GOVERNMEN1 ) O ! ?

Storage

U N I F O R M T IM

y 4

T 40

' H E A R IN G S

BEF ORE T H E

SUB COM MIT TEE ON COMMERCE AN D FIN

OF T H E

COMMITTEE ON

INTERS TAT E AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

HOUSE OE REP RESEN TATIV ES

EIGH TY -E IG IIT H CONG RESS

SECOND SESSION

ON

H.R . 2335, H.R. 2532

BIL LS TO AM EN D T H E STAN DA RD TIM E AC T OF MA RCH 19, 1918, 

SO AS TO PROVID E TH AT T H E STAN DA RD T IM E EST ABLIS HED 

THER EU NDER SH ALL B E T H E MEA SU RE OF TIM E FO R AL L PU RP OSE S

H.R. 3114

A BIL L TO E ST A B L IS H ZO NE S HA VING A ST AN DA RD TIM E OF FI CIA LL Y 

RE CO GN IZED BY T H E GO VE RN ME NT OF T II E UN IT ED ST AT ES : TO 

F IX TH E BO UND AR IE S OF EA CH SUCH TIM E ZO NE , AND FO R OTHER 

PU RPO SE S

H.R. 4702

A B IL L TO E ST A B L IS H A UN IFOR M SY ST EM OF TIM E STAN DA RD S 

AN D TIME M EA SU RE M EN T FOR THE UNIT ED ST ATE S AND TO RE QU IR E 

TH E OB SE RV AN CE OF SU CH TIM E ST AN DA RD S FO R AL L PU RPO SE S

H.R. 6284

A BIL L TO ESTA B LIS H DA YL IG HT SAVING TIM E UN IF OR M LY TH RO UG HOU T THE UNIT ED ST ATES TI ME ZO NE S EA CH YE AR , TO MA KE SU CH 

TIM E THE ONLY LE GAL TI M E DU RING TH E PER IO D IT IS IN EFF ECT, 

AN D TO PROVID E ADDIT IO NAL TIM E ZO NES FO R TH E ST AT ES OF 

AL AS KA AN D HAW AII

H.R. 7891

A B IL L TO E ST A B L IS H A UN IFOR M SY ST EM OF TIM E STAN DA RD S 

AN D MEA SU RE MEN T FO R TH E UNIT ED ST ATE S AN D TO RE QU IR E 

T H E OB SE RV AN CE OF SU CH TIM E ST AN DA RD S FO R AL L PU RPO SE S

H.R. 11206, H.R. 11310, H.R. 11672

BIL LS TO PR OVID E A UN IFOR M PE R IO D FO R DAYLI GHT SAVIN G TIM E

H.R. 11407

A BIL L TO AM END T H E STAN DA RD TIM E AC T TO PR OVID E FO R 

DA YL IGHT SA VING TIM E DU RING TH E PE R IO D FR OM T H E LA ST SU NDAY IN A PR IL TO T H E LA ST SUN DAY IN SEPT EM B E R OF EA CH YE AR

H.R. 11483

A B IL L TO E ST A B L IS H A UN IFOR M SY ST EM OF TIM E STA ND AR DS 

AN D MEA SU RE MEN T FO R THE UNIT ED ST ATE S AN D TO PR OM OT E 

T H E OB SE RV AN CE OF SU CH TI M E ST AN DA RD S FO R AL L PU RP OSE S

JUN E 18 AND AUGUST 4, 1964

P r in te d f o r th e u s e o f th e 

C o m m it te e o n I n t e r s t a t e a n d F o re ig n C o m m e rc e

36-471

U. S. GO VE RN MEN T PR IN TIN G O FFIC E 

WAS HI NG TO N : 1964
r

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F *

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1 »

COMMITTEE ON INTERS TATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

OR EN HARRIS , A rk an sa s, C hair m an

JO H N BELL W IL LI AM S, M ississ ippi

K EN N ETH A. RO BE RT S, Alab am a

HAR LE Y O. ST AG GE RS , W es t V irgi ni a

WAL TE R RO GE RS , Te xa s

SA MUE L N. FR IE D E L , M arylan d

TO RBER T H. M ACD ONA LD, M as sa ch use tts

JO H N JA RM AN , Ok lah om a

LE O W. O’BR IE N , New York

JO HN E. MO SS, Cal ifor ni a

JO H N D. DIN GEL L, Mi ch iga n

PA UL G. RO GER S, Flo rida

JA MES C. HEALE Y, New York

HO RA CE R. KO RN EG AY , N or th C ar ol in a

GIL LIS W. LO NG , Lou isiana

LIO N EL VAN DEER LI N, Cal ifor ni a

JA MES J. PIC K L E , Te xas

ALB ER T W. WA TSON , So ut h Car ol in a

FRED B. RO ON EY , Pen ns yl va ni a

JO HN B. BEN NET T, M ichiga n 

W IL LI AM L. SP RIN GER , Il linois 

PA UL F. SC HE NC K, Ohio 

J. AR TH UR YO UN GE R, C al if orn ia 

MILTO N W. GL EN N, New Je rs ey 

SA MU EL L. DEVIN E, Ohio 

AN CH ER NE LS EN , M in ne so ta 

HAS TI NG S K EIT H , M as sa ch us et ts 

W IL LA RD S. CU RT IN , P ennsy lv ania 

AB NE R W. SIBA L, Con ne ct ic ut 

GL EN N CU NN ING HA M, N eb ra sk a 

JA M ES T. BR OY HI LL , N ort h Car ol in a 

DONA LD G. BR OTZMAN, Co lorado

W. E. Wil lia m so n, C le rk

Ken neth J. P a in ter, A s s is ta n t C le rk

P ro fe ssio n a l S ta ff

And re w Steve nson J ambs M. Men ge r, Jr.

Kcrt B orc hardt William J . Dixon

Subcommittee on Commer ce and F inan ce

HA RL EY O. ST AGGER S, W es t Virg inia, C hair m an

JO H N D. DIN GEL L, M ichig an 

JA M ES C. HEA LE Y, New York 

G IL LIS W. LONG , Lou isiana 

LIO N EL VAN DEER LI N, Cal ifor ni a

MILTO N W. GL EN N, New Je rs ey 

HA ST IN GS K E IT H , M as sa ch us et ts 

W IL LA RD S. CU RT IN , Pen nsy lv ania

II

a
C O N T E N T S

Hearings held on— Pag*

Jun e 18, 1964________________________________________________ 1

August 4, 1964______________________________________________ 87

Text of—

H.R . 2335_________ 1

H.R. 2532__________ 2

H.R . 3114_______ 2

H.R . 4702________ 3

H.R . 6284_______________________ 6

H.R . 7891_______________________ 7

H.R . 11 20 6..______ 9

H.R . 11 31 0..______ 9

H.R . 11407............................. 10

H.R . 11 48 3..________ 10

H.R. 11672___________________________________________ 9

Text of H .R. 11483 as ordered rep orted by committe e_________________ 138

Report of—

Agriculture Department on H.R. 4702__________________________ 12

Bureau of the Budget on H.R. 2335, H .R. 2532, H.R. 3114, H .R. 4702,

H.R . 6284, and H.R. 7891..................................................................... 13

Civil Aeronautics Board on H.R . 4702__________________________ 14

Distric t of Columbia government on H.R. 6284__________________ 14

Federal Aviation Agency on H.R. 4702_________________________ 15, 16

Federal Communications Commission on—

H.R. 4702________ 16

H.R . 11407_____________________________________________ 17

General Services Adm inistration on H.R. 4702___________________ 18

Interstate Commerce Commission on—

H.R . 2335, H.R. 3114, H.R . 6284, H.R. 11206, H.R . 11407, and 

H.R . 11483____ 21

H.R. 7891____________________ 18

Justice Department on H.R . 7891______________________________ 22

Navy Depar tment on—

H.R. 4702 and H.R. 6284_________________________________ 23

H.R . 11407 and H.R. 11483.............................................................. 23

Pos t Office Departm ent on H.R . 4702___________________________ 24

Statem ent of—

Ehrlich, James B., Federal Affairs Department, Air Tra nsp ort Association of America_________________________________________ 109

Fraser, Hon. Donald M., a Rep resentativ e in Congress from the State 

of Minneso ta______________________________________________ 27

Fulto n, Hon. Richard H., a Represe ntative in Congress from the

Sta te of Tennessee_________________________________________ 33

Goff, Hon. Abe McGregor, Chairman, Inters tate Commerce Commission____ _______________________________________________ 89

Gray, Hon. Kenneth J., a Representative in Congress from the Sta te

of Illinois___________________________________________________ 87

Halsey, Stephen S., American Express__________________________ 113

Karth, Hon. Joseph E., a Rep resentativ e in Congress from the Sta te

of Minneso ta________________________________________________ 42

Manion, D. L., president, American Short Line R ailroad Association. 82 

Martin, Ear l W., Bureau of Rates and Practices, Inter sta te Commerce

Commission_______________________________________________ 89

McMullen, A. B., executive vice president, National Association of

State Aviation Officials_____________________________________ 84

Price, Hon. Melvin, a Rep resentativ e in Congress from the Sta te of 

Illin ois__________________________________________________ 88

nz
IV CONTENTS

St atem en t of— p °s #

Pyne, Thomas, on behalf of Committee for Time Uniformity______ 75

Ramspeck, Hon. Rob ert, chairman, Committee for T ime Uniformity. 44, 114 

Redding, Robert E., executive director and secretary, Committee

for Time Uniform ity____________________________________ 44, 75, 115

Roeper, P. M., on behalf of Association of American Railroads_____ 66

Spicer, Hiram H., congressional liaison officer, Interst ate Commerce

Commission_______________________________________________ 89

Trice, R. A., vice president and traffic manager, Virginia Stage Lines,

In c______________________________________________________ 103

Wallace, Rob ert T., legislative counsel, Inter sta te Commerce Commission_____________________________________________________ 89

Washburn, Donald, executive assistant to mayor of Nashville, Tenn. 39

Additional inform ation subm itted for the record by—

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmenta l Relations, letter from

Frank Bane, chairman______________________________________ 81

Air Transport Association of America, statem ent of Ja ck M. Slichter.. 109

Airline Pilots Association, letter from Charles H. Ruby, president__ 132

Allen Theatres, Farmin gton, N. Alex., telegram from Boyd F. Sco tt.. 126

American Broadcasting Co., letter from Leonard H. Goldenson, preside nt _____________________________________________________ 138

American Municipal Association, letter from Patrick Healy, executive

director, transm itting resolution.*-------------------------------------------- 125

American Mutual Insura nce Alliance, letter from Wallace AI. S mith ._ 116

American Waterways Operators, Inc., letter from Braxton B. Carr,

president_________________________________________________ 130

Association of American Railroads, statem ent of difficulty being experienced by railro ads because of lack of uniformity in tim e______ 73

Association of Oil Pipe Lines, letter from Gordon C. Locke, general

counsel___________________________________________________ 129

Association of Stock Exchange Firms, statem ent of James Crane

Kellogg I II, president______________________________________ 121

Briley, Beverly, mayor of Nashville, Tenn., letter from_____________ 40

Citizens for Standa rd Time:

Letter from—

Horner, H. H ________________________________________ 131

Thies, Mabel (Mrs. Ra y)_____________________________ 131

Collins, Rev. W. A., let ter from------------------------------------------------ 123

Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., lett er from Ric hard S. S alant. _ 134

Commerce Departme nt, sta tem ent of Hon. Clarence D. Martin, Jr.,

Under Secretary for Transportation __________________________ 25

Committee for Time Uniform ity:

Extent of observance in 1964 of daylight saving time in the United

States________________________________________________ 64

Extent of uniformity in daylight saving time switchover dates,

1964_________________________________________________ 64

1964 time observance in 220 importa nt cities in the United States, 

tab le_________________________________________________ 58

Project Timesaver: A plan to end the “clock juggling” which 

confuses an d costs the Nation, prep ared by th e Transporta tion 

Association of America_________________________________ 50

“The Call to Arms for Time Uniformity,” excerpt from remarks

of Robert E. Redding, October 25, 1962----------------------------- 56

Time confusion in U.S. cities of at least 100,000 population, table. 57

Cotton, Hon. Norris, let ter from ------------------------------------------------ 124

Federal Aviation Agency, letters from N. E. Halaby, Administrator. 15, 16 

Fraser, Hon. Donald M.: Minnesota poll—58 percent say Congress 

should decide dates for day ligh t saving, from Alinneapolis Tribune,

Jun e 14, 1964_____________________________________________ 30

Fulton, Hon. Richard H.: Statistic s on 1963 daylight saving time in

the United State s---------------------------------------------------------------- 37

Interst ate Commerce Commission, memorandum from Robert W.

Ginnane, General Counsel---------------------------------------------------- 92

Investment Bankers Association of America, letter from David J.

Ha rris____________________________________________________ 133

Ka rth , Hon. Joseph E.:

Editorials from St. Pau l (Minn.) Pioneer Press----------------------- 43

Resolution of the City Council of St. Paul, Minn-------------------- 43

*
CONTENTS V

Additional information submitted for the record—Continued r a £®

May Hosiery Mills, lette r from Mortimer May ___________________ 135

Metropolitan Wash ington Board of Trade, letter from William H.

Press_____________________________________________________ 136

Minnesota Farmers Union, statem ent of_________________________ 81

Missouri Broadcasters’ Association, lett er from Harold Douglas,

president_________________________________________________ 135

Morris, Hon. Thomas G., let ter from____________________________ 126

Nashville (Tenn.) Area Chamber of Commerce: Resolution of________________________________________________ 41

Telegram from W. C. Bauer, presiden t___________________________ 39

National Association of Broadcasters, le tter from Vincent T. Wasilewski,

executive vice presi dent_____________________________________ 137 National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., letter from Robert W.

Haack, preside nt___________________________________________ 135

National Association of Travel Organizations, sta tem ent of James C.

V Gross, executive dir ector ____________________________________ 120

National Broadcasting Co., Inc., letter from David C. Adams, senior

executive vice pres ide nt_____________________________________ 136

National Council of Farm er Cooperatives, letter from L. James Harmanson, Jr., general counsel_________________________________ 126

• National Industrial Traffic League, letter from L. J. Dorr, executive

secreta ry__________________________________________________ 127

Pacific American Stea mship Association, letter from Joh n N. Thu rman _____________________________________________________ 134

Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, statement of Thomas P. Phelan, presi­ de nt _____________________________________________________ 77

Pied mont Airlines, sta tem ent of Donald E. Britt, assista nt to the

preside nt_________________________________________________ 111

Railway Labor Executives Association, telegram from Donald S.

Beattie, executive secreta ry-treasurer_________________________ 119

Riordan, H. J., city clerk, St. Paul, Minn., letter from, tran smittin g

council resolution__________________________________________ 124 Spurned Voters of In diana, letter from Lottie C. Brown, clerk______ 129

Transporta tion Association of America, letter from Rober t E. Redding---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 76

U.S. Independ ent Telephone Association, letter from William C. Mott,

executive vice p resident_____________________________________ 127

United Theatre Owners of Oklahoma, Inc.:

Letter from—

Brunk, Sam, executive secretary _______________________ 137

Slepka, Bill, p resident________________________________ 137

Western Union Telegraph Co., letter from K. W. Heberton, vice

preside nt_________________________________________________ 130

*

UNIFORM TIME

THURSDA Y, JUNE 18, 1964

House of Representatives,

Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance

* ofthe Committeeon I nterstate and Foreign Commerce,

W asking ton, D.C.

