GOVERNMENT IC i ?

Storage

U N I F O R M T I M E

8/4-

8 9 '2 8

H E A R I N G

BEFO RE T H E

COMMITTEE ON 

INT ERSTA TE ANO FOR EIGN COMM 

HOUSE OF REPRESE NTATIVE S

EIGH TY -NINTH CONGRESS

SE CO ND SESS IO N

ON

H.R. 76

A BIL L TO ESTA B LIS H DA YL IG HT SA VING TIM E UN IF OR M LY TH RO UG H­ OUT TH E UNIT ED ST ATES TI M E ZO NE S EA CH YE AR , TO MA KE SUCH TIM E TH E ONL Y LEG AL TI M E DU RI NG T H E PER IO D IT IS IN EFF ECT, AN D TO PR OVID E ADDIT IO NAL TIM E ZO NES FO R T H E ST AT ES OF AL AS KA AND HAW AII 

H.R . 1581

A B IL L TO EST A B L IS H A UN IFOR M SY ST EM OF TIM E STAN DA RD S AND MEA SU RE MEN T FO R T H E UN IT ED ST AT ES AN D TO RE QU IR E T H E OB SE RV AN CE OF SU CH TI M E ST AN DA RD S FO R ALL PU RP OSE S

H.R . 7167

A B IL L TO EST A B L IS H A UN IFOR M SY STEM OF TIM E STAN DA RD S AND MEA SU RE MEN TS FO R T H E UNIT ED ST AT ES AN D TO RE QU IR E TH E OB SE RV AN CE OF SU CH TI M E STAN DA RD S FO R AL L PU RP OSE S

S. 1404

AN ACT TO EST A B L IS H UN IFOR M DA TE S TH RO UG HO UT THE UNIT ED ST AT ES FO R T H E CO MM EN CING AND EN DI NG OF DA YL IG HT SA VING TIM E IN TH OSE ST ATES AND LOCAL JU RIS D IC TIO N S W HER E IT IS OBS ER VE D, AND FO R OTHER PU RPO SE S

H.R . 3385

A BIL L TO PR OVID E A UN IFOR M PER IO D FO R DA YLI GHT SAVIN G TIM E 

(AND ID EN TI CAL BIL LS)

H.R . 2424

A B IL L TO AM EN D T H E STA ND AR D TIM E ACT OF MA RC H 19, 1918 , IN OR DE R TO EST A B L IS H TW O NE W TIM E ZO NES AN D SO AS TO PR OVID E TH AT TH E ST AN DA RD TIM E EST A BLIS H ED TH ER EU N D ER SH AL L BE T H E M EA SU RE OF TIM E FO R AL L PU RPO SE S 

(AND ID EN TIC AL BIL LS)

H.R . 6481

A B IL L TO E ST A B L IS H UN IFOR M DA TE S TH RO UG HO UT TH E UNIT ED ST AT ES FO R TH E CO MM EN CING AND EN DING OF DA YL IG HT SAVING TIM E IN TH OSE ST ATES AND LO CA L JU RIS D IC TIO N S W HER E IT IS OBS ER VED , AND FO R OTHER PU RPO SE S 

(AND ID EN TIC AL BIL LS)

FE BRUARY 2, 196C

Serial No. 89-28

P r i n t e d f o r th e u s e o f t h e C o m m it te e o n I n t e r s t a t e a n d F o re ig n C o m m e rc e

58-797

U.S. GOVERNM ENT PRIN TING OF FICE 

WA SHING TON: 1966
nX. 

as-PR

COMMITTEE ON INTE RSTA TE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

HARLE Y O. STAG GE RS , W es t V irgi ni a, C hair m an

W AL TE R RO GE RS , Tex as

SA MU EL N. FR IE D E L , M ar yl an d 

TO RB ER T H. M ACDONALD, M as sa ch us et ts 

JO HN JARM AN , Okl ah om a

LE O W. O’BR IE N, Ne w York

JO HN E. MOSS, C alifo rn ia

JO HN D. DIN GEL L, M ic higa n

PA UL G. RO GE RS , F lo ri da

HO RA CE R . KO RN EG AY , N ort h C ar ol in a 

LIO N EL VAN D EER LIN , C al if orn ia 

J. J. PIC K LE, Tex as

FRED D. ROONEY, P en nsy lv ania 

JO HN M. MU RP HY , Ne w York 

DA VID E. SA TT E R FIE LD II I, Virgi nia 

DANIE L J. RONAN, Il linois 

J. OL IVA HU OT , New H am ps hi re 

JA M ES A. MACKA Y, Ge orgia 

JO HN J. GI LL IG AN, Oh io 

CH ARL ES P. FA RN SL EY , Ken tuck y 

JO HN BELL W IL LI AM S, M iss iss ippi

W IL LIA M L. SP RIN GER , Illin oi s 

J. A RTH U R YO UN GER, C al if or ni a 

SA MUE L L. DE VI NE , Ohio 

ANCHER NEL SE N, M in ne so ta 

H AST IN GS K EIT H , M as sa ch us et ts 

W IL LARD S. CU RT IN , Pen ns yl va ni a 

GL EN N CU NN INGH AM , Neb rask a 

JA M ES T. BR OY HI LL , N or th Car ol in a 

JA M ES HA RV EY, Michig an 

A LBERT W. WA TSON, So ut h Car ol in a 

TIM L E E CA RT ER , Ken tu ck y

W. E. Wil li am so n, C le rk

Ken net h J. P ai nt er , A s s is ta n t Cle rk

P ro fe ssio n a l S ta ff

Andrew Ste ve ns on J am es M. Menge r, J r .

Kur t Bor ch ar dt Wil ia m J. Dixo n

ii
C O N T E N T S

Text of—

H .R .7 6 .. . 

H.R. 1581. 

H .R .2424. 

H .R .3385. 

H .R .6481. 

H .R .7167. 

S. 14 04 ... .

1

3

9

9

10

5

8

Report of— Advisory Commission on Intergove rnm ental R elations on H.R . 1581 __ 14

Proposed legislation_______________________________________ 16

Agriculture, Dep artm ent of, on H.R. 6481----------------------------------- 17

Bureau of the Budget--------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Civil Aeronautics Board on H.R. 6481 and H.R. 7167_____________ 21

Commerce, Department of____________________________________ 13

District of Columbia on—

H.R . 6481_______________________________________________ 22

H.R. 7167_______________________________________________ 24

Emergency Planning, Office of, on H.R . 6481_____________________ 18

Federal Aviation Agency on—

H.R . 6481_______________________________________________ 19

H.R . 7167_______________________________________________ 23

Federal Communications Commission on H.R. 6481------------------------- 20

Comments on S. 1404, H.R. 6481, a nd H.R. 6785_____________ 20

Federal Maritim e Commission on H.R. 6481----------------------------------- 19

General Services Adm inistration on H.R. 6481___________________ 18

Interior, De partm ent of the, on H.R. 6481_______________________ 16

Navy, Depar tment of the______________________________________ 12

Postm aster General, Office of th e, on—■

H.R . 6481____ 17

H.R . 7167________ ______________________________________ 23

Tre asury, Department of the, on H.R. 6481______________________ 18

Statem ent of— Adams, Brig. Gen. Joseph P., Association of Local T ran spo rt A irline s-. 117 

Anderson, Hon. John Tracy, State representative , Minnesota House

of Represe ntatives, 43d District South, St. Paul, Min n---------------- 102

Brand t, Lloyd L., manager, legislative dep artm ent, Minneapolis

(Minn.) Cham ber of Commerce______________________________ 97

Bush, Hon. Joh n W., Chairman, Interstate Commerce Comm ission._ 48

Corman, Hon. James C., a Representative in Congress from the State

of California_______________________________________________ 46

Cotton, Hon. Norris, a U.S. Senator from the State of New Ham pshire________________________ - ____________________________ 40

Derwinski, Hon. Edward J., a Representative in Congress from the

Sta te of Illinois________________________________________ ____ 43

Fraser, Hon. Donald M., a Representative in Congress from t he S tat e

of Minneso ta______________________________________________ 35

Fulton, Hon. Richard, a Rep resentativ e in Congress from the State of

Tennessee_________________________________________________ 104

Gray, Hon. Kenneth J., a Representative in Congress from the State

of Illinois__________________________________________________ 47

Hansen, Hon. John It., a Representative in Congress from the State

of Iow a___________________________________________________ 43

Ka rth , Hon. Joseph E., a Representative in Congress from the State

of Minne sota______________________________________ ________ 25

Lyon, Carl V., assistant general solicitor, Association of American

Railro ads __________________________________________________ 109

m
IV CONTENTS

Statem ent of—Continued

Ramspeck, Hon. Rob ert, chairman, Committe e for Time Uniformity, Page

Washington, D.C__________________________________________ 58

Redding, Robert E., executive director, Com mittee for Time Uniform ity___________________________________________________ 73

Rosenak, Janice, attorn ey, Interstate Commerce Commission______ 48

Saylor, Hon. John P., a Representative in Congress from the State of

Pennsylvania______________________________________________ 41

Shipley, Hon. George E., a Representative in Congress from the State

of Illinois_________________________________________________ 44

Slichter, Jack M., on behalf of Air Tra nsport Association of Ame rica.. 107 

Trice, R. A., vice preside nt and traffic manager, Virginia Stage Lines,

Inc., Charlottesville, Va _____________________________________ 90

Walker, Hon. E. S. Joh nny, a Representative in Congress from the

State of New Mexico_______________________________________ 42

Additional m aterial sub mitted for the record by—

Amalgamated Transit Union, letter from Joh n M. Elliott, international president____________________________________________ 136

American Broadcasting Co., letter from Leonard H. Goldenson,

preside nt_________________________________________________ 126

American Mutual Insurance Alliance, letter from Wallace M. Smith,

Washington (D.C.) branch office m anager_____________________ 136

American National Bank & Trust Co., letter from W. T. Price, vice

preside nt_________________________________________________ 27

American Short Line Railro ad Association, statem ent of Carroll P.

Burks, president_________________. _________________________ 118

American Telephone & Telegraph Co., lett er from F. R. Eckley,

executive vice pre sid ent_____________________________________ 122

American Truck ing Associations, Inc., Common Carrier Conference, 

Irregular Route, let ter from Henry A. S. v an Daalen, Jr., executive 

direc tor___________________________________________________ 127

Association of Oil Pipe Lines, lette r from J. D. D uran d, general counsel. 128 

Association of Stock Exchange Firms, telegram from William E.

Hutton, presiden t__________________________________________ 135

Brant, Lloyd L., manger, legislative departm ent, Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce:

Appendix A—Minneapolis Grain Exchane trad ing hours_______ 101

Appendix B—Sunrise time in Minneapolis (cha rt) ____________ 101

Central Livestock Association, Inc., letter from N. K. Carnes, general

mana ger__________________________________________________ 27

Citizens for Standa rd Time, letter from H. H. Horner, national

chairman_________________________________________________ 140

Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., letter from Theodore F. Koop,

vice president_____________________________________________ 125

Committee for Time Uniformity:

“A Worldwide Survey of Time Observance,” article by Thomas 

E. Pyn e______________________________________________ 78

1965 time observances (3 m aps )------------------------------------------- 64-65

Summary of pending time bills_____________________________ 70

Devins, D. W., St. Paul, Minn., letter from--------------------------------- 26

Farwell, Ozmun, Kirk & Co., letter from George R. Bolirer, chairman

of the boa rd_______________________________________________ 31

Fraser, Hon. Donald M., a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Minnesota, appendix A to prepared statem ent (results of poll

published in Minneapolis Tribune, June 1964)--------------------------- 37

Freight Forwarders Institut e, lett er from R. J. Riddick, executive

secretary_________________________________________________ 118

Frost, Hon. Thomas N., mem ber of Virginia State Legislature:

Statement presented before Senate Commerce Committe e April

26, 1965_________________ _______ _____________________ 77

Telegram from ___________________________________________ 77

Goll, Mrs. Vera, Kenosha, Wis., letter from------------------------ -------- 139

Gould-National Batteries, Inc., letter from Horace G. Miller, director,

personnel and labor rela tions________________________________ 26

Hamm, Theo., Brewing Co., letter from William C. Figge, preside nt- 28 

Hawaiian Committee for Time Uniformity:

Letter from Rich ard Cronin, cha irm an______________________ 130

Summary of why tim e conformity is advantageo us to Hawaii---- 131

Hilex Co., Inc., letter from Asa A. Eldredge, preside nt------------------- 30
CONTENTS V

Additional material submitted for the record by—Continued

Int ern ationa l Association of Machinists, AFL-C IO, lette r from P. L. Pae®

Siemiller, in ternational pre sid ent_____________________________ 121

Interstate Commerce Commission, recom mended legislation as set

forth as recommendation No. 19 of its 78th annual repo rt------------ 49

Jansen Electronics Manufacturin g, Inc., letter from Paul W. Jansen,

president__________________________________________________ 28

Jansky, Albert, Yuba, Wis., letter from_________________________ 139

Jenal, Robert L., St. Paul, Minn., letter from ____________________ 30

Lyon, Carl V., assista nt general solicitor, Association of American 

Railroads:

List of cities and towns observing dayligb saving time (attach ­

ment A)______________________________________________ 113

Stateme nt of difficulty being experienced by railroad s because of

lack of uniformity in tim e (attachment B)_________________ 115

Manufactu rers Hanover Tr us t Co., le tte r from Richard E. Mo rga n. _ 136

May Hosiery Mills, letter from Mortimer May___________________ 135

Metropolitan Washington Board of Trad e, let ter from William H.

Press, executive vice president_______________________________ 138

Minnesota Mutual Life Insura nce Co., letter from Walter J. Rupert,

president_________________________________________________ 29

Multi-Clean Products, Inc., lette r from E. V. Coulter, president____ 30

Nason, Phillip H., St. Paul, Minn., letter from ___________________ 31

National Association of Broadcasters, letter from Vincent T. Wasilewski, president______________________________________________ 126

National Association of Counties, letter from W. W. Dumas, preside nt_____________________________________________________ 129

National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., lett er from Robert W.

Haack, preside nt___________________________________________ 127

Nation al Association of State Aviation Officials, sta tem ent of A. B.

McMullen, executive vice preside nt___ _______________________ 120

National Association of Tra vel Organizations, statem ent of William D.

Toohey, chairm an, Governm ent Relations Committee___________ 119

National Broadcasting Co., Inc., letter from David C. Adams, senior

executive vice preside nt_____________________________________ 125

Nation al Council of Farmer Cooperatives, letter from L. James Harmanson, Jr., general counsel_________________________________ 129

National Ind ustrial Traffic League, letter from L. J. Dorr, executive

sec reta ry__________________________________________________ 128

Northern Pacific Railway Co., letter from Robert S. Macfarlane,

pr esiden t._____ ___________________________________________ 31

Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, statem ent of Thomas P. Phelan, preside nt______________________________________________________ 76

Pacific American Steam ship Association, lett er from John N. Thurman,

vice president______________________________________________ 137

Railway Labor E xecutives’ Association, letter from Donald S. Beattie,

executive s ecretary_________________________________________ 137

Reeve, Donald A., St. Pau l, Minn., letter from__________________ 139

St. Paul (Minn.) Area Chamber of Commerce:

Press release No. 29, February 25, 1965_____________________ 32

Summary of d aylight saving time poll (table)____________ 33

Press release No. 44, April 20, 1965_________________________ 33

Comparison of time in principal cities of United States and

Cana da with Minneso ta’s daylight saving time (table)___34-35

Swift & Co., le tter from H. F. Morris, general manager___________ 28

Trans-Missouri-Kansas Shippers’ Board, le tter from N. R. Warmack,

general chairman___________________________________________ 138

Trice, R. A., vice presiden t, Virginia Stage Lines, Inc., appendix to

prepared s tatem ent_______ ______ __________________________ 93

U.S. Independ ent Telephone Association:

Letter date d April 30, 1965, to Senator Magnuson, chairman,

Senate Commerce Comm ittee, from William C. Mo tt, executive 

vice president__________________________________________ 123

Let ter d ated Febru ary 1, 1966, from William C. Mo tt, executive

vice pre side nt__________________________________________ 122

Webb Publishing Co., lette r from Reuel D. Harm on, pre sident_____ 29

Western Union Telegra ph Co., letter from K. W. Heb erton, vice

preside nt_________________________________________________ 124

Whirlpool Corp., letter from J. F. Bourquin, general manag er______ 29

UNIFORM TIME

WEDNESDAY, FEBR UA RY 2, 1966

House or Representatives, 

Committeeon I nterstate and Foreign Commerce,

'Washington, D.G.

The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room 2123, 

Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Harley O. Staggers 

(chairman) presiding.

The Chairman. The committee will come to order.

This morning, the committee has before it the long-continuing problem of whether or not the country should have time uniformity. 

Many persons and organizations in the fields of industry, finance, 

transportation, and commerce have been concerned with this subject 

over the years.

Actually, I have found as we have considered this subject in pre ­

vious Congresses, tha t it is one which raises definite views in each 

citizen with whom one talks. Unfortunately, the views from one in ­

dividual to another have not been compatible. Therefore, this problem has been under debate and consideration for many years. Now, 

it is hoped that we can reconcile the various views and enact legislation which will work to the benefit of the greatest number. I believe 

that we can.

The bills before us this morning total 17. Four of these, H.R. 76, 

H.R. 1581, H.R. 7167, and S. 1404—which passed the Senate in Jun e 

of the last session—are dissimilar from the remainder in one respect 

or another. H.R. 3385, H.R. 6134, H.R. 8394, H.R. 9023, ILR. 9066, 

and H.R. 9152, comprise a group of identical bills. II.R. 2424, 5055 

and 10573 are another group. And H.R. 6481, 6785, 7867, and 11743 

make a third group of identical bills.

I understand tha t several of our colleagues who are not on the committee wish to give testimony on this important subject. We will h ear 

from them first; then we will proceed with the Chairman of the In ­

terstate Commerce Commission, the Honorable John W. Bush, and 

then we will hear from all of the other interested organizations and 

individuals.

At this point in the record I would like to insert the bills which are 

pending before th e committee and the departmental reports on these 

bills.

(The material referred to follows:)

[H.R. 76, S9th Cong., 1st sess.]

A BILL To estab lis h da yl ig ht sav ing time unifo rm ly thro ug ho ut the United St ates tim e 

zones each yea r, to make such time the only legal tim e du ring the period it is in effect, 

and to provide ad ditio na l tim e zones for the St ates of Alaska and Ha waii

Be it enacted by th e Sen ate and House of Rep resenta tives of the United Sta tes

of America in Congress assembled, That (a) the Act entitled “An Act to save

1
2 UNIFORM TIME

daylight and to provide sta ndard time for the United Sta tes ”, approved March 

19, 1918, as amended (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261-264), is amended by adding a t 

the end thereof the following new sec tions:

“Sec. 6. (a) During the period commencing at 2 o’clock ante meridian on> 

the last Sunday of April of each year and ending at 2 o’clock anteme ridian on 

the l ast Sunday of October of each year, the stan dard time of each zone shall be 

advanced one hour.

“ (b) The stan dard time of each zone in effect under subsection (a) shall be 

known and designated as ‘day light saving time ’ of such zone, and, during the 

period prescribed by such subsection, shall be the standard time of such zone for 

all purposes.

“ (c) With in the respective zones established und er the first section of this 

Act, th e standa rd time of each zone in effect under subsection (a ) of th is section 

shall, during the period prescribed by such subsection, govern—

“ (1) the movement of all common carriers in in tra state commerce,

“ (2) the time of perform ance of any act by any officer or departm ent of 

any State or political subdivision thereof under the laws, ordinances, orders, 

rules, and regulations of such Sta te or political subdivision, and

“ (3) the time w ithin which any r igh ts shall accrue or determine, or within 

which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person, u nder any such 

law, ordinance, order, rule, or regulation.

“ (d) No State or political subdivision thereof shall prescribe any time to be 

observed within such Sta te or such political subdivision, a s t he case may be, during the period prescribed by subsection (a) which is in conflict with the provisions of this section. Nor sha ll any Sta te or political subdivision thereof 

prescribe daylight saving time or any other advanced time to be observed within 

such Sta te or such political subdivision, as the case may be, during any period 

oth er than the period prescribe d by subsection (a ).

“Sec. 7. (a) If any person fails or refuses to comply with any provision of 

section 6 of thi s Act or with any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder. the Inter sta te Commerce Commission or its duly authorized agent may 

apply to the district court of the United States for the dis trict in which such 

failu re or refusal occurs, or in which such person is found, for the enforcement 

of such provision or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or order. Such court 

shall have jurisdiction to enfo rce compliance therew ith by injunctio n or by 

other process, mandatory or otherwise, res training such person, or the officers, 

agents, employees, and representatives of such person, from furth er failure or 

refusa l to comply with such provision or with such rule, regulation, requirement. or order, and requiring compliance herewith.

“ (b) Any person who fails or refuses to comply w ith any provision of section 

6 of this Act or with any rule, regulation, requirement, or ord er thereunder shall 

forfe it to the United States the sum of .$200 fo r each such failu re or refusal, and, 

in the case of a contin uing failu re or refusal, not to exceed $100 for each addition al day during which such failu re or refu sal continues. All forfeitures provided for in this subsection shall he payable into the Treasury of the United 

Sta tes and shall be recoverable in a civil action by the Interstate Commerce 

Commission, or its duly authorized agent, brou ght in the distr ict where such 

failu re or refusal occurs or where such person is found. All process in any 

such actio n may be served in the dis trict in which such person resides or in 

which such person is found.

“ (c) Any person who knowingly and willfully violates any provision of section 

6 of thi s Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunde r shall be 

guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more 

tha n $500 for each violation. Eac h day of such viola tion shall constitu te a 

sep ara te offense.

“ Id) The Inter sta te Commerce Commission shall execute and enforce the 

provisions of section 6 and this section of this Act. Upon the request of the 

Commission, it shall be the du ty of any United States attorney to whom the 

Commission may apply to i ns titute in the proper court, and to prosecute under the 

direction of the Attorney General of the United States, all necessary proceedings 

for the enforcem ent of the provisions of section 6 of this Act and of the rules, 

regulations, requirements, or orders thereunder, and for the punishment of all 

violations thereof. The cost and expenses of any such prosecution shall be paid 

out of the appropriation s for the expenses of the courts of the United States.”
UNIFORM TIME 3

(b) The Act entitled “An Act to permit the Board of Commissioners of the 

District of Columbia to esta blish daylight-saving time in the District ”, approved 

April 28, 1953, as amended (D.C. Code, sec. 28-2804), is rei>ealed.

Sec. 2. (a) The first and second sentences of the first section of the Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide sta ndard time for the United 

Sta tes ”, approved March 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 201), are amended to read as follows : “That, for the purp ose of establishing the sta nd ard time of the United 

States, including the State s of Alaska and Hawaii, the ter ritory of the United 

States shall be divided into seven zones in the manne r provided in this Act. 

The standard time of the first zone shall be based on the mean astro nomical 

time of the seventy-fifth degree of longitude west from Gre enw ich; th at of the 

second zone on the nin etieth degree; th at of the third zone on the one hundred 

and fifth degre e; th at of the fou rth zone on the one hun dred and twentie th degre e; th at of the fifth zone on the one hundred and thirty-fif th degree; th at of 

the sixth zone on the one hundred and fiftieth degree; and th at of the seventh 

zone on the one hund red and sixty-fifth degree.” (b) Section 4 of such Act of March 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 263), is amended by 

striking out “and th at of the fifth zone sh all be known and designated as United 

Sta tes standa rd Alaska tim e” and inse rting in lieu thereof the follow ing: “tha t 

of the fifth zone shall be known and desig nated as United Sta tes s tan dard Yukon 

tim e; that of the sixth zone shall be known and designated as United States 

sta ndard Alaska-Haw aii tim e; and that of the seventh zone shall be known and 

designated a s United Sta tes sta ndard Bering time”.

Sec. 3. The first section of this Act shall tak e effect at 2 o’clock anteme ridian 

on Janu ary 1, 1964. Section 2 of this Act shall take effect at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the Sunday following the sixtieth day af ter the date of the enactment of this Act.

[I I. R. 1581, 89th Cong., 1st sess.]

A BI LL To est abl ish a un ifo rm system of tim e stan da rd s and me asu rem ent fo r the Un ited State s and to req uir e th e observance of such tim e stan da rd s fo r all p urp ose s

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United

Sta tes of America in Congress assembled, Th at this Act may be cited as “The 

Sta ndard Time Act of 1963”.

Sec. 2. As used in thi s Act—

(a) The term “agency” means the agency, commission, or dep artment designated by Congress to ad mi nis ter the provisions of th is Act.

(b) The term “perso n” means any individual, firm, co-partnership, corporation. company, association, or joint-stock ass ociation ; and includ es any trustee, 

receiver, assignee, or personal represe ntative thereof.

Sec. 3. This Act shall take effect at 2 o’clock antemerid ian on the Sunday 

following the sixtie th day af te r the date of it s enactment.

Sec. 4. For the purpose of establishing a uniform system of time and to fix 

th e standard of time mea sure men t for the United States, including the States 

of Alaska and Haw aii, the terri tory of the United States shall be divided into 

eight zones in the manner provided in th is Act.

Sec. 5. The general zone system of sta ndard time, und er which the local 

sta ndard time is determined in relation to the mean astronomical time of one 

of the twenty-fo ur-hour me ridians occurring every fifteenth degree of longitude 

west or eas t from Greenw ich, England, is hereby recognized and adopted so 

fa r as applicable to the territo ry of the United State s.

Sec. 6. The standard time based on the mean astro nomical time o f the sixtieth 

degree of longitude west from Greenwich shall be known and designated as 

United States Atlantic sta nd ard tim e; th at of the seventy-fifth degree as United 

Sta tes eastern sta ndard tim e; that of the ninetieth degree as United States 

centr al sta nda rd tim e; th at of the one hundred and fifth degree as United 

Sta tes mountain sta nd ard tim e; th at of the one hundred and twentieth degree 

as United States Pacific sta nd ard time; th at of the one hun dred and thirty-fifth 

degree as United States Yukon standard tim e; th at of the one hundred and 

fiftieth degree as United State s Alaska-Hawaii sta ndard tim e; and that of the 

one hundred and sixty-fifth degree as United States Bering sta ndard time.

Sec. 7. The limits of each zone shall be defined by an ord er of the agency and 

may be modified from tim e to time: Provided, however, That determinations 

heretofore made by the In terstate Commerce Commission and in effect on the 

effective date of this Act sha ll continue in effect unless and unt il modified or
4 UN IF OR M TIM E

changed by an appropriate order of the age ncy : An d pro vide d -further, Th at 

“d aylight saving” or other advan ced time may continue to be observed, as it 

has been observed in the past, until the agency has author ized advanced time 

zones or for one year after the effective date of the Act, whichever comes first.

Sec. 8. In determining the lim its of the several zones the agency shall, among 

other things, consider the appropriateness of the standard of time for the particula r areas concerned: Provi ded, howev er, That the agency shall not, except 

as provided in section 9, include in any zone a point or area for which the 

stand ard time of the zone would be more than thirty minutes slower or more 

than one hour faster than local mean astronomical time. So fa r as practicable, 

the boundaries o f the zones sha ll be reasonably stra ight north-south lines, shall 

be located in sparsely populated areas, and sha ll follow natur al or well-known 

boundaries. No particular section or group shal l be entitled to special considera tion, but the line shall be drawn where, in the judgm ent of the agency, 

it best promotes the safe ty, convenience, and welfare of the countr y as a whole.

Sec. 9. With in each zone, the agenc y is authorized to define the limits of an 

advanced-tim e subzone; and in each year, from 2 o’clock antemeridian on the 

las t Sund ay in Apr il until 2 o’clock anteme ridian on the las t Sund ay in October, 

each advanced-time subzone, as thus defined s hall be tran sferr ed to and made a 

part of the zone immediately to the east, and the legal time of such subzone shall 

be the standard time of the zone into which it is tempo rarily so tra nsf err ed: 

Provi ded , howeve r, That in deter minin g the limits of any such subzone, the 

agenc y sha ll not in any insta nce include a point or area for which the standard 

time of the zone to the east, to which the subzone is temp orarily transfe rred, 

would be more than one hour and thi rty minutes fas ter than local mean astronomical tim e: And provided fu rthe r, Tha t so fa r as prac ticab le and compatible 

with such advanced standard of tim e, the other provisions of this A ct he observed.

Sec. 10. In defining or modify ing the boundaries between the respective zones 

or subzones, the agency shal l have auth ority to conduct such hearing s and investigati ons as, in its judgm ent, are necessar y or advisable for the effective admini stration of this A ct ; and, in conducting such hearin gs and investi gations, 

the agency shall have auth orit y to require by compulsory process or otherwise 

the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the productio n of all books, 

papers, records, and documents rela ting to any matte r under investi gation.

Sec. 11. The agency shall have auth ority, subject to the provisions of the civil 

service laws and the Classification Ac t of 1949, as amended, to appoint such 

exam iners, assist ants, and other employees as are necessa ry in the exercise of 

its funct ions under this Ac t.

Sec. 12. Any person, organization, or body po litic may file with the agency a petition seeking the establishment or modification of a boundar y of a zone or subzone. After investigation of the merits of the petition , inclu ding a public hearing 

if deemed by the agency to be desir able in the public intere st, the agency may 

deny the p etition or may grant such relief as i t finds ju stifi ed in the premises.

Sec. 13. Ex cept as otherwise p rovided herein or as specifically authorized by the 

agency hereunder, with in the respective zones establish ed under the authority 

of this Ac t the standard time of the zone shall be the exclusive time for the 

transacti on of all public business by any agency or department of the United 

Stat es, or of any Stat e or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, 

or representative of such agency or departmen t, and sha ll be observed by all 

persons subject to the jurisd icti on of the Unite d State s in all civ il and business 

relations with the pub lic: Provi ded, howev er, Th at nothing herein shall prevent 

the use for scientific purposes of standards of time diffe ring from that of the 

zone, subje ct to reasonable regu latio ns prescribed by the agenc y respecting the 

use of such information so as to protect the public from confusi on and inconvenience. The agency may provid e other exceptions upon a finding tha t the 

safety and convenience of the public will be served thereby. In such instances, 

the agency shall impose such reasonable conditions as it may deem desirable in 

the public in terest.

Sec. 14. In all statutes, ordinances, orders, rules, and regulation s relating to 

(a) the time of performance of any act by any agency or department of the 

United State s or of any Sta te or local government, or by any officer, agent, 

employee, or representative of such agency or depa rtme nt; or (b) the time when 

any righ t shall m ature or term ina te; or, (c) the time with in which any act s hall 

or sha ll not be performed, the time specified shal l be the stand ard time of the 

zone within which the act is to be performed or not performed, or within which 

the rig ht is to mature or term inate.
UNIFORM TIME 5

Sec. 15. The agency is hereby autho rized and required to execute and enforce the provisions of this A ct ; and, upon the request of the agency, it sha ll be the duty of any district attorney of the United Sta tes to whom the agenc y may apply to institute in the proper court and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorn ey General of the United States all necessar y proceedings for the enforcement of the provisions of this Act and for t he punishment of all v iola tion s thereof, and the costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be paid out of the 

appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the U nite d State s.

Sec. 16. Any person knowingly and wi llfu lly vio lating any provision of this Ac t or any rule, regu latio n, requirement, or order thereunder shall be deemed gui lty of a misdemeanor and upon co nviction thereof be subject for each offense to a line of not more than $500. Eac h day of such violation shal l consti tute a 

separate offense.

Sec. 17. If any person sha ll fa il or refu se to comply with any provision of this Ac t or any rule, regulat ion, requirement, or order thereund er, the agency or its duly authorized agen t may apply to the district court of the Unite d States for any district in which such offense occurs, or in which the offender is found, for the enforcement of such provision of this Act, or o f such rule, regula tion, require­ ment, or ord er; and such court sha ll have jurisd icti on to enforce obedience thereto by wr it of inju nct ion or by other process, mandato ry or otherwise, rest rain ing said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and representa­ tives from furt her violation of such provision of this Act or of such rule, regula ­ tion, requirement, or order and enjo ining upon him or it obedience thereto.

Sec . 18. Any person who shal l fa il or refuse to comply with any provision of thi s Ac t or any rule, regulation , requirement, or order thereunder shal l forfe it to the Unite d Sta tes the sum of $200 for each such offense, and, in the case of a continuing violation, not to exceed $100 for each additional day duri ng which such f ailu re or refu sal sha ll continue. Al l forfeit ure s provided for in this section shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States and shall be r ecoverable in a civi l suit by the agency, or its duly author ized agent, brought in the dist rict where such offense occurs or where the offender is found. All process in any such case may be served in the jud ici al district where of such offender is an 

inhabitan t or whereve r he may be found.

Sec. 19. Noth ing herein shal l prevent any Sta te or polit ical subdivision ther eof from adopting by stat ute or local ordinance the standard or standa rds of time herein provided for the zone or zones (as defined by the orders of the agency) in which such Sta te or subdivision is located, or from enforc ing by any law ful means the observance of such stand ard or standard s wfithin such Sta te or subdivision thereof.

Sec. 20. The agency may provide for the publicatio n of reports, orders, maps, and other infor mati on perta ining to stand ard time zones in the form best adapted for public information and use, and such author ized publications shall , without further proof or authe ntica tion, be received as competent evidence of matte rs contained there in in any court of competent jurisd ictio n.

Sec. 21. An Ac t entitled “ An Act to save day ligh t and to provide stand ard time for the Unite d Sta tes ” approved Marc h 19, 1918, as amended, an Act entitled “ An Act to tran sfer the Panh andle and Pla ins section of Tex as and Oklah oma to the Unite d Sta tes standard centr al time zone”, approved March 4, 1921, and 

all laws and pa rts of l aws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

[H R . 7167, 89th Cong., 1st sess .]

A BILL To estab lis h a un ifo rm system of tim e stan da rd s and measu rem ent fo r the Un ited States and to requ ire th e observance of such tim e stan da rd s fo r all p urp ose s

Be i t enacted by the Sen ate and Ho us e of R epr ese nta tiv es of the Uni ted Stat es

of Ame rica in Con gre ss assem bled, Th at this Act may be c ited as the “ Un iform 

Time A ct o f 1965”.

Sec. 2. Fo r the purpose of estab lishin g a unifo rm system of time and to fix the standard of time measurement for the United Stat es, the territory of the Unite d Stat es sha ll be divided into eight time zones in the manner provided in 

this Act .

Sec. 3. The gener al zone system of stand ard time , under which the loc al standa rd time is determi ned in relation to the mean solar time of one of the twenty-four-hour meridian s occurring every fiftee nth degree of longtitude wrest
6 UNIFORM TIME

or east from Greenwich, England, is hereby recognized and adopted so fa r as 

applicable to the territory of the United States.

Sec. 4. The standard time based on the mean solar time of the six tieth degree 

zof longitude west from Greenwich shall be known and designated as Atlantic 

standa rd tim e; that of the seventy-fifth degree as eastern sta ndard tim e; that 

of the ninetie th degree as cen tral sta ndard tim e; th at of the one hundred and 

fifth degree as mountain standard tim e; that of the one hundred and twentieth 

degree as Pacific standa rd tim e; th at of the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree 

as Yukon s tan dard tim e; that of the one hundred and fiftieth degree as AlaskaHaw aii sta ndard time; and th at of the one hundred and sixty-fifth degree as 

Bering stan dard time.

Sec. 5. (a) The boundaries of each zone shall be defined by an order of the 

Agency designated by Congress to adm inister the provisions of this Act (hereafter in this Act refe rred to as the “Agency” ) and may be modified from time 

to time.

(b) Dete rminations of zone boundaries heretofore made by the Inter sta te 

Commerce Commission and in effect on the effective date of this Act and zone 

boundaries prevailing on such date with respect to Alaska and Haw aii shall 

contin ue in effect until modified or changed by an order of the Agency.

Sec. 6. (a) In determining the boundaries of the several zones the Agency 

shall, among other things, consider the appropriateness of the sta ndard of time 

for the particu lar areas concerned. So far as practicable, the boun daries of the 

zones shall be reasonably str aig ht north-south lines, shall be located in sparsely 

populated areas, shall follow na tura l or well-known boundaries, and shall be 

placed where, in the judgment of the Agency, they best promote the safety, 

convenience, and welfare of the coun try as a whole.

(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section and in section 7, the 

Agency shall not include in any zone a point or a rea for which the s tan dar d time 

of the zone would be more tha n one h our ahead or behind local mean solar time.

(c) The provisions of subsection (b) shall not apply in Alaska or Hawaii, and 

the western boun dary of the zone observing Bering standard time shall extend 

to the international date line.

Sec. 7. (a) In the case of any zone, or any one contiguous portion of any 

zone having boundaries determined by the Agency (hereafte r in this Act 

referred to as a “subzone” ), the Agency may determ ine that in each year, from 

2 o’clock a ntemeridian on the las t Sunday in April until 2 o’clock antemeridian 

on the last Sunday in October, such zone or subzone, as the case may be, shall 

be on advanced time and shall be tra nsferre d to and made a pa rt of the zone 

immediately to the east, and the legal time of such zone or subzone shall be 

the sta nd ard time of the zone into which it is tem porarily so transf err ed. The 

Agency shall not place any zone or subzone on such advance time if it includes 

a point or are a for which the sta nd ard time of the zone to the east, to which 

the zone or subzone is temporarily transf erred, would be more than one hour 

and thirt y minutes ahead of local mean solar time for such zone to the east. 

The bou ndary of any subzone shall be placed where, in the judgment of the 

Agency, it best promotes the safe ty, convenience, and welfare of the country 

as a whole, taking in to co nsideration the desires of those affected and the appropria teness of the advanced time for the are as concerned. The Agency shall 

consult with the Governor of any State affected before dete rmining the boundaries of any subzone.

(b) Until such time as a determ ination of the Agency to place or not to place 

any zone o r a ny subzone thereof on advanced time as provided in subsection (a) 

of this section has become final, “day light saving” or other advanced time may 

contin ue to be observed in such zone or in any portion thereof, but only if such 

“day light saving” or other advanced time commences at 2 o’clock ante meridian 

on the last Sunday in April of the year involved and ends at 2 o’clock antemeridian on th e la st Sunday of October of such year.

Sec. 8. (a) Before determining or changing the boundaries of any zone or 

subzone, the Agency shall afford intere ste d persons notice and an opportunity 

for a hearing.

(b) Any person, organization, or Sta te or political subdivision thereof may 

file with the Agency a petition seeking the e stablishm ent or change of the boundaries of a zone or a subzone. The Agency may deny any such petition or gra nt 

such relief as it finds justified in the public inte rest.

Sec. 9. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and between 

2 o’clock antemeridian on the las t Sunday in April and 2 o’clock ante meridian
UNIFORM TIME 7

on the last Sunday in October in areas to which section 7(b) of this Act applies, 

within the respective zones established under the authority of this Act the 

standard time of the zone shall be the exclusive time for the transaction of all 

public business by any agency of the United States, or of any State or local 

government, or by any officer, agent, employee, or representative of any such 

agency, and shall be observed by all persons in civil and business relations with 

the public.

(b) Subject to the prior approval of the Agency and notwithstanding any provision of this Act, any stand ard of time differing from tha t of the zone may be used 

in marine and air navigation, air traffic control and related activities, railroad 

operations having regard to the convenience of commerce and the junction points 

and the division points of common carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, the specialized needs of the military services, or for scientific purposes. 

The Agency may provide other exceptions upon a finding that the safety and 

convenience of the public will be served thereby. In any case in which the Agency 

permits the use of other than standard time under the provisions of this subsection, it may impose such reasonable conditions as it deems desirable to protect 

the public from confusion and inconvenience.

Sec. 10. In all laws, statutes, ordinances, orders, rules, and regulations relating 

to—

(1) the time of performance of any act by any agency of the United 

States, or of any State or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, 

or representative of any such agency ;

(2) the time when any right shall mature or te rmina te; or

(3) the time when any act shall or shall not be performed ;

the time specified shall be the standard time of the zone within which the right 

is to mature or terminate or the act is to be performed or not performed.

Sec. 11. The Agency is authorized and directed to execute and enforce the 

provisions of this Ac t; and, upon the request of the Agency, it shall be the duty 

of any United States attorney to whom the Agency may apply to institute in the 

proper court and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorney General of the 

United States all necessary proceedings for the enforcement of the provisions of 

this Act and for punishment of all violations thereof.

Sec. 12. Any person knowingly and willfully violating any provision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, ox- order thereunder shall be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof be subject for each offense 

to a fine of not more than $250. Each day of such violation shall constitute a 

separate offense.

Sec. 13. If any person shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, the Agency or its 

duly authorized agent may apply to the district court of the United States for 

any district in which such offense occurs, or in which the offender is found, for 

the enforcement of such provision of this Act, or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or or der; and such court shall have jurisdiction to enforce obedience thereto 

by writ of injunction oi- by other process, mandatory or otherwise, restraining 

said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and representatives from 

further- violation of such provision of this Act or of such rule, regulation, requirement, oi- order and enjoining upon him or its obedience thereto.

Sec. 14. Any person who shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision of 

this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder shall fo rfeit to 

the United States the sum of $100 for each such offense, and, ixx the case of a 

continuing violation, not to exceed $50 for each additional day during which such 

failure or refusal shall continue. All forfeitures provided for in this section shall 

be payable into the Treasury of the United S tates and shall be recoverable in a 

civil suit by the Agency, or its duly authorized agent, brought in the district where 

such offense occurs or where the offender is found. All process in any such case 

may be served in the judicial district whereof such offendei- is an inhabitant or 

wherever he may be found.

Sec. 15. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent any State or political subdivision thereof from adopting by statute or local ordinance the standard 

or standards of time provided under this Act for the zone or zones (as defined 

by the orders of the Agency) in which such State or subdivision is located, or 

from enforcing by any law ful means the observance of such standard or standards 

within such State or subdivision thereof.

Sec. 16. The Agency may provide for the publication of reports, orders, maps, 

and other information pertaining to standard time zones for public information 

and use, and such authorized publications shall, w-ithout further proof or authen-
8 UNIFORM TIME

tication, be received as competent evidence of matters contained therein in any 

court of competent jurisdiction.

Sec. 17. As used in th is Act, the term “State ” includes the Di str ict of Columbia 

and the Commonwealth of Pue rto Rico.

Sec. 18. (a) Effective as of 2 o’clock ante meridian January 1, 1966, the following Acts are repea led: (1) The Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standa rd time for the United States”, approved March 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 261-264, inclusive). (2) The Act entitled “An Act to tra ns fer the Panhandle and Plains section of Texas a nd Oklahoma to the United States stan dar d central time zone”, approved 

March 4, 1921 (15 U.S.C. 265). (b) Effective as of the time th at a dete rmin ation of the Commission that the eastern sta ndard time zone or a subzone thereof shall be on advanced time pursu­ ant to section 8(a) of this Act becomes final, the Act entitled “An Act to p ermit the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia to establish daylight saving time in the District”, approved April 28, 1953 (D.C. Code, sec. 28-2804), 

is repealed.

Sec. 19. Except as provided in section 18(b), this Act shall take effect at 2 

o’clock antemeridian on Jan ua ry 1,1966.

[S . 140 4, 89th Con g., 1st se ss.]

AN ACT To es ta blish un ifor m dat es th ro ughout th e U ni te d S ta te s fo r th e comme ncing an d en di ng of day light sa vi ng t im e in th ose S ta te s an d local ju ri sd ic ti ons w he re i t is obs erv ed, 

an d fo r oth er pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United

States of America in Congress assembled, Th at thi s Act may be cited as the 

“Uniform Time Act of 1965.”

Sec. 2. It is the policy of the United States to promote the adoption and observance of uniform time within the standard time zones prescribed by the Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide sta nd ard time for the United Sta tes,” approved March 19, 1918 (40 Stat. 450), and the Act entitled “An Act to tra nsfer the Panhand le and Plains section of Texas and Oklahoma to the United States standard central time zone,” approved March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. 1446). To this end the In te rsta te Commerce Commission is authorized and dire cted to foster and promote widespread and uniform adoption and observ­ ance of the same standa rds of time within and thro ughout each standard time 

zone as prescribed by such Acts.

Sec. 3. (a) Whenever any State or political subdivision thereo f or the Dis­ tric t of Columbia adopts day light saving time, such time shall commerce at 2 o’clock ante meridian on the la st Sunday in April and shall end at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the l ast Sunday in October and shall advance the standar d time 

otherwise applicable by one hour. (b) It is hereby decla red th at it is the express intent of Congress by this section to supersede any and all laws of the States or political subdivisions thereof insofar as they may now or her eafter provide for advances in time or 

changeover dates different from those specified herein.

Sec. 4. The second sentence of section 2 of the Act of March 19, 1918 (40 Stat. 451; 15 U.S.C. 262), is amended by striking out “be the United States sta ndard time of the zone” and ins ert in lieu thereof a comma and “insofar as practicable, be the prevailing esta blished time (including day light saving time 

where established) of the area ”.

Sec. 5. (a) The first section of the Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standa rd time for the United Sta tes” approved March 19, 1918, as amended (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261), is amended to read as follows: “That for the purpose of establishing the standard time of the United States, the ter ritory of the United Sta tes shall be divided into eight zones in the manner provided in this section. The sta nd ard time of the first zone shall be based on the mean solar time of the sixtieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich ; that of the second zone on the seventy-fifth degree of lo ngitude; th at of the th ird zone on the ninetieth deg ree ; tha t of the four th zone on the one hun dred and fifth de­ gre e; that of the fifth zone on t he one h undred and twentie th degree; that of the sixth zone on the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree; that of the seventh zone on the one hundred and fiftieth deg ree ; and th at of the eighth zone on the one hundred and sixty-fifth degree. The limits of each zone shall be defined by an
UNIFORM TIME 9

ord er of the Interst ate Commerce Commission, hav ing regar d f or the convenience 

of commerce and the existing junction points and division points of common 

carriers engaged in commerce between the seve ral States and with foreign nations, and such order may be modified from time to time.”

(b) Section 4 of such Act (40 Stat. 451; 15 U.S.C. 203) is amended to read as 

follow s:

“Sec. 4. The standard time of the first zone shall be known and designated as 

‘Atlantic standard time’; th at of the second zone shall be known and designated 

as ‘Easte rn standard time’; th at of the third zone sh all be known and designated 

as ‘Centra l s tan dar d time’; th at of th e fourth zone shall be known and designated 

as ‘Mountain stan dard time ’; th at of the fifth zone shall be known and designated 

as ‘Pacific standa rd time’; th at of the sixth zone shall be known and designated 

as ‘Yukon standard time’ ; th at of the seventh zone shall be known an d designated 

as ‘Alaska-Hawaii standard time’ ; and tha t of the eighth zone shall be known and 

designated a s ‘Bering sta ndard time.’ ”

Sec. 6. The Adm inistrative Proced ure Act (5 U.S.C. 1000-1011) shall apply to 

all proceedings under this Act, the Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to 

provide standard time for the United States,” approved Marc h 19, 1918, as 

amended, and the Act entitle d “An Act to tra ns fer the Pan han dle and Plains 

section of Texas and Oklahoma to the United States s tan dard central time zone,” 

approved March 4,1921.

Sec. 7. This Act shall tak e effect January 1,1966.

Passed the Senate June 3,1965.

A ttes t:

Felton M. J ohnston,

Secretary.

[H.R. 3385, 89th Cong., 1s t sess.]

A B ILL To provide a un ifo rm perio d fo r daylight saving time

Be it enacted by the Sen ate and House of Rep resenta tives of the United

States of America in Congress assembled, Th at the Act entitled “An Act 

to save day ligh t and to provide sta nd ard time for the United Sta tes ”, approved 

March 19, 1918, as amended (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261-264), is amended by 

adding at the end thereof the following new sec tio n:

“Sec. 6. Whenever the s tan dard time in any time zone, or any pa rt thereof, is 

advanced one hour by any Sta te or a political subdivision of any State, such 

advanced time, generally known as daylight saving time’, sha ll commence at 

2 o’clock antemeridan on the last Sunday in April of each year and shall end at 

2 o’clock ante meridan on the last Sunday in October of each year.”

[H.R. 2424, 89th Cong., 1st sess.]

A BILL To amend the St an da rd Tim e Act of March 19, 1918, in or de r to est abl ish two 

new tim e zones and so as to provide th a t the stan da rd tim e estab lished thereu nd er sha ll 

be the measu re of time fo r a ll purposes

Be it enacted by the Sen ate and House of Rep resenta tives of the United

Sta tes of America in Congress assembled, Th at the first section of the Act 

entitled “An Act to save day light and to provide standard time for the United 

Sta tes ”, approved March 19. 1918, as amended (15 U.S.C. 261), is amended by 

striking out “and that of t he fifth zone, which shall include only Alaska, on the 

one hun dred and fiftieth degree” and inse rting in lieu thereof the following: “th at 

of the fifth zone on the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree; th at of the sixth 

zone on the one hundred and fiftieth degre e; and that of the seventh zone on the 

one hundred and sixty-fifth degree”.

Sec. 2. T he first sentence of section 2 of such Act of March 19, 1918, as amended

(15 U.S.C. 262), is hereby amended to read as follows: “Within the respective 

zones established under the au thority of this Act the sta ndard time of each zone 

shall be the measure of time fo r all purposes”.

Sec. 3. Section 4 of such Act of March 19, 1918, as amended (15 U.S.C. 263). is 

amended by striking out “and th at of the fifth zone shall be known and designated as United States Sta ndard Alaska Time” and inserting in lieu thereof the 

following: “th at of the fifth zone sh all he known and designated as United States 

Sta ndard Yukon Time; th at of the six th zone shall be known and designated as
10 UN IFOR M TIME

U ni te d S ta te s S ta ndard A la sk a- H aw ai i T im e ; a nd th a t of th e se ve nth zone sh all 

be kn ow n and de si gn at ed as U ni ted S ta te s S ta ndard Ber in g Tim e” .

Sec. 4. Su ch A ct of March 19, 1918, as am en de d, is f u rt h e r am en de d by re de si gnati ng se ct io n 5 th er eo f as section 6 an d by in se rt in g im m ed ia te ly a fte r secti on 

4 th er eo f th e follo wing new se ct io n:

“Sec. 5. (a ) I t sh al l be un la w fu l fo r any p lace o f bu sine ss o r co m m er ci al ente rpri se to use , m ai nta in , or di sp la y any st an d ard of tim e fo r an y zo ne es ta bl ishe d 

under th e au th o ri ty of th is Ac t oth er th an th e sta n d ard tim e es ta blish ed by th is 

Act fo r su ch zone. Any indi vi du al , co rp ora tion, par tn er sh ip , or as so ci at io n w ill ­

fu ll y vi ol at in g th e pr ov isions of th is su bs ec tio n sh al l be deem ed guil ty of a m isde m ea no r an d sh all be pu nish ed by a fin e of n ot mor e th an ,$100.

“ (b ) I t sh al l be un la w fu l fo r an y officer, ag en t, or em ploy ee of th e United 

S ta te s or any S ta te or po litica l su bd iv isio n th er eo f to use , m ai nta in , or disp lay 

in co nn ec tio n w ith hi s offic ial duties as such an em ploy ee an y sta n d ard of tim e 

fo r an y zo ne es ta bl is he d un de r th e a u th o ri ty of th is Act oth er th an th e st andard 

tim e es ta bl is he d by th is Ac t fo r su ch zon e. Any su ch officer, ag en t, or em ploy ee 

w illful ly vi ola ting th e pr ov isions of th is subs ec tio n sh al l be de em ed gu ilty of a 

m is de m ea no r and sh al l be pu ni sh ed by a fine of not more th an $100.”

Sec. 5. T his A ct sh al l ta ke effect on J u ly 1,19 05.

[H .R . 6481 , 89th Con g., 1s t sess. ]

A BIL L To es ta blish un ifor m dat es th ro ughout th e Uni ted S ta te s fo r th e co mmencin g an d 

en ding o f day light sa ving tim e in th os e S ta te s an d loc al ju ri sd ic ti ons whe re i t is obs erved, 

an d fo r oth er pu rp os es

Be it en ac te d by th e Se na te an d H ou se of R ep re se nta tive s of th e United Sta te s

o f Am er ic a in Co ngres s assemb led, T h a t th is Act m ay be ci te d as th e “U niform 

Ti me A ct of 1905.”

Sec. 2. I t i s th e policy o f t he U ni te d S ta te s to pr om ote th e ad op tion an d observan ce of unif orm tim e w ith in th e st an d ard tim e zon es pr es cr ib ed by th e Act 

en ti tl ed “A n A ct to save day light an d to prov ide st an d ard tim e fo r th e Un ite d 

S ta te s” , ap pr ov ed Marc h 19, 1918 (40 Sta t. 45 0; 15 U.S.C. 26 1- 26 3) , and th e Ac t 

entitled “A n Act to tr an sfe r th e P anhandle an d P la in s se ction of Tex as an d 

Oklah om a to th e United S ta te s sta n d a rd ce ntr al tim e zo ne ”, ap pr ov ed M arch 4, 

1921 (41 Sta t. 144 6; 15 U.S.C. 20 5). To th is en d th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Com ­

mission i s auth ori ze d a nd di re ct ed to f o ste r an d pr om ote w id es pre ad an d uni fo rm 

ad op tion and ob se rv an ce of th e sa m e st andard s of tim e w ithin and th ro ug ho ut 

ea ch s ta n d ard tim e zone a s pr es cr ib ed b y su ch Acts.

Sec. 3. (a ) W he ne ve r an y S ta te or po litica l su bd ivision th er eo f or th e D is tr ic t 

of Colum bia ad opt s day light sa vi ng tim e, su ch tim e sh al l comm ence a t 2 o’clock 

an te m eri dia n on th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il an d sh al l en d a t 2 o'c lock an te m er id ia n 

on th e la st Su nd ay in Octo be r an d sh al l ad va nc e th e st an d ard tim e ot he rw ise 

ap pl ic ab le b y on e ho ur.

(b) I t is he re by de clar ed th a t it is th e ex pr es s in te nt of Con gress by th is 

section to s up er se de any a nd a ll law s of the S ta te s or p ol itic al s ub di vi sion s th er eo f 

in so fa r as th ey may now or h e re a ft e r pr ov id e fo r ad van ce s in tim e or ch an ge ­

ov er d at es d iffe re nt fro m tho se sp ecified in th is se cti on .

(c) F or an y vi ol atio n of th e pro vi si on s of th is section th e In te rs ta te Commerce Co mm iss ion or its du ly auth ori zed ag en t may ap ply to th e d is tr ic t co ur t 

of th e U ni te d Sta te s in which su ch vi ol at io n oc cu rs fo r th e en fo rc em en t of th is 

se cti on; and su ch co ur t sh al l hav e ju ri sd ic ti on to en fo rc e ob ed ien ce th er et o by 

w ri t of in ju nc tion or by oth er pr oc es s, m an dat ory or ot he rw ise, re st ra in in g 

ag ain st f u rth e r vi ol atio ns o f th is s ec tion and en jo in in g ob ed ien ce th er et o.

Sec. 4. N ot w ith st an di ng the p ro vi si ons o f s ec tio n 2 o f t he A ct o f March 19,19 18 

(40 S ta t. 45 1; 15 U.S.C . 26 2), w hen ev er an y S ta te or p ol itic al su bd iv isio n th er eo f 

or th e D is tr ic t of Co lum bia adopts day light sa vi ng tim e co nsi st en t w ith th e 

pr ov isio ns of secti on 3 of th is Ac t, in all st atu te s, or de rs , ru le s, and re gu la tion s 

re la ti ng to th e tim e of pe rf orm an ce of an y act by an y officer or dep ar tm en t of 

th e U ni te d St at es , w he th er in th e legi slativ e, ex ec ut ive, or ju dic ia l br an ch es of 

th e Gov ernm en t, or re la ti ng to th e ti m e w ithin which an y ri g h ts sh al l ac cr ue or 

de te rm in e, or w ith in whic h an y a c t sh all or sh al l not be p er fo rm ed by an y pe rson 

su bje ct to th e ju risd ic tion of th e U nited Sta te s, it sh al l be un de rs to od an d 

in te nd ed th a t such tim e du ring su ch per io d sh al l be sa id d ay light sa vi ng ti me , a nd 

su ch tim e sh al l be the ex clus ive ti m e w ithin su ch S ta te or po litica l su bd ivisi on 

or th e D is tr ic t of Co lum bia, as th e ca se may be, fo r th e tr an sa cti o n of al l pu blic 

bu sine ss by an y de pa rtm en t, ag en cy , or co urt of th e U ni te d S ta te s, or by an y
UNIFORM TIME 11

officer, agent, employee, or represe ntative of any such department, agency, or 

court.

Sec. 5. (a) Tlie first section of the Act entitled “An Act to save day ligh t and to provide sta ndard time for the United States”, approved March 19, 1918, as amended (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261), is amended to read as follow s: “That for the purpose of establishing the s tan dard time of the United States, the territo ry of the United States shall be divided into eight zones in the man­ ner provided in this section. The sta ndard time of the first zone shall be based on the mean solar time of the sixtieth degree of longitude west from Gre enw ich; th at of the second zone on the seventy-fifth degree of lon gitude; th at of the third zone on the ninetieth degree; th at of the fou rth zone on the one hundred and fifth deg ree ; that of the fifth zone on the one hundred and twe ntieth degree; th at of the sixth zone on the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree; that of the seventh zone on the one hundred and fiftieth degre e; and th at of the eighth zone on the one hundred and sixty-fifth degree. The limits of each zone shall be defined by an order of the In terstate Commerce Commis­ sion, having regard for the convenience of commerce and the existing junction poin ts and division points of common carriers engaged in commerce between the several States and with foreign natio ns, and such order may be modified 

from time to time.” (b) Section 4 of such Act (40 Stat. 451; 15 U.S.C. 263) is amended to read 

as f ollows:

“S ec. 4. The sta ndard time of the first zone shall be known and designated as A tlantic sta nda rd time ; th at of the second zone shall be known and designated as eastern standa rd tim e; th at of the third zone shall be known and designated as central standa rd tim e; th at of the fou rth zone shall be known and des­ ignated as mountain sta nd ard tim e; that of the fifth zone shall be known and designated as Pacific sta ndard tim e; th at of the sixth zone shall be known and designated as Yukon standard tim e; that of the seventh zone shall be known and designated as Alaska-Hawaii sta ndard tim e; and th at of the eighth 

zone shall be known and designated as Bering sta ndard time.”

Sec. 6. The Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 1000-1011) shall apply to all proceedings under thi s Act, the Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standard time for the United Sta tes”, approved March 19, 1918, as amended, and the Act entitle d “An Act to tra nsfer the Panhandle and Plains section of Texas and Oklahoma to the United Sta tes sta ndard cen tral time 

zone”, approved March 4, 1921.

Sec. 7. This Act shall tak e effect J anuary 1,1966.

E xecutive Off ic e of th e P res ident,

B ur ea u of th e B udget,

Washington, D.O., February 1, 1966.

H on. H arley O. Stagg ers,

Chairman, Comm ittee on Intersta te and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Cha ir man : This is in response to your notice of Janu ary 24, 1966, 

concerning hearings to begin on Feb rua ry 1, 1966, on H.R. 6785, H.R. 6481, H.R. 1581, H.R. 76, H.R. 2424, H.R. 3385. H.R. 5055, H.R. 6134. H.R. 7167, H.R. 7867, H.R. 8394. II.R. 9023, H.R. 9066, H.R. 9152, H.R. 10573, and H.R. 11743, bills under various title s, which would seek to establish gre ater uniformity in 

the system of tim e standard s. This problem has been under consideratio n by the Congress for several years. As you know, there are two principal causes of confusion. First, many juris­ dictions make independ ent decisions on whether to ado pt daylight saving time or remain on standa rd time du ring the summer months. In consequence a patch- work of different times may be found in contiguous areas in many pa rt of the country. Second, State s and local governments can and do select different dates for beginning and ending the use of daylight saving time. In some places day light time is in force for 6 months, in other places for shorter periods. During the last session, the Senate passed S. 1404, a bill sub stan tially sim ilar to H.R. 6785 and H.R. 6481. These bills would (1) dec lare it to be the policy of the United States to prom ote the adoption and observance of uniform time within the standard time zones; (2) provide th at day light saving time, if

58- 797—66------ 2
12 UNIFORM TIME

adopted, shall begin on the last Sun day in April and end on the last Sunday in 

October; and (3) increase the num ber of time zones from five to eight.

Adoption of any one of these bills would eliminate one of the sources of 

pressent confusion and for this reason we favor enactme nt of legislation such 

as H.R. 6785. We believe that effort should continue, thro ugh legislation if 

necessary, to obtain greater uniformity of time observance within the sta ndard 

time zones.

Sincerely yours,

Phillip S. Hughes,

Assistan t Director fo r Legislative Reference.

Department ofthe Navy,

Office ofthe Secretary, 

Washington, D.C., April 29,1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on I nte rst ate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

My Dear Mr. Chairman : Your requ ests for comment on H.R. 76, H.R. 1581, 

H.R. 2424, H.R. 5055, H.R. 6134, H.R. 6481, and H.R. 7167, related bills to estab ­

lish a uniform time system for the United States and for oth er purposes, have 

been assigned to thi s Dep artm ent by the Secretary of Defense for the pre paration of a rep ort thereon e xpressing the views of the Department of Defense.

H.R. 76, H.R. 6134, H.R. 6481, and H.R. 7167 would establish a uniform date 

for the commencement of day light saving time throughout the country. H.R. 

2424 and H.R. 5055 would elim inate the use of any time but standard time 

throughout the country. H.R. 1581 would eliminate the use of the term “dayligh t saving time,” but would permit the assignment of are as desiring it to the 

next time zone eastward, so the ir sta ndard time would be the time of th at zone.

H.R. 76, H.R. 2424, and H.R. 5055 would establish seven time zones in the 

United Sta te s: eastern, central, mountain , Pacific, Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and 

Bering, commencing at longitude 75° W., working wes tward in increments of 15 

degrees. H.R. 1581, H.R. 6481, and H.R. 7167 would establish eight time zones in 

the United Sta te s: Atlantic, eastern, central, mountain, Pacific, Yukon, AlaskaHawaii, and Bering, commencing at longitude 60° W. and working westward in 

increme nts of 15 degrees.

H.R. 1581 and H.R. 7167 would place the power of definition of time zones 

and enforcement proceedings in the hands of an agency to be designated by 

Congress. The remaining bills would leave these powers with the Inter sta te 

Commerce Commission, where it pre sen tly resides.

H.R. 76, H.R. 1581, and H.R. 7167 provide for enforcement thro ugh a Federal 

dis trict court injunction, civil action aga inst persons who fail or refuse to 

comply, and criminal actio n ag ainst persons who willingly and knowingly 

violate the provisions of the bill. H.R. 2424 and H.R. 5055 provide for criminal 

sanction s against government officials or private individuals who violate the bill.

The Departme nt of the Navy, on behalf of the Department of Defense, supports enactment of legislation to prov ide for a uniform system of time for the 

United States. No preference, however, is expressed as to the many bills pending 

before the 89th Congress.

Should H.R. 76 be the bill considered, it is recommended th at the effective date, 

page 6, line 11, be changed to read “Jan ua ry 1, 1966.” Should H.R. 1581 be the 

bill considered, it is recommended the title of the act, page 1, lines 3 to 4, be 

changed to read, “The S tan dar d Time Act of 1965.”

This r eport has been coo rdinated within the Departm ent of Defense in accordance with procedures prescribed by th e Secre tary of Defense.

The Bureau of the Budget advises th at from the stan dpo int of the administration’s program there is no objection to the presentation of thi s report for 

the consideration of the committee.

Sincerely yours,

C. R. Kear, Jr.,

Captain, U.S. Nav y, Acting Chief of Legislative Affairs,

(F or the Sec retary of the Navy).
UNIFO RM TIME 13

General Counsel of th e Depa rtme nt of Comm erce,

Washington, D.C., August 11,1965.

Hon . Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on Intersta te and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. C ha ir man : T his i s in fu rt h e r re pl y to y our re ques ts for th e view s of 

th is D ep ar tm en t co nc er ni ng H.R. 76, H.R. 1581, II.R . 2424, H.R. 3385, II.R . 5055, H.R . 6134, H.R. 6481, and H.R . 7167, all of w hich re la te to e st ab lish in g tim e zo ne s an d st andard tim e fo r th e U ni ted St at es . The bills , ex ce pt fo r H.R. 2424 and H.R . 5055, also m ak e pr ov isio n fo r da yl ig ht sa vi ng or a dvan ce d time . T hi s D ep ar tm en t ha s re vi ew ed th e ab ov e-men tio ne d bills and also S. 1404, a re la te d m ea su re which h as pa ss ed th e Sen at e an d is now la n d in g be fo re you r co mmitt ee . We pre fe r t h e pro vi sion s o f S. 1404 a s pa ss ed by th e Se na te. S. 1404, i f e na cted , wou ld b e kn ow n as th e U nifo rm T im e Ac t o f 1965. Se ction 2 st at es th e po lic y of th e U ni te d S ta te s to pr om ot e th e ad op tion an d ob se rv an ce of un ifor m tim e. The In te rs ta te Co mmerce Co mm iss ion , which is de si gna te d as th e ag en cy to ad m in is te r an d en fo rc e th e ac t, is au th ori ze d and d i­ re ct ed to fo st er an d pro m ot e w id es pr ea d and un ifor m ad op tion a nd ob se rv an ce o f th e sa m e st andard s of tim e w ithin an d th ro ughout ea ch sta n d ard tim e zon e. Se ction 3 (a ) wou ld re q u ir e th a t if day light sa vi ng ti m e is ad op te d by a S ta te or po litica l su bd ivision th ere o f it sh al l comm ence a t 2 a.m. on th e la st Sun da y in A pri l an d sh al l en d a t 2 a.m. on th e l a st Su nd ay in Octo be r. Se cti on 3 (b ) wou ld su per se de S ta te and lo ca l la w e st ab lish in g d if fe re nt c ha ng eo ve r d ates . Se ction 4 wo uld am en d ex is ti ng law re la ti ng to th e le ga l eff ect of tim e zone des ig na tion (15 U.S.C. 262) to prov id e th a t a tim e spec ified in a st atu te , or de r, ru le , or re gu la tion af fe ct in g F edera l acti vit y sh all be un der st oo d to be, in so fa r as pr ac tic ab le , th e fe dera ll y es ta bl is he d st an d ard tim e, or th e day light sa vi ng 

ti m e w he re estab lish ed , fo r th e are a in qu es tio n. Se ction 5 of th e bi ll wou ld am en d th e S ta ndard Tim e Act of 191S to en la rg e fr om five to ei ght th e num ber of tim e zo ne s es ta blish ed under th e law . A new east ern m ost tim e zone bas ed up on th e m ea n so la r tim e of th e 60 th de gr ee of lo ng itud e w es t from Gre en wich, to be kn ow n as A tlan tic sta n d ard tim e, wou ld be es ta bl is he d. The pre se nt A la sk a st an d ard tim e zo ne wo uld be re de si gn at ed A la sk a- H aw ai i st an d ard ti m e an d tw o addit io nal zones to be know n as Yuk on st an d ard tim e an d B er in g st a n d a rd time wo uld be es ta bl is he d. Se cti on 6 wo uld m ak e th e A dm in is tr at iv e Pro ce du re Act ap pl ic ab le to pr oc ee d­ in gs un de r th e act an d to pr oc ee ding s unde r th e S ta ndard Tim e Ac t of 1918. The D ep ar tm en t o f C om merce r ecom me nd s e na ct m en t of S. 1404. Ther e are tw o ba sic ca use s of th e pre se nt co nf us ion ov er tim e in th e U ni te d Sta te s. The fir st is th a t a gre at nu m be r of po litica l u n it s mak e se para te de­ ci si on s on w he th er to adopt daylight sa vi ng s tim e or re m ai n on sta n d ard tim e d uri ng th e su m mer m on th s. In som e ca ses th e fin al de cision is m ad e by th e S ta te , in ot he rs by th e lo ca lity . Th e re su lt in m an y a re as of th e co un try is a pat ch w ork of sm all are as usi ng di ff er en t tim e st andard s. The sec ond ca us e of co nf us io n is th a t S ta te s and po litica l su bd iv isio ns se le ct diffe re nt dat es fo r sta rt in g an d stop ping th e use of day light sa vi ng tim e. Some are as ado pt day ­ li g h t sa vi ng tim e fo r 6 m on th s, oth er s fo r 3 m on th s, o th ers fo r differin g pe riod s 

in b etw een. S. 1404 is aimed a t corr ecti ng one of th es e tw o exis ting so ur ce s of co nfus ion, na m el y, vari ati ons in th e tim e of ad op tio n an d te rm in ati on of da yligh t sa vi ng tim e. In thos e ju ri sd ic ti o n s w he re daylight sa vi ng tim e is ad op te d it s dura ti on wou ld be fixed by law. T he bi ll do es not m ak e an att em pt, ho we ve r, to en ­ co ura ge gre ate r unif orm it y in se le ctin g st an d ard or dayli ght sa vi ng tim e w ithin 

a S ta te or a mo ng a gr ou p of Sta te s. Alth ou gh we be lie ve th a t gre ate r re gi on al unif orm it y in th e selectio n of sta n d a rd or day light sa vi ng tim e wo uld be va lu ab le fo r fa cil it ati ng in te rs ta te commerce an d sh ou ld be an earl y ob jec tiv e, we be lie ve th a t S. 1404 wo uld mak e a val ua ble c on tr ib ution b y st andard iz in g th e pe riod duri ng which da yl ig ht sa vi ng 

tim e w ou ld be in e ffect. T he ot her pri nci pal fe a tu re of th e bill, th e est ab li sh m en t of th re e ne w tim e zones, wou ld giv e ap p ro p ri ate re co gn iti on to th e po sition of ou r tw o new es t Sta te s, A lask a an d H aw ai i, in our ti m e zone n om en cl at ur e. I t w ou ld also p ro vi de a co nv en ie nt m eth od of des ig na tion of th e o ff- shore tim e of our ea st er n se ab oa rd . In ou r re por t to th e S enate on S. 1404, we re fe rr ed to cert ain am bi gu itie s in th e bi ll an d to c ert ain te ch nic al dif fic ultie s which th e bi ll co uld ca use if en ac te d.
14 UNIFORM TIME

The Senate Commerce Committee recommended amendments to S. 1404 which 

were adopted by the Senate. We believe that those amendments have removed 

the ambiguities and technical difficulties to which we ear lier referre d. The Departm ent of Commerce strongly supports S. 1404 and recommends favorable action thereon.

