ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS

Appellate Court

Lansing v. Southwest Airlines Co., 2012 IL App (1st) 101164

Appellate Court

Caption

GREGG LANSING, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SOUTHWEST AIRLINES

COMPANY, a Foreign Corporation, Defendant-Appellee.

 District & No. First District, Sixth Division

Docket No. 1-10-1164

Filed June 8, 2012

Held

(Note: This syllabus

constitutes no part of

the opinion of the court

but has been prepared

by the Reporter of

Decisions for the

convenience of the

reader.)

The trial court erred in entering summary judgment for defendant in an

action alleging defendant was negligent in supervising one of its

employees who used defendant’s computer, Internet and telephone

facilities to harass and threaten plaintiff with e-mails and text messages,

notwithstanding defendant’s contention that section 230 of the

Communications Decency Act gave defendant immunity, since section

230 did not apply where the complaint did not allege defendant was the

publisher of its employee’s communications, plaintiff alleged defendant

failed to address the employee’s threats and misuse of his employment

after being informed of the misconduct, and the negligent supervision

claim did not depend on who published the offensive information.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 06-L-8221; the Hon.

Kathy M. Flanagan, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on

Appeal

Besetzny Law, P.C. (Kevin S. Besetzny, of counsel), and Leslie J. Rosen,

both of Chicago, for appellant.

Matthew T. Walsh and Cozen O’Connor, both of Chicago, for appellee.

Panel JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice R. Gordon and Justice Garcia concurred in the judgment

and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiff Gregg Lansing sued defendant Southwest Airlines Company for negligent

supervision of its employee. Plaintiff alleged that he notified defendant that its employee was

threatening and harassing him but defendant failed to supervise the employee and take steps

to stop his misconduct. The alleged misconduct included the employee’s use of defendant’s

computer, Internet and telephone facilities to send harassing and threatening e-mails and text

messages.

¶ 2 The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant based on a finding that

section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) (47 U.S.C. § 230 (2000))

afforded defendant immunity from plaintiff’s claims that arose from the e-mails and text

messages. Plaintiff appealed, arguing that the CDA was inapplicable because his cause of

action did not treat defendant as the publisher or speaker of the offensive e-mails and text

messages but, rather, was based on defendant’s failure to supervise its employee after

defendant had received notice of the employee’s misconduct.

¶ 3 For the reasons that follow, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.

¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 In August 2006, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint against defendant Southwest

Airlines Company, alleging direct negligence and vicarious liability/ratification. Defendant

filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)) for failure to properly plead a cause of

action.

¶ 6 In June 2007, plaintiff filed a first amended complaint, which alleged that defendant:

failed to adequately supervise its employee, Thomas McGrew; allowed McGrew to use

defendant’s computer, Internet and telephone facilities to threaten and harass plaintiff; and

failed to take appropriate disciplinary action against McGrew despite notice from plaintiff

about McGrew’s misconduct.

¶ 7 In February 2008, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to section

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2-1005(e) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1005(e)(West 2008)), asserting, inter alia, that section

230 of the CDA preempted plaintiff’s state law claim and gave defendant immunity from

liability for plaintiff’s alleged negligence claim.

¶ 8 In October 2008, the trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment,

finding that defendant was afforded immunity under the CDA for the claims arising out of

McGrew’s use of the Internet because defendant was a provider or user of an interactive

computer service and would be deemed the publisher of the harassing e-mails and text

messages at issue in plaintiff’s cause of action. The trial court noted, however, that the issue

of defendant’s liability for the harassing telephone calls remained pending.

¶ 9 In December 2008, defendant moved for summary judgment pursuant to section 2-

1005(e) of the Code, asserting, inter alia, that plaintiff could not prove that McGrew made

any threatening telephone calls from one of defendant’s telephones or while under the

supervision of defendant.

¶ 10 In June 2009, plaintiff filed his second amended complaint, which sought damages

against defendant based on its alleged negligent failure–despite repeated notice from

plaintiff–to stop McGrew, who was a flight attendant and supervisor employed bydefendant,

from using his position with defendant and defendant’s resources to threaten and harass

plaintiff and his friends, family members and professional colleagues. Specifically, plaintiff

alleged that McGrew met plaintiff’s friend on a Southwest Airlines flight in June of 2004 and

then perceived plaintiff as a rival to McGrew’s relationship with that friend. McGrew, as

defendant’s employee, had access to defendant’s offices, network, computer terminals, work

stations, telephone facilities, customer data information, and business calling cards, and a cell

phone provided by defendant.