The subcommittee met at 10 a.m., pursuant to call, in room 1334, Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Gillis W. Long presiding.

• Mr. Long. The subcommittee will come to order please.

This morning the subcommittee has before it a matter which has a great deal of interest all over the country. It is beginning hearings on a number of bills which propose to deal in different ways with the difficult subject of time uniformity. This question has been before the Congress at various times in the past. It has never failed to evoke strong feelings on the part of almost everybody since most everybody feels personally involved. I doubt that things have changed very much 

in this respect. As Congress has continued to sidestep the question of time uniform­ ity, the effects of the lack of uniformity are making themselves felt more and more. This has led numerous important organizations in the fields of industry, finance, transportation, and communication to band together for the purpose of securing congressional action at the earliest possible time on this controversial subject. Later this morning 

we shall hear from their representatives. At this point in the record, however, I -would like to insert the bills 

which are pending before the subcommittee, and the departmental 

reports on these bills.

(The bills and reports referre d to follow:)

[H .R . 23 35 , 88th, Con g., 1st se ss.]

A B IL L To am en d th e S ta ndar d Ti me A ct of M arch 19, 191 8, so as to pr ovi de th a t th e st an d ard tim e es ta bl ishe d th ere under sh all be th e m ea su re of tim e fo r al l pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States

of America in Congress assembled, Th at the first sentence of section 2 of the Act 

entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide sta ndard time for the United Sta tes ”, approved March 19, 1918, a s amended (15 U.S.C. 262), is hereby amended 

. to read as follow s: “Within the respective zones established under the authority of this Act the standa rd time of each such zone shall be the mea sure of time 

for all purposes.”

Sec. 2. Such Act is furth er amended by rede signating section 5 as section 6 

and by in serting before such section the following:

“Sec. 5. (a) It shall be unlawful for any place of business or commercial enterp rise to use, main tain, or disp lay any standard of time for a ny zone estab­ lished und er the authority of this Act other tha n the standard time established by this Act for such zone. Any individual, corporation, partnership, or asso­ ciation willfully violating the provision s of this subsection shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punishe d by a fine of n ot more tha n $100.

1
2 UNIFORM TIME

“ (b) It shall be unlawful for any officer, agent, or employee of the United 

Sta tes or any State, ter ritory, or political subdivision thereof to use, maintain , 

or display in connection w ith his official duties a s such an employee any stand ard 

of time for any zone established under the autho rity of this Act other than the 

sta nd ard time established by this Act for such zone. Any such officer, agent, 

or employee willfully violating the provisions of this subsection shall be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor an d shall be punished by a fine of not more than $100.”

Sec. 3. This Act sha ll ta ke effect on July 1,1963.

[H .R . 2532, 88th Con g., 1 st se ss.]

A B IE L To am end th e S ta ndard Time Ac t of M arch 19, 191 8, so as to prov ide th a t th e 

st andard tim e es ta bl ishe d th ere under sh al l be th e m ea su re of tim e fo r al l pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Sen ate and House of R epresentatives of the United S tates

of America in Congress assembled, That the first sentence of section 2 of the 

Act entitled “An Act to sav e daylight and to provide sta ndard time for the 

United States”, approved March 19, 1918, as amended (15 U.S.C. 262), is 

hereby amended to read as follow s: “Within the respective zones established 

und er the authority of this Act the sta ndard time of each such zone shall be the 

measure of time for all purp oses.”.

Sec. 2. Such Act is fu rthe r amended by redesign ating section 5 as section 6 

and by inserting before such section the following:

“Sec. 5. (a) It shall be unlawful for any place of business or commercial

enterp rise to use, mainta in, or display any standard of time for any zone estab ­

lished under the autho rity of this Act other than the sta nd ard time established 

by this Act for such zone. Any individual, corporation, partnership, or association willfully violating the provisions of this subsection shall be deemed guilty of 

a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not more t han $100.

“ (b) It shall be unlawful for any officer, agent, or employee of the United 

Sta tes or any State, Territor y, or political subdivision the reo f to use, maintain, 

or display in connection with his official duties as such an employee any sta ndard of time for any zone established under the autho rity of this Act other tha n 

the stan dard time established by this Act for such zone. Any such officer, agent, 

or employee willfully violati ng the provisions of this subsection shall be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of n ot more than $100.”

Sec. 3. This Act shall tak e effect on Jan ua ry 1,1964.

[H .R . 311 4, 88 th Con g., 1 st se ss.]

A B IL L To es ta bl ish zones hav in g a st andar d tim e offi cially re co gn ized by th e Gov er nm en t 

of th e Uni ted S ta te s ; to fix th e bo un da ries of ea ch su ch tim e zone, an d fo r oth er 

pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Sen ate and House of R epresentatives of the United Sta tes

of America in Congress assembled, That there are hereby established twenty-four 

sta nd ard time zones, with an official standard time for each such zone, as follow s:

1. The standa rd time for the first zone shall be the mean solar time of the 

zero degree of longitude at Greenwich, England, and the boundaries of such 

tim e zone are hereby fixed at seven and one-half degrees of longitude wes t of 

Greenwich and at seven and one-half degrees of longitude eas t of Greenwich. 

Such time zone shall be known as the United States Standard Time Zone 1 and 

the s tan dard time f or such zone shall be re ferred to as the “United States Standard Time for Zone 1”.

2. Beginning at seven and one-half degrees of longitude west of Greenwich, 

there are hereby establish ed eleven time zones numbered 2 through 12, consecutively, each of which shall be known as the United Sta tes Standa rd Time Zone 

[here insert appropriate zone number], West. Each such time zone shall be 

fifteen degrees of longitude in width, shall not include any are a included within 

the boundaries of any o ther time zone estab lished under this Act. and the centerline of each such zone shall be a degree of longitude west of Greenwich divisible 

by fifteen. The standard tim e for each such zone shall be the mean sola r time 

of th at degree of longitude wes t of Greenwich designated by this paragraph as 

the centerline of such time zone and shall be referred to as the “United States 

Sta ndard Time for Zone [he re insert app rop riate zone num ber], West”.
UNIFORM TIME 3

3. Beginning at seven and one-half degrees of longitude east of Greenwich, there are hereby established eleven time zones numbered 2 through 12, consecu­ tively, each of which shall be known as the United States Standard Time Zone [here insert appropriate zone number], East. Each such time zone shall be fifteen degrees of longitude in width, shall not include any area included within the boundaries of any other time zone established under this Act, and the center- line of each such zone shall be a degree of longitude east of Greenwich divisible by fifteen. The standard time for each such zone shall be the mean solar time of that degree of longitude east of Greenwich designated by this paragraph as the centerline of such time zone and shall be referred to as the “United States Standard Time for Zone [here insert appropriate zone number], East”. 4. The standard time for the thir teenth zone shall be the mean solar time of the one hundred and eightieth degree of longitude (measured from the zero degree of longitude at Greenwich, England), and the boundaries of such time zone are hereby fixed at one hundred seventy-two and one-half degrees of longi­ tude west of Greenwich and at one hundred seventy-two and one-half degrees of longitude east of Greenwich. Such time zone shall be known as the United States Standard Time Zone 13 and the standard time for such zone shall he referred to as the “United States Standard Time for Zone 13”.

Sec. 2. The United States Standard Time for each time zone established by 

this Act shall be maintained throughout the year and— (1) shall govern the movement of any common carrier engaged in com­ merce subject to regulation by any officer or agency of the United States; (2) shall govern the operations of all departments and agencies of the United States, whether in the legislative, executive, or judicial branch of the 

Government; and (3) shall be understood to be th e time referred to in any Act of Congress or in any order, rule, or regulation issued by any officer or employee of the United States, relating to the time of performance of any act by any officer or employee of the United States, whether in the legislative, executive, or judicial branch of the Government, or relating to the time within which any 

right shall accrue or terminate.

Sec. 3. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict the right of any person or body politic to establish and use any other time standard for purposes 

other than those referred to in section 2 of this Act.

Sec. 4. The following Acts are repealed : 1. The Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standard time for the United States”, approved March 19, 1918, as amended (15 U.S.C., secs. 261- 

264, inclusive). 2. The Act entitled “An Act to transfer the Panhandle and Plains section of Texas and Oklahoma to the United State s standard central time zone”, approved 

March 4,1921 (15 U.S.C. 265).

Sec. 5. The foregoing provisions of this Act shall become effective on the 

ninetieth day following the date of enactment of this Act.

[H .R . 470 2, 88th Cong., 1s t sess.]

A B IL L To es ta blish a un ifor m sy st em of tim e st andard s an d tim e m ea su re m en t fo r th e U ni te d S ta te s an d to re qu ire th e ob se rv an ce of such tim e sta n d ard s fo r all pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States

of America in Congress assembled, T hat this Act may be cited as the “Standard 

Time Act of 1963”.

Sec. 2. As used in this Act— (1) The term “agency” means the Federal agency, commission, or department designated by Congress to administer the provisions of this Act. (2) The term “person” means any individual, firm, copartnership, corpora­ tion. company, association, or joint stock association; and includes any trustee, receiver, assignee, or personal representative thereof.

Sec. 3. For the purpose of establishing a uniform system of time and to fix the standard of time measurement for the United States, including the States 

of Alaska and Hawaii, the territory of the United States shall be divided into 

eight time zones in the manner provided in this Act.

Sec. 4. The general zone system of standard time, under which the local standard time is determined in relation to the mean astronomical time of one of the twenty-four hour meridians occurring every fifteenth degree of longitude
4 UNIFORM TIME

wes t or eas t from Greenwich, England, is h ereby recognized and adopted so fa r a s 

applicable to th e territ or y of the Unite d States .

Sec. 5. The sta nd ard time based on th e m ean astro nom ical time of the s ixtieth 

degre e of longitude wes t from Greenwich shal l be known and designated as 

United State s Atla ntic sta nd ard time; th at of the seventy-fifth degree as 

United States e aste rn sta nd ard tim e; th at of the nin etieth degree as United Sta tes 

centr al standa rd time: th at of the one h undred and fifth degree as United States 

mountain standa rd tim e; th at of the one hundred and twen tieth degree as 

United States Pacific sta nd ard time; th at of the one hun dre d and thirt y-fi fth 

degre e as United Sta tes Yukon sta ndard time; th at of the one hundred and 

fiftieth degree as United State s Alask a-Haw aii sta nd ard time; and th at of the 

one hundred and sixty -fifth degree as United States Bering standard time.

Sec. 6. The limits of each zone shall be defined by a n ord er of the agency and 

may be modified from time to time. Det erminati ons made by the Interst ate 

Commerce Commission before the effective date of thi s Act and in effect on 

such effective date s hall c onti nue in effect unless and u nti l modified or changed by 

an appropr iate order of th e agency. Day ligh t savin g or other advanced time 

may continue to be observed, as it has been observed in the past, until the 

agency has authorized advanced time zones or for one year after the effective 

da te of this Act, whic hever comes first.

Sec. 7. In determining the limits of the several zones the agency shall, among 

oth er things, consider the app ropriateness of the sta nd ard of time for the pa rtic ul ar are as concerned. The agency shall not, except as provided in section 8, 

include in any zone a point or are a for which the stan da rd ti me of th e zone would 

be more than thirt y min utes slower or more tha n one ho ur fas ter than local mean 

astro nom ical time. So fa r as practicable , the boun daries of the zones shall be 

reaso nably straig ht north-s out h lines, s hall be locate d in s parsely populated areas , 

and shall follow na tu ra l or well-known boundaries . No par tic ula r section or 

grou p s hall be enti tled to special consid eration , but th e line s hall be draw n where, 

in the judgme nt of the agency, it best promotes the safe ty, convenience, and welfa re of the c ountry as a whole.

Sec. 8. With in each zone, the agency is auth oriz ed to define the limits of an 

adva nced time subzone; and in each year, from 2 o’clock ante meridian on the 

la st Sunday in April until 2 o’clock ante mer idia n on the las t Sunday in October, 

each advance d time subzone, as thus defined shall be tra nsf err ed to and made a 

pa rt of the zone imm ediately to the east, and the legal time of such subzone 

sha ll be the sta nd ard time of the zone into which it is temporarily so tra ns ­

ferred . In determ ining the limits of any such subzone, the agency shall not in 

any i nstan ce include a point or are a for which the standard time of the zone to the 

east , to which the subzone is temp orarily tra nsf err ed, would be more tha n one 

ho ur and thi rty minutes fa ster tha n local mean astronomical time and shall, as 

fa r as practicable and comp atible with such advan ced sta nd ard of time, observe 

the other provisions of th is Act.

Sec. 9. In defining or modifying the bound ries betwee n the respective zones o r 

subzones, the agency sha ll have a uth ori ty to conduct such hear ings and inve stiga ­

tion s as, in its judgmen t, ar e necess ary or advisable fo r the effective administratio n of this Act; and. in conducting such hearings and investigations, the 

agency shall have au th or ity to requ ire by compulsory process or otherwise the 

atte nda nce and testim ony of witness es and the productio n of all books, paper s, 

records, and documen ts rel ati ng to any ma tte r under investigation.

Sec. 10. The agency sha ll have authority, subj ect to the provisions of the civil 

serv ice laws and the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, to appo int such 

examiners, assista nts, and oth er employees a s are necessary in the exercise of its 

functio ns under t his Act.

Sec. 11. Any person, orga niza tion , or body politic may file with the agency a 

pet itio n seeking the esta blis hm ent or modification of a bound ary of a zone or 

subzone. After investi gati on of the mer its of the peti tion , including a public 

hea rin g if deemed by the agency to be desira ble in the public interest, the agency 

may deny the petition or m ay gr an t such re lief as it find justifi ed.

Sec. 12. Excep t as otherw ise provide d in thi s Act, o r as specifically a utho rized 

by the agency, within the respec tive zones estab lishe d und er the autho rity of 

th is Act the sta ndard time of the zone s hall be t he exclu sive time for the tra ns ­

action of all public busi ness by any agency or dep artm ent of the United States, 

or of any State or local gover nment, or by any officer, a gent , employee, or represen tative of any such agency or depa rtme nt, and shall be observed by all persons 

sub ject to the jur isd iction o f the U nited Sta tes in all civil and business rela tion s
UN IFOR M TIME 0

with the public. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent the use fo r 

scientific purposes of standards of time differing from tha t of the zone, subject 

to reasonable regulations prescribed by the agency respecting the use of such information so as to protect the public from confusion and inconvenience. The 

agency may provide other exceptions upon a finding tha t the safety and convenience of the public will be served thereby. In such instances, the agency 

shall impose such reasonable conditions as it may deem desirable in the public 

interest.