We have been advised by the Bureau of the Budget th at the re would be no 

objection to the submission of our report from the stan dpo int of the a dm inistration’s program.

Sincerely,

J am es L. P ar ris,

Acting General Counsel.

Advisory Com m is si on on I ntergovernme ntal R elat ions,

'Washington, D.C., February 3,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

U.8. House oJ Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairmans T his is in response to your invitat ion to make our views 

known on H.R. 1581 and a num ber of other bills concerned with the establish ­

ment of a more uniform system of time and a standard of time measurement 

with in the United States. The prin cipa l and most significant difference in the 

bills app ears to be t ha t H.R. 1581, among others, would esta blish a uniform nation al system of time standard s in the United States, while H.R. 6785, among 

others, would establish uniform dates throughout the United States for those 

State an d local jurisdictio ns choosing to observe daylight saving time.

The existing Standard Time Act, enacted in 1918, is devoid of enforcement procedure, and the deficiencies of the act in general undoubtedly have contributed to 

the prevailing lack of unifo rmity of time observance across the Nation. In 1905, 

there were 30 States which observed daylight-saving time. Of the 30 which 

observed it, 18 did so on the basis of local option, and only 10 of them observed 

the same switchover da tes for going on and off daylight time.

Under such unsystematic procedures, with Sta te and local governments acting 

independently, great confusion prevails with rega rd to time standard s. In fact, 

there does not appear to be any single agency or other cen tral source of inform ation available today that can with certain ty provide information as to precisely 

what time prevails on a given da te on a community-to-community basis.

The majo r justification for Federal legislation establish ing uniform practice 

throughout the country is that the present situatio n causes great confusion and 

unnecessary and wasteful practic es in many areas of our economy. The most 

extreme problems are in the tra nsporta tio n industries where the railroads and 

busline estimate that the present nonuniformity in the adoption of daylight saving time costs them annually .$1,250,000 in the mere printing of schedules, not to 

mention the man-hours th at go into actual revision of schedules. Similar problems are cited in the communications industries. It is a matt er of concern to 

Federal, State, and local governments generally. It obviously has potentially 

significant implications fo r mi litary preparedness and civil defense.

Because of the in tergovernmental implications of the time uniform ity question, 

our Commission specifically considered this ma tter at its Ja nu ary 1904 meeting. 

A cur rent list of members is enclosed. In brief, the Commission considered these 

alt erna tiv es: (a) the sta tus q uo ; (b) Federal legislation requiring uniformity of 

practice within a Sta te; and (c) Fed eral legislation mandating uniform practice 

thro ughout the country. The Commission, without dissent, favored the third 

course.

Consequently, the Commission strongly recommends th at the Congress take 

action to establish national time uniformity, so that the present costly and often 

confusing disp arities in governmental policies in prom ulgating daylight saving 

time may be eliminated. We believe that H.R. 1581 best accomplishes this 

objective.

Major progress toward uniform practice thro ughout the country would also be 

achieved by H.R. 0785, S. 1404 a s proposed in the Senate, and related bills. If 

such legislation were adopted by the Congress, the Commission would urge enactm ent by the States of a uniform time law. Such legislation is already contained in our Commission’s 1900 Sta te legislative program. It is designed to 

achieve intra sta te uniformity, wherein either the entire Sta te would remain on 

sta ndard time or would go to dayligh t saving time on a statewide basis with the
UNIFORM TIME 15

beginning and ending dates coinciding with those specified in the Fed eral legislation now being considered by your committee. A copy of the Commission’s 

proposed model S tate legislation is enclosed.

Sincerely yours,

Wm. G. Colma n, 

Executive Director.

Advisory Commission on I ntergovernmental Relations, J anuary 1966

Fr an k Bane, Chairman.

Thomas II. Eliot, Vice C hairman.

William O. Beach, county judge, Montgomery County, Tenn.

Neal S. Blaisdell, mayor, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Edward Connor, supervisor, Wayne County, Mich.

Marion Crank, House of R epre sentatives, Arkansas.

John Dempsey, Governor of Connecticut.

C. George DeStefano, member of the State Senate, Rhode Island.

Florence P. Dwyer, Mrs., Member of the House of Representatives.

Sam J. Ervin, Jr., Member of the Senate.

L. H. Fountain, Member of the House of Representatives.

Henry H. Fowler, Secretary of the Trea sury.

Orville L. Freeman, Secreta ry of Agriculture.

Herman Goldner, mayor, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Eugene J. Keogh, Member of the House of Representatives.

Ric hard Lee, mayor, New Haven, Conn.

Ka rl E. Mundt, Member of the Senate.

Edm und S. Muskie, Member of the Senate.

Arth ur Naftalin, mayor, Minneapolis, Minn.

Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor of New York.

Carl E. Sanders, Governor of Georgia.

Robert E. Smylie, Governor of Idaho.

Adelaide Walters, Mrs., citiz en member, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Robert C. Weaver, Secreta ry, Departm ent of Housing and Urban Development. 

Cha rles R. Weiner, member of the State Senate, Pennsylvania.

Ba rbara A. Wilcox, Mrs., county commissioner, Washington County, Oreg.

Wm. G. Colman, Exec utive Director.

Uniform Time Law 1

The variation in the use of daylight saving time throug hou t the country has 

caused significant problems. These problems are particular ly acute for industria l and commercial concerns engaged in tra nsp ort ation and communication but 

involve many others, particular ly when individual comm unities exercise local 

option in deciding whether or not to go on daylight saving time. The problem 

exists because of the variation within the sta ndard time zones both in the decisions by States and their subdivisions to use day ligh t saving time and in the 

decisions regarding the time to commence an d end daylight saving time.

During 1965 36 States have some provision for the observance of day ligh t 

saving time, but in only 18 does it apply throughout the State. In the other 18 

States, a form of local option or limited authorization by the State legislature 

provides the means f or adoption of daylight saving time. Furthermore, day ligh t 

saving time begins and ends at different times in different jurisdictions. Sixteen 

States, all but one of which are among the IS States in which daylight saving 

time applies throughout the State, have a uniform period for its use which begins 

the last Sunday of April and ends the las t Sunday in October. Daylight saving 

tim e in the other 20 States, whether on a state wide or local option basis, begins 

and ends at various times during the calendar year. In only three are as do 

contiguous States uniformly observe daylight saving time on a state wide basis. 

These ar e: (1) California and Nevada; (2) Illinois and Wisconsin; and (3) a 

group of 10 Northea stern State s comprised of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island , Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, 

and Pennsylvania. Va riations can become so complex th at in one State with 

local option there were 23 differen t combinations of sta rting and stopping dates 

for day ligh t saving time in 1964.

1

 Included In the Council of State Governments’ Suggested State Legislation.
16 UNIFORM TIME

It sho uld .also be noted th at two St ates c ur rently obse rve da yl ig ht sav ing tim e 

“in rev erse,” i.e., th ey a re loc ate d in the ce nt ral stan da rd tim e zone but portions 

of the two State s (N orth Dak ota and Te xa s) observe mou nta in stan da rd time.

Va rio us solutions to the pro ble m of tim e confusion in the Un ite d States hav e 

been proposed. Pres en t Fe de ral leg islati on con sists of the St an da rd Time Act 

which was enacted in 1918 an d ha s been su bs tantially unchanged s ince t hat time. 

It gives th e In te rs ta te Com merce Comm ission the responsib ility of fixing the 

boun darie s betw een s ta nd ar d tim e zones in the contine ntal Un ite d States bu t does 

not re fe r to dayli ght sav ing tim e. Th e stan da rd tim e zones ar e no t man dator y 

with th e S ta te s; but the ac t does decla re th at in stat ut es or regu lat ion s which 

specify a tim e of perfo rmanc e by any Fe de ral officer or tim e with in which righ ts 

shall acc rue , it is inte nded and understoo d th at th e tim e shall be stan da rd time. 

Bills have been introd uce d in Congres s to requ ire na tio na l tim e uniform ity, includin g da yligh t sav ing time, with in na tio nally estab lished tim e zones. Such 

bills have fre quently been lim ite d in th ei r ma nd ato ry p rovis ion s to app ly only to 

in te rs ta te tra ve l and Fe de ral Go ver nm ent business. Bills ha ve also been intro ­

duced to require in tras ta te un ifo rm ity , ei th er as to th e obser vance of dayligh t 

sav ing time, its duration , o r bo th.

Ano the r approach, and th at wh ich is take n in the sug ges ted legisla tion, is fo r 

the State s th at wish to observe da yl ig ht sav ing tim e to requ ire by St ate leg isla ­

tion its ado ption throug ho ut th e St ate, beg inning an d end ing on a unifo rm b asis. 

The mo st widely accepted da tes fo r this p urp ose are the la st Su nday of April and 

th e la st Sunda y of October. If th e objective of in tr ast at e unifo rm ity in the 

observan ce of da yligh t savin g tim e an d in te rs ta te un ifo rm ity to the ex tent th at 

St ates observe da yligh t savin g tim e is to be ach ieved, it is es sential th at these 

two d ates be specified.

SUGGESTED LEG ISLA TION

[T itl e sho uld conform to Sta te req uirem ent s. The follow ing is a su gg estio n: 

“An Act to provide for u nif orm tim e.” ]

(B e it en acted, et c.)

Se cti on 1. Standard of T ime .

(a ) The stan da rd tim e in th is St ate sha ll be the solar tim e of the [ ]

meridian we st of Greenw ich com monly known a s [ ] stan da rd time. [No twith stan ding the foregoing, th e stan da rd tim e in th is Sta te, betw een 2 o’clock 

an temeridian on the la st Sunday in April and 2 o ’clock an temeridian on the la st 

Su nd ay in October of eac h ye ar, comm only know n as da ylight savin g time, shall 

be one h ou r in ad vance of that prescribed above.] 2

(b) All de pa rtm ents of the Sta te government, an d all [counties, cities, towns, 

an d villag es] sha ll use the st an dar d of tim e presc rib ed in subse ction (a ) here of.

(c) All persons operati ng o r maintaining place s o f busi ness or enga ged in busines s ac tiv ity shall use th e st an dar d of tim e pre scrib ed in sub section (a ) hereof.

Secti on s. Effec tiv e Date. [I nse rt effectiv e date .]

U.S. Department of th e I nterior,

Office of th e Secretary,

Wa shington , D.C., July 15,1965.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Cha irman, Comm ittee on In te rs ta te and Foreign Comm erce, Ho use of Repre sen ­

tat ive s, Washington. D.C.

Dear AIr. Harris : Th is res ponds to your req uests fo r th e view s of this Depa rtm en t on H.R. 6481, a bill to estab lis h unifo rm da tes thro ug ho ut the Un ited 

St ates fo r the commencing an d endin g of da yligh t savin g tim e in those St ates 

an d local juris dicti on s wh ere it is observed, and fo r ot he r purpos es, and H.R. 

6134. a sim ila r bill to provide a un ifo rm period for da ylight savin g time.

We recommend e nactm ent of on e of th e bills.

Th e bill would require t hat wh enever an y Sta te o r po litica l sub divisio n thereo f 

or th e Dist ric t of Columbia ad op ts da yligh t savin g time, suc h tim e sha ll commen ce at 2 a.m. on the la st Su nd ay in Ap ril an d shall end a t 2 a.m. on the la st 

Sunday in October. The bill does no t requ ire th at da ylight sav ing tim e be

2

 The bracketed language is designed for those States wishing to use daylight saving time. It should be emphasized th at if uniform ity is to be achieved, it is essen tial that the two dates shown be specified. States located in more than one time zone would have to revise 

thi s section to identify and refer to the two zones.
UNIFORM TIME 17

adopted, it merely provides th at whenever it is adopted it must be on a uniform 

basis throughout the Nation.

We believe that the enactm ent of the bill will be of considerable benefit in 

conducting the business of the Government. Our experience has been th at there 

is alway s confusion during the months of the daylight saving period as to wh at 

are as use it and regard ing the date on which it begins and ends in any given 

area. The enac tmen t of the bill would solve the second problem and, we would 

hope, would serve to prom ote the adoption of daylight saving time in all are as 

engaging in inter sta te business. We believe th at ena ctment of the bill should 

make for a more efficient use of telephone and tele type communications and, 

therefore, resu lt in a savings for the Government.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised th at there is no objection to the presentatio n of this report from the stan dpoint of the adminis tration’s program.

Sincerely yours,

D. Otis Beasley,

Assistant Secretary of the Interior.

Office of the Postmaster General,

Washington, D.C., June 11,1965.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Comm ittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in response to your request for our views concerning the bill H.It. 6481, which proposes to establish uniform dates throughout 

the United States for the commencing and ending of day light saving time in 

those areas where it is observed.

The measure would standard ize the dates on which daylight saving time 

would begin in the spring and end in the fall. It provides that every Sta te and 

local jurisdiction would be free to determine for itself whether or not it wanted 

to observe daylight saving time, but if it adopted such time it would be required 

to observe that time from the fourth Sunday in April to the last Sunday in 

October.

In addition, the bill would revise the present law (15 U.S.C. 261-263) relating 

to the present sta ndard time zones (eastern, central, mountain, Pacific, and 

Alaska) by estab lishing eight standard time zones: (1) Atlantic, (2) eastern, 

(3) central, (4) mountain, (5) Pacific, (6) Yukon, (7) Alaska-Hawaii, and (8) 

Bering; and require th at the Adm inistrative Proc edure Act apply to proceedings 

of the Inter sta te Commerce Commission relatin g to boundaries of such sta ndard 

time zones.

We favo r the general objectives of this legislation because it will eliminate 

much of the confusion res ulting from a lack of uniformity in the adoption of 

day light saving time by various jurisdictions. The measure, however, though 

providing for a desirable uniformity in dates for the daylight changeovers for 

all those jurisdictio ns which will voluntarily use day ligh t time, falls short of the 

goal of complete uniformity by failing to make daylight time m andatory for all 

jurisdic tions.

Though a man datory and uniform daylight saving time for the country as a 

whole would best serve the int ere st of m ail transp ortation, the proposed legislation is a step in the rig ht direction. For th at reaso n we favor its enactment. 

It will, we believe, in some measure benefit mail transp ortation by definitely 

fixing daylight saving time a reas and stand ardizin g the date periods.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised th at from the standpoint of the adminis tration’s program there is no objection to the submission of this report to 

the committee.

Sincerely yours,

Frederick C. Belen,

Acting Postmaster General.

Department of Agriculture, 

Washington, D.C., April 22,1965.

Hon. Oren Harris.

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Represen tatives.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your requ est of March 25, 1965. for 

a r«port on H.R. 6481, a bill to establish uniform dates thro ughout the United
18 UNIFORM TIME

Sta tes for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time in those States 

and local jurisdictions where it is observed, an d for other purposes.

This Department concurs in the objective of standardizing the time zones as 

much as appropriate. However, since the bill does not affect the Dep artm ent’s 

responsibilities, we have no specific recommendation to make.

The Bureau of the Budget advises that there is no objection to the presentaion 

of this report from the standpoint of the administration’s program.

Sincerely yours,

Orville L. F reeman, Secretary.

The General Counsel of the Treasury,

Washington, D.C., April 15,1965.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Comm ittee on Int ers tate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Reference is made to your request for the views of this 

Department on H.R. 6481, to establish uniform dates throughout the United 

States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time in those States 

and local jurisdictions where it is observed, and for other purposes.

The proposed legislation (1) would dire ct the Interstate Commerce Commission to foste r and promote widespread and uniform adoption and observance 

of the same standard s of time within and throughout the sta ndard time zones 

established by law, (2) would provide th at whenever any Sta te or political subdivision thereof, or the Distric t of Columbia, adopts day ligh t saving time, such 

time shall commence at 2 a.m. on the las t Sunday in April and shall end at 2 a.m. 

on the las t Sunday in October, and (3) would provide for four time zones in 

Alaska.

Since the proposed legislation relat es to ma tters primarily within the juris ­

diction of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Tre asury has no comments 

to make on the m erits of the bill.

The D epa rtm ent has been advised by the Bureau of the Budget t ha t there is no 

objection from the standpoint of the a dm inistration’s program to the submission 

of this rep ort to your committee.

Sincerely yours,

Fred B. Smit h, 

Acting General Counsel.

Executive Office of the President,

Office of E mergency P lanning,

Washington, D.C., April 9, 1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce,

House of R epresentative s, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request for comments of this

office concerning H.R. 6481, 89th Congress, a bill to estab lish uniform dates 

throughout the U nited States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving 

time in those States and local jurisd iction s where it is observed, and for other 

purposes.

The Office of Emergency Planning defers to those departm ents and agencies 

having a more dire ct in terest in th e su bject m atter.

From the standpoint of the adm inistration’s program, the Burea u of the 

Budget advises th at it ha s no objection to the submission of th is report.

Sincerely,

Franklin B. Dryden

(For D irector Buford Ellington).

General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C., Augus t 1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Intersta te and Foreign Commerce,

U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Your le tte r of March 25, 1965, requested the views of 

th e General Services Administration on H.R. 6481, 89th Congress, a bill “To 

■establish uniform dates throug hou t the United States for the commencing and
UNIFORM TIME 19

ending of daylight savin g time in those States and local jurisdictions where it is 

observed, and for oth er purposes.” In addition to the purpose of the bill stated in the title, the proposed measure would provide for the establish ment of eight stan da rd time zones to replace 

present five sta ndard tim e zones in th e United State s.

GSA has no objection to th e en actm ent of H.R. 0481. The enactmen t of the proposed legislation would not affect the bud getary 

requirements of GSA. The Bureau of the Budget has advised tha t, from the stan dpoint of the ad ­ ministration’s prog ram, the re is no objection to the submission of thi s rep ort 

to your committee.

Sincerely yours, Lawson B. Knott, Jr. ,

Administrator.

Federal Aviation Agency, 

Washington, D.C., August 6, 1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Inter state and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request of March 25, 1965, for 

the views of this Agency with respect to H.R. 6481, a bill “To establish uniform dates throughout the United States for the commencing and ending of day light saving time in those State s and local jurisdiction s where it is observed, and 

for oth er purposes.” This bill would amend the act entitled “An act to save da ylight and to provide sta ndard time for the United States,” (15 U.S.C. 261-64) to provide unifo rm observance of daylight saving time during c ertain m onths of the year. The time esta blished by the bill is to govern, among other things, “the move­ ment of all common ca rriers in interst ate commerce.” Assuming this phrase is given no broader scope tha n th at given the identic al phrase in the 45-year-old statute being amended, H.R. 6481 will not affect thi s Agency’s necessary use of Greenwich mean time in comm unications relating to air traffic control, weather reporting, flight information services and aerial navigation. On this understan ding, and since the subject matt er of H.R. 6481 is not otherwise w ithin 

the purview of this Agency, we have no comment on the bill. The Bureau of the Budget has advised th at the re is no objection from the stan dpoint of the adminis tration’s program to the submission of thi s rep ort 

to your committee.

Sincerely,

(Signed) William F. McKee,

Administrator.

Federal Maritime Commission, 

Washington, D.C., June 30, 1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Th e Federal Maritim e Commission has received detaile d 

information on the sub jec t of time uniform ity from the Committee for Time Uniformity. As a result of studying this information, we now affirmatively 

comment on the proposed bill H.R. 6481. This bill would establish a unifo rm day light saving time period thro ugh out the United States covering all States or jurisdiction s which choose to observe daylight saving time. It would also amend the Sta ndard Time Act of 1918 to 

create new time zones to meet the needs of Alaska and Hawaii. Further, the bill would establish eight time zones. The Atla ntic sta nd ard time zone would be established east of the pre sen t eastern time zone. Th e present eastern, cen tral, mountain, and Pacific time zones would be retained. The present Alaska sta nd ard time zone would be abolished and the Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Bering time zones would be e stab lished west of the pre sen t 

Pacific time zone. The lim its of each zone would be defined by the In te rsta te Commerce Commission af te r taking into consideration convenience of commerce- and existing operations of common carri ers engaged in int ers tat e commerce.
20 UNIFORM TIME

We believe that there is a need for legislation to establish uniform time standards because i t would facilitate shipments of cargo and movement of passengers 

by eliminating confusion and achieving greater expediency. Accordingly, we 

support legislation to accomplish these ends.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised tha t there would be no objection to the 

submission of this letter from the standpoint of the administration’s program.

Sincerely yours,

J ohn Harllee,

Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired), Chairman.

Federal Communications Commission,

Washington, D.C., May J), 1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request seeking this Commission’s 

comments on H.R. 6481, a bill to establish uniform dates throughout the United 

States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time in those States and 

local jurisdictions where it is observed, and for other purposes.

Enclosed please find copies of our comments on this bill and on H.R. 6785 and 

S. 1404, which are all substantially identical. We are advised by the Bureau 

of the Budget that from the standpoint of the administration’s program there 

is no objection to the presentation of this report to your committee.

Yours sincerely,

E. William Henry, Chairman.

Comments of the Federal Communications Commission on S. 1404, H.R. 6481, 

and H.R. 6785, 89tii Congress. Bills To Establish Uniform Dates Throughout the United States for the Commencing and E nding of Daylight Saving

Time in Those States and Local J urisdictions Where It Is Observed, and

for Other Purposes

S. 1404, H.R. 6481, and H.R. 6785 are nearly identical. These bills are designed 

to make the dates fo r daylight saving time uniform throughout the United States. 

They provide tha t in those States and local jurisdictions where daylight saving 

time is observed, it shall commence at 2 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and end 

at 2 a.m. on the last Sunday in October.

The bills increase the number of time zones in the United States from five to 

eight. They provide that daylight saving time adopted by any State or political 

subdivision thereof, or the D istrict of Columbia, shall be the exclusive time within 

such State or political subdivision for the transaction of all public business by 

any department, agency, or court of the United States or by any representative 

thereof, and shall be understood to be the time referred to in “all statutes, orders, 

rules, and regulations relating to the time * * * within which any act shall or 

shall not be performed by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United 

States.” (Sec. 4.) The Inte rsta te Commerce Commission is authorized to enforce the observance of the provisions of the bills.

The Commission has been represented on the Committee for Time Uniformity 

and has cooperated with th at group in its efforts to alleviate some of the confusion 

stemming from the existing patchwork of local daylight saving time legislation. 

However, to the extent that section 4 might be construed to make locally adopted 

daylight saving time applicable to broadcast licensees or permittees, thereby 

changing their permissible hours of operation as governed by the Commission’s 

rules, these bills give us serious concern.

A few general characteristics of radio transmission should be briefly noted 

as an aid in understanding our concern. The physical behavior of standard 

broadcast signals is vastly different day and night. Pa rt of the energy radiated 

from the transmitting antenna of a broadcast station travels closely along the 

earth’s surface and is called a groundwave signal. The portion of the energy 

which travels upward and outward from the tran smitter into the upper atmosphere is, during daylight hours, so weakened by absorption in the atmosphere 

before being returned to the earth that it may usually be neglected. However, 

at night, that portion of the radio signal emitted outward and upward is reflected 

back strongly to ea rth at distances much greater than the reach of groundwave 

signals. Because of his phenomenon, known as skywave transmission, the
UNIFORM TIME 21

ma jority of standa rd bro adcast station s throug hou t the United States are re­ quired to leave the air, reduc e power, an d/or employ dire ctio nal antenna systems durin g the nigh ttime hours in order to avoid widespread skywave interference 

within the protected service area s of other stations assigned to the same channel. Since skywave interference is affected by the degree of light or darkness along the tranm ission path, the Commission, in its rules governing the h ours of opera­ tion of standard broadcast stations, is basically concerned with determining local astronomical or “sun” time. However, it is necessary that “sun ” time be rela ted to meaningful sta nd ards (as, for example, easte rn standa rd tim e), and avera ge monthly sunrise an d sunset times are set forth in license documents 

in term s of stand ard time. To illustra te the problems cre ated by these bills, suppose tha t, based upon average sunrise and sunset time s, a radio station is authorized to operate during the month of May from 6 a.m. u nti l 7 p.m. local standard time. If the community where th at statio n is located ado pts daylight saving time, section 4 of these bills mig ht cause the time, specified in the statio n’s autho rization to be understood to ref er to daylight saving time. The station would thu s operate from 6 a.m. until 7 p.m., local daylight saving time (which is 5 a.m. un til 6 p.m., standa rd tim e). This means the stat ion would begin operation with its daytim e facilitie s 1 hou r before sunrise and go off the air, or convert to nighttime facilities, 1 

hour before sunset. The net resu lt of such a sit uatio n is that the o pera tion prior to sunrise would 

violate the North American Regio nal Broa dcasting Agreem ent and the Agree­ ment Between the United State s of America and Mexico. Such operation would also violate the Commission’s rules, and could cause undue interference to other domestic stations operating on the same frequency thereby r esu ltin g in modifica­ tion of the licenses of the sta tio ns subjected to such interference . Moreover, such a station operating in accordance with local daylight saving time would be 

deprived of an hour’s op erating time in the early evening. The Commission therefo re recommends th at there be app rop riate legislative 

action to avoid the possibility of these highly undesira ble resu lts. Such actio n could be in the form of a proviso in the bills or a section in the committee report making clear the inapplicability of the bills to the hours of operation of broad­ cast sta tions as established by the Commission. Thus, the following proviso 

could be inserted a t the end of section 4 : “Provided, T hat nothing in this Act shall 

affect the hours of operation of broadcast station s as established by the Fed eral Communications Commission.” If this recommendation is adopted, the Commis­ sion w’ould have no objection to the enactmen t of S. 1404, H.R. 0481, or 1I.R. 0785.

Adopted : April 21,1965.

Civ il Aeronau tic s Board. 

WasZtinfl'tow, D .C .,Ju ne 3 ,19 65.

Hon . Oren H arris,

Chairman. Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your letters of March 25 and April 9, 

1965, requesting repo rts by the Board on II.R. 0481, a bill to establish uniform 

dates througho ut the United Sta tes for the commencing and ending of dayligh t saving time in those States and local jurisdictio ns where it is observed, and for other purposes, and II.R. 7107, a bill to establish a uniform system of time sta ndard s and measurements for the United Sta tes and to require the observance 

of such time standa rds for all purposes. H.R. 6481 declares it to be the policy of the United States to promote the adoption of uniform time within the existing sta ndard time zones prescribed by the Sta nda rd Time Act of March 19. 1918 (40 Stat. 450), and directs the Interstate 

Commerce Commission, which has the responsibility of defining the limits of existin g zones under such act, to foster the uniform observance of the same sta nd ards of time throughout each zone. States or political subdivisions thereof electing to adopt daylight saving time would be requ ired to commence such time on the last Sunday in April and end it on the last Sunday in October, and the Commission would be auth oriz ed to seek injunctive relief from the Feder al courts for violations of the changeover dates. Daylight saving time adopted in accordance with the provisions of the bill would be the exclusive time for 

the tra nsa ction of business by Fede ral offices. II.R. 7167. which is identical to draft legislation submitted to the Congress 

by the Interstate Commerce Commission, differs prin cipally from H.R. 6481,
22 UNIFORM TIME

in that it would be administered by such agency as might be designated by the 

Congress rathe r than by the Commission; the Standard Time Act would be 

repealed and time zones would be prescribed for the United States, with the 

administering agency being authorized to fix the boundaries thereof; the 

administering agency would be authorized, where desirable in the public interest, 

to establish an “advanced” standard of time (the equivalent of daylight saving 

time) for a zone; and the standard time of each zone would be the exclusive 

measure of time for the transaction of all public business by the Federal or 

State Governments and by all persons in their business relations with the 

public, except for scientific purposes and for other purposes expressly exempted.

The Board is in accord with the objectives of the bills to provide a more 

uniform system of time standards for the United States. The interests of air 

transportation, as well as other forms of transportation, would be furthered 

by greater uniformity in time changes on a nationwide basis. Air carriers 

distribute timetables showing time at individual points because of variations 

in time observance in different parts of the country. The establishment of uniform cutoff dates for the commencement and termination of daylight saving 

time would result in cost savings to the industry as well as greater convenience 

to the traveling public.

Thus, either of the bills would assist in relieving the confusion which exists 

at the present time. However, the Board believes that in the long run the 

interests of both carriers and travelers would be better served by a more comprehensive measure such as II.R. 7167.

The Board has been advised by the Bureau of the Budget that there is no 

objection to the submission of this report from the standpoint of the administration’s program.

H arold R. Sanderso n,

Secretary

(For the Civil Aeronautics Board).

Gove rnm ent of th e Dis tr ic t of Columbia,

Washington, D.G., May 7,1965.

H on. Oren Har ris,

Chairman, Committee on In terst ate and Foreign Commerce,

U.S. House o f R epresentatives,

Washington, D.O.

Dear Mr. Harris : The Commissioners of the District of Columbia have for 

report II.R. 6481, 89th Congress, a bill to establish uniform dates throughout 

the United States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time in those 

State s and local jurisdictions where it is observed, and for other purposes.

The purpose of the bill is primarily to establish throughout the United States 

uniformity in the beginning and ending of daylight saving time.

Section 3(a ) of the bill provides that whenever any State or political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia adopts daylight saving time, such time 

shall commence on the last Sunday in April and shall end on the last Sunday in 

October. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia are authorized by the 

act approved April 28, 1953 ( 67 Stat. 23, sec. 28-2804, D.C. Code) to advance 

the standard time applicable to the District 1 hour for this same period. For the 

past several years, pursuant to such authority, the Commissioners have established the entire period as the daylight saving time period in the Nation’s 

Capital.

Since the provisions of the bill would not change the present practice in the 

District of Columbia, but would, in fact, standardize the practice in other political subdivisions with the practice now followed by the District, the Commissioners favor its enactment.

The Commissioners have been advised by the Bureau of the Budget tha t from 

the standpoint of the administration’s program there is no objection to the 

submission of this report to the Congress.

Yours very sincerely,

Walt er N. T obriner,

President, Board of Commissioners, Dis trict of Columhia.
UNIFORM TIME 23

Office of the Postmaster General,

Washington, D.C., August 9,1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Th is is in reply to your request fo r a rep ort on II.R. 7167, 

esta blishing a uniform system of time standard s and measurem ent for the 

United S tates.

The measure would esta blish eight standard time zones for the terr ito ry of the 

United State s. Under present law (15 U.S.C. 263) the re are five zones: easte rn, 

cen tral, mountain, Pacific, and Alaska. The zones to be estab lished by the 

proposed legislation would b e: Atlan tic, eastern , central, mountain, Pacific, 

Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Berin g. The sta nd ard time of a zone, with certain 

exceptions, would be the time for the trans action of all government business, and 

for observance by all persons in civil and business relatio ns with the public.

H.R. 7167 would also provide for d aylight saving time, and allow the administering agency to determine wh eth er a given zone (or subzone) should be on 

advanced time from the last Sunday in April to the las t Sunday in October of 

each year.

We favor the general objective of the legislation which is to eliminate the 

confusion resulting from a lack of uniformity in the adoption of daylight saving 

time by various jurisdictions. The measure, however, though providing for a 

desirab le uniformity in dates fo r the daylight changeovers for all those jurisd iction s which will use daylight time, fall s short of the goal of complete uniform ity 

by fail ing to prescribe day light time for all jurisdictions.

Section 7 of the bill, for example, would authorize establishment of subzones 

within the standa rd zones, tra ns ferri ng them eastwa rd to the next adjacent 

sta ndard time zone during the period from the las t Sunday in April to the last 

Sunday in October. Though giving the effect of daylight time to the subzone, it 

continues the present undesirable situation of having day ligh t time in one part 

of a standard zone but not in an other.

Though a mandatory and uniform daylight time for the country as a whole 

would best serve th e interest of mail tran spo rtation, the proposed legislation is a t 

lea st a step in the right direction, and for th at reason we fav or its enactment. 

It will, we believe, in some measure benefit mail transporta tio n by definitely 

fixing daylight time a rea s and standa rdiz ing the date periods.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised that from the stan dpo int of the administra tio n’s program there is no objection to the submission of this repo rt to the 

committee.

Sincerely yours,

(Signed) J ohn A. Gronouski,

Postmaster General.

Federal Aviation Agency, 

Washington, D.C., Au gust 6,1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your requ est for the views of this 

Agency with respect to H.R. 7167, a bill to establish a uniform system of time 

stan da rds and measurement for the United States and to require the observance 

of such tim e standard s for all purposes.

This bill provides for the establish ment of a uniform system of time standard s based upon the general zone system of sta ndard time. The exac t limits of 

the respective time zones are to be determ ined by the adm inistering agency.

Section 9(b ) provides an exception to the use of sta ndard time in a given 

zone for “air navigation, ai r traffic control, and related activities.” In the 

conduct of many of thi s Agency’s activities, such as ai r traffic control, weathe r 

repo rting, flight information services, and aerial navigation, we have adopted 

Greenwich mean time as the sta ndard time for all required communications, 

both extern al and internal. This internation ally agreed sta ndard has been 

adopted to stan dardize as much as possible an increasingly complex activity,
24 UNIFORM TIME

to permit more adequate sep aration of ai r traffic moving acro ss time zones 

with incre asing speed and volume, an d to fac ilitate th e growing use of computers 

within the system which requires the use of one sta ndard time for programing 

purposes. We believe the continued use of Greenwich mean time for these 

purposes is imperative and th at the exception provided for “ai r navigation, air 

traffic control, and related activities” is app ropriate.

The other aspects of this bill are not within the purview of thi s Agency and 

on them we defer to the views of other interested agencies.

The Burea u of the Budget has advised th at there is no objection from the 

stan dpoint of the adm inistra tion’s program to the submission of this report to 

your committee.

Sincerely,

(Sign ed) William F. McKee,

Adm inistrator.

Government of the District of Columbia,

Washington, D.C., July 8,1965.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce,

U.8. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Harris : The Commissioners of the District of Columbia have for report H.R. 7167, 89tli Congress, a bill to establish a uniform system of time stan dards and measurement for the United States and to requ ire the observance of 

such tim e standards for all purposes.

The pri ma ry purpose of the bill is to estab lish thro ughout the United States 

uniformity in the beginning and ending of daylight saving time.

Section 7( a) of the bill provides, among other things, th at in the case of any 

zone or subzone (as defined by the bill) determined by an agency (designated 

by Congress), the agency may determ ine that in each year, from 2 a.in. on the 

las t Sunday in April until 2 a.m. on the las t Sunday in October, such zone or 

subzone, shall be on advanced time and shall be tran sfe rre d to and made a part 

of the zone immediately to the east, and the legal time of such zone or subzone 

shall lie the stan dar d time of the zone into which it is tem porarily transferre d.

Section 7(b ) provides that until the agency determ ines to place or not to place 

any zone or subzone on advanced time as provided in subsection (a ), “daylight 

saving” or other advanced time may continue to be observed in such zone or in 

any portion, b ut only if such “daylight saving” or other ad vanced time commences 

at 2 a.m. on the las t Sunday in April and ends at 2 a.m. on the last Sunday 

of October of each year.

The Commissioners of the Di str ict of Columbia are authorized by the act approved April 28. 1953, as amended (67 Stat. 23; sec. 28-2804, District of Columbia Code), to advance the sta ndard time applicable to the District 1 hour for 

the same period. Pursu ant to such authority, the Commissioners have for the 

past several years established the entire period as daylight saving time in the 

District.

However, section lS(b ) of the bill repe als this statute, but does not change the 

present practic e in the District of Columbia and would in fact stan dardize the 

prac tice in other political subdivisions with the prac tice now followed by the 

Distric t. In light of the foregoing, the Commissioners favor enactment of the 

bid.The Commissioners have been advised by the Bureau of the Budget that, 

from the stan dpoint of the adminis tratio n’s program, there is no objection to. 

the submission of this re port to th e Congress.

Sincerely yours, Walter N. Tobriner,

President, Board of Commissioners.

District of Columbia.

The Chairman. Now, it is our pleasure to hear from our colleague 

from Minnesota, the Honorable Joseph E. Ea rth , a Member of C ongress from the Fourth District of Minnesota.

Mr. Ka rth has introduced bills in various Congresses and has a b il l 

in th is Congress. He has been interested in daylight saving time for 

a long time, and especially in the need for uniformity.

You may proceed, Mr. Kart h.
UNIFOR M TIME 25

STATEMENT OF HON. JOSEPH E. KARTH, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MINNESOTA

Mr. Karth. Mr. Chairman, gentlemen of the committee, I appreciate the opportunity to appear before the committee today and to 

urge the favorable consideration of legislation to establish uniform 

dates throughout the United States for the commencing and ending 

of daylight saving time. Few bills, I might say, tha t I have intr oduced have generated so much spontaneous popular approval as the 

bill tha t I have introduced on uniform daylight saving time. Of 

course, the reason for this is not difficult to understand for anyone 

who knows of Minnesota’s most recently troubles with time confusion. 

It is, of course, bad enough tha t State law sets the unique switchover 

dates for Minnesota on the fourth Sunday in May, the 28th day of 

May, and the Tuesday afte r Labor Day, September 6, but it also 

permits local option for border area municipalities. The major cities, 

St. Paul, to name one, Mr. Chairman, desire to conform with commercial or tr ansportation schedule requirements of the great population centers of the Nation, but legally cannot do so. When St. Paul 

recently tried to go on daylight time before the rest of the State, 

utter confusion reigned because the adjacent metropolitan area refused to participate in St. Paul’s decision. Inte rcity bus schedules 

were sheer chaos, coordinated commercial business hours were impossible.

I might say th at at one time, St. Paul was on one time, Minneapolis, 

the sister city, which is only separated by a river, was on another time, 

and Duluth, Minn., the other major metropolitan area in the State 

of Minnesota, was on Wisconsin time, to give you an idea of the chaos 

that reigned.

The Minnesota Legislature, a fter futily considering the complexities 

of the problem, adjourned.

Quite frankly, the urban and suburban people in the metropolitan 

areas of Minneapolis who are involved in business and transp ortation 

on a national scale are frustrated by a failure of their State legislature 

to meet their real need for time uniformity. The St. Paul area chamber 

of commerce, civic and labor leaders, representatives of the air, motor, 

and rail industries, and many citizens have urged me to obtain relief 

for them from time confusion through Federal legislation. It is the 

proper concern of Congress to accomplish this throu gh the powers 

granted in the Constitution, “To regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several States.”

While I believe my bill, H.R. 3385, would accomplish the uniform 

daylight saving time switchover which is so earnestly desired by constituents of my district in Minnesota, I know this committee will carefully consider the many bills before i t and, in its wisdom, determine 

what legislation will effectively solve th is serious problem this year.

Mr. Chairman, I want you to know tha t I do not necessarily have 

any pride of authorship in H.R. 3385. I know, for example, that you 

have been in the Congress much longer than I and I know, too, that 

your interest in daylight saving time dates back to days prior to my 

becoming a Congressman. So suffice to say, Mr. Chairman, that I 

know that you and this committee will use your very best talents and
26 UNIFORM TIME

your even greate r knowledge than mine on the problem that has been 

brought about as a resu lt of nonuniformity. In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, it seems to me tha t in this age of 

supersonic jet travel and instantanteous communications, it is incredible th at our highly complex and sophisticated society still tolerates archaic State and local time laws which are tied to the sleeping 

and waking habits of chickens, cows, and horses. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. If there are any questions, 

I shall be very happy to attempt to answer them.

The Chairman. Any questions? Mr. Friedel?

Mr. F riedel. No.

The Chairman. Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. No, thank you.

The Chairman. Mr. Murphy?

Mr. Murphy. I have none.

The Chairman. Mr. Broyhill ?

Mr. Broyhill. No.

The Chairman. We wish to thank you for taking the time to come 

and give us the benefit of your views, because we recognize that your 

constituency is the same as every other constituency across America, 

tha t they feel something should be done to avoid the confusion in your 

district, and it is certainly tha t way in every other district in America. 

I believe the responsibility, as you said, lies with Congress to do somethin g about it. It is rapidly getting worse, and we have the opportunity to do something about it. I know you have had many bills in to try to correct this situation. 

I know of your real interest here. We thank you fo r taking the time 

to give us the benefit of your views.

Mr. Karth. Thank you very much, Air. Chairman.

(The following letters and press releases were later submitted by 

Congressman K art h:) Economics Laboratory, Inc.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 9, 1966.

Congressman J oseph E. K arth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : Please list my name as a supp orter of uniform 

daylight savings time. One only has to be involved in an operation covering all of the standard time zones to know how sho rt the time is for business communications during the

day. To have nonstandard changes shorten this day in key are as can mean many 

dollars suspended or lost. . . .

The loss of the yearly res etting of time deadlines by are a will be an activity 

th at would never be missed by passage of your bill.

Sincerely yours, D. W. Devins,

Vice President and Treasurer.

Gould-National Batteries, I nc.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 9, 1966.

Congressman Joseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Sir : Thia will serve to show this company’s su ppo rt to legislation creating 

uniform daylight savings tim e on a natio nal basis. Gould-National Batter ies, Inc., is a St. Paul based national corporation opera t­ ing close to 200 plants, warehouses, and offices located in practically all States of
UNIFORM TIME 27

the Union. The present nonuniformity of daylight savings time application has been a hindrance to us in our necessary daily communications, travel, and personal contacts. This reflects more than invidividual inconvenience. We have not attempted to evaluate our increased costs of doing business under the present system, or lack of system ; however, there is no doubt that a sizable detrimental economic factor exists. If we can lend further assistance toward the enactment of legislation covering this matter, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Very truly yours, Horace G. Miller,

Director, Personnel and Labor Relations.

American National Bank & Trust Co.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 3,1966.

Congressman Joseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : We note with considerable interest your bill to establish national daylight savings time. We are wholeheartedly behind this proposal and commend you for your efforts on behalf of such legislation. The exaggerated time differentials produced during those periods when the eastern financial centers observed d.s.t. and we do not cause extraordinary hard­ ships and business disadvantages to our customers and to us. Commercial banks acting on their own behalf and on behalf of customers have considerable volume of business with New York banks, major stock exchanges, and the large govern­ ment bond dealers. This proposed legislation would make it possible for us to continue our operations through the year without time problems caused by the different d.s.t. starting and ending dates under which we have suffered in the 

past. We hope this letter of support will in some small measure help you in establishment of uniform daylight savings time.

Very truly yours,

William T. Price, Vice President.

Central Livestock Association, Inc.,

South St. Paul, Minn., February 1,1966.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : It has been called to my attention that hearings in the House of Representatives will begin today (Feb. 1, 1966) on a bill, which is authored by you, and which has as its purpose the establishment and mainte­ nance of uniform daylight saving time on a national basis. Those of us associated with the management of the Central Livestock Asso­ ciation, an organization which enjoys the distinction of being the largest livestock marketing agency in the United States, and, therefore, in the world, are very much interested in the passage of this legislation, because we receive consign­ ments of livestock for sale from all sections of this north-central area of the United States, and because, through the Central Livestock Order Buying Co., we 

market livestock throughout the United States. I am certain tha t you can readily see th at our business operations are severely handicapped when the offices of companies where we do business are opened and closed at different hours of th e day. For instance, the buyers who buy cattle on the eastern coast, whose offices open earlier than ours, and earlier than the opening of our markets, would like quotations on livestock at an early hour in their day. Under the present situation we are not able to give them the informa­ tion they desire until a late r time, which materially handicaps their operations. The Market Reporting Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which attempts to quote the different markets throughout the day, finds it difficult to render a satisfactory service to retailers, processors, and producers when time 

varies throughout the country.

58- 797 —66------ 3
28 UNIFORM TIME

Anything which you may do to fu rthe r the passage of a bill which will standardize time w ill be grea tly appreciated by the members of our association, which 

at the present tim e number approximately 150,000 farm people.

Sincerely yours,

N. K. Carnes, General Manager.

Swift & Co.,

Sou th St. Paul, Minn., February 2,1966.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Sir : Would like to take this occasion to comment on proposed legislation for uniform daylight savings observance on a na tional basis.

The confusing area situation in 1965 imposed economic hardships and problems for our business in several direction s. From a procurem ent standpoint, 

both at th e South St. Paul public stockyards and in country work as w’ell, it was 

necessary to deal with producers of areas th at were observing differen t time 

schedules. This added to our hours of operation resulted in confusion in time 

schedules.

From the stan dpo int of delivery problems, and inasmuch as we solicit trade 

and make retai l deliveries to customers in five different States, we were also 

confronted with irre gularit ies in deliv ery schedules, early closings in some 

areas, and difficulty in observing normal time limits in placing orders through 

the production plant. Still ano ther angle, with our central office in South St. 

Paul and with employees located in other are as and some from Wisconsin as 

well, the re was confusion in startin g times for personnel as well.

In summation, we sincerely hope th at a uniform scheduling can be adopted 

nationwide.

Sincerely,

H. F. Morris, 

General Manager.

J ansen Electronics Manufacturing, I nc.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 2,1966.

Congressman J oseph E. Karth,

Longivorth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Karth : The purpose of this lette r is to underlin e the need for a 

unifo rm day light saving time for the Twin City are a to put us in step with the 

res t of the country. Mayor Vavoulis is to be congratulated on his atte mp ts to 

get St. Paul on fa st time, but the confusion that resulte d with the two cities 

on split time was unbelievable.

Congratulations on your good work and we urge you to see it all the way 

through.

Very tru ly yours,

Paul W. J ansen, President.

Theo. Hamm Brewing Co.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 2, 1966.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : We are very much inte rested in h avin g Congress 

consider leg islation which would establish uniform national daylight saving time.

We believe day ligh t saving time provides more time fo r leisure and recreation 

and is therefore beneficial to our business. However, inconsistencies of daylight 

time periods from State to Sta te cre ate production problems for us and in addition, the lack of uniformity in time periods limits the working hou rs available 

for communication from coast to coast with a consequent loss in efficiency.

Tou r help and cooperation in this matter will be very much apprecia ted. 

Sincerely,

William C. Figge, President.
UNIFORM TIME 29

The Minnesota Mutual Life Insurance Co.,

f i t Paul, Minn., February 2, 1966.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

Long worth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Kartii : I am wr iting this letter to you in connection with proposed 

legislation rela ting to a uniform pattern of daylight saving time throughout 

the Nation. We believe th at such a proposal would have the almost unanimous 

suport of sub stan tially 500 employees and representativ es of our company here 

in St. Paul and of some 800 oth ers who represent this company throughout the 

country.

Let me speak first of the plan from the standp oint of our employees here in St. 

Paul. With rare , if any, exceptions, employees like and enjoy the long dayligh t hours available to them af te r they finish each day ’s work. A number of 

our employees reside in Wisconsin and commute to St. Paul. The difference in 

time systems is at best an inconvenience, and frequently causes real difficulty 

with their transp ortation a rrange ments to and from work because many of them 

travel in car pools.

With a nationwide organization, our people here in St. Paul travel extensively 

through out the country. Our people in other parts of the country trav el extensively to St. Paul. Of course, there is contin uous telephone communication. 

The myriad of time systems cre ates many inconvenient business situation s.

We would hope that you would be successful in having th is legislation adopted, 

and we would welcome the opportu nity to be of assistance to you in thi s 

undertaking.

Yours very truly,

Walter J. Rupert, President.

Webb Publishing Co., 

fi t Paul, Minn., February 1, 1966.

Congressman J oseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Buildin g,

Washington, D.C.

Dear J oe: First let me con gra tulate you on being the prin cipal autho r of a 

hill to end the nationwide confusion which presently exists on the daylight 

savings time issue. The fac t th at there are so many differen t dates for beginning and ending daylight savings time results in serio us dislocations for many 

businesses including ours, which has offices and customers in different parts of 

the country.

For example, we ma inta in sales offices in Chicago and New York, which means 

that the time differential is increase d by 1 hour when either of these cities has 

different, beginning and ending da tes than St. Paul. It would be clearly beneficial 

to the operatio n of this business to have uniform day ligh t savings dates nationwide, and I hope you will be successful in accomplishing thi s result.

Sincerely,

Reuel D. Harmon, President.

Whirlpool Corp..

St. Paul, Minn., Febru ary 1,1966.

Congressman J oseph E. Karth,

Longivorth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear J oe: I was delighted to he ar you were responsible for introducing legislation calling for uniform daylight savings time on a national basis. I feel so 

strongly about this problem, especially as it affects the St. Paul Division of 

Whirlpool Corp, here in Minnesota.

The limited period of daylight savings time in our State; namely the las t 

Sunday in May through Labo r Day, has created a serious handica p in dealing with 

our many out-State sources of supply, the distribu tion system for our merc handise which is national, and all the day-to-day communications requ ired with our 

corporate office in Benton Harbor. Mich., and the Sears’ headquar ters in Chicago, 

that we had to ask our office sta ff to change the ir working hours and come in an 

hour ea rly in the spring and late fall.

With this change of hours, you can well apprecia te the difficulties it sometimes 

creates with car pools, children’s school schedules, and other personal situations.
30 UNIFORM TIME

From a purely personal stan dpo int, many of our 1,700 employees favor the 

additional daylight hours which gives them more opportunity to enjoy outside 

activ ities in the spring and fall.

Anything you can do to push ea rlier sta rting and later finishing of daylight 

savings time would be definitely appreciated .

Sincerely,

J. F. Bourquin, General Manager.

Hilex Co., I nc.,

St. Paul, Minn., Febru ary 1,1966.

Re day light saving time.

Hon. J oseph E. Kabth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : Try ing to run our business, where surround ing 

cities and States are on different time, is an extremely difficult thin g to cope 

with.

It is our sincere desire that d.s.t. be put on a nation al 6-month basis, as per 

your bill.

Yours very truly,

Asa A. Eldredge, President.

The Toni Co.,

St. Paul, Minn., Februa ry 1,1696.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

House of Representatives,

Longworth House Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Dear Joe : I wanted you to know how pleased I am th at you are taking the 

leadership on the question of uniform daylight saving time. I believe that in 

addition to the many human fac tor s involved, with most people preferring daylight saving time, there are also some very sound business reasons.

In our company, as in many others, a gre at deal of o ur contact is with firms in 

Chicago and furth er east. Conflicts and confusion in time m inimize our ability 

to work effectively with these firms. In addition to t hat, trav el becomes difficult 

and time is wasted.

Again I wa nt to thank you for sponsoring this imp ortant legislation and hope 

that you will be able to get it enacted.

Yours truly ,

Robert L. J enal, Manager.

Multi-Clean Products, I nc.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 8,1966.

Subje ct: Uniform daylight saving time.

Hon. J oseph E. Karth,

Long worth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : I am happy to know th at you have authored a 

uniform day light saving time bill in the House. The newspapers have given 

a good report on you r efforts to win approval for this legislation.

Uniform daylight saving time throug hou t the Nation, as you have proposed, 

would elim inate the time confusion which has existed for many yea rs from the 

las t Sunday in April to the las t Sunday in October.

In our business our customers honestly don’t know when we are open to 

receive telegraphs, telephone, and TWX messages. Also it is difficult for us 

to know what business hours ar e being kept by our customers and by our 

vendors.

Please use every effort to see th at your uniform daylight saving time bill 

becomes law.

E. V. Coulter,

President.
UNIFORM TIME 31

Farwell, Ozmun, Kirk & Co.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 3, 1966.

Hon. Joseph E. Karth,

Longxvorth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Karth : We certainly commend you as the principal author 

of the uniform daylight saving time bill. As our company is in inte rstate commerce, the confusion and the difficulties 

to our employees and to our customers created by the varying laws and regu­ lations sponsored by the various areas and States regarding daylight saving time should be eliminated. While there has been considerable printed comments, both pro and con regarding daylight saving, I personally have talked 

to very few people who are not in favor of a standard national daylight sav­ ing law or regulation. This includes many, many people throughout the five 

Northwest States that we serve. We most sincerely hope that you are successful in getting this bill through 

Congress.

Sincerely, George R. Bohrer, 

Chairman of the Board.

The First National Bank of St. Paul,

St. Paul, Minn., February 3,1966.

Hon. Joseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

My Dear Joe: I was pleased to learn tha t you are the principal author of a 

bill recently introduced in the House providing for uniform daylight saving time on a national basis from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October 

of every year. This would indeed be very welcome legislation. As you know, there has been 

great confusion here because Minnesota’s period of daylight saving time differs from that of our neighboring State of Wisconsin and also from t hat of most of 

the major money markets in the Nation. This is a great disadvantage and inconvenience to the banks in Minnesota and makes considerable confusion in our 

daily activities. A Federal daylight saving time law seems to be the only effective way to end 

all of this confusion. We sincerely hope tha t you will be successful in passing 

such legislation.

Sincerely yours,

Philip H. Nason, President.

Northern P acific Railway Co.,

St. Paul, Minn., February 7,1966.

Hon. Joseph E. Karth,

Longworth House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Karth : I understand you are the principal author of a bill for 

uniform daylight saving time on a national basis and tha t hearings on th e bill 

are being held in the House of Representatives. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. strongly favors enactment of such legislation for the following reason s:

1. It would eliminate confusion to the traveling public tha t results when leaving times of passenger trains are advanced 1 hour at the various stations to conform with the change in daylight saving time, causing untold numbers of 

passengers to miss their trains. Similarly, the traveling public is inconvenienced when the leaving times of trains are set back 1 hour at the termination of daylight saving time.

2. It would eliminate confusion and inconvenience incident to switch crews 

switching industries located in adjoining cities or States having different times 

due to lack of a uniform daylight saving time, such as Minneapolis-St Paul and Duluth. Minn., Superior, Wis. This works a hardship on the industries as 

well as on the railroads serving the industries. Further, it at times results in 

additional overtime costs.
32 UN IF O R M TIM E

3. A uniform daylight saving time would result in a savings of approximately 

$8,000 per yea r through elimination of the necessity of printin g new timetables 

to reflect the changes in times of local as well a s some transcontinental passenger 

trains, made necessary to conform to the change to daylight saving time. Timetable changes would not be re quired with uniform daylight saving time.

4. Additional expense is also inc urred at some passenger sta tions as a result 

of having to keep mail and baggage personnel as well as tick et clerks on duty 

an additional hour due to the times of our passenger tra ins Nos. 1 a nd 2 being 

advanced 1 hour to accommodate the P ost Office Department and keeping passenger trains Nos. 25 and 26 the same to permit making connections with other 

transc ontinental train s.

5. Operation of freight tra ins is also affected as the result of shippers in areas 

not on day ligh t saving time loading shipments 1 hour later, necessitating a 

1-hour later dep artu re of the fre igh t trai n as well as 1-hour later arriv al of the 

shipm ents at locations having day light saving time with resulta nt inconvenience 

to the consignee.

6. There is presently a 2-hour tim e difference between St. Pau l, Minn., and 

Seattle, Wash., at which points our main offices are located. With St. Pau l on 

daylight saving time and Seattle not, the time available for necesasry communicatio ns is reduced an additional hour. This is highly undesirable.

Your sponsorship of uniform day light saving time legislation is very much 

apprecia ted.

Very truly yours,

Robert S. Macfarlane, Preside nt.

St. Paui. Area Chamber of Commerce, Press Release No. 29, February 25, 1965

The St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce today made public its position on the 

curre nt controversy over Minnesota’s system of daylight saving time.

A policy statement, approved unanimously by the chamber’s board of directors, 

urges the Minnesota Legislature to favorably consider legislation which would 

allow for extension of daylight saving time in the Twin Cities metropolitan 

are a beyond the present Memorial Day through Labor Day period. The sta tement goes on to say that the chambe r’s main intere st in the matt er is to bring 

the entire State but especially the metropolitan are a in step with other majo r 

metrop olitan market centers in th e country.

The chamber state ment points out th at of the 15 larges t m etropolitan areas in 

the United State s, the Twin Cities area (which is 14th larg est) is 1 of only 2 

which does not observe daylight saving time for a 6-month period annually. 

The o ther ar ea is D etroit which has no fast time.

The chamber’s position was developed, in part, from results of a survey 

conducted among its membership in Jan uary. This was part of an overall Twin 

Cities area opinion poll of some 4.000 businessmen in 11 chambers of commerce 

having a total combined membership of over 10.000.

The St. Paul survey showed th at 96.5 percent of those answ ering the questionnaire fav or daylight saving time for Minnesota, and that 86.9 perc ent favor an 

extension of Minnesota’s fast time period. The resu lts of the overall referendum 

brought a sim ilar response with 96.8 percent in favo r of daylight saving time and 

88.9 percent favoring an extension of it. The cham ber board of directors felt 

that this w as a mandate for th e action in endorsing such a legislative measure.

In add itio n to requesting the State legislature ’s approval for the extension 

provision, the cham ber also announced th at it will seek to gain supp ort for such a 

program from other area cham bers and local units of government.

Note.—Following is board of director ’s policy statement and metropolitan 

poll resu lts.

suggested policy ox daylight saving time

The St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce recently cooperated with the 

Council of Twin Cities Metropolitan Areas of Chambers of Commerce in conducting a daylight saving time poll. Eleven cities in the metropolitan are a; 

namely St. Paul, Roseville. Minneapolis, South St. Paul. Hopkins. West St. 

Paul. Bloomington. White Bea r Lake, Crystal. Stillwater, and St. Louis Park, 

participated in the survey. The St. Paul sample, conducted among the membership of the St. Paul Area Cham ber of Commerce, showed th at 96.5 percent 

favored daylight saving time and th at 86.9 percent were in favor of an extension
UNIFORM TIME 33

of the present daylight saving program in Minnesota. This 86.9 percent breaks 

down into 36.8 perc ent fav oring the Wisconsin (or 5 months daylight saving 

program ) and 50.1 perc ent favoring the eas tern seab oard and Californ ia (or 6 

months daylight saving program). The survey among the o the r 10 cities in the 

metropolitan area obtained very similar results and the combined percentage 

for all cities was 88.9 percen t in favor of an extension of daylight saving time 

over the present 3-month period, w ith 34.4 percent fav orin g the 5-month extension 

and 54.5 percent favoring the 6-month extension.

A survey conducted by the St. Pau l Disp atch Pioneer Pre ss resulted in the 

favorin g of daylight time extension by approximately 2 to 1.

Of the 15 larg est metropolitan areas in the United States, 13 are presently 

und er a 6-month daylight saving program. Detroit has no daylight saving 

prog ram and the St. Paul-Minneapolis are a is the only oth er exception to the 

6 mon ths’ uniformity among these 15 largest metropolitan areas. Comments 

received by th e St. Pau l Area Chamber of Commerce in the course of its conducting the survey on day light saving time, indicates the concern of St. Paul business 

and professional men over the lack of uniform ity under which Minnesota 

presently operates, and the necessity for bringing our area into line with the 

oth er major metropolitan a reas in the United State s.

The economic loss brough t about by this lack of uniformity would be difficult 

to measure but there is no question that it is considerable. Shortening of the 

hours in which a business can operate on an inter sta te basis alone must res ult 

in economic hardship.

In view of the prep onderan ce of opinion among the members of the St. Paul 

Area Chamber of Commerce who were polled in our survey, and among the 

business and professional people in the St. Paul-Minneapolis metropolitan areas, 

the St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce, through its board of directors, goes on 

reco rd as favoring an extension of daylight saving time in our area , which will 

brin g us in conformity with oth er major metropolitan area s in the United States, 

and we respectfully urge the Legislature of the Sta te of Minnesota to favo rably 

consider legislation which will make this uniform ity possible. The St. Paul 

Area Chamber of Commerce also respectfully requ ests th at the city council of 

the c ity of St. Pau l go on record for a program of u niform ity for d aylight saving 

time in conformance with oth er major metropolitan areas. Further, the St. 

Paul Area Chamber of Commerce urges all cham bers of commerce in the St. 

Paul-Minneapolis a rea to tak e sim ilar action.

Adopted February 24, 1965.

Council of Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Chambers of Commerce summary of

daylight saving time poll

C h a m b e r R e t u r n F a v o r O p p o se P r e s e n t W is co n sin E a s t O th e r

S t. P a u l ________________________ 359 345 14 20 132 180 13

R o s e v ill e ____________ . . _____ 86 83 3 6 33 39 5

M in n e a p o li s . . . . 1,2 08 1,17 6 32 65 370 729 12

S o u th S t. P a u l . . . . . ______ ' 167 155 12 18 75 58 4

H o p k i n s . ____ __ . . . _______ 126 126 0 10 42 74 2

W es t S t. P a u l __________________ 100 99 1 1 10 88 0

B lo o m in g to n . . 91 85 6 5 39 39 4

W h it e B e a r L a k e . . . . . ___ 35 35 0 0 35 0 0

C r y s t a l . . . . . ____ . . . . 55 ■53 2 3 18 27 5

S tillw a te r . _. . ______________ _ 88 83 5 3 48 32 0

S t. L o u is P a r k _______. . . . . 8 8 0 0 8 0 0

T o t a l ________ . . . . . . . 2,3 23 2,24 8 75 131 800 1,266 45

P e r c e n t .. 50. 6 96 .8 3 .2 5 .6 34.4 54 .5 1 .9

T o ta l m a ilin g .. __ 3,9 94

1 1

St. Paul Area Chamber of Commerce, Press Release No. 44, April 20, 1965

The Twin Cities metrop olitan area, and the whole Sta te of Minnesota for 

th at matter, will enter into a period of confusion on time relationships with 

oth er cities and States in the United States and Provinces in Cana da on Sunday, 

April 25, at 2 a.m.

A survey released today by the St. Pau l Area Chamber of Commerce shows 

th at 15 States, the Distric t of Columbia, and 3 Provinces of Cana da will be 

changing the ir clocks ahe ad 1 hou r to daylight saving time early Sunday morning. In addition, a num ber of major metropolitan centers, such as Cleveland
34 UNIFO RM TIME

and St. Louis, will also be moving into their daylight saving time periods then 

even though their respective States do not. Some of Minnesota’s neighboring States have changed their regulations on 

the fast-time situation since last year. The chamber report shows Wisconsin 

on daylight saving time beginning at 2 a.m. this Sunday and remaining on 

fas t time until October 31. Wisconsin lawmakers added the month of October to 

the daylight saving time schedule in their State this year to conform with the 

majority of other States who have the system. Iowa has a new fast-time law 

this year which restricts all areas of that State to daylight saving time from 2 

a.m. May 23 to 2 a.m. September 7, the same as Minnesota. Last year Iowa 

had no statewide law, but most cities and counties adopted the 6-month program 

on their own. The chamber pointed out tha t several Twin Cities area and statewide polls 

indicated overwhelming support for a change in Minnesota’s present law to 

allow for a 5- or 6-month daylight saving time program, but that efforts to move 

such measures through the Minnesota Legislature have failed.

Note.—Following is the chamber report on daylight saving time as it affects 

67 cities in the United States and Canada and their time relative to Minnesota time.

DAYLI GHT SAVIN G TIM E— 1 9 6 5

The following States of the United States and Provinces of Canada will observe 

daylight saving time from 2 a.m. Sunday, April 25 to 2 a.m. Sunday, October 31: 

California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin, B ritish Columbia, Newfoundland, and 

Prince Edward Island. Minnesota will observe daylight saving time from 2 a.m. Sunday, May 23 to 

2 a.m. Tuesday, September 7.

A comparison of the time in a number of the principal cities of the United 

States and Canada with Minnesota’s daylight saving time is indicated below:

Minneso ta at 

12 m., c.s.t.

2 a.m. Apr. 25 

to 2 a.m. 

Ma y 23, and 

2 a.m. Sept. 7 

to 2 a.m. Oct. 31

Minne sota at 

12 m„ c.d.t.

2 a.m. May 23 

to 2 a.m. 

Sept. 7, 1965

Akron, Ohio (e.d.t.)_______ ____ _______ ______________ __________

Albany, N.Y . (e.d.t.)......................................................................................

Albuquerque, N. Mex. (m.s.t.)....... ................... ........ .................................

Anchorage, Alaska (A.s.t.)............. ..................... ........ ........... . ...................

Atlanta, Ga. (e.s.t. )____________________________________________

Baltimore, Md. (e. d.t.).......... . ......... .......................................................... .

Birm ingh am, Ala. (c.s .t.)___________ ________________ ___________

Boise, Idaho (m .s .t .) .. _____ ________ ______________ _____________

Boston, Mass, (e. d.t.)............................... . .................. .................................

Buffalo, N.Y . (e.d.t.)............................................. ............... . ......... .............

Bu tte, Mont, (m.d.t.) (June 1 to Sept. 7)__________________________

Calga ry, Alb erta (m .s .t .) .. .. .................................... ....................................

Charleston, S.C. (e.s.t. )............................. ........... . ....................................

Cha rlotte, N.C . (e.s .t.)_________ ____ __________________________

Chattanooga, T enn . (e.s.t.)______________________________________

Cheyenne. Wyo. (m.s.t .).............. . ............................ ..................... . ...........

Chicago, Ill. (c.d.t.)______ ________________________ __________ _

Cin cinnati, Ohio (e.s.t.)________________________________________

Cleve land, Ohio (e.d.t.)_________________________________________

Columbus, Ohio (e.s.t.)_________________________________________

Dallas, T ex. (c.s.t. )_____________________________________________

Denver, Colo, (m .s.t.)___________ . _________ ____________ ________

Des Moines, Iowa (c.d.t.) (Ma y 23 to Sept. 7)________ ______ _______

Detroit, Mich, (e.s.t.)__________________________________________

Edmonton, Alberta (m.s.t .)_____________________________________

Erie, Pa. (e.d.t.)_______________________________________________

Fargo , N . Dak. (c.s.t. )___ _______ _______________________________

Fo rt William-Port A rthur, Ontario (e.s .t.)____________ _____________

Gander, New foundland (N .d.t.)__________________________________

Halifax, Nova Scotia (A.d.t.)___ _________________________________

Hono lulu, Haw aii (H awaii time)_________________________________

Houston, Tex. (c.s.t.)__ ____________ ______ _______ _.___________

Indianapolis. Ind. (e.s.t.)........................ . ............................ .

Jackson, Miss. (c.s.t.)..................................... ........ ........................................

Kansas City, Mo. (c .s.t .)........................ . .................. .......................... ........

Knoxville, Tenn. (e.s.t.)___________________________________ ____

Lincoln. N ebr. (c.s.t. )__________________________________________

Lit tle Rock, Ark. (c.s.t.)________________________________________

2 p.m _______

2 p.m _______

11 a .m .............

8 a.m _______

1 p .m _______

2 p.m _______

12 m ................

11 a .m.............

2 p.m...............

2 p.m ...............

11 a .m______

11 a.m ______

1 p .m ........... .

1 p .m _______

I p.m _______

II a.m______

1 p .m ......... .

1 p .m _______

2 p.m ...............

I p .m .. ..........

12 m ________

II a.m ______

12 m ________

1 p .m _______

11 a.m.............

2 p.m_______

12 m ________

1 p.m _______

3:30 p.m_____

3 p.m_______

8 a.m...............

12 m ................

1 p .m _______

12 m................