¶ 11 Plaintiff also alleged that McGrew, from June 2004 throughAugust 2006, used his access

to defendant’sresources to make harassing telephone calls and send over 1,000 harassing and

threatening text messages or e-mails to plaintiff. According to plaintiff, McGrew threatened

that, as a supervisor, he knew when people made reservations on his flights and would

prevent plaintiff and his family members from flying by placing them on terrorism “no fly”

lists with defendant and its affiliated airlines. Further, McGrew emphasized his position and

authority with defendant, threatened to “haunt” and “completely ruin” plaintiff, and asserted

that no one would believe any complaints plaintiff might lodge against McGrew. As time

progressed, McGrew’s messages and e-mails became increasingly violent, mentioned

plaintiff’s family members by name, and were transmitted directly to plaintiff’s family

members and professional colleagues.

¶ 12 In addition, plaintiff alleged that in April of 2005 and January, March, April and May of

2006, he contacted defendant’s customer relations department, reported McGrew’s

harassment and requested that defendant take measures to stop McGrew’s wrongful conduct

and harassment. Despite that notice, however, McGrew’s wrongful conduct and harassment

continued until his employment with defendant was terminated on August 22, 2006. Plaintiff

asserted that, as a result of McGrew’s conduct and defendant’s failure to adequately

supervise him, plaintiff changed his telephone number several times in an attempt to avoid

McGrew’s harassment; was ostracized by his family members, friends and professional

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colleagues; and suffered embarrassment, humiliation, distress and anxiety.

¶ 13 In July 2009, defendant filed a motion under section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-

615 (West 2008)) to strike certain allegations and dismiss plaintiff’s second amended

complaint. Defendant argued that plaintiff ignored the trial court’s October 2008 ruling that

the CDA preempted plaintiff’s claims that arose from the e-mails or text messages McGrew

allegedly sent to plaintiff. Defendant also requested sanctions pursuant to Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 137 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994), asserting that plaintiff knew his claim of negligent

supervision was neither well-grounded in fact nor supported by existing law and included

allegations that disregarded the trial court’s October 2008 ruling concerning preemption

under the CDA.

¶ 14 In August 2009, plaintiff moved the trial court to reconsider its October 2008 ruling

about defendant’s immunity under the CDA. Plaintiff argued, inter alia, that no Illinoisstate

or federal court interpreted the immunity afforded by the CDA so broadly and plaintiff’s

negligent supervision cause of action did not treat defendant as a publisher of McGrew’s emails and texts.

¶ 15 In September 2009, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration, granted

defendant’s motion to strike and dismiss plaintiff’s second amended complaint, and denied

defendant’s motion for Rule 137 sanctions. The trial court granted plaintiff leave to file a

third amended complaint.

¶ 16 In November 2009, plaintiff filed a third amended complaint, which made the same

allegations that were set forth in his second amended complaint. In the third amended

complaint, plaintiff referenced and attached additional exhibits and emphasized certain

allegations concerning McGrew’s statements about his employment and position with

defendant. Plaintiff elected to stand on his third amended complaint.

¶ 17 In April 2010, the trial court held that its October 2008 grant of summary judgment in

favor of defendant with regard to the CDA stood as the trial court’s ruling on plaintiff’s third

amended complaint. Accordingly, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of

defendant and against plaintiff on the third amended complaint. The trial court determined

that there was no just reason to delay the enforcement or appeal of its summary judgment

ruling, and plaintiff timely appealed.

¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Before addressing the merits of plaintiff’s appeal, we address defendant’s argument that

plaintiff has failed to preserve for review his argument that his lawsuit is outside the purview

of the CDA because it is not based on treating defendant as the publisher of the offensive

material but, rather, is based on defendant’s failure to act on plaintiff’s complaints about its

employee’s misconduct.