Sec. 13. In all statutes, ordinances, orders, rules, and regulation s relatin g to

(1 ) the time of performance of any act by any agency or department of the

United States or of any State or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, or representa tive of any such agency or department; or (2 ) the time 

when any righ t shall mature or terminate ; or (3 ) the time within which any 

act shall or shall not be performed, the time specified shall be the stan dard time 

of the zone within which the act is to be performed or not performed, or within 

which the righ t is to mature or termina te.

* Sec. 14. The agency is hereby authorized and required to administer and enforce the provisions of this Ac t; and, upon the request of the agency, it shall 

be the duty of the United States attor ney for the judicial dist rict concerned 

to institute in the proper court and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States all necessary proceedings for the enforcement

* of the provisions of this Act and for the punishment of all violations thereof.

Sec. 15. Any i>erson knowlingly and willfully violating any provision of this 

Act, or of any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, shall be fined 

not more than $500 for each such violation. Each day of such violation shall 

constitute a separate offense.

Sec. 16. I f any person shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision of this 

Act, or of an y rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, the agency or 

its duly autho rized agent may apply to the district court of the United States for 

any district in which such failure or refusal occurs, or in which such person is 

found, for the enforcement of such provision of this Act, or of such rule, regulation. requirement, or order; and such court shall have jurisdic tion to enforce 

obedience ther eto by writ of injunction or by other process, mandatory or otherwise, restraining said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and representatives from further failure or refus al to comply with such provision of this 

Act, or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or order, and enjoining upon him 

or its obedience thereto.

Sec. 17. Any person who shall fail or refuse to comply w ith any provision of 

this Act, or of any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, shall forfeit to the United States the sum of $200 for each such failure or re fusal, and, in 

the case of a continuing failure or refusal, not to exceed $100 for each additional 

day d uring which such failure or r efusal shall continue. All forfei tures provided 

for in this section shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States and 

shall be recoverable in a civil suit by the agency, or its duly authorized agent, 

brought in the Federal judicial dist rict where such failure or refusal occurs or 

where such person is found. All process in any such case may be served in the 

Federal judicial district whereof such person is an inhab itant or wherever he 

may be found.

Sec. IS. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent any State or political 

V subdivision thereof from adopting by s tat ute or local ordinance the standard or

stan dard s of time provided under this Act for the zone or zones (as defined by 

the orders of the agency) in which such State or subdivision is located, or from 

enforcing by any lawful means the observance of such stand ard or standards 

within such Sta te or subdivision thereof.

* Sec. 19. The agency may provide fo r the publication of reports, orders, maps, 

and other in formation pertaining to sta nda rd time zones in the form best adapted 

for public information and use, and such authorized publications shall, without 

fur the r proof or authentication, be received as competent evidence of matte rs 

contained therein in any court of competent jurisdiction.

Sec. 20. The following Acts are repealed :

1. The Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide stan dard time for 

the United State s”, approved March 19, 1918, as amended (15 U.S.C. 261-264, 

inclusiv e).

2. The Act entitled “An Act to transf er the Panhandle and Plain s section of 

Texas and Oklahoma to the United State s standa rd central time zone”, approved 

March 4.1921 (15 U.S.C. 265 ).

Sec. 21. This Act shall take effect it. 2 o’clock antemeridian on the first Sunday following the sixtieth day afte r the date of its enactment.
6 UNIFORM TIME

[H .R . 628 4, 88 th Cong., 1st se ss.]

A B IL L To es ta bl ish day light sa vin g tim e un ifor m ly th ro ughout th e Uni ted Sta te s tim e 

zo nes ea ch ye ar, to make su ch ti m e th e only lega l tim e duri ng th e pe riod it is in effe ct, 

an d to prov ide ad ditio na l tim e zo ne s fo r th e S ta te s of Ala sk a an d H aw ai i

Be it enacted by the Sena te and House of Representatives o f the United States of

Ame rica in Congress assembled. Th at (a) the Act entitled “An Act to save dayligh t and to provide sta ndard time for the United Sta tes”, approved March 19, 

1918, as amended (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261-264), is amended by adding at 

the end thereof the following new se ctions:

“Sec. 6. (a) During the period commencing at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the 

las t Sunday of May of each year and ending at 2 o’clock an tem eridian on the first 

Sunday following Labor Day of each year, the standard time of each zone shall be 

advanced one hour.

“ (b) The standard time of each zone in effect under subsection (a) shall be 

known and designated as ‘day light saving time’ of such zone, and, during the 

period prescribed by such subsection, shall be the sta ndard time of such zone 

for all purposes.

“ (c) Within the respective zones established under the first section of this 

Act, th e standa rd time of each zone in effect under subsection (a) of this section 

shall, during the period prescribed by such subsection, govern—

“ (1) the movement of all common ca rriers in intra state commerce,

“ (2) the time of performance of any act by any officer or department of 

any State or political subdivision thereof under the laws, ordinances, orders, 

rules, and regulations of such State or political subdivision, and

“ (3) the time within which any rights shall accrue or determ ine, or w ithin 

which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person, under any such 

law, ordinance, order, rule, o r regulation.

“ (d) No State or political subdivision thereof shall prescribe any time to be 

observed within such Sta te or such political subdivision, as the case may be, d uring the period prescribed by subsection (a) which is in conflict with the provisions of this section. Nor sha ll any State or political subdivision thereof prescribe daylight saving time or any other advanced time to be observed within 

such State or such political subdivision, as the case may be, during any period 

other tha n the periol prescribed by subsection (a).

“Sec. 7. (a) If any person fa ils or refuses to comply with any provision of section 6 of this Act or with any rule , regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, 

the In terstate Commerce Commission or its duly auth orized age nt may apply to 

the distric t court of the United States for the district in which such failure or 

refusal occurs, or in which such person is found, for the enforcement of such 

provision or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or order. Such court shall have 

jur isd iction to enforce compliance therewith by injunction or by other process, 

mandatory or otherwise, res training such person, or the officers, agents, employees. a nd represen tatives of such person, from fu rth er failure or refusal to compiy 

with such provision or with such rule, regulation, requ irement, or order, and requi ring compliance therewith.

“ (b) Any person who fail s or refuses to comply w ith any provision of section 

6 of this Act or with any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereund er shall 

forfe it to the United States the sum of $200 for each such failu re or refusal, and, 

in the case of a continuing failu re or refusal, not to exceed $100 for each addition al day during which such failu re or refu sal continues. All forfeitures provided for in this subsection sha ll be payable into the Treasur y of the United 

Sta tes and shall be recoverable in a civil action by the Interstate Commerce Commission. or its duly authorized agent, brought in the district whe re such failure 

or refusa l occurs or where such person is found. All process in any such action 

may be served in the d istric t in which such person resides or in which such person is found.

“ (c) Any person who knowingly and willfully viola tes any provision of section 6 of this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or ord er thereunde r shall 

be guilty of a misdem eanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more 

tha n $500 for each violation. Each day of such violation shall constitute a 

separat e offense.

“ (d) The Intersta te Commerce Commission shall execute and enforce the provisions of section 6 and this section of this Act. Upon the req ues t of the Commission, it shall be the duty of any United States atto rne y to whom the Commission may apply to institute in the proper court, and to prosecute under the direction of the Attorney General of the United State s, all necessary proceedings for
UNIFORM TIME 7

the enforcem ent of the provisions of section 6 of this Act and of the rules, regulatio ns, requirements, or orders thereunde r, and for the punishm ent of all violations thereof. The cost and expen ses of any such prosecution sha ll be paid out 

of app ropriations for the expenses of the courts of the United Sta tes .”

(b) The A ct entitle d “An Act to perm it the Board of Commissioners of the Distri ct of Columbia to establish daylight-saving time in the Dist ric t”, approved 

April 28,1953, a s amended (D.C. Code, sec. 28-2804), is repealed.

Sec. 2. (a) The first and second sentences of the first section of th e Act entitled 

“An Act to save daylight and to prov ide standa rd time for the United States”, 

approved M arch 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 261), are amended to read as follo ws : “That, 

for the purpose of establishing the sta nd ard time of the United States, including 

the States of Alaska and Haw aii, th e territory of the United Sta tes shall be 

divided into seven zones in the m ann er provided in this Act. The sta ndard time 

of the first zone shall be based on the mean astronomical time of the seventy-fifth 

degree of longitude west from Green wich; tha t of th e second zone on th e ninetieth 

degree; th at of the third zone on the one hundred and fifth de gree ; that of the 

fourth zone on the one hundred and twentie th degree; th at of the fifth zone on 

the one hund red and thirty-fifth de gr ee : that of the sixth zone on the one hundred and fiftieth degree; and that of the seventh zone on the one hundred and 

sixty-fifth degree.”

(b) Section 4 of such Act of Marc h 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 263), is amended by 

striking out “and tha t of the fifth zone shall be known and designated as United 

States stan da rd Alaska time ” and ins erting in lieu thereof the follo wing : “that 

of th e fifth zone shall be known and designated as United States sta nd ard Yukon 

tim e; th at of the sixth zone shall be known and designated as United States 

standard Alaska-Hawaii tim e; and th at of the seventh zone shall be known and 

designated as United States sta nd ard Bering time ”.

Sec. 3. The first section of this Act shall take effect at 2 o’clock antemeridian 

on Janu ary 1. 1964. Section 2 of this Act shall take effect at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the Sunday following th e sixtieth day after the date of the enactment of this Act.

[H .R . 789 1, 88th Cong., 1s t sess.]

A B IL L To es ta blish a un ifor m sy st em of tim e st andard s an d m ea su re m en t fo r th e United 

S ta te s an d to re qu ire th e ob se rv an ce of su ch tim e st andard s fo r al l pu rp os es

Be it enacted ft// the Sen ate and House of Re presentatives o f the United States

of America in Congress assembled, Tha t this Act may be cited as “The Stan dard 

Time Act of 1963”.

Sec. 2. As used in this Act—

(a) The term “agency” means the agency, commission, or depar tment designated by Congress to a dminister the provisions of this Act.

(b) The term “person” means any individual, firm, copartnership, corporation, 

company, association, or joint-sto ck ass ociation ; and includes any trustee, receiver, assignee, o r personal rep res entative thereof.

Sec. 3. This Act shall take effect at 2 o’clock ante meridian on the Sunday 

following the sixtieth day after the date of its enactment.

SeS. 4. For the purpose of establishing a uniform system of time and to fix 

the sta ndard of time measurement for the United States, including the States 

of Alaska and Hawaii, the territo ry of the United States shall be divided into 

eight zones in the manner provided in this Act.

Sec. 5. The general zone system of standard time, und er which the local standard time is determined in rela tion to the mean astronomical time of one of the 

twenty-four-hour m eridians occurring every fifteenth degree of longitude w est or 

east from Greenwich, England, is here by recognized and adopted so far as applicable to th e te rritor y of the United States.

Sec. 6. The stan dar d time based on the mean astronom ical time of the sixtieth 

degree of longitude west from Greenw ich shall be known and designated as 

United Sta tes Atla ntic standard tim e; tha t of the seventy-fifth degree as United 

States ea stern standard tim e; that of the n inetieth degree as U nited S tates cen tral 

sta ndard tim e; that of the one h und red and fifth degree as United States mountai n sta ndard time; that of the one hundred and twentie th degree as United 

States Pacific standa rd tim e; th at of the one hun dred and thirty-fifth degree 

as United Sta tes Yukon sta ndard tim e; that of the one hun dred and fiftieth 

degree as United States Alaska-Hawaii standard tim e; and th at of the one 

hundred and sixty-fifth degree as United States Bering standard time.
8 UNIFORM TIME

Sec. 7. The limits of each zone shall be defined by an ord er of the agency and 

may be modified from time to time: Provided, however, Th at determinations 

heretofore made by the In terstate Commerce Commission and in effect on the 

effective date of this Act sha ll contin ue in effect unless and unt il modified or 

changed by an appropriate ord er of the age ncy : And provided further, Th at “daylight saving” or other advanced time may contin ue to be observed, as it has 

been observed in the past, un til the agency has authorized advanced time zones 

or for one yea r after the effective date of the Act, whicheve r comes first.

Sec. 8. In determ ining the limits of the several zones t he agency shall, among 

other things, consider the appropriateness of the sta ndard of time for the pa rtic ular are as concerned: Provided, however, Th at the agency shall not, except as 

provided in section 9, include in any zone a point or area for which the s tan dar d 

time of the zone would be more than thirty minutes slower or more tha n one 

hou r faste r than local mean astronomical time. So fa r as practicab le, the boundaries of the zones shall be reasonab ly str aig ht north-south lines, shall be locate d in sparsely populated areas, and shall follow n atural or well-known boundaries. No p articu lar section or group shall be entitled to special consideration, 

but the line shall be drawn where, in th e judg ment of the agency, it best promotes 

the safety, convenience, and welfare of the country as a whole.

Sec. 9. Within each zone, the agency is authorized to define the limits of an 

advanced-tim e subzone ; and in each year, from 2 o’clock antem erid ian on the las t 

Sunday in April until 2 o’clock ante rmeridian on the last Sunday in October, each 

advanced-time subzone, as thus defined shall be transfer red to and made a pa rt 

of the zone immediately to the east, and the legal time of such subzone shall be 

the sta ndard time of the zone into which it is temporarily so tra ns fe rred : Pro­ vided , however, That in dete rmining the limits of any such subzone, the agency 

sha ll not in any instance include a point o r are a for which the standar d time of 

the zone to the east, to which the subzone is temporarily transferred, would be 

more than one hour and thirt y minutes fa ste r th an local mean astronomical t im e: 

And provided further, Th at so fa r as prac ticab le and compatible with such advanced standar d of time, the o ther provisions of this Act be observed.

Sec. 10. In defining or modifying the boundaries between the respective zones 

or subzones, the agency sha ll have autho rity to conduct such hearings and investigations as, in its judg men t, are necessary or advisable for the effective administration of this A ct ; and, in conducting such hea ring s and investigations, 

the agency shall have authority to requ ire by compulsory process or otherw ise 

the attendan ce and testimony of witnesses and the prod uctio n of all books, papers, 

records, and documents rela ting to any matter unde r investiga tion.

Sec. 11. The agency shall hav e authority, subject to the provisions of the civil 

service laws and the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, to appoint such 

exam iners, assistants, and othe r employees as are necessary in the exercise of 

its functions under this Act.

Sec. 12. Any person, organization, or body politic may file with the agency 

a petitio n seeking the esta blishment or modification of a boundary of a zone 

or subzone. After investigation of the merits of the petitio n, including a public 

hearing if deemed by the agency to be desirable in the public interest, the agency 

may deny the petition or may gran t such relief as it finds justified in the 

premises.

Sec. 13. Except as otherwise provided here in or as specifically authorize d by 

the agency hereunder, within the respective zones established under the author ity of this Act the sta nd ard time of the zone shall be the exclusive time for 

the tran sac tion of all public business by an y agency or depar tment of the United 

Sta tes, o r of any State or local government, or by any officer, agent, employee, or 

representative of such agency or department, and shall be observed by all persons 

subject to the jurisdiction of the United States in all civil and business relations 

with the public: Provided, however, Th at nothing herein sha ll prevent the use 

fo r scientific purposes of sta nd ards of time differing from th at of the zone, subject to reasonable regulations presc ribed by the agency respectin g the use of such 

inform atio n so as to protect the public from confusion and inconvenience. The 

agency may provide other exceptions upon a finding th at the safe ty and convenience of the public will be served thereby. In such instances, the agency sh all 

impose such reasonable conditions as i t may deem desirable in th e public interest.