12 m................

1 p.m_______

12 m ________

12 m ________

1 p.m.

1 p.m.

10 a.m.

7 a.m .

12 in.

1 p.m.

11 a.m.

10 a.m.

1 p.m.

1 p.m.

11 a.m. 

10 a.m.

12 m.

12 m.

12 m.

10 a.m. 

12 m.

12 m.

1 p.m.

12 m.

11 a.m. 

10 a.m.

12 m.

12 m.

10 a.m.

1 p .m.

11 a.m.

12 m. 

2:30 p.m,

2 p.m. 

7 a.m.

11 a.m .

12 m.

11 a.m.

11 a.m .

12 m.

11 a.m. 

11 a.m.
UNIFOR M TIME 35

Minneso ta at 

12 m., c.s.t.

2 a.m. Apr. 25 

to 2 a.m. 

Ma y 23, and 

2 a.m. Sept. 7 

to 2 a.m. Oct. 31

Minne sota a t 

12 m ., c.d .t.

2 a.m. M ay 23 

to 2 a.m. 

Sept. 7, 1965

Los Angeles. Calif. ( P. d. t.) -____ _________________ _______________

Louisville, Ky. (e.s.t.)................... ............. ................ ........... ........... ...........

Madison, Wis. (c.d .t.) _______ ____________________________________

Miami. Fla. (e.s.t.)_____________________________________________

Milwaukee. Wis. (c.d .t.) _________________________________________

Montreal, Quebec (e.d.t.) ................................................................................

New Haven , Conn, (e.d .t.) ____________ ____ „ ___________________

New Orleans, La. (c.s.t.)_______________ _________ _______ _______

New York, N.Y . (e.d .t.) _______________ ____ ____________________

Oklahoma C ity. Okla. (c.s .t.)............. ............................... ........... ...............

Omaha, N ebr. (c.s.t.)___________________________________________

Ottaw a, Ontario (e.d.t.)______ ______________________ __________

Philade lphia, Pa. (e.d.t.)________________________________________

Phoenix, Ariz. (m.s.t.)__________________________________________

Pittsburgh, Pa. (e.d.t.).............. ........................................... ...... ..................

Portla nd, Oreg. (P .d.t. )....... ..........- ....................... .................. . ........... ......

Providence. R.I. (e.d .t.) ________________ ___________ __________. . .

Regina , Saskatchewan (c .s .t.)...... ................................................................

Reno, Nev. (P .d.t.)______ _____ ______ _________________________

Salt L ake City, Utah (m .s.t.)____________________________________

St. Louis, Mo. (c.d .t.) ____________ _____. ________________________

San Francisco, Calif. (P .d.t. )___________ ________ ________________

Seattle, Wash. (P.d.t.)_____ _____ _____________ _________________

Sioux Falls. S. Dak. (c.s.t.)______________________________________

Toronto. Ontario (e.d.t.)_____________ __________________________

Tulsa, Okla. (c.s.t.)____________________ ________________________

Vancouver, British C olumbia (P .d .t.)_______ ____________ _________

Washington. D.C. (e.d.t.)........... ...................................................................

Winnipeg, Manitoba (c.d.t.)______________________________________

11 a.m______

1 p .m ..............

1 p .m ____ . . .

1 p .m _______

1 p .m _______

2 p.m _______

2 p. m _______

12 m ________

2 p. m ..............

12 m ................

12 m ................

2 p.m_______

2 p.m_______

11 a .m ______

2 p. m _______

11 a.m ____ __

2 p. m ......... .....

12 m ________

11 a .m______

11 a.m........ .

1 p. m ..............

11 a.m ...........

11 a .m...........

12 m ________

2 p. m _______

12 m ________

11 a.m ______

2 p. m ____ ...

1 p .m _______

10 a.m. 

12 m. 

12 m. 

12 m. 

12 m.

1 p.m.

1 p.m.

11 a.m.

I p.m.

II a.m. 

11 a.m. 

1 p .m.

1 p.m. 

10 a.m. 

1 p .m.

10 a.m.

I p.m.

11 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

10 a.m.

12 m.

10 a.m.

10 a.m.

II a.m. 

1 p.m.

11 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

1 p.m.

12 m.

N ote.—

A.s.t.—Alaska stan dard time 

A.d .t.—Atlantic daylight time 

C.d.t.—Central daylight time 

C.s.t.—Centra l stand ard time 

E. d.t.—Easte rn d aylight tim e 

E.s.t.—Eastern st and ard tim e

M.d.t.—Mountain dayligh t time

M. s.t.—Mountain s tandard time

N. d.t.—New foundland da ylig ht time 

P. d.t.—Pacific dayligh t tim e

P.s.t.—Pacific sta ndard time

The Chairman. Our next witness is Congressman Donald Fraser, 

of Minnesota.

We are glad to have you with us, Mr. Fraser. Please give us the 

benefit of your views.

STA TEM ENT OF HON. DONALD M. FRASER, A RE PR ES EN TA TIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MIN NESOTA

Mr. F raser. Mr. Chairman, I have a two and a half page statement 

which I shall submit for the record, and I shall not take the time of 

the committee to read it.

The Chairman. We appreciate that, and I intend, if you will excuse me for a moment, to make the statement that if anybody has a 

prepared statement he wishes to put in the record, he shall do so. If 

he cares to read it, of course, he may.

Mr. Fraser. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My thoug ht in p utting it 

in the record is th at I, too, describe in here some of the perplexities 

and complexities that resulted when the Twin Cities of Minneapolis 

and St. Paul went on divergent paths with respect to the beginning of 

daylight saving time. This matter has been referred to by Congressman Karth, the problems that arose,, and I shall not read it.

We have here, Mr. C hairman, with us today two other representatives of the Minnesota community, Mr. Lloyd Bra ndt, who is re presenting, the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, and Representative
36 UN IFOR M TIME

John Tracy Anderson, one of our distinguished legislators from St. 

Paul, who I think will again reemphasize, probably, some of the problems that have been created in Minnesota by lack of this uniformity.

May I, Mr. Chairman, just add my own thought that as Congressman Karth has said, there is no pride of authorship in those of us who 

are concerned about the lack of uniformity. Our introduction and 

reintroduction of measures has been prim arily in support of those like 

yourself who, with the committee responsibility, have taken the lead 

in this matter. We have wanted to show our support of what you have 

been seeking to do. We would hope tha t the committee would find 

the best formula tha t could pass the Congress and that you would 

know, then, t hat those of us who are concerned would be prepared to 

offer all the help th at we can in winning support from the rest of our 

colleagues.

My bill talks about beginning daylight saving on th e last Sunday 

of A pril and discontinuing it on the last Sunday of October. These 

dates are selected primarily because this represents the majority starting and ending dates for States in the United States which are on 

daylight saving time. Our bill, as I think most bills, will not require 

any S tate to take daylight saving time for itself, but would only say 

tha t if it elects to do so, t ha t it must conform to these dates. If it 

elects not to do so, then it may remain on standard time.

Mr. Chairman, I shall not take more of the time of the committee, 

because there are many other witnesses who will testify about the 

problems arising in commerce and communications. I would just 

close by saying th at I cannot think of a more appropriate subject for 

Federal legislation than attem pting to bring some order out of the 

chaos th at exists today. It seems to me th at above all other things, 

the idea of trying to put some kind of uniform ity in the time situation 

in the United States does deserve the attention of the Congress.

I congratulate you, Mr. Chairman, fo r your interest and concern in 

this matter.

(The complete statement of Representative Fraser follows:)

Statement of Hon. Donald M. F raser, a Representative in Congress From the

State of Minnesota

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am very pleased to appe ar 

here today in supp ort of H.R. 6134 and H.R. 11743, which I have introduced to 

provide a uniform period of daylight saving time (D ST ).

I have been concerned with the problem of time uniformity for several years. 

Time problems plagued our State during the yea rs I was a member of the 

Minnesota Senate, but these problems were not settled then, and I have continued 

to be concerned ab out them as a Member of Congress.

I believe we need Fed eral legislation to resolve the confusion arising from 

the use of daylight saving time and for th at reason I have introduced bills in 

the 88th and 89th Congresses to provide a uniform period for the use of DS T.

I f ully realize the co mplexities of the time issue. Although the first hill which 

I introduced, H.R. 6134, is a sho rt straig htf orw ard measure, it does not belie 

the fac t th at the time problem s before you are knotty. H.R. 6134 would simply 

have all daylight saving time begin at 2 a.m. on the las t Sunday of April and 

continue until 2 a.m. on the last Sunday of October each year. The cities and 

States which have elected to go on day light saving time would all shift on and off 

at the same time. Thus H.R. 6134 is designed to eliminate needless confusion.

The need for uniform ity is apparen t in this era of interlocking State and 

regional economies. It is apparent in this era of jet travel and continental 

supe r highways. It is apparen t when a person’s place of work is in a different 

locality or State than his home.
UNIFORM TIME 37

Some local authorities have found themselves faced with a dilemma in deciding on the effective date of daylight saving time. My own State of Minnesota 

offers a good example of the problems th at can arise. Minnesota observed d.s.t. 

on a nonstatewide basis from the fourth Sunday in May to Labor Day. This 

past year, several cities in the eastern part of the State jumped the gun and 

began d.s.t. on the same date as Wisconsin, our eastern neighbor, starte d d.s.t. 

This prompted one Minnesota paper to write t hat: “Convicts do tim e; soldiers do 

double t im e; Minnesotans do triple time.” For a while we had centra l standard 

time, daylight saving time, and extended daylight saving time.

I would now like to recall for the committee our worst experience with time 

confusion—a real “Tale of Two Cities” to quote Charles Dickens. On May 9 last 

year, our capital city, St. Paul, decided to go on d.s.t. 2 weeks ahead of the statewide changeover date. The confusion that resulted is almost indescribable:

(1) All of the State offices located in St. Paul remained on stan dard time.

(2) The St. Paul police were writing out parking tickets on standard time 

while the firemen were fighting fires on daylight saving time.

(3) The city council which voted d.s.t. convened for its regular meeting 

under a clock t hat was on stand ard time because all of the courthouses remained in standard time.

This confusion was compounded by the fact tha t the Twin City of Minneapolis, 

which I represent, remained on standard time. For a while you could lose an 

hour jus t by going across the bridge. Or, if you were not careful, you could get 

caught in two 5 o’clock rush hour traffic jams instead of the usual one.

All this was made worse by fac t tha t some of the suburbs went on d.s.t 

with St. Paul, while some remained on standard time.

Throughout this entire episode our State legislature was unable to approve 

a bill which would have resolved these problems. I am told by some of my 

colleagues that they have had the same experience in their States. It is for this 

reason th at I strongly believe we need Federal legislation to provide a uniform 

period for d.s.t.

Mr. Chairman, I would like to emphasize t ha t my interest is in uniformity. 

The virtues of local autonomy are many, but to the businessman or commuter or 

tourist, the varying dates of changeover must seem like idle caprice. I do not 

want to force any State to go on d.s.t. if it does not choose to do so at this time. 

The beginning and ending dates proposed by me reflect the practices of the 

majority of the States.

I think the proposals tha t have been made by myself and others are not 

an undue intrusion on local law and autonomy. In my own State of Minnesota, 

a statewide poll in 1964 showed t ha t a majority of Minnesotans favored congressional action to decide dates for d.s.t.

As a result Minnesota residents are asking the Federal Government to set a 

uniform period for daylight saving. This is true for both those who support 

and those who oppose having daylight saving time in Minnesota at all. I ask 

tha t the results of this poll as published in the Minneapolis Tribune on June 

14, 1964, be made a part of this record (see app. A).

Uniformity in time would result in cost savings to airlines, bus lines, and 

railroads as the need to change schedules would become less frequent. It 

would eliminate some annoying time confusion for the traveler, whether he is 

going by automobile or public transportation. Broadcasting and communications in general would also benefit.

The Federal Government is responsible for the well-being of all its citizens. 

It is concerned with economic wa ste wherever it appears. Especially now when 

we are financing a great military commitment in Vietnam and continuing to 

provide for the much needed programs of the Great Society, we cannot afford 

to waste the resources of our country. This is particularly t rue when the cause 

of the waste can easily be corrected. For this reason, I have sponsored legislation to provide a uniform period of d.s.t. I urge its immediate adoption to 

correct current anomalies and to provide one futu re uniform daylight saving 

time period.

Appendix A

Minnesota Poll : 58 Percent Say Congress Should Decide Dates for Daylight

Saving

(Copyright 1964. Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co.)

Minnesotans are divided on whether to sta rt daylight saving time (d.s.t.) in 

late April or in late May, but a majority of State residents think it would be 

better if Congress set uniform limits for all States who use it
38 UNIFORM TIME

In a statewide survey by the Minneapolis Tribune’s Minnesota poll, 58 percent of the people interviewed favor having Congress establish uniform dates for 

daylight time. More than a third of the men and women (35 percent) think each State should make that decision rather than Congress. Seven percent either offer other suggestions, such as dropping daylight time altogether, or have no opinion. On the question of when to st ar t advanced time, 43 percent of the people prefer 

late April and 45 percent favor late May. The switchover to daylight saving time in Minnesota was complicated this year because some communities like Duluth and Winona started 4 weeks ahead of 

the official date. Tha t development led Representative Donald Fraser, of Minneapolis, to intro­ duce a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives calling for daylight time to begin each year on the last Sunday in April and continue until the last Sunday in October. His bill would apply just to daylight saving time States. Interviewing in the survey was done in late May, right at the time most Minnesotans were advancing their clocks ahead 1 hour. A representative sampling of 600 men and women was asked : “On the whole, do you like o r dislike having daylight saving time during the 

summer months?”

The replies: [I n pe rc en t]

T o ta l M en W om en

Lik e d ay li g h t ti m e________________________ _____ _______ -- 61 68 54

D is like it ~ ______ _______ ______ ______________ 32 28 37

N o o p in io n .. ................................................ ............... —........................... 7 4 9

T o ta l _ ________________________________________ 100 100 100

As has been indicated in several past Minnesota poll surveys, strongest support for daylight saving time is voiced by people in the 21 to 30 age range (73 percent like it), and by residents of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth (also 73 

percent). Twice as many farm residents dislike fast time (67 percent do) as like it (30 

percent).

People also were asked : “Minnesota officially begins daylight saving time each year on the fourth Sun­ day in May. In many parts of the United States, it begins in late April. If you had to choose, would you prefer to have Minnesota go on daylight time in late 

April, or wait until late May?” Men and women fail to see eye to eye on this question :

[In pe rc en t]

S ta rt la te i n A pr il

L ate M a y ,.........—

O th er a n s w e rs .. - .

N o o p in io n ______

T o ta l.............

Tota l M en

43 53

45 36

5 4

7 7

too 100

W om en

34

54

5

100

Six out of ten adults who like daylight time (61 percent) favor starting it in late April; a higher proportion who dislike it (64 percent) prefer keeping the 

late May starting date. The final question in the series was : “Which do you think is better—that Congress decide when daylight time should s tar t and end for all States that use it, or tha t each State decide that for 

itself?”
UNIFORM TIME 39

The responses of different types of State r es iden ts:

[In percent]

Le t Congress decide

Let each 

State decide

Oth er and 

no opinion

All adu lts ___________________________________________ 58 35 7

Men .. . ______ ___ . . . . . . . 58 34 (8

Women . . .. _ __________ _______ 59 35 6

Residen ts of Tw in Cities and D ul ut h____________________ 61 34 5

Smaller cities ________ _ ______ _____________________ 61 36 3

To wn _________ ____. _______________________ _______ 64 25 11

F a rm ___________ ___ . . _______________ __ __________ 42 47 11

People who:

Like D ST ____________________________________ 60 36 4

Dislike DS T . _______ ________________ _ ______ 53 35 12

The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Fraser.

Do you have any questions, Mr. Friedel ?

Mr. F riedel. No questions.

The Chairman. Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have one question.

Do I understand that you advocate tha t the local community does 

not have to adopt daylight saving time if they do not want to?

Mr. Fraser. Yes, sir.

Mr. Younger. But if they do adopt it, then it must be uniform?.

Mr. Fraser. Yes, sir, with respect to the beginning-----

Mr. Younger. How does that stop confusion ?

Mr. Fraser. Well, the trut h of the matter is tha t it does not stop 

confusion, but it lessens it a great deal. I have come, in my years in 

legislative work, to accept what I thin k in this case would be threequarters of the loaf. You are perfectly right that i t does not end it, 

but it certainly reduces it a great deal.

The Chairman. Mr. Van Deerlin ?

Mr. Van Deerlin. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman.

The Chairman. Mr. Broyhill?

Mr. Broyhill. No.

The Chairman. Mr. Murphy ?

Mr. Murphy. No questions.

The Chairman. Mr. Mackay ?

Mr. Mackay. I have no questions.

The Chairman. We appreciate your taking the time to come before 

the committee to give us the benefit of your views. I think every 

Congressman confronts this, as does anyone who travels in the United 

States. I think it is important, although to some people it is just a 

matter of, as you say, triv ial confusion. Often times substantial problems arise from the confusion arising from the lack of uniform time.

Mr. Fraser. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I did not mean to use the 

word “trivial.” I think the confusion can be very real, but in response to this earlier question, I was only t rying to indicate tha t our 

bills do not solve all the problems, but I think they would solve most 

of the problems that arise today.

Thank you, sir.

The Chairman. Thank you very much.

We will now hear the views of a distinguished visitor from the other 

House. Senator Cotton, of the Senate Commerce Committee.
40 UNIFORM TIME

STATEMENT OF HON. NORRIS COTTON, ILS. SENATOR FROM TH E 

STATE OF NE W HA MPS HI RE

Mr. Cotton. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It is indeed a pleasure 

to present my testimony on the occasion of your first hearing as chairman of this committee.

Twice each year millions of Americans are plagued with the annoying problems and confusions arising from the switch from standard 

time to daylight saving time and back again.

The problem is twofold. About half our citizens observe daylight 

time durin g the summer months—while the other half remains on 

standard time the year around. And, as if this were not confusing 

enough, the problem is compounded by the fact that those who observe 

daylight saving time start and stop on a bewildering multitude of 

dates.

This is a matter of widespread confusion and inconvenience. It 

imposes a costly and wasteful burden on many American industries 

and businesses, especially those in the transportation and communications fields. Testimony presented to the Senate Commerce Committee indicated tha t just to revise and republish the schedules and 

timetables of the buses, planes, and trains costs millions of dollars 

each year. Fo r instance, witnesses before our committee from the 

bus lines estimated the added costs at $1 million a year, while the 

extra expenses for the railroad industry were estimated at $2 million 

a year. Neith er the airlines nor the radio and TV people attempted 

to calculate th e extra costs they must bear because of time confusion, 

but obviously it is substantial. No one knows, of course, the dollar 

cost of the missed appointments and wasted time of millions of individuals. Clearly, the problem is important enough to merit action 

by the Congress.

The matter could be solved by bannin g the use of daylight saving 

time and putting everyone on stan dard time the whole year, or, with 

equal effectiveness, the problem could be ended by enforcing nationwide daylight saving time. Neith er of these solutions is sound nor 

realistic. Nearly 100 million Americans, 58 percent of our population, now observe daylight saving time, while 42 percent of the country 

remains on standard time all year. Nationwide uniform ity could only 

be achieved by forcing daylight time on millions who have never 

indicated any desire for it, or by denying it to millions who have 

approved it, by overwhelming votes in many cases.

Rather than seek any such drastic solution, S. 1404 which Senator 

McGee and I introduced and which is now before the committee, seeks 

to provide uniformity only with respect to the dates for beginning 

and ending the observance of daylight saving time by those areas which 

observe it.

Under the bill those States or political subdivisions which adopt 

daylight saving time would be required to begin its observance at 

2 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and end it at 2 a.m. on the last 

Sunday in October.

More than 90 percent of those who use daylight saving time already 

use these starting and stopping dates, and they would not be affected 

in any way by passage of S. 1404. Nor, of course, will those who
UNIFORM TIME 41

observe standard time all year be affected in any way by enactment of 

this legislation.

While its effect on the public generally will be minor, the bill will, 

nevertheless, eliminate the single most troublesome area of confusion 

in our present timekeeping system. As things stand today, 15 States 

began their observance of daylight saving time on the last Sunday in 

April. But in pa rts of 16 other States, daylight time started on some 

11 different dates throughou t the month of May and into early June. 

When fall comes, the switchback will come on a score of different dates 

ranging from August through October. Not even the 15 States sta rting together will end together. The bill will end this kind of clock 

madness.

It would achieve this desirable, and I believe, essential measure of 

uniformity with a minimum of fuss and feathers. Because the measure affects decisions to be made almost exclusively by States or their 

political subdivisions, I do not believe any enforcement provisions 

will be needed. The simple statement tha t Congress intends by this 

act to fix the changeover dates for all of those who chose to observe 

daylight saving time should be more than sufficient to end the current 

confusion in dates.

The bill would also make some relative technical, but long overdue 

changes, in the Standard Time Act of 1918, bringing it more in step 

with the needs of the 1960’s. These changes include provisions which 

wou ld: create new standard time zones for Alaska and Hawaii to bring 

within the scope of .the law the time zones they now use; direct the 

Inte rstate Commerce Commission to foster and promote the adoption 

and observance of more uniform time standards throughout the country, and make the Administrative Procedures Act applicable to proceedings under the Stand ard Time Act.

Except for the wartime daylight saving time, Congress has not since 

1918 attempted to do anything about our system. Millions of Americans have paid the price in extra expense and in inconvenience and 

confusion because we have not acted. Today we can act upon a simple, 

yet effective measure to bring a real measure of uniform ity and consistency to our clocks.

I urge the committee to favorably repo rt S. 1404.

The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Cotton.

Senator Cotton. Tha nk you for the opportunity, Mr. Chairman.

The Chairman. Next we shall hear from our colleague from Pennsylvania, the Honorable John Saylor. Mr. Saylor, we will be glad 

to hear you at this time.

STATEM ENT OF HON. JOH N P. SAYLOR, A RE PR ES EN TA TIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STA TE OF PENN SYLVAN IA

Mr. Saylor. Mr. Chairman, I should like to go on record in favor of 

legislation providing that Congress set the dates on which daylight 

saving time is to be observed by those States and other political subdivisions desiring to adopt it.

While there would no doubt be great advantages in having complete uniform ity in a ll time zones throughout the year, I have no desire 

to impose such a system because of the hard ship or inconvenience that 

might come to residents of areas who choose not to have daylight sav-
42 UNIFORM TIME

ing time. My interest is in eliminating the unnecessary confusion occasioned by the crazy quilt of time pockets resulting from what amounts 

to a local option concept of setting clocks.

Until Congress takes action, the 31 States which make a practice of 

observing daylight saving time could in theory schedule the changeover on 31 different dates. In actuality, 11 of these States start and 

stop fast time on a variety of dates. It has been pointed out that in a 

single State a traveler could be confronted with as many as 23 time 

changes because of the inconsistencies prevailing between daylight 

savings and standard time.

Not all of the confusion would be eliminated by the legislation which 

I recommend. Some communities would still prefer to remain on 

standard time while their neighbors put their clocks up an hour. Yet 

we could at least be sure that States and cities which switch to daylight 

saving would be doing so on a stipulated date.

The present situation cannot be tolerated any longer. Ins tan t communication from coast to coast and speed in transportation demand 

that some semblance of uniformity replace the hodgepodge of time 

settings that bedevil the country each year come April and October. 

A mixup of an hour could interfe re with the orderly transfer of military personnel; it could cost a boy in uniform an important part or 

all of his leave; it could mean an overnight delay in delivery of vital 

equipment. Finally, the prevailing system—or lack thereof—can be 

a source of inconvenience and irr itation to millions who travel or make 

long-distance phone calls.

Mr. Chairman, 1 am confident that this committee will report favorably on this legislation. Aly hope is th at it can be enacted into law in 

ample time to enable States and communities to play the change with 

the least possible disturbance.

The Chairman. We appreciate your appearance and views, Mr. 

Saylor.

Mr. Saylor. Thank you, Air. Chairman.

The Chairman. The next witness is our colleague from New Mexico, 

the Honorable Johnny Walker.

STATEMENT OF HON. E. S. JOHN NY WALKER. A REPRESEN TATIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Air. Walker. Air. Chairman, I wish to urge the favorable consideration by this committee of II.R. 6134, introduced by my able colleague, 

Air. Fraser of Alinnesota. This legislation would provide a specified 

time for the cities and States of our Nation who wish to observe daylight saving time.

The fact tha t at this particular time there is large variance of both 

the changing over as well as the reverting to standard time, has caused 

many great hardships. In addition to the personal inconvenience of 

the divergence of changeover times, there is also the aspect of the confusion that is caused in business.

The time provided for in the bill is, in my opinion, a very satisfactory time. Those States and cities wishing to advance their time would 

begin on the last Sunday in April, and the reversion would take place 

on the last Sunday in October.
UN IFOR M TIME 43

In view of the great good that would be accomplished throughout 

our Nation by standardizing this changeover time, I respectfully urge 

that a favorable do-pass recommendation be given to this bill by your 

committee.

The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Walker. As we have a number of 

witnesses ahead of us we appreciate the brevity of your statement.

Next we shall hear from the Honorable Edward Derwinski, who 

has introduced H.R. 9152.

STATEMENT OE HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI, A REPRES ENT ATIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

Mr. Derwinski. Mr. Chairman, I urge favorable action by the 

committee on legislation to provide a uniform period for daylight 

saving time across the country.

Along with a number of other Members of the House, I have introduced a bill, II.R. 9152, for this purpose because I feel t ha t the enactment of such legislation would be of such benefit to millions of American citizens, as well as organization and services now struggling to 

cope with the confusion we have at the present time.

My bill would only set a stan dard date for commencing and ending 

daylight saving time for those States and communities who wished 

to adopt it. Daylight saving time would begin on the last Sunday in 

April and end on the last Sunday in October of each year.

This system would eliminate the jumble of time changes now’ facing 

travelers, particularly during the periods when various States and 

communities are changing to and from daylight saving time. It wTould 

also alleviate the enormous expense which railroads, airlines, and other 

transportation media must bear during the time changes.

The legislation I am advocating w’ould permit each State to decide 

whether it wanted to adopt daylight saving time and would merely 

standardize the dates on which it would begin and end for all sections 

of the country which chose to adopt it.

Mr. Chairman, I am convinced of the merits of legislation to provide a uniform period for daylight saving time and hope tha t i t will 

receive favorable consideration by the committee and the Congress in 

this session.

The Chairman. Thank you also Mr. Derwinski, for your concise 

views.

Mr. Derwinski. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the opportunity.

The Chairman. We will now hear from the Honorable John 

Hansen.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN R. HANSEN, A REPRES ENT ATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF IOWA

Mr. Hansen. Mr. C hairman and members of the Committee on I nterstate and Foreign Commerce, I appreciate the opportunity to submit 

my testimony on the subject of establishing by legislative action a time 

uniformity for the United States.

Over the past several years we have seen in Iowa a hodgepodge of 

clock settings that has confused everyone. Each locality was a law 

58 -7 97 — 66 -------4
44 UN IFO RM TIME

unto its elf an d a person tr av eling thr ou gh the St ate could ch ang e tim es 

an untold num ber of times.

Th e action o f t he Io wa L eg islature la st year in setting up a unif orm 

time for the e ntire St ate was one of th e m ost appre cia ted actions by the 

citiz ens of the Sta te. All of us knew th at when a tim e was giv en it 

wou ld be th e same time as everyone else h ad. No m ore of th e v as t confusion that ha d r eig ned in ye ars gone by.

Ce rta inl y, there are reasons fo r shortening the tim e pe rio d from 

Apr il to October, an d I feel these s ho uld be given caref ul con sidera tion. 

But th e clock confu sion tha t is w ith us on a State-by -State ba sis could 

be cle ared up by the enactme nt of a n ationa l time u ni fo rm ity bill.

Th e p rob lem is g reater th an j us t with in the bound s o f a n individu al 

Sta te. Th e Seventh Con gressio nal D istrict of I ow a w'hich I r epres ent, 

borde rs on the St ate of Nebrask a. Many of my constituents work in 

Nebraska. By law, N ebr ask a is n ot pe rm itted to ad op t da ylight-sav ­

ing time. Th e confusion and inco nvenien ce this causes is har d to describe. School, shopping , a nd recreati on al activ itie s are all adv ersely 

affected. A u niform time law w'ould a void th is difficulty.

I ur ge the memb ers of this c ommittee to consid er c arefully the se f actors as you stu dy the pro posals on th is matter. Tha nk you fo r the 

courtesy exten ded to me in allow ing me to submi t t his commen t.

The Cha irm an. Tha nk yo u, Mr. Ha nse n. We will now he ar from 

the Ho norab le George Shipl ey, ou r colleague fro m the Sta te of Il li ­

nois.

STATEM ENT OF HON. GEORGE E. SH IPL EY , A RE PR ES EN TA TIVE IN 

CONGRESS PROM TH E STATE OP ILLIN OIS

Mr. Shiple y. Mr. Ch airma n, a pr op er revisio n of th e St an da rd 

Tim e A ct of 1918 is not only long over due bu t also essential fo r effectiv e f un ctioning in the jet age. As s ponso r of H .R. 10573,1 am gr at efu l fo r the o pp or tunity to testify in be ha lf of th is bill.

Be fore 1883, every com munity established its own tim e acc ord ing 

to the p osition of the sun. Th is pl an was fine fo r isolate d com munities , bu t th e Un ite d State s was no t then a na tio n of isolated communities. Railroa ds connected the cities, and the con fusion th at resulted from th e conflict betw een local times fina lly prom pted the 

General Ti me Con ven tion o f 1883. I t was fro m this con ven tion th at 

stan da rd tim e was adopted fo r th e railr oa ds an d was used by the 

Fe de ral Go vernm ent and th ro ug ho ut th e Nation. Alth ou gh the 1883 

con vention established stan da rd tim e, th is sta nd ardiza tio n was not 

codified in to Fe de ral law’ un til 35 yea rs later, in 1918.

Th e 1918 law pr ovide d fo r fo ur tim e zones in t he co nti nenta l Un ite d 

State s and one tim e zone fo r Al aska. I t p rovid ed t h at stan da rd time 

should app ly to in terstate commerce, to officers an d d ep artm en ts of the 

Fe deral Gover nm ent , and to acts pe rfo rm ed by and legal rig hts of 

pers ons subje ct to the juris diction of the Fe de ral Government. An d 

the S ta nd ar d Time Act of 1918 fa iled to prov ide fo r its o wn e nfo rce ­

ment.

Man y th in gs hav e cha nged since 1918. Th e co un try has growm to 

50 State s th at are connected by th e speed of a jet pla ne. I t is tru e 

th at we no lo ng er have the con fus ion o f a difference in minu tes between 

the times of loc alities; however, co nfu sio n still exists.
UNIFORM TIM E 45

Mr. Chairman, my proposal is simply a realistic modification o f the 

1918 law. It is meant to bring th at law up to date and to eliminate 

the confusion t ha t has resulted from local options in establishing time 

standards.

I first propose to amend the 1918 law by establishing two new time 

zones in Alaska and extending an existing time zone to include Hawaii. 

The Inte rnation al Conference held in Washington, D.C., in 1883, established a method of determining time for international purposes. 

This method was based on Greenwich, England as the prime meridian 

of longitude (0°) and divided the world into 24 zones of 15° of arc 

or 1 hour in time apart. The 1918 law adopted this princ iple by establishing the time in the continental United States according to the 

75° of longitude west of Greenwich, the 90°, the 105°, and the 125°, 

all of which are multiples of 15. The logical scheme of 15° difference 

between time zones was abandoned in the establishment of the “fifth 

time zone, which shall include only Alaska, on the 150°.” Alaska 

does, in fact, use four time zones separated by the 120° of longitude 

west of Greenwich, the 135°, the 150°, and the 165°. Alaska uses this 

logical order, established by internatio nal agreement, in violation of 

the 1918 act. Hawaii, not covered by the 1918 law, uses the 150th 

meridian as the basis for its time. My proposal would legalize 

Alaska’s fo ur time zones and include Hawaii in the Sta ndard Time 

Act. It would further designate the newly established fifth zone 

as U.S. Yukon time, rename the present fifth zone and proposed sixth 

zone as U.S. sta ndard Alaska-Hawaii time, and designate the proposed 

seventh zone as U.S. standard-Bering time. The two new zones would 

thus be named and the present U.S. Alaska time zone would be renamed so that its name would indicate the proposed inclusion of 

Hawaii in this zone.

Section 2 of the present law provides that this law app ly to 

interstate commerce, to Federal Government officers and departments, 

and to acts performed by and legal rights of persons within the 

jurisdiction of the Federal Government. Such application might 

have been sufficient in 1918. The practice that this law codified was 

proposed by the railroads, and they participated in interstate commerce. The passage of this bill, with its daylight saving time feature 

at t hat time, was im portant to the war effort, and this would concern 

Federal officers and departments. In any event the law was an 

improvement over the confusion tha t existed Ixffore 1883 and could 

have existed at a later date unless this law had been put into effect. 

But th is application is not sufficient today. We do not live in a world 

of isolation; we live in a world of communication. We must provide 

for this fact. Let me give you an example of the problems tha t 

could arise in making a simple telephone call. If I wished to call 

someone in Richmond, Va., at noon on May 15, not only must I know 

that Richmond is in the eastern time zone, but I must also know 

tha t Richmond goes on daylight saving time on May 30. If I then 

wish to call someone in Arlington, Va., my knowledge of Richmond 

time is useless; for Arlington time is 1 hour later on May 15 although 

it is the same time on May 30. It should not be necessary for a man to 

keep by his phone a chart of every locality and its date of time change. 

Some order must be established, and my bill is to establish th at order.
46 UNIFORM TIME

The provision of my proposal concerning section 2 of the present 

law would imply Federal preemption of the field of time legislation 

so that States could not have conflicting laws. This would eliminate 

the recurrence of a decision such as was advanced in Massachusetts

State Grange v. Benton (1925), F. 2d 515, in which the Massachusetts 

Daylight Saving Act was judged constitutional because the wording of 

section 2 of the Standard Time Act of 1918 did not preclude State 

action on the same subject matter. The constitutional justification 

for the extension of this law “ for all purposes” is in article I, section 

8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority 

to “fix the standard of weights and measures.”

My final proposal provides for the enforcement of this law. The 

Interstate Commerce Commission, which is in charge of the administration of this act, has repeatedly asked Congress to reexamine the 

act and make some provision fo r the administration or enforcement of 

the act. It seems strange that the Standard Time Act has been in 

effect since 1918; yet no provision has been made for its enforcement. 

Certainly, an unenforcible law is little better than no law at all. The 

suggestion of standard time was initiated in 1883. The present law 

merely reaffirms that suggestion. If we are to eliminate confusion, we 

must have a strong law, an enforcible law—and tha t law must be 

enforced.

The Chairman. Are there any questions? If not, we thank you for 

your testimony, Mr. Shipley.

Mr. Shipley. Thank you for the opportunity, Mr. Chairman.

The Chairman. The next witness is our colleague from California, 

the Honorable James Corman.

STA TEM ENT OF HON. JAM ES C. CORMAN, A RE PR ES EN TA TIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM TH E STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Mr. Corman. Mr. Chairman, the patchwork manner in which daylight saving time is now observed means t hat America has uniform 

time for only 5 months of each year—from October to April. The 

other 7 months we spend in a state of confusion, as far as time is concerned, because of the many different time laws, standards, and practices permitted in the United States.

The self-inflicted burden of confusion is close to a national disgrace.

The Congress now holds the power to correct this situation by passing the pending legislation, which would at least fix the starting and 

ending dates for daylight saving time by making the last Sundays of 

April and October the mandatory switchovers.

I supp ort this legislation strongly and hope the House acts on it 

this year.

One important point should be noted: While fixing the start and end 

of daylight saving time, the pending legislation does no t in any way 

affect State-level and local-level decisions on whether to utilize daylight saving time at all. The integrity of local and State authority 

over daylight saving time thus remains unimpaired.

This is not a daylight saving time bill. This is not a Federal grab 

for more power. This is merely a bill to bring a measure of order out 

of the chaos created by our nonsensical time practices. This is perhaps 

the only piece of legislation that directly affects the daily life of every
UNIFORM TIME 47

American. I believe that fact should spur the House to enact the 

legislation.

The Chairman. Thank you for your views, Mr. Corman.

We will now hear from the Honorable Kenneth Gray, sponsor of a 

bill now before this committee. Mr. Gray, we welcome you to the 

committee.

STATEMENT OF HON. KEN NET H J. GRAY, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

Mr. Gray. Mr. Chairm an, I deeply appreciate the opportunity of 

appearing before your committee in behalf of legislation I introduced 

early in the first session of this Congress, H.R. 2424, to amend the 

Standard Time A ct so as to provide tha t standard time shall be the 

measure of time for all purposes.

Mr. Chairman, before I begin my remarks in behalf of H.R. 2424, 

I would like to thank you and the members of the committee for 

scheduling these hearings. I realize this legislation has been somewhat controversial because many people like fast time for the convenience of playing sports during the daylight hours and for other reasons. However, I believe t ha t the extreme hardship, loss of life, and 

other factors are more impelling reasons for adopting a standard 

time in this country. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I say loss of life, because 

many people trying to meet the schedules of travel or of meetings, 

find tha t the time has advanced in another city and not having allowed 

themselves an extra hour or two, rush unnecessarily. I have heard 

of instances that resulted in the loss of life.

I believe the greatest inconvenience being placed on our citizens is 

tha t being placed on our schoolchildren of America. Thousands of 

young boys and girls are forced to stand out on the rural roadways 

of America, before daylight, waiting on the schoolbus to pick them 

up. To me this is much more important than having an extra hour 

for someone to play golf in the afternoon.

Mr. Chairman, the national chairman of the Citizens for Standard 

Time comes from my congressional district, Mr. II. H. Horner, Route 

2, Murphysboro, Ill. Another stanch fighter for standard time on 

the national level is Mrs. Ray Thies, of Campbell H ill, Ill. Both of 

these friends and constituents have sent me thousands upon thousands 

of signatures from people all over southern Illinois and from other 

parts of the Nation strongly urging Congress to amend the Standard 

Time Act of March 19, 1918, to provide standard time throughout 

the United States. I would be happy to supply the committee with 

these petitions containing thousands of signatures. However, I am 

sure y our files are filled with copies of these petitions. Therefore, I 

will not burden you and your record with these names. However, 

should you need them I will be glad to turn them over to the committee.

It would appear to me, Mr. Chairman, that it would be a very simple m atter for people to adjust their s tarting time for meetings, and 

so forth, to coincide with the most convenient time to suit their needs. 

If it is found to be inconveniencing anyone by standa rdizing the time, 

they need only to adjust their schedule instead of thei r clocks.
48 UN IF ORM TIM E

To inconvenience many for the accommodation of a few doesn’t 

make sense to me. Putting it simply, standard time is God’s time. 

Let’s revert to it. I know in the wisdom of your committee you will 

do what is just and right.

The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Gray. We appreciate your testimony.

At this time, we have the Chairman of the Interstate Commerce 

Commission, Mr. John W. Bush.

W e are very happy to have you come this morning to represent your 

organization and to give us the benefit of your views. I am sure that 

the committee is deeply appreciative of the fact tha t you would take 

the time to come up and see us.

If you would take the stand and proceed, I might say to you that I 

have to go to the Rules Committee, so I shall leave r igh t away and 

come back.

STATEM ENT OF HON. JOHN W. BUSH, CHA IRM AN, INTE RSTA TE

COMMERCE COMMISSION; ACCOMPAN IED BY JA NI CE ROSENAK,

ATTORNEY, INTERSTA TE COMMERCE COMMISSION

Mr. Bush. Air. Chairman, members of the committee, my name is 

John W. Bush. I am the Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission and have served in that capacity since Jan uary 1, 1966.

First, before you leave, I would like to say tha t it is a grea t honor. 

This is my first appearance before any of the committees of Congress 

and to have this privilege on my first appearance, to appear before you 

in this committee, is really a great honor. I know you have to leave 

and I wanted to tell you that.

The Chairman. I might add to you tha t this is my first committee 

meeting in which I have been chairman.

Mr. Bush. It is a good omen and a good start.

The Chairman. Thank you. I shall be back to see you, if possible.

Mr. F riedel (presiding). I hope you feel right a t home, Mr. Bush. 

If you would proceed, please.

Mr. Bush. Taking my cue from Congressman Fraser, I am going 

to skip the reading of the first, few pages of this report, because it is a 

summary of the testimony which I know you will be hearing from a 

good many sources.

Mr. Friedel. The whole statement will be printed in the record.

Mr. Bush. Thank you.

I shall go over to page 4 of my statement, the first full paragraph.

There are three major deficiencies in the Stan dard Time Act. First, 

the act contains no provisions for enforcement and no penalties for 

violation of the standard time prescribed. Secondly, the decision to 

adopt daylight saving time or to remain on standard time is left to 

the States and local communities. Thirdly, those States and local 

communities which do adopt daylight saving time determine its 

duration.

II.R. 7167, which implements our recommendation, would (a) prescribe standard time zones with authority to enforce the standard time 

provisions, (b) authorize the appropriate agency to determine whether 

a zone or part of a zone should go on daylight time, and (c) prescribe 

a uniform duration of daylight saving time.
UN IFO RM TIME 49

That is the crux of th e bi ll w hich we ha d subm it ted as a recommenda ­

tion.

Section 7 of H.R. 7167 would autho riz e the admi niste rin g agency 

to esta blis h da ylight-sav ing time fo r an entire zone or portio n of any 

zone when des irable in the public intere st. Da yligh t-s aving tim e 

would not be pre scrib ed fo r a zone or a po rtion of a zone unless a 

publi c demand fo r a f as te r tim e is ma nifested.

I might say before I leave hours th at T am go ing to request th at a 

detai led sta tem ent of ou r recommen dation be inserted in the record 

at th is p oin t, and I shall only mention the major provisions.

Mr. F riedel. W ith no objection, it is so orde red .

(T he document refe rred to follows :)

Reco mm end ation No. 19

Thi s prop osed bill wou ld give effect to le gi sl at iv e re co m m en da tion No. 19 of 

th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion as se t fo rt h on pa ge 73 of it s 78th annual 

re port a s fo llow s:

“W e rec om men d th a t a uni fo rm sy stem of tim e st an d ard s an d m ea su re m en t 

be e stab lish ed fo r th e U nited S ta te s; th a t th e ob se rv an ce of such tim e st an d ard s 

be re qu ir ed fo r al l p u rp o ses; th a t ca re fu l co ns id er at io n he giv en to th e qu es tion 

of w het her th e Co mmiss ion is th e mo st appro pri ate ag en cy to adm in is te r th e 

pr ov isio ns of an y fu tu re la w re la ti ng to st an d ard ti m e; an d in th e ev en t th e 

pre se nt S ta ndar d Ti me Act (15 U.S.C. 261-26 4) is no t ch an ge d or am en de d so as 

to pr ov id e a mor e effic ien t an d eff ectiv e system of tim e re gu la tion , th a t th e 

Co mm ission he re lie ve d of th e re sp on sibi lity fo r its adm in is tr ati on.”

A B IL L To es ta blish a un if or m sy stem of tim e sta n d ard s an d m ea su re m en t fo r th e U ni te d S ta te s an d to re quir e th e o bs erva nc e of such tim e st a n d ard s fo r all p ur po se s

B e i t en ac ted by th e Senate an d Hou se of Rep re se nt at iv es of th e Un ite d Sta te s

o f Am er ic a in Co ny ress as se mbled , T hat th is Act ma y be cite d as th e “ Uniform 

Tim e Act of 1965” .

Sec. 2. F or th e pur po se of es ta blish in g a uni fo rm sy stem of tim e an d to fix 

th e sta n d ard of tim e m ea su re m en t fo r th e U nited Sta te s, th e te rr it o ry of th e 

U nited Sta te s sh al l be di vi de d into ei ght tim e zon es in th e m an ne r pr ov id ed in 

th is Act.

Sec. 3. The gen er al zo ne sy ste m of st an d ard tim e, under which th e lo ca l 

sta n d a rd tim e is det er m in ed in re la tion to th e mea n so la r tim e of on e of th e 

tw en ty -f ou r- ho ur m eri dia ns oc cu rr in g ev ery fiftee nt h de gr ee of lo ng itu de w es t 

o r east fr om Green wich, Eng la nd , is he reby reco gn ized an d ad op ted so fa r as 

ap pl ic ab le to t he te rri to ry o f th e United State s.

Sec. 4. Th e sta n d ard ti m e ba se d on th e mea n so la r tim e of th e si xtiet h de gr ee 

of lo ng itud e w es t from Gre en wic h sh al l he kn ow n and des ig nat ed as A tlan tic 

sta n d ard ti m e; th a t of th e se ve nt y- fifth de gr ee as east ern st andard ti m e: th a t 

of th e nin et ie th de gr ee as centr al st an d ard ti m e: th a t of th e one hu ndre d an d 

fi fth de gr ee as m ount ai n st an d ard ti m e: th a t of th e one hun dre d and tw en tiet h 

de gr ee as Pa cif ic st a n d a rd ti m e; th at of th e on e hundre d an d th ir ty -f if th de gr ee 

as Yuk on st andard ti m e; th a t of th e on e hu ndr ed an d fiftie th de gr ee as Alask aH aw aii st an d ard ti m e; an d th a t of th e one hu ndre d an d sixty- fifth de gr ee as 

B er in g st an d ard tim e.

Sec. 5. (a ) The boundar ie s of each zone sh al l be de fin ed by an ord er of [t he 

Ag en cy de sign at ed by Con gr es s to adm in is te r th e pr ov isio ns of th is Act. her ea fte r re fe rr ed to as th e “A ge nc y” ] an d ma y 1m- modified from tim e to tim e.

(b ) D et er m in at io ns of zo ne bo un da ries her et ofo re m ad e by th e In te rs ta te 

Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion and in effect on th e effecti ve d ate of th is Act and zone 

bo und ar ie s pr ev ai ling on su ch dat e w ith re sp ec t to A la sk a an d H aw ai i sh al l 

co ntinu e in eff ect unti l mo difie d or ch an ge d by an ord er of th e Age ncy.

Sec. 6. (a ) In dete rm in in g th e bo un da ries of th e se ver al zon es th e Ag ency 

sh al l, am on g ot her th in gs, co ns id er th e appro pri at en es s of th e st andard of tim e 

fo r th e p art ic u la r are as co nc erne d. So fa r as pr ac tica bl e, th e bo un da ries of th e 

zo ne s sh al l be re as on ab ly str a ig h t no rth- so ut h lin es, sh al l be lo ca te d in sp ar se ly 

popu la te d ar ea s, sh al l fo llo w n atu ra l or well -kno wn bou nd ar ie s, an d sh al l be 

pl ac ed whe re, in th e ju dgm ent of th e Agency, th ey be st pr om ot e th e sa fe ty , co nvenien ce , an d w el fa re of th e co un try as a wh ole .
50 UNIFORM TIME

(b) Excep t as provided in subsection (c) of this section and in section 7, the 

Agency shall not include in any zone a point or are a for which the stan dard time of the zone would be more th an one hour ahead or behind local mean solar 

time. (c) The provisions of subsection (b) shall not apply in Alaska or Hawaii, and the western boundary of the zone observing Bering sta ndard time shall 

extend to the inte rnation al d ateline.

Sec. 7. (a) In the case of any zone, or any one contiguous portion of any zone 

having boundarie s determined by the Agency (here aft er in this Act referred to as a “subzone”), the Agency may determine th at in each year, from 2 o’clock antemerid ian on the las t Sunday in April u ntil 2 o’clock antemeridian on the last 

Sunday in October, such zone or subzone, as the case may be, shall be on advanced time and s hall be transfer red to and made a p art of the zone immediately to the 

east, a nd th e legal time of such zone or subzone shall be the sta ndard time of the zone into which it is temporarily so tr ans ferred . The Agency sh all not place any zone or subzone on such advanced time if it includes a point or are a for which the sta nd ard time of the zone to the east, to which the zone or subzone is temporarily tran sfe rre d, w ould be more than one h our and thirt y m inutes ahead of local mean solar time for such zone to the east. The boundary of any subzone shall be 

placed where, in the judg men t of the Agency, it best promotes the safety, con­ venience, and welfare of the cou ntry as a whole, taking into consideration the desires of those affected and the appropriateness of the advanced time for the 

are as concerned. The Agency sha ll consult with the Governor of any State 

affected before determin ing th e bound arie s of any subzone. (b) Until such time as a determination of the Agency to place or not to place 

any zone or any subzone thereof on advanced time as provided in subsection (a) 

of thi s section has become Anal, “d ayligh t saving” or other advanced time may continue to be observed in such zone or in any portion thereof, but only if such “daylight saving” or other adva nced time commences at 2 o’clock antemeridian 

on the last Sunday in April of the year involved and ends at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the la st Sunday of October of such year.

Sec. 8. (a) Before dete rmining or chang ing the boundaries of any zone or 

subzone, the Agency shall afford inte rested persons notice and an opportunity for 

a hearing. (b) Any person, organization, or Sta te or political subdivision thereof may 

file with the Agency a petition seeking the establish ment or change of the boundaries of a zone o r a subzone. The Agency may deny any such petition or 

gra nt such relief as it finds justified in the public inte rest.

Sec. 9. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and between 

2 o’clock antemeridian on the last Sunday in April and 2 o’clock antemeridian on the las t Sunday in October in area s to which section 7(b) of this Act applies, 

with in the respective zones esta blished under the autho rity of this Act the standard time of the zone shall be the exclusive time for the tran saction of all public business by any agency of the United State s, or of any Sta te or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, or represe ntative of any such agency, and shall be observed by all persons in civil and business rela tion s w ith the public. (b) Subject to the prior approval of the Agency and notwithsta nding any 

provision of this Act, a ny sta nd ard of time differing from th at of the zone may 

be used in marine and air navigation, air traffic control and rela ted activities, railroad operations having reg ard to the convenience of commerce and the 

junctio n points and the division points of common car riers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, the specialized needs of the militar y services, or for scientific purposes. The Agency may provide other exceptions upon a finding tha t 

the safety and convenience of the public will be served thereby. In any case in which the Agency permits the use of other tha n standard time under the provisions of this subsection, it may impose such reasonable conditions as it deems 

desirable to protect the public from confusion and inconvenience.

Sec. 10. In all laws, statutes, ordinances, orders, rules, and regulations relating 

to—

(1) the time of performance of any act by any agency of the United 

States, or of any S tate or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, 

or represen tative of any such agency;

(2) the time when any rig ht shall mature or term ina te; or

(3) the time when any act shall or shall not be performed;

the time specified shall be the sta ndard time of the zone within which the right 

is to ma tur e or term inate or the act is to be performed or not performed.
UNIF ORM TIM E 51

Sec. 11. The Agency is authorized and directed to execute and enforce the 

provisions of this Act; and, upon the request of the Agency, it shall be the duty 

of any United States attorney to whom the Agency may apply to institute in the 

proper court and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorney General of 

the United States all necessary proceedings for the enforcement of the provisions 

of this Act and for punishment of all violations thereof.

Sec. 12. Any person knowingly and willfully violating any provision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder shall be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof be subject for each offense 

to a fine or not more than $250. Each day of such violation shall constitute a 

separate offense.

Sec. 13. If any person shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, the Agency or its 

duly authorized agent may apply to the district court of the United States for 

any district in which such offense occurs, or in which the offender is found, for 

the enforcement of such provision of this Act, or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or order; and such court shall have jurisdiction to enforce obedience 

thereto by writ of injunction or by other process, mandatory or otherwise, 

restraining said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and representatives from further violation of such provision of this Act or of such rule, regulation requirement, or order and enjoining upon him or it obedience thereto.

Sec. 14. Any person who shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision of 

this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder shall forfeit 

to the United States the sum of $100 for each such offense, and, in the case of a 

continuing violation, not to exceed $50 for each additional day during which 

such failure or refusal shall continue. All forfeitures provided for in this 

section shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States and shall be 

recoverable in a civil suit by the Agency, or its duly authorized agent, brought 

in the district where such offense occurs or where the offender is found. All 

process in any such case may be served in the judicial district whereof such 

offender is an inhabitant or wherever he may be found.

Sec. 15. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent any State or political subdivision thereof from adopting by statute or local ordinance the standard 

or standards of time provided under this Act for the zone or zones (as defined 

by the orders of the Agency) in which such State or subdivision is located, or 

from enforcing by any lawful means the observance of such standard or standards within such State or subdivision thereof.

Sec. 16. The Agency may provide for the publication of reports, orders, maps, 

and other information pertaining to standard time zones for public information and use, and such authorized publications shall, without further proof 

or authentication, be received as competent evidence of matters contained therein 

in any court of competent jurisdiction.

Sec. 17. As used in this Act, the term “State” includes the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

Sec. 18. (a) Effective as of 2 o’clock antemeridian January 1, 1966, the following Acts are repeale d:

(1) The Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standard time 

for the United States”, approved March 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 261-264, inclusive).

(2) The Act entitled “An Act to transfer the Panhandle and Plains section 

of Texas and Oklahoma to the United States standard central time zone”, approved March 4, 1921 (15 U.S.C. 265).

(b) Effective as of the time tha t a determination of the Commission tha t 

the eastern standard time zone or a subzone thereof shall be on advanced time 

pursuant to section 8(a ) of this Act becomes final, the Act entitled “An Act 

to permit the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia to establish 

daylight saving time in the District”, approved April 28, 1953 (D.C. Code, sec. 

28-2804), is repealed.

Sec. 19. Except as provided in section 18(b), this Act shall take effect at 

2 o’clock antemeridian on Jan uary 1, 1966.

JU ST IF IC AT IO N

The present Standard Time Act was enacted by Congress in 1918 largely in 

response to an immediate need for increased national efficiency during World 

War I. Its stated purpose “To save daylight and to provide standard time for 

the United States,” coupled with an injunction directing the Interstate Com-
52 UNIF ORM TIM E

merce Commission to define the limits of the zones “hav ing rega rd for the 

convenience of commerce” (no t ju st inter sta te commerce) and a requirement that 

sta ndard time be observed in relation to acts requ ired to be performed “by any 

person subject to the jur isd iction of the United States,” was thought to evince 

the intent of Congress to fix standards of time for all purposes.

Fo r a brief period, the stan da rds of time prescribed und er the act were 

universally observed despite the fact that it contains no enforcement procedure 

or penalty provisions. The daylight-sav ing feature, however, was repealed in 

1919 over Preside nt Wilson’s veto, and shortly the reafter the Commission began 

to experience difficulty due to the limited scope of the act and the tendency 

of individual States and cities to exercise a claimed right of local option. Thus, 

local daylight-saving time, adopted at first by Boston, New York, and Chicago, 

gradua lly spread to many other cities and towns in the Ea st and Midwest. In 

a suit to enjoin the autho rities of Massachusetts from enforcing the observance 

of an advanced time sta ndard , a Federal district court held that, in enacting the 

Sta nda rd Time Act, Congress had not fully occupied the time field and, consequently, that there was no necessary conflict between that act and the enforcement of a different standard of time designed for purposes other than those 

specified in the act. See Massac husetts Sta te Grange v. Benton, 10 F. (2d) 515, 

Aff'd. sub nom. Mass. Sta te Grange v. Benton, 272 U.S. 525 (1926).

With the way open to States a nd individual communities to ac t independently, 

an ever-increasing confusion and conflict of time standard s has developed; and, 

in an era characterized by je t speed and remarka ble advances in space technology, this condition has become par ticula rly aggravated and, therefore, potentially dangerous.

The situation in Indiana, as depicted in Standard Time Zone Investigation,

314 I.C.C. 101 (126-129), decided Jun e 6, 1961, provides a pointed illu stration 

of the problem. There, among other things, the evidence details the difficulties 

experienced by numerous commercial, communications, and tra nspo rt concerns 

as well as the extreme confusion atte nding the arriv al and departu re of air 

flights a t the Indianapolis airport.

For m any years, annual rep orts of the I ntersta te Commerce Commission have 

directed the atte ntion of Congress to the need for additional time legisla tion; 

and, at the same time, in proceedings held under the act, we have earnestly 

endeavored to find a solution to the numerous conflicts caused by the action of 

Sta te or local authorities in changing local time standa rds. The pattern is 

usually the same. A shift in local time brings a flood of complaints and petitions 

for a chang e in the zone boundaries or for some action restoring the former 

situatio n, which finally impel a reopening of the proceeding for reconsideration. 

Thus, the Commission is repeated ly inje cted in to bitte r local controversies without power to resolve them with any reaso nable regard for the convenience and 

safety of the are a as a whole. If it is found th at the requested change would 

not enhance the convenience of commerce, a denial of the petition, in most instances, merely perp etua tes the existing conflict and causes it to spread to additional are as. On the other hand, a gr an t of the relief sought often produces a 

sim ilar outcome, since the resulting mutation of bound aries cre ates inconvenience in ad jac ent areas and, thereby, pre cipitates other independent local changes 

followed by further- complaints and petitions for furth er modifications.

The Commission’s experience amply demonstrates th at any att em pt to confine 

the application of the standard of time solely to Federal matters or to inters tate 

commerce, w hile local ma tters or in tras ta te commerce are governed by a different standard , is bound to res ult in chaos. The original idea of Congress that a 

Federal sta nd ard would dominate and control local time has not been borne 

out in practice. Instead, the conflict, between Federal and local standard s is 

usually resolved by the observance of local time by Fed eral officers and establishments.

In effect, therefore, and in the absence of any enforcement or penalty provisions, our determinations under the Sta ndard Time Act serve merely to establish (1) a convenient standard of time which int ers tat e common carri ers may 

use, if they desire to conform to the law, and (2) a rule of sta tut ory int erp ret ation which comes into play only when a Fed eral statute, order, rule, or regulation requires th at a par ticula r act be done, or that a rig ht shall accrue or determine, at a specified time. Any additio nal effect our determinations may have 

is largely due to volu ntary acceptance by some Sta te and local governments or 

by local usage.

The Commission has consistently take n the position th at the inconvenience 

and confusion caused by the pro liferation of different time standard s adequately
UNIFORM TIME 53

justifies the complete occupancy by Congress of the field o f sta ndard time regulatio n. In correcting this situ atio n, we believe th at Congress need not rely 

solely upon the commerce clause, since, in the opinion of the Commission, oth er 

clauses of the Constitution, par ticula rly the standard s of weights and mea sures 

clause, gra nt Congress the power to prescribe a uniform system of sta ndard 

time for the country which is not limited to ma tters relating to inters tate commerce or foreign commerce.

In its current ann ual report, this Commission has rei terate d its prior recommendations th at the scope of the Sta ndard Time Act be broadened by prov iding th at the sta ndard time of the zone shall be the exclusive measure of time 

and by adding more definite stan dards, require ments for observance, penalties 

for violation, and provision s for adm inistration and enforcement. The proposed 

bill has been draw n to accomplish these purposes.

Before discussing the pa rticular provisions of the dr af t bill, we wish to point 

out that the Commission is not unanimous concerning the propriety of its initiatin g comprehensive legislation on time ma tters, the ramifications of which 

extend fa r beyond matters rela ting to surface transp ort ation. We are agree d, 

however, both as to the need for some additio nal time legislation and for a redetermination by Congress as to whether the Commission is the most app ropri ate agency to adminis ter present or future legislation relatin g to sta ndard 

time.

The general intent of the draft bill—to provide a uniform system of time 

standard s and mea surement for the United States—is sta ted in section 2.

It is desirable expressly to recognize th at the time zones designated for the 

United States are pa rts of the intern ational system of 24 zones stretchin g from 

Greenwich east and west around the world, as is done in section 3.

Section 4 of the bill would provide three new sta nd ard time zones. Of the 

five existing zones, four (eastern, central, mountain , and Pacific) would be 

retained and the fifth (Alaska) would be subdivided and replaced by thr ee new 

zones (designated as Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Bering, respectively ). The 

intent is to cover Ala ska and Hawaii adequately. In addition, a new zone to 

the east (the “Atlantic standard time zone”), would be created. It is not intended that thi s zone will embrace any mainlan d area. Rather, thi s zone will 

be used during the summer months ot describe th at portion of the eas tern stan dard time zone designated to take an advanced sta nd ard of time durin g a portion of the year.

Section 6 follows the present act and auth oriz es the “agency” designated as 

administrator to define the limits of the zones and to modify them from time 

to time. Sub par agr aph (b) would continue existing boundaries until changed.

Section 6 includes a number of general principle s which the Commission has 

found useful in determining the zone boundaries in the past. This section also 

provides that, in fixing the boundaries, the designated agency shall not inclu de 

in any zone a point or area for which the sta ndard time would be more than 30 

minutes slower or 1 h our faste r than sun time. This is intended to be a desirable 

limitation on the discretion of the adm inistering agency in designatin g zone 

boundaries, and is designed to insure th at areas embraced within the zones will 

be governed by a t least a reasonable approximation of sun time.

The prin cipa l fea tur es of the bill are contained in section 7. This section 

would author ize th e a dministering agency, where desirable in the public inte rest, 

to esta blish for an entire zone or any one contiguous portion of any zone an 

“adva nced” sta nd ard of time (th e equivalent of daylight saving time) during 

the longer sum mer days. That portion of each zone which is not designated to 

take an advanced standard of time would ma intain standa rd time througho ut 

the year. Accordingly, this section introduces a measure of flexib ility into, and 

stands midway between, prior legislative proposals which would impose eith er 

year-round nationw ide sta ndard time or nationwide standa rd time coupled with 

a provision for mandato ry nationwide day light saving time during a portion of 

the year. Under section 7. in those zones or portions of zones where no popular 

demand for a faster standard of time is manifested, none will be provided.

Section 7 would also accomplish ano ther imp ortant objective. In place of the 

present cha otic situation in which individual States (and, indeed, individual 

comm unities) act independently in determ ining the date on winch they will tra nsfer to and from daylight saving time, it would provide uniform switch over 

dates. Thus, section 7 specifies th at the period of advanced time will be between 

the la st Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.
54 UNIFORM TIME

Finally, enactment of this section would result in a much needed simplification of zone designations. At the present time, the designations “eastern time” and “central daylight saving time” each refer to the time standard applicable to the 75th degree of longitude. Similarly, the designation “central time” and “mountain daylight saving time,” and “mountain time” and “Pacific daylight- saving time,” refer to the time standards of the 90th and 105th degrees, re­ spectively. This situation results in needless confusion and would be remedied by the instant bill. Thus, and notwithstanding the fact that the bill provides for advanced stan dards of time, the name-designations of areas governed by the time standard of the same degree of longitude remain unchanged throughout the year. This is accomplished by temporarily transferring to the standard time zone “immediately to the east” those areas designated to take an advanced 

standard of time. Sections 8 and 16 would authorize the administering agency to receive and hear petitions as to the time zones, to conduct public hearings, and to issue re­ ports, orders, maps, and other information pertaining to standard time zones for public information and use. The present act contains no similar provisions. Sections 9 and 10 contain important provisions making the standard time of the zone the exclusive measure of time for the transaction of all public business by the Federal or State Governments and by all persons in their business rela­ tions with the public, except for scientific purposes or for other purposes expressly exempted by the administering agency under a provision designed to foster and 

protect the public interest. Provisions for the execution and enforcement of this bill, entirely absent from the present act, are provided in sections 11 through 14. These include injunctive 

relief, civil forfeitures, and fines for willful violations. Section 15 affirmatively indicates tha t States are not prohibited from enact­ ing and enforcing statutes which adopt the Federal standards. This provision gives recognition to the fact that effecive enforcement will best be achieved by State and local action, and is intended to provide a strong inducement to the ad­ ministering agency to accord careful consideration to the desires of the States 

in fixing zone boundaries. In summary, the proposed bill would provide for the United States a stable and orderly system of time characterized by clearly defined boundaries and truly geared to the vastly accelerated tempo of the age in which we live. Accord­ ingly, it is recommended that this bill be enacted substantially in its present 

form. Finally, it must be observed tha t the Commission’s experience indicates that the convenience of transportation is only one of the many considerations in time- zone hearings, and that the major portion of the testimony adduced at such hear­ ings is elicited from a broad spectrum of sources, including representatives of Federal, State, county, and municipal governments, banks, brokers, insurance companies, manufacturers, mining companies, refineries, wholesale and retail dealers, radio and television broadcasters, telephone and telegraph companies, newspapers, lawyers, doctors, hospitals, tour bureaus, school boards, farmers, stock breeders, and dairymen. For this reason, it is also recommended that careful consideration be given to the question of whether the Interstate Com­ merce Commission is the most appropriate agency to administer the provisions of 

any future law relating to standard time.

Mr. Bush. At present, individual States and individual communities act independently in determining the date on which they will 

transfer to and from d aylight saving time. This results in a chaotic 

situation. Section 7 would provide uniform switchover dates by 

requiring tha t daylight saving time would be observed between the 

last Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.

Sections 9 and 10 contain provisions making the standard time of 

the zone the exclusive measure of time for the transaction of all public 

business by the Federal or State Governments and by all persons in 

their business relations with the public. The administering agency 

would be authorized to exempt certain activities from the observance 

of the standard time in a p articular zone when necessary to foster and 

protect the public interest.
UNIFORM TIME 55

Enforcement provisions, entirely absent from the present act, are 

provided in sections 11 through 14. These include injunctive relief, 

civil forfeitures, and fines for willful violations. In summary, H.R. 

7167 would provide a stable and orderly system of time, characterized 

by clearly defined boundaries and truly geared to the vastly accelerated 

tempo of the age in which we live.

H.R. 6785 is a less comprehensive bill, but would remedy two major 

deficiencies in the Standa rd Time Act. First, it would cure the lack 

of uniformity in commencing and ending daylight saving time in those 

States and local communities which choose to observe it. Secondly, 

H.R. 6785 would provide an adequate remedy against any State or 

local community which advanced the standard time in a manner not 

authorized by the bill.

H.R. 6785 provides that whenever any State, political subdivision, 

or the District of Columbia adopts daylight saving time, such time is 

to commence on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in 

October. To encourage widespread observance of daylight time, when 

adopted by local jurisdictions, such time would be made the exclusive 

time for the transaction of all public business by any department, agent, 

employee, or representative thereof. To enforce the uniform period 

for advanced time, the Commission would be authorized to apply to a 

U.S. district court for an injunction to restrain violations.

If H.R. 6785 is approved, the Commission does not anticipate any 

difficulty in enforcing its provisions. In fact, it would seldom be 

necessary, in our opinion, to institute civil injunction proceedings 

against. State and local officials. One reason is th at under H.R. 6785 

States and local communities retain the important power of deciding 

whether or not to advance the standard time otherwise applicable.

S. 1404 is similar to H.R. 6785. The major difference is that S. 1404 

does not contain the enforcement provisions which are contained 

in section 3(c) and section 4 of H.R. 6785. S. 1404 does not authorize 

the Interstate Commerce Commission to apply to the district courts 

of the United States f or the enforcement of the daylight saving pro ­

visions. Section 4 of S. 1404 provides tha t the time observed by the 

departments and agencies of the United States shall “insofar as 

practical, be the prevailing established time, including daylight saving time where established, of the area.” Section 4 of H.R. 6785 provides tha t when dayligh t saving time is adopted, it shall be the exclusive time within such State or political subdivision for the transaction of all public business by any department or agency of the 

United States. The Commission prefers the stronger enforcement 

provisions in H.R. 6785.

The last paragraph of our statement indicated tha t we preferred 

our own recommendation, H.R. 7167, and that we supported H.R. 

6785 and S. 1404 because their enactment would contribute significantly 

to the achievement of greater uniformity of time throughout the 

United States. However, Mr. Chairman, I have decided to scratch 

that as our recommendation and to say to you tha t to go back to the 

first full para graph of our testimony, which is included, but which 

I shall repeat here, I appreciate the opportunity to testify on behalf of the Commission on H.R. 6785, introduced by the chairm an, 

H.R, 7167, introduced by Mr. Macdonald, and 7167, which implements our legislative recommendation No. 19 in th e Commission’s 78th
56 UNIF O RM TIM E

annual repo rt, and S. 1404, which has passed the Senate. So the 

Comm ission wou ld like to supp ort and recommend those , or wha tever, in yo ur good jud gm ent, Congress decides.

(The complete statem ent of Mr. B ush fo llo ws:)

Statement of John W. Bus h, Chairman, Interstate Commerce Commission

Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, my nam e is John W. Bush. I am 

the Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission and have served in that 

capacity since Jan ua ry 1,1966.

I appreciate this opp ortu nity to testify on beh alf of the Commission on H.R. 