¶ 20 Defendant’s argument lacks merit. According to the record, plaintiff’s amended

complaints clearlyasserted as the basis of his negligent supervision claim defendant’s failure

to supervise its employee and stop his campaign against plaintiff after plaintiff had notified

defendant of the employee’s harassing and threatening conduct. Plaintiff also argued this

claim to the trial court below in response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

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Contrary to defendant’s assertion on appeal, plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration did not

raise a new argument but, rather, reiterated the basis of his claim against defendant as pled

in his amended complaint and argued that the trial court erroneously extended the CDA’s

immunity provision to bar plaintiff’s pled claim.

¶ 21 We review de novo the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. Anderson v. AlbertoCulver USA, Inc., 317 Ill. App. 3d 1104, 1110 (2000). Summary judgement is a “drastic

means of disposing of litigation and therefore should be allowed only when the right of the

moving party is clear and free from doubt.” Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240 (1986). “In

determining a summary judgment motion, the pleadings, affidavits, depositions and

admissions on file must be construed strictly against the moving party and liberally in favor

of the opponent.” Anderson, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 1110. Reversal of a grant of summary

judgment is warranted where, on review, a material issue of fact or an inaccurate

interpretation of law exists. Id.

¶ 22 In a cause of action for negligent supervision, the plaintiff must establish that (1) the

employer had a duty to supervise its employee; (2) the employer negligently supervised its

employee; and (3) such negligence proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries. Mueller v.

Community Consolidated School District 54, 287 Ill. App. 3d 337, 342-43 (1997). The

existence of a duty is a question of law for the court to decide, and the issues of breach and

proximate cause are questions of fact for the trier of fact, provided that there is a genuine

issue of material fact regarding those issues. Anderson, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 1111.

¶ 23 Defendant contends that subsection 230(c)(1) of the CDA (47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1) (2000))

renders it immune from liability in plaintiff’s negligent supervision cause of action. The trial

court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the CDA protected

defendant from liability as a matter of law. Plaintiff argues that any immunity under

subsection 230(c)(1) of the CDA does not apply to his negligent supervision cause of action

and that, even if it did, defendant does not meet the terms to qualify for such immunity.

¶ 24 Section 230 of the CDA, which is entitled “Protection for private blocking and screening

of offensive material,” protects certain Internet-based actors from certain kinds of lawsuits.

47 U.S.C. § 230 (2000). When Congress enacted section 230 of the CDA, it found that the

rapidlydeveloping arrayof Internet and other interactive computer services flourished, to the

benefit of all Americans, with a minimum of government regulation and Americans

increasingly relied on interactive media for a variety of political, educational, cultural and

entertainment services. 47 U.S.C. § 230(a) (2000). While Congress sought to promote the

continued development of the Internet and preserve the free market that existed on it,

Congress also wanted to encourage the development of technology that maximized user

control over the information that individuals, families and schools received on the Internet,

including technology that empowered parents to restrict their children’s access to

objectionable or inappropriate online material. 47 U.S.C. § 230(b) (2000).

¶ 25 Accordingly, Congress provided, under subsection (c), which is entitled “Protection for

‘Good Samaritan’ blocking and screening of offensive material,” as follows:

“(1) Treatment of publisher or speaker

No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the

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publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content

provider.

(2) Civil liability

No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account

of–

(A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability

of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy,

excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable, whether or not such

material is constitutionally protected; or

(B) any action taken to enable or make available to information content providers

or others the technical means to restrict access to material described in paragraph

(1).” 47 U.S.C. § 230(c) (2000).

An interactive computer service provider must, when it enters an agreement with a customer

for the provision of interactive computer service, notify the customer that parental control

protections are commercially available. 47 U.S.C. § 230(d) (2000).

¶ 26 Concerning its effect on other laws, section 230 of the CDA shall not be construed to:

impair the enforcement of any federal criminal statute and certain specified federal statutes

that concern the prohibition of obscene or harassing telephone calls, the restriction of

children’s access to harmful material on the World Wide Web, obscenity, and sexual

exploitation of children (47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(1) (2000)); limit or expand any law pertaining

to intellectual property(47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(2) (2000)); limit the application of the Electronic

Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (18 U.S.C. § 2510 (2000)) or any similar state law (47

U.S.C. § 230(e)(4) (2000)); or prevent any state from enforcing any state law that is

consistent with section 230 (47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(3) (2000)). Furthermore, “[n]o cause of

action may be brought and no liability may be imposed under any state or local law that is

inconsistent with [section 230].” 47 U.S.C. § 230(e)(3) (2000).