Sec. 14. In all statutes, ordinanc es, orders, rules, and regulations rela ting 

to (a ) the time of perform ance of any act by any agency or departm ent of 

the United States or of any Sta te or local government, or by any officer, agent, 

employee, or representativ e of such agency or departm ent; or (b) the time
UNIFORM TIME 9

when any right shall mature or terminate; or, (c ) the time within which 

any act shall or shall not be performed, the time specified shall be the 

stan dard time of the zone within w’hich the act is to be performed or not 

performed, or within which the right is to mature or terminate.

Sec. 15. The agency is hereby authorized and required to execute and 

enforce the provisions of this Act ; and, upon the request of the agency, it 

shall be the duty of any dis tric t attorney of the United State s to whom the 

agency may apply to inst itute in the proper court and to prosecute under the 

direction of the Attorney General of the United States all necessary proceedings for the enforcement of the provisions of this Act and for the punishment of 

all violations thereof, and the costs and expenses of such prosecution shall be 

paid out of the appropriation for the expenses of the courts of the United 

States.

Sec. 16. Any person knowingly and willfully violating any provision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereun der shall be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof be subject for each 

offense to a fine of not more tha n $500. Each day of such violation shall 

constitute a separate offense.

Sec. 17. If any person shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision 

of t his Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, the agency 

or its duly authorized agent may apply to th e district court of the United States 

for any district in which such offense occurs, or in which the offender is found, 

for the enforcement of such provision of this Act, or of such rule, regulation, 

requirement, or order; and such court shall have jurisdic tion to enforce obedience thereto by wr it of injunction or by other process, mandato ry or otherwise, 

restr ainin g said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and representatives from furth er violation of such provision of this Act or of such rule, 

regulatio n, requirement, or order and enjoining upon him or it obedience thereto.

Sec. 18. Any person who shall fail or refuse to comply with any provision 

of this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereund er shall 

forfeit to the United States the sum of $200 for each such offense, and, in the 

case of a continuing violation, not to exceed $100 for each additional day 

during which such failure or refusal shall continue. All forfeitures provided 

for in this section shall be payable into the Treasury of the United States and 

shall be recoverable in a civil suit by the agency, or its duly authorized agent, 

brought in the distric t where such offense occurs or where the offender is found. 

All process in any such case may be served in the judicial dis tric t whereof such 

offender is an inh abitan t or wherever he may be found.

Sec. 19. Nothing herein shall prevent any State or politica l subdivision 

thereof from adopting by sta tute or local ordinance the stan dard or standard s 

of time herein provided for the zone or zones (as defined by the orders of the 

agency) in which such State or subdivision is located, or from enforcing by any 

lawful means the observance o f such standa rd or standard s within such State 

or subdivision thereof.

Sec. 20. The agency may provide for the publication of reports, orders, 

maps, and other information pertaining to stand ard time zones in the form 

best adapted for public information and use, and such authorized publications 

shall, witho ut furth er proof or authentication, be received as competent evidence 

of m atters contained therein in a ny court of competent jurisdiction.

Sec. 21. An Act entitled “An Act to save daylight and to provide standard 

time for the United State s” approved March 19. 1918, as amended, an Act 

entitled “An Act to tran sfe r the Panhandle and Plain s section of Texas and 

Oklahoma to the United States stan dard central time zone”, approved March 4, 

1921, and all laws and par ts of laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

[H .R . 11206, H.R . 11 31 0, H.R. 116 72, 88th Cong., 2d se ss .]

A BIL L T o pr ov id e a un if or m pe rio d fo r dayli ght sa vin g tim e

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United

State s of America in Congress assembled, Tha t the Act entitled “An Act to 

save daylight and to provide stan dard time for the United States ”, approved 

March 19, 1918, as amended (46 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261 -26 4), is amended by 

adding at the end thereof the following new s ectio n:

“Sec. 6. Whenever the stan dard time in any time zone, or any par t thereof, 

is advanced one hour by any State or a political subdivision of any State, such
10 UNIFORM TIME

advanced time, generally known as ‘daylight saving time’, shall commence at 

2 o’clock antemeridian on the last Sunday in April of each year and shall end 

at 2 o’clock antemeridian on the last Sunday in October of each year.”

[II.R. 11 40 7, 88 th Con g., 2d sess.]

A B IL L To am en d th e S ta ndar d T im e Act to prov ide fo r day light sa vin g tim e du ri ng th e 

pe riod fr om th e la st Sun day in A pri l to th e la st Su nd ay in Se pt em be r of each ye ar 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States

of America in Congress assembled, Th at the Act entitled “An Act to save dayligh t and to provide sta ndard tim e for the United States”, approved March 19, 

1918, as amended (40 Sta t. 450; 15 U.S.C. 2G1-2G4), is amended by adding a t the 

end thereof the following new section :

“Sec. 6. At 2 o’clock antemeridian of the las t Sunday in April of each year 

the stan dard time of each zone shall be advanced one hour, and a t 2 o’clock a ntemeridian of th e la st Sunday in September in each such y ear the sta ndard time of 

each zone shall be re tarded one hou r.”

Sec. 2. The amendment made by the first section of this Act shall take effect 

on Janu ary 1, 1965.

[II.R. 1148 3, 88th Con g., 2d se ss.]

A B IL L To es ta bl is h a un ifor m sy st em of tim e st an d ard s an d m ea su re m en t fo r th e Uni ted 

S ta te s an d to pr om ote th e ob se rv an ce of su ch tim e st an d ard s fo r all pu rp os es

Be it enacted by the Senate a nd House of Representatives o f the United S tates

of America in Congress assembled, Th at this Act may be c ited as “The Uniform 

Time Act of 1964”.

Sec. 2. For the purpose of establishing a uniform system of time and to fix 

the sta nd ard of time measurement for the United State s, the territory of the 

United States shall be divided into eight time zones in the man ner provided 

in this Act.

Sec. 3. The general zone system of sta ndard time, under which the local 

sta nd ard time is determined in relation to the mean solar time of one of the 

twenty-fo ur-hour meridians occu rring every fifteenth degree of longitude west 

or east from Greenwich, England, is hereby recognized and adopted so far as 

applicable to the ter ritory of the United States.

Sec. 4. The standard time based on the mean solar time of the sixtieth degree 

of longitude west from Greenwich shall be known and designated as Atlantic 

sta nd ard tim e; that of the seventy-fifth degree as eas tern sta nd ard tim e; th at 

of the ninetieth degree as centr al sta ndard tim e; th at of the one hundred and 

fifth degree as mountain sta nd ard tim e; th at of the one hun dred and twentieth 

degree as Pacific standard tim e; th at of the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree 

as Yukon standa rd tim e; th at of the one hundred a nd fiftieth degree as AlaskaHa wa ii standa rd time; and th at of the one hundred and sixty-fifth degree as 

Bering sta ndard time.

Sec. 5. (a) The boundaries of each zone shall be defined by an order of the 

In terstate Commerce Commission, hereinaf ter called the Commission, and may 

be modified from time to time.

(b) Determination s of zone boundaries heretofore made by the Commission 

and in effect on the effective date of this Act shall continue in effect unless 

and un til modified or changed by an app ropriate order of the Commission. 

“Daylight saving” or other adva nced time may continue to be observed, as it 

has been observed in the pas t, un til the Commission has authorized advanced 

time subzones or for two years after the effective date of this Act, whichever 

comes first.

(c) Zone boundaries prevailing with respe ct to Alaska and Haw aii on the 

effective date of this Act may continue in effect until modified or changed by 

an appro priate order of the Commission.

Sec. 6. (a) In determining the boundaries of the several zones the Commission 

shall, among other things, consider the appropriateness of the standard of time 

for the particu lar are as concerned. So fa r as practicab le, the boundaries of 

the zones shall be reasonably str aigh t north-south lines, shall be located in 

spa rsely populated areas, shall follow natur al or well-known boundaries, and 

shall be placed where, in the judgment of the Commission, they best promote 

the safety, convenience, and welfare of the country as a whole.
UNIFORM TIME 11

(b) Exc ept as provided in subsection (c) of this sectio n and in section 7, 

the Commission shall not include in any zone a point or area fo r which the sta ndard time of the zone would be more tha n one hou r ahe ad or behind local 

mean sol ar time.

(c) The provisions of subsection (b) shall not apply in Ala ska or Hawaii, and the western boundary of the zone observing Bering sta nd ard time shall 

extend to the in tern atio nal dateline.

Sec. 7. Within each zone, the Commission is authorized to de termine the boundary of one advanced-time subzone; a nd in each year, from 2 o’clock antem eridian on the last Sunday in April until 2 o’clock antem eridian on the last Sunday in 

October, each advanced-time subzone, as thus defined, shall be tra nsfer red to 

and made a pa rt of the zone imm ediately to th e east, and the legal time of such subzone shall be the sta ndard time of the zone into which it is temporarily so 

transferred. In determining the bounda ry of any such subzone, the Commission 

shall not in any instance include a point or area for which the sta nd ard time of 

the zone to the east, to which the subzone is tem porarily tra nsfer red , would be more tha n one hour and thirty min utes ahead of local mean solar time. The 

boundary s hall be placed where, in the judgment of the Commission, it best pro­ motes the safety, convenience, and we lfare of the country as a whole, taking into 

accou nt the desires of those affected, and considering the ap propria teness of the 

advanced time for the are a concerned. The Commission shall consult with the 

Governor of any State affected before making its determ ination.

Sec. 8. (a ) In defining or modifying the bound aries of the respective zones or 

subzones, the Commission shall have autho rity to conduct such hearing s and in­ vestigations as are necessary or advisable for the effective adm inistration of this Act. In conducting such hearings and investigations, the Commission shall 

have autho rity to require by compulsory process or otherw ise the attend anc e and 

testimony of witnesses and the prod uction of all books, papers, records, and 

documents rela ting to any m atter under investigation. (b) Any person, organization, or State or political subdivision thereof may 

file with the Commission a petition seeking the e stablishm ent or modification of a 

boundary of a zone or a subzone. Af ter investigation of the m erits of the peti- tion. inclu ding a public hearing if deemed by the Commission to be desirable in 

the public inte rest, the Commission may deny the petition or gr an t such relief 

as it finds justified in the public intere st.

Sec. 9. The Adm inistrative Proced ure Act (5 U.S.C. 100-1011) sha ll apply to 

all proceedings under section 8 of th is Act.

Sec. 10. (a) Except as otherw ise provided in subsection (b) of this section or as specifically authorize d by the Commission hereu nder, within the respective 

zones esta blished under the au thority of this Act the standard time of the zone shall be the exclusive time for the transactio n of all public business by any 

agency or dep artm ent of the United States, or by any officer, ag en t employee, or representativ e of such agency or department, and sha ll be observed 

by all common carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce or communication by w ire or radio. (b) Subject to the prio r approval of the Commission, and notw ithstanding 

any provision of this Act, any stan da rd of time differing from th at of the zone 

may be used in marine and ai r navigation, air traffic control and related activities, railro ad operations having reg ard to the convenience of commerce and 

the junctio n points and the division points of common ca rriers engaged in 

inter sta te or foreig n commerce, the specialized needs of the militar y services, 

or for scientific purposes. The Commission may provide oth er exceptions upon 

a finding th at the safe ty and convenience of the public will be served thereby. In all such instances, the Commission may impose such reasonable conditions 

as it deems desirable to protect the public from confusion and inconvenience.

(e) The Commission is authorized and directed to foster widespread and 

unifo rm adoption on the pa rt of the States and political subdivisions thereof 

of the sta ndard or stan dar ds of time here in provided for the zone or zones in 

which such Sta te or subdivision is located.

Sec. 11. In all statutes, ordinances, orders, rules, and regulation s relating 

to (1) the time of performance of any act by any agency or dep artm ent of 

the United States, or by any officer, agent, employee, or representative of such 

agency or departm ent; or (2) the tim e when any rig ht shall ma tur e or term ina te: or (3) the time within which any act shall or shall not be performed, 

the time specified shall be the sta nd ard time of the zone within which the act 

is to be performed or not performed, or within which the rig ht is to mature 

or term inate.

36—4 7 1—,6 4------ 2
12 UNIFORM TIME

Sec. 12. The Commission is aut hor ized and direc ted to execu te and enforce 

the provisions of this Act; and, upon the request of the Commission, it shall 

be the duty of any distric t atto rne y of the United Sta tes to whom the Commission may apply to institu te in the pro per cou rt and to prose cute unde r the 

direc tion of the Attorney General of the United States all nece ssary proceedings 

for the enforcem ent of the prov ision s of this Act and for the punishm ent of 

all v iolat ions thereof.

Sec. 13. Any person knowingly an d willf ully viola ting any prov ision of this 

Act or any rule, regulation, requ irem ent, or orde r the reu nde r sha ll be deemed 

guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction ther eof be sub ject for each 

offense to a fine of not more tha n $250. Each day of such viola tion shall consti tute a sepa rat e offense.

Sec. 14. If any person shal l fai l or refu se to comply with any provision of 

this Act or any rule, regula tion, requ irem ent, or order thereu nde r, the Commission or its duly auth orized agent may apply to the dis tri ct cou rt of the 

Unite d Sta tes for any dis trict in whic h such offense occurs, or in which the 

offender is found, for the enforcem ent of such provision of thi s Act, or of such 

rule, regu lation, require ment, or ord er; and such cou rt shal l hav e jurisdic tion 

to enforce obedience ther eto by writ of injunctio n or by oth er process, mandator y or otherw ise, res trai nin g said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees, and repr esen tativ es from fu rthe r violation of such provision of this 

Act or of such rule, regula tion, requ irem ent, or ord er and enjoining upon 

him or it obedience thereto.

Sec. 15. Any person who shal l fa il or refuse to comply wit h any provision 

of this Act or any rule, regu latio n, requirement, or orde r thereu nde r shall 

forfe it to the United Stat es the sum of $100 for each such offense, and, in the 

case of a continuing violation, not to exceed $50 for each add itio nal day during 

which such fai lur e or refusa l sha ll continu e. All forfeitures provid ed for in 

thi s section sha ll be payable into th e Tre asu ry of the United Sta tes and shall 

be recov erable in a civil suit by th e Commission, or its duly authorized agent, 

brou ght in the dis tric t wher e such offense occurs or where the offender is 

found. All process in any such case may be served in the jud ici al dis tric t 

whereof such offender is an inh ab ita nt or wherever he may be found.

Sec. 16. The Commission may prov ide for the public ation of reports , orders, 

maps, and oth er information perta ini ng to sta nd ard time zones for public 

info rma tion and use, and such aut hor ize d public ation s shall, wi tho ut fu rth er 

proof or authen tica tion , be receive d as compete nt evidence of m atters contained 

therein in any court of competent j uris dic tion.