6785, introduced by you, Mr. Chairman, H.R. 7167, which implements our legislativ e recommendation No. 19 in the Commission’s 78th ann ual report, and S. 

1404, which has passed the Senate.

The Commission recognizes the need for legislation to establish more uniform 

time standard s and to create additional time zones for Alaska and Hawaii. 

In legislative recommendation No. 19 in our 78th ann ual report to the Congress, 

we recommended legislation for the esta blishment and enforcement of uniform 

time stan dards.

Prior to 1883, the re were no establish ed sta ndard s of time in the United 

States. In th at year, the railroa ds created 4 time zones to eliminate the confusion caused by more tha n 100 local sun times then being observed at their 

termin als throug hou t the country. From 1883 to 1918 the influence of railroad 

time was so stro ng th at the four-zone system gained widespread public 

acceptance. The first Feder al legislation on the subject was the Sta ndard Time Act of 

March 19, 1918. This act adopted the eastern , central, mountain, and Pacific 

time zones then in existence and created a fifth time zone for Alaska. The 

In terstate Commerce Commission was authorized to define the boundaries of 

each zone. In addition, the Standa rd Tim e Act provided th at the sta ndard time 

of each zone should be advanced 1 hou r for 7 months of each yea r beginning on 

the las t Sunday in March and ending on the last Sunday in October. The daylight 

saving provision was designed pri ma rily to conserve fuel and thu s to aid the 

wa r effort. On August 20, 1919, the day light saving provision of the Standa rd 

Time Act was repealed. National day light saving time ended on the last Sunday 

in October of th at year. From 1920 to 1940, many States and municipalities, by statute or local ordinance, provided for local daylight saving. By 1940, daylight saving time was 

generally observed in New England, in numerous cities and towns in the Middle 

Atlantic States and in Illinois and Indiana, and at scattere d points in the border 

and Southea stern States. During most of World War II , from Feb ruary 9, 1942, to Septem ber 30, 1945, 

the sta nd ard time of each zone was advanced 1 hour by act of Congress. This 

second enactme nt of national dayli ght saving time, called “wrar time,” required 

adheren ce to such time through out the entire year.

Since World War II, there has been a growing trend to day light saving. In 

1963, all or portions of 28 State s and the District of Columbia, comprising a 

ma jor ity of the Nation’s population, observed daylight saving time. However, 

the periods of daylight saving time are not uniform. A 6-month period, from the 

la st Sunday in April to the la st Sunday in October has been adopted in the New’ 

England States, New York, New Jersey, and several oth er State s, but in a majorit y of the States observing daylight saving time, differen t changeover dates 

exist. The principal cause of time confusion in the United States is the lack of 

effective limitations on the power of States and local communities to adopt the 

time standard they pre fer. This power of the States and local communities 

exists because the Congress has not exercised to any significant extent its power 

under the commerce and weig hts and measures clauses of the Constitution to establish and to enforce a reasonable degree of time uniform ity. See Massachusetts

St at e Grange v. Be nton , 10 F. 2d 515, aflf’d, 272 U.S. 525 (1926). With States and 

local communities able to act independently, the res ulting conflict and confusion 

about time has grown progressively worse. The lack of uniformity has been 

made more intolerab le by the growing speed of tra nsp ort ation and communication. There are three ma jor deficiencies in the Standa rd Time Act. First , the act 

contains no provisions for enforcement and no i>enalties for violation of the
UNIFORM TIME 57

standard time prescribed. Second, the decision to adopt daylight saving time 

or to remain on standard time is left to the States and local communities 

Third, those States and local communities which do adopt daylight saving 

time determine its duration.

H.R. 7167, which implements our recommendation, would (a) prescribe 

standard time zones with authority to enforce the standard time provisions, 

(&) authorize the appropriate agency to determine whether zone or pa rt of 

a zone should go on daylight time, and (c) prescribe a uniform duration of 

daylight saving time.

Section 7 of H.R. 7167 would authorize the administering agency to establish daylight saving time for an entire zone or portion of any zone when desirable in the public intere st Daylight saving time would not be prescribed for 

a zone or a portion of a zone unless a public demand for a faster time is manifested.

At present, individual States 'and individual communities act independently in 

determining the date on which they will tran sfer to and from daylight saving 

time. This results in a chaotic situation. Section 7 would provide uniform 

switchover dates by requiring tha t daylight saving time would be observed between the last Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October.

Sections 9 and 10 contain provisions making the standard time of the zone the 

exclusive measure of time for the transaction of all public business by the 

Federal or State Governments and by all persons in their business relations 

with the public. The administering agency would be authorized to exempt 

certain activities from the observance of the standard time in a particu lar zone 

when necessary to foster and protect the public interest.

Enforcement provisions, entirely absent from the present act, are provided 

in sections 11 through 14. These include injunctive relief, civil forfeitures, and 

fines for willful violations. In summary, H.R. 7167 would provide a stable and 

orderly system of time, characterized by clearly defined boundaries and truly 

geared to the vastly accelerated tempo of the age in which we live.

H.R. 6785 is a less comprehensive bill, but would remedy two major deficiencies 

in the Standard Time Act. First, it would cure the lack of uniformity in commencing and ending daylight saving time in those States and local communities 

which choose to observe it Second, H.R. 6785 would provide an adequate 

remedy against any State or local community which advanced the stan dard time 

in a manner not authorized by the bill.

H.R. 6785 provides tha t whenever any State, political subdivision, or the 

District of Columbia adopts daylight saving time, such time is to commence on 

the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October. To encourage 

widespread observance of daylight time, when adopted by local jurisdictions, such 

time would be made the exclusive time for the transaction of all public business 

by any department, agency, or court of the United States, and by any officer, 

agent, employee, or representative thereof. To enforce the uniform period for 

advanced time, the Commission would be authorized to apply to a U.S. district 

court for an injunction to restrain violations.

If H.R. 6785 is approved, the Commission does not anticipate any difficulty 

in enforcing its provisions. In fact, it would seldom be necessary, in our opinion, 

to institute civil injunction proceedings against State and local officials. One 

reason is tha t under H.R. 6785 States and local communities retain the important power of deciding whether or not to advance the standard time otherwise 

applicable.

S. 1404 is similar to H.R. 6785. The major difference is that S. 1404 does 

not contain the enforcement provisions which are contained in section 3(c) and 

section 4 of H.R. 6785. S. 1404 does not authorize the Interstate Commerce Commission to apply to the district courts of the United States for the enforcement 

of the daylight saving provisions. Section 4 of S. 1404 provides t hat the time 

observed by the departm ents and agencies of the United States shall “insofar as 

practical, be the prevailing established time, including daylight saving time 

where established, of the area.” Section 4 of H.R. 6785 provides that when 

daylight saving time is adopted, it shall be the exclusive time within such 

State or political subdivision for the transaction of all public business by any 

department or agency of the United States. The Commission prefers the 

stronger enforcement provisions in H.R. 6785.

Although the Commission prefers the more comprehensive approach, as proposed in our recommendations, H.R. 7167, we support H.R. 6785 and S. 1404 

because their enactment would contribute significantly to the achievement of 

greater uniformity of time throughout the United States.
58 UNIFO RM TI ME

Mr. F riedel. I wan t to th an k you, Mr. Bush, for a very , very fine 

statem ent . I t is a good r eport.

Mr. Bus h. Tha nk you.

Mr. F riedel. M r. Moss, do you have a ny questions ?

Mr. Moss. No t a t the mo ment, Mr. Frie de l.

Mr. F riedel. Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. Tha nk you, M r. Ch air man.

Mr. Bush, do you th in k you will ha ve any difficult enforcing such 

a m easure w ith the rail roads ?

Mr. Bus h. No, sir; I don’t believe we would. I think the ra ilroads, Mr. Yo unger, like everybody else, realize wh at a pro blem this 

is and th at progres s would be ma de by wh ate ver the Congress does 

this yea r. I do not see whe re we w ould have any tro uble enforcing it. 

I do not a nticipate any.

Do you ha ve any specific a rea of th ou gh t ?

Mr. Younger. By and large, th e railr oa ds hav e no t used da ylight 

saving.

Mr. Bush . Yes.

Mr. Younger. Well, we ha ve t he Tr an sp or tatio n A ct T hat is what 

causes me to ask the question.

Mr. Bush . Actua lly, I have no t consulted with Mr. Loomis or the 

railr oa d men to any degree on th is, bu t I believe th at they wou ld see 

the w isdom of going along w ith it. If i t becomes law, I do n ot anti cipa te any difficulty in the Commission enforcin g it.

Mr. Younger. Of course, if you lim it it to any organizatio n doing 

business w ith the public, they would ha ve to.

Mr. B us h. Yes; th at is wh at I m ean t. I do n ot see an y reason why 

the y would or could ask t o be exclu ded i f it becomes law.

Mr. F riedel. Mr. Va n D eerlin, any questions ?

Mr. V an D eerlin. No, th an k you .

Mr. F riedel. Mr. Rooney ?

Mr. Rooney. No questions.

Mr. F riedel. Mr. Murphy ?

Mr. Murphy. No.

Mr. F riedel. Th an k you.

O ur next witness w ill be th e H onora ble Mr. Ramspeck. a f orm er colleague of ours. Ac comp any ing h im will be Mr. Ro be rt E. Redding, 

executive directo r o f th e Comm ittee f or Time U nifo rm ity .

STATEMENT OP HON. ROBERT RAMSPECK, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE

FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C., AS PRESENTED BY

ROBERT E. REDDING, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, COMMITTEE FOR

TIM E UNIFORMITY AND VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL, TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Mr. Redding. Mr. Ch airm an , members of the com mittee, my nam e is 

Ro be rt E. Redding . I am vice preside nt and gene ral counsel of the 

Tra ns po rtat io n Assoc iation of Am eric a and executive direc tor o f the 

com mittee fo r tim e un ifo rm ity . I re gr et to say th at so far, Mr. 

Ramspec k has n ot a rri ve d, alt hough we expected him to be here. He 

is in the city and he was to have left hom e at an ea rly hour in orde r 

to have been prese nt at t his hearing. I am sorry th at he is not here
UNIFORM TIME 59

at this moment, and I hope lie will arrive momentarily. If he does, 

I know he would appreciate the opportunity to present his statement.

Under the circiunstances, however, 1 believe you have before you a 

statement by Air. Ramspeck which I would like to refer to just on 

the chance that he is unable to be here. If you happen to see him 

arrive while I am speaking, I would appreciate it if you would inte rrupt me. I do not intend to read this statement, Air. Chairman. I shall submit it for the record. Bu t I would like to call to your attention the 

contents of this statement for purposes of futu re reference by the 

committee or by your staff.

Air. F riedel. Without any objection, Air. Ramspeck’s statement will 

be included in the record at this point.

Air. Redding. Thank you very much.

AVe have attached to this statement materials in the interest of 

conserving time, including, perhaps most importantly, a summary including maps of the 1965 time observances throughout the United 

States, and for purposes of convenience, that summary is the very last attachment. The very last page is three maps which will show you 

the nature and extent of daylight time observance in 1963. AVe h ave also enclosed with this statement a historical summary of 

the problems of time confusion and a background statement which includes a number of interesting examples of the problems we have in 

time observance throughout the country. There is also a succinct summary of press comments throughout the Nation which urged Congress 

to enact time uniformity legislation. ,

I would not propose to discuss the 1965 pattern o f observance other 

than to say that daylight saving time last year was observed in 36 of 

the 50 States. AVe found tha t in some areas, it was on a statewide 

basis and in other areas, merely local. AAre found that it was being 

observed in different periods of the year.

AA’e found that even in jurisdictions not observing daylight saving 

time, such as the example indicates at the bottom of page 3 of Air. 

Ramspeck’s testimony, in one of the cities in the far Southwest, Tucson, when daylight saving time became effective elsewhere in the 

country, there were almost 40 schedule changes of the common carriers 

serving that city, even though it was in a State not observing any daylight time.

AA’e have also summarized for you instances of legislative activities 

in various States now proposing to expand daylight saving time, in 

some instances to a 4-year period. It is for this reason that we have 

encouraged the Congress to act now in order to bring about as much 

uniformity of the daylight saving time period as possible.

In recent months, we have had occasion to survey the extent of the 

financial burden of time observance throughout the country and the 

confusion which prevails, and you will find in the so-called Ramspeck 

statement a summary to the effect that, considering the burden as reported by the bus industry, the railroads, the radio-TV industry, and 

the local service airlines, it approaches something in the nature of 

$5 million a year.

But of interest to me, and I would think to you, is the fact that Federal subsidy is involved in time observance, in the sense th at the local 

service carriers are subsidized by the Civil Aeronautics Board. To

58—797— 66—■— 5
60 U N IF O R M TIM E

the extent that they incur additional expense in multiple revision of 

timetables brought about by the differing time observances throughout 

the country, this has the effect of involving taxpayer money to pay a 

portion of tha t cost.

We have also summarized the contents of the 17 bills pending before the committee. We have included a clarification of the proposed 

standard time changes which are included in a number of these bills, 

and we merely conclude by recommending th at the committee approve 

the language of the three bills—H.R. 6785, introduced by Chairman 

Staggers, H.R. 6481, introduced by former Chairman Harris, and the 

bill also introduced by Congressman Macdonald, H.R. 7867. Congressman F raser’s bill, H.R. 11743, is essentially similar. These bills 

were put together by the combined efforts of your professional staff 

as well as that on the Senate side, working with the cooperation of the 

industry and with the professional staff of the Inte rsta te Commerce 

Commission. We feel that, the language in these bills is the most reasonable and practical thing which we can achieve at this time because 

it will at least establish uniform switchover dates in those States or 

political subdivisions choosing to observe daylight time—that is the 

first thing it will do.

The second thing it will do is modernize the 1918 law by adding new 

time zones to conform with present observances.

Third, it will direct the Interstate Commerce Commission to foster 

and promote nationwide time uniform ity, and finally, would protect 

those parties seeking time-zone boundary changes by applying the 

provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act to the ICC proceedings.

We would say, however, t ha t in view of the Senate action in June 

1965 wherein the Senate Commerce Committee reported out favorably 

S. 1404 with two amendments, and 2 days later, the bill was passed 

on the Senate floor, we would have no objection, certainly, to the 

approval by this committee of that bill, in the interest of eliminating 

the need to return to the Senate in any type of conference proceeding.

Mr. Friedel. Is tha t the bill tha t has no penalty clause ?

Mr. Redding. The bill to which I refer, S. 1404, had the penalty 

clause removed from it, bv Senate amendment on the recommendation 

of the Senate Commerce Committee.

Mr. F riedel. You would be in favor of tha t just for expediency?

Mr. Redding. I would say those of us who have worked with this 

problem share the feeling of the Interstate Commerce Commission 

tha t it would be preferable to have enforcement language, generally, 

in order to encourage observance of daylight saving time on a uniform 

basis. However, we have worked on this problem long enough to 

realize and appreciate tha t perhaps even if it is deleted, we’ll find the 

general public, certainly, and Federal and State officials, anxious to 

achieve greater uniformity. And as indicated in the Senate report 

on the matter, it would be very unlikely tha t we could envisage the 

Interstate Commerce Commission gong to court and suing a State 

or local political subdivision on the matter.

It is our hope and our firm expectation that this would not be necessary and tha t by voluntary compliance and observance, we could 

achieve the ends we seek. Therefore, while having helped to draft 

the bills I refer to containing enforcement language, -we note that the
UNIFORM TIME 61

Senate Commerce Commitee, both in 1963 and 1965, and the Senate 

itself in 1965 concluded that such enforcement language should be 

deleted.

We do hope to achieve Presidential approval of time legislation by 

no later than March 1 of this year, in order tha t the use of uniform 

adoption of daylight-saving time can be made effective during this 

same period.

Mr. Chairman, tha t is a summary of the highlights in Mr. Ramspeck’s statement.

(The complete statement of Mr. Ramspeck follows:)

Statement of Robert Ramspeck, National Chairm an,

Comm ittee for Tim e Uniformity

Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce, my name is Robert Ramspeck. I reside at 9516 Wes t Stanhope Road, 

Kensington, Md. Over the years I have enjoyed the privilege of serving as a 

Congressman from Georgia, a s well as Ch airman of the Civil Service Commission. 

My experience w ith the tra nsp ort ation indu stry has included 5 years as executive 

vice preside nt of the Air Transport Association, comprised of all the scheduled 

airlines. More recently, I served as vice president of Ea ste rn Air Lines, Inc., 

from which position I have recently retired.

I app ear here again today in my capacity as national cha irm an of the Committee for Time Uniformity, with principal offices at 1101 17th Street NW., 

Wash ington, D.C.

I know you are fam iliar with the efforts of this committee, organized and 

coordinated by the Transpo rtation Association of America, and have atta che d 

a description of its activities and membership to my s tate ment. Suffice it to say 

th at it includes 43 na tionally known and privately operated institution s and organizations in the transporta tio n, communications, shipping, finance, travel, 

farm ing, labor, and general business fields. We have also enjoyed the friendly 

cooperatio n of 23 governm ental units—Federal, State, and local—including five 

Cabinet-level Departments. We have worked toge ther to achieve greater nationwide time u niformity at Federal, State, and local levels.

It was some 20 months ago, on Jun e 18, 1964, th at I appeare d before the Subcomm ittee on Commerce and Finance of the House In terstate and Foreign 

Commerce Committee, of which you, Mr. Chairman, were then chairman. My 

appearance was on behalf of the Committee for Time Uniformity in supp ort of 

corrective legislation. We app rec iate the atte ntion you then gave the subject, 

and reg ret th at the 88th Congress adjourned before it was possible to enac t 

appro priate legislation. We are optimistic now th at the job can be completed 

within the next several weeks in order th at all Americans may be freed this 

year from time smorgasbord.

I will not tak e the c omm ittee’s time today to elaborate on the general factual 

background of the problem. I would rather propose to submit for the record 

various rele vant m ate rials as to which we would be pleased to answ er questions. 

These atta chm ents include (1) a summary, including maps, of the 1965 time 

observances throughou t the U nited State s; (2) a historical summary of national 

time schizophrenia; and (3) a few succinct comments observed in the nationwide press which urge the Congress to enact time uniform ity legislation.

At the conclusion of my testimony, Mr. Robert E. Redding, vice president and 

general counsel of the Tra nsp ort ation Association of America and executive 

director of the Committee fo r Time Uniformity, would like to present a sta tement on behalf of these parties in supp ort of greater time uniformity. He will 

then be followed by key witnesses from the vita lly affected nation al interests cooperating with the Committee for Time Uniformity. It is my furth er und erstanding th at many other intere sted organizations will be subm ittin g writte n 

statem ents in supp ort of a ffirmative action to end clock confusion, and I hope th at 

the record of this hearing will be ke pt open for a few days for th e receipt of such 

communications.

I

The gravity of the national pa tte rn of time is read ily apparen t by referring to 

the attach me nt showing the 1965 practices thro ughout the United States. The 

three m aps will graphically tel l the story and I will comment only briefly about
62 UN IFO RM TIM E

th is . The fi rs t map show s th e S ta te s which ob served dayli ght sa vi ng tim e, 

w het her on a st at ew id e or nonst ate w id e ba sis, w hi le th e oth er tw o map s ref lec t 

th e wide dis pari ty of sw itch ov er dat es . Map 2 refle cts th e 196 5 dat es on which 

DST S ta te s sh ifted to daylight- sa vin g tim e. Map 3 show s th e date s on which 

such S ta te s re tu rn ed fr om day light- sa vin g to st andard tim e in th e fa ll.

The se m ate ri als refle ct th e fa c t th a t day light sa vi ng tim e w as ob served la st 

yea r in 36 of th e 50 S ta te s in th e Un ion . Th os e Sta te s not ob se rv in g DS T are 

loca ted in th e so ut h- ce nt ra l an d so uth east ern se ct or s of th e U ni te d St at es .

On e of th e mos t pe rp le xi ng ca us es of clo ck co nfus ion is th e w id es pr ea d v ari ation am on g Sta te s an d co m m un itie s as to th e d ate s on which th ey beg in an d end 

daylight sa vi ng tim e. T he pr ob lem of be ginn in g DST on diffe re nt dat es li a s 

been co ns id er ab ly redu ce d by CT U an d oth er efforts , w ith 1!) of th e 36 Sta te s 

sw itch in g from st andard to dayli ght tim e on th e la st Sun day in April. Co nve rsely , 16 of th e 36 S ta te s re tu rn ed to st andard tim e on th e la st Su nd ay in 

Oc tob er. The re m aini ng S ta te s us ed a w id e vari ety of sw itch ov er dat es to an d 

from d ay ligh t-sa vi ng ti me .

I t is also s ig nific an t to po in t out th a t clo ck co nfus ion also ex is ts even in are as 

no t ob se rv in g an y day light -s av in g tim e. For ex am ple, whe n 20 Sta te s sh ifted 

lo DST in 1964 th er e w er e 38 sc he du le ch an ge s of th e comm on carr ie rs se rv in g 

Tu cson , A riz .

II

I wou ld also em ph as ize th a t your co m m itt ee ’s review an d so lu tio n of th e 

tim e pr ob lem is comi ng not a m om en t too soon . M an y S ta te s hav e co nsidered 

or are no w co ns id er in g th e est ab lish m en t of new da yl ig ht-sa vin g tim e pe riod s at 

var ia nc e from th e pre vai ling 6- m on ths pe rio d, incl ud in g po ss ib le au th or iz at io n 

on a ye ar -r ou nd b asis. F or e x a m p le :

(1 ) In 1963, th e Main e L egis la tu re co ns id er ed a bill to be gin DST on th e 

la s t Su nd ay in F eb ru ary ; in 1965, a bil l w en t th ro ugh th e sec ond read in g 

fo r ye ar -r ou nd DS T s ubje ct to re fe re nd um .

(2 ) In 1965 a 15-man co mmiss ion to stud y DST f or al l of New Eng land was 

prop os ed in th e M as sa ch use tts S ta te leg is la tu re .

(3 ) In 1965. th ere w as an Illinois bill fo r st at ew id e DST be tw een th e 

la st Sun da y in March t o th e la st Su nd ay of S ep ten iber.

(4 ) In New H am ps hi re and Con ne cticut, ye ar -r ou nd D ST prop os als we re 

de ba te d in 1965.

(5 ) L as t ye ar a New York bi ll ur ge d 9 mon th s of D ST be tw ee n W as hi ng ­

to n’s B ir th day and T ha nk sg iv in g.

II I

The lack of tim e unif orm ity no t on ly cr eate s un to ld co nf us ion an d inco nve nien ce f or Jo hn Q. P ub lic bu t al so is a co stly bu rd en . We ha ve requ es ted som e 

of th e ke y in te re st s to est im at e su ch an nual ex pe nse. In ge ne ra l, th ey ad d up to 

ap pro xim at el y $1 mi llio n a year fo r th e bus in du st ry . $2 mill ion fo r th e ra ilro ad s, 

$2 mill io n fo r th e radio-TV in d u st ry , an d ap pro ac hin g a q u a rt e r mi llion do llar s 

annual ly fo r th e local se rv ice air li nes. T hi s puts th e to ta l bi ll of th es e in te re st s 

alon e a t well o ver $5 mill ion a y ear.

W e al so po in t ou t to yo u th a t th e tim e cr az y quilt is be ing su bs idized ev ery 

y ear w ith ta xpayer fu nd s. The loca l serv ice c a rr ie r co st bu rd en ref lec ts extr a 

pri nti ngs of tim et ab le s fo r pu bl ic use, an d ex pe ns e su bs idized by th e Civ il Ae ron auti cs Boa rd .

IV

I wou ld now lik e to co mmen t br ie fly on th e tim e bi lls pe nd in g be fo re th e committe e. Ther e are 17 su ch bills , of wh ich 3 a re id en tica l hills , includ ing II.It. 

6785 in tr od uc ed by you. Mr. C hai rm an . H.R. 7867 in trod uce d by you, Mr. Ma cdo na ld, an d H.R. 6481 in tr oduced by past C ha irm an Ore n H ar ri s. Th e 

Com m itt ee fo r Ti me U ni fo rm ity w as ac tive in th e d ra ft in g of th es e mea su re s, 

w or ki ng in co op eration w ith ke y st aff mem be rs of th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Commission . your co mmittee , and th e Sen at e Co mm erc e Com mittee . The l an gu ag e of 

th es e bills w as also re vi ew ed and cl ea re d by th e re sp ec tive le gi sl at iv e coun sel 

of bo th Ho uses. H.R. 11743, in tr oduced by Con gr es sm an F ra ser, of Minne sota, 

is al m os t t h e sa me , w ith m in or d iffe re nc es on ly.

Ma y I fi rs t su m mar ize br iefly th e co nte nt s of th e th re e id en tica l bills, men ­

tion in g fo r th e sa ke of co nv en ienc e and cla ri ty on ly H.R. 6785. Th e ot her bi lls 

a re s um m ar iz ed i n th e fin al att ach m en t t o th is st at em en t.
UNIFORM TIME 63

Th e pr in ci pa l pr ov isio n of H.R. 6785 wo uld re quir e an y S ta te or politica l 

su bd ivision th a t adopts dayli ght sa vi ng tim e to begin su ch tim e at 2 a.m . on th e 

la st Su nd ay in A pr il an d en d a t 2 a.m . on th e la st Su nd ay in Oc tob er. The hi ll 

also pr ov ides th a t dayli ght sa vi ng tim e sh al l ad van ce th e st an d ard tim e by 1 

ho ur th us p re ve nt in g so -called do ub le daylight time.

H.R. 6785 wou ld al so ex pr es s th e in te n t of Con gr es s to su pe rsed e S ta te la w s 

or loc al or di na nc es w hi ch pr ov id e fo r di ff er en t ch an ge ov er dat es or dif fe re nt a d ­

va nc es in tim e. The In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion wou ld he auth ori ze d to 

ap pl y to th e U.S. d is tr ic t court s fo r en fo rc em en t of th ese pr ov isions by in ju nctio n or ot her process.

Th e bil l wo uld m ak e dayli ght tim e, in th os e S ta te s and su bd iv isio ns ob se rv in g 

it. th e leg al tim e fo r F edera l pu rpos es, am en di ng th e exis ting law which re fe rs 

on ly to st andard tim e.

In ad ditio n, th e bi ll w ou ld (1 ) pr ov id e fo r th e cr eati on of a dditio nal st an d ard 

tim e zones, m ai nl y fo r A la sk a an d H aw aii ; (2 ) m ak e th e A dm in is tr at iv e P ro ­

ce du re Act ap pl ic ab le to all pr oc ee ding s of th e In te rsta te Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion 

under th e S ta ndard Tim e Ac t, an d (3 ) dir ect th e IC C to fo st er and pr om ot e 

th e ad op tio n an d ob se rv an ce o f u ni fo rm t im e st andard s.

I wo uld lik e to cla ri fy fo r yo u th e pr op os ed s ta n d ard tim e zone ch anges, whi ch 

a re lon g ov erdu e te ch nic al co rr ec tion s de sign ed to u p d ate an d mod ernize th e 

48 -yea r-o ld Sta ndard T im e Act of 1918.

The la w now pr ov id es fo r ea st er n, centr al, m ounta in , Pa cif ic, an d A la sk a 

st an d ard tim e zones . H.R . 6785 prop os es to ad d th re e ne w zones to th e law , one 

of which is an ex is ting w or ld w id e zone, th e A tlanti c sta n d ard tim e zon e lo ca te d 

im m ed ia tely to th e east of th e east er n st an d ard tim e zon e. T his zone incl ud es 

no po rtio n of th e continen ta l United S ta te s bu t do es em br ac e a co ns id er ab le 

se ct or of ea st er n Can ad a. It is our ho pe th a t Can ad a will jo in w ith th e U ni ted 

S ta te s in seek ing g re ate r tim e unif orm ity in th e W es te rn Hem isp he re.

T her e are tw o ne w zo ne s prop os ed fo r A lask a an d H aw ai i. The pr es en t la w 

igno re s H aw ai i an d pr es cr ib es a to ta lly unre ali st ic an d un w or ka bl e sin gle tim e 

zone fo r mo st of A lask a. Thes e pr op os als are no t kn ow n to be co nt ro ve rs ia l.

To su mmarize, th e Pa cific st andard zone has an d will co nt in ue to in cl ud e th e 

so uth east ern co rn er of A la sk a. Th e Yu kon sta n d ard zon e— a new zon e— will 

in cl ud e th e po rtio n of A la sk a im m ed ia tely to th e w es t of th e Pacif ic zon e. Th e 

pre se nt Alask a zon e will be rena m ed th e “A la sk a- H aw ai i st andard zone’’ an d wi ll 

incl ud e all of H aw ai i an d th e bu lk of Al aska wes t of th e Yukon zone. Fin al ly , 

th e Bering st andard zone— a new zone— will be lo ca ted im m ed ia te ly to th e wes t 

of th e A la sk a- H aw ai i zo ne an d includ e w es te rn m os t A lask a an d th e A leut ia n 

Is la nds.

We rec om me nd th a t th e co mm itt ee ap pr ov e th e la nguag e of th e bills ju st su m ­

m ar iz ed be ca use it will (1 ) es ta bl is h uni fo rm sw itch ov er dat es in th os e S ta te s 

or po litica l su bd iv isio ns choo sin g to ob serve D ST; (2 ) mod ernize th e 1918 

S ta ndard Ti me Act by addin g new tim e zones in co nfo rm ity w ith pre se nt tim e 

obse rv an ce ; (3 ) dir ec t th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion to fo st er an d pr omot e na tion w id e tim e u n if o rm it y ; an d (4 ) pro te ct th os e p art ie s seek ing tim e 

zo ne bo un da ry ch an ge s by ap pl yi ng th e pr ov isio ns of th e A dm in is tr at iv e P ro ­

ce du re Act to such ICC p ro ce ed ings .

Now ju st a word ab ou t S en at e ac tio n. On Ju n e 1. 1965. th e Sen ate Comm erc e 

Co mmitt ee un an im ou sly re port ed ou t fa vora bly S. 1404 (i den tica l w ith H.R. 

67 85 ). w ith tw o am en dm en ts invo lving co mplianc e w ith it s term s. Tw o da ys 

la te r, the b ill was p as se d on t h e S en at e floor w ithout de ba te.

W hi le we wo uld be di sp os ed to fa vor th e pas sa ge of H.R . 6785 (a nd S. 1404) 

as in trod uc ed , we wou ld not ob ject to th e ap pr ov al by th is co mm itt ee of th e 

la ng ua ge co nt ai ne d in th e Se na te-p as se d bill, th er eb y m ak in g it unne ce ss ar y to 

co nv en e a H ou se -S en ate co nferen ce . It is so im port an t, in our ju dg m en t, to e nac t 

ti m e legi slatio n effecti ve th ro ughout th is ve ry yea r th a t we wo uld ac qu iesce in 

su ch a so lutio n ra th e r th an r is k a ny le gi sl at iv e d ela y.

We ho pe to ac hiev e P re si denti al ap pr ov al of un ifor m -tim e legi slat io n by no 

la te r th an March 1, 1966, and will gre at ly ap pre ci at e your ex pe di te d ap pr ov al .

T han k you . ge ntlemen of th e co mm ittee, fo r th e pr iv ileg e of ap pe ar in g be fore 

you r co mmitt ee to d is cu ss th e vit al need fo r g re ate r tim e un if orm ity. If he ma y. 

Mr . Red ding wo uld now like to pr es en t hi s stat em en t. We will th en bo th be glad 

to a nsw er a ny qu es tio ns .
64 UNIFORM TIME

1965 T im e Observances

States observing daylight saving time

Pacific Mo untain Central Eastern

1965 Tim e Observances

Shift to daylight saving time

Description of th e Comm ittee for Tim e Unifo rmity

For th e record, the Committee for Time Uniformity was voluntarily formed as 

the res ult of a “Uniform Time Conference” convened on August 13, 1962, by the 

Tra nsp ortation Association of America here in Washington. This ad hoc, nonprofit. v olun tary association of transportation , communications, shipping, finance, 

general business, travel, farm , labor, and o ther interests, was formed as a resu lt 

of the efforts of. and has been co ordinated by, the Transpo rtation Association of 

America to stim ulate widespread interest and actio n in elim inating the growing 

confusion and chaos resulting from clock juggling thro ughout the United States.

The Committee for Time Uniform ity (CTU) has also worked in close cooperation and harmony with many dep artments and agencies in the Feder al Govern-
UNIFORM TIME 65

1965 Tim e Observances

Shift hack to standard time

Pacific

Last Sunday of October On ly

Mixed Datei District of Colombia switches to Standard Tima on last Sunday of Octob er.

ment, as well as with a number of representatives of governmental interests at 

State and local levels. The activities of the CTU have included annual surveys of time observance by all States in the Union and a 1965 survey of around-the-world time practices; industry surveys of the extent of fiscal impact resulting from clock confusion; adoption and implementation of nationwide education programs to acquaint the general public with the magnitude of the time problem, including extensive press, radio, and television coverage; and the encouragement of corrective action by individual States across the land. Success has been achieved during the last 3 years in California, Nevada, Washington, Vermont, West Virginia, Colorado, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Corrective action is still needed in several other States. A list of the interests which have cooperated in this endeavor is set forth on the next page. They include 43 nationally known and privately operated institu­ tions and organizations and 23 governmental units—Federal, State, and local.

List of companies and organizations which have associated with Committee for Time Uniformity in support of greater time uniformity

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association

Air Line Pilots Association

Air Transport Association

Amalgamated Transit Union

American Bankers Association

American Mutual Insurance Alliance

American Short Line Railroad Association

American Society of Travel Agents

American Telephone & Telegraph Co.

American Trucking Associations

American Waterways Operators, Inc.

Association of American Railroads

Association of Local Transport Airlines

Association of Oil Pipe Lines

Association of Stock Exchange Firms

Council of State Chambers of Commerce

Freight Forwarders Institute

Insurance Institute of Highway Safety

International Association of Machinists

Investment Bankers Association of America
66 UN IFO RM TIAIE

Manufactu rers Hanover T rus t Co.

Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade 

Middlewest Shipper-Motor Ca rri er Conference 

Natio nal Association of Broad casters 

National Association of Manu fac turers 

National Association of Motor Bus Owners 

National Association of S ecurities Dealers, Inc. 

National Association of Travel Organizations 

National B us Traffic Association 

National Business Aircraf t Association 

National Council of Farm er Cooperatives 

National Grange

Nation al Ind ustrial Recreation Association 

National Industrial Traffic League 

National Sporting Goods Association 

Pacific American Steamship Association 

Pacific Coast Stock Exchange 

REA Express

Railway Labor Executives Association 

Southern Traffic League 

Tra nsp ortatio n Association of America 

U.S. Independent Telephone Association 

Western Union Telegraph Co.

List of Government departments and organizations cooperating with Committee

fo r Time Uniformity

Federal

Advisory Commission on Interg ove rnmental Relations

Bureau of Budget 

Civil Aeronautics Board 

Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Department of Agriculture 

Dep artm ent of Commerce 

Dep artm ent of Defense 

Departm ent of Interior 

Federal Aviation Agency 

Federal Communications Commission 

Federal Maritime Commission 

General Accounting Office 

General Services A dministration

Interst ate Commerce Commission 

U.S. Naval Observatory 

Post Office Department 

Weathe r Bureau

Sta te and local

American Association of Motor Vehicle 

Adm inistrators

Council of St ate Governments 

National Association of Counties 

National Association of State Aviation 

Officials

National League of Cities 

U.S. Conference of Mayors

A Historical Summary of National Time Schizophrenia

Without exception, all citiz ens of the United States literally live by the clock, 

almost automatically as a matter of habit. From the time a child is taught how 

to read the face of a clock until he becomes a senior citizen, his entire existence 

is regulated by time. Whethe r it involves going to a movie, watching a favorite 

telev ision show, m aintaining appointments in the office, or shopping for Christmas 

presents, we all live by the clock. Books have been writte n about, the technicalities of time observance throug hou t the world and beyond to the universe. Most 

of us, however, conduct our day-to-day affairs with family, friends, and business 

asso ciates merely by a glance at our timepiece countless times each day.

The history of time observance in this country was detailed in the subcommittee hearings 2 years ago. It was the railroad industry which adopted its own 

system of timekeeping 83 yea rs ago, followed 35 years later by the enactment of 

the Standard Time Act of 1918, curren tly administered by the Inter sta te Commerce Commisison (ICC). During World War I and World War II. the Congress adopted nationwide day light saving time to enhance the war efforts. During the interv ening peacetime periods, however, the observance of daylight saving 

time has been left to the States and local communities, resulting in a veritable 

patchw ork of conflicting and confusing time practices.

Thus, almost half a century has passed since Congress has legislated on basic 

time observance prevailing in peacetime periods. We sha re the ICC request, tha t 

such action be taken.
UNIFO RM TIME 67

The e xt re m e co n tr ast s in tim e re gu la tion are e xas per at in g. The U ni ted S ta te s and Eng land now u tilize ra dio tra nsm is si on v ia the T els ta r s at ell it e to sy nc hr on iz e clo ck s w ith in 10 m illionth s of a sec ond . Also, th e sc ie nti st s of 40 n at io ns re centl y ad op ted th e atom ic def in itio n of th e in te rn ati onal u n it of tim e— a seco nd —w hi ch in cr ea se s th e ac cu ra cy of tim e m ea su re m en ts to 1 p a rt in 100 bil lion. On th e ot he r ha nd , th e ev er yd ay tim e ob se rv an ce s by th e ge ne ra l pu blic in ou r own co un try are so co nf us in g th a t it is li tt le w on de r th a t th e U ni te d S ta te s ha s been de sc rib ed by I) r. W illiam M ar ko witz , th e le ad in g tim e sc ie nti st at th e 

U.S. Nav al O bs er va to ry , as th e “w or st tim ek ee pe r in th e w or ld.” It ca me as a co ns id er ab le su rp rise to us in 1002 th a t no go ve rn m en tal ag en cy an yw he re m ai nta in s any accu ra te in fo rm at io n ab ou t th e tim e pra ct ic es ob se rv ed th ro ug ho ut th e N atio n. The U.S. Nav al O bs er va to ry receives mo re in quir ie s on th is su bj ec t th an an y o th er agen cy bu t it has ne ve r co mpiled or m ai nta in ed su ch data . Ac cording ly, th e T ra nsp ort ati on Assoc iatio n of America co nd uc ted a 1002 su rv ey co lle cting su ch in fo rm at io n from al l S ta te s in th e co ntinen ta l U ni te d Sta te s. Th e CTU th en follo wed w ith 1003, an d 1964, an d 1965 su rv ey s. The re su lts of th e 1005 su rv ey a re show n in oth er att ach m en ts to th is st at em ent. It is st art li n g to no te th e ch ec ke rb oa rd p att ern of I) ST in ci ties w ith popu la ­ tion s in ex cess of 100,000 i»eople. co mp ile d in 1004. Of 130 su ch citie s, 6 of e ve ry 13 st ay on st andard tim e w hile th e oth er 7 ci ties sh if te d to day light sa vi ng tim e. Th ese citie s, in cl ud in g S ta te c ap it al s an d o th er th ri vin g c en te rs, are all de pe nd - e n t on a good ne tw ork of tr ansp ort a nd co m m un ic at io ns f ac ilitie s. Th e efficie ncy of pr es en t in te rc han ges of peo ple an d in fo rm at io n is undu ly ha m pe re d by tim e 

dif ferenc es, w ith h alf o f th em on I) ST and th e oth er h alf n ot.

B ackground on t iie S na rl s in T im e Observa nc e in t ii e Uni te d Sta te s

America ag ai n sta rts livi ng on “scr am bl ed tim e” a t 2 a.m . on Su nd ay , A pr il 24, 

1966. On th a t da te, som e 110 million Am er ic an s wi ll ad van ce th eir clo cks 1 hou r to day light s av in g tim e and th us get ou t of st ep w ith th e o th er 85 million A merican s. The la tt e r will e it h er re m ain o n st andard tim e al l y ear or move to day light s av in g 

tim e on a l ate r da te. It ha pp en s ev er y y ear— an d it ad ds up to one of th e gre ate st pu blic in co nv en ­

ienc es in Am eri ca. Atomic scien ce now perm it s 1 sec on d to be divi de d ac cu ra te ly in to 100 billio n eq ua l pa rt s. An d sc ie nt ific tim e m ea su ring de vice s ca n be so pr ec isely se t th a t 

tw o of th em w ou ld d evia te no m ore th an 1 second in 5.000 y ea rs. Ye t th e United S ta te s re m ai ns “t he w or ld ’s w ors t tim ek ee pe r,” ac co rd in g to D r. W ill ia m M arko witz , le ad in g ti m e sc ie ntist a t th e U.S. N av al O bs erva to ry .

W hy ? Ti me co nfus ion ab oun ds in th e U ni ted S ta te s be ca us e of th e pat ch w or k m an ­ ner in wh ich dayl ig ht -s av in g tim e is ob serv ed —p art ic u la rl y th e widely var yin g 

date s on which S ta te s and are as move to and fro m dayli ght sa vi ng time . In 1965. fo r ex am pl e. 16 S ta te s sta rt ed day light sa vi ng tim e th e la st Sun da y in 

A pr il and end ed in th e la st Su nd ay in Oc tob er. Me anwh ile , anoth er 20 S ta te s eit her st art ed or en de d day light sa vi ng tim e— 

o r bo th—on d iffe re nt d at es. Th e re m ai ni ng S ta te s did n ot ob serve d ay light sa vi ng tim e a t all. Co mp ou nd ing th e co nf us io n is th e fa ct th at, of th e 36 day light sa vi ng tim e Sta te s. 18 ob served i t on a st at ew id e ba sis while th e oth ers u se d it o nly in se le cted 

ar ea s. And. ac ro ss th e co un tr y, is ol at ed are as ob serve “w ildcat” da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e 

w ithout an y official sa nct io n w ha tsoe ve r. H er e are ju st a few ex am pl es of w hat ca n ha pp en whe n all th os e cloc ks a re 

ju g g le d : Th e mo st no to riou s cas e of re ce nt tim es w as th e 35 -m ile high w ay bu s ri de be ­ tw ee n Steu be nv ille, Oh io, and Moundsville , W. Va.. whi ch en co un tere d seven tim e 

ch an ge s. Barne sv ill e. Ohio, h as a Ber lin- ty pe w al l w ithout an y ba rb ed wire . H a lf of th e c ity , in cl ud in g th e lo ca l go ve rnmen t, sch oo l dis tr ic t, ch ur ch es , an d some busi ­ ne sses, ob served east ern st an d ard tim e in 1965. T he o th er h alf of town, in cl ud­ ing fa ct or ie s, ba nk s, an d oth er bu sine sses, chose east ern da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e. W it hin 10 mile s of B ar nes ville a re 20 Ohio c om m un ities— five on east er n st a n d a rd tim e an d 15 on east ern dayli ght tim e. Li ke P atr olm an Ber yl Giese y sa id . “Y ou 

don’t kn ow if you a re co ming o r goin g h alf th e tim e. ”
68 UNIFORM TIME

An airp lane takes off in Washington, and according to the clocks, lands at 

Norfolk 5 minutes before it was airborne. A Washington flight also arrives in 

Nashville 1 minute before depa rture.

Railroad passengers come in for the ir full sha re of confusion. According to 

law, the trains run on s tand ard time and thus are out of step whenever they arrive in a daylight saving tim e community.

How about the folks who rid e the bus from Salisbury, Md. ? Las t year their 

coach for New York left at 1 :45 p.m. in early April, changed to 2 :34 p.m. the last 

Sunday of April, moved back to 1 :45 p.m. on May 30, shifted to 2 :45 p.m. again 

on September 6, and resumed its 1 :45 p.m. d epa rture on October 31. Those passengers needed cale ndars as well as time schedules.

Occasional comment is heard th at any use of d aylight-saving time disrupts the 

milking schedule of cows for the farm ers. Wisconsin is the leading State producer of dairy products yet observes daylight saving time on a statewide basis 

between the las t Sunday of April a nd the las t Sunday of October.

During part of the year, west coast businessmen are getting ready to go to 

lunch when the east coast business day is over.

Like the conflict between the a ncient cities of Athens and Spa rta. St. Paul and 

Minneapolis stayed 1 hou r ap ar t last year for a harrowing month of “daylight 

time daze.” This potp ourri of confusion during May triggered a cold war and 

a field day of newspaper headlines and political speeches. Imagine in St. Pau l 

alone nine floors of city-R amsey County office building being on c entral daylight 

time and the other nine floors stick ing to cen tral sta nda rd time.

Radio and television network programs reach their audiences at different 

times during the year, acco rding to the season and local time observance. Extensive and expensive video-taping is required to mainta in some continuity in 

time of showings.

Many States ignore the sta nd ard time zone boundaries fixed by the Inter sta te 

Commerce Commission, of which Indiana is the most flag rant example. In the 

Hoosier State, 49 counties ar e physically located in the cen tral standa rd time 

zone, y et all b ut six of them observe a year-round easte rn sta ndard time.

Marshall Tito arrived in the United States some months ago an hour early 

because someone failed to note th at particu lar area in Virginia had not yet joined 

the res t of th e State in DST.

La st year a motorist traveling westward from Iowa thro ugh Nebraska passed 

thro ugh Council Bluffs, Iowa, crossed the Missouri River, and drove through 

Omaha, Nebr. Imagine his state of mind after hitting two consecutive city 5 

p.m. rush hours.

The 4 to 5 billion long-distance telephone calls in the United States each year 

of necessity cross time zones o r flow between different time s tan dards within the 

same zone. This adds to confusion, increases caller demands on operators, makes 

“time of day ” service unc ertain in some area s and contributes to increase in uncompleted calls. The snar l is particu larly difficult when a consolidated telephone 

operation in a large community serves nearby are as observing a different time 

sta ndard d uring various times of th e year.

In 1964 a citizen of Missoula, Mont, could spend an hour in the city hall (on 

MDT) and then sprint to the Missoula County Courthouse (on MST) without 

losing a minute. In the opposite direction this confused person would lose an 

hour.

There is no official Sta te time in Indiana. Lat e in 1962, St. Joseph County, 

including South Bend, decided to abandon cen tral standard time for central daylight time. Because this move was made after bus schedules were printed, busload after busload of fans arr ive d at Notre Dam football games an hour late.

In Iowa, there were 23 d ifferent combinations of dates in 1964 on which commun ity are as shifted to and from DST.

Bus and train schedules between Chicago and Minneapolis must be revised 

and reprinted at least five tim es a yea r to keep up with DST changes in the threeSta te area covered.

In Virginia, bus schedules mu st be revised and reprinted four times in 6 

months each year.

Montana has some areas observing DST but you must fish on standa rd time, 

according to licenses, wherever you are in the State.

The time crazy quilt is being subsidized every yea r with tax payer funds. The 

local service airline industry estimates th at each extra print ing of timetables 

for public use costs between $150,000 and $200,000, an expense subsidized by the 

Civil Aeronautics Board.
UNIFORM TIME 69

Iowa citizens were born and died on standard time in 1964 even though the 

hospitals observed DST. A group of Pentagon officials, flying to a military conference in Alaska, arrived 2 hours late. They forgot that Alaska is the only State with four time zones, although the law recognizes only two zones. Tale of two kinds of citie s: Of 130 U.S. cities over 100,000 population, 71 

observe DST ; 59 don’t. One DST opponent in Wheaton, Minn, complained that, “The extra hour of sunshine turned my grass brown.” And then there was the lady who felt tired all summer until she got her hour back in the fall on the resumption of standard 

time. One resourceful but anonymous State legislator concerned with the DST prob­ lem, proposed an appealing compromise: set clocks ahead of standard time by only 30 minutes and, thus, never be wrong by more than a half hour.

Here are some historic notes of interest : The concept of DST is credited to Benjamin Franklin. When Ambassador to France, he awoke one morning and found sunlight streaming through his window while the city slept. This “wasted” daylight annoyed the frugal author of Poor Richard's Almanac and he soon evolved a plan to conserve this daylight by advancing the clocks one hour. He even calculated how many candles this 

would save the people of Paris. Standard time is not “God’s time.” The existing time zones were set up in 1883 by the railroads to eliminate the mass confusion which existed with each railroad running on its own “standard time.” There were some 100 railroad “stand ard times” prior to 1883—8 different ones in Pittsburgh alone, for 

example. In 1918, Congress passed legislation making the railroad time zones official and charged the Inte rsta te Commerce Commission with authority over boundary 

disputes. The ICC still holds this authority. During both World Wars, Congress determined that the Nation could not endure the annual time scramble. Year-round daylight saving time—or “war time”—was legislated in order to conserve fuel and electrical energy and to end time confusion during the national emergencies. Aftei- the wars, however, the 

Nation returned to clock juggling. As the man from Indiana, irate over his community being moved from the cen­ tra l to the eastern time zone told the ICC in a letter: “Confusion bordering on chaos reigns supreme, and anarchy is the mode of the da y! By such means do states and nations pass through the gates of the graveyard of history.” With its extensive flies bulging with similar protests, and with scads of schemes for ending time confusion, the ICC probably would quickly agree with 

this quote from act I, scene V, of “Hamlet” :

The time is out of j oint; O cursed s pr ite !

Tha t ever I was born to set it right.

Nation’s Press Deplores Time Scramble

Since the Committee for Time Uniformity was formed, and circulated infor­ mation pointing up the needless confusion and economic waste caused by the current conflicts in time observance, the Nation’s press has taken up the issue 

with great interest. The committee has collected news stories and editorial comments on the time question from newspapers published in all sections of the country. A study of the editorials reveals that there is almost universal conviction that action must be taken to eliminate “clock juggling.” Nine of each ten editorials emphatically assert tha t something must be done. Six of each ten flatly declare tha t the Congress should resolve the growing problem. Here are some typical excerpts from the editorial s: “The establishment of uniform time standards seems to us an entirely reason­ able exercise of Federal power.”—Richmond, Va., News Leader, May 8, 1963. “Congress has an obligation to do something about the time mixup. The more complex society becomes, the greater the need for action in this matte r.”— 

Norristown, Pa., Times Herald. May 16,1963. “In any event, some sort of national standards should be established. The present mishmash, graphically described as ‘clock confusion,’ is out of step with the times.”—Hanford, Calif., Sentinel, May 6,1963.
70 UN IFO RM TIM E

“T hi s ne w sp ap er has li tt le re li sh fo r Fed er al in te rf ere nc e w ith loc al cu sto ms . 

Bec au se of th e di sr up ting influ en ce of tim e var ia ti ons on in te rs ta te comm erce, 

howe ver, it ma y be th a t nat io nal tim e st an d ard s are ju stified. R el uc ta nt ly , we 

ag re e th a t if co nfusion is to he en de d, national st an d ard s will ha ve to be im ­

posed." — Elkin s. W. Va.. In te r- M oun ta in . Ma y 8 .19 63.

“In m an y fa ce ts of life, unif orm it y is no t de sira bl e, hu t an yth in g as fu ndam en ta l as th e de sign atio n of tim e lend s it se lf to st andard iz ation." —H ar tf ord , 

Conn.. Ti mes, May 2 .19 63.

“C on gres s shou ld in th e nati onal in te re st de te rm in e w het her th ere shou ld or 

shou ld no t be da yl ig ht sa vi ng and es ta blish w hat ev er tim e sy stem it decid es on 

fo r th e N at io n as a wh ole .”— Sal t Lak e City, U tah. Tribu ne . M ay 1. 1963.

“O rd in ar ily we wo uld vie w an o th er sa m ple of Fed er al re gi m en ta tion w ith 

concern . But tim e is no t a lo ca l pro ble m, no r a loc al pr er ogat iv e. If is a 

nat io nal m att er th a t affects ev er y p a rt of th e co un tr y eq ua lly and ha s no th in g 

to do w ith S ta te s’ ri gh ts .”— To led o. Oh io, T im es, A pril 29, 1963.

“T he sign ific an t de ve lopm en t is th a t mo re an d mor e pe op le ag re e th at some ­

th in g m us t be done to end th e pre se nt be wild er ing uncert ain ty ov er th e tim e of 

da y. ”— Belleville , Ill., New s-Dem oc rat & Adv ocate , A pr il 27,19 63.

“T he id ea of na tion al ac tion to li ft th e co un try ou t of it s day li ght tim e confu sion is ge ttin g up som e im pr es si ve mom en tum.”— Norfolk, Va., Le dg er-D ispa tc h & P or ts m ou th Sta r. May 9. 1963.

‘•Altho ug h we are n't fo nd of fe der ali zation we re al iz e th a t th ere ar e ar eas in 

which th ere is no ad eq ua te su bst it ute . For ex am ple, if ev ery S ta te ha d its own 

po st office de pa rtm en t th e re su ltin g ch ao s ca n be ea sily im ag ined . Th e confu sion ov er tim e is one th a t ac tion by Co ng ress— th e du ly elec te d re prs en ta tive s 

of th e peop le— can settl e. Thi s ac tion shou ld be ta k en ri ght aw ay bu t ce rtai nl y 

no la te r th an fo r it to lie effecti ve n ext year. ”—D ot ha n. Ala ., Eag le, May 2. 1963.

"C on gres s ha s an ob lig ation to do so mething ab out th e tim e mixup . Th e more 

comp lex so ciety become s, th e g re a te r th e ne ed fo r ac tion in th is m att er. "— 

M er idian, Miss., Sta r. M ay 9. 1963.

“D ay light sa vi ng itse lf is an econ om ic boo n, but th e ho dg ep od ge of va ry in g 

ob se rv an ce is an ex pe nsive nuis an ce to th e tr ansp ort ati on in dust ry , to the br oa dca st in g in du st ry , to fina nc ial in sti tu ti o n s in th eir vi ta l conta cts w ith m ajor 

ba nk in g ce nt er s, to all in te rs ta te co mmun ications . Mu ch as we believe in th e 

pr in cipl e of home rule, th is ne w sp ap er mus t ag re e th a t co mmon sense is on the 

side of th os e argu in g fo r a unif orm tim e patt ern fo r th e N at io n.”—L ou isv ille. 

Ky.. Times. May 4.1963 .

“U ni fo rm ity by region s wo uld av ert a good man y he ad ac he s ca us ed by toda y's 

hap hazard tim e- sh ift sy stem .”— Cor pu s C hr is ti. Tex.. Time s, May 7. 1963.

“T hi s is one of thos e in st an ce s w he re nat io nal unif or m ity m ig ht be a good 

thin g. Lac king th at , se riou s co nsi der at io n o ug ht to be giv en S enato r Mag nu son's 

bill pr ov id in g fo r tim e ch an ge s in some cer ta in region s. U ni fo rm ity by reg ions 

wou ld avert a good ma ny he ad ac hes ca us ed by to day's haphazard tim e- sh ift 

sy stem .”— No rwich . Conn., B ul le tin. May 2. 1963.

"T her e are valid ar gu m en ts, as th e fr eq uen t pro te st s of fa rm ers att est , ag ai nst 

so-call ed da yl ig ht sa ving tim e. W heth er or no t clo cks are to be ad va nc ed an 

hou r duri ng th e su mmer m on th s pr ob ab ly sh ou ld de pe nd on regi on al or S ta te 

op tio n. But w ha t ar gum en ts ca n be off ere d ag ai nst mak ing th e sh if t at th e sam e 

tim e th ro ug ho ut a da yl ig ht sa vin g zon e, an d in all su ch zo ne s? W hat sens ible 

ar gum ents ca n th er e be again st g re a te r nat io na l tim e unif orm ity to get rid of 

th e pr es en t mixed -up , co nf us ing sy st em ?”—T er re H au te . In d. . Trib un e, May 9, 

1963.

“As muc h as we di slik e th e F edera l G ov er nm en t’s in te rv en tion into st il l 

anoth er pr er oga tive of th e S ta te s an d local co mmun ities, a nat io nal policy on 

co m pu tin g tim e prob ab ly offers th e be st me thod of elim in at in g th e ‘dock confu si on ' th a t is cr ea te d ev er y y ear. ”— Me adville. Pa ., Tribu ne , May 2. 1963. 

S um m ary of P en din g T im e Bil ls

A. Th e bill# su pp or ted by th e C om m itte e fo r Tim e U niform it y

H.R . 6785, in trod uc ed by Mr. S ta ggers ; H.R. 7867, in trod uc ed by Mr. Ma cdo na ld ; an d H.R. 6481. in tr oduc ed by fo rm er co mm itt ee m em be r Mr. H ar ri s, 

ar e id en tica l bil ls. Th ey pr ov id e es se ntial ly th a t (1 ) in thos e S ta te s an d po litica l su bd iv isio ns ob serving day li ght sa vi ng tim e, th e uni fo rm sw itc h- ov er da te s 

of th e la st Su nd ay s of April and Octob er sh al l be observed, (2 ) th e S ta ndar d 

Ti me Act of 1918 be am en de d to add new tim e zones , (3 ) th e In te rs ta te Com-
UN IFOR M TIM E 71

mer ce Co mm iss ion sh al l fo st er and pr om ote nat io nw id e tim e unif or m ity, an d 

(4 ) th e A dm in is tr at iv e Pro ce dure Act sh al l ap ply to ICC sta n d a rd tim e zon e 

bo un da ry proc eeding s. H.R . 11743, in trod uc ed by Mr. F ra se r, co nt ai ns al m os t 

id en tica l lang ua ge .

It. Th e hi ll pa ssed hy th e U.8 . Senate in 1965

S. 1404. pa ss ed by th e Sen at e on Ju n e 3. 1965, is id en tica l w ith th e abovede sc rib ed bills ex ce pt th a t it del et ed th e prov ision fo r ICC en fo rc em en t in th e 

co urt s and sh or te ne d th e la nguag e re qui ring ob se rv an ce by Fed er al officials.

C. S ix si m ilar hil ls per ta in in g to dayl ig ht sa vi ng tim e sw itch -o ve r da tes

Six id en tica l bills pr ov id e th a t w he re ve r day ligh t sa vi ng tim e is ob ser ved, it 

sh al l co mmen ce on th e la st Sunday of April an d re su m e st an d ard tim e on the 

la st Sun da y of Oc tob er of ea ch yea r. Th ey are H.R. 3385, in trod uc ed by Mr. 

K ar th . of M in neso ta ; H.R. 6134, in tr odu ce d by Mr. F ra se r, of M inne so ta ; H.R . 

8394, in trod uc ed by Mr. Qu ie, of M in neso ta ; H.R . 9023. in troduce d by Mr. Fulton , of P en n sy lv an ia ; H.R. 9066, in trod uc ed by Mr. Sa ylor , of P ennsy lv ania ; 

an d H.R. 9152, in trod uc ed by Mr . D er w in sk i, of Illin ois.

D. Thr ee hil ls pro po sin g nationw id e st an da rd tim e

H.R. 2424, introd uc ed by Mr. G ra y, of Il li nois ; H.R. 5055, in trod uc ed by Mr. 

Pr ice, of Il li nois ; an d H.R. 10573, in trod uce d by Mr. Sh ipl ey, of Illin ois, wo uld 

m ak e m an dato ry th e nat io nw id e ob se rv an ce of sta n d ard tim e on a ye ar -rou nd 

ba sis. The y wo uld prop os e ad d it io n al st andard tim e zo nes fo r Alask a an d 

H aw ai i.

E. One hill pro po sin g nat io nw id e dayl ig ht sa vi ng tim e

H.R. 76, in trod uc ed by Mr. Fulton, of Te nn essee, wo uld mak e m an dat ory th e 

ob se rv an ce of na tion w id e dayli ght sa vi ng tim e be tw ee n th e la st Sun da y of April 

an d th e la st Su nd ay of Octo be r of ea ch yea r. Su ch ob se rv an ce wo uld be re ­

qu ir ed of S ta te an d loc al gov er nm en ts an d in te rs ta te commerce but no t of Fe dera l G ov er nm en t in st ru m enta li ti es. I t wo uld also prop os e addit io nal st andard 

tim e zo nes fo r Alask a an d H aw ai i.

F. Tw o re m ai ni ng bills

H.R. 1581, in trod uc ed by Mr. Sta gge rs , of W est V irgi ni a, an d H.R . 7167. in tr odu ced by Mr. H arr is , co nt ai n la nguag e no t ac ce pt ab le to th e Sen at e in 1963 or 

1965. The ob jectiona bl e pr ov ision w as an au th ori zati on to th e ICC to dete rmine w he re da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e wou ld be ob serv ed ea ch yea r. W he re au th o rized . it wo uld be in effect be tw ee n th e la st Sun da ys of A pr il and Octo be r an d 

m an dat ory , w ith pe na lti es , on al l Fed er al , Sta te , an d loca l gove rn m en t officials. 

New sta n d ard tim e zon es fo r A la sk a an d H aw ai i wou ld also be ad de d.

Com m it te e for T im e U n if o r m it y, W a sh in g t o n , D.C.

I. EXTEN T OF OBSERVANCE IN 1985 OF DAYLIGHT .SAVING TIME IN TH E UN ITED STATES 1

S ta te s o bs er vi ng da yl ig ht sa vin g ti m e :

Sta te w id e (18) :

C al if orn ia M ai ne Pen nsy lv an ia

Co lorado M as sa ch use tts R In ale Is la nd

Con ne ct ic ut N ev ad a V er m on t

D el aw ar e New H am ps hi re W as hi ng to n

Il linois Ne w Je rs ey W es t Virg in ia

Io w a New Yo rk W isco ns in

st ate w id e (18 ) :

A la ba m a M ic higa n Oh io

Id ah o M in ne so ta Orego n

In d ia n a M is so ur i So ut h D ak ot a

K ansa s M on ta na Ten ne ss ee

K en tu ck y N eb ra sk a U ta h

M ar yl an d New Mexico V irgi ni a

1

 These data were derived from 1965 reports received from State officials and other 

sources.
72 UNIFORM TIME

States observing daylight saving tim e “in reve rse” (2) :

North D ak ot a2 Tex as 3

States not observing daylight-saving time (12) :

Alaska Georgia North Carolina

Arizona Haw aii Oklahoma

Arkansa s Louisiana South Carolina

Florida Mississippi Wyoming

I I . EX TE NT OF U NIF O RM IT Y IN DAY LIG H T SA VI NG T IM E SW IT CHOVER DAT ES , 1 9 6 5

A. Switchover from standard to d aylight saving time

1. Of the 18 States observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all 18 States except Iowa and Nevada switched to daylight saving time on the last 

Sunday in April. Iowa in ear ly 1965 enacted a law providing for state wide DST between Me­ morial Day and Labor Day (in 1965, daylight saving time officially began on S at­ urda y before Memorial day). Various Iowa communities, however, including Fo rt Madison, Burlington, Keokuk, and Davenpo rt observed “summer hours” or “informal daylight saving tim e” both prior to and following the official statewide d aylight saving time period. In Nevada, White Pine, and Lincoln Counties observe Pacific day light time on a year-round basis. The reminder of the Sta te switched to Pacific dayligh t time 

on the las t Sunday of April. 2. Of the 18 States observing dayli ght saving time on a nonstatewide basis, only 3 States switched to daylight saving time for the last Sunday in April (M arylan d, Michigan, and Ne bra ska ). The oth er Sta tes observed daylight 

saving time, as fo llows:

State Area DS T began

Alabam a----- -------

Id ah o .. .........- ........

Indian a_________

Kansas----------------

Ke ntu cky________

Min nesota_______ Missouri_______

Montana________

New Mexico_____

Ohio........................

Oregon-------- -------

South Dakota........

Tennessee....... ........

Utah........................ Virginia________

Communities in Cha mbers and Lee Coun ties and 

Fort R ucker in Coffee and Dale Counties. Communities north of Salmon River------- ---------------- 43 Counties..........................- ............................................... 6 counties--- ------------------------- ------- --------------------- Portions of 24 counties....... ................................................ Hamilton and Kearney Co un tie s------------- A number of com munities in northwestern K en tu ck y. .

All except border mu nicipalities___________________ Some 50 communities, includin g St. Lou is----------------- Bu tte and Anaconda Co. and merchants in Anaconda. - Communities in Q uay Cou nt y......................................... Los Alamos C ou nty----------------- ------- -------------------- Gallipolis, O hio .. ......... -.................— .............................. Portion of Malheur C ounty .— ...................... -............... Rema inder of Oregon in Pacific sta ndard tim e zone----- Portions of Mellette, Sta nley, and Todd Counties, 

including half of city of H aye s, S .D. A portion of Marion Cou nt y__________ ____- ............. Portion of State located in Pacific s tandard time zone. . Portions of Virginia o ther than 10th Election Dis tric t (adjacent to Washington, D.C .) and 8 counties in 

southwestern Virginia. Bluefield an d Pocahontas , V irginia--------------------------

Not available.

Varying dates.

Year round.

Las t Sunday in April. 

Year roun d.

Last Sunda y in April. 

Varying dates.

Fourth Sunda y in May. 

Varying dates. 

Memorial Day.

Year round.

Las t S und ay in April. 

Ma y 5, 1965.

Year round.

Last Sunda y in April. 

Not available.

No t available.

Year round.

Mo nda y after Memorial 

D ay .’

4th Sunda y in April.

B. Switchove r from daylight saving to standard time

1. Of the 18 States observing dayli ght saving time on a statew ide basis, all except Iowa, Nevada, and West Virg inia returned to standard time on the last 

Sunday in October. Iowa officially resumed sta nd ard time, pursu ant to Sta te law, on Labor Day, with “summer hours” continuing in some a rea s until the las t Sunday of October. All of Nevada except White Pine and Lincoln Counties return ed to standa rd time on the last Sunday of October, but these two counties observed Pacific daylight tim e year-round.

2

 Although most of the area of No rth Dakota west and south of the Missouri River is located in the central standard time zone, the communities observe year-round mountain 

standa rd time. , „ _

8

 While the entire State of Texas is located in the central sta ndard time zone, El Paso County. Hudspeth County, and a p ortio n of Culbertson County observe year-round mountain 

standard time.
UNIFORM TIME 73

In West Virginia, the northern panhandle (Wheeling and points north) and the 

eastern panhandle (Allegheny, Berkeley, and Jefferson Counties) resumed standard time on the last Sunday of October. The remainder of West Virginia returned 

to standard time on the last Sunday of September.

2. Of the 18 States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, 

only Michigan resumed standard time on the last Sunday of October. The 17 

remaining States returned to standard time on varying dates from August to 

October, while some areas observe year-round daylight saving time.

C. Trend and summary of daylight saving time observance *

In 1964, a total of 19 States observed only local standard time. In 1965, only 12 

States fell into this category.

In 1965, a total of 36 States advanced their time by 1 hour on a statewide or 

nonstatewide basis. This is an increase of five States over 1964.

In 1954, 15 of the 31 States observing daylight saving time used the switchover 

dates of the last Sundays in April and October. Thirteen of these States observed daylight saving time on a statewide basis.

In 1965, 16 of the 36 States and the District of Columbia observed the switchover dates of the last Sundays in April and October. Fifteen of these States

observed daylight saving time on a statewide basis, 

below:

The 16 States are listed

California Massachusetts Rhode Island

Colorado Michigan Vermont

Connecticut New Hampshire Washington

Delaware New Jersey Wisconsin

Illinois New York

Maine Pennsylvania

STATEMENT OF ROBERT E. REDDING, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, COMMITTEE FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, AND VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL, TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Mr. Redding. I have s ub mitted a s tatem ent on be ha lf of th e Tra ns ­

po rtat io n A ssociat ion of Am eri ca and of th e C om mittee fo r T ime U ni ­

form ity a s well, which I ha d intended to prese nt to you to suppleme nt 

Mr. Rams pec k’s rem arks. He no t being here , I wou ld like to sum ­

marize wha t are, to me, th e suc cinct point s th at w ar ra nt yo ur action 

as the y are st ate d in my te stimo ny.

First , of course, the TAA bo ard of direc tor s in 1961 appro ved a 

policy provision for un ifo rm ity of tim e, wh eth er stan da rd or da ylig ht, and un ifo rm ity in the chang e dates wi thin each time zone.

Mr. F riedel. W ith ou t any objection, you r full sta teme nt will be in ­

cluded in the record.

Mr. Redding. Th an k you , sir .

W ha t I w an t to empha size to mem bers of this committee is t ha t first, 

the re is a lar ge nu mb er an d a wide variety of n ationa l inter ests which 

have su pp orted un ifo rm ity in tim e leg islation at Fe de ral and State 

levels, ha ving su bm itte d su pp or ting state me nts a t this an d three oth er 

con gres sion al committee he arings since Apr il of 1963. Th e Com mittee fo r Time Unifo rm ity itse lf is a vo lunta ry organizatio n of many, 

many inter ests th at h ave coo perated toge ther in the last 2 to 3 years, 

inv olv ing 43 natio nally kn own and priva tel y op era ted institutions and 

org aniza tio ns in th e tran sp or ta tion , communic ations, shipp ing, finance, 

travel, fa nn in g, labo r, and othe r gen eral business fields. Those orga ­

niz ations a re identified in an attachm ent to Mr. Rams pec k’s statement.