¶ 27 “The term ‘interactive computer service’ means any information service, system, or

access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a

computer server, including specifically a service or system that provides access to the

Internet and such systems operated or services offered by libraries or educational

institutions.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(2) (2000).

¶ 28 “The term ‘information content provider’ means any person or entity that is responsible,

in whole or in part, for the creation or development of information provided through the

Internet or any other interactive computer service.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(3) (2000).

¶ 29 When interpreting a federal statute, state courts should generally follow the decisions of

federal courts to ensure that the statutory scheme is uniformly applied. Wilson v. Norfolk &

Western Ry. Co., 187 Ill. 2d 369, 374 (1999). When federal cases conflict or are inconsistent

with respect to a given proposition, and no United States Supreme Court case directly

addresses the issue, we will follow the decision that is more “reasonable and logical” and

more consistent with both the statutory purpose and Supreme Court precedent. Id. at 381-82.

Also, because Illinoisfederal district courts are bound bySeventh Circuit precedent, we tend

to give greater weight to Seventh Circuit cases to “avoid[ ] the anomalous situation of two

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contrary results being obtainable depending on where the case is filed in Illinois.” Id. at 383

(“[W]ere we to adopt a rule contrary to that of the Seventh Circuit, *** the viability of a

claim [under a given federal statute] could turn on whether the action was filed in federal or

state court.”). These are not unyielding rules, however; where there is a split of authority

among the federal circuit courts of appeal and the Supreme Court has not ruled on the issue,

we are not required to follow federal cases, even those from the Seventh Circuit, that appear

wrongly decided. Bowman v. American River Transportation Co., 217 Ill. 2d 75, 91 (2005).

¶ 30 In analyzing the scope of section 230(c)(1), the plain meaning of the statute is conclusive

unless the literal application of the statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with

the intentions of its drafters. See United States v. Balint, 201 F.3d 928, 932-33 (7th Cir.

2000). “We look beyond the express language of a statute only where such language is

ambiguous, or where a literal interpretation would lead to absurd results or thwart the goals

of the statutory scheme.” Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner &Smith, Inc. v. Lauer, 49 F.3d 323,

326-27 (7th Cir. 1995). A court’s interpretation is guided not just by a single sentence or

clause, but by the language of the whole law and its policy. Balint, 201 F.3d at 932-33.

¶ 31 Defendant contends that it is entitled to immunity under the CDA from plaintiff’s cause

of action because (1) defendant is afforded broad immunity as a provider or user of an

interactive computer service (ICS); (2) plaintiff’s cause of action treats defendant as the

publisher or speaker of the offensive communications; and (3) a third party, McGrew,

authored the offensive communications.

¶ 32 A. Providers or Users of an Interactive Computer Service

¶ 33 First, we consider whether defendant qualifies as a provider or user of an ICS, which

term is defined in section 230(f)(2) of the CDA. Plaintiff argues that defendant is a

commercial air travel provider, not an Internet service provider, and when Congress enacted

the CDA in 1996, it did not intend to include within the concept of an ICS employers who

gave their employees access to the Internet for the purpose of their work. In 1996, employers

did not utilize the Internet in their day-to-day operations, and the language of the CDA,

according to plaintiff, indicates that it was originally tailored for traditional providers of

Internet and e-mail services, such as AOL, CompuServe, Prodigy and Earthlink.

¶ 34 Defendant responds that the history surrounding the CDA indicates that Congress

intended to protect all Internet service providers, including employers because they provide

a “front end to the Internet.” Defendant cites a statement in the Congressional Record that

was made when section 230 was offered as an amendment to the proposed CDA.

Specifically, Representative Christopher Cox explained that the amendment would

accomplish two things. In addition to establishing the policy that Congress did not want the

federal government to regulate Internet content, the amendment would also:

“protect computer Good Samaritans, online service providers, anyone who provides a

front end to the Internet, let us say, who takes steps to screen indecency and offensive

material for their customers. It will protect them from taking on liability.” 141 Cong.

Rec. H8460-01, at 8470 (daily ed. Aug. 4, 1995) (statement of Rep. Cox).

Defendant also cites the conference report, which commented that the Good Samaritan

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protections from civil liability in section 230 of the CDA applied to all interactive computer

services, “including non-subscriber systems such as those operated by many businesses for

employee use.” H.R. Rep. No. 104-458, at 194 (1996) (Conf. Rep.), reprinted in 1996

U.S.C.C.A.N. 124, 208.