Sec. 17. The following Acts are repeale d :

(1 ) The Act entitled “An Act to save day ligh t and to provide sta nda rd time 

for the United Sta tes” , approved Mar ch 19, 1918 (15 U.S.C. 261 -26 4, inclu sive).

(2 ) The Act entitled “An Act to tra ns fer the Pan han dle and Pla ins section 

of Tex as and Oklahoma to the Un ited Stat es sta nd ard ce ntral time zone”, 

appro ved Marc h 4,1 921 (15 U.S.C. 265 ).

(3 ) The Act entitled “An Act to per mit the Boa rd of Commissioners of the 

Dist ric t of Columbia to esta blis h day light saving time in the Distr ict ”, approved April 28, 1953 ( D.C. Code, sec. 28 -2804).

Sec. 18. Thi s Act sha ll tak e effect at 2 o’clock ante meridi an on Jan ua ry 1, 

1964.

Department of Agriculture, 

Washington, D.C., May 2,1968.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request of March 15, 1963, for 

a rep ort on H.R. 4702, a bill to establ ish a uniform system of time standa rds and 

time mea sure men ts for the United Sta tes and to requ ire the observance of such 

time stan da rd s fo r all purposes.

This De par tme nt concurs in th e objective of standa rdizin g the time zones 

as much as appropriate. However, since the bill does not affect the Dep artment’s respon sibilities, we have no specific recomme ndation to make.

The Bu rea u of the Budget advi ses th at ther e is no objection to the pres entation of thi s rep ort from the sta nd po int of the adm inistration’s progra m. 

Since rely yours,

Orville L. Freeman, Secretary.
UNIFORM TIME 13

Executive Office of th e P resident,

Bureau of th e B udget, 

Washington, D.C., October 8,19 63.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Cha irman, Committee on In te rs ta te and Foreign Commerce,

Hous e of Represent atives, Washingto n, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request fo r the views of the 

Bu rea u of the Budget with res pec t to H.R. 2335, H.R. 2532, H.R. 3114, H.R. 4702, 

H.R. 6284, and H.R. 7891, bills, und er various title s, which w’ould, in general, esta blis h a more uniform natio na l system of time sta nd ard s and provide means 

of enfo rcing the observa nce of the national sta nda rds . In this session of 

Congress, bills for sim ilar pur pos es have also been intr odu ced in the Senate 

inclu ding S. 1033, S. 1195, S. 1394, and S. 1528. Our comments on the hills before 

the Hous e of Rep resentati ves dra w upon testim ony and agency rep orts before 

both the House and Senat e in th is and prio r sessions o f Congress. It app ear s th at supp ort for unif orm time legislation stems chiefly from the 

conf usion and inconvenience caus ed by local changeovers to and from day light saving time, and gene rally from the localized na tu re of daylight saving observance. Under the Sta nda rd Tim e Act of 1918, the lead ing Fed era l legislation 

reg ard ing time stan dards, St ate g overnm ents and local comm unities are lef t not 

only the option of adopting day lig ht saving tim e if they choose, b ut also are faced 

with the requi reme nts of scheduling for changeover and determ inin g the effective 

area lim its of the ir day light sav ing time zones. During the world wars , the 

Congress adopted nat ion al day lig ht saving time to fu rth er w ar efforts, bu t in gen eral i t appears there has been lit tle desire on th e p ar t of the Congress to ena ct 

legi slati on which would occupy the field of time stand ard iza tio n or even to 

assis t Sta tes and local ities in esta blishing time sta nd ard s which would also 

serve local and i nte rst ate commerce. The Sta nda rd Time Act of 1918, which was 

inten ded, in par t, to promote the convenience of commerce, seems to have faile d 

in thi s purijose to the ext ent th at o ur pres ent system of local option and enforc emen t is partic ula rly incon venient fo r commerce. Fo r a numbe r of years, the annu al repo rts of the In te rs ta te Commerce Com­ mission have recommended th at additional time legis lation be enacted. The 

Commission, which has had th e respo nsibility for adm inis teri ng the Sta nda rd 

Time Act, has been of the opinion th at it is in the nat ion al interest for the Con­ gress to occupy fu rth er the field of time sta nd ard s with Federal legislation. In thi s session, the Commission is recommending legislation whic h would provid e 

(1 ) more rati ona lly drawn and orderly time zones, (2 ) a uni form changeover 

da te fo r the subzones which would choose to imple ment adva nced time, (3 ) a 

system of enforce ment which wou ld requ ire observa nce of t he time s tan dar ds fo r all purposes by persons sub ject to the juris dict ion of the Un ited State s, and (4 ) 

au tho rity for the agency adm iniste ring the act to hold hea rings, make inve sti­ gatio ns, and receive petition s to ass ist th at agency in makin g dete rminati ons of 

the lim its of the perm anen t zones and the advan ced subzones. The Commission has fu rthe r advised the Congress th at if a more “efficient and effective system 

of time regu lation” is not provided, the Interst ate Commerce Commission would 

wish to be relieved of the responsibility for adm inis teri ng th e Standa rd Time 

Act. Whil e we will not comment in detail on the specific me rits of each of the bills intro duce d, the Bure au of the Bud get endorse s in general the recomme ndations 

of the In terstate Commerce Commission, and recomm ends the enac tmen t of legislation which would be judged satisfa cto ry by the Commission. It app ears 

th at H.R. 4702 (S. 1033 ), introdu ced at the requ est of the Commission, mig ht 

best meet t he needs and problems outlined by the Commission ; however, we n ote 

th at s eve ral other bills intr odu ced are s imi lar in na ture and mig ht also rep resent 

sign ifica nt improvements.

We believe th at legislation which would provide for the development of 

ord erly time zones and uniform changeover dat es would be use ful and desi rable 

and we believe would be so ju dged by the Sta tes and loca litie s which will imple­ men t day light saving time. We would defer to the Commission, however, in the matter of precise legislation needed to provi de effective adm inistra tion and 

enforcement. We would recomme nd furth er th at the In terstate Commerce Commission continue to admi nis ter our national time sta nd ard s. It is our view th at this ma tte r is particu lar ly rele van t to in ter sta te commerce since the dispa rit ies in nationa l time observanc e are most heav ily fe lt in th at field.

Sincere ly yours,

P hil li p S. Hugh es,

Assistant D irec tor fo r Legisl ativ e Reference.
14 UNIFORM TIME

Civil Aeronautics Board,

W asliington, D.C., May 2,1968.

H on. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your letter of March 15, 1963, requesting the Board's comments on H.R. 4702, a bill to establish a uniform system of 

time standards and time measurement for the United States and to require the 

observance of such time standards for all purposes.

H.R. 4702 would repeal the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918 (40 Stat. 

450), establish certain time zones for the United States, provide for the establishment of daylight saving time under certain circumstances, require that the 

standard time of each zone shall be the measure of time for certain purposes 

within such zone unless otherwise authorized, and provide penalties for violations. The provisions of the bill would be administered by such agency as might 

be designated by the Congress. The standard time of the zone, unless otherwise 

authorized, would be the measure of time for the transaction of all public 

business by the Federal or State governments or by persons subject to the 

jurisdiction of the United States.

The Interstate Commerce Commission, which has the responsibility for defining the limits of the existing time zones under the Standard Time Act, states in 

its justification of a draft bill submitted to the Congress, which is substantially 

similar to II.R. 4702, tha t its experience demonstrates tha t any attempt to confine the application of the standard of time solely to Federal matters or to 

inte rsta te commerce, while local matters or intrasta te commerce are governed 

by a different standard, is bound to result in chaos. The Commission adds that 

the original idea of Congress tha t a Federal standard would dominate and control local time has not been borne out in practice. It further states that the 

conflict between Federal and local standards is usually resolved by the observance 

of local time by Federal officers and establishments.

The Board believes that the interests of air transportation, as well as other 

forms of transportation, would be furthered by greater uniformity in time 

changes on a nationwide basis. Air carriers distribute timetables showing time 

changes at individual points because of variations in time observance in different 

parts of the country. The establishment of a uniform cutoff date for daylight 

saving time, for example, would result in cost savings to the aviation industry 

as well as greater convenience to the traveling public.

The Board is, therefore, in accord with the objective of the bill to provide a 

more uniform system of time standards for the United States.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised that there is no objection to the submission of this report from the standpoint of the administration’s program. 

Sincerely yours,

Robert T. Murph y, Acting Chairman.

Gov er nm en t of t h e D is tr ic t of C olu m bia ,

August 1 8,196't

.

H on. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on In ter sta te and Foreign Commerce,

U.S. House of Rep resentatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Harris : The Commissioners of the District of Columbia have for 

report H.R. 6284, 88th Congress, a bill to establish daylight saving time uniformly throughout the U.S. time zones each year, to make such time the only 

legal time during the period it is in effect, and to provide additional time zones 

for the States of Alaska and Hawaii.

The purpose of the bill is to establish throughout the United States a uniform 

daylight saving time period extending for approximately 3 months.

Subsection (a) of the first section of the bill amends the act approved March 

19, 1918 (40 Stat. 450; 15 U.S.C. 261-264), as amended, by adding, among other 

provisions, the following:

“Sec. 6. (a) During the period commencing a t 2:00 antemeridian on the last 

Sunday of May of each year and ending a t 2 :00 antemeridian on the first Sunday 

following Labor Day of each year, the standard time of each zone shall be 

advanced one hour.”
UN IF O R M TIM E 15

Thu s th e bil l prov ides th a t dayli ght sa vi ng tim e th ro ughout th e N at io n sh al l 

be lim ited e ss en tia lly to th e 3 m onth s of Ju ne , Ju ly , an d Aug us t.

Su bs ec tio n (b ) of th e firs t se ct io n of th e bill re pe al s th e act entitled “An ac t 

to p erm it th e Boa rd of Com m ission er s of th e D is tr ic t of Colum bia to es ta bl is h 

day li ght sa vi ng tim e in th e D is tr ic t, ” ap pr ov ed A pril 28, 1953 ( 67 Sta t. 23 ), as 

am en de d (se c. 28-2 804, D.C. Code, 1961 ed it io n). U nd er th e af or em en tion ed 

act of 1953 th e Com miss ione rs a re pre se nt ly au th ori ze d to est abli sh day light 

sa vi ng tim e in th e D is tr ic t fo r th e pe rio d commen cin g no t ea rl ie r th an th e la st 

Sun da y of April of each y ear an d en ding no t la te r th an th e la st Sun da y of Octobe r of ea ch ye ar . For th e p ast se ver al ye ars, p u rs u an t to su ch auth ori ty , th e 

Com m ission ers ha ve es ta blish ed th e entire pe riod as th e d ay li g h t sa vi ng tim e 

pe riod in th e N at io n’s C ap ital.

As a consequence, th e dayli ght sa vin g pe rio d has fo r a co nsi der ab le tim e be en 

in eff ect in th e D is tr ic t fo r es se ntiall y a 6 -m onth dura ti o n e ac h year. Thi s wo uld 

by law be sh or tene d to ap pro xim ate ly a 3-mo nth pe riod sh ou ld H.R . 6284 be 

en ac ted.

Th e Com miss ione rs ag re e w ith th e ob jective of II.R . 6284— th e es ta blish m en t 

of u nif or m da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e th ro ughout th e N atio n— but p re fe r th a t a long er 

pe rio d, su ch as is now au th ori zed fo r th e D is tr ic t be in co rp ora te d in th e bill. 

Acc ording ly, th e Com miss ione rs su gg es t th a t in th e first se ct io n of th e bil l th e 

firs t s en te nc e in th e prop osed s ec tion 6 (a ) be a men de d by s tr ik in g t h e w ord “M ay ” 

an d in se rt in g in lie u th er eo f “A pri l” an d by st ri k in g th e w ord s “fir st Su nd ay 

fo llow in g Lab or Day ” an d in sert in g in lie u th er eo f “last Sun day of Octo be r.”

Sh ou ld II .R . 6284 be am en de d a s su gg es ted above, th e Com mission ers wou ld 

fa vor it s en ac tm en t.

The Com miss ione rs ha ve been ad vi se d by th e B ure au of th e B udget th at, from 

th e st andpoin t of th e ad m in is tr ati o n ’s pr og ra m , th ere is no ob jection to th e 

su bm ission o f t hi s re port to the C on gress.

You rs very sin ce rely,

Walter N. T obriner,

President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia.

F ederal Avia tio n Agency,

Washington, D.C., May 23,1963.

Hon . Oren H arr is,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Cha irma n : T hi s is in re pl y to yo ur re ques t fo r th e vie ws of th is 

Ag ency re gard in g H.R. 4702, a bi ll to es ta blish a un iform sy stem of tim e st an dard s an d m ea su re m en t fo r th e U nited Sta te s an d to re quir e th e ob se rv an ce of 

su ch tim e st andard s fo r a ll pur po se s.

Thi s bi ll pr ov ides fo r th e es ta bli sh m ent of a uni fo rm sy stem of tim e st andard s 

ba se d up on th e ge ne ral zone sy st em of st andard tim e. Th e ex act lim its of th e 

re sp ec tive tim e zon es are to be det er m in ed by th e adm in is te ri ng agency.

Se ctio n 12 of th e bil l pr ov id es th a t w ithin th e zo ne s est ab lish ed by th e adm in is te ri ng agency, th e “sta n d ard tim e of th e zone sh al l be th e ex clus ive tim e 

fo r th e tr ansa cti on of al l pu blic bu si nes s by an y ag en cy or d epart m ent of th e 

U ni ted S ta te s, or of an y S ta te or lo ca l go ve rnmen t, or by an y officer, ag en t, em ­

ployee , o r re pre se nta tive of su ch ag en cy or dep ar tm en t, an d sh all be ob served 

by all pe rs on s su bj ec t to th e ju ri sd ic ti on of th e U ni te d S ta te s in al l civil an d 

bu sine ss re la ti ons w ith th e pu blic * * The section goe s on to pr ov id e th a t 

ex ce pt ions may be mad e by th e adm in is te ri ng ag en cy up on a fin di ng th a t sa fe ty 

or pu bl ic co nv en ienc e will be se rv ed , an y su ch ex ce pt io ns to b e su bje ct to re as on ­

ab le con di tion s impos ed by the ag en cy in th e p ub lic in te re st .

Exce pt in g th e one ite m m en tion ed below, th e su bje ct m a tt e r of th is bi ll is no t 

w ithin th e pu rv ie w of th is Ag ency an d to th a t exte nt we d efe r to th e vie ws of 

oth er in te re st ed agencie s.

In th e co nd uc t of m an y of th is Ag en cy ’s ac ti vit ie s su ch as a ir tra ffi c control, 

w eath er re por ting , fligh t in fo rm ati on service s, an d aeri al nav ig at io n, we ha ve 

ad op te d Green wich mea n tim e as th e st andard tim e fo r al l re quir ed co mmun ica ­

tio ns . bo th exte rn al an d in te rn al . T his in te rn ati onall y ag re ed st an d ard has bee n 

ad op ted to st an dar diz e as muc h as po ss ible an in cr ea si ngly co mplex ac tivi ty , to 

perm it m or e ad eq uat e se par at io n of a ir traffi c mov ing ac ro ss ti m e zon es w ith 

in cr ea si ng speed an d volum e, an d to fa cil it ate th e gr ow in g use of co mpu ters 

w ithi n th e sy stem whic h re quir e th e us e of one st an d ard tim e fo r pr og ra m in g
16 UNIFORM TIME

purposes. We believe the continued use of Greenwich mean time for these purposes i s imperative.