We hav e also ha d the frie nd ly co ope ration of 23 go vernm ental u nits,

4

 The District of Columbia also observed daylight saving time in 1965 between the last 

Sunday of April and the las t Sunday in October.
74 U N IF O R M TIM E

Federal , State , and local, inclu ding five Cab inet-level departm ents. 

So, w hat 1 wish to em phasize is t hat we have had a common agre eme nt 

of all these interests, g overn me nta l an d ind ustry , that som eth ing needs 

to be done an d th e tim e has arrive d to do it.

We know of no organ ized opposition to these recomm end atio ns, M r. 

Ch air ma n, and th at, of cours e, is sign ificant in any m atter involving 

legisla tion. Fro m the very begin nin g, we end eavored to an tic iap te 

where th at might develop, an d by wo rki ng with those interests, we 

are able to state, I believe, th at no org ani zed voice will be presented 

to you in opposition to the objectives which we supp ort.

The t hird point I feel im po rtan t is that all echelons of gov ernment 

have pa rticipated on this. Th ere is no St ate’s rig hts claim, to my 

know ledg e, th at has been advanced in any q ua rter on Con gress taking 

actio n. In fact, the hug e volume of cli pping s and ed ito ria ls which 

I have rea d in the last several ye ars has almost unive rsa lly urg ed you, 

the Congress, to take charg e of th is prob lem. However, we are long 

overdue on a nationwid e basis in ach ieving nation wide tim e unifo rm ­

ity. I th in k it is of sign ifica nce th at fo r man y yea rs, the In terstate 

Commerce Commission had urge d gov ernme ntal review of the time 

prob lem. If t his legislation is passed, I believe it is the IC C position 

that there will be no ad dit ion al cost to the Federal Government for 

prom oting tim e u niform ity , in ad ditio n to which it will hav e the effect 

of reducing Federal subsidy.

I hav e in my stud ies noted an increa sing tre nd across the cou ntry 

amo ng ma ny S tat es towa rd da ylight sav ing tim e. Now, if that comes, 

and if th is is going to happen St ate by State , we sho uld have un iform ity , at least, in ob serv ing such time.

We thi nk th e A merican public will appla ud F edera l tim e un ifo rm ity 

legisla tion. We bro ught thi s pro ble m to the attenti on of the public 

throug h all com mun ications me dia —press, rad io, and television. We 

think the peop le are rea dy.

Fi na lly , we have visua lized the Federal role here as one of pro mo ting tim e*u niform ity natio nally , mo der niz ing the law which Congress 

enacted in 1918, and then prescribi ng the common switchover date s 

fo r d ay lig ht s aving time where ver it prevails. Bu t we hav e sim ultaneously, Mr. Chairma n, worked in ind ividual States to eliminat e the 

frust ra ting local daylight saving time option, town by town, commu nit y by com munity, and to pro mo te statew ide obse rvan ce of commerce cha nge ove r dates.

Last y ear, in the 13 Sta tes in which we work ed, we ach ieve d complete 

or pa rtia l success in 11 of them. We have fou nd th at the y are all 

intere sted, due to the many involveme nts of the natio nal economy, in 

ach iev ing grea ter time uniform ity .

Recen tly, those efforts have been bolstered by a un ifo rm State law 

dr afted and now being circulat ed by the Cou ncil of St ate Governm ents.

Fina lly , I have a person al com ment, sir, th at appe ars on page 3 o f 

my sta tem ent. I term it a personal and collective salute on behalf of 

the Com mittee for Tim e Uni fo rm ity to ou r chairma n, Mr. Ramspeck. 

I wish he were here to hear us say this. He has worked with us this 

last 2 or 3 yea rs without any perso nal com pensation. He has advanced wise counsel and lea dersh ip, and we all say m any tha nks.

I also make the same com ment to the many Government officials, 

org aniza tio n representativ es, and private citizens who hav e worked
UNIF O RM TIM E 75

on this endeavor. I tru st that the days of scrambled time will soon 

be but a memory.

(The complete statement of Mr. Redding follows:)

Sta te m ent of R obert E. R ed oing on Beh a l f of t h e T ra ns po rt at ion

Ass oci ation of A m er ic a and t h e Co m m it tee of T im e U nif orm it y

Mr . C ha irm an an d mem be rs of t he com mittee , I am R ob er t E. Re dd ing, re si di ng 

a t 9809 H ill ridg e Driv e, K en sing to n, Md. I am vic e pre si den t an d gen er al 

co un se l of th e T ra nsp ort ati on A ss oc ia tio n of America, a no np ro fit org an iz at io n 

co m pr ised of a wide m em be rs hi p of us ers, in ve st or s, an d air line, fr eig ht fo rw ar der , high way , pipe lin e, r ail ro ad , an d w ate r c a rr ie r in te re st s.

I ha ve also en joye d th e pri vileg e of se rv in g as ex ec ut iv e d ir ecto r of th e Com ­

m it te e fo r Ti me U ni fo rm ity sinc e it s inc ep tio n.

I sh al l ta ke yo ur tim e on ly to sta te th e su ppo rt of TA A fo r th e po sitio n ju st 

ex pr es se d by Mr. Ram sp ec k an d to su pp le m en t his st ate m ent w ith a few key 

poi nt s of im po rtan ce to th is h ea ri ng .

I

The TAA Boa rd of D irec to rs , in Octo be r 1961, ap pr ov ed a i>olicy po sitio n th a t 

th ere sh ou ld be un if orm ity o f tim e, w he th er st an d ard or dayli ght, a nd uni fo rm ity 

in th e ch an ge dat es w ithin ea ch tim e zone. T hi s pr op os al w as ap pr ov ed by th e 

air , high w ay , pip eline, an d ra il ro a d pa ne ls, and no t op po sed by th e oth er fo ur 

pa ne ls.

Fol lo win g th is ac tio n, th e TA A st af f has de vo ted co ns id er ab le tim e an d a tt en ­

tion to th e im pl em en tatio n of th is policy w hi le co or di na ting th e act iv itie s of 

th e Com m itt ee f or T im e U ni fo rm ity.

II

I wou ld lik e to em ph as ize th e follo wing co nsi der at io ns which comb ine to 

ju sti fy fav or ab le c om m itt ee a c ti o n :

1. A la rg e nu m be r an d v ari ety of nati onal in te re st s su pport tim e unifo rm it y legi slatio n a t F edera l an d S ta te lev els , hav in g su bm itte d su pp ort in g 

st ate m ents a t th is and th re e oth er co ng re ss iona l co m m ittee he ar in gs sin ce 

A pr il 1963.

2. Sinc e th e fo rm at io n of th e Com mittee fo r Ti me U niform ity we ha ve en ­

de av or ed to wor k w ith ev er y ba si c econo mic in te re st affe cted by clo ck ch ao s. 

W e kn ow of no org an iz ed opp os iti on t o ou r r ec om men da tio ns .

3. All eche lons of go ve rn m en t— Fed er al . Sta te , an d loca l—h av e ex tend ed hel pfu l co op er at io n an d ass is ta nce to us. No S ta te s ri g h ts claim ha s, to our kn ow ledge, been ad va nc ed fr om any q u a rt e r in op po sitio n to a F edera l un ifor m tim e 

bill.

4. F o r th e la st 30 years th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mmiss ion annual re port s 

hav e urg ed co ng re ss iona l re vi ew of th e tim e prob lem . E nac tm en t of H.R. 6785 

will fa cil it ate th e re du ct io n of F edera l su bs idy w ithout any claimed ad ditio nal 

co st fo r ICC pr om otion of nati onw id e tim e uni fo rm ity. E xte nsi ve p ri vate co sts 

in t he annual bat tl e of ti m eta ble s ca n be g re at ly red uc ed .

5. It has bee n sa id th a t m illion s m ar ch to a di ff er en t ca de nc e. The re ap pe ar s 

to be an in cr ea si ng tr end to w ard day light sa vin g tim e th ro ug ho ut th e 

N ation. If it com es, uni fo rm st an d ard s shou ld pr ev ai l. T ru ly , Co ng ress has 

tim e on its han ds .

6. We th in k th e A mer ican pub lic w ill a pp la ud F edera l tim e unif or m ity le gi slatio n, an d th e so on er th e bett er. T hi s nati onal inco nv en ienc e has been widely 

de sc ribe d in ev ery S ta te by pre ss , radio, an d television m ed ia. We th in k th e 

peop le are rea dy .

7. W e ha ve visu aliz ed th e F edera l ro le as on e of pro m ot in g nat io nal unifo rm ity, m od er nizing th e nati o n al tim e law , an d pr es cr ib in g com mo n ch an ge ­

ov er date s fo r da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e w he re ve r it may pre va il. We ha ve si m ul ­

ta ne ou sl y worke d in in div id ual S ta te s to el im in at e th e fr u str a ti n g loc al day light 

sa vi ng tim e op tio n to w n by to w n an d to pr om ot e S ta te ap pro val of com mon 

ch an ge ov er da tes. L ast year we mad e pr og re ss in 11 of 13 Sta te s. Th ese 

co nt in ui ng ef fo rts ha ve no w be en bo lstered by a un ifor m S ta te tim e law cir ­

cu la te d by th e Co un cil of S ta te Gov ernm en ts. We th in k th is F ed er al -S ta te 

ac tion p att ern is t he rig ht an sw er .
76 U N IF O R M TIM E

8. Finally, a personal and collective salute on behalf of the Committee for 

Time Uniformity to our chairman, Mr. Ramspeck. He has served without 

compensation and has always advanced wise counsel and leadership. We all 

say “Many thanks.” I say the same, “Many thanks,” to the many Government 

officials, organization representatives, and private citizens who have cooperated 

with us. We trust t hat the days of scrambled time will soon be but a memory.

Thank you for your attention and this privilege to discuss Project Timesaver.

Mr. Friedel. I thank you for a very, very fine statement. Evidently, 

you did a lot of research work on this.

Mr. Redding. We worked hard on this, Air. Chairman. A few additional comments and I shall be finished.

You have before you a statement by Thomas P. Phelan, president 

of the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, which is to be submitted for the 

record in support of our activities. They have been an im portant part 

of our Committee for Time Uniformity.

Air. Friedel. That statement will be included in the record.

(The statement referred to follo ws:)

Statement by Thomas P. Phelan, P resident, Pacific Coast Stock Exchange

The State of California has adopted the compulsory observance of daylightsaving time from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October so as to 

conform their observations with those of the major Eastern and Midwestern 

States, metropolitan areas and business and financial centers. Such compulsory 

conformity in time throughout the yea r is vital to west coast business, agriculture 

and industry.

The west coast is one of the largest population areas in the Nation. Its markets 

are nationwide and thus its manufacturers, financial institutions, and its large 

farms and agricultural groups who compete with producers in other parts of the 

country need as many working hours in conformity with eastern and midwestern 

business centers as possible. Without conforming daylight time on the Pacific 

coast with tha t experienced by eastern and midwestern communities, west coast 

businesses would be out of step and under an unnecessary or unwarranted 

handicap by the loss of an additional business hour. Thus production could 

fall with a resultant curtailment of employment and reduction of gross receipts by 

west coast activities.

California originally adopted compulsory daylight saving time from the last 

Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September in 1949. In 1962 by an even 

greater percent of the population it extended such compulsory observance to the 

last Sunday in October so as to conform with eastern and midwestern areas 

observing such time.

We strongly believe that conformity of time throughout the country would be 

in the economic interest in all segments of industry and business and adoption of 

H.R. 6785, H.R. 7867 and H.R. 6481 is strongly recommended.

Air. Redding. Thank you, sir.

I have also received a telegram which is also before you from the 

Honorable Tom Frost. Air. Frost is a member of the Virginia State 

Legislature. He has voluntarily and personally taken an interest in 

this problem, and particularly insofar as his own State is involved. 

He has come to Washington to testify at least twice before congressional committees concerned with this matter. He would have liked 

to have been here today. But being unable to do so, he sent me a telegram asking our permission to receive into the record his testimony 

of last April before the Senate Commerce Committee. Tha t statement is also attached to the telegram and it appears before you.

He has stated, Air. Chairman, tha t Governor Godwin of Virginia 

will not oppose the enactment of the legislation which we support.

Air. Friedel. Without objection, tha t statement will also be included in the record.
UNIFORM TIME 77

Mr. Bedding. Thank you.

(The telegram and statement referred to follows:)

[Telegram] Richmond, Va.

Robert E. Redding,

Tran sportation Association of America,

Washington, D.C.: Unable to atte nd resch eduled House Interstate and Fore ign Commerce Com­ mittee hea ring on time uniformity legislation Wednesday, February 2. Request permission of Chairman Staggers to receive into record my testim ony on April 26, 1965, before Senate Commerce Committee on sim ilar legislation. Governor Godwin will not oppose enactment of H.R. 6785 or esse ntially sim ilar legislation.

Tom Frost.

Statement of Hon. Thomas N. Frost, Virginia State Legislator, Before

Senate Commerce Committee on April 26, 1965

Mr. Frost. I will be short, sir. Mr. Chairman, I have spent a lot of time in trying to get a bill through our Virginia State Legislature f or uniform time and we were a lways unsuccessful, one time by one vote. We realize we have, I am sure, the most confused Sta te in the Union with time with our nine counties in the southw est who are strictly on sta ndard time and, as the gentleman said, if you could put the whole Sta te on standard time, it would really take an act of Congress to get the great Southern Sta te of Virginia 

on one time. But, I understand your bill will permit them to remain on standard time. I urge and plead with you to rep ort this bill out and pass it at your very earliest convenience. We are really most anxious in Virginia to have this bill enacted. It is certainly a step in the rig ht direction to having uniform time all over the 

United States. I received a lette r from the Governor. May I read it? It is ju st a sho rt 

letter and I would like to have it included.

Senator McGee. Yes.

Mr. Frost (reading) . “De ar Mr. F rost: I under stand you plan to ap pea r before the Senate Commerce Committee in suppo rt of S. 1404, which would provide uniform time zones 

through out the United State s. “Ena ctment of such legislation, in my judgment, would be in the best inte rest of the Nation and I trus t t ha t the Congress will a ct favo rably d urin g th is session. As you know, the Virginia General Assembly has advocated such an approach, and I am confident th at the legislation would meet with the approval of the 

gre at majority of our citizens.” It is signed “Albertis S. H arrison, Jr .” I would like to pu t t ha t in the record.

Sen ator McGee. Yes; the le tte r from the Governor will appear in the record.

(The lett er follows :) “Commonwealth of Virginia,

“Governor’s Off ice, 

“Richmond, A pril 23,1965.

“Hon. T homas N. Frost,

“Warrenton, Va.

“Dear Mr. Frost: I understand you plan to appear before the Senate Com­ merce Committee in support of S. 1404, which would provide uniform time zones 

throug hou t the United States. “Enactm ent of such legislation, in my judgment, would be in the best intere st of the Nation and I trus t th at the Congress will a ct favorably d urin g this session. As you know, the Virginia G eneral Assembly ha s advocated such a n approach, and I am confident that the legislation would meet with the approval of the gre at 

ma jor ity of our citizens.

“Sincerely yours, “A. S. H arrison, Jr .”

Mr. Frost. I have nothing else to say, but I do urge the reporting out of this 

bill.
78 UN IFO RM TIME

Mr. Redding. I have just one final point, sir. As we have endeavored to evaluate the time problems of this Nation, we have realized 

that it is something-

 more than merely the time tha t is observed in the 

individual States. It is a worldwide problem, actually.

Very early in our activities, we consulted with authorities that were 

familiar with the worldwide situation. You will find attached to Mr. 

Ramspeck’s statement a comment made by one of those top authorities 

to the effect tha t the United States is the worst timekeeper in the world. 

In order to document that, however, and no one had ever really done 

so, we prevailed upon a gentleman who served many years with the 

Interstate Commerce Commission as a hearing examiner trying all the 

time uniformity cases that appeared before that Commission. His 

name is Thomas Pyne. Mr. Pyne is in the audience this morning. He 

has given us counsel over many months, now in retired status, and has 

carefully prepared what we have termed a “worldwide time study.” 

Cur thought has been that it is not merely a matter of trying to correct the time problems in this Nation, because it also affects foreign 

commerce. It affects Canada, and we have been in touch with Canadian authorities.

Therefore, Mr. Chairman, with your permission and because this has 

never been published—it is merely a 14-page document—we would 

appreciate it if you would be willing to have that study, which is a 

current study, included in this record, because we feel it can contribute 

to fur ther cooperation in the interest of time.

Mr. F riedel. Fourteen pages?

Mr. Redding. Yes, sir.

Mr. Frif.del. Is there any objection ?

(No response.)

Mr. F rtedel. The statement will be printed in the record.

(The statement referred to follows:)

A Worldwide Survey op T im e Observance

(B y Tho m as E . I’yn e)

A. STANDARD TIM E OBSERVANCE IN TH E WESTERN HEM IS PH ER E

F o r ov er 80 ye ar s, sin ce th e zone sy st em of tim e w as in augura te d in th e 

U nited S ta te s and Can ad a by th e A m er ic an ra il ro ads on No vemb er 18, 1883. the 

United S ta te s has h ad f our tim e zones (W 5 to W 8), 1

 com mo nly c alled th e ea st er n, 

ce ntr al , m ou nt ai n, an d Pacific zon es. The se st andard s of tim e rece iv ed congr es sion al ap pro val in 1918 in th e S ta ndard Ti me Act (15 U.S.C. sec. 261 et se q. ). 

which also ad op te d a sin gle zo ne an d co rr es po nd in g st andard tim e (W 10 ) 

fo r Alas ka. U nd er th is Fed er al law . w hi ch th e co ur ts ha ve he ld go ve rn s on ly 

th e mov em en ts of in te rs ta te carr ie rs and th e oth er Fed er al pu rp os es specified 

in th e ac t. th e In te rs ta te C om me rce Com miss ion de te rm in es w hat port io ns of th e 

co term in us te rr it o ry of th e United S ta te s a re to he em br ac ed in each of th e fo ur 

zon es co ve ring th a t ar ea . Al aska st an d ard tim e is ob served in th e ce ntr al 

p art of the Sta te . Pacif ic tim e (W 8) and Yu ko n tim e (W 9) are us ed in th e

1

 T hro ugho ut th is pap er th e 24 st andard s of tim e en ci rc ling th e glo be will be as follo ws : 

Th e zer o zon e of Gr ee nw ich. “Z ” : th os e ea st of Gre en wich “E ”. e.g., th a t of th e 15 th degree 

of lo ng itud e east from Green wich, 1 hou r fa st er ' th an Green wi ch tim e “E l ”, th a t of the 

30 th , “ E2” , e tc .: th os e w es t of Gr eenw ich “W ”. e.g.. th a t of th e 15 th degree of lo ng itud e 

wes t fro m Gr ee nw ich. 1 ho ur slo we r th an Gre en wich tim e “W l” , th a t of th e 30 th . “W 2", 

etc . E as te rn tim e wo uld th us be “W 5” tim e, ba se d on th e 75 th degree of lo ng itud e we st 

fro m Gr eenw ich , 5 ho urs (15 degrees of lo ngi tu de eq ua ls 1 ho ur) slo we r th an Green wich 

tim e. C en tral tim e wo uld be “W 6” tim e. 6 hours slo wer th an Gr ee nw ich tim e. Ir re gula r 

st andard s in be tw een th e 24 re gu la r zon e sta n d ard s will be re fe rr ed to b.v fr acti o n s : e.g.. 

“W 3% ”. th e tim e of 52 °3 0' long itu de wes t fr om Green wich ti m e; “W 3*4” , th a t of 52c 15' lo ng itud e we st. 3% ho urs slo we r th an Gre en wich tim e. The se de si gn at io ns are sometim es 

used to re fe r to th e ge og raph ic zon es in which th e p art ic u la r tim e is observe d.
UN IFO RM TIME 79

so uth east ern part , an d B er in g tim e ( W ll) is ob serv ed on th e W est co as t an d in 

th e A le ut ia n Is land s. H aw ai ia n st an d ard tim e is th e sa m e a s A lask a st andard . 

(W 10 ). In mos t Sta te s, at le ast duri ng th e w in te r mon th s, th e S ta te an d 

h x al laws as well as th e actu al tim e ob se rv an ce follo w th e F edera l law . Ho wev er. a nu m be r of co mm un iti es or a re a s alo ng th e tim e zone bou ndar ie s ob serv e 

th e tim e of th e adja cen t zone. D uring th e w ar m er m on th s, ho we ve r, th ere 

are nu m er ou s dep art ure s from t he F edera l st an dar ds.

I t is in te re st in g an d in fo rm ati ve to ex am in e th e tim e habit s of oth er coun ­

tr ie s an d to ob serve how th ey co m pa re w ith our ow n tim e arr angem ents in th e 

United S ta te s, ke ep ing in mind th e differen ce s in long itu de an d la titu de, an d 

oth er ge og ra ph ic an d n atu ra l di fferen ce s. Can ad a has seven zones, includ ing 

th e fo ur zo ne s wh ich ex te nd in to th e United S ta te s (W 5 to W 8). Can ad a 

also ha s tw o zon es fa rt h e r east (W 3% an d W 4) , an d th e Yuk on zone <W 9), 

which lie s be tw ee n o u r Pacif ic an d Alask a zon es. C an ad a do es no t ex tend 

so ut h of th e 42° pa ra llel , an d m os t of it is nort h of 49°, co m pa re d w ith the 

co ntinen ta l U ni ted S ta te s nort h-s outh lim its ex te nd in g from ab out 25° to 49°, 21° 

fo r H aw ai i, an d fro m 55° to 71° fo r A la sk a, a ll nor th l at it ude.

To th e so ut h, Mexico is mos tly in th e ce ntr al zone (W 6) . A sm al l are a of 

Mexico al on g th e wes t co ast is in th e m ou nt ai n zone (W 7), w ith th e ex ce ption 

of th e n ort hern p a rt of lo wer C al if orn ia , which is in th e Pa cific zone (W 8) . 

C en tr al America is in th e centr al zo ne (W 6), w ith th e ex ce pt ion of Pan am a, 

which is in th e east er n zone (W o), an d B ri ti sh H ondura s, whi ch has ce ntr al 

rim e (W 6) in th e su m m er but tu rn s th e clo cks ba ck a h alf hou r to (WG(A) 

fo r th e w in te r. The neare r is la nds of th e W es t In di es , su ch as th e Bah am as , 

Cu ba, th e Dom inican Re pu blic, H ait i, an d Ja m ai ca , are all in th e east er n zon e 

(W o). A fe w is la nds nea r Ven ez ue la ob serv e tim e a h a lf hour fa ste r (W 4% ), 

w hi le th e is la nds fa rt h e r ea st , su ch as Bermud a, Puert o Ric o, Virg in Is la nd s, 

L ee w ar d an d W in dw ar d Is la nd s, a nd T ri nid ad t ak e A tlan ti c tim e (W 4).

As to Sou th Am eri ca, th e nort hw est ern pa rt, em br ac in g Co lom bia . Equ ad or , 

and Per u, as well as the w es te rn ti p of Brazil an d th e G alap ag os Is la nd s, ar e 

in th e east ern zone (W o) . Ch ile , st re tc hin g so uth w ar d fo r al m ost 3,000 mile s 

alon g th e Pa cif ic co ast, is in w ha t we call the A tlan tic zon e (W 4), as are als o 

Bolivia, Par aguay, an d mo st of w es te rn Brazil . Th e en ti re east co as t of So uth 

America, east ern Brazil. Uru gu ay , and Arg en tin a, in cl ud in g T ie rr a del Fuego , 

are in th e ne xt fa ste r zone (W 3) '. Thr ee co unt ri es alon g th e nort h co as t of 

So uth America ha ve s ta ndard s no t on an ho ur ly b a sis : V en ez ue la us es W 4% tim e, 

m id way be tw ee n E as te rn tim e and A tl anti c tim e, B ri ti sh G ui an a us es W3% tim e, 

15 m in ute s fa ste r th an A tlan tic tim e. Su rina m , oth er w is e kn ow n as N et he rlan ds 

G uian a, us es W 3% tim e. 30 m in ute s fa s te r th an A tlan tic tim e.

So fa r as la ti tu de is co nc erne d, Mex ico var ie s from ab ou t 32° to 15° no rth, 

th e W es t In di es fro m 27° to 10° nort h. C en tral America be tw ee n 15° an d 8° 

no rt h, an d So uth Am erica fro m abou t 12° no rth to 55° so ut h. B ra zi l an d Ar gentina. wh ich ov er la p in th e middle, to geth er ex te nd al m os t th e en ti re dis ta nce (5° 

nort h to 55° so uth ).

Th e equato r ru ns th ro ug h th e n o rt h ern p a rt of Sou th A m er ic a (E cu ad or , 

Co lom bia , and nort her n B ra zil ). Only th e la ti tu des of so uth er n B ra zi l an d 

Par aguay, al l of Urugu ay , an d mos t of A rg en tina an d Ch ile are th e counte rp ar ts 

of thos e of th e United Sta te s. Bue no s Ai res . A rg en tina , an d San tiag o, Chile, 

are ab ou t th e sa m e di st an ce so ut h of th e eq uat or as Los An geles, Ca lif ., or Atla nta , Ga ., a re no rth of th e equa to r. The so ut he rn la ti tu des of Rio de Ja nei ro 

in so ut he rn Bra zi l. Pue rt o M on tt in m id dl e Chile, an d P unta A re nas in so ut he rn 

Ch ile co rres po nd ro ug hl y w ith la ti tu d es of Ta mp ico . Mexico , Ch ica go , Ill ., an d 

Ed mon ton, Can ad a, re sp ec tiv ely, n o rt h of the eq ua to r.

B. DAYLI GHT SA VING T IM E OB SE RV AN CE IN T H E W ES TE RN H E M IS P H E R E

In th e U ni ted S ta te s th e Fed er al S ta ndard Tim e Act mak es no prov ision fo r 

day ligh t sa vi ng ti me . As th e re su lt of S ta te o r lo ca l op tio ns under ex is ting law s, 

ho we ver, in th e po pu lous S ta te s an d are as in th e nort heast ern p a rt s of th e 

east ern and ce ntr al zones, a t sc att ere d po in ts in th e m ou nt ai n zon e, and th ro ughou t mo st of t h e Pacific zone, day light sa vi ng tim e is ob served.

D ay lig ht sa vi ng tim e in Can ad a fo llo w s mu ch th e sa m e haphazard p att ern it 

does in th e U ni ted St at es . In th e E ast , ab ou t 2 dozen cities in th e M ar iti m e 

Pro vi nc es ob serve A tla ntic day light ti m e; more th an 100 ci ties in so ut he rn 

Qu ebe c an d so uth ea st er n O nt ar io go alon g w ith the us ua l U.S. ob se rv an ce of 

east ern daylight tim e an d ge ner al ly fo r th e sa m e 6-mon th pe riod . B ri ti sh 

Colum bia on th e w es t co ast ob serv es Pa cif ic day ligh t tim e th ro ughout th e Prov -
80 U N IF O R M TIM E

ince, while Manitoba has provincewide observance of central day ligh t time, hut 

for only 5 months each year. After observing mountain day ligh t saving time 

for a while several cities in the sou thern half of Saskatchewan shifted to yearround cen tral time.

At the present time there is no day light saving time in the Provinces of Newfoundland, Saskatchewan, or Alberta, nor in northern Quebec or northern and 

western Ontario. North of the 60th parallel, during the day light saving time 

period, there is enough daylight to satisfy the most prodigal user, so that daylight saving time is not necessary the re. Generally the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific time zones in Can ada extend farth er west tha n corresponding 

zones in the United States.

The only daylight saving time in Mexico is at a few points in the northeast 

corner, ju st south of the Californ ia border. The only seasonal shift of time in 

Centra l America is the half-hour chan ge in British Honduras, but the official 

position seems to favor the concept th at central time is observed except from 

the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in Febru ary when the 

clocks are turned back a half hour for this fall and winter period. Cuba, the 

Bahamas, and a few other islands of the West Indies have day light saving time 

for va riou s summer periods. The Dominican Republic observes advanced winter 

time from the middle of October to a bout the first of Fe bruary.

In South America, daylight saving time is confined to Brazil, Uruguay, and 

Argentina. Since summer in the Southern Hemisphere occurs during winter 

months in the United States, day ligh t saving time in these countries is just the 

reve rse; namely, from the middle of October to February or March ; consequently, 

the norm al zone relation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere is 

completely disrupted. For example, Washington, D.C., and Buenos Aires, Argentina. norm ally in zones Wo and W4, respectively, both observe daylight saving 

time during the ir respective summer, the former from April 26 to October 25 

during the 1964 season, and the latte r from October 15, 1963, to Febru ary 29, 1964. 

The time differences between the two cities, also in rela tion to Greenwich time, 

are shown in the following tab le:

Time in 1964 Jan. 1- 

Feb. 29

Feb. 29- 

Apr. 26

Apr. 26- 

Oct. 15

Oct. 15-25 Oct. 25- 

Jan. 1

Greenwich time (noon)________________ 12 12 12 12 12

Washington time (a.m .)_______________ 7 7 8 8 7

Buenos Aires time (a.m.).. . _____ ___ 9 8 8 9 9

Hours, Washington behind Greenwich__ 5 5 4 4 5

Hours. Buenos Aires behind Greenwich. . 3 4 4 3 3

Hours, Was hington behind Buenos Aires. 2 1 0 1 2

Thus, although Washington, D.C., is normally 5 hours slow of Greenwich and

1 hour behind Buenos Aires, which is 4 hours behind Greenwich on Jan uary 1 

(the middle of summer in the Southern Hemisphere), Buenos Aires is alrea dy 

on day ligh t saving time and is actua lly only 3 hours behind Greenwich, and

2 hours ahe ad of the United States. During March and most of April, when 

neither city is on daylight saving time, the normal difference of 1 hour applies. 

In April when Washington is on day light saving time and Buenos Aires is not. 

there is no difference in time, and both cities are 4 hours behind Greenwich 

time. Fo r a short while during October, while Washington is still on the 

advanced time and Buenos Aires has ju st started such observance, the latte r 

city aga in becomes an hour ahe ad of Washington and only 3 hours behind 

Greenwliich time. Finally, after the Washington daylight saving time period 

is over, it again becomes 2 hours behind Buenos Aires and 5 hours behind 

Greenwich time.

C. TIM E OBSERVANCE IN TH E EASTERN HEM IS PH ER E

In the Easte rn Hemisphere the zero zone, for which the Greenwich meridian 

is the base, embraces the British Isles, Portugal, and almost all of the western 

bulge of northern Africa from Morocco to Ghana and from Mouritania to Niger. 

The next zone (E l. the first zone ea st of Greenwich) includes all of western 

Europe from Spain to Yugoslavia and western Poland, and from Italy and 

Albania to Norway and Sweden; and in Africa it embraces Algeria and the 

west coas t south of the bulge from Dahomey as fa r south as Angola. The E2
UNIF ORM TIM E 81

zon e, which us ed to in cl ud e muc h of east ern Eu ro pe , now is con fined to F in ­

la nd in nort hern Euro pe an d Bul ga ria. Gr eece, an d Rum an ia in so uth er n Eur op e. It also em br ac es Turk ey an d th e oth er As ian co untr ie s at the east ern en d of th e M ed iter ra nea n so uth of T urk ey; an d in A fric a, Eg yp t. Libya, Su da n, th e Congo Re pu bli c, R ho de sia, N ya sa la nd , an d th e re st of Africa so ut h of 

Ang ola an d T an ga ny ik a. Fo rm er ly , th e So viet Union ob served day light sa vi ng tim e on a se as on al ba sis, b u t m an y ye ar s ago ex te nde d th e ob se rv an ce of th e ad va nc ed st andard to th e en ti re yea r fo r each of it s 11 zones. Thu s, th e p art of th a t co un try in east ern Eur op e, pr ev io us ly in zone E2, is now in zone E3, so th a t be tw ee n Fin la nd on th e no rt h, to Rum an ia on th e so ut h th ere is no are a ob se rv in g E2 tim e. Th e tim e zon e bo un da ry whi ch ex te nds from th e so uth er n bo rd er of Fin la nd to th e nort hern bo rd er of R um ania (a bo ut fHK> m ile s) is be tw ee n th e E l an d E3 zones, re pr es en ting a tim e differen ce of 2 ho ur s. In A fric a, zon e E3 em ­ br ac es Eth io pi a an d oth er co unt ri es in east ern A fric a as fa r so ut h as T an ­ gan yi ka , in cl ud ing th e of fsho re isla nd s of Zan zi bar and M ad ag as ca r. Zone E3 als o em br ac es Ira q and K uw ai t in th e so ut hw es te rn Asia an d fu r­ ni sh es th e tim e sta n d ard fo r ce rt ai n of th e co mmercial ac ti vit ie s th ro ughou t m os t of th e A ra bi an P en in su la . A few po in ts on th e east co as t us e E4 tim e. D hah ra n an d one or tw o o th er oil-p rodu ction ce nte rs on th e Pers ia n G ul f no t 

on ly ob serv e th a t tim e, b u t ha ve re ce nt ly been per m it te d to ad va nc e th a t sta n d a rd by su mmer dayli ght sa vi ng tim e, so as to en ab le th e in dust ri al w or ke rs to av oi d th e in te ns e h eat of th e la te af te rn oo n. How ev er, th e loc al tim e ob­ se rv ed by na tive Sau di A ra bia ns diffe rs su bst anti all y from th e ge ne ra l sy ste m of st an d ard tim e. The y ob se rv e th e Is la m ic sy stem which fol low s th e an ci en t B ib lica l co ncept un de r whi ch ea ch da y is co ns id ered as be ginn in g at su ns et . T hus th e ni ght prec ed es th e da y. W hat we wo uld ca ll Sun da y ni gh t th e Mus­ lim s re fe r to as M on da y nig ht, or mo re accu ra te ly as th e eve of Mo nday. E ach ev en ing prec isely a t su nse t loc al clo cks are re se t to 12 midnigh t. As th e ti m e of su ns et va ries , de pe nd in g on th e season an d th e la ti tu de, fro m ab ou t 5 to 7 o’clock , th e s ta rt of th e Sau di A ra bi an da y va ries w ith th e loca tio n an d th e tim e of th e ye ar . Thu s, 2 a.m . A ra bi an tim e (2 hours aft er su nse t) a t a poin t on th e 20 th par al le l no rt h of th e E quato r wo uld be 8: 40 p.m. in Ju ly 8 p.m . in Septe mber, an d 7 :20 p.m. in De cemb er, in te rm s of local sun tim e as 

we ca lc ul at e it. No one co uld blam e a fo re ig ner fo r gett in g a li tt le co nfus ed 

if he is tol d to come ca llin g a t 2 o r 3 a.m. In so ut he rn As ia m os t of th e co un trie s seem to pre fe r h alf hou r tim es —in be tw ee n th e 24 ho ur ly st an d ard s ba sed on th e tim e m er id ia ns . Ir an us es E3 % ti m e ; A fg ha ni st an , E 4 % ; W est P akis ta n. E 5; In di a an d Ne pal. E ’/a ; E ast P ak i­ st an, E6 % ; B hu ta n an d B urm a. EGV>. F a rt h e r ea st . T hai la nd. Laos. Cam bo dia, and th e w es te rn is la nds of In do ne si a su ch as Sum at ra . Ja v a, an d B al i ob se rv e E7 ti m e; M alay a an d Si ng ap or e, E7V>: Viet na m. Bo rneo, th e Celebes, an d th e Philip pin es E 8; and th e east ern is la nd s of Indo ne sia, in cl ud in g th e Molu ccas an d th e w es te rn h alf of Ne w Gui ne a, now ca lle d W es t Ir ia n. E9. A ust ra lia has th re e tim e zon es, th e w es te rn p a rt is in zon e E8. th e centr al par t us es 9% tim e, and th e east er n par t. E10, w hi ch is also us ed in th e e ast ern h alf of New Guine a. As we ha ve see n, th e Sov iet Union uses II zon es E3 to E13, th e la st of which is th e sa m e as Ber in g tim e. W ll, ex ce pt th a t it is a da y ah ea d, be ca us e a ll .o f R uss ia is w es t of th e in te rn ati o n al dat e lin e. Thu s, wh en it is 12 noon Su nd ay in zone W ll , it is 12 noon M on da y in zone E13. Ch ina lias live zon es, E5 to E9. but th ey a re dir ec tly re la te d to th e re sp ec tive tim e m er id ia ns , an d are no t ad va nc ed as are thos e in th e So vi et Un ion . Zone EG in Chi na is di re ct ly so ut h of E7 in Si be ria, E7 in Chi na dir ec tly so ut h of E8 in Sib er ia , an d so on. Zone E8 em br ac es mo st po in ts on th e e ast co as t of China , in cl ud in g Hon g Ko ng an d Ma cao, and also Tai w an (F o rm o sa ). Ja pan. Kor ea , an d th e Ryu ky u Is la nds 

a re in th e E9 zone.

V ar io us is la nd s in th e A tlanti c Ocean ra nge from W4 to E l, includ ing G re en ­ la nd w ith th re e zones (W 4. W3 . an d W 2) . an d Icel an d W l. Is la nd s in th e w es te rn M ed iter ra ne on , su ch as Co rsi ca . Sar di na . an d Sic ily , ob serve E l tim e, an d th os e fa rt h e r w es t su ch as Cre te and Cyp ru s ob se rv e E2 tim e. In th e In d ia n Oc ean th e is la nds us e var io us tim es from E3 to E7. an d in th e Pa cif ic Oc ea n th e nu m er ou s is la nds a re ac co rd ed tim es ra ngin g fr om E8 to W4, man y of th em “h a lf hour” tim es . T h e zone tim es of some of th e be st kn ow n from w es t to e ast a r e : Zan zi ba r and M ad ag as ca r. E 3 : C eylon. E5 % ; C hrist m as Is la nd . E 7 ; th e Carolines, sp re ad am on g E9, E ll . an d E 1 2 : T as m an ia an d th e M ar ia na s, E 10 ; th e K uri l Is la nds and th e Solom on Is la nd s, E l l ; New Zea land , Fij i, W ak e,
82 U N IF O RM TIM E

th e M ar sh al l Is la nd s, an d the G ilb er t Is la nds, E12 ; Midwa y an d th e Aleutians . 

W l l : an d H aw ai i and th e Socie ty Is la nds . W1O.

W ith re sp ec t to the la titu de s of th es e co unt ri es in th e Eas te rn H em isph ere. 

E ur op e ex te nds from ab ou t 30° to 71° nort h la ti tu d e; A fric a from ab ou t 37° 

nort h to 35° so u th ; As ia fro m ab ou t 78° to 1° nort h ; an d A ust ra lia from ab ou t 

11° to 38° so ut h la titu de. Th e ha nd be tw ee n no rth la ti tu de 25° to 49°, wh ich 

ro ug hl y re pre se nts the sou th -n or th bou nda ri es of t he U ni ted Sta te s, wou ld e xte nd 

on th e nort h ac ro ss nor th er n Fra nc e, so uth ern German y, Cze ch oslova kia, so ut her n Rus sia, and nort he rn Ch ina . Thi s han d wo uld in cl ud e all of th e M ed iter ­

ra nea n a re a, th e no rt her n p a rt of A fric a, nort hern Eg yp t, nort hern Sau di A ra bi a, 

Ir aq, Ir an, W es t P ak is ta n, the nort her n p a rt of I ndia , an d mo st of C hina .

Notab ly th e B ri ti sh Is la nd s are not em br ac ed in th is ha nd , as th ey st re tc h 

fr om a bo ut 50° to 59° no rth, c or re sp on di ng t o la ti tu des st re tc hin g from W innipe g 

nor th to C hu rc hi ll. Ca na da , alm os t th e en ti re no rth- so ut h lim its of th e C an ad ia n 

Pr ov in ce of M an ito ba . In th e su m m er th is mea ns th a t Lo ndon, w hi ch is in th e 

so ut he rn p a rt of En glan d, ha s da ys whi ch a re up to 2 ho ur s long er th an th os e in 

W as hi ng ton, D.C., fo r exam ple , an d in nort hern Sc otland , th e di ff er en ce is as 

mu ch as 3% ho ur s. A no ther th in g to be remem be red in co m pa ring th e tim e 

sy stem s of th e tw o co un tries is th a t th e Lo nd on (G re en wich) m eri dia n ru ns 

th ro ug h th e ea st ern p art of Eng land , an d. th er ef or e, pra ct ic al ly th e en ti re are a 

is ac co rded a tim e fa ste r th an “sun tim e. ” In w es te rn Ir ela nd it is 41 m in ut es 

fa st er. B er lin is eve n fa rt h er nort h th an Lo ndon.

It is hard to believe th a t P ari s is fa rth e r nort h th an Quebec-; th a t Nap les is 

fa rth e r nort h th an D en ve r; th a t C ai ro is a s fa r nort h as New O rl eans; th a t 

D ha hr an , Sau di Ara bia, is fa rth e r nort h th an M ia m i; an d th a t New D elhi is no 

fa rt h er so ut h th an Cape Ken nedy . I t is well to no te al so th at th e on ly su bsta n ti al are as of th e W es te rn H em is ph er e which are in th e So ut h Tem pe ra te 

Zone are th e so uth er n tip of A frica, so uth ern A ust ra lia, an d New Zea land . Non e 

of the m ex te nd as fa r so ut h as So uth A m er ic a in th e W es te rn Hem isph er e, wh ich 

(C hile an d A rg en tina) re ac h ab ou t 55° so uth la titu de, 20° or 1,500 mile s fa rt h e r 

so ut h th an th e Ca pe of Good Hop e a t th e so uth er n ti p of Afri ca . Furt her m ore , 

th e to ta l la nd are a in th e So uth T em per at e Zon e, ev en w ith th e so uth ern p art of 

So uth Amer ica ad de d, is sm all co m pa re d w ith th e si m il ar are a in th e Nor th 

Tem pe ra te Zone, includ ing a larg e p a rt of N or th America, mo st of Eur op e, the 

g re ate r p a rt o f As ia, and the n ort he rn p a rt o f A fri ca .

The o nly countr y in Afri ca ob se rv ing day light sa vi ng t im e is Eg yp t (22° to 32° 

n o rt h ), an d th e pe rio d is from M ar ch 30 to Se ptem be r 30 of ea ch yea r. It is no t 

kn ow n what, led to th e ad op tio n of dayli ght sa vi ng tim e in Eg yp t, bu t it is a 

li tt le un us ua l fo r a co un try so fa r so ut h. In Eu rope , th e B ritish Is les (50° to 59° 

n o rt h ), of co urse , ad he re to su m mer day light tim e, an d are jo in ed by No rw ay 

(58° to 71 °) and Polan d (49° to 55°) . all fa rth e r nort h th an th e U ni te d States. 

The same ob se rv an ce pr ev ai ls in P ort ugal (37° to 42° ). in th e so uth ea st er n 

co rn er o f th e C on tin en t, an d Turk ey (30 ° to 4 2°) , in th e so uth w es te rn co rn er a nd 

mos tly in Asia, bo th co mpa rable in la ti tu d e to th e United Sta te s. F or exam ple, 

Lisbon is on a level w ith W as hi ng ton, an d A nk ar a w ith Phi la del phia . Th us, it 

will be see n th a t du ring th e da yl ig ht sa vin g tim e pe rio d, th e B ritish Is la nds an d 

Por tu ga l, which no rm ally ob serve Gre en wic h tim e, ad va nc e th eir tim e to th e 

ba si s ob served in W es te rn Eur ojie (E l ti m e), so th a t duri ng th a t pe riod a sin gle 

tim e ap pl ie s fr om Ir el an d to C ze ch os lova kia, f ro m P ort ugal to H un gar y, an d f ro m 

It a ly to Sw ed en , ex ce pt th at Norway alr ead y on E l tim e mo ves fo rw ard to E2 

tim e in th e su mmer. Th e pe riod s of dayli ght sa vi ng tim e differ a t bo th en ds 

betw ee n va ri ou s dat es in March or May to Se ptem be r or Oc tob er.

Ve ry li tt le d aylight s av in g is o bs erve d in Asian co un tries. So f a r as is definite ly 

kn ow n, th e pra cti ce is con fined to Turk ey al re ady m en tio ne d, an d th e ne ig hb or in g 

Syr ia (32° to 36° n o rt h ), a few jo in ts in east er n Sa ud i Arabia on th e Per si an 

Gulf (a bo ut 26° n o rt h ), an d th e fa r east ern port are as of Ho ng Kon g an d Ma cao 

(a bo ut 22° n o rt h ).

D. WIDESPREAD VARIATION IX DAYLIGHT HOURS

Th e inclus io n of th e la ti tu des in th e fo re go in g disc us sion is to em ph as ize th eir 

im po rtan ce in arr iv in g a t sa tisf acto ry ti m e st andard s, part ic ula rl y in th e m att er 

of day ligh t sa vi ng tim e ar ar nge m en ts . T he pffe ct of la ti tu d e on th e am ou nt of 

da yl ig ht av ai la ble in su m mer may be il lu str a te d by th e differen ce s in th e leng th 

of d ay s a t th e v er na l an d au tu m nal e qu inox es , on th e one h an d, a nd a t th e su mmer 

solst ice , on th e othe r. At th e eq ui no xe s in M ar ch an d Sep tem be r th e differen ce 

in th e le ng th of da yl ig ht at th e E q u ato r an d a t 60° is on ly a few m in ute s; but
UNIF ORM TIM E 83

a t th e su mmer so lstic e in Ju n e in th e N or th er n H em is ph er e an d in Dec em be r 

in th e Sou ther n H em isph er e, th e i>eriod of da yl ig ht a t 25° is I ho ur an d 36 

m in ut es long er th an a t th e E q u a to r; a t 40°, 2 ho ur s and 54 m in ut es lo nger ; a t 

50° . 4 ho ur s an d 16 m in ute s lo ng er ; at 60°. 6 ho ur s an d 46 m in ut es lo nger : etc ., 

unti l above th e A rc tic C ircl e (66:30 nort h la ti tu d e) an d below th e A nta rc tic 

Circ le (6 6:30 so ut h la ti tu d e ) da yl ig ht ex te nds fo r 12 hours long er th an a t th e 

Equat or, o r a ll 24 h ou rs.

To st ate th is ph en om en on in anoth er w a y : A t th e eq uino xe s, all of th e po in ts 

on an y giv en m er id ia n, th e 75 th. fo r ex am ple, ha ve su nri se a t ab ou t th e sa m e 

tim e. So. on th e equat or in Co lumbia, So uth Ameri ca, a t 25° nea r th e B ah am as , 

a t 40° in th e Philad el phia are a, a t 50° n ear Chibo ug am au , Quebec, an d at 60° 

n ear th e ea st sh or e of H uds on Ba y, th e su n ri se s on M ar ch 20 an d Se ptem be r 

22 a t ab ou t th e sa m e tim e. At th e su m mer so lst ice, ho wev er, wh en it is su nri se 

a t th e plac e in Co lom bia . Sout h Ameri ca, w he re th e 75 th m er id ia n crosses th e 

equ at or , su nr is e on th e 25 th par al le l oc cu rs a t 87° lo ng itud e in th e Gulf of 

Me xic o ab ou t 350 mile s so uth of Pe ns ac ola ; on th e 40tli para ll el a t 06:45 ° near 

B ea tric e. N ebr. ; on th e 50 tli par al le l a t 107° ju st so uth w es t of Moose Ja w , 

S ask atc hew an: an d on th e 60 th para ll el a t 125:4 5° n ear th e so ut he as t co rn er 

of Y uk on T er ri to ry .

I t is th is su bst anti al sl an t of th e su n's ra ys duri ng th e su m m er mon th s th a t 

actu all y led to th e ad op tion of day ligh t sa vi ng tim e. The origi na l th eo ry was 

th a t in th e no rt her n la ti tu des, ch ar ac te ri ze d by sh ort da ys in w in te r an d co rr esp on di ng ly lon g da ys in su m m er , an ef fo rt sh ou ld be m ad e to utilize to th e be st 

advanta ge th e lon g pe riod s of su nl ig ht av ai la ble in th e su m m er mon ths. Acco rd in gly, in th e su m mer m on th s the tim e sta n d ard w as ad va nc ed 1 ho ur. F o r 

su ch a sch em e to suc ceed, th e st andard of tim e, whe n ad va nc ed by an ho ur, 

m ust st ill be ar a re as on ab le re la ti on to loca l su n tim e, an d afford ad eq uat e dayli ght fo r th e pe rf or m an ce of th e us ua l mor ni ng ac tivitie s. Thi s is no t po ssible 

in th e lower la titu de s, w her e th ere is no t en ou gh differ en ce be tw ee n th e lon g 

an d sh ort da ys to re su lt in an y su bst an ti al benefits. Cle ar ly at or near th e 

equat or, w he re th e pe riod s of da ylight an d dar knes s a re nearl y eq ua l th e year 

ro un d, d ay ligh t sa vi ng ti m e wou ld b e p ointles s.

A t 10° la titu de, th e earl ie st su nri se in su m m er is on ly 23 m in ut es be fo re 6 

a.m . At 20° it is 40 m in ute s bef ore : at 30° , an hou r an d 2 m in ut es be fo re ; a t 

40° , an ho ur an d a h a lf ; a t 50°, 2 ho ur s an d 10 m in ute s; an d at 60°, 3 ho ur s 

an d 25 m in utes be fore 6 a.m. The se fig ures are fo r th e lon ge st da ys . Th e 

aver ag e fo r th e us ual dayli ght sa vi ng tim e per io d of 182 days wo uld he a li tt le 

mor e th an half the fig ures sh ow n, an d fo r th e hi gh er la ti tu d es su nri se in Octo be r 

wou ld oc cu r aft e r 6 a.m . F o r ex am ple, a t la ti tu d e 40° th e tim e of su nri se on 

A pr il 26. 1964, th e da y m an y U.S . citiz en s tu rn ed th eir cloc ks ah ea d, was 6: 07 

a.m . da yl ig ht -s av in g tim e. T his tim e of su ns et ra ng ed up to 5: 30 a.m . In th e 

m id dle of Ju ne , an d ha ck to 7 :20 a.m . on Octo be r 24. th e la st da y of day light 

sa vi ng tim e. M ea su red by sta n d ard tim e, su nri se on th is para ll el ra ng ed from 

53 m in ut es be fore 6 in A pr il to 90 m in ut es be fo re 6 in Ju ne, an d ba ck ag ai n 

to 20 m in ut es aft e r 6 in Octob er. Th e av er ag e w as ab out 52 m in ut es be fore 6 

fo r th e enti re pe rio d.

CONCLUSIO N

‘'No won de r th e tim e sit u ati o n is such a mess.’' sa ys th e re ck le ss cynic . “I t is 

in cr ed ib le th a t th e w or ld is sti ll us in g an ou tm od ed sy stem of tim e, con cocte d by 

a bu nc h of old fog ies ba ck in th e 1880’s.” B ut de sp ite it s co ntinual ba tter in g, th e 

ho ur ly zone tim e sy stem is st il l ad her ed to th ro ughout m os t of th e world, a t 

le ast ba sica lly . A ct ua lly th e w or ld tim e si tu ati on is not as ba d as one m ig ht 

th in k, an d w ha te ve r co nf us io n ex is ts is ca us ed , no t by th e sy stem its el f, but 

by th e fa il u re to adher e to it . Thi s is not to sa y th a t th ere is no roo m fo r 

im pr ov em en t.

One of th e im port ant ca us es of dif fic ulty is th e ob se rv an ce of st andard s 

no t on 1 of th e 24 re gula r hourl y bases, bu t in be tw ee n them . Eight ee n such 

ir re g u la r st andard s are in us e. W hile mos t of t he m are o n th e h alf h ou r, se ve ra l 

are ba se d on odd m in ut es fa s te r or slow er th an a re gula r st an dar d. As a 

re su lt th ere ar e a to ta l of 42 diffe re nt st an d ard s of tim e kn ow n to be in us e 

at pr es en t. Ma ny of th e co untr ie s us in g th e odd st andard s, ho we ve r, are sm al l 

or a re island s. Nev er theles s, th e re du ct io n of th e nu m be r of th es e odd tim es , 

or th e ir elim in atio n, w ou ld s ure ly s im pl ify t he t im e si tu at io n.

T here is li tt le do ub t th a t th e gre ate st co nt ri but io n to ex is ting co nfus ion is 

mad e b y th e in st ab ility a nd lack of c oo rd in at io n of m uc h of t he tim e sy stem of t h e
84 UNIFORM TIME

United States and Canada, due to the mistaken notion that time observance is and 

should be a matter of only local concern and to the lack of restraint on the part 

of local officials in the exercise of the power accorded them by default of Federal 

and State Governments.

In contrast, most of western Europe and a large part of western Africa now 

observe a single standard of time the year round. This area extends north and 

south from Sweden to Italy and from Algeria to Angola, embracing about 30 

different countries with a total population of over 375 million. In Europe the 

area extends from Spain to Yugoslavia, a total of over 30 degrees of longitude, 

equal to a time belt of more than 2 hours. Three other countries, Norway, 

Poland, and Albania, with a total population of 35 million, also observe this 

western European time in the winter but shift forward an hour under daylight 

saving time in the summer. This is more than offset by the fact tha t the 65 

million people in the British Islands and Portugal, who are in the zero zone, also 

shift forward to Greenwich daylight saving time, the equivalent of western European time. It is remarkable tha t the French and Germans and even the English 

and the Irish are able to agree on a common standard of time, a goal which appears unattainable by such good Washington, D.C. neighbors as Alexandria and 

Richmond, Va., who observe different periods of daylight saving.

In addition to the United States, Canada, and the British Islands, there are 

only a few countries tha t observe daylight saving time. The periods differ between the different countries; but are effective nationwide.

One of the principal causes of controversy in time matters is the failure of the 

participants to give sympathetic consideration to the other side. A New Englander, for example, raised on daylight saving time, cannot fathom the objections of his western or southern friends. The city dweller, who enjoys the benefits from the annual shift in time, sees no logic in the stubborn opposition of 

farmers. The rural dweller has nothing but contempt for the yearly practice of 

city folks believed to bring inconvenience and misery to everyone by their yearly 

clock “hocus-pocus.”

An examination of the time zones of the world engenders a sincere respect 

for the system and the ingenuity of those who some 85 years ago, succeeded in 

laying the foundation for the present time zones. Despite scientific advances in 

many fields, no better system has been found or suggested. Greater adherence 

to the underlying plan should be rewarding. It is destructive to permit two 

standards to be in effect in any one place at any one time, dependent on such 

vague demarcations as Federal versus State, interstate versus intrastate, or 

State versus city. A reasonable relation to sun time is essential. A convenient 

distribution of available sunshine between morning and afternoon hours for the 

various communities concerned can only be achieved by cooperation in considering the relevant facts pertaining to the entire zone, and beyond th at to the entire 

country.

No satisfactory time system can ever evolve from a multitude of independent 

and conflicting actions of many separate communities in wudely varying circumstances, each bent on determining the time it wants without regard for the 

interests of the area as a whole. On the other hand, in the absence of adequate 

time laws, cooperation between communities, and areas, and States, and regions, 

is the only wray to a better and more stable time system for the United States.

Mr. Redding. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have nothing further.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Moss, do you have anv questions?

Mr. Moss. Y es, Mr. Chairman, I have a few questions.

Mr. Redding, I understand your association has as its minimal request establishing three new time zones and uniform dates for changes, 

is tha t correct ?

Mr. Redding. Yes, sir.

Mr. Moss. Do you feel that that goes far enough in achieving time 

uniformity?

Mr. Redding. It does not solve the problem completely, Mr. Moss, 

but we feel t hat as a practical matter, it is the most that the Congress 

can expect to do at this time on this problem. AVe have envisaged that 

there was a dichotomy here of a Federal role and a State role. I have 

already summarized the efforts th at we are undertaking at State level.
UNIFORM TIME 85

As time has gone on in tlie last 2 to 3 years, and in consulting with Federal, State, and local officials, it became clear to us, increasingly so, that the Congress should not endeavor to say to any State or local jurisdiction whether or not to observe daylight time. This is a decision to be reached at State and local levels. While the bills we have before us this morning, which we support, do not assure 100 percent time uniform ity, sir, in our judgment, it resolves the first and foremost problem of time confusion, mainly, the switchover dates on daylight time. We are hopeful tha t our con­ tinued efforts at State level will result in having those States which now observe daylight time on a local option basis—will, by their own actions, bring about the daylight saving time on a statewide basis. Mr. Moss. Do you think we should pass a bill tha t continues to respect local option on the matter of daylight time, local option at a 

level of government below tha t of the State ?

Mr. Redding. To answer your question, I feel again tha t were you 

to write a bill along the lines you describe, you would probably find considerable opposition stemming from State and local governmental levels, contending tha t it is their decision as to whether they observe daylight time or not. We have worked with officials of State and local governments in this matter. They are identified in Mr. Ramspeck’s 

statement. Mr. Moss. Well, I can see that some advantage is achieved through a uniformity of dates. But for the average individual traveling across this Nation, I cannot feel th at we have clone very much to assist him. I have in mind the many times th at I have driven across the United States and one tow n is on daylight and the other town is on standard, and you find some places where you do not know what time it is. You 

honestly do not know what time it is.

Mr. Redding. Very true, sir. In fact, you could envisage the plight of the traveler passing from Iowa into Nebraska. He passes through Council Bluffs, which is on daylight time. Then he crosses the Missouri River and goes through Omaha, which is on standard time. Thus, he drives through two 5 p.m. rush hours. The consternation 

he suffers is beyond belief. Mr. Moss. I have driven in that area. If we are going to do any­ thing, it seems to me that at the very least, we should insist tha t the States assume the responsibility for standardization of the time within their ow n boundaries. I do not think we should permit any subdivision 

less than the State to retain local option.

Mr. Redding. Yes, sir. I am impressed by your comment, and w ould simply add wdiat I have already said, tha t in our cooperation with State officials, we have found them very much interested in doing the type of thing you suggest. This began with the efforts in California, you will recall, to shift from the last Sunday of September to the last Sunday of October. It has been followed in various States by the Governor's proclamation or by State legislative action. Only a few months ago, in the State of Pennsylvania, where all official business was transacted on eastern standard time, there were nonetheless 600 communities that observed daylight time. Through our efforts and the cooperation of other interests, we succeeded in per­ suading the State legislature to enact a bill, later signed by the Gov­ ernor, which provided for statewide daylight-saving time between the
86 UNIFORM TIME

last. Sundays of April and October. I would feel that once we pass 

the type of legislation which is before you, the various States would 

rather quickly and voluntarily do the type of thing you feel important.

Now, as to the local subdivisions, this, of course, involves all types 

of pressures at the State level and in the State legislatures. Yet, I 

would be confident that even they would be amenable to State legislation, as was indicated in Pennsylvania.

Mr. Moss. Of course, I recall the battle in California in 1949 for 

the enactment of daylight-saving time. I was a member of the State 

legislature at the time. I think the overwhelming majority of both 

houses, the membership of both houses in the State legislature, felt 

that, it was a far, far more appropriate area for Federal legislation 

than for State legislation. YYe desired uniform ity, but we had not 

the power to achieve it.

I think here the Congress should give very, very careful consideration to the need for uniformity and not merely create uniformity of 

confusion. Because all we do, in the legislation being supported here, 

is to start it and end it at the same time. But the confusion across 

this Nation continues, and there is no power given here to remove it. 

I think as a minimum, we ought actually to achieve uniformity in this 

Nation on time.

Mr. Redding. May I say that 43 organizations that have been a part 

of this combined effort would applaud that solution if it could be 

brought about. You realize, of course, that the greatest uniformity 

we could hope for would occur if we had a nationwide pattern of time 

observance, no question about it. But as a practical m atter-----

Mr. M oss. It seems to me we have nationwide standard time. Along 

about April, we suddenly go into a pattern of chaos on time. Now, 

we achieved the uniform standard time because of Federal legislation, 

and I think we need the same solution if we are ever to have uniformity 

of time during the period of the year when most people do most of their 

dri ring.

Mr. R edding. Thank you for your interest, Mr. Moss. I hope this 

committee will enact favorable legislation of some sort, certainly.

Mr. F riedel. Mr. Kornegay, do you have any questions?

Mr. Kornegay. Mr. Chairman, I have no questions of the witness, 

but would simply like to make a statement.

Mr. F riedel. First, I would like to make the statement that that 14- 

page report will not be included in the record at this time. It will he 

referred to our staff members to look' over, and then it may be included 

in the record later.

Mr. Redding. Very good: thank you, sir.

Mr. Kornegay. Mr. Chairman, I just wanted to say I have no questions of the witness, but I would like to state that I really have no preference as to whether we operate on fast time or slow time, as they say 

down home. But I do think it is highly desirable tha t we operate on 

the same time.

That, is all.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Van Deerlin.

Mr. Y an Deerlin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

In California, we refer to standard time as God’s time, not fast time 

or slow time.
UN IFO RM TIME 87

Does the committee on tim e un ifo rm ity rega rd th is leg islati on as 

a foo t in the door? W ha t is the lon g-range goal of the com mittee?

Mr. Redding. Fi rs t, the com mittee is bu t a tempo rary body, an ad 

hoc or ganizatio n which was created in 1962, when tra ns po rtatio n forces 

came to the Tr an sp or tatio n Association of Am erica, with which I am 

affiliated, and asked th at we tr y to help ou t general ly on solv ing the 

pro blems of time confusion. We cre ated th is ad hoc org aniza tio n to 

which we r efe r. It now embraces well ove r 40 n ationa l org ani zation s, 

as well as over 20 levels of gover nm ent al agencies. We did no t 

env isage that we were go ing to exist perpetu all y. We have not yet 

decided how lo ng o ur op eration will continu e. Ou r survey s showed so 

much con fusion in the observa nce of da ylight sav ing tim e th at , at the 

very lea st, it would be a significant impro vem ent to achieve a un iform ity in switcho ver dates on dayli gh t tim e wh ere ver it prevailed. 

Th is was th e first and forem ost view th at was expressed by all cooperatin g indu str y inte rests. Much imp roveme nt has occurred since 1962.

Second, we ascertain ed th at the In tersta te Com merce Comm ission 

was charg ed with res ponsibi lity, back in W orld W ar I days, fo r time 

regu ation, so to speak. Th e agency was u nh appy w ith this , and f or 30 

consecutive years, in annual repo rts to Congress, asked th at Congress 

tak e an inte rest in th is problem. Consequently, the Com mittee for 

Tim e Uniform ity decided th at it should supp ort the IC C request th at 

Congress tak e an intere st in this ma tter. We feel we have now succeeded in thi s objectiveWe fel t th at to achieve an y solution, total or pa rtia l, there must be 

pub lic un de rst an din g of not only the problems of tim e confusion but 

of all the interests th at felt som ething should be done about it. 

Th ere fore, we brou ght thi s to th e a ttention o f the public.

In sum ma ry, our lon g-r ange obje ctives hav e been, first, the enact ­

ment o f F edera l legislation a long the lines we now p ropose; an d second, 

action in ind ividual State s now observi ng da ylight tim e w hereby those 

obs erv ing it on a local op tio n basis would correct it to a statew ide 

basis.

Bey ond th at , we ha ve no specific objectives.

Mr. Van Deer lin. In ca lli ng this the only practic al solu tion , you 

mean it is the only po litica lly possible solution you can th ink of at 

this tim e ?

Mr. Redding. Indeed so. We were concerned, Mr. Va n Dee rlin, 

abo ut the problem s of endeavoring to seek Fe de ral solution of this 

whole pro blem, as to who wou ld observe da ylight tim e, and fac ing 

possible opp osition fro m va rio us State and local intere sts. From the 

very outset, the refore , we end eavored to min imize an d avo id th at 

problem. I have alr eady sta ted to the s ubcomm ittee th at to date, and 

m view of the pa tte rn t ha t we have set, it has not been voiced. Co untless ed ito ria ls across the land have urg ed Con gress to act.

Mr. Van D eerlin. Yes, bu t if you are a fter tim e un ifo rm ity , as Mr. 

Moss ha s poi nted out, there will be plenty fo r the com mittee stil l to 

do if th is leg isla tion is pa ssed, will th ere not ?

Mr. Redding. I wou ld say th at if t his legislation is passed, you are 

up da ting t he basic law on th is subject by prov iding fo r the sta nd ard 

tim e zones in confo rm ity with present practic es. Pr es en t pra ctices 

do no t confo rm to th e wa y the law now reads.
88 UNIFORM TIME

Second, you are saying that the Congress preempts the question of 

the uniformity of observance of daylight time to the extent of determining when it will be observed.

You are then directing the Interstate Commerce Commission, by the 

terms of the bills we support, to foster and promote time uniformity 

throughout the Nation. Presumably, this will mean their cooperation 

with State and local officials to bring about voluntarily observance of 

daylight saving time on a uniform basis if such jurisdictions choose 

to observe daylight time.

As I have read thousands of clippings and conversed and corresponded with so many officials, I see more and more daylight savingtime being observed. In 1965, 36 of the 50 States observed daylight 

saving time; just the year before, only 32. More and more local 

interests in this land, as we s hift into a metropolitan type of civilization, are expressing their interest in daylight saving time.

Therefore, while you, I am sure, would wish to continue to maintain 

surveillance and supervision of the activities of the Inte rstate Commerce Commission in this regard, I would not envisage tha t there 

would really be any need for additional legislation any time soon.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Do you think this would provide the mechanics 

for achieving uniform time ?

Mr. Redding. It will provide the mechanics for achieving more uniformity—more uniform time than we now have. I am firmly convinced of that. It will not achieve the mechanics of assuring the 

solution Air. Moss has in mind. It will not guarantee that every community throughout the land will observe daylight time or standard 

time. In the material we have presented here today, there are 

instances of individual cities divided within themselves, half on dayligh t time and ha lf on standard time. Now, if you cannot even get a 

community within itself to decide the type of time it wishes to observe, 

I query whether the Congress could safely step in and legislate on 

this matter.

Air. AIoss. Would you yield ?

Air. Van Deerlin. I shall be glad to yield.

Air. AIoss. Of course, this is the point tha t troubles me. You are 

asking us here to take a very timid step, not for time uniformity but 

merely for uniformity of changeover dates, retaining in the local communities full powers to add all the confusion they can dream up to 

the pattern of time across this Nation. Now, we are going to give 

here, if the legislation you support is passed, the Interstate Commerce Commission the responsibility of fostering. How is it to foster ? 

Wh at staff has it for fostering? Does it undertake an active lobby 

role before city councils and State legislatures? I do not think that 

that, fostering is going to be overly productive.

I think tha t inevitably, as the pressures of an urban society build 

up, we are going to have more time uniformity. It is wasteful—it 

is a rather shocking situation tha t confronts us as we move across this 

Nation during the spring and the summer and the early fall. But I 

do not think this legislation is going to remove the need for a bolder 

step ultimately. I am sorry t hat you, in your response to Congressman Van Deerlin, indicated your conviction that it would.

Air. Friedel. Alay I say}

 we have other witnesses from out of State. 

We would like to have this hearing over by noon today. So I wish
UNIFORM TIME 89

the members would try to be brief in their remarks and in the executive session when we study the testimony we can discuss it thoroughly.

Mr. Moss. Mr. Chairman, in all deference to the chairman, I point 

out t hat this witness speaks for a very big pa rt of the American business community and tha t business directly related to transportation 

and communications most affected by the problem of time. I think 

it is necessary that we fully develop any ideas tha t he may present. 

Mr. P ickle. Will the gentleman yield ?

Mr. Moss. The gentleman from California, Mr. Van Deerlin, has 

the time.

Mr. F 'riedel. Mr. Pickle, you are recognized.

Mr. Pickle. I assume that both gentlemen from California point 

out tha t there are certain deficiencies of this bill. I do not know that 

this is the point to pursue it, but since we are on the subject, whether 

this is a uniformity of time or just an agreement to shift over a particu lar time, do you have a recommendation for a better approach than 

this measure ?

Mr. Moss. Oh, I think I have, and I assure the gentleman that 

when we star t working up legislation, I am going to urge tha t the 

minimum we can do is to establish the State as the smallest unit that 

can set a different time than daylight saving during these months of 

the late spring, early summer, and early fall.

Mr. Pickle. What would you do if a States would not enter into 

an agreement ?

Mr. Moss. I just said I would let the State be th e smallest unit. I 

do not believe that we should retain the authority of towns and cities 

to set time zones different from those prevailing generally throu ghout the State.

Mr. Pickle. Thank you.