¶ 35 The parties’ arguments concerning the term Internet service provider, which is neither

defined nor mentioned in section 230 of the CDA, are irrelevant to the issue before this court.

The proper focus of the analysis is whether defendant is a user or provider of an interactive

computer service as defined in section 230(f)(2) of the CDA. See Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d

1018, 1030-31 (9th Cir. 2003).

¶ 36 We find that, under the plain language of the statute and its broad definition of an ICS,

an employer like defendant qualifies as a provider or user of an ICS because defendant uses

an information system or service that multiple users, like defendant’s employees, use to

access the Internet. See 47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(2) (2000). See also Delfino v. Agilent

Technologies, Inc., 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d 376, 389-90 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007) (corporate employer

that gave its employees Internet access was an ICS provider); Kathleen R. v. City of

Livermore, 104 Cal. Rptr. 2d 772, 777 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (libraryproviding Internet access

to the public by use of computers qualified as an ICS provider or user).

¶ 37 B. Subsection 230(c)(1) and Broad Immunity

¶ 38 Defendant contends that subsection 230(c)(1) of the CDA grants an ICS user or provider

broad immunity from any potential liability that is derived from content posted on or

transmitted over the Internet by a third party. Defendant’s contention has support in other

state courts and federal circuits. See Delfino, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 390 (“it is clear that

immunity under section 230” applies to a variety of tort claims other than defamation);

Universal Communication Systems, Inc. v. Lycos, Inc., 478 F.3d 413, 419 (1st Cir. 2007) (In

light of section 230’s policy concerns, the court found that “section 230 immunity should be

broadly construed.”); Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018, 1031 n.19 (9th Cir. 2003) (describing

section 230 as creating a “broad immunity”); Ben Ezra, Weinstein, &Co. v. American Online

Inc., 206 F.3d 980, 984-85 (10th Cir. 2000) (section 230 “creates a federal immunity to any

state law cause of action that would hold computer service providers liable for information

originating with a third party”); Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327, 328-30 (4th

Cir. 1997) (“By its plain language, § 230 creates a federal immunity to any cause of action

that would make service providers liable for information originating with a third-party user

of the service.”).

¶ 39 Other courts, however, disagree with or question the proposition that subsection

230(c)(1) providessuch broad immunityfrom liability deriving from third-partycontent. City

of Chicago v. Stubhub!, Inc., 624 F.3d 363, 366 (7th Cir. 2010) (“subsection (c)(1) does not

create an ‘immunity’ of any kind”); Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc., 570 F.3d 1096, 1100 (9th Cir.

2009) (“Looking at the text [of subsection (c)(1)], it appears clear that neither this subsection

nor any other declares a general immunity from liability deriving from third-party content

***.”); Chicago Lawyers’Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc. v. Craigslist, Inc., 519

F.3d 666, 669-71 (7th Cir. 2008) (questioning whethersubsection 230(c)(1) creates anyform

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of immunity); accord Doe v. GTE Corp., 347 F.3d 655, 660 (7th Cir. 2003).

¶ 40 We agree with the analysis of the Seventh Circuit that section 230(c) “as a whole cannot

be understood” as granting blanket immunity to an ICS user or provider from any civil cause

of action that involves content posted on or transmitted over the Internet by a third party.

Craigslist, Inc., 519 F.3d at 669, 671. Neither section 230’s title (“Protection for private

blocking and screening of offensive material”) nor subsection (c)’s caption (“Protection for

‘Good Samaritan’ blocking and screening of offensive material”) suggests that section 230

provides immunity for a negligence action based upon the defendant’s failure to supervise

its employee. The Seventh Circuit noted that the caption of section 230(c) refers simply to

protections for those who block and screen offensive material and the text of subsection

230(c)(1) does not mention immunity or any synonym. GTE Corp., 347 F.3d at 659-60.

Moreover, the statutory goal of encouraging the filtering and screening of offensive material

would be undermined if ICS users and providers could expect immunity even if they were

indifferent to the content of the information they hosted or transmitted. GTE Corp., 347 F.3d

at 659-60 (it is unlikely that, when Congress enacted the CDA to protect Good Samaritans

from liability for filtering offensive content, Congress also intended to grant broad immunity

to ICS users or providers that did not screen any third-party content whatsoever). See also

Chicago Lawyer’s Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc. v. Craigslist, Inc., 461 F.