We understand it was not the int en t of the drafters of th is bill to affect this 

special use of time. In view of this, we believe the bill should be amended to 

reflect the necessity for our continued use of Greenwich mean time in accordance 

with inte rnation ally agreed sta ndard s. We suggest the add ition of the words 

“ (exce pting aer ial navigation, ai r traffic control, and rela ted activ ities)” after 

the w’ord “business” where is app ear s in line 20, page 5, of H.R. 4702.

Subject to this modification we have no objection to th is bill.

The Bureau of the Budget ha s advised that there is no objection from the 

stan dpoin t of the adm inistration’s program to the submission of this report to 

you r committee.

Sincerely,

N. E . Halaby, Administrator.

Federal Aviation Agency, 

Washington, D.C., June 11,1961/.

Hon. H arley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committe e on Interstate

and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : We have received the notice of hea ring s scheduled for

June 18 and 19 on a num ber of pending House bills on daylig ht saving and standard time.

As indicate d in our May 23, 1963, report on H.R. 4702 to the chairma n of the

In terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, the subject matter of these bills, 

with one exception, is not 'within the purview of this Agency, and to th at extent 

we would defer to the views of othe r interested agencies.

The one exception concerns th is Agency’s use in many of its traffic control and 

ai r navigation functions of Greenw ich mean time. Some of the pending bills 

would provide a standard time for each zone and would require that that time 

be the exclusive time for the tra nsa ction of all public business by agencies and 

dep artments of the United States. We believe any bill enacted should reflect 

the necessity for our continued use of Greenwich mean time, in accordance with 

intern ationally agreed standard s, in our conduct of ai r traffic control, weather 

reporting, flight information, and aerial navigation services. This internatio nally agreed stan dard has been adopted to perm it more adequa te separation of 

air traffic moving across time zones with increasin g speed and volume, and to 

fac ilitat e the growing use of computers with in the system which require the 

use of a single time st andard for program ing purposes.

Our lette r to the Senate comm ittee to this effect produced an amendment to 

S. 1033 (sec. 10(b) of this bill as reported by the Senate Commerce Committee 

August 3, 1963). We would urg e the House to trea t this question similarly in 

its consideration of these bills.

If it is satisfactory with the committee, we will not plan to appear at the 

hea rings to raise this fairly narrow , technical matter. We will, of course, be 

bappy to provide the committee writh any furth er information it may desire. 

Sincerely,

N. E. Halaby, Administrator.

Federal Communications Commission,

Washington, D.C., A pril SO, 1963.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman. Committee on I ntersta te and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Wash ington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Harris : This is in reply to your requ est seeking the Commission’s comments on H.R. 4702, a bill to estab lish a uniform system of time 

sta nd ards and time measurement for the United States and to require the 

observance of such time sta nd ards for all purposes.

Enclosed please find six copies of our comments on H.R. 4702. We are advised 

by the Bureau of the Budget th at from the stan dpoint of the adm inistration’s 

program, there is no objection to the presentation of this report to your 

committee.

Sincerely yours,

Newton N. Mino w, Chairman.
UNIFORM TIME 17

Comments of the Federal Communications Commission on H.R. 4702, S. 1033, 

and S. 1195, 88th Congress, Bills To Establish a Uniform System of T ime

Standards and Time Measurement for the United States and To Require

the Observance of Such Time Standards for All Purposes

These bills, among other things, establish a uniform system of time sta nd ards 

and time measurement for the United States and would req uire the observance 

of such time standard s for all purposes.

H.R. 4702, S. 1033, and S. 1195 are nearly identical. The bills are more detailed and enlarge upon H.R. 1354 an d H.R. 1355, which were introduced in the 

86th Congress, and similar bills introduced in the 85th Congress (see e.g., H.R. 

369, H.R. 370, H.R. 5771, and H.R. 7707), concerning which the Commission 

sta ted it had not been given any responsibility in regard to time standa rds set 

by the Federal Government, th at it had no special competence in that field, a nd 

accordingly had no views to express on the policy question involved in the se 

bills.

Although our position on this matt er rema ins unchanged, a furth er explana ­

tion m ay be appropriate. In order to avoid an otherwise chaotic skywave interference problem, the majority of standard bro adc ast stations in the United 

States are required to leave the air, reduce power, an d/or ope rate with direc ­

tional antenn a systems during nighttime hours. Since skywave interefe renc e 

is governed by the degree of lig ht or darkness along the transmissio n path, we 

are basically concerned with determining local astro nomical or “sun” time. 

However, it is necessary th at “sun” time be rela ted to meaningful standard s 

(as, for example, eastern sta nd ard time), and that average monthly sunrise and 

suns et times be expressed in terms of those stan dards on license documents. Some 

stations in other services are similarly regulated to avoid nighttime interference. 

Thus, alth ough the methods used in estab lishing time zones a re of little concern 

to the Commission, the end pro duct is of vita l importance in connection with 

sta nd ard broadcast licensing, as well as in some othe r services.

It m ay be noted that certain coa st and ship radiotelegraph and radiotelephone 

stations use Greenwich mean tim e (G.m.t.) for log entries, fo r indicating the 

time a message is filed, and for determ ining th e times when certain radio watches 

must he maintained. The use of G.m.t. arises from the mobile and international 

chara cte r of the communications involved. It is assum ed th at the provision for 

flexibility contained in the various bills will suffice to meet any problem in this 

rega rd.

With the possibility of some exceptions noted above, we have concluded that 

our rules and adm inistrative processes could be alined with the proposed legislation withou t undue difficulty and th at a uniform system of time stan dards 

should in fac t reduce some of the confusion stemming from the existing patchwork of local daylight saving legislation.

Adopted : April 23, 1963.

Federal Communications Commission,

Washington, D.C., June 10,1964.

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on Inte rstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your let ter of Jun e 2, requesting the 

comments of the Commission on H.R. 11407, a bill to amend the Standa rd Time 

Act to provide for daylight saving time during the period from the las t Sunday 

in April to the las t Sunday in September of each year.

In the 1st session of the 88th Congress the Commission commented on H.R. 

4702, S. 1033, and S. 1195, bills to establish a uniform system of time standard s 

and time measurements for the United States and to requ ire the observance of 

such time standard s for all purposes. At th at time the Commission stated th at 

it had not been given any responsibility in regard to time sta nd ards set by the 

Federal Government, th at it had no special competence in th at field, and accordingly had no views to express on t he policy question involved. These stateme nts 

are also applicable to H.R. 11407.

Enclosed for your information ar e two copies of the comments we subm itted 

to you on April 30, 1963, on H.R. 4702, S. 1033, and S. 1195.

Yours sincerely,

E. William Henry, Chairman.

(See comments att ached to le tter dated A pr il 30, 1963.)
18 UNIFORM TIME

General Services Administration,

Washington, D.C., May 3,1963.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Your lette r of March 15, 19(53, requested the views of the 

General Services Administration on H.R. 4702, 88th Congress, a bill to establish 

a uniform system of time stan da rds and time measurement for the United States 

and to require the observance of such time standard s for all purposes.

The purpose of this bill is stated in the title.

GSA has no objection to the enac tment of this measure.

The enactment of thi s m eas ure would not affect the bud getary requirements of 

GSA.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised that, from the stan dpo int of the adminis tration’s program, the re is no objection to the submission of this report to 

your committee.

Sincerely yours,

Bernard L. Boutin, Administrator.

Interstate Commerce Commission,

Washington, D.C., August 16,1963.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Harris : I have your lette r of August 13, 1963, enclosing copies 

of a bill, H.R. 7891, introduced by Congressman Staggers, to establish a uniform 

system of time standard s and measurement for the United States and to require 

the observance of such time sta ndard s for all purposes, and requesting a report 

and comments thereon.

The proposed measure is identic al in substance to a bill, H.R. 4702, introduced 

by you, which would give effect to Legislative Recomm endation No. 1 in the 

Commission’s 76th Annual Report.

Accordingly, and for the reasons expressed in the justific ation in support of 

Legislative Recommendation No. 1 which accompanied my l etter to you of March 

4,1963. we favor and support the objectives of H.R. 7S91.

Sincerely yours,

Laurence K. Walrath, Chairman.

Interstate Commerce Commission,

Washington, D.C., March 4,1963.

Hon. Oren Harris.

Chairman, Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Harris : I am submitting here with for your consideration 40 

copies of a draft bill (together with stateme nt of justific atio n therefor) which 

would give effect to Legislative Recommendation No. 1 in the Commission’s 76th 

Annual Report.

I believe it appropriate to observe, however, t ha t the Commission is not una nimous concerning the propriet y of its in itia ting a detailed dr af t bill of the type here 

transm itte d, the ramifications of which extend fa r beyond matters rela ting to 

surfac e transportation. On the other hand, we are agreed both as to the need fo r 

some additional time legislation and for a redetermination by Congress as to 

whether the Commission is the most appropriate agency to administer present 

or future legislation relating to standa rd time.

Accordingly, and to the extent that such action will focus attention on and 

help to resolve these problem s, your assistance in having the enclosed dr aft bill 

intro duce d and scheduling a hearing thereon would be appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

Laurence K. Wai.rath, Chairman.
UNIFORM TIME 19

Recommend ation No. 1

This proposed bill would give effect to Legislative Recommendation No. 1 

of the Interstate Commerce Commission as set forth on page 198 of its 76th 

Annual Report to Congress as follo ws : “We recommend th at Congress amend the Sta nda rd Time Act for the reasons set forth in the ‘Standard Time Zones’ chapter in this report, and if Congress does not see fit to so amend the sta tut e, that we be relieved of the responsibility 

for its ad ministration.”

(The bill, H.R. 4702, appears on p. 3.)

J us ti fi cati on, Recomme ndation No. 1

The present Standard Time Act was enacted by Congress in 1918 large ly in response to an immediate need for increased national efficiency during World 

War I. Its stated purpose, “To save daylight and to provide sta ndard time for the United States,” coupled wi th an injunction directing the Interst ate Commerce Commission to define the limits of the zones “having regard for the con­ venience of commerce” (not ju st intersta te commerce) and a requirement that 

sta ndard time be observed in relation to acts required to be performed “by any person subject to the jur isd iction of the United States,” was thought to evince 

the inten t of Congress to fix stan da rds of time fo r all purposes. For a brief period, the sta nd ards of time prescribed under the act were universally observed despite the fa ct th at it contains no enforcement procedure or pen alty provisions. The day light saving feature , however, was repealed in 1919 over Preside nt Wilson’s veto, and shortly therea fte r the Commission began 

to experience difficulty due to the limited scope of the act and the tendency of individ ual States and cities to exercise a claimed right of local option. Thus, 

local day light saving time, adopted at first by Boston, New York, and Chicago, gradually spread to many oth er cities and towns in the Ea st and Midwest. In 

a suit to enjoin the autho rities of Massachusetts from enforcing the observance of an advanced time standard , a Federal dis trict court held tha t, in enacting 

the Sta ndard Time Act, Congress had not fully occupied the time field and, consequently, that there was no necessary conflict between th at act and the 

enforcement of a different sta nd ard of time designed for purposes other than 

those specified in the act. See Massachusetts Sta te Grange v. Denton 10 F. (2d) 

515, Aff’d. sub nom. Mass. State Grange v. Benton, 272 U.S. 525 (1926).

With the way open to Sta tes and individual communities to ac t independently, an ever-increasing confusion and conflict of time standard s has developed; and. 

in an era characterized by je t speed and by remarkable adva nces in space tech­ nology, thi s situation has become partic ularly aggravated and, therefore, potentially dangerous.

The situ ation in Indiana, as depicted in Stan dard Tim e Zon e Investigation,

314 I.C.C. 101 (126-129), decided June 6, 1961, provides a poin ted illu stration 

of the problem. There, among oth er things, the evidence detai ls the difficulties experienced by numerous commercial, communications, and tra nspo rt concerns 

as well as the extreme confusion attending the arriv al and depar ture of air flights at the Indianap olis air port. Another example is the recent time law of 

Virginia, which provides for day light saving time for most of the State from Memorial Day to Labor Day, but exempts Bristol, and permits the usual period 

of day light saving for th at pa rt of the Washington metropolitan area located 

in V irginia. Accordingly, the same standard is observed in Richmond, Arlington, and Bristol during the win ter a nd early spring. From the last Sunday in April 

until May 30, however, Richm ond time is the same as Arlington, but an hour 

ahead of Bris tol: and, until the las t Sunday in October, Richm ond time is the same as th at of Bristol but rem ains an hour behind Arlington time. While this 

arrang ement is confusing, it is undoubtedly superio r to the situatio n which 

existed when each community in Virginia determined for itse lf whethe r it would 

observe dayligh t saving time and for w hat period.

For many years, annu al rep orts of the Interstate Commerce Commission have 

directed the attention of Congress to the need for add itional time leg islation: 

and, at the same time, in proceedings held under the act, the Commission has 

earnes tly endeavored to find a solution to the numerous conflicts caused by the 

actio n of Sta te or local au thorities in changing local time standa rds. The pattern is usua lly the same. The sh ift in local time brings a flood of complaints and petitio ns for a change in the zone boundaries or for some action restoring
20 UNIFORM TIME

the form er situatio n, which finally impel a reopening of the proceeding for reconsidera tion. Thus, the Commission is repeatedly inje cted into bitte r local 

cont rove rsies withou t power to resolve them with any reasonable reg ard for 

the convenience and safety of the area as a whole. If it is found th at the requested change would no t enhance the convenience of commerce, a denia l of 

th e petition, in most instance s, merely per petu ates the existing conflict and 

causes it to spread to add itio nal areas. On the other hand , a gra nt of the relie f 

soug ht often produces a sim ila r outcome, since the res ulting mutation of boundaries crea tes inconvenience in adjace nt are as and, thereby, prec ipitates other 

independent local chan ges followed by furth er complain ts and petitions for 

fu rt he r modifications.

The Commission’s experience amply demonstr ates th at any atte mp t to confine the application of the sta nd ard of time solely to Federal ma tters or to interstat e commerce, while local matters or intra sta te commerce are governed by a 

differen t stan dard , is bound to result in chaos. The orig inal idea of Congress 

th at a Federal sta nd ard would dominate and control local time has not been 

borne out in practice. Instead, the conflict between Fed era l and local sta nd ard s 

is usually resolved by the observ ance of local time by Fe deral officers an d est ablishm ents.

The Commission has consistentl y taken the positio n th at this hopeless interming ling of Fede ral and loca l time stan dar ds ade qua tely justifies the complete 

occupancy by Congress of the field of sta nd ard time reg ulation . In this respect, 

however, it is not necessary to rely solely upon the commerce clause, since oth er 

clauses of the Constitution, including the sta ndard s of weights and meas ures 

claus e, appear to gra nt Congr ess the power to pres cribe a uniform system of 

sta nd ard time for the cou ntry which is not limited to ma tte rs relating to interstat e commerce or foreig n commerce.

