User feedback 

## •According to the users about 80% of daily trips could be made with

MINI E. If cargo and passenger space was not limited, more than 90 % of the trips could be made with MINI E.

• About 66% of the users rate the flexibility with MINI E as high as with a conventional vehicle .



## •Only a limited number of trips cannot be made with MINI E. According to the travel diaries, users could not use MINI E due to its restrictions in 14% of their trips . This is often the case on the weekends.

• Mobility behavior has changed among 35 % of the users. Users 

## quickly learn to adapt to vehicle s characteristics.

• The mean maximum range tested by the users is 150 km . For users as target values for range... 

## • Less than 100 km would be insufficient • 200 km would be sufficient • Approx. 250 km would be the optimum :BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 13 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Chargings per week.

Results: Users charge the MINI E approx. only every 3 days. Source: Berlin Data loggers



## Chargings per week Mean : charging every 3 daysBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 14 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Charging – public infrastructure Berlin.
Private Users Public Charging

30 public charging spots 24 on private property * 6 on public ground

* Private property, but 24/7 accessibleBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 15 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Charging on public infrastructure – by charging spot. Source: Vattenfall



### Result :

Only 3 of the 30 public charging spots have been used frequently. Quelle: VattenfallBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 16 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Charging – Where do users charge.
Source: User feedback 

### Charing at home clearly dominates user behavior:

•56% of the users have never used public charging stations
• Reasons for not using public charging stations: 1. 94% say wallbox at home is sufficient 2. Charging stations are not at places where users usually spend their time: 56% 3. There are too few charging stations: 46% 4. MINI E would have to be parked for too long at the charging station due to long charging time: 40% 

### Possible factors to increase usage:

- Density and right locations of charging stations

- Information about location e.g. demand for navigation system

- Information about availability

- Keep parking privileges



### - Shorter charging duration :BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 17 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Do users need a public charging infrastructure? Source: User feedback : 

## After three months of driving:

• ideal places for charging stations: 1. Parking lots of companies: 92% agree 2. Parking garages: 91% agree 3.Transfer places (airports/ railroad stations/ Park&Ride): 86% agree 4. Shopping Center, supermarkets: 74% agree 5. Museums, cinemas/ sports center: 74% agree 

## 6. Local recreation area: 63% agree Important factor for ideal spots for charging stations:

-Where is the car usually located, if users are not at home/ near the 

## wallbox (e.g. transfer places, parking garages, parking lots of companies)

- For some (26%) important: Anxiety, that others could disrupt the charging process (e.g. removal of the cable)  users may feel safer charging at parking garages or at parking lots of 

## companiesBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 18 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Why do we need to use Energy from renewable sources for charging EVs?

• Electric energy gained by the current German „energy mix“ is not regarded as eco-friendly. Only 18 % of the users regard energy from an „energy mix“ as eco-friendly.

• Electric energy gained by renewable energy is regarded as eco-friendly (93% of users).

• Before driving the car: 95 % of the users regard it important to use 

### renewable energy for charging EVs.

• After three months: 97 % of the users regard it important to use renewable energy for charging EVs.



### • Only 12% agree that EVs are environmentally friendly without charging with renewable energies (same results before receiving the car and after three month) Conclusion: The EV alone isn’t enough - the ecological benefit comes 

### with the usage of renewable energies. This is completely different in the US. Source: User feedback :BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 19 

# MINI E Ecological relevance. What is more important, – the eco aspects of the car or experiencing the technology? Source: User feedback : 

## Three subgroups of users:

• For 41% of the users, it is a composition of both technical and ecological • aspects – more or less equally important.

• For 38 % of the users, the technical aspects are more important, eco • aspects less important or unimportant

• For 21% of the users, the eco aspects are more important – technical 

### • aspects less important or unimportant Conclusion : combination important – technology meets sustainabilityBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 20 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Time of charging at wallbox (at home).

Results: On avarage only 1⁄4 of the MINI E are connected to a wall box during the night

- Implication for using wind energy and perform sheduled charging – wind2grid Source: TU Ilmenau

Tageszeit Number of cars at wallboxes ( home charging )

N = 40 Source: TU IlmenauBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 21 Define the overall rules of the Game.

1. Enable full competition and customer choice on all stages of the e- mobility chain 2. Ensure transparency on the carbon impact of all fuels (fossil, Biofuels, electricity, hydrogen etc.) 3. Define responsibilities and incentives between car- makers and energy utilities Spend public money right. 1. Create new instruments where they are really needed. Check all existing taxes and incentives around electric driving for possible readjustment 2. Lower the cost threshold for consumers in the initial phase of technology 3. Ensure public charging is sufficient but support charging infrastructure at home and at the workplace as strongly as possible. International Cooperation is key 1. Avoid the divergence of technical standards that occurred for conventional driving from the outset. 2. Consider new additional instruments for road transport (like Low Carbon Fuel Standards, Cap and Trade etc.) in shaping the overall legislative framework. 3. EU, USA and China should take the lead together. 