Supp. 2d 681, 695-96 (N.D. Ill. 2006) (Congress enacted 230(c) to overrule Stratton

Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co., 1995 WL 323710 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. May 24, 1995),

which held that the provider of an online messaging board became a publisher when it

deleted some offensive third-party postings and, thus, was subject to publisher’s liability for

the defamatory postings it failed to remove).

¶ 41 Defendant’sinterpretation ofsubsection 230(c)(1) expands its scope beyond its language.

We, like the Seventh Circuit, read subsection 230(c)(1) to do exactly what it says, and what

it says is that an ICS user or provider like defendant must not “be treated as the publisher or

speaker of any information provided by” someone else. 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1) (2000); see

Craigslist, Inc., 519 F.3d at 671. Accordingly, because subsection 230(c)(1) limits who may

be called the publisher or speaker of information that appears online, it could foreclose any

liability that depends on deeming the ICS user or provider a publisher or speaker, like a cause

of action for defamation, obscenity, or copyright infringement. See GTE Corp., 347 F.3d at

659-60; Stubhub!, Inc., 624 F.3d at 366.

¶ 42 The CDA was not enacted to be a complete shield for ICS users or providers against any

and all state law torts that involve the use of the Internet. Such an overly broad interpretation

of the CDA is inconsistent with the statutory purpose to encourage the restriction of

objectionable or inappropriate online material. Moreover, such a grant of blanket immunity

would lead to the anomalous result that occurred in the trial court below, i.e., plaintiff was

allowed to proceed with his negligent supervision claim against defendant where the

evidence of the employee’s threatening and harassing conduct arose from telephone calls, but

that same cause of action was barred where the evidence of the very same wrongful conduct

arose from e-mails and text messages. The CDA does not bar plaintiff’s cause of action

simply because defendant’s employee used the Internet access provided by defendant as one

vehicle to harass and threaten plaintiff.

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¶ 43 For purposes of defendant’s summaryjudgment motion, the parties agree that defendant’s

employee McGrew created the e-mails and textmessages that were sent over the Internet. We

conclude, accordingly, that subsection 230(c)(1) of the CDA merely entitles defendant not

to be “the publisher or speaker” of those e-mails and text messages. 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1),

(f)(3) (2000). The remaining issue, then, is whether plaintiff’s cause of action treats

defendant as the publisher or speaker of the offensive information.

¶ 44 C. Treatment as a Publisher or Speaker

¶ 45 We find that section 230(c) of the CDA does not apply to plaintiff’s negligent

supervision cause of action because any issue concerning whether defendant acted like a

publisher or speaker of the offensive material is irrelevant to plaintiff’s pled claim. Plaintiff’s

negligent supervision cause of action does not require publishing or speaking as a critical

element, and holding defendant liable for its failure to supervise its employee after defendant

had received notice of the employee’s wrongful conduct does not treat defendant as if it were

the publisher or speaker of the alleged e-mails and texts.

¶ 46 Under the CDA, “what matters is not the name of the cause of action–defamation versus

negligence versus intentional infliction of emotional distress–what matters is whether the

cause of action inherently requires the court to treat the defendant as the ‘publisher or

speaker’ of content provided by another.” Barnes, 570 F.3d at 1101-02. In Barnes, the

plaintiff sued Yahoo!, Inc., an Internet service provider, for negligent undertaking and

promissoryestoppel based on Yahoo’s failure to remove indecent profiles of the plaintiff that

were posted on Yahoo’s Web site by the plaintiff’s former boyfriend. The court held that the

CDA barred the plaintiff’s negligent undertaking claim because it was based on Yahoo’s

failed undertaking to remove or depublish the offensive profiles and, thus, was based on a

violated duty that was derived from Yahoo’s conduct as a publisher. Id. at 1103. However,

the court held that the CDA did not bar the plaintiff’s promissory estoppel claim because it

was based on a violated duty that sprang from an enforceable promise Yahoo had breached,

i.e., Yahoo’s promise to the plaintiff to promptly remove the offensive material from its Web

site. Id. at 1107-08.