In its cur ren t ann ual rep ort, thi s Commission has re ite rated its prio r recommendatio ns th at the scope of the Stan dard Time Act be broadened by p roviding 

th at the standa rd time of the zone shall be the exclu sive meas ure of time and 

by adding more definite sta nd ard s, requirements for observance, penalties for 

violation, and provisions fo r adm inistra tion and enforcement. The proposed bill 

has been draw n to accompl ish these purposes.

The general intent of the dr af t bill—to provide a unif orm system of time 

sta nd ard s and mea sure men t for the United States—is sta ted in section 4. In 

addi tion , to the five e xis ting zones, this section would add one zone to the Ea st 

pri ma rily to provide a su bs titute for the desig natio n “eas ter n daylight saving 

time.” and two to the Wes t in orde r to cover Alaska and Hawa ii adequate ly.

It is useful to recogniz e th at the 8 designated zones ar e parts of the inter ­

nat ion al system of 24 zones stretc hin g from Greenwich ea st and w est around the 

world, as is done in sec tion 5.

The meridians of long itud e dividi ng the designated zones ar e specified in section 6. The names selected for the zones are those which are now in use or. as 

in the designation “A lask a-H awa ii,” appear to be a pp rop riate choices. It should 

be noted, however, th at the positio n of the word “standard. ” w hich in the official 

designat ions in the p resent ac t precedes the name s of pa rti cu lar zones, has been 

chang ed to follow the names, so as to conform to general usage. Thus, the designa tio n “easte rn sta nd ard tim e” is used ra th er tha n the now official form “stan dar d eas tern time.”

Section 7 follows the pre sen t act and auth oriz es the “Agency” design ated as 

admi nis tra tor to define t he lim its of the zones and to modify them from time to 

time. The proviso would contin ue exist ing bou nda ry deter mination un til 

changed .

Section 8 includes a num ber of general princ iples whic h the Commission has 

foun d useful in dete rmining the zone boun darie s in the pas t. Difficulty is experien ced in adhering to them , however, due to lack of explicit aut hor ity und er 

th e p resent act and also because commercial intere sts wo uld have the Commission 

confine its consid eration str ictly t o the convenience of in te rs ta te commerce. This 

section also provides tha t, in fixing the bounda ries, the desig nated Agency shall 

not include in any zone a poi nt or area for which the sta nd ard time would be 

more th an 1 hour fa ste r th an sun time.

Nume rous bills pres ente d to Congress in pri or yea rs have required nation al 

obser vance either of stan da rd time thro ugh out the ye ar or of standa rd time 

coupled with a provision for daylight-saving time durin g that portion of the 

ye ar when dayl ight exte nds consid erably beyond norm al work hours. Str aig ht 

sta nd ard time bills, howev er, ar e ap t to engender vigorous opposition from the
UNIFORM TIME 21

large area s in the Northea st, Midwest, and Pacific coas t which now observe 

daylight-saving time. On the oth er hand, bills requ iring nationwide observance 

of daylight-saving time gen erally are unpopular in cer tain rem aining portions of 

the country. The dr af t bill meets and, in the opinion of the Commission, obviates these difficulties in section 9. Where desirable in the public inte rest, the adm inistering 

agency would be au thorized to delineate a n area w ithin any zone—a subzone—for 

tra ns fer during a specified period to the zone imme diately to the east. If. for 

example, a subzone were defined in the north eastern pa rt of the central s tan dard 

time zone, such subzone would become a pa rt of the eastern sta ndard time zone 

during the summertime. Accordingly, this section introduce s a needed flexibility 

into the application of an advanced time stan dar d. In those zones or portions of 

zones w here no popular demand for a fas ter stan dard of time is manifested, none 

will be provided. Sections 10, 11, and 12 w ould auth orize the adm inistering agency to conduct 

necesar.v proceedings, to issue subpenas, to employ the staff nece ssary to perform 

its duties under the act, and to receive and hear petitions as to the time zones. 

The pre sen t act contains no provisions for its adm inistra tion.

Sections 13 and 14 contain important provisions making the standard time 

of the zone the measure of time for the transactio n of all public business by the 

Feder al or State Governments or by persons subject to the jurisdiction of the 

United State s, except for scientific purposes or for oth er purposes expressly 

exempted by the designated agency under a provision designed to foster and 

pro tect the public intere st.

Provisio ns for the execu tion and enforcement of the dr aft bill, entirely absent 

from the present act, are prov ided in sections 15 to 18. These include injunctive 

relie f, civil forfeitures, and fines for willful violations.

In total effect, the proi>osed bill would provide for the United States a stab le 

and o rderly system of time cha racterized by clearly defined boundaries an d tru ly 

geared to the vastly a ccelerated tempo of the age in which we live. Accordingly, 

it is recommended that this bill be enacted sub stantially in its present form.

Finally, it must be observed th at the Commission’s experience indicates th at 

the convenience of transporta tio n is only one of the many considerations in timezone hearings, and th at the ma jor portion of the testimony adduced at such 

hearing s is elicited from a bro ad spectrum of sourc'es, inclu ding represe ntatives 

of Fed eral, State, county and municipal governments, banks, brokers, insurance companies, manuf acturers, mining companies, refineries, wholesale and 

retail dealers, radio and television broadcasters, telephone and telegraph companies, newspaper, lawyers, doctors, hospitals, tou r bureau s, school boards, 

farmers, stock breeders, and dairyme n. For this reason, it is also recommended 

th at careful consideration be given to the question of whether the Interstate 

Commerce Commission is the most appropriate agency to adm inister the pro ­

visions of any fut ure law relat ing to standard time. In any event, should the 

Congress not see fit to change or amend the present Sta ndard Time Act so as 

to provide a more efficient and effective system of time regulation, it is recommended th at the Commission be relieved of the responsibility for its administra tio n.

I nterstate Commerce Commission,

Washington, D.C., June 17,1964-

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Chairman Harris : This is in response to your request for comments on 

six bills (H.R. 2335, introduced by Congressman Gray, H.R. 3114 and H.R. 11483. 

introduced by Congressman Staggers, H.R. 62S4, introduced by Congressman 

Fulton of Tennessee, H.R. 11206, introduced by Congressman Fra ser, and H.R. 

11407, introduced by you) which, in different ways, would amend the Sta ndard 

Time Act (15 U.S.C. 262). This ma tte r has been considered by the Commission 

and I am authorized to sub mit the following comments in its beh alf:

Since 1931 this Commission has recommended th at Congress broaden the 

scope of the Standard Time Act. and has supported proposed amendments which 

would have required nationw ide observance of eith er sta nd ard time througho ut 

the year or daylight saving for a specified portion of the year. The prima ry 

objective has been to elim inate or minimize the present chao tic conditions in
22 U N IF O R M TIM E

th e ob se rv an ce of tim e sta n d ard s re su ltin g from th e w id es pre ad us e of tw o 

or m or e lega l st andar ds of tim e a t th e same po in t or in th e sa m e ar ea .

Most re ce nt ly , we su pp or te d an d urg ed en ac tm en t of II.R . 4702, a bil l in tr odu ce d by yo u a t ou r re qu es t w hi ch wou ld im plem en t le gis la tive reco mmen da ­

tion s co nta in ed in ou r 76th an d 77 th annual re po rts. In ge ne ra l, th is bill wo uld 

(1 ) pr ov id e gu idelines a nd p ro ce dure s to be fo llo wed by th e adm in is te ri ng agency 

in det er m in in g zone bou nda ri es un d er th e S ta ndard Ti me Act, (2) pe rm it, 

duri ng a 6-mon th pe rio d co mmen cing on th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il an d ending 

on th e la s t Su nd ay in Octo ber, th e de sign atio n of ad va nc ed tim e (d ay ligh t 

sa vi ng ) subz on es w ithi n ea ch zone, (3 ) mak e th e tim e of th e zones an d 

su bz on es th e ex clu siv e tim e fo r th e tr an sa ct io n of pu blic bu sine ss by Fe der al , Sta te , or loc al go ve rn m en ts and by al l pe rs on s in th e ir bu sine ss re la ­

tion s w it h th e public, an d (4 ) conta in ad eq ua te adm in is tr ati v e pr ov isions (i ncl ud in g re qu irem en ts fo r pu bl ic hear in gs and ju dic ia l re vie w ) and se ve ra l 

alt ern ati v e metho ds of en fo rc em en t (inc lu di ng in ju nc tion s, fines, an d civil fo rfe it u re s).

Of th e va ri ou s m ea su re s whi ch a re t he su bje ct o f th is le tt er, on e (H .R . 11483) 

is id enti cal to H.R. 4702 in all ess ential re sp ec ts ex ce pt th a t it af fe ct s on ly tim e 

st an d ard s ob served by th e F edera l Gov ernm en t and by co mm on carr ie rs en ­

ga ge d in in te rs ta te comm erc e in cl udin g ra ilro ads, m ot or carr ie rs , ai rlin es , an d 

co m m un icat io ns comp anies . T his diffe renc e, in ou r op inion, do es not affect the 

m eri ts of th e bill an d cer ta in ly do es not giv e us ca us e to cri ti ciz e H.R. 11483, 

or t o op po se it s e na ct m en t in lieu of H.R . 4702.

On th e oth er ha nd , we be lie ve th a t th e re m ai ni ng m ea su re s fa il in va riou s re ­

sp ec ts ad eq uat el y to mee t th e ne ed fo r ad ditio nal tim e le gi sl at io n.

H.R . 6284 an d H.R. 11407 w ou ld re quir e na tion w id e ob se rv an ce of day ligh t 

sa vi ng tim e, fo r 15 we ek s an d 5 mon th s, re sp ecti vely ; and H .R . 11206 wo uld 

simply pr ov id e th a t whe n a S ta te or loc al go ve rn m en t em ploy s day light sa vi ng 

tim e, su ch ad va nc e sta n d ard of tim e sh all re m ai n in effect d uri ng a pres cribed 

6-mon th pe rio d. H.R. 11206 an d II .R . 11407, ho we ver, co nt ai n no en fo rc em en t 

or pen al ty prov isi on s, and th os e co nta in ed in H.R. 6284 re la te so lely to th e pro ­

po sed 15- week da yl ig ht sa vi ng pe riod . In ad di tion , th es e bi lls wou ld prov id e no 

cri te ri a or ad m in is tr ati ve sta n d ard s fo r us e in th e det er m in ati on of zon e 

bo un da ries .

H.R . 2335 wo uld re qu ir e nat io nw id e ob serv an ce of st an d ard tim e th ro ug ho ut 

th e y ear by Fe de ra l. Sta te , an d lo ca l go ve rn m en ts an d by “a ny pla ce of bu sine ss 

or co m m er ci al en te rp rise .” H.R . 3114 has a si m il ar pu rp os e b u t it s ap pl ic atio n 

wou ld be lim ited to th e F edera l G ov er nm en t an d to comm on carr ie rs engaged 

“in co mmerce su bj ec t to re g u la ti o n ” by th e Fed er al Gov ernm en t. H.R . 3114 

co nt ai ns no pe na lty or en fo rc em en t pr ov isio ns a nd th e sole s an cti on con tem pl at ed 

in H.R . 2335 is a fine of “n ot m ore th an $100,” a remed y w hi ch in ma ny in ­

st an ce s wou ld be in ap pro priate or ineffective. N ei th er bil l wou ld pr ov id e gu ideline s to a ssis t in th e d et er m in at io n o f z one bou nd ar ie s.

In vi ew of th e for eg oing , and co nsi der in g th e m an y fr u str a ti o n s we ha ve en ­

co un te re d ov er th e ye ar s in adm in is te ri ng t he p re se nt S ta n d ard Tim e Act, we belie ve th a t th e ea rly att ain m ent of a stab le, or de rly, an d un if orm system of tim e 

st an d ard s will be st be ac hiev ed by en ac tm en t of co m pr eh en sive le gi slat io n such 

as t h a t pr op os ed in H.R. 4702 a nd in H.R . 11483.

R es pe ct fu lly su bm itt ed .

Abe McGregor Gof f. Ch airm an .

U. S. D epar tm en t of J us tice,

Au gu st 21,1963.

Hon . Oren H arr is,

Chairman, Committee on Interst ate and Foreign Commerce.

House of Re presentatives,

Wa shing ton , D.C.

Dear Mr. Cha irma n : T hi s is in resp on se to your re ques t fo r th e vie ws of 

th e D ep art m ent of Ju st ic e co nc er ni ng th e bill (H .R . 7801) to es ta bl ish a unifo rm sy stem of tim e st andard s and m ea su re m en t fo r th e U ni te d Sta te s an d to 

re quir e t h e ob serv an ce of su ch ti m e st andard s fo r a ll p urpo se s.

T he act of March 10. 1018. as am en de d (40 Sta t. 45 0: 15 U.S.C . 261. et se q.), 

pr ov id es fo r st andard tim e of t h e U ni te d Sta te s. The la w h as be en he ld to mak e 

st an d ard tim e ap plicab le on ly (1 ) to th e mov em en t of comm on carr ie rs en ­

gaged in in te rs ta te or fo re ig n co m m er ce : (2 ) to U.S. officia ls an d dep ar tm en ts ; 

an d (3 ) to all ac ts done by an y pe rs on s under F edera l st atu te s, or de rs, ru les.
UNIFORM TIME 23

and regulations. So constru ed it is not exclusive of Sta te actio n on the same 

subject matter. Massach usetts Sta te Grange v. Benton, 10 F. 2d 515 affirmed 

272 U.S. 525. Apparently, und er this view, a Sta te may esta blish daylight saving time for all or certain pa rts of the State, for certain cities or are as of larg e 

popu lation concentrations, for State offices and officials in performance of their 

duties and for other purposes. The hill, which would be cited as “The Sta ndard Time Act of 1963,” would 

repeal the present sta nd ard time law, which provides for five sta ndard time zones, and establish a uniform system of time and fix the standard of time measurement for the United States including the States of Alaska and Haw aii, 

consisting of eight tim e zones. Pen alties would be provided for violations of the 

measure. Whether the bill should be enacted involves a question of policy concerning 

which the Department of J ustic e prefers to m ake no recommendation. The Bureau of the Budget has advised th at there is no objection to the sub ­

mission of this report from the standpoint of the adminis tration’s program. 

Sincerely yours,

Nicholas deB. Katzenbach,

Deputy A ttom ey General.

Department of th e Navy,

Office of th e Secret'ary, 

Washington, D.C., A ugus t 13, 1963.

Hon. Oren Harris.

Chairman, Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

My Dear Mr. Chair man : Your request for comment on II.R. 4702 and H.R. 

6284, rela ted bills to establish a uniform time system for the United States, and for other purposes, has been assigned to this Dep artm ent by the Secretary of 

Defense for the pre paration of a report thereon, expressing the views of the 

Departme nt of Defense. Except during the two World Wars, uniform ity with respect to the observance 

of daylight saving time has not existed in the United States. Whether day­ ligh t saving time is used or not and the periods during which it is in effect are matt ers for local determ ination. It is in general not possible to tell with certai nty what time is kept in a particular locality on a given date.