Mr. Friedel. I want to thank you, Mr. Redding.

Mr. Redding. Thank you, gentlemen, for your patience with me.

Mr. Pickle. I would like to ask one question.

Is it your opinion that the big majority of States would approve this 

legislation ?

Mr. Redding. Yes; it is. May I simply say, sir, that I acknowledge 

tha t there is a responsibility tha t would devolve on the IC C to “foster 

and promote.” But in my personal opinion with the cooperation that 

we have received through our efforts, in working with State and local 

interests, at practically no expense to this industry—this has not been 

a heavily financed operation at all—they are well aware of the problem. As I indicated, just this last year in the small amount of time we 

have had to work on this, we have had complete or partial success in 

the 11 States in which we have had to work. We are working in two 

States ri ght now. Therefore, I would feel that the State officials, sir, 

would welcome this legislation. I would venture to predict that they 

would cooperate readily with the staff of the ICC without any significant staff time or effort.

Mr. Pickle. Thank you.

That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Friedel. Thank you very much, Mr. Redding.

Our next witness will be Mr. R. A. Trice, vice president and traffic 

manager of the Virginia Stage Lines.

Mr. Trice?
90 UN IFO RM TIM E

STATEMENT 0E R. A. TRICE, VICE PRESIDENT AND TRAFFIC MANAGER, VIRGINIA STAGE LINES, INC., CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

Mr. Trice. Mr. Ch air man , mem bers of the com mittee, I do have a 

prep ared statem ent which I, in order to save time , wou ld like to pu t 

into the record, sir.

Mr. F riedel. W ith no objection, yo ur full sta tem ent will be included in the record.

Mr. Trice. I would like to mak e a few comments, if I may. I do 

ap pe ar before you as a rep resentati ve of an intercity bus ind ust ry repres entin g the three majo r associations, the Na tional Ass ocia tion of 

Moto r Bus Owners, w ith about 1,000 members, the N ational Bus Traffic 

Associa tion, and the Na tio nal Tr ail wa ys B us System , an association of 

nearly 50 inde pen den t ca rriers.

We tak e no position with reg ard to da ylight tim e vers us sta nd ard 

time. W ha t we are inter ested in is u nif orm time. We p rint our tim etables in what we call local time s. In other words, if it is da yli gh t, 

we pri nt them da ylig ht; if it is sta nd ard, we print them sta ndard . 

Bu t ou r problem is com pou nde d, is costly to the bus ind ustry in pr epa ring m any changes, abo ut three in the sp rin g and thr ee in the fall. 

Th e adoption of bill 6785, est ablishin g un ifo rm dates, will elim inate 

this problem and will enable us to give to the tra ve lin g public the time 

it is in the comm unity when th ey arriv e th ere.

Ju st thi s past sprin g, with the no rth easte rn section of the country 

go ing on dayli ght time on the last Su nd ay in Apr il, Min nesota on the 

fo ur th Su nd ay in May, Iow a on Mem orial Day, the St ate of Vi rgini a 

the week af te r Memorial Da y, which this year was Ju ne 6, we fou nd 

ourselv es in an impossible position of actua lly telling the people what 

time it is—impossible to pr ep are schedules every week and get them 

dissem inated to the public.

Th e same thing occurs ag ain in the fal l when we have switcho ver 

da tes from the Su nd ay before La bor Day, the Tu esday af te r Labor 

Da y, the fou rth S unday in Sep tem ber, and the last Su nd ay in October. 

So th is problem would be elimi nated by the adoption of b ill 6785 and 

related legislation .

Tha nk you, sir.

(T he pr epared statem ent o f Mr. Trice follows :)

Sta teme nt of R. A. Trice, Vice P re sid ent and T raf fic Manager, Virginia

Stage Lin e s, I nc., Char lot tes ville. Va.

Mr. C ha irm an an il m em be rs of th e co mmittee , my na me is It. A. Trice an d I 

am vic e pr es id en t an d traffi c m anager of Virg in ia St ag e Line s, Inc ., C har lo tt es ­

vil le. Va.. a m ot or com mo n c a rr ie r of pa ss en ge rs, oper at in g in in te rs ta te comm er ce under ri gh ts co nfe rr ed by th e In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mm ission an d in 

in tr a sta te c om me rce by au th o ri ty of cer ta in S ta te re gula to ry agencie s.

I appear be fore yo ur co m m itte e as sp ok es man fo r th e N at io nal Asso cia tio n of 

M ot or B us Own ers of which my co mpa ny is a me mber. T his or ga ni za tion , com ­

mon ly ca lle d NAM BO, is th e nati onal tr ad e as so ci at io n fo r in te rc it y bus op er ­

ati ons an d se rv es as sp ok es man fo r som e 1.000 carr ie rs . It s me mbers in clud e 

th e Greyh ou nd . Tra ilw ay s. and in de pe nd en t carr ie rs wh o pr ov id e ap pro xi m at el y 

th re e- fo urt lis of su ch serv ice th ro ughout th e United S ta te s an d a nu m be r of 

C an ad ia n Pr ov inces.

I am also au th or iz ed to pre se nt th e view s of th e N at io nal T ra ilw ays Bu s Sy stem , an as so ciatio n of n earl y 50 in de pe nd en t in te rc it y bu s carr ie rs , of which my 

co mpa ny is also a me mb er. F u rt h er, th e view s ex pr es se d here are also th os e of 

th e N at io na l Bu s Traff ic A ss oc ia tio n which , am on g num er ou s oth er fu nc tion s,
UN IF O R M TIM E 91

pu blishe s bu s ta ri ff s an d ass is ts in co ord in at in g th e sc he du les of co nn ec tin g bu s 

carr ie rs .

My te st im on y is direc te d pri m ari ly to II. R. 6785, II. R. 7867 an d II.R . 6481. 

Th ese m ea su re s wo uld es ta blish uni fo rm ch an ge d ate s fo r th ose are as ob serv ing 

da yl ig ht tim e an d wo uld cre ate ne w st andard tim e zon es. The en ac tm en t of 

th is ty pe of legi slat io n wo uld co n st it u te an effecti ve remed y fo r on e ph as e of th e 

ch ao tic si tu ati on wh ich re su lts fr om th e lack of uni fo rm tim e st andard s, part ic ­

ul ar ly duri ng th e pe riod from th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il th ro ugh th e la st Su nd ay 

in Oc tob er. As yo ur co m m itt ee kn ow s, th er e a re tw o as pe ct s to th e pro ble m. 

One invo lves th e si tu ati on in w hi ch in div id ua l co m m un itie s or ar ea s, often 

adja cent to on e an ot he r, ob se rv e dif fe re nt st andard s— som e on day li ght tim e an d 

ot he rs on st andard . Th e oth er fa cet is th e differen ce in th e date s on which th e 

ch an ge s from one tim e to th e oth er becom e eff ectiv e. It is th e la tt e r si tu at io n 

u’hich wo uld be co rr ec te d by en actm ent of th es e bills .

F or a nu m be r of re as on s th e in te rc it y bu s in d u st ry an d it s pas se ng er s are 

mo re se riou sl y affecte d in te rm s of ex pense, inco nv en ienc e an d co nfus ion th an 

is th e ca se in an y ot he r fo rm of tr ansp ort ati on. In th e firs t plac e, our in dust ry 

se rv es m or e co mmun iti es th an an y oth er form of p ub lic pas se nge r tr ansp ort ati on. 

In th e sec on d place, ou r in dust ry tr a n sp o rt s ab ou t on e- sixth m or e do mes tic pa sse ng er s an nuall y th an do th e ra il ro a d s an d air li nes comb ined. T his is du e to 

th e fa ct th a t alm os t ev ery co m m un ity in the N at io n and nea rl y ev er y mi le of th e 

m ai n hi gh w ay s ar e served by bu se s. Th e “O fficial Bus Guide ,” which is pu blis he d m on th ly an d co nt ai ns th e ti m e ta bl es of al l th e pri nci pal carr ie rs is ap ­

pr ox im at el y th e siz e of th e W ash in gto n m et ro pol itan are a te le ph on e di re ct ory 

an d list s about 370,000 da ily bu s a rr iv a ls an d d ep art u re tim es . The sche du les 

show n th ere in m us t be revi se d a m in im um of tw ic e a y ear solely be ca us e of th e 

ch an ge to or fr om day light tim e fo r al l co mm un iti es which ob se rv e ad va nc ed 

tim e. How ev er, du e to th e dif fe re nt tim es th a t var io us are as ob se rv e ad va nc ed 

tim e, sche du les in som e are as have to be re w or ke d an d pu bl ishe d six tim es 

be tw ee n th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il an d th e la st Sun da y in Octo ber.

In ad dit io n to th e prob lems in vo lv ed in th e pre para ti on of th is official guide, 

which is us ed fo r ro ut in g pas se ng er s by 25,000 or mor e tick et agen ts all ov er th e 

co un try, is th e pre para ti on an d p ri n ti n g of tim et ab le s by th e in div id ual carr ie rs 

fo r use in th eir te rm in al s and fo r gen er al dis trib ution. M an y of our carr ie rs 

re port th a t th ey p ri n t tim et ab le s fo r dis trib ution seve n tim es a y ear on th e aver ­

age. If un ifor m ch an ge of dat es a s prop os ed by th es e bi lls w er e in effect, th is 

co uld be re du ce d to two or t hre e tim es a ye ar .

It is est im at ed th a t an ad dit io nal ex pe ns e of a t le ast $250,000 annual ly is in ­

curr ed by th e bu s carr ie rs as a re su lt of th is c ha ot ic si tu ati on fo r p ri nti ng a lon e. 

Thi s ta kes no ac co un t of th e addit io nal man -h ou rs ex pe nd ed in th e sche du lin g 

depart m ents of carr ie rs in an att em p t to re arr an g e se rv ic e; th e co st of thes e 

op er at io ns is un do ub tedl y se ve ra l tim es th e m er e pri nti ng ex pe ns es. W hi le it is 

im po ssible to att ach a pr ec ise to ta l pri ce ta g to th is comp lex ta sk , it co uld wyell 

am ou nt to $1 mill ion an nu al ly .

The pr ob lems ar is in g from th is co nf us in g si tu ati on are by no mea ns lim ite d 

to th eir im pa ct on th e carr ie rs . In evit ably th ey detr act from th e e ffec tiv en es s of 

our se rv ic e and this, in tu rn , af fe ct s our pa tr on ag e and reve nu es . To av oid burde ning th e r ec or d w ith a m as s of d eta il , som e of which wou ld be re pet itiv e, I sh all 

off er on ly tw o illu st ra ti ons.

Th e tw o il lu str ati o n s th a t I wou ld like to us e co ve r re la tive ly sm all are as in 

re la tionsh ip to th e U nited S ta te s as a w ho le ; ho we ver, you will not e th a t thes e 

tw o il lu str ati o n s are m an y m iles re m ov ed fro m ea ch ot he r. T h at th e m att er of 

tim e unif orm it y is a m att er th e Con gr es s shou ld han dle ra th e r th an le av e to the 

in di vi du al S ta te s or loc al su bd iv isio ns is reve aled by th es e tw o il lu st ra tions.

Th e S ta te of V irgi ni a is bo un de d by th e D is tr ic t of Co lum bia an d th e Sta te s 

o f M ar yl an d. W es t Virg in ia, K en tu ck y. Te nn essee, an d N or th C ar ol in a. On Ap ril 

25 of la st y ear th e D is tr ic t of Colum bia. M ar ylan d an d W es t V irgi ni a wen t on 

daylight sa vi ng tim e. By law , th e S ta te s of K en tu ck y (w ith som e few sc at te re d 

ex ce pt io ns ), Te nn es se e an d N or th C ar ol in a re m ai n on st andard ti m e th e yea r 

ro un d. On th e Su nd ay a ft e r M em or ial Da y. by S ta te law , th e S ta te of Virg inia 

w en t on dayli ght sa vi ng t im e, ex ce pt th a t th e c ou nties adja cent to th e D is tr ic t of 

Co lum bia : n am ely, F air fa x a nd A rlin gt on , were p er m itte d to go on day li ght s av ing 

tim e on April 25. Also , th e co un ties w hi ch ad jo in Ken tu ck y. Ten ne ssee a nd North 

Carolin a : na mely. Lee . Wise . Dicke rson . Buc ha na n. Sc ott. Sm ith . Rus se ll, an d 

W as hi ng ton, re m ai n on st an d ard tim e th e yea r ro un d. Th en , on th e Sun da y befo re Lab or Day . th a t po rtio n of V irgi nia whic h ob serv es dayli ght sa vin g tim e 

58 -7 97 — 66------ 7
92 UN IFO RM TIM E

re vert ed to st andard tim e ex ce pt fo r th e tw o co un tie s adja cent to th e D is tr ic t of 

Colum bia which re m aine d on day li g h t sa vi ng tim e unti l th e la s t Su nd ay in Oc tober. In th e mea ntim e, th e S ta te of W es t V irgi ni a re ver te d to st an d ard tim e on 

th e fo urt h Su nd ay in Se ptem be r. To co mplicate th is si tu ati on fu rt her, th e towns 

of Bluefie ld an d Poc ah on tas, Va ., fol low th e W es t Virg in ia in st ea d of th e V irgi ni a pat te rn .

It is my be lie f th a t th e S ta te of V irgi ni a, whe n it pa ss ed th e bill, fu lly in ­

tend ed t he S ta te to go on dayli ght sa vi ng ti m e from M em orial D ay t o Lab or Day ; 

ho we ver, un de r wor ding of th e bil , th e S ta te goe s on day light sa vi ng tim e on th e 

Su nd ay a ft e r Mem orial Day , whi ch , la st ye ar , m ea nt Ju ne 6. Now, w hat does 

th is m ea n to a carr ie r oper at in g i n th is are a? H is to rica ly l th e bus co mp an ies in 

th is are a ha ve comm enced th e ir ad de d su m m er service , su ch as serv ice to th e 

be ac he s an d to th e m ou nt ai n re so rt s, th e F ri d ay be fo re M em or ial Da y. Due to 

th e fa ct th a t m an y are as of th e co untr y go on day light sa vi ng tim e th e la st Sun ­

da y in May, ou r na tional gu id e is issu ed to bec ome effecti ve on t h e la st Fri day in 

Ma y, which la st yea r w as M ay 28. Thi s m ea nt th a t a c a rrie r ope ra ting in th e 

S ta te of Virg in ia ha d to pre pare it s sche du les effecti ve May 28 in th e nat io nal 

gu ide effecti ve t h at dat e an d. by ke yi ng them, ad vi se th e pu bl ic th a t th e s ch ed ules 

sh ow n fo r th e Sta te of V irgi ni a, w ith th e ab ov e ex ce ptions, a re sho wn on da yl ig ht 

tim e, an d fo r th e p eriod from M ay 28 to J une 6 (effec tiv e d ate of da yligh t sa vi ng 

tim e in V irgi ni a) de du ct 1 hour fo r st andard tim e. Th e alt ern ati v e wo uld ha ve 

be en to pu blish th e sche du les in th e gu ide effecti ve May 28. sh ow ing st andard 

tim e, and ke ying them to ad vi se th e people in V irgi ni a th a t th e tim es sho wn are 

st an d ard tim e an d 1 hour sh ou ld be ad de d fo r day light tim e, effecti ve J une 6. It 

is in te re st in g to no te th a t th e tw o m ajo r carr ie rs oper at in g in th e S ta te of Virgi nia fo r th e yea r 1965 elec ted to sho w th eir sche du les as st ate d above with 

T ra il w ays us in g th e fo rm er m et ho d an d Greyh ou nd u sing th e latt er.

Now. le t’s sw itc h to th e M id wes t se ction of th e co un try fo r our second il lu str atio n. M inne so ta is one of t he S ta te s th a t did no t co nform to th e ge ne ra l da yl ig ht 

sa vi ng tim e da te s of th e la st Su nd ay in Ap ril unti l th e la st Su nd ay in Oc tob er. 

L ast y ear se ve ra l bills w er e in tr oduce d in th e M in ne so ta L egis la tu re to co rr ec t 

th e inc on sisten cy , but th es e m ea su re s were nar ro w ly def ea te d. T hat m ea nt th at, 

by S ta te law . M inne sota sta rt ed daylight sa vi ng tim e th e fo u rt h Su nd ay in May 

an d en de d it the day a ft e r Lab or Day . Now, gen er al ly this tim e pe riod is re fe rr ed 

to as day ligh t tim e from M em or ial D ay unt il Lab or Da y. Thi s is pr ob ab ly th e 

in fo rm at io n th a t was ci rc ula te d in Io wa. As a re su lt, th e Io wa Leg isla tu re en ­

ac te d a bil l pr ov id in g th a t daylight tim e wo uld begin Ma y 30 an d end th e da y 

a fte r Lab or Da y. It is under st ood th a t th e in te nt of th e Iowa bill was to mak e 

daylight tim e co ns iste nt w ith M in ne so ta. Evi de nt ly it w as fo rg ot te n th at Ma y 

had five Su nd ay s th a t ye ar . The re fo re , M inne so ta was on da ly ig ht tim e 1 we ek 

ahea d o f I ow a.

As it is im pr ac tica l fo r an y bu s comp an y to c ha ng e bu s sc he du le s on May 23 an d 

agai n on Ma y 30, mo st co mpa ni es th a t I am fa m il ia r w ith ch an ge d fro m st an dar d 

to d ayli ght tim e on Ma y 23, an d th ere w as con side ra bl e co nf us ion with bus arr iv al 

an d d ep art u re tim es in I ow a.

Now th e tw o il lu st ra ti ons a s out line d ab ov e co nf ro nt carr ie rs w ith an im po ssible si tu ati on w ith re sp ec t to bo th loca l se rv ice an d th ro ugh sche du les . It is 

mos t dif fic ult to g ive pas se ng er s sc he du le s th a t ar e no t co nf us in g an d misl ea ding . 

It m us t be bo rn e in mind th a t th e Mem orial D ay pe riod is on e of th e pe rio ds of 

hea vi est tr avel in th e bu s in dust ry .

Atta ch ed to my st ate m ent is an ap pe nd ix co nt ai ni ng ex ce rp ts from re port s 

su bm itted to NAM BO by m em be r carr ie rs fu rt h er il lu str ati n g th e wide var ie ty 

of dif ficult an d co nf us ing pr ob le m s face d by them be ca use of th is lack of tim e 

unif orm ity du ring 1965. In th e ab se nc e of c or re ct iv e le gi slat io n, th e si tu at io n in 

1966 will be es se nt ia lly th e sa m e as th a t of l ast year ex ce pt fo r th e specific dat es 

invo lved an d th e fa ct th a t O ctob er as we ll as May ha s five Su nd ay s. I sh all no t 

im po se upon th e tim e of th e co m m ittee by fu rt h er disc us sion of th is ap pe nd ix 

unl es s it is yo ur de sire th a t I do so. I shou ld, ho we ve r, lik e to ha ve it includ ed 

in t h e record.

Thi s prob lem is no t lim ited to sh or t-ha ul ope ra tion s su ch as I ha ve ju st de ­

sc ribe d. Large nu mbe rs of our pa ss en ge rs ta ke long tr ip s, fr eq uen tly inv olvin g 

tr a n sfe rs fro m one bu slin e to an o th er or co nn ec tio ns w ith ra il or air tr an sp o rt atio n. You can see th e prob lem th a t an ag en t in Flo ri da en co un te re d in tryin g to 

te ll a pa ss en ge r w ha t tim e he w as sche du led to arr iv e in M in ne so ta. Iowa, or 

V irgi ni a du ring th e pe rio d M ay 23 th ro ug h Ju ne 6 of la st ye ar . Added to th e 

co nf us ion w ithi n ou r own in d u str y is th e fa ct th a t m an y ra il sche du les are ba sed
UNIFORM TIME 93

on standard time while air schedules are typically published in local time. The 

problem of assuring reasonably satisfactory connections under these conditions 

is virtually insoluble. Our buses also transport a considerable volume of package express and mail. 

Here again, the difficulty of connections arises where mail or express transported 

by bus has a prior or subsequent movement by air or rail.

This matter of interline connections is further complicated by the fact that, on 

many of our relatively long-haul routes, we must serve passengers who wish to 

travel comparatively short distances between intermediate points. This is a 

basic economic characteristic of intercity bus transportation because, on many 

routes, neither the short-haul traffic nor the through traffic alone is sufficient to 

meet expenses. It is obvious, therefore, tha t here again is a situation where variation in time standards among intermediate and/or terminal points often make 

it impossible adequately to serve our different types of patrons. More than 

likely, if we meet the needs of intermediate passengers, our bus is likely to depart 

from or reach a terminal in a large city at an inconvenient hour with a consequent deterioration of the long-haul service and loss of patronage. It is impossible, of course, to assess the volume of missed connections, failure of friends 

and relatives to meet incoming passengers and other frustrations resulting from 

this situation.

As noted earlier, this statem ent is limited principally to the urgent need for 

communities and areas observing advanced time to have uniform change dates. 

Our members have repeatedly gone on record in this respect as evidenced by 

the following excerpt from a resolution adopted by our association:

“Whereas the problems of scheduling and the confusion arising from daylight 

time zones are being annually increased and compounded: Now, therefore, be 

it

“Resolved, That the National Association of Motor Bus Owners urge upon the 

administration and the Congress that every effort be made to establish time 

uniformity in the coming year.”

This resolution is in accord with the position of the National Trailways Bus 

System and the National Bus Traffic Association, the other organizations to 

which I referred earlier and for which I am authorized to speak.

We earnestly request this committee to approve a measure which will meet 

the need for time uniformity. While the measures to which I have referred 

admittedly will not solve all of our problems, it is my view as well as that of the 

Committee for Time Uniformity on which our industry is represented, tha t it is 

a very significant step in the right direction. Its adoption would permit our 

carriers to provide a more convenient and attractive service for the approximately 460 million passengers we transport annually, it would eliminate much 

of the present confusion, and it would result in substantial reductions in unnecessary expense to the carriers. I should also note that we do not oppose 

the amendments to S. 1404, proposed by the Senate Commerce Committee and 

adopted by the Senate during the last session. I am most appreciative of this 

opportunity to present our views and I shall be glad to attempt to answer such 

questions as the chairman and members may have.

Appendix A

E xamples Reported by I ndividual Bus Companies

JE F FE R S O N TR ANSP ORT ATION CO MPA NY

Most of the Jefferson Lines’ schedules operate in Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. We cannot feel justified to make changes on May 23 and again on May 30. 

We wTill make the change from standard to daylight on May 23 and for 1 week 

there will be considerable confusion with bus times in Iowa. This is one of the 

busiest travel weeks of the spring and we expect that we will lose a number 

of passengers during t hat time. Of course, there will be a hardship to the public.

Many of our schedules are governed by connections in Minneapolis and Kansas 

City. Because Kansas City and points south are not on daylight saving time, 

most of our through schedules must operate 1 hour later in daylight time areas. 

One partic ular schedule makes connections with a local service that we operate. 

It means the local service must leave 1 hour later. It causes g reat inconvenience 

because of 1 hour loss of shopping and business time to people traveling locally 

into the Twin Cities in the morning and returning in the evening.
94 U N IF O R M TIM E

Schedules leaving Minneapolis are affected by connections from the west which 

oj>erate thro ugh thre e states without day ligh t time. Therefore, the three less 

populous Western States are causing us to oj>erate imp ortant schedules one 

hour la ter th an normal.

SO U TH ER N GR EY HO UND LIN ES

Virginia has eight counties th at do not observe daylight saving time in the 

southw est. The Virginia counties near the District of Columbia are a observe 

daylight saving time with Wash ington, D.C., on April 25, 1965. The remaining 

counties in Virginia will observe da ylight saving time on Jun e 6, 1965.

An example of how the clock jugging in Virginia affects passengers on our 

Knoxville-Roanoke-Washington division is shown below:

Apr. 24 Apr. 25 June 6

Leave Abingdon, Va________

Arrive Roanoke, Va___ _____

Arrive Alexandria, Va..............

Arrive Washington, D .C ..-.......

7:15 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

11:20 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

7:40 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

8:03 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

7:15 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

11:20 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

8:40 p.m., eastern 

daylight time.

9:03 p.m., eastern 

daylight time.

7:15 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

12:20 p.m., eastern 

daylight time. 

8:40 p.m., eastern 

daylight time. 

9:03 p.m., eastern 

daylight time.

The above procedure is reversed when Virginia reverts to sta ndard time. 

Southern Greyhound Lines operates a 7 :30 a.m. local schedule o ut of Charleston, 

W. Va., to Wytheville, Va., and Winston-Salem, N.C. In order to maintain local 

morning service over this route, it is necessary to operate 1 hou r ear lier in 

Virginia and North Carolina effective April 25, 1965, when West Virginia adopts 

daylight saving time. Then, to add to this confusion. Virginia will go on d aylight 

saving time Jun e 6, 1965, adding 1 hou r to the Virginia time resulting in the 

following:

Apr. 24 Apr. 25 June 6

Leave Charleston, W. Va....... ..

Leave Beckley, W. Va_______

Arrive Wytheville, Va_______

Arrive Winston-Salem, N.C___

7:30 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

9:55 a.m., eastern 

standard time.

1:25 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

3:45 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

7:30 a.m., eastern 

daylight time.

9:55 a.m., eastern 

daylight time.

12:25 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

2:45 p.m., eastern 

standard time.

7:30 a.m., eastern 

daylight time.

9:55 a.m., eastern 

daylight time.

1:25 p.m., eastern 

daylight time.

2:45 p.m., eastern

standard time.

When Virginia reverts to sta ndard time, an hour is removed from the Virginia 

time shown. When West Virginia rev erts to sta ndard time, an hour is added to 

the Virginia and N orth Carolina time on th e above schedules.

Southern Greyhound Lines’ Parkersburg-Hu ntin gton schedules zigzag from 

West Virginia to Ohio across the State line. On daylig ht saving time passengers 

trav elin g from West Virginia to Ohio arriv e at their destination before they left.

Unfortu nate ly, all commuters and shopper schedules cannot be operated at 

the same time on sta ndard and daylight time. For example, a New York-New 

Orleans schedule operates local from Lexington. Va., to Roanoke, arriving at 

Roanoke at 6 :55 a.m. Effective with dayligh t time in Virginia, the schedule will 

arrive at Roanoke at 7 :55 a.m., which only allows 5 minu tes for commuters to 

get to work. To maintain the 6:55 a.m. arriv al in Roanoke would result in 

removing 1 h our from all times from New York to Washington, D.C., and from 

Bristol, Va., to New Orleans.

GREYHOUND LIN ES, INC.

Io wa: The city council in Waterloo met las t win ter and voted in favor of 

daylight saving time, as did Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, and other key cities. 

The alde rman who first proposed daylight time in Waterloo, it is reported, 

“thought that th e entire United Sta tes w ent back on the first Sunday of October.” 

so his ordinance called for October 4. Most of the Sta te adopted April 26-
U N IF O R M TIM E 95

October 4 at observanc e dates . Daven -Du buq ue area s, how ever, alread y had 

leg isla tion to conform with Illino is da te s and had been obs erv ing da ylight time 

for sev era l years. The y kept da yl ig ht tim e un til October 25. Northern Iow a 

and the up per Missouri Valley joine d Min nes ota an d we nt bac k af te r Lab or 

Day. As a re su lt of this sit ua tio n Greyhound Lin es and Jeffer son Lin es went 

on ce ntral stan da rd tim e schedu les Septe mb er 9 and decided he re af te r to publish 

all schedu les in Iow a on ce ntral st an dar d tim e ye ar round.

In dia na: Sever al ye ar s ago the ICC iss ued an orde r mov ing the stan da rd time 

boundary westw ard to cover ap pr ox im ately ha lf o f the State , instea d of passing 

through ra ilro ad w ater tow er stat io ns ne ar es t th e Ohio line. (T he new ICC 

bo undary is corre ctl y show n in th e cu rr en t Ra nd McN ally atlase s.) Th is plac ed 

Indian ap olis an d St ate government offices on ea ste rn stan da rd tim e an d man y 

com muniti es beg an unofficially to obser ve ea ste rn stan da rd tim e (or central 

da ylight time, as you will) the ye ar rou nd. Th is movem ent ha s now spr ead 

over mos t of th e St ate and the ca rr ie rs show time bo un darie s inc on sis ten t with 

th e ICC boundaries. In the sum me r th e few rema ini ng ce nt ra l stan da rd tim e 

ar ea s go on da ylight time. The In di an a com muniti es observing unofficial yea rrou nd “fa st tim e” hav e form ed int o a pat te rn which th e ca rr ie rs can po rtra y as a 

zone. Car rier diligence has solved th e In di an a problem th is year, bu t la st year 

the ca rrie rs did no t agr ee on major citie s such as Laf ay et te an d South Bend 

wh ere in terli ne connection s a re made.

A few ex am ple s of confusio n in o ur ar ea from la st ye ar :

(1) Observed on a str ee t in I nd iana po lis a few years ago :

“No p arkin g, 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. (e.s.t.) ; 6 a.m. to 8a .m . (c .s.t. )”

(2) Sch edu le No. 594—Kansas Ci ty to W innipe g:

Kan sa s City-Om aha (c.s.t. ye ar r ou nd ).

Council Bluff s-S iou x City (some com munities c.d.t. Apr. 26-Oct. 3, oth ers 

wen t off Sept. 9).

Jef ferson , S. Dak.-B ig Ston e City, S. Dak. (c.s.t. y ea r r ou nd ).

Ort onville, Minn.—Moorhead, Minn, (c.d.t. May 31-Se pt. 8) .

Fargo , N. Dak. (c.s.t. yea r r ound).

Moorhead, Minn.-Noyes, Minn, (c.d.t. May 31- Sep t. 8) .

Emerson, M anitoba-W inn ipe g, Man ito ba (c.d.t. A pr. 26-O ct. 25).

(3) Sch edule No. 1403—Chicago to W in ni pe g:

Chicago (c.d .t. Apr. 26-Oct. 25 ).

Madison, W is.-E au Claire. W is. (c.d.t. Apr. 2 6-S ept. 27).

Hudso n, Minn.—Moorhead, Minn, (c.d .t. May 31-S ept. 8 ).

Fargo , N. Dak.-P em bin a, N. D ak. (c.s .t. ye ar ro un d) .

Noyes, Minn, (c.d.t. M ay 31 -Sept. 8) .

Winnipeg , M anitoba (c.d .t. Apr. 26-O ct. 25).

(4) Sched ule No. 451—D etro it to D ul ut h :

Detr oit-M ac kina w City (e.s .t. ye ar rou nd ).

St. Ig na ce -B irc h River (uno fficial e.s.t. year ro un d) .

Powers, M ic h-I ro n Mount, Mich, (unofficial c.d.t. Apr. 26-Se pt. 27, oth erwise c .s.t. ).

Sprea d Ea gle-F lor ence. W is. (c.d.t. Apr. 26 -Se pt. 27 ).

Cr ys tal F all s-Iro nw oo d, Mich. (u nofficial c.d.t. Apr. 2 6-S ept. 2 7).

Hu rle y, Wis. -S up erior , Wis. (c.d.t. A pr. 26-Sep t. 2 7).

Du lut h, Minn, (c.d.t. May 31-Sept. 8) .

(5) Chic ago—Louisville sch edu les—1964 ex pe rie nc e:

Chica go -E arl P ark, Ind. (c.d .t. Ap r. 26-O ct. 25. o therwise c.s .t.).

Fowler, I nd .-Fra nk fo rt, Ind . (unofficial e.s.t. ye ar ro un d) .

Fr an kf or t, Ind.- Ed enbu rg, Ind. (e.s.t. y ea r rou nd ).

Co lum bus-C rother sville, Ind . (unofficial e.s.t. y ea r r ou nd ).

Au stin , I nd.-L ouisv ille, Ky. (e.s.t. y ea r r ou nd ).

Mr. Friedel. Thank you, very much.

Mr. Moss, any questions?

Mr. Moss. Yes.

You indicate the problem would be eliminated. I can understand 

tha t it would be lessened but I question that it would be eliminated, 

because with these, I do not know how many thousands of communities 

across the Nation, each of them having the authority through their 

governing body to adopt or reject daylight saving time at will—even
96 U N IF O R M TIM E

if we pass this legislation, they will only have to start it or terminate it 

on a uniform date. What is to prevent them from adopting a resolution or an ordinance and suddenly covering themselves in on their 

daylight saving time or out of daylight saving time and again upsetting 

the preparation of schedules ?

Mr. Trice. Mr. Moss, I did not mean to imply that this would 

eliminate the problem. It would enable us to publish timetables 

which would be accurate to the traveling public, provided everyone 

who was observing daylight saving time would observe the dales 

recommended here, from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in 

October, which is an impossible situation today.

In other words, the bus industry feels tha t this will enable us to do 

a job for the traveling public. A person leaving Virginia, we could tell him what time he is going 

to arrive in Iowa if we know tha t Iowa is on daylight saving time. 

I could not agree with you more----- Mr. Moss. This is the* point. I)o you think we should continue to 

permit every small town, every city, to set its own time, choosing 

whether it wants to be under daylight saving or under standard time, 

or should we at least require the State to exercise th at judgment ?

Mr. Trice. Mr. Moss, I would like to answer you this way : I have 

just come from testifying before a committee of the Virginia State 

Legislature. This is a controversial subject there of the rural southwest Virginia areas adjacent to Tennessee and Kentucky against the 

more populous eastern area of northern V irginia and Norfolk. Talking to one of the State senators there, he said his head was still bloody 

from battling the southwest Virginia boys in the last legislature and 

his bill time time would exempt them.

In other words, I do not know why it becomes a political football, 

but it seems to. It seems like the least we can accomplish.

Mr. Moss. Is it not too important to the Nation to leave it a local 

football ?

Mr. Trice. I would agree with that. But let us get something done. 

We have an impossible situation now. Mr. Moss. If we are going to do something, why not do something 

really worthwhile?

Mr. Trice. I would agree with that, except I do believe t hat the 

hill as proposed here, the one I referred to, will get it started and 

then let’s implement.

Mr. Moss. Are you going to be satisfied with that timid a start, or 

do you think we should make a trial of-----

Mr. Trice. If I am not mistaken, if we are able to get this bill 

through, it will lie the first bill on time bv Congress since 1918, will 

it not?

Mr. Moss. Well, Congress did act in 1918 for a more divided Nation, one where the local pressures were greater and perhaps more 

normally respected than they are today. We should certainly have 

the ability to grasp the significance of this problem as that Congress 

did to grasp the significance of the problem facing it.

Mr. Trice. I agree with everything you say. I iust feel like we 

do need this uniformity of time changeover so badly tha t it probably 

would be difficult to get it done this year with all the other—to go
U N IF O R M TIM E 97

as far as you are talkin g about—with all the other important legislation pending before Congress. Maybe this is a compromise.

Mr. Moss. Would it be -worth a try?

Mr. Trice. I think you could answer th at better than I could, sir.

Mr. Moss. I asked the question, Mr. Chairman, because there seems 

implicit in the testimony so far a conviction tha t the Congress, for 

some reason, would not go beyond the setting of a uniform date for the 

starting and ending of dayligh t saving time. This surprises me. I 

do not know that it is easier to sell the half loaf than the whole. And 

I have seen nothing to convince me that we are in fac t faced with that. 

1 am hopeful tha t you or others who are testifying here could tell us 

why they have reached this r ather amazing conclusion. We have not 

tested it in the House. How do we know ? Why give up before we 

start ?

Mr. T rice. I can only say this, tha t I have, over a period of many 

years, written to the Virginia Congressmen and Senators, and I know 

their feeling. I believe the majority of them would not want to go 

much further than is proposed in this bill. I do not mean to speak 

for them, but this is based on my conversations with them, sir, in the 

one State I am from. And this is the feeling I get in the Virginia 

Legislature.

Mr. Moss. Maybe some of us would rath er hold on to this leverage 

and not make this compromise until the pressure gets a little more so 

we can win the battle.

Mr. T rice. It is a difficult question for me to answer, sir. I have 

w orked on this problem a long, long time.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. No questions.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Van Deerlin ?

Mr. Van Deerlin. Nothing, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Nelsen ?

Mr. Nelsen. No.

Mr. Friedel. Mr. Devine?

Mr. Devine. No.

Mr. Friedel. Does anybody have any more questions ?

(No response.)

Mr. Friedel. Thank you.

Mr. Trice. Thank you for the opportunity to be here, sir.

Mr. Friedel. Our next witness is Mr. Lloyd L. Bran dt, manager, 

legislative department, Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce.

Mr. Brandt ?

STATEMENT OF LLOYD L. BRANDT. MANAGER, LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, MINNEAPOLIS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.

Mr. Brandt. Judging from the number of people from Minnesota 

here today, and understand ing that the State is divided in half by 

a 1-liour time differential, this problem takes on a little bigger proportion. I am manager of the legislative department of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. I have a prepared statement which 

in the interest of time. I shall not read.
98 UNIF ORM TIM E

Mr. Friedel. Without objection, your full statement will be included 

in the record.

Mr. Brandt. Thank you.

My board of directors, by resolution, supports the principle of a 

national uniform d aylig ht saving time law.

Some of our members find it necessary to change their operating 

hours to facilitate better connections with suppliers and customers. 

Attached to my remarks is a copy of a sheet which came to my desk 

in 1965 announcing the change of trading hours for the Minneapolis 

Grain Exchange. A change of hours when Chicago went on daylight 

saving time in April, anoth er change when Minnesota went on in 

May, another change on September 6 when Minnesota went off and 

a final change when Chicago went off daylight saving time on 

November 1.

So there are four changes in operating hours during a period of 6 

months.

The State of Minnesota will likely resolve its problem in the next 

session of the legislature after reapportionment. However, many 

other State legislatures getting additional urban representation will 

be facing the same struggle tha t Minnesota has gone through during 

the past 8 years, arguing the matter in legislative halls, and finally 

comprising on day light saving time dates generally unsatisfactory to 

everyone.

The proposal you are considering, although it may be somewhat of 

a compromise, is a reasonable solution. In Minnesota, and I suspect 

in most other States, the issue of daylight-savings time divides on 

rural-urban lines. The legislator who has both rural and urban constituents is the man to be pitied.

As a State experiences the migration to the cities, a national 

phenomenon in our day, it gradually moves from rur al dominance to 

urban dominance. It is during this time of transition that daylightsavings time is an issue in State legislatures. It continues to be an 

issue until the urban dominance is clearly reflected in legislative numbers. During this period, daylight saving time bills consume time, 

cause friction, and usually end up in some type of compromise.

I am not going to say more about the problems of the legislature, because we have one of the more articulate members of the State legislature who is here and will be speaking to you. But it has been a problem in the Minnesota State Legislature over the years, it has consumed 

time, and it is not likely to be resolved.

In most States, the daylight saving time argument is simply a d ifference in viewpoint between the majority of farm people and the 

majority of urban dwellers. Speaking for a chamber of commerce, 

I do not. suppose I should be speaking for the farmer, but as a renegade farmer, I know that the farmer does have some problem with 

daylight saving time. The dairyman, for example, must either shift 

the milking time of his herd by 1 hour twice during the year or start 

and end his workday an hour later than normal. The latter solution 

may not lx1 satisfactory from the standpoint of getting to church, business, or social functions in town in the evening.

The grain-oriented farmer, however, has a problem during the 

harvest season when his working day is regulated bv the sun and its 

effect on the moisture content of the crop he is harvesting.
UN IFOR M TIME 99

I think the significant thin g here is that it must be noted that in 

botli instances, the duration of daylight saving time is not a factor.

In other words, if he has a stake in whether the State goes on daylight saving time or not, he has very little stake in how long it goes 

on fast time. If Minnesota had it for only 2 months during the summer, it would cover the harvest season and the dairyman would need 

to change his dairy herd schedule twice. Thus, my point that standardization of beginning and ending dates works no hardship on anyone.

Although Minnesota is near the end of this period of daylight 

saving time argument and confusion, some of our neighboring States 

are just coming into this period of debate and indecision.

We have gone through this period in Minnesota, are going through 

it, where the dominant voice which has been rural in the legislative 

members is becoming urban. All the States all around us, many of 

the States are going to be going through this in coming years. Passage 

of this bill will bring immediate order out of chaos which could exist 

for another 15 years in the upper Midwest.

Gentlemen, we urge favorable action on at least a uniform ending 

and starting date.

(The prepared statement of Mr. Brandt follows:)

Sta teme nt of Lloyd L. Brand t, Manag er, Legislative Depar tm en t, 

Min ne ap ol is Cha mb er of Commerce

Th e M in ne ap olis Cha mbe r of C om merce , by re so lu tion of its boa rd of d irec to rs , 

su pp ort s th e pr in ci pl e of a nati onal un ifor m daylight sa vi ng tim e law .

Le t me te ll you a li tt le bit ab out th e si tu at io n which pre vai ls in M in ne so ta— 

per ha ps th is ca n serv e as ex hib it No. 1 to dem on st ra te th e ty pe o f m ac ab re si tu ation th a t de ve lops w ithout a n ati o n al la w re gula ting day light sa vi ng tim e da tes.

By S ta te st atu te , all of M in ne so ta is on day light sa vi ng tim e as of th e fo urt h 

Sun da y in Ma y. How ev er, som e bo rd er co mm un iti es which lie n ext to W isc on sin 

an d ha ve a clo se co mmun ity of i n te re st w ith W isc on sin ne ig hb or s su ch a s D ul ut h, 

W inon a, and a gr ou p of sm all east ern bor de r towns , w ill hav e se t th eir clo cks 

ah ea d on th e la st Su nd ay in April. Sh ou ld we follo w la st y ear’s j>a tterii fo r a 4- 

we ek pe riod in th e sp rin g. St. P aul w ill he on da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e an d Minne ap ­

olis on st an d ard tim e. Thi s re al ly cre at es som e in te re st in g si tu ati ons. When 

May 22 arr iv es, th e wh ole S ta te goes on d ay light s av in g tim e, ex ce pt som e wes tern 

bo rd er co m m un iti es which will sta y on st andard tim e to co nf or m to ne ighb or ­

in g co m m un ities in th e D ak ot as . On th e first Tue sd ay follo wing Lab or Da y, th e 

S ta te re tu rn s to st andard tim e. Aga in, w ith th e ex ce pt ion of th e W isc on sin bo rder co mm un iti es .

As a re su lt o f t he co nfus ion, fo r 6 m on th s, a ll M in ne so ta clo cks w ill be th e same. 

F or th e re m ai ni ng G mon ths, vari ous co m bi na tio ns of tim e ca n be fo un d in th e 

Sta te , de pe nd in g up on th e m on th or day it ha pp en s to be. In a po ll of ou r me mbe rship, 97.4 pe rc en t of th e m em be rs sta te d a pr ef er en ce for dayli ght sa vi ng time. 

93.5 pe rc en t as ke d fo r uni fo rm d ate s to co incide w ith oth er ar ea s. I su sp ec t th is 

is ty pi ca l of th e people in our m et ro poli ta n ar ea . I w ant to di sc us s, howe ver, th e 

st ake t h a t o u r people ha ve in a u nif orm tim e bill.

I do n' t ne ed to te ll you w hat ty pe of prob lems are pr es en te d to th e tr an sp o rt atio n co mpa nies , ra dio an d TV bro adcast ers , an d othe rs .

The se a re is ol at ed in dust ri es and if on ly t he y w er e aff ec ted , it m ig ht be a to le rab le si tu ati on. Su ch is no t th e ca se , th e efficiency of e ve ry m ajo r co mpa ny is a ffected . W e are a g ra in , fin ance, an d el ec tron ic s cente r an d fo r th e m os t p art , ou r 

co m m un ity of in te re st is w ith th e E ast . Th e gre at m ajo ri ty of long -d istanc e 

ph on e cal ls th a t ori gin at e in th e M in ne ap olis are a are w ith east ern co nn ectio ns. 

D ur in g th e pe rio d th a t we a re on c en tr al st andard tim e an d th e E ast is on day ­

li ght sa vi ng tim e, ou r tim e fo r te le ph on e co nt ac t w ith east ern offices is effective ly re du ce d to les s th an 2 h our s p er da y.

Som e of ou r mem be rs find it n ec es sa ry t o ch an ge t h e ir o per at in g h our s to fa cil ita te b ett er co nn ec tio ns w ith su ppli ers and c us tomers.

I att ach to my re m ar ks a copy of a sh ee t (app . A) which ca m e to my de sk in 

19G5 ann ou nc in g th e cha ng e of t ra d in g h ou rs fo r th e M inne ap olis G ra in Ex ch an ge . 

A ch an ge of ho ur s wh en Chica go w ent on day light sa vi ng tim e in April, an oth er
100 UNIFORM TIME

chan ge when Minnesota wen t on in May, ano ther change on September 6 when 

Minnesota went off, and a final change when Chicago went off daylight saving 

time on November 1.

Gentlemen, we are not usu ally the first organizatio n to ask for Federal intervention in a local matter. In this case, however, we feel justified in requesting 

your intervention in what has heretofore been a ma tter decided by the States. 

This involves commerce acro ss Sta te lines and it is the problem that cannot, 

or w ill not be satis factorily resolved by the States.

Some of you have perh aps sat in State legislatures. You know the problems 

presented by th is type of m att er in a legislatu re divided between r ural and urban 

members.

Minnesota will likely resolve its problem in the next session of the legislatu re 

af te r reapportionment. However, many other State legisla tures getting add itional urban representation will be facing the same struggle th at Minnesota has 

gone through during the past 8 years. Arguing the matter in legislative halls 

and finally compromising on d aylight saving time, dates generally unsa tisfacto ry 

to everyone.

The proposal you are considering, although it may be somew hat of a compromise. is a reasonable solution. In Minnesota, and I suspect in most other 

States, the issue of da ylight saving time divides on r ura l-urba n lines. The legislator who has both rural and urb an constituents is the man to be pitied.

As a State experiences the mig ration to the cities, a national phenomenon in 

our day, it gradually moves from rural dominance to urban dominance. It is 

during this time of tra nsi tion th at daylight saving time is an issue in State legislature s. It continues to be an issue until the urban dominance is clearly reflected in legislative numbers. During this period, daylight saving time bills 

consume time, cause friction a nd usually end up in some type of compromise. If 

uniform dates are set by Feder al statute, the issue becomes clear cut. It doesn’t 

come up in the legislature until there is reason to believe i t can be passed. Once 

it becomes clear th at the aye votes carry, the Sta te has dayligh t saving time for 

the legal dura tion—it is no longer an issue. When the beginning and ending 

dates can be haggled over, it becomes an issue as soon as some proponents think 

they have enough streng th to get some type of compromise bill, even a fte r it beduring th is time of transition th at d aylight saving time is an issue in State legislation, the rural legislato r will argu e for a sho rter time period—hoping for a 

kind of moral victory. The bills we are talk ing about here will save days of 

legislative debate—save ind ust ry millions of dollars, avoid years of daylight 

saving time confusion and accomplish this without creatin g difficulty or h ardship 

for anyone.

In most States, the day light saving time argu men t is simply a difference in 

viewpoint between the m ajo rity of f arm people and the ma jority of urban dwellers. I am a renegade far mer and I know th at the farmer does have some problem with daylight saving time—the dairyman must e ither sh ift th e milking time 

of his herd by 1 hour twice d uring th e year or star t and end his workday a n hour 

later tha n normal. The latter solution may not be satisfactory from the standpoint of getting to church, business, or social functions in town in the evening. 

The grain-oriented farme r has a problem during the harvest season when his 

working day is regulated by the sun and its effect on the moisture content of the 

crop he is harvesting. Again, if he works by the sun and not the clock, he may 

find a conflict with evening appointments. It must be noted th at in both instan ces the duration of day light saving time is not a factor. If Minnesota had 

it for only 2 months in the midsummer, it would cover his harvest season and 

the dairym an would need to change his dairy herd schedule twice. Tlius, my 

point th at stan dardizatio n of beginning and ending dates works no additional 

hards hip on anyone. It will still be up to the Sta te legislatures to decide if they 

want daylight saving time at all.

One additional argument ha s been raised in our legislative debate on the 

day ligh t saving time issue. The possible problem of some schoolchildren having 

to w ait for a bus while it is still dark.

I have attached to my rem arks, a chart (app. B) that shows the sunrise time 

(on daylight saving time) in Minnesota during the period of May through 

October. Considering th at schoolchildren are almost never on a bus more than 

45 minutes to 1 hour and th at daylight precedes sunrise by a t lea st one-half hour, 

it can be readily seen th at this c ons titu tes no real problem.

Although Minnesota is near the end of this period of daylight saving time 

argu men t and confusion, some of our neighboring States are ju st coming into 

thi s period of debate and indecision. Passage of thi s bill will bring immediate 

ord er out of chaos which could exis t for a nother 15 sears in the upper Midwest. 

Gentlemen, we urge favorable action.
UNIFORM TIME 101

Appendix A

MINNEAP OLIS GRAIN EXCHANGE 1965 DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME TRADING HOURS

Minneapolis Grain Exchange tra ding hours beginning April 26, will be 8 :30 a.m. 

to 1 2:15 p.m., c.s.t., to correspond w ith Chicago daylight saving time.

Day light saving in Minnesota begins May 24, and continues through September 6. Trading ho urs at this exchange beginning Monday, May 24, and ending 

Friday, September 3, will be 9 :30 a.m. to 1 :15 p.m., c.d.s.t.

Minnesota daylight saving ends September 6. Therefore tra ding hours at this 

exchange beginning Tuesday, September 7, and continuing through October 31 

(end of daylight saving in Chicago) will be 8:30 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. c.s.t.

Daylight saving in most citie s of the Nation will end October 31. Markets then 

will revert to regu lar hours Monday, November 1; i.e., 9 :30 a.m. to 1 :15 p.m., c.s.t.

Secretary’s Office.

Appendix B

SU NRI SE TI M E IN M IN N EA PO LIS - U .S . W EATHER BU RE AU

9:00 a. m.

8:30 a. m .

8:00 a. m.

7:30 a. m .

7: 00 a. m .

6: 30 a. m .

6: 00 a. m .

5:30 a. m .

5:00 a. m .

4:3 0 a. m .

NOTE: S ch o o ls in M in n eso ta g e n e ra lly s t a r t at 8:20 - 8: 45 a .m .

S chool b u se s r a r e ly s t a r t pic kups m o re th an on e h o u r b e fo re 

sc h o o l sta rti n g tim e s .

P r e p a r e d by th e M in n eap o li s C h am b er of C o m m e rc e .

Mr. F riedf.l. Any questions ? 

(No response.)
102 U N IF O RM TIM E

Air. Friedel. Thank you, very much.

Our next witness will be the Honorable John Tracy Anderson, State 

representative, St. Paul, Minn.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN TRACY ANDERSON, STATE REPR ESENTATIVE, MINNESOTA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 43D DISTRICT

SOUTH, ST. PAUL, MINN.

Mr. Anderson. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, my name 

is John Tracy Anderson. I am a member of the Minnesota House of 

Representatives serving the 43d District. South, a district entirely 

within the city limits of St. Paul.

In the. last biennial session of the Minnesota Legislature I was an 

author of a bill which would have extended Minnesota’s present 

3-month daylight saving time to conform with our neighboring State 

of Wisconsin. This would, in effect, have given us a 4-month period 

of d.s.t. While deliberations were being held on my bill, the Wisconsin 

Legislature extended their d.s.t. to the last Sunday in October. I attempted to amend my bill to conform to Wisconsin’s new law—I was 

not successful. My bill did not pass.

While deliberating the extension of d.s.t. in the Minnesota House 

and Senate, complete chaos developed in our State. Duluth, Winona, 

Rochester, and other smaller communities, elected, by city council action, to start d.s.t. when the majority of the other States commenced 

their d.s.t.—that date being the last Sunday in April. The city council 

of St. Paul voted to start d.s.t. 2 weeks before the State officially 

changed to d.s.t. All of the changes to earlier d.s.t. by local governmental units were in violation of Minnesota law.

Consider what happened. The State capitol and State employees 

were on standard time. St. Paul, the capital city was on d.s.t. Minneapolis, our Twin Citv, was on standard time. St. Paul schools were 

on d.s.t., the University of Minnesota’s St. Paul and Minneapolis 

campi observed standard time. It was possible to drive through seven 

time changes within 100 miles. I’m sure you can understand the confusion created by our illegal “do-it-yourself’’ system.

I am here to impress upon you the need for favorable congressional 

action to end the chaotic time conditions endured by Minnesotans, and 

I am sure, citizens of other States endeavoring to do business with our 

State.

The following are only a few’ of the reasons why I, and thousands of 

Minnesotans believe you should act favorably on a uniform d.s.t. 

bi ll:

1. The consensus of thousands of letters, telegrams, and calls indicate a desire tha t Congress should act.

2. We don’t want counties and municipalities to be tempted to break 

the law by exercising illegal local time changes.

3. Our people want to know what time they can expect to hear their 

radio and television programs. Our radio and television stations 

should not be forced to bear the burden of additional expenses for 

more than one program listing.

4. Our people want to know when the ir buses, their trains, and their 

planes are expected to leave and arrive. Our public transport carriers should not be forced to publish multitudinous transportation 

schedules.
U N IF O RM TIM E 103

5. Our people want to be able to buy and sell and transact other 

business by telephone and telegraph with a minimum of confusion. 

We want to conduct business and commerce on an equitable time basis.

6. Our people, and our visitors, want to use and enjoy Minnesota’s 

beautiful spring, summer, and fall climate to the maximum.

7. Our people want us (the legislature) to stop spending valuable 

legislative time on d.s.t.

<S. Minnesotans want an equitable solution to a problem which will 

eliminate any possible fur the r misunderstanding between rural and 

urban population groups.

9. For those young Minnesotans in the early grades of elementary 

schools, our lack of uniform d.s.t. has made it understandably difficult 

to learn the meaning of time zones and to develop respect for laws such 

as those governing d.s.t.

10. Last, but not least, Minnesotans come next s pring and fall want 

to know “what time is i t?”

Mr. Chairman, I would like to digress now from my prepared remarks and try to answer Mr. Moss’ question that he brought up, if I 

may, relative to taking the whole loaf or going for the whole loaf 

instead of satisfying ourselves with three-quarters or one-half. We 

in Minnesota recognize the fact that universal daylight-saving time 

throughout the whole country would probably be the ideal situation. 

But Minnesota’s problem really is the question of telling time righ t 

within the State. This uniform legislation before you now. uniform 

daylight-saving time bills, would go a long way in ge tting rid of the 

confusion that we suffer now in Minnesota.

I thank you, Mr. Chairman, for your indulgence in my remarks and 

allowing me to appear before you today.

Mr. Frif.del. I want to thank you, 'Mr. Anderson. T think it was 

very good of you to come here and testify with such a short, precise 

statement.

Mr. Anderson. Thank you.

Air. Nelsen. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank Air. Anderson for his 

statement. I have often wondered why the daylight-saving time 

changes are made as they are. AVhy do we not leave the clocks alone 

nationwide and open up an hour earlier within the States on a voluntary basis? Instead of going through all this problem of making new 

schedules to fit daylight, saving, leave the standard time as it always 

has been in years past, and then, if we want to open office hours at 

8 o’clock in the morning instead of 9, proceed on that basis ra ther than 

to go through this business of having such a confusion as you cite so 

well in your statement. I wonder if that has been given any thought.

Mr. Anderson. Air. Chairm an, Air. Nelsen reflects the rural viewpoint of Minnesota, I believe, in his statement. I can only say th at 

it has been impossible to get everybody to go along to set their factory 

dates, their office times—not dates, but times—1 hour earlier and 

there, in effect, accomplish daylight saving. I think it has been 

a recognized fact throughout the whole country that daylight saving does give a great many people additional opportunities for leisure 

time to be spent in a more profitable way than it would be if it were 

darker.

Air. Nelsen. I may point out, Air. Anderson, that I have no objection if they wish to open up earlier. But I mean the confusion of 

changing schedules and the cost of changing schedules as we do—
104 UN IF O R M TIM E

it seems to me the same oppo rtunity for recreational time would 

be accomplished by simply setting up a new standard of official opening of office hours for schools or public places, rather than changing 

schedules and monkeying around with airline schedules, tra in schedules, you name it. They really have a problem, but I understand 

that this is not a simple area in which to legislate.

I want also to point out that the statement you made about the 

various time zones in Minnesota very graphically illustrates the problem that we are faced with. I would agree th at this would be a bill 

to move in the rig ht direction.

I want to thank the gentleman for coming to the snow city in the 

winter time.

Thank you.

Mr. Anderson. Thank you, Mr. Nelsen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Pickle. I would like to ask Air. Anderson his views on this 

legislation with respect to what, he thinks he is going to do. We had 

an earlier witness who said it was his opinion tha t the States would 

support his legislation, or the majority of them, and would have 

no difficulty in agreeing. Appa rently, Minnesota is more than somewhat divided. If this legislation or something similar to it were 

passed in the Congress, do you think this would be enough to influence 

your State to agree on it, or would you still have a grea t division?

Air. Anderson. Our State presently preempts any local area from 

setting their own time. The State law indicates what time it shall 

be in standard time, except for when it is daylight time. However, 

our State law with regard to daylight saving time does not conform 

with what is recognized as the uniform dates for beginning and ending daylight saving. Our greatest problem is not to be able to tell 

what time it is going to be in Wisconsin or North and South Dakota, our problem is in the State as to who is on daylight saving or 

who is not—not so much that, but in comparison with the other 

States and programs tha t emanate from other States and trans portation sechedules that emanate from other States.

Mr. P ickle. Thank you.

Air. Van Deerlin (presiding). Air. Gilligan ?

Air. Gilligan. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Air. Van Deerlin. Thank you, Air. Anderson.

Our Tennessee colleague, Air. Richard Fulton, is here with a very 

brief statement.

STA TEM ENT OF HON. RICH AR D FULTON, A RE PRES EN TA TIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM TH E STATE OF TEN NES SEE

Mr. F t’i.ton. Air. Chairman, members of the committee, I am appreciative of the opportunity to ap pear before you once again in support 

of uniform daylight saving time. It was my privilege, in 1964, to 

appear before the committee in support of II.R. 76, which is a bill 

similar to some 15 others which have been introduced. I will not delay 

the committee members this morning by reading my entire statement. 

I believe each of you have a copy, so with your permission, I would 

like to ask that it lie inserted in the record.

Air. Atan Deerlin. Very good.
UN IF ORM TIM E 105

(The statement referred to follows:)

State m ent of H on . Ric hard P ult on, a Rep res en ta ti ve in Con gr es s F rom t h e

Sta te of T en n esse e

Mr. Chairman, I would like to begin this morning by expressing my profoundest appreciation for these hearings. As the new chairman you have undertaken 

the study of the perplexing problem of this Nation’s crazy quilt pattern of time 

observance as one of the first matters you have chosen to bring to the attention 

of this committee.

To my mind, Mr. Chairman, this priority serves to underscore dramatically the 

importance of this problem and the urgent need for relief—relief that will bring 

order out of what is today costly and needless confusion.

Over the years there has been a growing concern over this Nation’s time 

observance problem and an increasing expression of hope and sentiment that 

the Congress will do something about it under the powers vested to it in the 

weights and measures clause of the Constitution.

As evidence to support this growing concern I would cite the 16 bills before 

this committee for consideration this morning. And each year the number grows.

For years the States have wrestled with this problem of time. In the process 

there has grown in this country a pattern of observance of horse-and-buggy 

antiquity which is almost beyond comprehension in this age of rockets, jets, and 

computers.

The States, by their failure to establish any logical pattern of uniformity have 

led to the assertion tha t the United States is the “* * * world’s worst timekeeper.”

I might add that it is indeed fortunate that the time observance regulations 

established by the States or localities under local option do not extend above 

them into space. For, if they did, can you imagine our astro nauts changing 

their clocks every few seconds as they fly through the heavens at 18,000 miles 

an hour?

The chairman of this committee knows full well to what extreme this problem 

can evolve. In his own State of West Virginia lies that now famous 35-mile 

stretch of highway between Moundsville, W. Va., and Steubenville, Ohio, where 

the traveler could actually change his watch seven times to conform to local time 

observance.

The people of West Virginia, of course, have now eliminated this problem 

through th eir legislature.

The point is to be made, however, that there is no law, regulation, or even 

custom to prevent this same situation arising again not only in —West Virginia 

as an isolated case but in 48 other States simultaneously.

I say 48 other States because it could not possibiy happen in my State of 

Tennessee for there we have an act of the Tennessee General Assembly which 

prohibits observance of any time hut standard time. Even so, we observe two 

times in my State, eastern stan dard and central standard, because th at demarcation line runs through the middle-eastern portion of Tennessee.

Mr. Chairman, it is becoming more and more apparent that something must 

he done to alleviate if not end entirely this annual time confusion. It is my 

further belief that more and more Americans are turning to this view each year.

Where is daylight time observed?

It is observed from coast to co ast; from the northern Canadian border to the 

Caribbean.

But it is observed without uniformity.

The latest figures in my possession (these figures may be outdated because the 

State legislatures annually make alteration in State and local observance) show 

that on the last Sunday of April this year in 25 States clocks will lie advanced 1 

hour. Later during the spring, clocks will be moved ahead 1 hour in six more 

States. Then from Labor Day through the last Sunday in October these 31 

States, on varying dates, will retu rn to standard time. In the meantime, consider th at the lives of over 100 million Americans will have been affected directly 

while the lives of almost every American will be affected indirectly.

Consider the hundreds of millions of dollars will be lost to American business 

and commerce through confusion and inconvenience. It is estimated that the 

reprinting schedules to conform to these time changes cost our Nation’s motorbus operators $250,000 each year while our railroads estimate these same costs
106 UNIFORM TIME

tota l over ,$1 million for them and our broadcasters estimate that tapin g costs 

necessitated by the time change each year are more tha n $1.6 million.

Consider also the business that is lost, the contracts not fulfilled or made, 

agreements never consumm ated and the immeasurable business which is not 

transa cted because of the lack of uniformity in the observance in time throughout the Nation.

I live in Nashville. Tenn., which is some 500 miles from our eas tern seaboard. 

Yet there is a 2-hour time differentia l between Nashville and the eastern commercial centers each spring, summer, and fall.

Consider businessman A in Nashville who wishes to conduct business by phone 

with businessman B in the East.

While A is enjoying his 7 :30 coffee in Nashville, B has been on the job 30 

minutes if he arrived a t his office at 9.

By the time A gets to his office he has an hour to go over his mail and talk with 

B before B goes to lunch. If A observes a str ict 12-tol lunch schedule it will 

still be 3 p.m. B’s time before they can talk.

B has now spent 5 hours in his office, only 2 of which have been mutually 

convenient for business purposes as fa r as A is concerned.

I believe tha t th is suffices to illustr ate my point here.

But I migh t add that A could conduct business with C in some portions of the 

neighboring Sta te of Missouri to the west and still lose an hour because portions 

of that Sta te observe saving time unless there has been a recent change in law 

there of which I am not aware.

Mr. Chairman, the crux of this problem is uniformity, or rather the lack of it.

The States could do the job but have, for varying reasons been unable or 

unwilling to. In addition there seems litt le likelihood that they will. Even if 

they should, under existing conditions with a tota l lack of any requirement 

that u nifo rmity be maintained, there is nothing to indicate that uniform ity once 

achieved would prevail.

I appea r here today in beha lf of H.R. 76 which would provide tota l and 

endurin g uniformity. The bill requires that daylight saving time will be observed nationwide 6 

months each yea r commencing the last Sunday in April and ending the last 

Sunday in October.

A s ubsta ntial majority of the States, 31 at las t count, observe saving time in 

some form or other. I firmly believe th at the ma jority of the people of this Nation wan t daylight 

saving time if only for the negative reason of having grown weary of the 

confusion which resu lts from our annual springtime scramble.

Mr. C hairman I would like to close by saying t ha t I will support any measure 

this committee may report which will lead to uniformity.

In this regard you have before you today the Senate-passed Cotton bill which, 

while to my thinking is inadequate, is a first step.

However. I would dire ct your atte ntion to what I believe to lie a serious defect 

in this bill. It has no enforcement clause. The sections which would have permitted sa nctions were stricken from the bill.

Passage of any bill with out enforcem ent provisions is an open invitation to 

flagrant flounting of the law and the will of the Congress.

I urge that any bill repo rted by this committee contain these enforcement 

provisions : no t stringent b ut adequ ate to assure compliance.

I urge even more strongly your favora ble consideratio n of H.R. 76 and close 

by aga in offering my profound tha nks to you fo r the privilege of appearing before 

you today and for your consideration of this most important ma tter.

Mr. Van D eerlin. Mr. Yo un ger?

Mr. Younger. No questions.

Mr. Van Df.erlin. Mr. Pick le ?

Mr. Pick le. No questions. I am delig hte d to see the gentlem an 

fro m Tennessee.

Mr. V an Deerlin. Mr. N elsen ?

Mr. Ne<lsen. No questions.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. G illigan ?

Mr. Gilligan. No questions, t han k you.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Ou r next th re e witnesses are from Wash ing ton , 

D.C.

The first is Mr. Ja ck M. Slic hter.
UNIF ORM TIM E 107

STATEMENT 0E JACK M. SLICHTER, ON BEHALF OF A IR 

TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Mr. Slichter. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

My statement is a brief one and I would like, with your permission, 

to read it. My name is Jack M. Slichter. I am vice president of the Air Trans­ por t Association. On be half of the scheduled certificated air carriers who make up our association, 1 should like to comment on a number of bills considered by this committee, all of them relating, in one way or 

another, to the establishment of uniform time standards. At the outset I should like to express our appreciation for the opportunity to express our views on these bills. And, more than that, I should like to convey our gratitude to the committee for concerning itself with this problem—with the confusing and sometimes costly practices which have evolved since the Standard Time Act was adopted in 1918. In addition to conveniencing the traveling public and the common carriers who provide transp ortation throughout the country, we believe that orderly regulation of time, based on clearly defined boundaries and geared to the tempo of the 1960‘s, will benefit the 

Nation as a whole. From the airlines’ point of view, there are three primary areas of concern: (1) the present lack of uniformity of dates for changing to and from daylight saving time; (2) the need for time uniformity within urban areas comprising major transportation and business hubs; and (3) the necessity for the airlines to continue to apply Greenwich time to air traffic control and, in some cases, within an 

individual company for operational purposes. Airline public timetables are published in terms of local time— either daylight saving time or standard time, whichever prevails at the city concerned. This practice was started several years ago to eliminate some of the difficulties and confusion in informing the public which cities observed daylight time and which observed stand­ ard time—and it has worked quite well, particularly for flight sched­ ules to and from communities adhering to a stan dard conversion date. In such cases schedules can be computed and timetables issued at a minimum of expense to the airlines and with a maximum degree of 

assurance that the public will be correctly informed. Unfortunately, however, all of the sections of the country observing daylight saving time do not adhere to a uniform conversion date. So, in order to present correct and current information to the public, the airlines are obliged to recompute and reissue timetables or to include extensive and complicated footnotes each time another com­ munity changes over to or from daylight time. The exact costs attributable to these practices are difficult to compute, since the air­ lines may use such occasions to make other adjustments to schedules. But there is no doubt tha t a uniform changeover date would permit 

a reduction of costs. Of immediate importance to the public is the fact that there are times when the airlines find it impossible to adjust schedules to accom­ modate nonuniform time changes without adversely affecting the public in other cities. When such situations arise, the airlines must choose the course which would offer the best service to the maximum
108 UNIFORM TIME

numb er of pas sen ger s and , as a consequence, some com munities may 

suffer. However , we believe th at it is in the public int ere st to pub lish 

tim eta ble s in local times an d we see no thing in the prop osed bills which 

wou ld distu rb th at pra ctice.

W ith a view tow ard gr ea ter convenience to the pub lic and with an 

eye on airline economy, we are in favo r of any legisla tion designe d to 

establish a un ifo rm dat e fo r tim e conv ersio n. We believe th at H.R . 

6785, H .R . 7867, a nd H.R . 6481 will achieve such un ifo rm ity . While 

oth ers of the p endin g bills w ould accom plish this, we believe thes e bills 

wou ld result in a balan cin g of the need to con sider the requirements 

and desires of communities affected bv tim e changes and the very 

pre ssi ng need for a un iform conv ersion date which I have emphasized.

Our second point concerns th e need fo r time un ifo rm ity within 

closely a ssociated business and tran sp or ta tion areas. An airp or t usu ­

all y serves a large geo gra phical are a which may exte nd across Sta te 

bou ndaries. In fact, in some instan ces , a com munity airp or t may be 

physica lly located in anoth er St ate. Wash ing ton , D.C., and Cin cinna ti, Ohio, are good exam ples. We are pleased th at these bil ls recognize th is point in establishin g sta nd ards for the guida nce of the 

In te rs ta te Commerce Commission when it defines the boundaries of 

pr im ary zones or subzones so th at person s and businesses within a 

giv en com mu nity of intere st will be op erating on the same time 

sta nd ard.