¶ 47 Here, the duty that plaintiff alleges defendant has violated is derived from defendant’s

duty to supervise McGrew’s conduct as an employee of defendant. Defendant’s duty to

supervise its employee is distinct from any conduct like editing, monitoring or removing

offensive content published on the Internet. Contrary to defendant’s argument on appeal,

plaintiff’s theory of liability is not based on defendant allowing McGrew access to the

Internet to publish inappropriate and defamatory electronic messages and then failing to

either monitor his messages or prevent them from being sent or somehow remove them.

Rather, plaintiff, seeks to hold defendant liable for failing to investigate plaintiff’s complaint

about McGrew’s wrongful conduct, reprimand him, and timely suspend or terminate his

employment. Specifically, plaintiff alleged that he repeatedly notified defendant that

McGrew was using his position of employment with defendant and defendant’s equipment

and resources to harass and threaten plaintiff and his family, friends, and professional

colleagues. Clearly, the duty plaintiff alleges defendant violated is not derived from any

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behavior by defendant that is similar to publishing or speaking.

¶ 48 To support his argument that plaintiff’s claim is barred by the CDA, defendant cites

Delfino, 52 Cal. Rptr. 3d 376. In Delfino, the plaintiffs received anonymous threatening

messages that were sent over the Internet and were eventually traced by the FBI to an

employee of the defendant, a technologycorporation. The defendant cooperated with the FBI

to determine the origin of the offensive communications, conducted its own internal

investigation to determine whether its employee had made any cyberthreats to the plaintiffs,

placed the employee on administrative leave while the matter was investigated, and then

terminated the employee when he admitted that he may have sent offensive messages by

logging onto the Internet at work. Id. at 385. The plaintiffs sued the defendant and the

employee, alleging intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, ratification,

respondeat superior, and negligent supervision/retention of an employee. The reviewing

court affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant, holding

that the defendant was entitled to CDA immunity because it was an ICS and the plaintiffs’

cause of action treated the defendant as the speaker or publisher of its employee’s

cyberthreats. Id. at 392.

¶ 49 The Delfino court also held that, “even if plaintiffs’ claims were not barred under section

230(c)(1)” of the CDA, summary judgment was nonetheless proper because the plaintiffs

failed to make a prima facie showing on their claims against the defendant. Id. Relevant to

the appeal before us, the Delfino court found the plaintiffs’ negligent supervision theory of

liability failed because the existence of a legal duty owed to the plaintiffs was doubtful where

there was no evidence that the employee’s cyberthreats were in any way connected with his

employment. Id. at 398. Furthermore, the facts did not suggest that the defendant knew or

had reason to suspect that its employee was engaged in improper on-the-job conduct. Id. at

399. In addition, there was no evidence that the employee used the defendant’s computer

system to threaten the plaintiffs after the defendant conducted its internal investigation. Id.

¶ 50 As discussed above, we do not follow the holdings of the courts that have interpreted

section 230(c)(1) as granting blanket immunity to an ICS user or provider from any cause of

action involving content posted on or transmitted over the Internet by a third party. In

Delfino, the court’s analysis of the scope of immunity under section 230(c)(1) was primarily

confined to the context of the plaintiffs’ intentional and negligent infliction of emotional

distress claims, which were similar to claims for defamation and did seek to hold the

defendant liable for conduct derived from the publication of the offensive information.

Accordingly, Delfino’s conclusion that the CDA’s immunity bars a negligent supervision

claim lacks analysis and is not persuasive. Finally, Delfino’s alternative analysis concerning

the plaintiffs’ failure to make a prima facie showing to support their negligent supervision

claim is not relevant to the appeal before us. The facts pled by plaintiff do not treat defendant

as the publisher of McGrew’s communications, and plaintiff has alleged that defendant,

unlike the employer in Delfino, failed to take any action to address its employee’s threats and

misuse of his position of employment after plaintiff had informed defendant about the

employee’s misconduct.

¶ 51 Subsection (c)(1) of the CDA limits who may be called the publisher of information that

appears online, and plaintiff’s negligent supervision cause of action does not depend on who

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published McGrew’s offensive information. Consequently section 230(c) of the CDA does

not bar plaintiff’s cause of action.

¶ 52 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 53 We reverse the trial court’s award of summary judgment in favor of defendant and

remand for further proceedings.

¶ 54 Reversed and remanded.

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