# Preliminary Conclusions. The role for Government.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 22 

# Thank you for your attention !BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 23 

# Back upBMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 24 

# Verständnis nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens. Verankerung des Themas in der BMW Group.

für ihre Produkte Clean Mobility: Fahren ohne Emissionen als Industrie- verantwortungsvoller Umgang unternehmen mit Ressourcen 

## als aktives Mitglied gezieltes gesellschaftliches der Gesellschaft Engagement im Unternehmen Grundüberzeugungen Vorstandsbeschluss aus dem Jahr 2000: „Nachhaltigkeit ist richtungsweisendes Prinzip unserer Unternehmensstrategie.“ „Nachhaltigkeit in der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette ist mit dem Erfolg der BMW Group verbunden und gehört zu unserem unternehmerischen Selbstverständnis. Wir übernehmen Verantwortung. Aus Überzeugung 

## und aus eigenem Interesse – heute und in Zukunft.“ Dr. Norbert Reithofer, Vorsitzender des Vorstands der BMW AG im Sustainable Value Report 2007/2008 

## Strategy Number One (09/2007). BMW Group übernimmt Verantwortung:BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 25 

# Verständnis nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens. Commitments und Grundsätze der BMW Group.

Die BMW Group bekennt sich zu:  Zehn Prinzipien des UN Global Compact  Cleaner Production Deklaration des Umweltprogramms der UN (UNEP) Darüber hinaus orientiert sich die BMW Group an:  Vereinbarungen der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO)  Leitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen der OECD 

##  Business Charter for Sustainable Development der Int. Handelskammer (ICC) 

## BMW Group Grundüberzeugungen:
 Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften bedeutet für uns einen dauerhaften positiven Beitrag zum ökonomischen Erfolg des Unternehmens. Dies ist die Basis für die Wahrnehmung der ökologischen und sozialen Verantwortung.


##  Die Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung gehört für uns untrennbar zu unserem unternehmerischen Selbstverständnis.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 26 

# MINI E User Behavior. What do people do to prolong the range?
Source: User feedback : 

## In order to prolong range, users report different strategies:

Common strategies involve Driving style • 94% of the users tried to use regenerative braking as much as possible. • 74% of the users tried to drive with constant speed most of the time. • 71% of the users tried to accelerate moderately. • 69% of the users tried to drive with lower speed. Switching off energy consumers • 63% of the users tried to save energy by switching off the A/C. • Only 3% of the users tried to prolong their range by switching off their 

## Radio. Strategies which are not applied by the majority of the users • 34% of the users reported that they have selected routes which are energy saving. 

## • Almost a third of the users reported considering range when choosing their luggage.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 27 

# MINI E User Behavior. How do people deal with the restrictions?
Source: User feedback : 

## In order to deal with the restrictions, users report different strategies:

• Planning of the trips and deciding on who will use the car the next day, becomes part of the daily routine in MINI E households.

• Due to the fact that 95 % of the users have access to a second car the restrictions affect the users only slighty. • For shopping tours - if the cargo space is insufficient- users normally drive their second car. 

## • Users will also take their second car, if they need to transport more than one passenger.

• If longer trips are intended with MINI E, users actively plan their 

## charging spots e.g. to charge at friends houses or their holiday homes. If time is limited, the second car is usually chosen.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 28 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Why do we need to use Energy from renewable sources for charging EVs? Präferenz Strom für Elektromobilität Items aus Fragebogen (ausgefüllt bei technischer Einweisung); N = 40 Item 51: M = 5.70 97,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu Item 49: M = 5.60 

### 95% der Nutzer stimmen zu Item 50: M = 5.53 97,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu Item 53: M = 2.55 32,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu Item 52: M = 1.98 7,5% der Nutzer stimmen zu 

### 1 = stimmt gar nicht 6 = stimmt völlig Source: User feedback

1 2 3 4 5 6 Kohlekraft Atomkraft Wasserkraft Windkraft Solar vor Fahrzeugübergabe: Die Ladeinfrastruktur sollte unbedingt Strom aus folgender Energieform bereitstellen

Stimmt stimmt Stimmt Stimmt Stimmt Stimmt gar nicht weitgehend eher nicht eher weitgehend völlig Mittlere Zustimmung :BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 29 

# MINI E Charging & Infrastructure. Do users need a public charging infrastructure? Source: User feedback : 

## •Are public charging stations necessary?

- Before driving the car: 83% agree

-After three months of experience: 57% agree 

##  Users still like the option (but don’t use it)



## • Why do still 57% of users agree that charging stations are necessary?

-Good feeling of having the possibility to charge at a station, if the wallbox is not accessible 

## This results in high agreement for spots for charging stations, where the car is most likely during the day/ during work.

-Transfer places

- Parking lots of companies

- Parking garages 

## Users feel good about having charging stations available but during the 

## first three months they rarely used them.BMW Group COP 15 December 2009 Page 30 

# MINI E Project Berlin. Expectations – overview.
Block Stories / hypothesis /

questions Results – summarizing version 1 Expectations in terms of restrictions

Restrictions in terms of daily mobility needs Are these restrictions accepted?  Range is the most important restriction users expect  Users expect to be able to cope with restrictions e.g. using second car  Also knowing about the range restriction nearly all users expect that vehicle will fulfill their daily mobility needs  Users expected more cargo room 2 Expectations in terms of security

issues Fears and anxieties of battery issues  Almost all users feels as safe as with a conventional car.  Not many substantial fears of batteries in terms of safety  Even though users do have a need for more information on EV specific topic such as batteries (such as car washes).