Th ird , th e airlines mu st mak e use of Greenw ich tim e fo r ai r traffic 

control pur poses. As a res ult ce rta in intern al opera tional procedures 

mu st also be keyed to Gree nwich time. The Federal Av iation Agency 

has establ ished Greenwich tim e as the sta nd ard fo r ai r traffic control. 

This, of course, was don e in t he i nterest o f safet y—in orde r th at there 

could be abs olutely no question th at pilo ts, dispatch ers , and traffic 

controllers were all on a common tim e basis fo r flight clearance s and 

th at, of course, is wor ldwide. We believe th at H.R. 6785, H .R. 7867, 

and H.R. 6481 would leave th is u nd ist urbe d bu t we mention our need 

to use Green wic h tim e so th at our ri ght to do so will be p rotected und er 

any legislation tha t may be adopte d.

Ce rta in of ou r mem ber air lin es also ap ply Gre enw ich tim e to inter na l functio ns which mav inv olv e the saf ety of life and prop ert y 

in the air. None of this, I may ad d, Mr. Ch airma n, would concern 

the pub lic directly. For example, some airlines use Gre new ich time 

as a sta nd ard fo r rad io, telephon e, or telety pe wr ite r messages in ord er 

to elim ina te misu nd ersta nd ing am on g personnel located in ma ny dif ­

ferent time zones. Since these a re wholly inter nal fun ctions and in no 

way involve the gen eral pub lic, we subm it the re is no reason for restricting the practic e.

In sum ma ry, the airlines urge Con gress to pro vid e fo r the establish ment and observance of a un ifo rm system of tim e sta nd ards and 

measurem ent fo r the United State s. We str on gly support un ifo rm ity 

in tim e convers ion dates, and urge t h at an y time boundar ies t ake into 

acc oun t the need s of the entire comm unity and not ius t an entity 

the reo f. In the interests of sa fety, we reques t th at Congress make 

cle ar th at no interfere nce wi th the use of Greenw ich time fo r air 

traffic con trol and oth er op erati on al purpo ses is inte nded.
UN IFO RM TIME 109

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you, Mr. Slichter.

Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. No.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Pickle?

Mr. Pickle. I have no questions.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Devine?

Mr. Devine. No questions, thank you.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Gilligan.

Mr. Gilligan. Thank you, no, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Than k you, Mr. Slichter.

Next is Mr. Carl V. Lyon, assistant general solicitor of the Association of American Railroads.

STATEMENT OF CARL V. LYON, ASSISTANT GENERAL SOLICITOR, 

ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS

Mr. Lyon. Aly name is Carl V. Lyon. You have my title and I 

represent the Association of American Railroads. I would like to have my entire statement submitted for the record and I will give 

you a very quick statement in behalf of our industry. No. 1, we support the principle of uniform time. We have 

for many years and we do not care whether it is standard or whether 

it is daylight time. All we want is uniformity. For many years, we have been coming before this committee and committees of the Senate exhorting uniform ity in time and have not gotten it. This year, we 

are prepared to support the bills that are now before you even though, as has been pointed out to you, they take only a small step in the right 

direction. S. 1404, as passed by the Senate, with the amendments, is acceptable to us. It should be understood as far as we are concerned, at least, 

tha t this will not save us a lot of money. It will eliminate a lot of confusion, it will make it much simpler for our employees to deal 

with the public, and will make it much simpler for the public to deal 

with us and understand what we are trying to do. I think that the provision in the bill for having the Interstate 

Commerce Commision promote uniformity in the time around the 

country is a sound one. I think tha t they will be able to make some progress and I hope tha t the committee will leave this provision in the 

bill.In so far as penalties and enforcement are concerned, the rai lroad industry is like every other industry. If we are going to have penalties and enforcement as mentioned by previous witnesses, then 

they should be applicable to all, and not just to the railroad industry. So long as any decision is left to the State and local communities 

as to whether they will go on daylight saving time the railroad industry will have to stay on standard time. The law at the present 

time requires us to be on standard time. Even if this requirement were to be eliminated, unles there is a wide takeover by the Federal 

Government in this field, we would continue to operate our trains on 

standard time.
110 UNIFORM TIME

The State as a minimum size, referring to Mr. Moss’s comment, I 

think would be quite good. But I would not want to see these bills 

saddled with an albatross that would cause nothing to be done simply 

to go fo r something tha t would be better. I do not know whether it 

can be achieved, but I think the committee should bear this in mind.

In summary, Mr. Chairman, we do support, as members of the Committee for Time Uniformity, th e bills that were prepared initially by 

the Committee for Time Unifo rmity. We also suport the amendments 

made by the Senate to S. 1404. We think that this is a good step in 

the right direction.

Thank you.

(The prepared statement of Mr. Lyon follows:)

Sta teme nt of Carl V. Lyon, Ass is tant General Solicitor, Asso cia tio n of

Ame ric an R ailroads

My na m e is C ar l V. Ly on. I am A ss is ta n t G en er al So lic ito r of th e Assoc iatio n 

of A m er ic an R ai lr oad s (A AR), w ith headquart ers in W as hi ng to n, D.C. Th e 

AA R is a vo lu nt ar y, no np ro fit org an iz at io n. J ts mem be rshi p co m pr ises ra il ­

ro ad s th a t op er at e 96 per ce nt of th e to ta l mile ag e of all ra il ro ad s (e xc lu ding 

sw itch in g and te rm in al co mpa ni es ) in th e U ni te d S ta te s an d hav e op er at in g 

re ve nu es ap pr oxim at in g 98 pe rc en t of th e to ta l oper at in g re ve nu es of all the 

ra il ro ads in t he U nited States.

My appeara nce he re to da y is to ex pre ss th e view s of th e as so ci at io n an d its 

mem be rs in su pp or t of H.R. 6785 and S. 1404, “to es ta bl is h un ifor m da te s 

th ro ughout th e U ni ted S ta te s fo r th e co mmen cin g and en ding of dayli ght sa ving 

tim e in th os e S ta te s an d loca l ju ri sd ic ti ons w he re it is observed, an d fo r ot he r 

pu rp os es .” S. 1404 in th e fo rm pass ed by th e Sen at e is id en tica l w ith H.R. 

6785. an d th re e oth er Ho use bi lls (H .R . 6481. H.R. 7867, an d H.R. 11743) except 

fo r two a m en dm en ts a do pted by th e Sen at e. We s upport th e Sen at e am en dm en ts.

F or m an y years th e ra il ro ad in d u str y has su po rted ef fo rts to es ta blish gre at er 

uni fo rm ity in th e ob servan ce of tim e w ithin st an d ard tim e zo ne s th ro ug ho ut 

th e U ni te d Sta te s. Th e In te rs ta te Co mmerce Comm ission has re pea te dly rec om ­

me nd ed to th e Co ng ress th a t le gis la tion be en ac te d to ac co mplish th is pu rpose. 

Ov er th e year s bi lls of ev ery co nc ei va bl e fo rm an d ty pe ha ve been in trod uc ed 

in an effort, to ob ta in th is re su lt. T he ra il ro ad in dust ry has co nsi st en tly approv ed th e pr in ci ple of un ifor m tim e ob se rv an ce w ithin es ta blish ed tim e zones 

an d ha s sp ec ifi ca lly de cli ne d to ex pre ss a pr ef er en ce eit her fo r dayli ght sa ving 

tim e or a gain st i t. We a dher e to t h a t pri nci ple now .

Se cti on 2 o f th e Sta ndar d Tim e Act of 1918 (15 U.S.C.A . sec. 262 ) re quir es th at 

th e ope ra tion s of ra il ro ads be go ve rn ed by sta n d ard tim e. In ev er in cr ea sing ly 

la rg e nu m be rs th e co mmun iti es se rv ed by th e ra il ro ads ha ve ad opte d da yl ig ht 

sa vi ng tim e duri ng a po rtio n of th e year. The ad op tion of daylight sa vi ng tim e 

in som e a re as is s ta te w id e. In o th ers th e o pt io n is le ft w ith in div id ual co mmun ities to ad op t th e st andard of th eir ch oice . W hile th e pre va ilin g date s of observ an ce a re from th e la st Su nd ay in A pri l unti l th e la st Su nd ay in Octob er th er e 

are nu mer ou s vari ati ons bo th as to co mm en ce men t date s an d expir ati on da tes. 

All of th es e pr ac tice s re quir e ad ju stm en ts in ra il ro ad sche du les an d metho ds 

of op er at io ns w ith co ns eq ue nt inco nv en ienc e, co nfus ion, an d ex pe ns e.

N ei th er S. 1404 no r H.R. 6785 wou ld solve al l of th es e prob lems. B ut they 

wo uld he lp—part ic ula rl y in th e e lim in ati on of som e of th e unne ce ss ar y co nfus ion 

an d inconv enien ce. Th ey em bo dy a re as on ab le an d re ali st ic first st ep in th e 

ri gh t di re ct io n an d ho pe fully will pa ve th e w ay fo r th e ad op tion of g re ate r unifo rm ity in the futu re .

The ad ver se im pa ct of ex is ting tim e pra ct ic es is fe lt in inco nv en ienc e an d 

fr u st ra ti o n to th e publi c, in hard sh ip an d per ple xity to ra il ro ad em ploy ees, an d 

in ge ne ra l econom ic waste. It cre ate s pr ob le m s fo r m an ag in g an d co nd uc tin g 

fr eig ht oper at io ns as we ll as pa ss en ge r se rv ices .
UNIF ORM TIM E 111

Perh aps th e mo st se riou s of th es e dif ficult ies is th at whi ch af fe cts th e pu blic 

an d til e re la tion s o f th e ra il ro a d in dust ry w ith th e publi c. In to day’s co m pe titive 

tr an sp o rt ati o n world, it is of v it al im po rtan ce to m ain ta in a fa vora ble re la ti onsh ip w ith bu sine ss pat ro ns. Unq ue stio na bl y whe n th e m an y an d var yin g tim e 

ch an ge s are mad e in th e sp ri ng and ea rly su m mer ea ch y ear and co nt in ui ng until 

la te fa ll nu mbe rs of tr av ele rs become up se t an d dis gru ntled a t th e maz e of tim e 

d is arr ay wh ich co nfr onts th em in de alin g w ith lo ng -d ista nc e pu bl ic tr a n sp o rt a ­

tion ag en cies. U nfo rt unat el y, muc h of th e an no ya nc e and dis gru ntlem en t is 

dir ec te d ag ai nst th e ca rr ie r and it s em plo yee wh o ha ve no ch oice bu t to do 

th eir be st to mak e sens e ou t of co nf us ion which is no t of th e ir ow n mak in g an d 

which is bey ond th eir p ow er to cha ng e.

A ttac hm en t A to th is sta te m en t is a cop y of pa ge s 18 and 19 ex ce rp te d from 

th e A ug us t 1965 issu e of t he Official Gu ide of th e R ai lw ay s of th e U ni ted Sta te s. 

The se pa ge s att em pt to l is t th e S ta te s, c ities, an d to w ns o bs er vi ng d ay light sa vi ng 

tim e duri ng la st year an d th e per io ds in which su ch tim e w as in effect. The y 

il lu str ate th e var ie ty of tim es be in g ob served. Eac h yea r it is a ch alleng e fo r 

th e rail ro a d emp loy ee to f am il ia ri ze h im se lf w ith , an d m as te r, th e m an y nu isan ce s 

in here nt in th e lack of tim e unif orm it y which pr ev ai ls th ro ughout th e co un try. 

Cha llen gi ng a s th is y ea rl y ta sk is, it is a sm all m att er co m pa re d to th e bu rd en of 

unra vel in g the co mplex iti es in an u nder st andable w ay f or th e oc ca sion al tr av el er .

R el at ed to th is is th e m ajo r pr ob lem of m ai nta in in g and oper at in g a se ns ible 

sc he du ling pr og ra m which w ill be u nder st andable to th e em ploy ee a nd ex pl ai na bl e 

to th e pat ro n, an d more im port antl y m ee t th e de m an ds of comm erc e.

Bec au se p art s of th e co untr y m ain ta in th e sa m e st an d ard of tim e yea r ro un d 

an d oth er p art s ch an ge to d ay li g h t sa vi ng tim e fo r var io us pe riod s of th e yea r, 

th e prob lem of sc he du lin g tr a in s to mee t th e ne ed s an d de m an ds of th e pu blic 

an d of th e m ar ke tp la ce become s m os t trou blesom e. T his oc cu rs, fo r ex am ple, in 

pr ov id in g serv ice from th e Sou th to th e N or th . Mos t S ta te s an d co mm un iti es in 

th e so uth er n p a rt of th e U ni te d S ta te s co nt in ue to ob serve sta n d ard tim e. Most 

S ta te s an d co mmun ities in th e no rt h east ern p a rt ch an ge ov er to dayli ght sa vi ng 

tim e ea ch ye ar. To mee t th e nee ds of th e nort hern co m m un ities sc he du les m us t 

be ch an ge d. In som e ca se s th is h as m ad e it im po ssible or im pra ct ic al to en tire ly 

m ain ta in som e im port an t th ro ugh tr ain co nn ec tio ns. An ex am pl e from la st 

su m m er is th e Si lv er M ete or, w hi ch arr iv es in W as hi ng to n, D.C. a t 6 a.m ., east er n 

sta n d ard tim e, fro m Miam i and in te rm ed ia te so uth er n po in ts. Fro m th e la st 

Sun da y in Oc tobe r to th e la st Sund ay in April th is im port ant tr a in m ak es co nne ct io ns w ith th e Pen ns yl va ni a R ail ro ad ’s P it ts burg h an d Buf fa lo tr a in s wh ich , 

duri ng th e ob serv an ce of sta n d ard tim e in th e E ast , d ep art from W as hi ng to n, 

D.C. a t 7 a.m ., ea st er n st andard tim e. D uring th e su m m er m on th s, ho wev er, th e 

P it ts burg h an d Bu ffa lo tr ain s, in ord er to mee t th e ne ed s of th ose co mmun ities, 

d epart at 7 a.m ., da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e wh ich is actu ally 6 a.m. east ern st andard 

tim e or ab ou t an ho ur be fo re th e Silve r Meteo r arr iv es in W as hi ng to n, D.C. A 

si m il ar prob lem ex isted a t th e St . Lou is ga tew ay . Mos t of th e so ut hw es te rn p a rt 

of th e countr y ob serves st an d ard tim e th ro ughout th e yea r. T ra in s se rv in g th e 

are a re flec t th a t fa ct an d ea st bou nd tr ain s arr iv in g a t St. Lou is a re sch ed uled 

on st an d ard tim e. In ord er to pro te ct an d m ee t th es e sc he du le s Pen ns yl va ni a 

ea st bo un d tr a in s Nos. 4 an d 30 co ntinue to leav e St. Lo uis on st andard tim e 

but as a re su lt ar ri ve in New Yor k City 1 hou r la te r th an th e pre fe ra ble sche dule tim e.

In te rm s of economic w as te t h e a do pt io n by th e Con gress of H.R . G785 or S. 1404 

wo uld ac co mplish very li tt le a t th e outs et in so fa r as th e ra il ro a d in dust ry is 

co nc erne d. I t wo uld , ho we ver, el im in ate a t once a co ns id er ab le am ou nt of confu sion an d pe rp le xi ty am on g em ploy ee s an d mem be rs of th e pu bl ic which re su lts 

from th e v arj ’ing effective d ate s of day ligh t sa vi ng tim e ob se rv an ce . If th e 

In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mmiss ion is su cc es sful in pr om ot in g un ifor m tim e obse rv an ce th oug ho ut each st an d ard tim e zone, as th e tw o bi lls wou ld di re ct , th ere 

could be el im in at io n of su b sta n ti al econo mic w as te . But unle ss or unt il su ch 

su cc es s is att ain ed mo st of th e addit io nal an d un ne ce ss ar y co st s which ac crue to 

th e in d u st ry wo uld st ill ha ve to be me t. Th ese co sts stem pri ncip all y fro m th e 

ne ce ss ity tw ice each year of re p ri n ti n g bo th em ploy ee and pu bl ic tim et ab les. 

M e a re ho pe ful th a t en ac tm en t of eit her of th es e tw o bi lls wou ld st im ula te an d 

has te n th e ad op tio n of gre ate r un if or m ity th ro ughout th e countr y on a mu ch 

bro ad er scale . It is hoped th a t th is in it ia l st ep wi ll dem onst ra te th e wisdom of
112 UN IFO RM TI M E

gre ate r un iform ity by Fed era l ac tion in th is re gard an d th a t gre ate r ad va nc es 

to w ar d a sa ne ti m e p olicy w ill fo llow sh ort ly t h ere aft er.

W hen un ifor m ti m e bills w er e be ing co ns id er ed duri ng 1963 an d 1964 som e 

review w as m ad e on th e Pen ns yl va ni a R ail ro ad to est im at e w h at co sts m ig ht be 

save d in th e ev en t t im e u nif orm ity w ere to be co me a r ea lity .

On th e ea st er n region of th e Pen nsy lv an ia R ai lr oad alo ne , it was es tim at ed 

th a t th e ch an ge ov er re qui re d th e re vi si ng of 202 sc he du le pa ge s of th e em plo yee 

tim et ab le an d nu m er ou s oth er re vi sion s on 200 addit io nal pa ge s whe re tim e is 

spe cified in ge ne ra l op er at in g ru les. F o r th e re vi sion s in ci den t to th e ad op tion 

of dayli ght sa vi ng tim e eff ectiv e A pr il 26, 1964, th e pri nti ng bil l alon e was 

$33,784. while la bo r, in th e pre para ti on of th e ch an ge s, co st $15,000. Th ese 

costs, to ge th er w ith dis trib ution ex pe ns e, ap pro xim ate $50,000. T her e are 

tw o oth er regi on s on th e Pen nsy lv an ia th a t is su e si m il ar em ploy ee tim et ab le s, 

an d fo r al l th re e regi on s th e co st to th e Pen nsy lv an ia ap pro xim at es $300,000 

ea ch ye ar . W hi le ad op tio n of H.R. 6785 o r S. 1404 wo uld no t el im in at e th es e 

ex pen di tu re s th e ac co m plishm en t of our lo ng -r an ge go al of uni fo rm ti m e obse rv an ce w ith in es ta blish ed tim e zones (w it h re sp ec t to which such le gi sl at io n 

wo uld be th e fi rs t st ep ) wo uld mak e it po ss ib le to re vi se th es e em ploy ee in str u ction s only once a ye ar , in lie u of tw ice a yea r as now re qu ired . Thi s wou ld mean 

a sa vi ng s of $150,000 per an nu m to th e Pen nsy lv an ia R ai lroa d.

In ad ditio n to th e $150,000 saving s re la te d to th e em ploy ee tim et ab le, th e u lt im at e ac co m plishm en t of th e goa l wo uld en ab le th e Pen nsy lv an ia R ail ro ad to 

sa ve appr ox im at el y $60,000 an nu al ly in th e p ri n ti n g an d dis tr ib uti on of pu blic 

sche du les. Bec au se of th e un de rlyi ng co ns id er at io n, work, an d act iv ity inv olve d 

in re so lv in g th e co mp lex fr ei ght an d pa ss en ger sc he du le ch an ge s th e to ta l unne ce ss ar y ou tlay w as es tim at ed to ea si ly re ach $250,000 pe r year on th e Pen nsy lv an ia an d co uld exceed $2 mi llion pe r y ear fo r th e enti re ra il ro ad in dust ry .

E ar ly in 1962, a su rv ey of prob lems ari si n g be ca us e of th e lac k of un ifor m 

tim e w as co nd uc ted of 22 princ ip al clas s I ra il ro ad s oper at in g th ro ughout the 

U ni ted Sta te s. The re su lts of th a t su rv ey are su m m ar iz ed in att achm ent B, 

he re to , en titled “Sta te m ent of D ifficulty Being Exp er ienc ed by R ai lr oad s Be ca us e 

of La ck of U nifor m ity in Time.” In sh or t, it dem on st ra te s th a t th e co nfus ion, 

ex pense, an d inco nv en ienc e re su ltin g from la ck of tim e unif orm ity a re ge ne ra l 

an d wid es pr ea d.

Of th e bi lls pe nd in g be fo re th is co mm itt ee , th os e th a t wo uld mak e th e obse rv an ce of st a n d a rd tim e m an dat ory th e year ar ou nd fo r all pu rp os es (H .R . 

2424, H.R. 5055, an d H.R. 10573) wo uld re su lt in th e max im um unif orm ity an d 

wo uld re su lt in th e gre ate st eco nomic be ne fit s fo r th e ra il ro ad in dust ry . P ra ctic al ly al l of th e un nec es sa ry ex pe ns e and co nf us ion de sc ribe d he re in wou ld be 

el im in at ed by enac tm en t of s uc h legi slatio n. Li ke wise , th e l ar ge bu lk of ra il ro ad 

prob lem s in th is re gard wo uld be solve d by en ac tm en t of H.R . 76 whi ch wo uld 

plac e th e enti re N at io n on day light sa vin g tim e an d re quir e it s ob se rv an ce fro m 

th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il to th e la st Sund ay in Oc tobe r of ea ch ye ar . We su pp or t 

th es e p ro po sa ls a nd w ou ld w elc om e th e ir a ppr ov al .

How ev er, in re co gn itio n of th e st ro ng bro ad ba se d su ppor t th a t exis ts fo r th e 

pr op os als em bo died in H.R. 6785 and S. 1404 an d th e need fo r som e po sitiv e 

ac tio n on th is su bje ct we spec ifica lly an d re sp ec tfully ur ge th a t H.R . 6785 or 

S. 1404 b e a pp ro ve d by th is co m m itt ee and en ac te d.

The re is n o qu es tio n th a t su bst anti al co nf us io n an d econ om ic w as te re su lt fro m 

ou r pr es en t tim e ob se rv an ce laws and pra ct ic es . As tr ansp ort ati on an d com ­

m un icatio n sy stem s are co nst an tly im pr ov ed , th e ne ed fo r a co nc om itan t im ­

pr ov em en t in su ch an o rd in ar y a nd ba sic fu nct io n as t im e ob se rv an ce w ill bec ome 

more ne ce ss ar y ra th e r th an less. The pro po sa ls em bo died in th es e tw o bills 

re pr es en t a m in im al an d re as on ab le fi rs t st ep in th e ri g h t dire ctio n.
UN IFOR M TIME 113

[A tta ch men t A]

List of Cities and Towns Observing Daylight Saving Time

CANA DA

As listed below from April 25 to October 31, except as noted.

British Columbia: En tire Prov ince from April 25 to October 31. 

Manitoba : Entire Province from April 25 to September 12.

New B run swick: Entire P rovince from April 25 to October 31. 

Newfo und land: Entire Prov ince from April 25 to October 31.

Prince Edward Is la nd : E ntire Province from April 25 to October 31.

Amherst, N.S. 

Arnprior, Ont. 

Arvida, Que. 

Asbestos, Que. 

Aurora, Ont.

Beamsville, Ont. 

Belleville, Ont. 

Bra ntfo rd, Ont. 

Brockville, Ont. 

Burlington, Ont.

Campbellford, Ont. 

Chatham, Out. 

Coaticook, Que. 

Cobalt, Ont.

Coburg. Ont. 

Cooksville, Ont. 

Cornwall, Ont. 

Cowansville, Que.

Digby, N.S.

Dolbeau, Que. 

Drummondville, Que. 

Etobicoke, Ont.

Farnham, Que.

Fort Erie. Ont.

Galt. Ont.

Gananoque, Ont. 

Goderich, Ont. 

Granby, Que. 

Grimsby. Ont.

Guelph, Ont.

Halifax, N.S. 

Hamilton, Ont. 

Hawkesbur.v, Ont. 

Hull. Que.

Huntsville, Ont. 

Ingersoll. Ont.

Joliett e, Que.

Jonquiere, Que.

Kentville. N.S.

Kenora, Ont.

Kincard ine, Ont. 

Kingston, Out.

Kirklan d Lake. Ont. 

Kitchener, Ont.

Lachute, Que.

La Tuque, Que.

Leaside, O n t. 

Lennoxville, Que. 

Lindsay, Ont.

Liverpool, N.S.

London, Ont.

Loretteville, Que.

Magog. Que.

Markham, Ont.

Midland. Out.

Mont Joli, Que.

Montreal, Que.

Napa nee, Ont.

Niagara Falls, Ont. 

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont. 

North Bay, Ont.

Oakville. Ont.

Orangeville, Ont.

Orillia, Ont.

Oshawa, Ont.

Ottaw a. Ont.

Owen Sound, Ont.

Paris. Ont.

Pembroke, Ont. 

Penetang uish ene, Ont. 

Peterborough . Ont.

Pictou. N.S.

Port Hope, Ont.

Prescott, Ont.

Quebec, Que.

Renfrew, Ont. 

Repentign.v, Que. 

Richmond Hill, Ont. 

Rimouski. Que. 

Riviere du Loup, Que.

St. Catharine s, Ont. 

St. Hyacinthe, Que. 

St. Jean, Que.

St. Jerome, Que.

St. Raymond, Que.

St. Thomas, Ont. 

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

Sherbrooke, Que. 

Smiths F alls, Ont. 

Southampton, Ont. 

Stratford . Ont. 

Streetsville, Ont. 

Sudbury, Ont.

Sydney, N.S.

Thetford Mines, Que. 

Tiilsonburg, Ont. 

Timmins, Ont. 

Toronto. Ont.

Tre nt on . On t.

Trois Rivieres, Que. 

Victoriaville, Que.

Waterloo. Ont. 

Welland. Ont.

Weston. Ont.

Whitby. Ont.

Windsor. N.S. 

Woodbridge, Ont. 

Woodstock. Ont.

Yarmouth, N.S.
114 U N IF O R M TI M E

U N IT ED ST ATE S

Tlie States as listed below (plu s the Di str ict of Columbia) observe daylight 

saving time from April 25 to October 31 (except as noted).

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Distric t of Columbia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa (May 30 to September 6)

Maine 

Maryland 

Massach usetts 

Minnesota (May 23 to 

September 7)

Nevada

New Hampshire 

New Jerse y 

New York

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Islan d 

Vermont 

Wash ington

West Virginia (April 25 

to September 25)

Wisconsin

States not listed above and some of the are as within such Sta tes begin and 

term inate dayligh t saving time on var iou s dates as indicated below.

Idaho

By local option as listed below from April 25 to October 31.

Bonners F erry Coeur d’Alene Moscow Sandpoint

Michig an

Dickinson County, except Breen, Felch, and West Branch from April 25 to 

October 31.

Ironwood by local option April 25 to October 31.

Missouri

As listed below from April 25 to October 31, except as noted.

Alexandria (to Septembers) 

Annada (toOc tob er 3)

Bourbon

Cape Girard eau (to October 24) 

Clarksville (to October 3)

Crystal City

I )e Soto 

East P rairie 

Ellsb erry

Ewing (May 7 to September 5)

Festus

Foristell

Gilmore

Hannibal (to September 12)

Hawk Point

Herman

Il lm o

Kahoka (May 23 to September 4) 

La Belle (May 23 to August 22)

La Grange (to September 26) 

Lewistown (May 22 to August 2S) 

Louisiana

M em ph is (to S e p te m b e rs ) 

Montana

Butte May 31 to September 1.

Monroe City (to September 5)

Moscow (April 30 to October 31) 

O'Fallon

Old Monroe 

Orchard Farm 

Pacific

Palm yra (to Sep tem bers)

Poplar Bluff 

Quincy 

St. Charles 

St. Clair

St. Lo uis ; suburbs and County of St. 

Louis

St. Peters

Troy (April 30 to October 31)

True sdale

Warrenton

Wayland (to September 5)

Wentzville 

West Alton 

Winfield 

Wright City

Vew Mexico

Los Alamos County from April 25 to September 26.

Ohio

All cities and towns on the Erie Lackaw ann a RR. will observe “day light saving” time, except cities Ashland. Galion, Kenton, Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and 

Ohio City. All cities and towns on the Pennsylvania RR. are on “daylight saving” time with the exception of Ada, Bucyrus, Cincinnati, Columbus. Coshocton. 

Crestline, Dayton. Dennison, Ham ilton, Lima, Mansfield, Newark, Norwood, 

Upper Sandusky. Van Wert, an d Xenia.
UNIFORM TIME 11 5

"Daylig ht savin g” tim e with va riou s term ina tio n da tes begins at the north, 

ju st west of Verm ilion on La ke Erie an d the n ru ns south and ea stw ard, west 

of Wellington, ea st of Ash land, so uth of Wooster, and the n so uthe astw ard, crossing the no rthe rn pa rt of Tus ca rawas County, no rth of New Ph ila de lphia, and 

the n south alon g the west bo un da rie s o f Ha rrison, Belmon t, and Mon roe Cou ntie s 

and then inc lud es Wash ing ton County to a point j us t we st of Be lpr e on the Ohio 

Riv er. It then skips to the we st of Athalia, Proctorville, and Chesa peake in the 

so uthe astern p ar t ow Law ren ce C ounty.

Virginia

Arlingto n an d Fai rf ax Co unt ies and the citie s of A lex andria, Fai rf ax , and Falls 

Churc h observe “da yligh t sav ing ” tim e from April 25 to October 31.

The r em aind er of the S tate of V irg ini a with the e xce ption of Lee, Wise, Dicken ­

son. Bu chanan, Scott, Russell, Smyth, an d Wash ing ton Cou ntie s an d the cities of 

Br istol an d No rto n observe “da yl ig ht sa vin g” tim e from Ju ne 6 to Sep tem ber 5. 

Da yliglvt Savin g Time

Du rin g Wo rld W ar I, wh at ha s sin ce become k now n as “da ylight savin g” time 

was estab lis hed by ac t of Con gress as a war me asu re. Th is ac t provide d th at 

betw een th e la st Su nday in Ma rch an d the last Sunday in October of each yea r, 

th e stan da rd tim e of each zone be ad va nced 1 h o u r; th is provisio n wa s repealed 

af te r the close of the war.

On F eb ru ar y 10, 1942, un der a bill to prom ote the n ationa l se cu rit y and defe nse 

by estab lis hin g “da yligh t savin g” tim e, th e stan da rd tim e of eac h zone in the 

Un ited St ates wa s adv anc ed 1 h ou r; th e bill pro vided fo r term inatio n of the act 

6 m onths a ft er th e war's end o r a t such ea rlie r da te a s Con gress might des ignate. 

“D aylig ht saving ” tim e was te rm in ated in the Un ited St ates by ac t of Congress 

September 30,1945.

The c ur re nt revision of “day lig ht s av in g” time, is lim ite d to a few mo nth s each 

year, and is adopted either by Sta te ac tio n or local option by some cit ies and 

towns.

Fo r p ublic guid ance, a lis t of St ates an d some cit ies an d tow ns obser vin g “daylig ht sav ing ” tim e is shown each ye ar in sum mer mo nth issues of th e “Official 

Guide of the Ra ilw ay s.” Rep rints of these pages ar e av ailable a t nominal cost.

A gr ea t lac k of unifo rm ity in tim e ha s arise n un der pa st leg islati on whereb y 

clocks were adv anced 1 ho ur in some localities b ut not in oth ers. Th is has led to 

intro du cti on of bill S. 1404, now in th e Senate, which would allow com munities 

to choose whe ther or not the y wish to observe daylight tim e an d would set the 

per iod from th e la st Sunda y of April to the last Sunday in Octo ber for all those 

observing su ch time.

[A tta ch men t B]

Sta tem ent of Dif fic u lt y B ein g E xpe rie nced by R ailr oa ds B eca u se of L ack

of U n if o r m it y in T im e

(B ased upon experie nces on 22 selected ra ilr oa ds )

1. Dining car serv ice

In m any cases, the work day of the dining c ar crew is ext ended in or de r to tak e 

ca re of m eal per iods, resu lti ng in inc reased d ini ng ca r lab or costs. As a n example, 

pas sen gers ar rivi ng Chicago fro m th e west on ce ntral stan da rd tim e tra ve lin g 

ea st from Chic ago on da yligh t time, might have th ei r me al as much as 2 hours 

early unle ss th e dine r served la te r th an norm al to com pen sate for the tim e differentia l. Pa ssen ge rs from th e ea st th ro ug h Chicago would be served th ei r meal 

as m uch as 2 h ou rs la te u nle ss th e di ne r wa s open fo r servic e ea rl ie r th an n orm al.

2. Passen ger tr ai n schedules

At a tr an sf er poi nt such as Chicago, with we ste rn railr oa ds op erating on 

stan da rd tim e, ea ste rn railr oa ds ad ju st th ei r sch edu les by delay ing de pa rtur e 

of th ei r trai ns to the east in or de r to m ai nt ai n thr ough conn ections. Th is resu lts 

in a la te r ar ri val at east coast citie s resu lti ng in an inc onvenie nt ar ri val tim e 

fo r b usiness purpo ses. We stboun d sch edule s mu st be adv anced 1 h ou r in the ea st 

to maintain connec tion s to th e w est, r es ul ting in an a wkw ard dep ar tu re time from 

ea st coast cities.
116 UNIFORM TIME

With the west eoast observing day ligh t time and many intermediate points 

between Chicago-St. Louis observing sta ndard time, the main tenance of normal schedules results in a late arriv al and early dep arture at west coast points. Changes in schedules to comi»ensate for the time change result, in some cases, 

in inconvenient departures from in terme diate key cities. The change to and from day ligh t time often results in the necessity for publishing a new timetable f or each change in time, and this is multiplied when all areas 

do not observe daylight time during the same period. This res ults in increased 

expenses in publishing timetables for each change. One railro ad reported difficulty has been experienced in complying with requests of the Post Office Department on mail handling on tra ins operating both 

in standard and daylight time.

3. Freight train operations

Because of m arket practices, perisha ble freight must be delivered or placed for 

inspection by specific times. Perishables originating in sta ndard time areas and terminating in daylight time are as mu st be handled from origin to destination 

in 1 hour less time tha n normal, or the closing time for billing and diversions 

and train departure time must be advanced 1 hour to compensate. Livestock m ust also be handled to meet m arket requirements and the difficulties experienced on perishable traffic ar e also experienced in the handling of 

livestock. Schedules on freight tra ins must be adjusted to meet local requirements. Difficulty arises when a tra in originates in a standard time area going into a daylight time are. The scheduling of the tra in 1 h our earlier is not always the 

answer as consideration m ust be given to requirements of local shippers a t origin 

as well as intermediate points, and the dep arture s must be coordinated with 

schedules from connections for throug h movements.

Labor

Railroad employees, working on sta ndard time, are not always able to particip ate in community activities if the community observes day light time. Em­ ployees as well as labor organiz ations have requested working hours on the basis 

of community time rather tha n rai lro ad time. Another complain t involves the 

confusion and possible error involved when employees live in a community observing one tim e and such employees m ust report to work on anothe r time.

5. Communications

Nearly all railroads reported confusion in communicating with dista nt on-line 

points. One railroad reported th at dur ing periods of daylight time, the communications between home office an d the west end of its property were limited to 

3 hours each day. Many other rai lro ad s advised of limits of 5 and 6 hours for 

communications between various sections of th eir property.

6. Sum mary

Nearly all roads reported confusion and difficulty in one form or another because of the lack of uniform time. The following items of difficulty were 

repo rted :

(a ) General confusion in passenger timetables.

(b) Lengthened dining car meal service at increased labor costs.

(c) Difficulty in scheduling passenger tra ins to accommodate origin, intermediate and destination requirements.

(d ) Ex tra expense of print ing timetables.

(e) Difficulty in handling mail to meet post office requirements.

(f ) Necessity for rescheduling freigh t trains to meet delivery times for 

ma rke t on perishables and livestock, also for interline service.

(<7) Operating employees may work on standard time, nonoperating employees on daylight time, res ulting in confusion and inconvenience.

(h ) Revision of switching crew schedules to meet requirements of local 

industry.

(i) Confusion, particu larly trai n and engine men, involved in working on 

sta nd ard time and using dayligh t time a t home.

(j ) Reduced communication time between stations on the same property.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you.

Mr. Younger?
UNIFORM TIME 117

Mr. Younger. No questions.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Pickle ?

Mr. P ickle. 1 think the gentleman made a fine statement of great 

importance.

Mr. Lyon. Thank you, sir.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Air. Gilligan ?

Mr. Gilligan. No.

Mr. Van Deerlin. The final witness, Brig. Gen. Joseph P. Adams, 

retired but not retiring, who represents the Association of Local Tran sport Airlines.

STATEM ENT OF BRIG. GEN. JOS EPH P. ADAMS, ASSOCIATION OF 

LOCAL TRANSPORT AI RL IN ES

General Adams. Chairman Van Deerlin, distinguished members of 

the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, in the absence of a prepared statement, my name is Joseph P. Adams and I 

appear before you as executive director and general counsel of the 

Association of Local Transpo rt Airlines. We ap pear to support legislation which will lead to uniformity in time conversion. I will leave 

you with only two additional thoughts, other than those previously 

expressed by the witnesses which preceded me.

One is that about 2 years ago, in prep aring fo r testimony on similar 

legislation, the association took a poll of its membership. We focused 

in this poll on the additional costs of having to prepare three timetables instead of one additional timetable in the spring and in the 

fall of the year. To the best of our ability, in analyzing this poll, we 

came up with the figure of approximately $150,000 to $200,000 additional cost for these short-haul carriers in the additional schedules required under the present situation.

However, I would like to rise above monetary considerations, even 

as significant as these might be to these carriers, and say tha t the 

principal beneficiaries of the proposed legislation are the traveling 

public, not the member carriers of this association. Again, in this 

same poll of our industry tha t we took, we found that the incidents 

of no-shows that developed during this 6-week period, when daylight 

time is being changed or accepted on three different dates, the incidence 

of no-shows rises appreciably.

Now, of course, the most perishable thing in the world is an airline 

seat. When the door is closed, the value of that seat is lost for all time. 

With these increases in these no-shows, and it is quite a perceptible 

increase, during the spring of the year and the fall, it may well be 

related into several h undre ds of thousands of dollars of lost traffic. 

Of course, that comes about bv the fact tha t even though the carriers 

do pu t out three timetables, the fact that these timetables are put out 

seriatim, the public is left not knowing in some cases when to appear 

at the airport, and for tha t reason, the no-shows increase.

So I leave you only with the thought that basically, this legislation 

is in the public interest and it is the traveling public tha t are the true 

beneficiaries and not the carriers that I am representing in this case 

for the Association of Local Transport Airlines.

We sincerely appreciate the time you are giving to th is and we trus t 

tha t you will look favorably on the legislation now before you.
118 U N IF O RM TIM E

Thank you.

Mr. Van Deerlin. General, tha t is a very fine statement.

Mr. Younger?

Mr. Younger. Only to compliment the general.

General Adams. Thank you, Congressman Younger.

Mr. Pickle. I have no questions.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Gilligan ?

Mr. Gilligan. No.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you, General Adams.

We have for the record a letter from R. J . Riddick, executive secretary of the F reight Forwarders Institute, and a statement by Carroll 

P. Burks, president of the American Short Line Railroad Association.

(The letter and statement referred to follow:)

F re ight F orwarders I nst it ute ,

Washington, D.C., February 1, 1966.

Ho n. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman. Committee on Inte rst ate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Cha ir m an Staggers : L as t y ear w he n th e Sen at e In te rs ta te an d Fo re ig n 

Comm erc e Com m itt ee w as co ns id er in g S. 1404. prop os ed le gi sl at io n to fa cil it ate 

gre ate r unif orm it y of tim e ob se rv an ce , our in sti tu te ad vi se d th e H on or ab le 

W ar re n G. M ag nu so n, ch ai rm an of t h a t co m m ittee, th a t we en do rs ed S. 1404.

Th e mem be rs of th e F re ig ht F o rw ard ers In sti tu te ha ve ap pr ov ed a policy 

su pp or tin g th e p rinc ip le s of S. 1404 and like w is e wou ld lik e to go on re co rd be fore 

yo ur co mm itt ee en do rs in g bi lls H.R. 6785, H.R. 7867, an d H.R. 6481.

As com mon c arr ie rs ou r mem be rs fa ce th e same pr ob lems as oth er com mon 

carr ie rs ca us ed by th e vary in g tim e sta n d a rd s th ro ughout th e U nited Sta te s, 

and a re o f th e op inion th a t tim e u n if o rm it y w ill remov e some of th es e ob sta cle s. 

It is ou r hope th a t th e af or em en tion ed bil ls w ill be fa vor ab ly re port ed by yo ur 

co mmittee an d th e pr in ci pl es en ac te d in to la w in th is session of Co ng res s.

We re sp ec tful ly re qu es t th a t th is le tt e r be mad e a p a rt of th e official reco rd s 

of th e he ar in gs .

Sinc erely ,

R. J. Ridd ick , Execu tive Secre tary.

Statement of Carroll P. Burks, President, th e American Short Line

Railroad Association

My na me is C ar ro ll P. Bur ks . I am pre sid en t of th e American S hort Line 

R ai lroa d A ssoc iatio n w ith offices a t 2000 M as sa ch use tts Avenu e NW .. W as hi ng ­

ton. D.C., an d ha ve se rv ed in th a t cap acit y sinc e No ve mbe r 1, 1964. P ri o r to 

comi ng w ith th is a ss oc iatio n I se rv ed in vari ous oper at in g su pe rv isor y ca pac itie s 

fo r a nu mbe r of ye ars, an d ha ve a to ta l ex pe rien ce of 35 year s in th e ra il ro ad 

op er at in g field.

On be ha lf of th e mem be r lin es of th is as so ci at io n, th e m ajo ri ty of whi ch ar e 

re pre se nta ti ve of sm all bu sine ss in te re sts in th e ra il ro ad in dust ry , I appre ci at e 

th e opi> ortunity of filing this s ta te m ent w it h th e c om m itt ee in su pp or t of un ifor m 

tim e w ithi n st andard t im e zones.

No bu sine ss ac ti vit y is mo re affecte d by tim e th an is th a t of co nd uc ting tr a n spo rtat io n. In as m uc h as the sta rt in g poin t an d des ti nati on of tr av el and tr a n sport is fr eq uen tly in se pa ra te ju ri sd ic ti ons, w he re ve r st an d ard s of tim e di ffer it 

is im pe ra tive t h a t th er e be c om plete u nders ta ndin g b etwee n th e cus to m er , ca rr ie r, 

an d it s em ploy ees as to th e st an d ard s of tim e which pr ev ai l. In additio n, it is 

hi gh ly de sira bl e, to avoid co nfusion and unne ce ss ar y ex pe nse, th a t th ere be as 

few st an d ard s as possible, th a t th e zo ne s be well define d, an d th a t th ere be no 

te m po ra ry o r pe rm an en t ta m per in g w it h th ese st an d ard s ex ce pt fo r goo d an d 

sufficie nt ca us e.

F or a nu m be r of ye ars, an d mos t re ce ntly a t th e 52 d annual m ee tin g of as so ci atio n mem be rs in Mi lwaukee, Wis., on Sep te m be r 29. 1965. th e re pre se nta ti ves of 

th es e mem be rs ad op ted as a de si ra bl e le gis la ti ve ob jective * * * “T he asso cia -
UN IFO RM TIME 119

tion favors amendment of the Standard Time Act so as to fully occupy the 

legislative field with respect to standards of time to be observed throughout the 

Nation.”

This legislative policy of the association has existed for over 18 years and was 

occasioned by reason of communities not conforming to the prescribed s tandard 

time zones, the nonuniformity with which daylight saving time was observed, and 

was observed, and the frequent difference in dates at the begining and ending of 

daylight saving time periods. All of this resulted in the inability of the railroads to render the best possible public service for which they had been subjected 

to criticism. These difficulties and problems were impossible of solution by 

reason of the nonuniformity of the time being observed in two or more area s 

concerned.

This legislative position has been continued by the association members in 

view of the continuing nonuniformity of time. The fa ct that the problem is still 

with us indicates the need for Federal legislation.

Most member roads of the American Short Line Railroad Association are 

exclusively freight carriers ; however, its members that are passenger-carrying 

railroads are faced with the same problems with regard to the operation of 

passenger trains as has often been described.

While the examples of inconvenience and confusion are more colorful and 

descriptive as they rela te to passenger service, the problems that exist in rail 

freight operations may in total be more serious due to the much greater proportion of rail operation involved in freight handling.

Many of the short-line railroads are faced with a situation at the beginning 

and end of the daylight saving time period when the changeover in time is not 

uniform across their territory. For example, they sta rt train operations on 

daylight saving time and move into an area operating on standard time with 

the result that their usual schedules are not satisfactory to the customers as 

the train is arriving at too early an hour. You will readily see how the reverse 

is the case at certain times and under certain circumstances with the trai n 

arriving at too late an hour. Such circumstances lead to complaints from the 

customers.

To alleviate some of the difficulty, it is sometimes necessary for railroad forces 

to sta rt certain of their employees to work an hour earlier to coordinate with 

adjacent communities which have daylight saving time or which sta rt daylight 

saving time at an earlier or later date. These situations are confusing, oftentimes inefficient, and though established for the convenience of the customer, 

frequently result in confusion to the shipper and the receiver.

At the present time it is difficult and expensive to find out the standard time 

that prevails in any but the larger communities, and much time is wasted in 

attempting to contact people by telephone to schedule meetings and appointments 

so as to conform with local custom and still make travel possible without undue 

waste of time and energy.

On behalf of the 245 member roads of this association, I want to again state 

our support of uniformity in time, whether it be standard or daylight. It is the 

hope of this segment of the rail carrier industry tha t Congress may properly 

conclude tha t uniform time is wanted by the majority. We, therefore, fully 

support the enactment of uniform time legislation applicable throughout the 

United States.

Mr. V an Deer lin. Th e record will rem ain open fo r 5 day s to re ­

ceive sta tem ents and comm ents of any fu rther intere sted partie s.

Th at concludes the hearin g.

(T he fol low ing m aterial was sub mitted fo r the reco rd:)

State m ent of W il l ia m D. T oo he y, C h a ir m a n , Gove rn men t R elatio ns

Co m m it tee, N a tio n a l Ass oc ia tion of T ra vel Org an izations

Mr. Chairman and members of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce 

Committee, my name is William D. Toohey. I am executive vice president of 

the Tourism Council of Greater Chicago, 36 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago. Ill.

I submit this statem ent in my capacity as chairman of the government relations 

committee of the National Association of Travel Organizations, which is 

dedicated to the welfare and advancement of the travel industry.

NATO’s principal concern is promoting more travel to and within the United 

States. We not only want more people to travel, but want to make certain they 

enjoy it, so they will repeat their travel.
1 2 0 UN IFOR M TIME

Our mem be rs are th e fir ms and org an iz at io ns wh ich pr ov id e th e in fo rm at io n, tr ansp ort ati on, acco mmod ati on s, fo od service , en te rt ai nm en t, an d th e man y 

serv ices re qui re d by trav el er s. NATO sp ea rh ea de d th e m as sive see -th e-U .S. A. pr og ra m de sign ed to en co urag e 

ou r ci tize ns to tr av el in th is co untr y which has now evolv ed in to th e dis cover- America ca mpa ign. Pre si dent Jo hn so n has w ho le he ar te dl y en do rsed th is pr o­ gram . The P re si den t ap po in te d a fiv e-m em ber, Ca bine t-l ev el ta sk fo rc e to ass is t in im pl em en ting th e disc ov er-A merica pr og ra m . The ta sk fo rc e is he ad ed by Vice P re si dent H ub er t H um ph re y. The pro gr am is fin anced by pri vate in dust ry 

money . We a re de ep ly co ncern ed w ith th e m att er of tim e unif orm ity in th e Un ite d S ta te s bo th from th e in te re st of th e fo re ig n an d do mes tic tr av el er . Th e mi llion s 

of peop le wh o tr av el each y ear in th e U ni te d S ta te s fo r va ry in g pe riod s of tim e fo r bu sine ss an d pl ea su re c ome in to per so na l co nta ct w ith th e co nf us ion cr ea te d 

by diffe re nc es in tim e ob servan ce and th e v ag ar ie s of t he bou nd ar ie s o f tim e zones, 

which o ften do not seem t o m ak e good sense. T ra vele rs in au tom ob ile s, who co m pr ise ov er 90 pe rc en t of th e tr avel in th is co un try, are ju st as su bj ec t to in co nv en ienc es , do ub ts, an d uncert ain ti es con­ ce rn in g w h at tim e it is as are th e o th er tr av ele rs who move via th e pub lic ca rr ie rs .

Autom ob ile tr av el er s m us t be const antl y a le rt in ord er to kn ow wh en to beg in 

th eir da y, whe n to end it, whe n it is tim e to ea t, whe n th e po in ts of in te re st an d a tt ra c ti o n s th ey w an t to vis it will op en an d close, an d wh en to se t th eir w atch es 

fo rw ar d o r b ack.

A m is ta ke c an be c ostly A m is ta ke can be co stl y in avail able tr av el tim e, or in gai nin g ad m itta nce to 

an att ra cti o n or po int of in te re st , or in mee tin g an y pr es en t en ga ge men t. I w ant to po int ou t th a t tim e co nf us ion is a dete rr in g fa cto r to th e tr av el 

bu sin ess. Th e tr av el bu sine ss is one of th e g re a t dis tr ib u to rs of th e w ealth prod uc ed in th e U ni ted Sta te s, invo lving mor e th an $30 bil lio n pe r ye ar . Most of ou r Sta te s 

co ns id er t he tr av el b us ines s am on g th e ir to p t hre e in du st ries . Th e tr avel in dust ry is on e of th e la rg es t em ploy ers in th e U ni ted St at es . Add to ge th er th e peop le invo lv ed in ru nnin g ho tels an d mot els, re st aura nts , tr ansp ort ati on compa nies, re n ta l c a r firms , ga so lin e st at io ns, att ra cti o n s, si ghtseeing fa ci lities , tr av el in fo rm at io n ce nt er s, etc ., an d th is become s ap par en t. For ei gn vi si to rs , sing ly an d in gr ou ps , are becomi ng mor e and mor e a p a rt of th e American sce ne. Th ey come her e to see th is g re at co untr y, of wh ich th ey ha ve heard so mu ch. We need to en ha nc e th eir op ini on of us . We m us t no t 

di sillus io n them . A li tt le re se ar ch discloses th a t tim e re gu la tion is sm oo thly han dl ed in mo st p art s o f t he w orld, p art ic ula rl y in th e a re as from which we are c urr entl y dr aw in g 

fo re ign vi sito rs. W e re sp ec tful ly su pp or t id en ti ca l bi lls— H.R . 6785, II.R . 7867 an d H.R . 6481. How ev er, in tho in te re st of qu ick ad op tio n of tim e unif orm ity legi slatio n, we 

wou ld not ob jec t to en ac tm en t of S. 1404. The N at io na l Assoc iatio n of T ra v el O rg an iz at io ns is a m em be r of th e Com ­

m itte e fo r Time U ni fo rm ity an d su pport s it s te stim on y fully . We ne ed en ac tm en t of leg is la tion fo r ad op tion of tim e unif or m ity in the Un ite d 

Sta te s.

T ha nk y ou for th e pr iv ile ge of s ubm it ti ng th is s ta te m en t.

Sta teme nt of A. R. McMulle n, E xecutive Vice Pre sid en t. National

Association of State Aviation Officials

My na m e is A. B. McMu llen . I am ex ec ut ive vice pre si de nt of th e N ationa l 

Assoc iatio n of S ta te Avi atio n Officials. On beh al f of th e mem be rs of NASAO, I wish to th an k tb e co mm itt ee fo r th e opp or tu ni ty pr ov id ed th e as so ciation to pre se nt its vie ws on th e vari ous bi lls now be ing co ns id ered “to es ta bl ish 

un if or m date s th ro ug ho ut th e U nited S ta te s fo r th e co mmen cin g an d endin g of dayli ght sa ving tim e in th os e S ta te s an d loca l ju ri sd ic ti ons whe re it is 

ob se rv ed .” NA SAO mem be rs are officially re sp on sibl e fo r fo st er in g th e or de rly develop ­ men t of av ia tion an d a ir tr an sp o rt ati o n in th eir re sp ec tiv e Sta te s, an d they ar e
UN IFO RM TIME 121

ke en ly aw are of th e ver it able nig htm are of tim e co nf us ion pre se ntly ca us ed by 

va riou s S ta te s an d politica l su bd iv isio ns ch an gi ng to an d fr om day light sa vi ng 

tim e ea ch year on di ff er en t dat es , and th e ad ve rs e affect th is unre gula te d an d 

un co od in at ed pr oc ed ur e has on all fo rm s of tr an sp o rt ati o n and co mm un ications , 

bu sine ss an d in dus try, sh ip per s and in di vi du al tr av el er s. T his pra ct ic e no t 

on ly ca us es man y missed tr a in , plan e, and bu s co nn ec tio ns an d dis ru pte d 

bu sine ss an d social en ga ge m en ts, but un ne ce ss ar ily co sts co rp ora tions and in d ivi dual s m illion s of dollar s annuall y in ad m in is tr ati ve, op er at in g, pri nting, an d 

co m m un icat io n expenses.

NA SAO has bee n ac tive ly in te re st ed in an d has co nt in uo us ly wor ke d to w ar d a 

so lu tion of th is exas per at in g si tu ati o n fo r ov er a de ca de , an d duri ng th e as so ci ati on’s 1962 an nual mee tin g. NA SA O mem be rs un an im ou sly ad op te d a re so lu ­

tion r ec om men di ng le gi slat io n w hi ch wou ld a ss ure th a t al l ch an ge s fr om st andard 

to daylight sa vi ng tim e be m ad e on th e la st Sun da y of April, an d th e re tu rn to 

st andard tim e be mad e on th e la st Sund ay of O cto ber.

The re fo re , th e as so ciatio n st ro ngly en do rses , an d re sp ec tful ly ur ge s th e Co ngr es s to adopt le gi slatio n su ch as th a t in co rp or at ed in Ho use bi lls 6481, 6785, 

an d 7867. which will go a long w ay to w ar d solving th e daylight sa vi ng tim e 

prob lem .

Th e pr ob lem wo uld be re du ce d ev en more th an th e prop osed le gi sl at io n w ill 

ac co mplish if th e final co m m ittee bi ll lim ite d th e choice of ad op ting day light 

sa vi ng tim e to in di vi du al S ta te s, ra th e r th an ex te nd in g th is de cision m ak ing 

au th o ri ty to po litica l su bd iv isio ns as well. How ev er, if le gi sl at io n re quir in g 

un ifor m ch an ge ov er dat es is en ac te d as pre se nt ly dra ft ed, NASAO w ill w or k fo r 

th e ad op tion of su pp le m en ta ry le gis la tion by in di vi du al Sta te s.

In addit io n to ad op tio n of le gsl at io n su ch as rec om men de d her ei n, it is als o 

re sp ec tful ly ur ge d th a t Co ng ress im m ed ia te ly in ve st ig at e th e se ve ra l oth er tim e 

sy stem s an d pr oc ed ur es , in ord er th a t th e mos t des irab le fe atu re s of ea ch may 

be un ifor m ly ad op ted to ass ure th a t th e nat io nal tim e system ke ep s pa ce w ith 

mod ern tr an sp o rt ati o n and co m m un ic at io ns fa cil it ie s and service s.

Th es e tim e sy stem s includ e th e 24 -h ou r clock, which is ut iliz ed by som e gover nm enta l ag en cies, part ic ula rl y th e m ilitar y, an d by som e co mm ercial org an iza tion s, and th e us e of “Z ” or G re en wic h tim e, which th e U.S. W eath er B ure au 

and som e American tr ansp ort ati on and co m m un icat ions co mpa nies en ga ge d in 

in te rn ati onal op er at io ns now utilize .

W hile no sing le syste m of tim e w ill co mplete ly sa ti sf y th e re qui re m en ts or 

ac co m mod ate th e convenien ce of e ve ry on e, a ca re fu l stud y shou ld be mad e of th e 

ad van ta ges th a t wo uld re su lt from co mplete ab ol itio n of dayli ght sa vin g tim e, 

an d per m an en tly ad va nc in g th e st a n d a rd tim e by 1 hou r in ea ch tim e zon e 

th ro ugh out th e U ni ted St at es . T hi s wou ld el im in at e th e co nf us io n an d ex pe ns e 

as so ci at ed w ith ch an ging to an d fr om day light sa vi ng tim e ea ch yea r, w hile pr oviding all th e ad va nta ges affo rd ed by day ligh t sa vi ng tim e. A do pting th e 24- 

hou r clock sim ul ta ne ou sly w ith th e 1-ho ur tim e ad va nc e wo uld neces si ta te on ly 

one ed uc at io na l an d fa m il ia ri zati on per io d in ord er to ac quai nt ev er yo ne w ith 

th es e tw o m aj or ch an ge s whi ch m an y pe rs on s wh o ha ve mad e a care fu l stud y 

of tim e pr ob le m s co ns id er de sira bl e.

W as hing to n, D.C., F eb ru ary 3, 1966.

W. E. Wil li am so n,

Clerk. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Rayburn House Office

Building, Washington, D.C.:

F or th e re co rd of the he ar in gs ple as e in sert follo wing w ire to C hai rm an H ar le y 

O. S ta ggers : “T he In te rn ati onal A ss oc ia tio n of M ac hi ni sts, A FL-C IO , fu lly en ­

do rs es th e pr ov isio ns fo r tim e unif orm it y as em bo die d in bills II.R . 6785, H.R. 

7867, an d H.R . 6481. In re pre se nting th ou sa nds of em ploy ees on th e ai rl in es , 

ra ilro ads , th e sh ip ping an d sh ip buildin g in dust ry an d oth er se gm en ts of th e 

tr an sp o rt ati o n in du st ry , we ar e fu lly co gn iz ant of th e trem en do us be ne fit s which 

will re su lt f ro m a un ifor m policy in ch an ge ov er fro m st an d ard to dayli ght sa vi ng 

tim e. ’’

F. L. S lE M IL L E R ,

International President.
122 UNIFORM TIME

American Telephone & Telegraph Co.,

New York, N.Y., April SI. 1965.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Comm ittee on Inte rstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, W ashington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairm an: The American Telephone & Telegraph Co., representing 

the Bell System, respectfully submits this stateme nt in supp ort of II.R. 6481. introduced by you, or H.R. 6785, introduced by Representative Staggers, which, 

we understand, will be reviewed by the Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance 

of the House Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce Committee at a hearing to he 

held in a few weeks. Our company takes no position wi th respe ct to the desirability of daylight saving time, but we are convinced th at uniform changeover dates to and from 

daylight saving time, which H.R. 6481 or H.R. 6785 is designed to achieve, will be beneficial to our customers and to the company in the operation of its longdistance communications network. Some of the principal difficulties experienced by our custom ers and our company because of time confusion a re :

(1) Uncompleted, calls—Inconven ient calls.—When making long-distance 

calls, our customers are often confused by the lack of u nifo rmity of daylight 

saving time changeover dates. Such confusion results in failur e to reach 

the called party in his office or home at the expected time, which can be of serious concern to the calling par ty. Also, a custom er may. because of such 

confusion, receive calls at inconv enient or undesirable times. On an ordinary business day, abo ut 16 million long-distance calls are placed by Bell System customers, approximately half of which are handled by 

an ope rator—the rest being dire ctly dialed by the customer. Approximately one-fourth of these calls (4 million) are not completed for a number of reasons, such as “don’t answer,” “c alled party no availab le,” etc. At periods 

when the re are differe nt time changeover dates, a significant number of un­ completed calls can be attributed to time confusion. Such uncompleted calls 

place an additional and unnecessary burden on the long-distance network.

(2) Frequent adjustments in employee scheduling.—Operating force schedules are affected by the traffic volumes at particular times of the day. Dif­ ferent st art and stop dates of dayli ght saving time affect customer calling hab its and pattern s, and precipi tate more changes in traffic volumes which 

requ ire adjustments in employee scheduling to adequately service such 

traffic.

(3) Burdensome and expe nsive work procedures.—Because of customer 

confusion in placing long-distance calls, caused by lack of uniform daylight saving time changeover dates, our operators are required to answer more 

inqu iries from customers on difficulties experienced in attem pting to complete 

calls, and to render such assista nce as is necessary. Notices must be prepared and placed on th e switchboard to aler t telephone 

operators to the difficulties gen erated by time confusion, to indica te p articu lar 

locations involved and t heir effective time, and the operators must be traine d 

to han dle the novel situ atio ns t ha t arise. In conclusion, it is our opinion th at th e single most troublesome area to the Bell System in the matt er of time confusion is the difference in changeover dates to 

and from da ylig ht saving time. Should all communities following dayligh t saving 

time convert on the same date, the confusion and difficulties described above should be substantially reduced. Accordingly, we urge your favorable consideration of either H.R. 6481 or H.R. 6785. We app reciate this opportunity to submit this stateme nt, and respectfu lly request that thi s lette r be made a pa rt of the record in the hearing.

Very tru ly yours, F. R. Eckley, 

Exe cutive Vice President.

United States I ndependent Telephone Association.

Washington, D.C., February 1,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers.

Chairman. Int ersta te and Foreign Commerce Committee, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Receipt of the notice of public hearings on unifo rm time 

bills, H.R. 1581 and others, is acknowledged. The United States Independent 

Telephone Association (USITA) is vitally inte rested in the passage of time
UNIFOR M TIME 123

uniform ity legislation. It the refore urges the passage of a bill which would 

reduce the inconvenience and costs of the present hap hazard application of 

daylight saving time.

On April 30, 1965, we wrote the Honorable Warren G. Magnuson, chairman. 

Commerce Committee, U.S. Senate, concerning our need for time uniformity. 

It would be appreciated if you would include for the record th at letter which is 

still currently applicable to our telephone industry (copy enclo sed).

Of the bills under review by your committee, USITA would respectfully 

recommend passage of identic al bills II.R. 6785, Staggers (March 25, 1965), 

II.R. 7867, Macdonald (May 4, 1965), and II.R. 6481, Harris (March 18, 1965). 

These more nearly provide the unifo rmity which is so desirable to this Nation’s 

int ers tat e telephone traffic.

Sincerely yours,

William C. Mott, 

Execu tive Vice President.

United States I ndependent Telephone Association,

Washington, D.C., April 30,1965.

Hon. Warren G. Magnuson,

Chairman, Commerce Committee, U.S. Senate,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : The hoard of directors of the United States Independent 

Telephone Association (US ITA ) at its meeting this month adopted the following 

le g is la ti v e p o li c y :

"Ti me uniformity.—Uniform ity of time thro ughout the United States is highly 

desirable for telephone subscribers and for telephone toll operations. Establishment of daylight saving on differe nt dates a t different locations crea tes confusion 

and needless expense. Any legislation which would provide some uniform ity 

in the estab lishm ent of day light saving time will be helpful. The association, 

therefore, supports any and all legislation the purpose of which is to promote 

uniformity of time. If a choice between two pieces of legislation exists the 

association prefers that legislation which provides the greates t uniformity.”

Since your committee has been holding hearings this week on the subject 

it is hoped you will include o ur position as p art of the record.

The USITA represents the independent (non-Bell) segment of the industry. 

One-sixth of the N ation’s telephones are independently operated. Over one-half 

the geographical are a of the United States is served by independents. One out 

of fou r long-distance calls eit he r originate s or term inates in independent territory. The States of Alaska and Hawaii and the ter ritory of Puerto Rico are 

served entirely by independent companies.

We are, therefore, greatly concerned with the uniform ity of time in this vast 

area. With more an d more toll calls each yea r the inconvenience caused by lack 

of tim e uniformity is su bstantial. This inconvenience is not only annoying to our 

subscribers but results in needless expense.

Last year in a communication to the chairman of the House Interst ate and 

Fore ign Commerce Committee we commented upon a number of illu stration s of 

the problems ou r telephone i ndustry faces because of the lack of time uniformity. 

These are still applicable today so we are taking the libe rty of repeating th em :

(1) The number of long-distance calls handled each day in the United States 

is approximate ly 14.2 million. In a year this amounts to between 4 and 5 billion 

calls. Many of these cross time zones or are between day light and s tan dar d time 

points in the same zone. With thi s g rea t volume of telephonic tran sactions, lack 

of time uniformity inev itably creates appre ciable confusion. There is an increase of “don’t answers,” a nd an unnecessary, nonproductive use of circuits and 

of operator and equipment time.

(2) Many telephone operations for reasons of efficiency and economy a re consolidated in larg er communities. These centers often serve a number of tributar y 

exchanges. Some companies operating in centers which are on daylight saving 

time have tributaries which ar e on standard time. This poses costly problems, 

as will be see n:

(a) The mechanical timing devices (calc ulagraplis) are set to the time of 

the toll center location. On calls between two different zones the time stam p 

is incorrect for timing tri bu tary toll calls and for this reaso n requires the 

making of an operato r notation on the toll tick et to ins ure aga inst mista kes 

in charging day calls a t night rates or vice versa.

(&) Pla nt men working out of a toll center city and doing telephone installation work in a trib ut ar y locality require special schedule consideratio n 

in order to avoid inconvenience to customers.

58 -79 7— 66------9
124 UNIFORM TIME

(c) Unce rtainty is encountered in planning hourly ope rato r requirements 

and in work scheduling of pla nt personnel. (<Z) Embarrassing and sometimes costly confusion results when a toll center operator, in a town on daylight time, is asked for the time of day by a subscriber served out of a tribu tary exchange in a town on standard time. The person calling from a tributar y wan ts to know what the time is in his own town. The telephone operator may thin k he w ants to know the time in 

the toll'center where she is located. (3) Lack of time uniform ity stim ulates assistance calling and makes the keep­ ing of standa rd or uniform opera tor records difficult. The services of two oper­ ators, one at each of the two offices involved, are requ ired on this type of assistance call. Such assista nce calls utilize toll circ uit facilities for which the 

telephone company derives no revenue. (4) Preparatio n of operator records showing time options of communities fre ­

quently called, and the tra ini ng of operators, are burdensome and costly. We estimate this unnecessary expense in our segment of the industry amounts to 

$50,000 annually. (5) A strikin g example of loss in revenue from lack of time un iformity involves “af ter 0 p.m.” (now a fte r 8 p.m.) calling from Georgia and Florida to the north­ eastern United States durin g th e summer months. These two States have elected 

to s tay on stan dard time. Reduced rate calls after 9 p.m. (again c urre ntly after 

8 p.m.) reach the Northeas tern States aft er 10 p.m. Since calls placed that late frequently inconvenience the called party there is less telephoning. This means a loss of revenue. To avoid inconvenience an effort is made to place calls im­ mediately after 8 p.m. This res ults in congestion of telephone facilities, loss of revenue, and inconvenience to the public. The p yramiding of calls a t a p articu lar time complicates the work “forcing” or scheduling of operato rs at the switchboards. The foregoing bears upon the difficulties of independent telephone companies and their subscribers. Any user of long-distance service can testify to his own inconvenience. Inability to reach a called party because of a difference in time, unnecessary expense of a station-to-station call when the desired party has not reached his office or has left for the day, and receip t of a call at an inconvenient hour are examples of the irrit ation and annoyance th at stem from the prese nt 

uns atis factory situation. We appreciate the opp ortu nity to submit this stateme nt, and hope that the 

hearings on S. 1404 will eventuate in corrective legislation.

Sincerely yours, William C. Mott, 

Execu tive Vice President.

T he Western Union Tele gra ph Co.,

Washington, D.C., February 2,1966.

lio n . H arley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committeee on I ntersta te and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives,

Washington, H.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reference to the c urren t hearing s before your 

committee concerning II.It. 0481. 0785. and 7807. These identical bills relate to 

the establishment of a system of time standa rds and measurement for the United Sta tes and to require or promote the observance of time s standa rds for all 

purposes. Western Union, by the very n ature of its business, is d irec tly interes ted in any­ thin g which may develop concerning the proposed legislation. The element of time plays an important pa rt in our day-to-day operations. The company has joined other interested groups in supporting the objective of the Committee on 

Time Uniformity. Curren t operations of thi s company provide the flexibility necessary to ada pt to whatever time may be observed despite any variation th at may exis t as be­ tween communities, State s, or regions. From the point of view of the telegraph user, particu larly the trav eling public, the various time differences are very con­ fusing. We, therefore, earne stly supp ort the objectives of the foregoing legislation in the interest of g rea ter efficiency, simplification, and uniformity.

Accordingly, we favor th e provisions of II.R. 6481, 6785 and 7867.

Sincerely yours,

K. W. Heberton, Vice President.
UNIFO RM TIME 125

National Broadcasting Co., I nc.,

New York, N.Y., January 28,19(16.

Ho n. H arley O . Staggers,

Chairman, Intersta te and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Cha ir man Staggers : Thi s is in re fe re nc e to th e hea ring s co mmen cin g 

F ebru ary 1 ,19 66 , be fo re t he I n te rs ta te a nd Fo re ig n Co mm erc e Com mittee o n bills 

de al in g w ith ti m e unif orm ity.

The br oa dc as ting in d u st ry is vi ta lly co nc erne d w ith tim e unif or m ity ov er 

wide ar ea s, p art ic u la rl y w ith re ga rd to th e e ffe ct of su ch tim e un if orm ity on n etwor k br oa dc as ts which co ve r vir tu al ly al l se ctions of th e co un try.

In cr ea ting a ba lanc ed sc he du le of n et w or k pr og ra m in g, an im port an t fa cto r is 

tim e of br oa dc as t be ca us e th e basic au di en ce co mpo sitio n var ie s w ith th e tim e 

of da y.

Tim e of br oa dc as t in th e va riou s U.S. co m m un itie s is also of im po rtan ce to 

net w or k advert is ers who se co mmercial mes sage ta k e au di en ce comp osition in to 

ac co un t. It is of sign ifi ca nc e to th e list en in g an d vi ew in g publi c, wh o are ag ­

gr ie ve d wh en a ne tw or k pr og ra m is bro ad ca st loca lly a t an earl ie r or la te r tim e 

th an th e tim e fo r which it w as de sig ne d simply be ca us e of loc al tim e an om al ies.

The in de pe nd en t est ab lish m en t an d ch an gi ng o f loca l tim e by in di vi du al S ta te s 

and co mmun iti es ha ve in cr ea se d th e co nfus ion an d co nf lic t of tim e st andard s. 

U nc oo rd in at ed sh if ts in su ch tim e st andard s const it ute an un du e bu rd en on in ­

te rsta te co mmun ica tio ns , th e efficiency of whi ch is im pair ed by lack of un iform 

tim e st an dar ds. The se e rr a ti c ch an ge s also gen er at e a larg e nu m be r of co mpla in ts fr om th e pu blic be ca us e of the upse ttin g effects on prev io us ly es ta blish ed 

ra dio an d television pr og ra m sche du les an d per so na l vi ew in g an d listen in g hab its.

The lack of un if or m ity am on g Sta te s an d co m m un itie s in th e ob se rv an ce of 

daylight sa vi ng t im e re quir es th e ne tw or k to ex pe nd co ns id er ab le sums of mon ey 

fo r m ul tipl e ne tw or k ori gin at io ns in ord er to off set in p a rt th e effect of su ch 

tim e di ffer en tial s, but ev en w ith th es e ef fo rts an d ex pen diture s, co ns id er ab le 

co nf us ion re m ains , which ad ve rs el y af fe cts th e pu blic in te re st in br oa dc as ting .

We stro ng ly su ppo rt a nd urg e en ac tm en t of an y m ea su re to redu ce t h e conflic t 

in th is are a now ad ve rs el y af fe ct in g th e pu blic in te re st in br oa dc as tin g.

Ve ry tr u ly yo ur s,

David O. Adam s,

Senior Executive Vice President.

Columbia Broadcasting S ys te m, I nc.,

Washington, D.C., February 1,, 1966.

li on. H arley O. Staggers.

Chairman. Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Ch a ir m a n: CBS re sp ec tful ly re qu es ts th is opport unity to mak e a 

gen er al st at em en t co nc er ni ng th e bills now be fo re yo ur co mm itt ee whic h re la te 

to th e ob serv an ce of unif orm tim e st andard s th ro ughout th e United St at es .

'Phe CBS Te levisio n N et w or k re gul ar ly pr ov id es pro gr am s to ap pr ox im at el y 

200 affil iated television st ati ons, an d th e CBS Rad io N etw or k to ap pro xi m at el y 

240 affil iated ra di o st ati ons. Eac h ne tw ork, th ro ugh th es e st at io ns , serves su bst an ti all y all th e peop le in t h e cou nt ry .

Netw or k serv ice is de sign ed fo r bro ad ca st by affil iated st ati ons on a ba sis as 

n earl y sim ul ta ne ou s as po ssible. Si m ul ta ne ou s bro ad ca st by al l st at io ns , ho wev er. is no t al w ay s pra ct ic ab le fo r a nu m be r of re as on s, in cl ud in g p art ic u la rl y 

ti m e zone di ffer en tial s. F o r ex am ple, a pr og ra m ori gin ati ng in New York a t 

S p.m. lo ca l tim e wo uld be carr ie d on a si m ul ta ne ou s bro ad ca st on th e Pa cif ic 

co as t a t 5 p.m. local tim e. Bec au se th is wo uld be an unsu it able hou r fo r an 

ev en ing prog ram, such a pro gra m is usu al ly re bro ad ca st on th e Pa cific co as t a t 

S p.m. loc al tim e. Ma ny ne w s ev en ts an d sp ort s pr og ra m s, w he re sim ul ta ne ou s 

pre se nta tion is in qi or ta nt , a re tr ansm it te d fo r bro ad ca st on a ‘•live’’ ba sis on ly.

D ur in g pe rio ds wh en dayli ght tim e is ob served th ro ughout p art s of th e U ni te d 

Sta te s, th e televisio n net w ork m us t ha ve do ub le tr an sm is si ons of man y pro ­

gr am s. an d th e ra di o net w ork m us t ha ve as m an y as six tran sm is si ons , so th a t 

th e pu blic wi ll no t be inco nv en ienc ed by th e ch an ge s in loca l tim es of bro ad ca st .

N ev er thel es s som e pu blic inco nv en ienc e is in ev itab le be ca us e of lack of unifo rm it y o f da yl ig ht tim e. P a rts of t he a re a se rv ed by som e st ati ons ob serv e da y-
126 UNIFORM TIME

ligh t time and other parts rem ain on standard time. In addition, the daylight 

time season begins and ends on different dates. These variati ons mean that 

the people in some areas must receive programs at unaccustomed hours.

For these reasons CBS believes that the broadcast audience would be benefited by legislation which would provide for (a) uniform periods of time thro ugh ­

out the United States for observance of daylight time and (b) uniform nationwide observance of daylight tim e.

Very truly yours,

Theodore F. Koop,

Vice President.

American Broadcasting Co.,

New York, N .Y., February S, 1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, House Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce Committee,

Ray burn House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers: I have read with intere st the proposed legislation H.K. 

6785 which you introduced on March 25, 1965, as well as II.R. 6481 introduced 

by Chairman Oren Harris on March 18, 1965, and II.R. 7867 introduced by Congressman Torbert Macdonald on May 4,1965, and am advised th at these bills are 

scheduled for hearing.

I should like to take this mean s of expressing my sup port of these bills and 

their purpose of providing a uniform system of time stan dards a nd measurements 

for the United States.

The prac tical problems in our e ntire economy from p resent clock confusion are 

manifold and have been made known to the Congress over a period of some 

years. They arise as well in the broadcasting industry.

Fu rth er, under current conditions and lack of uniform ity, the American Broadcasting Co. is incu rring during each daylight savings season added costs of 

approximately $1 million for w ire lines to put the s tation s in proper time phase 

and for the extra personnel, tape, and film services and raw stock required to 

conduct network operations.

It is respectfully requested th at this lette r be made a pa rt of the record in the 

hearing on these bills.

Sincerely yours,

Leonard H. Goldenson, President.

National Association of Broadcasters,

Washington, D.C., February 8,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Inte rst ate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representative s, Washington, D.C'.

Dear Mr. Chairman: On behalf of the Natio nal Association of Broadcasters 

(NAB), I am subm ittin g for the record comments of our organization in connection with the recent hearing held by your committee on bills relatin g to a uniform 

system of time standard s and measu rement for the United States. It is my 

und erstanding that legislation on thi s m atter has a lrea dy passed the U.S. Senate. 

I wish to commend you for the promptness w ith which you have addressed yourself to this problem in this 2d session of the 89th Congress.

During the last 3 years. NAB lias been associated closely with the efforts of 

other indu strie s to come to g rip s with this vexing problem. We have been represented on the steering comm ittee of the Committee for Time Uniformity since 

its inception and have supp orted the objectives of this volunt ary committee. At 

previous hearin gs of the House committee and its counterpar t in the other body, 

we have presented testim ony favorin g supp ort of those bills which would bring 

about greater uniformity of time-keeping p ractices in the country.

Of the many bills which are before you, we favor the approach taken by H.R. 

6785. introduced by you ; H.R. 7867, introduced by Rep resentativ e Macdonald; 

and ll.R. 6481, introduced by form er Chairman Oren Ha rris. I would add, 

however, tha t we would not objec t to the approval by the committee to the 

language contained in the Senate-passed bill. NAB also endorses the stateme nt 

of the Honorable Robert Ramspeck. national chairman, Committee for Time 

Uniformity, which was presented to the committee on Febru ary 2, 1966.
UNIFORM TIME 127

It is our firm conviction tha t a great public service will be rendered if legislation is enacted promptly so that greater uniformity can be achieved, beginning 

with the switchover date of April 24,1966.

We appreciate very much the opportunity to file these comments, and look 

forward to early committee and House consideration and resolution of this 

issue.

Respectfully submitted,

Vin ce nt T. Wa sil ew ski,

President.

Nat iona l Asso ciatio n of Sec ur ities Dealers, I nc.,

Was hi ng to n, D.C., February 2,1966.

lion. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, House In terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, U.8. House of

Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Stagg ers: The National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., 

representing more than 3,700 members throughout the United States, strongly 

supports the identical House bills, H.R. G785 introduced by you, H.R. 7867 introduced by Congressman Macdonald, and H.R. 6481 introduced by former 

Chairman Harris. These bills would provide a uniform system of time standards 

for the United States and require the observance of such time standards for the 

benefit of all citizens.

The existing inconvenience and confusion which stems from different time 

standards in different par ts of the country would end with the enactment into law 

of this legislation proposed by you and your colleagues.

Such a law would be of great assistance in the day-to-day conduct of the 

securities business and would be a service to millions of the investing public. 

Sincerely,

R obert W. II aack,

President.

American T ru cking Assoc iation , I nc.,

Commo n Carrier Confer enc e, I rregular R oute,

Washington, D.C., February 2,1966.

Hon. H arley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

My Dear Mr. Staggers : The Common Carrier Conference, Irregular Route 

of the American Trucking Associations, Inc., supports H.R. 6785 (introduced by 

Mr. Staggers), H.R. 7867 (introduced by Mr. Macdonald), and H.R. 6481 (introduced by Mr. H arris) to establish uniform dates throughout the United States 

for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time in those States and local 

jurisdictions where it is observed, and for other purposes.

At the outset, we wish to express our appreciation to the committee chairman 

and (he committee for the interest which has been shown in this subject. We 

have noted in the past tha t the committee chairman was chairman of the Commerce and Finance Subcommittee which conducted hearings on time uniformity 

in 1964, and we are grateful to him for his continuing interest in this subject.

In this petition to the committee, we wish it recognized that we are joining 

with many others of the Committee on Time Uniformity in its desire for uniform time legislation.

We believe that the passage of this legislation will definitely improve and 

promote safe, adequate, economical and efficient service in the transportation 

of property, and also passengers, in interstate and foreign commerce in the 

United States.

The increasing flow of commerce with the rising gross national product make 

it imperative in a very practical sense that all possible impediments to its free 

flow be removed, and at the earliest possible moment. Difficulties encountered 

with misunderstandings on the time of day (and these are very practical problems, not just theoretical), where different areas within present time zones 

change to daylight saving time at varying dates of the year and, similarly, conclude daylight time at varying dates, do not ease the burden for common carriers 

in all modes, no less for the trucking industry. The complexities of transportation in which service is so important, combined with an increasing population,
128 UNIFORM TIME

and the growth of industrialization of the country should not be impeded any 

more than is necessary. Reporting problem s of the carriers, and the reading 

of reports subm itted to Government agen cies by their staffs will be eased by the 

establish ment of these uniform dates.

Accordingly, we respectfully urge th at these bills be approved by the Congress a t the ea rlie st possible date.

Very tr uly yours,

Henry A. S. van Daalen, Jr.,

Execu tive Director.

Association of Oil Pipe Line s, 

Washington, D.C., February 9, 1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce,

U.S. House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Reference is made to the hearing before the Committee 

on Interstate and Foreign Commerce which commenced on Febru ary 1, 1966. 

on II.R. 6785, which you introduced in the Congress, and on H.It. 6481 (Congressman Har ris), H.R. 7867 (Congressman Macdonald), and S. 1404, rela ted bills 

which would promote nationwide time uniformity.

The Association of Oil Pipe Lines has authorized me to advise t hat we support 

this legislation. We understa nd th at these bills have the endorsement of the 

committee for time uniformity and the gre at number of organizations, including this association, which supp ort the committee’s efforts in thi s area . We 

believe these bills are highly in the public inte rest and hope that thi s legislation 

will receive favorable consideratio n by the Committee on Interst ate and Foreign 

Commerce. It is respectfu lly requested (ha t this lette r be made pa rt of the record of the 

hearin gs on these bills, which we understand will remain open until February 

11, 1966, for th at purpose.

Sincerely,

J. D. Durand, General Counsel.

The National I ndustrial Traffic League,

Washington, D.C., February 1, 1966.

lion. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman. House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House Office Building (Ra ybu rn),

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman: The notice o f public hearin gs dated Janu ary 24 advised 

(hat your committee would begin hearing s todajT (postponed to February 2) 

on II.R. 6785 and several other bills relating to time uniformity. The National 

Ind ust rial Traffic League, on behalf of its membership, wishes to support time 

uniformity legislation.

The Nation al Ind ustrial Traffic League, a volu ntary organization of shippers 

and association of shippers, with over 1.600 members thro ughout the country, 

at its November 1962 annual meeting, considered the widespread variati ons in 

sta ndard and daylight saving time acro ss the country, frequent time zone 

boundary disputes, differing stan dard-d ayligh t changeover dates, all of which 

have combined to create bewildering unc ertainty and confusion in the minds of 

the trav elin g and shipping public.

League members on the recommendation of its passenger traffic committee 

voted support of the efforts being made by the Transpo rtation Association of 

America and others in an endeavor to resolve these problems. The league has 

previously suppo rted similar legislation before the Subcommittee on Commerce 

and Finance during the 2d session of the 88th Congress.

The leagu e supp orts II.R. 6785 and identical bills (H.R. 7867 and H.R. 6481) 

which would (1) provide a limited modernization of the Sta nda rd Time Act 

of 1918: and (2) promote a more uniform observance of daylight saving time, 

and urges that H.R. 6785 be favorably repo rted and progressed to final enactment. 

Yours very truly ,

L. J. Dorr, Execu tive Secretary.
UNIFORM TIME 129

National Association of Counties,

Washington, D.C., February 1,1966.

Mr. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Staggers : On behalf of the National Association of Counties, I 

should like to take this opportunity to endorse H.R. 6785, H.R. 6987, and II.R. 

7867, identical hills to provide time uniformity. I should also like to request 

this endorsement be made a part of the official committee’s rei>ort on this 

legislation. On August 12, 1964, the National Association of Counties adopted the following amendment to the American county platform, the official policy statement 

of our organization.

Time variation.—The observance of time throughout the United States has 

become increasingly confusing since World War II because of widespread variations in standard and daylight saving time. Complicated by frequent time zone 

boundary disputes, different daylight standard changeover dates, and the startment of local community options. Such factors have combined to create bewildering uncertainty and confusion for the American citizen as well as great 

expense and burdens for the transportation, communications, and other industries. The problem of time uniformity is presently under active consideration 

in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives as a matter of nationwide concern. The National Association of Counties favors the establishment of national time uniform ity and urges Congress to enact appropriate legislation for this purpose. The association will cooperate with other organizations 

in achieving this objective.

Very truly yours,

W. W. Dumas, President.

National Council of Farmer Cooperatives,

Washington, D.C., February 4,1966.

lion. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers : The National Council of Farmer Cooperatives supports 

legislative action designed to bring about greater uniformity in standards for 

time observance. The council’s members authorized such support in a policy 

statement adopted in January 1963. We support H.R. 6785, introduced by you in the 89th Congress, and II.R. 7867, 

an identical bill introduced by Congressman Torbert II. Macdonald, a member of 

your committee. The provisions of these bills appear to us to be an appropriate 

legislative vehicle for replacing the present confusion in standards for time 

observance with a reasonable degree of uniformity in a sound manner. We have 

noted the two principal differences between these House bills and S. 1404 passed 

by the Senate on June 3, 1965. While preferring the provisions of the House 

bills which more specifically require observance of uniform daylight saving time 

by all Federal innstrumentalities, we would favor your approval of S. 1404 if this 

would expedite final legislative action. We believe the need for prompt action 

is more important than the differences in the Senate and House bills.

There a re two basic areas in which legislative action is needed in the interest 

of greater economy and order in the conduct of transportation, communications, 

and business generally which affect agriculture and all segments of the public. 

We believe those areas are adequately covered in either the House bills or S. 1404.

Those areas ar e:

(1) The clarification of existing law to give more clearly defined authority 

to the administrative agency with respect to prescribing time standards and 

requiring their observance.

(2) While leaving to individual States and communities the decision as 

to whether they shall observe daylight saving time, a provision tha t such 

jurisdictions tha t do observe daylight saving time shall begin and end that 

observance at the same time each year.

We believe that the confusion as to time standards, particularly daylight saving 

time, should be effectively dealt with now to prevent continued adverse effect 

on the cost and convenience of the conduct of public and private business. These
130 UNIFORM TIME

adve rse effects are felt not only by those serving the agricultural segment of the 

economy hut by the entire public.

We commend you and the other members of your committee for recognizing 

the significance of the problem by giving it your atte ntion early in this session 

of the Congress. We respe ctfully urge appropriate and prompt actio n by your 

committee to the end that legislation may be enacted at this session in time for 

the provisions as to d aylight saving time to be put into effect for this year.

We shall appreciate your inclusion of this stateme nt of the council’s position 

in the record of hearings recently held before your committee on H.R. 6785, II.R. 

7867, S. 1404 and similar bills.

We are sending each member of the committee a copy of this lette r so th at they 

may be individually advised of the council’s position.

Sincerely,

L. .James IIarmanson, Jr.,

General Counsel.

Haw aiian Committee for Tim e Unifo rmity,

Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan uar y 28, IGGfi.

Non. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on Inte rstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of R epresentatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Staggers: May I express my wholehearted support for 

bills II.R. 6785. H.R. 7867, and H.R. 6481 concerned with uniform time throughout the Uuited States.

The patc hwork manner in which day ligh t saving time is observed, particularl y the widely varying dates on which States and are as move to and from 

daylight saving time, has created one of the gre atest public inconveniences in 

America.

The stan dar dization of time d ifferentials would eliminate confusion and would 

fac ilitate business communications. To the extent th at this would stimulate 

business, it would result in more wages to employees, more taxes to the Government.

At the present time the Hawaiian Committee for Time Uniformity is soliciting the suppor t of a broad cross sectio n of community organiza tions for a daylight saving bill for the State of Haw aii. Our committee is comprised of repre ­

sentatives of small and large business, labor, professional people, and members 

of both political parties. We are recommending that daylight saving time, if 

passed by the Legislature, should st art on the last Sunday in April and term inate 

on the las t Sunday in October—to conform with most major popu lation areas in 

the United S tates.

To date we have endorsements from the following orga nizations and political 

lead ers:

ILWU.

Sta te of Hawaii Chamber of Commerce.

Retail Board of Honolulu Chamber of Commerce.

Hawaii Chamber of Commerce.

Kauai Chamber of Commerce.

Maui Chamber of Commerce.

Hawaii Fashion Guild.

Hawaii B anke rs Association.

Chinese Chamber of Commerce.

Hawaii County Board of Supervisors.

United Chinese Society.

Waikiki Jaycees.

Japane se Chamber of Commerce.

U.S. Senato r Daniel K. Inouye.

U.S. Congressman Spark M. Matsunaga.

U.S. Congressman Patsy T. Mink.

We have prepared a summ ary of the time situation , pointing out why it is 

imp ortant to the Haw aiian Island s to brin g their time into conformity with the 

principal business and commercial area s in the United States. A copy of this 

memorandum is attached.

Sincerely,

Richard Cronin, Ch air ma n.
UNIFORM TIME 131

T im e in H a w a ii

WHY CONFORMITY IS ADVANTAGEOUS

Tlie question of time—the time under which a country, State, or community 

operates—has been with us since the beginning of history. In the early days 

pra ctic ally every group set its own stan dards. It made little difference w hether one community followed the pa tte rn of another. In Europe each country establish ed its own time, sometimes without relatio nship to its neighbors. In many cases, 12 noon in a given community was th at moment of the day 

when the sun was directly over the tome of the community's “city hall.’’ Thus, two areas or cities which m ight be only a few miles ap ar t would operate on time 

schedules several minu tes different from each other. For example, there was a 

difference of 7 seconds between the time a t the Capitol dome in Washington, D.C., and th at at the Lincoln Me mo rial; a difference in time of 30 seconds from one 

end of the San Francisco -Oak land Bridge to the other. With the development of modern communications and the expansion of railroads, the necessity for adoptin g some uniform time pa tte rns became evident. 

In the United States initially each railroad had its own time schedule. Some 

railroads would operate und er various different schedules. This caused trem endous confusion. In 1878 Sandford Fleming, a Scottish-Canadian, brou ght forward a plan for 

the whole world. Under his suggestion, the world would be divided into 24 sta nd ard meridians, 15° ap ar t in longitude. In 1833 th e Canadia n and American 

railroads adopted in principle Fleming’s ideas and divided the North American 

Continent into four basic zones, 1 hour apart. This was quickly and gratefu lly accepted by the American people, and generally observed by the Federal Government, State s, cities and towns thro ugh out the Nation. Thus these standard times which are recognized in the various zones were 

“man made time” and not “God’s time” as i t is sometimes re fer red to today. Prior to 1883 there were some 100 railro ad “standard times”—eight different zones in 

Pit tsburg h. Pa., alone, for example. In an effort to stabilize time standard s and eliminate confusion, in 1918 the U.S. Congress passed legislation, as a w ar measure to increase natio nal efficiency, 

making the railroad time zones official and charged the Interstate Commerce 

Commission with autho rity over boundary disputes. The In terstate Commerce 

Commission s till holds this au tho rity . The Standard Time Act of 1918 also gave official sanctio n to a nother time measuring device which had been developing on local lev els ; namely, daylight saving 

time. What happenes when d aylight saving time is adopted? It simply saves an hour 

of day light in the early morning, when the vast ma jority are asleep, and puts 

th at hour of daylight at the end of the day in the evening, when the vast 

majority can enjoy it. The basic idea of day light saving time was originally conceived by Benjamin 

Frankli n in the 18th century when he served as U.S. Ambassador to France. It 

has been repo rted that he awakened early one morning in Pa ris and noticed the sun shining brigh tly outside. He asked himself: “Why are we not taking advan tage of all this day ligh t?” The Parisians ignored Fra nkl in, however, and 

nothing was done about it. The adoption of day ligh t saving time on a n atio nal basis in 1918 was unpo pular 

with the American people. In fact, the following yea r Congress repealed the national legislation and the use of daylight saving time return ed to the States 

as an optional matter. During the twenties and thirtie s, however, more and 

more communities began advanc ing the ir clocks during the summertime to tak e 

advantage of all the daylight they could obtain. During World War II, Congress, again on the national level, adopted daylight 

saving time. In fact, in 1942 Congress by law advanced the whole country 1 

hour without disturbing the basic time zones. This was again repealed, after almost 4 years, following the cessation of hostilities. Since then, individual 

Sta te and local governments hav e increasingly adopted the use of day light saving 

time during the summer months. The economic, social, and personal benefits to 

be derived from it have been recognized by an ever-increasing proportion of the 

people. Today many organizations—rep resenting business, agriculture, transp ortation, 

broadcasting, communications, travel, labor, and Federal, State, and local communities—recognizing the value of uniform time schedules, have joined together and formed the Committee fo r Time Uniformity.

5 8 -7 9 7— 06 ----- 10
132 UN IFO RM TIME

Follow ing exten siv e stu die s by th is Co mm itte e for Time Un iformity, Federal 

leg islati on designed to bring ab ou t un ifo rm tim e observance throug ho ut the 

Un ited State s, hu t which wou ld lea ve to th e ind ivi du al States th at righ t to 

deter mi ne whe th er the y wou ld o r would no t advance th ei r clocks each y ea r 1 hour 

between th e end of Ap ril and the end of October, has been introduced in both 

the U.S. Se na te and the Hou se of Re presen tat ives. Fu ll hearing s were held by 

th e Senat e In te rs ta te Comm erce Comm itte e which, in tur n, at the end of May 

unanimously repo rte d the bill ou t with a “do pass’’ recommenda tion . On Ju ne 

3, this leg islati on wa s passed by th e Se na te and was sent to the House.

Cu rre ntl y, da yl ight saving tim e i s being observed in at leas t 31 of the 50 S tates 

in the Union. Colorado is observing it stat ew id e for the first tim e th is summ er, 

as a re su lt of leg islati on ena cte d this Apr il by its St ate leg isl ature an d signed 

by Gov ernor Love.

Tho se St ates observing da yligh t savin g tim e include th e majo r bus iness, fina ncia l, and ag ricu ltur al area s on the Pacific coast, in the Midwest, an d on the 

At lantic sea board , th e area s wh ere the la rg es t consum ing publics exist. Today, 

well over 100 m illion Am eric ans enjo y da yl ig ht sav ing tim e du rin g 6 mo nth s of 

th e ye ar (a s a re su lt of actions take n ei th er by thei r St ate legis lat ure or by their 

local gov ern me nt au thor iti es or by a ple bis cit e of th e peop le) —and , according 

to Felix Be lai r. Jr ., in an artic le in th e New York Tim es on Ma rch 7, 1965, 

“H undre ds of tho usan ds more wou ld lik e to in States th at eith er pr oh ibit the 

sh ift by law or do n oth ing about i t ”

In rec ent years, more an d more St ates —such as Ca lifornia , which some yea rs 

ago ha d vote d ag ai ns t the ado ption of da yl ig ht sav ing tim e—h ave adop ted it for 

a n umber of reaso ns, such a s :

(1) The people like it and enjoy its many business, social, and economic 

benefits.

(2) It pro vid es more tim e in th e afternoo n an d ea rly evening ho ur s for 

recrea tio na l acti vitie s and ou tdo or living.

(3) It ha s help ed red uce fat igue, in du st rial acc idents, and ha s inc reased 

efficiency.

(4) Traffic accid ent s ar e red uce d as more and more people ar e hom e and 

off the st re et s before dark. St at is tics prov e th at one's cha nce s of having a 

fa ta l hig hw ay accid ent at nigh t are th re e tim es gr ea ter than du rin g daylig ht hours. Mo torists have freq ue nt ly been wa rned th at three ou t of five 

traffic fa ta lities occur at nig ht, althou gh only 30 percent of the drivi ng is 

don e dur ing d ark ness.

The Nationa l Safety Cou ncil’s st at is tics show th at the most dan ger ous 

traffic period is at the end of the day, whe n mo tor ists ar e hu rryi ng home 

thr ou gh the du sk or darkne ss.

Th e Los Angeles Traffic Dep artm en t ha s rep ort ed th at a 10-p ercent increa se in th e ye arly fa ta lity ra te wo uld occur if dayligh t sav ing tim e durin g 

th e sum me r month s were elim ina ted . It ha s estim ate d th at th e ex tra hour 

of da ylight at a tim e when th e hig hw ays ar e fullest, saved approx im ate ly 

135 lives in Los A ngeles du rin g a 5-ye ar period.

(5) Ju ve nile delinquency is known to inc rea se in the la te af tern oo n and 

evening hours. More dayligh t ho ur s in the evening tend s to red uce such 

delinquency.

In th is connection, John Sch apps, wh en we stern director of th e Na tional 

Prob ati on an d Pa role Association (no w known as th e Na tio nal Council on 

Crime and De linquenc y), st ate d: “D ay lig ht sav ing is child and youth sav ­

ing. The fa ct th at delinquency increa se s with the hours of da rk ne ss is well 

established. Consequ ently, th e sa ving o f dayligh t for da ily livin g rep resents 

a very gr ea t con tribution, no t only tow ar d reducing delinquency bu t to the 

he alth and well-being of all yo un gster s. We hav e sup ported th e dayligh t 

sav ing pl an in the p as t and do now’, in t he pu blic int er es t.”

(6) Th e sta nd ardiza tio n of tim e diffe rentials fa ci lit at es busin ess commu nic ations. Th is results in st im ul at in g bus iness and , in turn, main tai ning 

or increasin g employme nt. It als o elim ina tes unnecessa ry increased cost 

of conducting business and th us holds to a minimu m ultim ate pri ces which 

ar e borne by t he consumer.

(7) It makes for better, more efficient, an d more economical radio , television, an d pre ss com municatio ns. Th e Na tio nal Associatio n of Broadca ste rs ha s stated th at more th an $2 mil lion is spe nt annu ally by the television in du stry for equ ipm ent and tec hn icians to tape and save pro gra ms 

fo r sho win g during prime tim es th ro ug ho ut t he country.
UNIFO RM TIME 133

How do th e va ri ous fa ct ors appl y to or affect th e H aw aii an Is la n d s?

1. H aw ai i is blessed w ith o u ts ta ndin g re cr ea tional an d cl im at ic fa cil it ie s an d 

her vis itors and re si de nts lik e to liv e ou td oors an d en joy th e be ne fit s th er ef ro m . 

By co nf or m ing H aw aii ’s ob se rv an ce o f tim e an d pr ov id in g 1 ex tr a h our of da yli ght duri ng th e su mmer m on th s, H aw aii wo uld fu rt h e r in cr ea se it s att ra cti o n 

as one of th e ga rd en sp ots of th e w orld fo r vac at io ne rs an d her ci tize ns an d 

vis it ors wou ld be ab le to fu rth e r en jo y on e of H aw ai i's g re ate st ass ets — ou td oo r 

liv ing. This, in tu rn , sh ou ld ec on om ically be ne fit th e enti re are a.

2. It wou ld he lp redu ce fa tigue, in d u str ia l ac ci de nts, and in cr ea se efficiency 

w ith a re su lt an t re du ct io n in co sts, th ere by he lp in m ak in g H aw aii an pr od uct s 

m or e co m pe titive on th e m ai nla nd a s w el l as in th e w or ld m ar ket s.

3. S ta ti st ic s comp ile d by th e D epart m ent of T ra nsp ort ati on, H ig hw ay Di vis ion , 

S ta te of H aw ai i, in di ca te th a t th e addit io nal ev en ing day light hour sh ou ld 

he lp re du ce tra ffi c ac cide nts, as it h as els ew he re, an d wou ld p erm it an even 

g re ate r per ce nt ag e of th e peop le to get off th e st re ets and ho me be fo re dar k.

4. Th e ex tr a ho ur in th e ev en ing w ill be a fu rt h er we ap on w ith w hi ch H aw ai ­

ia n au th o ri ti es ca n carr y on th eir co ntinuous pr og ra m to re du ce ju ven il e de linquency.

5. H aw aii an bu sine ss invo lving co m m un ic at io ns w ith th e Pac ific co as t, th e 

Midwe st, an d th e eas*tern por tion s of th e United Sta te s wi ll Le st im ula te d w ith 

re su lt an t fa vora ble re ac tio n on th e vo lum e of bu sine ss do ne an d re su lt a n t em ­

ploy m en t—al l of w hich c ould mean m or e Revenue to bu sine ss, wag es to emp loy ees, 

an d ta xes to t h e go ve rnmen t.

In no rm al tim es , th e H aw ai ia n Is la n d s m ai nta in a 2-ho ur dif fe re nti al w ith th e 

Pac ific co as t, 4 ho ur s w ith th e M id wes t, and 5 hour s w ith th e A tl anti c co as t 

ar eas. The se tim e diffe re nt ia ls cre ate sufficie nt diffi cluties in m ain ta in in g comm un ic at io ns as th ey ar e. Thu s whe n all th es e m ai nl an d are as adopt day li ght 

sa vi ng tim e an d th e H aw ai an Is la nds do no t, th e tim e di ff er en tial is in cr ea se d 

by 1 ho ur, and of co urse th er e is one less hou r duri ng th e no rm al bu si ne ss da y 

whe n bu sine ss betw ee n th e are as invo lved can be co nd uc ted. T his re su lt s in 

pl ac in g in cr ea se d hard sh ip s o n al l bu si ne ss in te re st s, m anufa ctu re rs , ag ri cu lt u ra l 

pro duc er s an d se lle rs, ho tels and t o u ris t g ro up s, b an ke rs , e tc.

As H aw aii an bu sine sses ex pa nd an d m ak e mo re mo ney th ey will pay a g re ate r 

sh are of t he ta x load to ru n th e ci ty go ve rn m en t an d sch ools, an d in div id ual ta x 

bi lls will be cu t, pe rcen tage wise, th a t am ou nt . If fo r no oth er re as on , day light 

sa vi ng t im e sh ou ld be ad op ted in H aw aii fo r econo mic reas on s. Thi s will benefit 

not only th e bu sine ss co mmun ity b ut a ls o t he av er ag e citiz en .

7. I t will he lp st im ula te th e avail abil it y of liv e television bro ad ca st s. W hile 

th e H aw aii an Is la nds to da y do not enjo y di re ct liv e TV pr og ra m s, w ith th e 

de ve lopm en t of T els ta r an d oth er te ch nic al im pr ov em en ts in co mm un ication. 

H aw aii will soo n en joy such liv e pro gra m s— an d th e ex pe ns e of obta in in g such 

liv e pr og ra m s will l>e held to a min im um , prov ided th e tim e dif fe re nti als ar e 

lik ew ise he ld to a mi nim um . The qu es tion is. Sh ou ld H aw aii an bu si ne ss an d it s eco nomic w el fa re un ­

ne ce ss ar ily l>e pe na liz ed ? Sh ou ld H aw aii l»e ou t of st ep w ith th e le ad in g bu sine ss, fin an cial, and po pu la tion cen te rs on th e m ai nl an d, on which it de pe nd s so 

la rg el y? Or sh ou ld th e H aw ai ia n Is la n d s rec ogniz e w hat oth er bu si ne ss ce nt er s 

hav e le ar ne d by exp erienc e— w h at t he y and t h eir peop le lik e an d w ant— an d ge t i n 

st ep ?

Tod ay H aw aii is an im port an t S ta te in th e Un ion . It is no lo ng er th os e di sta n t is la nd s in th e Pacific. It s bu si ne ss is re la te d to th a t of its sis te r S ta te s On 

th e m ai nl an d. The fa ct th at th e H aw aii an peo ple ha ve tr ie d daylight sa vi ng 

tim e ba ck in th e ear ly t h ir ti es and d id n 't li ke it sho ul d no t be a c ontr ollin g fa ct or . 

Con ditio ns h ave ch an ge d sin ce 1930. As an il lu str ati o n of how pu blic op in io n has ch an ge d ov er th e la st 35 ye ar s, 

th e peop le of C al if orn ia re je ct ed d ay li g h t sa vi ng tim e tw ice , on ce in 1930 an d 

agai n in 1940. In 1948, ho wev er, by po p u la r vo te th ey ad op te d day li g h t sa vi ng 

tim e by a vo te of 1,405,257 to 1,107,846, o r a m ajo ri ty of 238,411 vo tes, an d in 

Ju n e 1962, ju s t 3 year s ago , w ith th e st ro ng su ppo rt of ev ery se gm en t of th e 

co mmun ity , th e people of C al ifor nia re af firm ed th eir ap pro val of dayli ght sa vi ng 

tim e an d it s ex te ns io n a n ad ditio nal m onth ea ch y ea r, by a vo te o f 2,826.050 vo tes 

to 1.087,408 vo tes . In oth er wor ds , ov er 72 pe rc en t of th os e who vo ted w er e in 

fa vor no t o nly of it s co nt in ua tion but of it s e xt en sion . F or a li st o f th e p ri nic ip al 

gr ou ps a nd org an iz at io ns w hich s upport ed t h is pr og ra m, see e xhib it A.

Ove r th e ye ar s, th e da ylight sa vi ng pro gra m in C al if orn ia , ac co rd in g to th e 

A rg on au t, h as be en re ce iv ing “i ncr ea se d su pport an d en dors em en t fr om al l
134 UNIFORM TIME

branches of indu stry, business, labor, and agr iculture and, above all, from the 

people.”

The farmers, including the dairymen and the produce farmers, have found 

that during those years when they experienced daylight saving time unit production continued to increase wherever scientific methods were followed. Several years ago, on this point, S. V. Christierson, president, Major Dis trib uting 

Co., which is one* of the leading produce farme rs in the Salinas are a of California, wrote, “Daylight saving is, in my opinion, of gre at benefit to the 

farmer * * * as it permits more w ork to be accomplished during daylight hours. 

Especially during the harvest season, this is of pa rticular importance, as the 

days are never long enough and work during daylight hours is of special value.”

As far as dairy farming is concerned, dairymen pay litt le attention to the time 

of day when they milk their cows. On efficient, scientifically operated farm s, the 

cows are milked at regu lar intervals throug hou t the 24 hours of the day without 

any regard to whether it is daylight or not.

Pra ctically all of the major States th at are projecting an image of progress 

and growth have adopted the prin ciple of day ligh t saving time during the 

summer months. Most of those who still resist the trend th at is sweeping the 

Nation seem to say, “What was good enough for my grandfathe r is good enough 

for me,” but today as we look back we know our gra ndfathers did not have all 

the answers, any more th an we do today.

Regardless of what people may say, day ligh t saving time is merely a system 

in which, during the summer months when the sun rises earlier and sets lat er 

tha n in other months, clocks a re moved ahead 1 hour. That does not mean tha t 

anyone has to lose an hour’s sleep, as some have charged. It does mean tha t 

you have an hour’s additional day ligh t during the evening—an additio nal hour 

for golf, swimming, tennis, picnicking, backyard barbecuing, or whatever other 

outdoor recreation you enjoy, to do so individually, with your family or with 

your frien ds.

Some of those who oppose day ligh t saving time claim you lose an hou r’s sleep 

because the clocks are set ahead 1 hour. As anyone knows, th at is not true. 

A person who ordinarily goes to bed at 10 p.m. has no reason to change, and for 

one who ordinarily wakes at 6 :30 a.m. the re is no change either. You have the 

same a mount of sleep as before, but the re will have been an hour’s more daylight 

time dur ing your waking hours.

Some people say you cann ot pu t children to bed when it is ligh t outside. 

Those thousands of m others who insist t hat their child ren take naps during the 

afternoon will refute this statem ent because from experience they know this 

is not true.

Some say th at daylight saving tim e will hu rt businesses which cannot start 

before dark. Reports from other comm unities which have had day ligh t saving 

time fo r many years indicate th at such businesses (mainly outdoor theaters) 

suffer no ill effects.

The Hawaiian Islan ds are to day a major u nit of the United States. They are 

no longer merely a group of sm all isla nds in the Pacific. The Hawaiian Isla nds ’ 

economy is closely related to th at of the mainland.

The fundam ental issue is, Do the people of Hawaii want to penalize themselves, make the expansion of business and business communications more difficult 

than they are by geographical necessity, or do they want to enjoy the economic, 

social, and personal benefits of day light saving time, keep in step w ith the march 

of progress and stimulate their economy by bringing the ir observance of time 

into conformity with the o ther major area s of the United States?

Believing th e answer to the la st question is yes and th at Hawaii has everything 

to gain and nothing to lose by adopting daylight saving time from the last Sunday 

in April to the last Sunday in October—thus bringing its observance of time 

thro ugh out the year into conformity with the progressive and forward-looking 

regions of the United States, the Hawa iian Committee for Time Uniform ity urges 

th at all concerned join together and unitedly takes steps to hav e the required 

legislation adopted to bring Hawa iian time differen tials throug hou t the year 

into conformity with the Atlantic coast, the Midwest and the Pacific coast—in 

other words, with the other prog ressive and forward-looking areas within the 

United States.

E x h ib it A

Ca li fo rnia A do pt s T im e U n if o rm it y

In Jun e 1962, the people of California, by a majority of 72 percen t of those 

voting amended the California Sta te constitutio n to reaffirm their approval of 

day ligh t saving time, commencing the las t Sunday in April and extending the
UNIFORM TIME 135

termination of the observance each year from the last Sunday in September to 

the last Sunday in October. This brought California’s time into conformity with 

the basic time schedules observed throughout the major Atlantic coast and Midwestern States, which also enjoy the benefits from advancing the clock 1 hour 

during 6 months of the year.

Among those organizations which supported the program w ere :

American Marketing Association

Association of Stock Exchange Firms

Building Contractors Association of California

California Aviation Trades Association

California Bankers Association

California Broadcasters Association

California Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO

California Manufacturers Association

California Metal Trades Association

California Railroad Association

California State Chamber of Commerce

California State Junior Chamber of Commerce

Insurance Brokers Exchange of California

International Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union

Investment Bankers Association of America (California group)

Pacific Coast Stock Exchange 

Teamsters Union

Transportation Association of America 

Western Growers Association

Republicans and Democrats backed the proposal and the California Democratic 

State Central Committee officially endorsed it.

Newspapers throughout the State editorialized about its importance to California’s and the Pacific coast’s growth, and its relationship with other areas of the 

United States. So fa r as it is known, not one single newspaper opposed the 

amendment to the State constitution.

May Hosiery Mills, 

Nashville, Tcnn., February 11,1966.

Re statement on time legislation.

Committee on Interstate and F oreign Commerce,

Rayburn Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Sirs : If there is to be any legislation on the above matter, I would strongly urge uniform standard time throughout the entire year. Some years ago this 

subject received the attention of the Tennessee Legislature which wisely and by 

well-night unanimous vote enacted mandatory standard time for the whole year. 

This has given eminent satisfaction.

It should be noted tha t many parts of the world have tried a summer change 

of time. Nearly all of Europe and South America experimented with such 

chan ge; it was abandoned in all major areas save only England.

In the South, too, several cities tried this alteration in summer. Among other 

things it was found quite incompatible with the climate: it added another hour of 

heat along with the light, whereas in all warm climes the cool of the evening is 

sought as soon as possible.

Those who for special reasons seek a so-called extra hour of sun can nearly 

always alter their own schedules to attain this without bringing about the complications and confusions that result from summer time changes.

Uniform standard time would as already indicated put us on the proven basis 

tha t is just about (after periods of trials of something else) universal. 

Sincerely,

Mortimer May.

[T eleg ra m]

New York, N.Y., February 7.1966.

Harley O. Staggers.

Chairman, Committee on Inte rsta te and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.:

The Association of Stock Exchange Firms, a nationwide trad e organization for 

some GOO member firms of the New York Stock Exchange, urges the enactment 

of H.R. 6785, the uniform time legislation now before your committee. Our
136 UNIFORM TIME

members are seriously affected by the local variations in daylight saving time observances. Uniform time is essential to the rapid and efficient communica­ tions which are an essential element for operating a nationwide securities 

market. This association is joined by oth er securities industry organizations in urging the enactment of this uniform time legislation tha t is of utmost importance to 

all American industries. William E. Hutton,

President, Association of Stock Exchange Firms.

Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co.,

Neve York, N.Y., January 28,1966.

Hon. Harley Staggers,

Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Staggers : We are writing to you at this time to indicate our strong support of H.R. 6785, H.R. 7867, and H.R. 6481 in which we join with the Committee for Time Uniformity in urging their enactment, thereby eliminating 

much of the present time confusion. We publish a world time chart which indicates the time differences between New York City and over 125 countries throughout the world, which is distributed 

free of charge to the public. With daylight saving time being a major problem, we send hundreds of letters to the individual States and cities attempting to ascertain whether they will be on standard time or daylight saving time, and often have to follow them up with telegrams and long-distance telephone calls in order to meet the printer’s deadline for publication. In view of the above, you can understand our deep interest in the problem of 

time uniformity.

Sincerely yours, Richard E. Morgan,

(Per Procuratio n).

American Mutual Insurance Alliance,

Chicago, lit., February 1,1966.

Re H.R. 6481, H.R. 6785. H.R. 7867.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers.

Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers: The American Mutual Insurance Alliance would like to 

take this opportunitv to express its interest in the general objectives and purpose 

of H.R. 6481, H.R. 6785, and H.R. 7867. The alliance is a trade association composed of approximately 120 member companies which operate in the mutual fire and casualty insurance field and 

write some 50 percent of such business in the United States. We believe that a more uniform system of time observance throughout the United States and a uniform switchover date to and from standard time would 

be beneficial to all segments of the economy. The uniformity that would result from the enactment of this legislation will contribute to greater safety of operation on the highways and in the air and will eliminate much of the confusion which now exists in time schedules throughout the Nation.

Sincerely, Wallace M. Smith,

Washington, D.C., Branch Office Manager.

Amalgamated Transit Union, 

Washington, D.C., February 2, 1966.

Hon. Harley Staggers,

Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, House of

Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Staggers: The Amalgamated Transit Union is the dominant 

union in the local transit and over-the-road industry. Over 100,000 persons are 

members of the union and employed in the industry.
U N IF O R M T IM E 137

We are keenly aware of the aggravated problems that flow from the lack of a 

national policy on time uniformity. We are aware of the confusion caused by the too frequent and otherwise needless schedule changes necessitated by com­ munities going on and off daylight saving time at varying times during the y ear ; we are aware of the confusion of the traveling public, and of business enterprises, created by varying time stan dards between communities anticipating daylight 

saving time on varying dates. The recent 38th convention of our union held in San Francisco, September 13 

through 17, 1965, adopted a resolution whose resolve reads as follows:

“Resolved, That this 38th convention of the Amalgamated Tran sit Union as­ sembled in San Francisco, September 13 through 17, does support the establish­ ment of time uniformity by the national legislature and instructs the officers to seek adoption of such legislation by the House, and the Congress of the United 

States.” As you see, we deeply appreciate the need fo r a national policy dealing with time uniformity, particularly as it is expressed in H.R. 6481, 6785, and 7867, now before the House In terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. We favor the enactment of H.R. 6481, 6785, and 7867, and urge a favorable report by the 

committee.

Respectfully submitted.

J o h n M . E ll io tt , 

International President.

P a c if ic A mer ic an St e a m s h ip A sso cia ti on,

Wash ington. D.C., January 21, 1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce, Ray burn House

Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman: It is our understanding tha t your committee will hold 

hearings on February 1, 1966, on various bills—“To establish uniform dates throughout the United States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving 

time in those States and local jurisdictions where it is observed.” The Pacific American Steamship Association, a trad e association representing the principal west coast steamship operators engaged in both passenger and cargo services, wishes to take this opportunity to record our favorable views on the proposed legislation. It is our belief that a uniformity of time standards will benefit the American transportation industry as a whole through the elimination of confusion on the par t of passengers in making connections for 

transocean voyages, and shippers in the booking of cargo. Favorable consideration by your committee on legislation to provide uniform time standards will unquestionably benefit the steamship industry. It is respect­ fully requested that this letter be included in the hearing record on the pending 

bills.

Sincerely yours,

J o h n N . T h u r m a n .

Vice President.

R ail w a y L abor E xec uti ves ’ A sso cia ti on,

Wash ington, D.C., February 3,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Committee on In terstate and Foreign Comm ittee, House Office

Building, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman : The Railway Labor Executives’ Association, on behalf of the 22 standard railway labor organizations, representing substantially all of the several classes and crafts of railroad employees in the United States, wishes to be recorded in support of the general objectives of the time uniformity bills (H.R. 6785. Staggers; H.R. 7867, Macdonald; H.R. 6481, Harris, and S. 1404, Cotton, McGee) now under consideration by your committee. We understand that among the 17 bills under consideration, one of the major differences is whether adoption of daylight saving time by the States should be mandatory or not. We would certainly be in favor of a strong bill but, as the
138 UNIFORM TIME

various witnesses at the hearing yesterday seemed to feel, it may be necessary 

to adopt a more lenient version in order to gain passage of any bill.

Railway employees, particularly the many thousands whose duties involve 

regular travel, look forward to relief from the confusion th at exists as a result 

of the multiplicity of standards and the varying dates for the time changeover 

set by State and local communities. In addition to the difficulties, and sometimes 

the hazards, which confront railway employees who observe one time in the home 

and one or more time standards on the job, these employees and their employers 

are deprived of the benelits which would accrue to them from the use of the 

substantial sums now expended on needless timetable changes occasioned by the 

lack of a rational time standard.

We realize tha t all interested parties will never be completely satisfied with 

any proposed solution to a problem of this kind. But since S. 1404 does offer 

a reasonable answer and has already passed the Senate, we can understand how 

it might be more expeditious to adopt that version of this sorely needed 

legislation.

Very truly yours,

Donald S. Beattie, 

Executive Secretary.

The Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade,

Washington, D.C., February 8,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers.

Chairman. Committee on Inter state and Foreign Commerce,

U.S. House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers : The Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade requests 

tha t its support of II.R. 6785, a bill “To establish uniform dates throughout the 

United States for the commencing and ending of daylight saving time * * 

be noted in the records or hearings of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign 

Commerce which is currently considering this legislation.

This organization has supported d aylight saving time for many years and took 

a strong stand in urging the Congress to adopt the law which is applicable in the 

District of Columbia.

We think it would be extremely helpful if the application of daylight saving 

time laws would be uniform throughout America. Considerable confusion is 

present every summer between Metropolitan Washington and other quite nearby 

areas which go on and come off of daylight saving time at different dates than 

those effective here.

Our support for H.R. 6785 includes H.R. 7867 and H.R. 6481, sim ilar proposals. 

Very truly yours,

William H. Press, 

Executive Vice President.

Kansas City, Mo., September 23,1965.

Hon. William Hvngate,

House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Hungatf. : The Trans-Missouri-Kansas Shipper’s Board is composed 

of representatives of industries in Missouri, Kansas, southwestern Illinois, and 

northern Arkansas and Oklahoma, tha t shin or receive their products by railroad.

At the board's regular meeting on September 16 and 17, 1965, consideration 

was given to S. 1404, which would fix a uniform date for the beginning and ending 

of daylight saving time wherever it may be adopted.

The present lack of uniformity in startin g and ending dates complicates the 

operations and scheduling of the transportation industry, and confuses the 

shipper and the traveler. The board feels that uniformity in dates would be of definite benefit to the 

economy of the country, and accordingly urges your approval of this bill, which 

we understand is now in the hands of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee.

Yours very truly, Trans-Missouri-Kansas Shippers’ Board,

N. R. Warmack, General Chairman.
UNIFORM TIME 139

Yuba, Wis., May 20,1965.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Washington,

D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reference to the House hearing on bill H.R. 

2424. I respectfully request this opportunity to submit this statement and views 

concerning these time bills. I support bill H.R. 2424 and am in opposition to 

H.R. 76, 3385, and 1581. I think we should go back to the good old standard time 

and, in so doing, do away w ith all this hardship and confusion, and urge you to 

approve legislation tha t puts the time where it should have been left.

I respectfully request this letter be made a part of the record when the 

hearin g committee convenes.

Sincerely,

Albert Jansky.

Kenosha, Wis., May 27,1965.

Sub ject: Support of H.R. 2424 and H.R. 5055.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Inter state and Foreign Commerce.

Dear Sir : It is an impossibility for me to attend hearings on the various time

bills that are coming up for legislation, so I would appreciate it very much if 

my testimony were entered a s record in support of H.R. 2424 and H.R. 5055 with 

opposition to H.R. 76, H.R. 3385, and H.R. 1581.

Mrs. Vera Goll.

St. Paul, Minn., February 2, 1966.

Chairman of tiie House I nterstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives, Washington D.C.

Dear Sir : Since you are holding hearings on establishing uniform summer time 

(d.s.t.) dates, I wish to voice my opposition to this Federal control. Though I 

have written to my Representative, Joseph Karth, I know he has appeared 

before your committee in favor of uniform dates.

The difficulty in Minnesota has partially arisen by the lack of enforcement of 

State laws by a former State attorney, Senator Mondale, whom I have high 

regard for in other matters he has done or attempted to do a t the State and now 

National level; the present State attorney; county attorney along the eastern 

part of Minnesota; and my own county attorney who received a written request 

from me to enforce the law this past spring. Business representatives in St. 

Paul sought longer d.s.t. periods in St. Paul through charter change regardless 

of what the other suburbs would do or want. This action by business definitely 

showed no respect for individuals in the metropolitan area of St. Paul.

There is also the question of citizen support for a longer (if any at all) d.s.t. in 

Minnesota. One way to answer this (by incorporating it in the Federal law) 

is to require any law passed by any State legislature to be approved by a majority 

of the voters at the next general election in order for it to become effective. 

Approval by the voters would eliminate some criticism by either urban or rural 

individuals that the State legislature is dominated by one of these two groups. 

It would protect the individuals who haven’t the collective power and money 

to wage an anti-d.s.t. lobby program at the State legislature. Another aspect 

that should be included would be tha t the entire State must be on regular or 

summer time, in other words no city or metropolitan area can have a longer or 

shorter period of d.s.t. unless approved by a majority of th e voters in the State 

at the next general election.

Again may I voice opposition to Federal control on d.s.t.? I feel 3 months 

is adequate, if not too much, but if Federal legislation must come, I hope it will 

have the requirements given above.

Thank you,

Donald A. Reeve.

P.S.—If business reasons so important why not make one or two time zones in 

the United States from coast to coast and forget about the people?
140 UNIFORM TIME

Citizens foe Standard Time, 

Murphysboro, III., Februa ry 6,1966.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, House Comm ittee on Interstate and Foreiyn Commerce, House Office

Building, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Citizens for Standa rd Time wish to subm it this sta tement in opposition to the seve ral bills before this committee th at would allow 

the continued observance of day light saving time in any Sta te or its subdivisions 

or th e establishment of subzones. While some of these bills will te nd to elim inate 

some of the confusion by establishing the same effective and termination daylight saving times dates for all, they will not resolve the problem. We will still 

have day ligh t saving time with us and the semiannual nuisance of setting and 

resetti ng timepieces when trav elin g, confusion in planning, communications, and 

the mixup of TV a nd radio programing. We vigorously support the enactment 

of H.R. 2424.

About 14 years ago a group of citizens headed by a medical doctor, insurance 

executive, railroad telegrapher, far m organization leaders and othe rs met in 

Wash ington to discuss legislation to strengthen the Sta ndard Time Act and 

restore standard time to the Nation for the entire year. Mr. C. W. Thompson, 

of Dover, N.H., headed the movement to inform the public of the proposed legislation, via letters to editors of pape rs and magazines and offering copies of the bill 

introduce d by Hon. Jospeli P. O'Ha ra of Minnesota. Mr. O’Ha ra retired from 

Congress due to ill health and Mr. Stag gers in troduced a sim ilar bill in the 86tli 

Congress for us. Requests for approximately 9,000 copies of petitions and 

supporting materi als were mailed to various parts of the United State s. These 

petitions were filed by volunteer workers from several States and each i»etition 

contained over 75 to sevearl hun dred names. I have in my files a list of over 

1,100 names of those circ ulating these petitions, many more were added as this 

movement progressed. Mr. Stagge rs reintroduced his bill in the 87th Congress 

cosponsored by R epresenta tives Morgan M. Moulder of Missouri, and Melvin Price 

of Illinois. Thousands of name s were forw arde d to Mr. Staggers as well as 

other Representatives in supp ort of thi s bill and many letters and petitions were 

forw arded to Mr. Ha rris requesting th at a hearing be scheduled to exj>edite 

enactment of this legislation. Mr. Staggers stated at the hea ring in 1964 that he had received more mail on 

thi s one thing tha n all the oth er bills put together from all over the United 

State s, trying to get some order out of the confusion t ha t exists in those States. 

In the 88th Congress, Represe ntatives Gray and Pric e introduce d standa rd time 

bills for us sta rting a nother flow of petitions and supp orting ma terials to Members of Congress, including the cha irm an of thi s committee. Mr. Gray stated 

in his testimony at the 1964 hearing th at he had received many petitions containin g thousands of sign atures and letters from all over the Nation strongly 

urging Congress to amend the pre sen t Standa rd Time Act to provide a standa rd 

time throug hou t the United States, many of these petitions went to other Members of Congress. I succeeded Mr. Thompson as national chairman aft er he 

passed awa y in December 1961. Unfortunately I was unab le to obtain Mr. 

Thompson’s files, but I was informed it contained many thousand s of news items 

publishinl for him. lett ers from all over the Nation pleading for him to use all 

means ixissible to prevail on Congress for enactme nt of s tan dard time legislation, 

his files also included a list of those circulatin g petitions th at fa r exceeded my 

list. Since 1961 I have secured hundreds upon hundred s of signatures. 386 of 

them were from a de partment store in St. Louis, out of all the railro ad employees 

and farm ers canvassed not one refused to sign the petitions, from the canvass I 

made less tha n 2 percent favo red daylight time from all walks of life, word 

from those circulating petitions in other States say the same. The past 5 years 

hun dreds of newspapers and oth er publications have published articles for me on 

this controversial issue, I have app eared on many radio and TV broadcasts to 

inform the people of this proposed legislation, this brought ano ther flood of 

letters, phone calls and wires pleading for res toration of standa rd time. 

Representatives Gray, Price, and Shipley have favored us with the introduction 

of th eir bills. H.R. 2424, 5055, and 10573 in this 89th Congress, currently. i>etitious 

and other supporting ma terials ar e in motion for passage of these bills.

We p ray that this committee and the Congress will recognize these signatures 

as citizens and not as mere names.
UNIFORM TIME 141

I have thousands of personal letters in my flies from professional and business people, farmers, working people, schoolteachers and faculty members, industries 

pleading for the return of standard time. I’ve been closely associated with farmers all my life, and have owned and operated farms and have never experienced in the fields of agriculture where farmers only worked a few days or weeks during the summer, nor do I know of any city workers that work 6 and 7 days a week as stated in the 1964 hearing. Generally most farmers w’ork from sunup to sundown, and around the clock in shifts in many instances. It was stated at the 19G4 hearing tha t the Committee for Time Uniformity had the endorsement for their proposed legislation (legisla­ tion tha t does not provide for restoration of standard time) the following organizations, National Grange, National Council of Farmers Cooperatives, National Association of Broadcasters, American Farm Bureau Federation and the Railway Labor Executives Association, tha t could very well be, but it most certainly does not reflect the views of those on the job, the dues paying members, generally, State and county farm bureau organizations have resolutions sup­ porting standard time, also the Grange, many members of these organizations are supporting Citizens for Standard Time. None of the broadcasters that I have interviewed favor daylight time. I hold membership in an organization affiliated with the Railway Labor Executives Association, and have worked with and as­ sociated with them for over a half century, I do know this, not one of them tha t I have met or known want any par t of advanced time or its supplement. I am a retired locomotive engineer with over 52 years in the cab of a loco­ motive, 47 of those years brought me within the scope of daylight saving time, 

the necessity of the two clocks system, and unable to participate in community 

activities, civic and social functions, or other related activities with my family. My run the greater portion of those years was between terminals in three States; two of these States observed daylight time in a patchwork design, one on standard time. Train employees are generally more time conscious than most citizens, but there were many times I was completely mixed up with the clocks, usually 1 hour late or 1 hour ahead of time when off duty. My last 10 years on the rail were in passenger service. During that time I have wit­ nessed much confusion among the travelers, either 1 hour early or 1 hour late— and some did not make it or the ir connections. My conductor was always in a hassle with his passengers with the time, especially the cross country tra ve ler ; they were always bewildered with the possibility of missing their connections at interchange points—and often they did—laying over as much as 24 hours at their own expense. The foreign traveler could not understand the folly of setting and resetting their timepieces. I have often wondered jus t what their 

opinions may have been of the United States as a timekeeper. Standard time will eliminate confusion and delay at the information desks and ticket offices in all the bus, railroad, and airline depots explaining departure and arrival time and interline connections, these employees are constantly in a hassle at the ticket window and over the phone in an exhaustive effort trying to help the confused traveler, several ticket clerks call me often inquiring when 

this foolish time will be abolished. Daylight saving time is not getting any quieter, various things keep happen­ ing to cause more confusion and misunderstanding, some States are trying to advance the clocks from the last Sunday in February to the last Sunday in November while some are in the process of extending daylight time the year round, some cities now have year round daylight time adding more confusion, 

some went back to standard time. Before the adoption of U.S. standard time zones in 1883, many cities and towns ignored the railroad clocks and adopted sun time. But this was far from being accurate, even in small areas. For the sun time varied 1 second for every 1,140 feet of longitude. Thus, the watch of a person standing on one end of the Brooklyn Bridge would differ by 5 seconds from that of a person on 

the other end. Although those who had watches were constantly setting them, no one seemed interested enough in the time muddle to take steps to remedy it, with the ex- eepion of one man. He was Charles F. Dowd, a Tale graduate and a principal of a female seminary in Saratoga, N.T. Dr. Dowd’s orderly mind rebelled at such unnecessary chaos and he began looking for a solution to end the dilemma. It took Mr. Dowd less than a year to work out a basic formula which would straighten out the snarled skeins of time. But it took 13 lonely, discouraging
142 UN IFOR M TIM E

years to convince an apathetic public and indifferent railroad officials they 

should give it a try.

Professor Dowd first tried to work out a uniform U.S. time system similar 

to Greenwich time of the British Isles, but the greater distance in this country 

made it impractical.

After months of trial and error, he worked out a method of hourly divisions. 

His plans called for the establishment of four geographical zones in the United 

States, each 15° of longitude in width. Each zone would observe a uniform 

time, but the time would vary exactly 1 hour from zone to zone.

Today we refer to these zones as eastern, central, mountain and Pacific. By 

1870, Dowd was ready to present his 107-page pamphlet at a railroad trunk 

line convention. He presumed railroad executives would be interested because 

they were under constant verbal fire for frequent mistakes in making out complicated time schedules. Then, too, Dowd pitied railway passengers who were perennially confused by inconsistent time differences. For example, imagine the bewilderment of a traveler who had just arrived in Buffalo, N.Y., from Portland, 

Maine. If it was noon by the New York Central clock, then on the opposite 

wall, the Lakeshore Railroad's hands would have read 11:25 a in. But Dowd 

continued his fight to keep the issue alive. He penned a stream of letters to 

prominent citizens and railroad officials and wrote articles and pamphlets on 

the subject. He badgered editors into discussing his time reform in their columns. Over the years, and at his own expense, he traveled thousands of miles 

to attend railroad conventions and never missed a chance to beat the drums for 

his plan. By 1883, Professor Dowd’s battle was won. Delegates to the rail ­

road association’s meeting in Chicago pledged their officials to run all trains 

“by the standards agreed upon (Dowd’s plan) * * * and to adopt same at 12 

o’clock noon, Sunday, November 18.”

There were some caustic editorial comments in newspapers, dramatic denunciations from the pulpit, even dire predictions of certain disaster. Some persons who previously cared not a whit about time controversy suddenly began 

protesting, companies conducted polls among employees, newspapers ran feature articles on the coming event. One, in St. Louis, facetiously commented that 

standard time would make little difference in cities like North Platte or Dodge— 

except to a man about to be hanged. The mayor of Bangor, Maine, refused to 

recognize the new time on grounds it was unconstitutional, he also threatened 

to have the police stop the church bells from tolling the news when the time 

change took effect. He did not go to that extreme, but standard versus sun 

time became a hot political issue in Bangor. The Reverend Thomas Watson 

dramatically pounded his watch in his Tennessee pulpit as he accused the Louisville & Nashville Railroad of “tryin g to interfere with the sun.”

Five days before the new time system went into effect, the U.S. Attorney General warned all governmental departments to ignore it until approved by Congress. When that November Sunday ended, the prophets of disaster were sheepish. The railroads had made careful preparations for the changeover, there 

was not a single wreck—not even a minor accident. But human nature being 

what it is, many travelers dashed madly to the stations to find themselves with 

an hour or more to kill. Others, among them including the U.S. Attorney General, missed their trains. While most cities and towns quickly followed the 

railroads in adopting standard time, some did not give in gracefully. Those on 

the borderlines of two time zones bickered for many months in some instances 

before deciding on which one they would adopt. Some others, in sheer stubbornness, refused to make any time adjustm ent at all. The Indianapolis Sentinel 

spoke for the dissenters: The sun is no longer boss of the job. People—55 million 

of them must eat. sleep and work by this new railroad time; the planets must 

make their circuits by such timetables as railroad magnates arrange. Ironically, 

Dr. Dowd did not live to see standard time legally accepted by the U.S. Government, in 1904 he was fatally injured beneath the wheels of a train at a Saratoga railroad crossing. It was not until March 19, 1918, that Congress got around 

to officially approving a system tha t had been in effect for 35 years.

From the time the Pilgrims landed on the shores of America. December 21, 

1620, and up to the present time—345 years—this country has only lived 35 years 

peacefully with the sun and clocks, without confusion, the nuisance of setting 

and resetting timepieces, plus the hardships experienced in traveling and planning (as before Dr. Dowd’s time), and the waste of millions of dollars each year 

with the needless drain on our economy. As one minister stated “it doesn’t 

speak too well for our state of advanced civilization.”
UNIFORM TIME 143

The pa rade of wi tne sse s ap pe aring before th e Senate Commerce Com mittee 

he ar ing April 2!) an d 30, 1063, and those before the Ho use sub com mittee Ju ne 18 

an d Au gus t 4, 1064, b roug ht ou t specifically th e fa ct s an d nume rou s figu res th at 

da ylight saving is costing th e Nation in tran sp or ta tio n indu stry. One witne ss, a 

Mr. P. M. Roe per gav e an excellent an alysis in his tes tim ony before both committ ee s and pointed ou t th at H.R . 2335 and H.R. 2532, in the 8 8th Congress would 

re su lt in the maxim um un ifo rm ity , and the se bill s wou ld ca rry an even gre at er 

economic benefit to th e ra ilro ad s than th e $2 million developed in his testim ony, 

th is would also app ly to al l othe r me tho ds of tran sp or ta tion as well, with the 

possi bility of more millions saved. All the se add ed costs ar e pas sed on to the 

consum er. We hav e mi llio ns here in the Un ited State s living in a stat e of ab ­

je ct pover ty while each ye ar we ar e wa sti ng mil lions of do lla rs to pro vide more 

tim e fo r golf a nd ot he r lei sure-time pu rsuits, with the cu rr en t 40-hour week an d 

the possibility of a 30- or 35-hou r week in the fu tu re with more paid holidays 

an d longer vac ations does no t w ar ra nt this nee dle ss wa ste . We now have some 

wo rki ng on a 25-hour week. The bill s th at have th e endorse me nt of th e propo nents o f d aylig ht sav ing ti m e before th is comm itte e ma y tend to reduce a sm all 

part of this was te, bu t we will sti ll hav e da yligh t savin g tim e to con tend wi th, 

we will sti ll hav e sch oolch ildren sta nd ing alo ng the Natio n’s stre et s an d high ­

wa ys wait ing for the sclio olbus in the darkness, tho se living bac k from the bus 

sto ps fum bling thei r way to bus stop s in com plete darkne ss. Th e thor n th a t is 

ca us ing so much confusion an d add ed cos ts sho uld be com pletely eli mi na ted— 

an d ou r Nation will still be div ide d betw een stan da rd tim e an d da ylight tim e if 

an y of the se bills become a law . The only sen sible way to estab lish orde r ou t of 

th e cu rr en t time cha os across th e Nation wou ld be th e restor atio n of st an da rd 

tim e by ena ctm ent of H.R. 2424.

The ICO estim ate s th at 110 million live un de r da ylight time, bu t th at mo st 

ce rtainl y does not indicate th a t all of them pr ef er it, we estim ate th at a va st 

m aj or ity prefer to live un de r stan da rd tim e—a na tio na l referend um would soon 

se ttl e thi s con tro ve rsi al issu e.

Adding all the mil lions of do lla rs th at da ylight tim e ha s cos t the Nation’s 

economy for 47 yea rs, we ha ve quite a sizable sum inv ested th a t could exceed a 

bill ion dolla rs ju st for th at ex tr a hour of dayli ght. Th ere fore, we strongly su ppo rt and urg e enactm ent of H.R. 2424 and vigoro usly oppose an y leg isla tion th at 

allow s the observanc e of da yl ig ht sav ing tim e or th e establish men t of subz ones 

as ou r con ten tions ar e th at th e use of either or both will only re su lt in chaos.

We respec tively requ est th a t th is sta temen t be inc lud ed in the rec ord of th e 

hearing .

Sincere ly,

H. H. Horner,

National Chairman.

(Whereupon, at 11:58 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.)