The Department of the Navy, on behalf of the Dep artm ent of Defense, supp orts the enac tment of legislation to provide for a uniform system of time for the United States. No preference however, is expressed as to the many bills pending before the 88th Congress.

This repo rt has been coordinated within the Dep artm ent of Defense in accordance with procedures prescribed by th e Secretary of Defense.

The Bureau of the Budget advises tha t, from the sta ndpoi nt of the admin­ ist ratio n’s program, there is no objection to the pre sen tation of this report for 

the consideration of the committee.

Sincerely yours,

C. R. Rear, Jr..

Captain, U.S. Navy,

Deputy Chief

(F or the Secre tary of the N avy).

Department of th e Navy,

Office of th e Secretary,

Office of Legislative Affairs, 

Washington, D.C., J une 30 ,196-iHon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

My Dear Mr. Chairma n : Your request for comment on H.R. 11407 and H.R. 

11483, relate d bills to establish a uniform time system for th e United States, and 

for oth er purposes, has been assigned to this Dep artm ent by the Secretary of Defense for the preparatio n of a report thereon expressing the views of the 

Department of Defense.
24 UNIFORM TIME

Except during the two World Wars, uniformity with respect to the observance 

of daylight saving time has not existed in the United States. Whether daylight 

time is used or not and the periods during which i t is in effect are matters for 

local determination. It is in general not possible to tell with certainty what time 

is kept in a particular locality on a given date. The Department of the Navy, on behalf of the Department of Defense, supports the enactment of legislation to provide for a uniform system of time for the 

United States. However, the Department defers to the Department of Commerce 

as to its preference of the many bills pending before the 88th Congress.

This report has l>een coordinated within the Department of Defense in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

The Bureau of the Budget advises that, from the standpoint of the administration’s program, there is no objection to the presentation of this report for the 

consideration of the committee.

Sincerely yours, C. R. Rear, Jr.,

Captain, U.S. Navy,

Deputy Chief

(For the Secretary of the Navy).

Office of the Postmaster General,

Washington, D.C., June 25, 1963.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, Committee on Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce, House of R epre sentatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reply to your request for our comments on the 

bill (H.R. 4702) proposing to establish a uniform system of time standards for 

the United States. This bill provides for mandatory use of time standards 

throughout the country and prescribes regulatory powers for the Government and 

penalties for noncompliance. We favor the general objectives of this bill to eliminate the confusion resulting from a lack of uniformity in the adoption of daylight saving time by various 

jurisdictions. The measure, however, though providing for a desirable uniformity in dates for the daylight changeovers for all those jurisdictions which 

will use daylight time, falls short of the goal of complete uniformity by failing 

to prescribe daylight time for all jurisdictions.

The establishment of an additional time zone for the New England States to be 

known as Atlantic time will require this Department to make substantial mail 

transportation schedule changes. It will also affect our ability to provide overnight sendee from the eastern zone to the Atlantic zone because of the 1-hour 

differential.

Section 8 of the bill, for instance, would authorize establishment of subzones 

within the standard zones transferring them eastw ard to the next adjacent 

standard time zone during the period from the last Sunday in April to the last 

Sunday in October. Though giving the effect of daylight time to the subzone, it 

continues the present undesirable situation of having daylight time in one part 

of a standard zone but not in another.

Though a mandatory and uniform daylight time for the country as a whole 

would best serve the interest of mail transportation the proposed legislation is 

at least a step in the right direction, and for tha t reason we favor its enactment. 

It will, we believe, in some measure benefit mail transportation by definitely 

fixing daylight time areas and standardizing the date periods.

The Bureau of the Budget has advised tha t from the standpoint of the administration’s program, there is no objection to the submission of this report to 

the committee.

Sincerely yours,

J. Edward Day, Postmaster General.

Mr. Long. The H onorable Clarence D. Martin, Jr., the Under Secreta ry for Transportation. Department of Commerce, has submitted 

his Department’s report in the form of a statement which is dated 

Jun e 18, 1964. If th ere is no objection, t hat statement will appear at 

this point in the record.
UN IFOR M TIME 25

(The statement mentioned follows:)

Statement of Clabence D. Martin, J r., Under Secretary for Transport A T io N r

Department of Commerce

Mr. C hairman and members of the subcommittee, I app reciate the opportunity 

to make this stateme nt in connection with the intere st of the Deparment of 

Commerce in these several bills which seek to improve our system of time zones 

in the U nited States and also deal with the confusion resulting fro m present daylight time practices.

Good time zone legislation is a matt er of concern to the Departme nt of Commerce. Confusing time practic es are wasteful, expensive, and a burden on 

commerce.

Since 1918 we have limped along w ith uns atisfactory time legislation. Wholly 

ap ar t from the problem of daylight saving time, the time zones prescribed pu rsua nt to the 1918 act are not universally observed except w ith respect to the few’

* ma tte rs as to which they are compulsory. With the addition of daylight saving 

time to the problem, the confusion is compounded since some areas observe daylight saving time, others do not, and there is no u nanimity as to the duratio n of 

the day light saving period. The record is replete with striking stories of mul-

, tiple time changes within a rela tively sh ort distance, a classic example being th at

* of the seven changes over a 40-mile s tretch of highway not fa r from the Nation’s 

Capital.

Today’s hea ring involves 10 bills. H.R. 6284, H.R. 11206, H.R. 11310, and H.R. 

11407 ar e all aimed specifically at the problem of day ligh t saving time. H.R. 

11206 and H.R. 11310 are identical. Although there is a good deal of difference 

among these bills none of them goes beyond an attempt to solve this vexing p ar t 

of the total time problem. While I recognize the importance of a solution to the 

day ligh t saving question, I am firmly of the opinion th at it represents only one 

featu re of the tota l time problem and it would be unwise to deal with it separately when we have an opportu nity to deal with the total time problem. In 

fact, the Departm ent of Commerce does not believe it is desirable to make daylight saving time auto matically compulsory by statute. Large segments of our 

population have manifiested preferen ces for either day ligh t saving or for yearround sta ndard time and we believe that it should be feasible for the wishes of 

both these groups to be sub sta ntially accommodated within a uniform system 

adm inistere d by the Intersta te Commerce Commission.

H.R. 2335 and H.R. 2532 would prohibit the adoption of daylight saving time 

for any period or are as notwithstand ing any amount of public or local supp ort 

for its adoption. While they w’ould have the merit of establishing uniform time 

standard s, supported by modest enforcement provisions, they are inade quate in 

seve ral oth er respects. They fail to meet the need of Alaska for additional 

zones ; they would not authorize revision of existing zone boundarie s, some of 

which have been severely criticized as un realist ic; and they do not provide for 

exceptions required for important scientific and technical needs of the Nation.

H.R. 3114 would estab lish 24 sta ndard time zones each of which w’ould be 

designated as a U.S. stan dard time zone with an app rop riate number, counting 

wes t and ea st from Greenwich, England, where U.S. time zone 1 w’ould be 

establish ed. These zones would have geometrically precise boundaries at 15°

* interv als of longitude. The prescribed time w’ould be maintained throughout 

the year and w’ould govern the movement of carriers subject to U.S. regulation, 

Feder al departm ents and agencies, and the time of performance of acts and 

accrual and term ination of rig hts und er Feder al law. Other time standard s 

could be established and used for any o ther purposes.

< We envisage a number of difficulties if H.R. 3114 were to be enacted into law.

The rigid estab lishm ent of zonal boundaries with no flexib ility would 

undoubtedly lead to a res ult th at a number of cities and even buildings w’ithin 

citie s would be cut in two by boundaries and would fall into different time 

zones. Moreover, the bill would sha re the weakness of the 1918 sta tute in 

fail ing to achieve time uniformity except with respe ct to certa in extremely 

limited applications, such as movement of carriers, Fed eral business, and the 

like. It also poses serious difficulties for the Weather Bureau, a con stituen t 

un it of this Departmen t. The Bu rea u is concerned th at the provisions of H.R. 

3114 mig ht be interpreted in a way to hamper its meteorological operations a nd 

perhap s those of other scientific agencies. The We ather Burea u has estim ated 

th at the b ill might cost i t as much as $750,000 and require 50 positions annually 

by necessitatin g conversion and recording of time designations of meteorological
26 UNIFORM TIME

observations of the United State s prior to intern ational exchange in order to 

comply with international agreem ents. Becau se of these rather serious defects and deficiencies the Departm ent of 

Commerce is unable to recommend enactmen t of H.R. 3114. As for the thre e rem aining bills, H.R. 4702 and H.R. 7891 are subs tantially the same as to content and effect. H.R. 4702 is a companion bill to S. 1033 and was introduced at the req ues t of the In terstate Commerce Commission. H.R. 11483 is identical with S. 1033 as re ported by the Senate. On April 29 and 30, 1963, the Senate Committee on Commerce held hear­ ings on S. 1033 and two othe r bills. I was privileged to testify on th at occa­ sion. As a result, I believe, of a consensus developed at th at time, the Sen­ ate committee reported a ra th er sub stan tially revised version of S. 1033 which includ es a number of suggestions originating in our own Department. We consider H.R. 11843 to be generally an excellent piece of legislation and we endorse it in principle, sub ject to reservations as to cer tain provisions of 

section 7. H.R. 11483 appears to be a sensible and reasonable compromise between the position of a str ict sta tutory Federal time and the position of no compulsion wha teve r. Under the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission, zone boundaries would be esta blished which would correspond generally with boun­ daries presently in use. Fo r the convenience of the public an additional time zone would be established on the eastern seaboard to be known as the Atla ntic time zone and to the west thr ee additional zones would be established to be known respectively a s Yukon, A laska-Hawaii, and Bering. As to daylight saving time, the bill would auth orize the Commission to deter­ mine the boundary of one ad vanced time or daylight saving subzone within each zone. Daylight saving time would begin on the last Sunday in April and would end on the las t Sunday in October in all subzones so establish ed. This period coincides with the gre at ma jor ity of dayligh t saving time programs now observed throughout the country . No point or area might be included in an adva nced time subzone for which the standard time of the zone to the east to which the subzone is tem porarily tran sfe rre d would be m ore tha n 1 hour and 30 min utes ahead of local mean sol ar time. Local wishes would have to be taken into account on both the adoption of daylight saving time and its geographical 

extent. The time established by the Commission pursu ant to the bill would be the exclusive time for the tra nsa ction of all public business by agencies or dep art­ ments of the United States, by common carriers engaged in intersta te or foreign commerce, and for communication by wire or radio. It would also be the time for the performance of act s and the accrual or termin atio n of rights und er Federal law and regulations. Except in these respects it would not be compulsory. I note, however, a new feature , not found in present law or in other proposals, which I believe would develop a good deal of desirable leverage in the direction of u nif orm ity: namely, the requ irem ent th at communication by wire or radio be expressed in term s of the prescribed standard time. The Commission is also authorized and directed to foster widespread and uniform adoption of the time sta nd ards provided in the bill by Sta tes and the ir sub­ divisions. In our judgment these provisions fall short of the rigid or excessive Federal compulsion which is felt by many to be objectionable. Returnin g to the subject of daylight saving or adva nced time. I should like to express our endorsement of the care and moderation with which th at dif ­ ficult subject is approached in H.R. 11483. The term “day light saving time,” itself a source of many confusions, would be eliminated. This would be accom­ plished by transf err ing the advanced time subzone during the applicable period from the end of April to the end of October to the zone immediately to its eas t and making the legal time of the subzone the sta ndard tim e of the zone into which it is temp orarily so tra nsf err ed. Ample provision is made for hearings and investigations, for c onsultation with State Governors, and for petitions and hearings to which the Admin istrativ e Procedure Act would apply with respect 

to the establishm ent of zones and subzones. However, the autho rity and discretion of the Commission to establish advanced time subzones would be limited in two important respects. First, only a single subzone could be established in each zone. This might have the effect of forcing the Commission to choose in some cases between unattrac tive alter­ natives, where it would be necessary eith er to exclude an are a which desired 

advanced time, or to include an are a which did not want it.
UNIFORM TIME 27

The second concerns the geographic limitation of ad vanc ed time subzones which 

results from the provision th at area s may not be included if the mean s olar time differen tial exceeds 1 hou r and 30 minutes. We understand this to mean tha t, generally speaking, in most zones and are as the w este rnm ost p arts of the zones would be ineligible for advanced or daylight saving time no matter how great 

the local desire fo r it might be. We believe th at f ur ther c onsidera tion should be given to whether these restr ic­ tions upon the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to establish day ­

ligh t saving time are necessary and in the public intere st. It is our belief th at H.R. 11483 would have the effect of achieving a desirable degree of uniformity in our timekeeping practices—fa r more tha n we have at present. Subject to the reserv ations expressed in this statem ent we consider it 

to be a good bill and recommend i ts enactment.

Mr. Long. First, we have several bills which would make standard 

time mandatory all year round. In this category we have bills by Representative Gray of Illinois (H.R. 2335) and Representative Price of Illinois (H.R. 2532) as well as a bill introduced by Congressman 

Staggers, the chairman of this subcommittee (H.R. 3114). Next, we have several bills which would make daylight saving time mandatory during certain calendar periods—H.R. 6284 by Repre­ sentative Fulton of Tennessee and H.R. 11407 introduced bv the cha ir­ man of our full committee, Representative Oren Harris of Arkansas. A third category consists of bills which would fix specific dates on which daylight time would begin and end in those jurisdictions which observe daylight time. Here we have H.R. 11206 by Representative Fra ser of Minnesota, H.R. 11310 by Representative Karth of Minnesota, and H.R. 11672 by Representative Corman of California. Fourth, we have bills introduced by the chairman of our full com­ mittee, H.R, 4702 and H.R. 7891, introduced by Mr. Staggers. These bills incorporate the recommendations of the ICC on the subject of time uniformity and provide for mandatory observance of standard and daylight time zones for Federal, State, and local purposes. Finally, we have H.R. 11483 which Congressman Staggers intro­ duced in order to bring before the subcommittee a bill identical with a bill (S. 1033) reported in the other body by the Senate Commerce Committee. This bill is based on the ICC bill which I just mentioned but it would make time uniformity mandatory only for Federal 

activities and interstate transportation and communications. This represents a short rundown of the bills on which we are holding hearings this morning, and without anything fur the r we shall hear from our first witness this morning, who is Congressman Donald 

Fraser of the State of Minnesota. Congressman Fraser, would you come forth and proceed in your own order please. We are of course happy to have you and happy to have 

your views on this matter.

STATEMENT OF HON. DONALD M. FRASER, A REPRESENTATIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MINNESOTA

Mr. Fraser. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and members of 

the committee. First, may I express my appreciation for the opportunity to testify and fo r the fact t hat the committee is holding hearings on this subject. It is one that plagued me for many years as a member our of State legislature and now appears to be an issue th at plagues Congress, but 

it is one I think tha t does have to be resolved.
28 UNIFOR M TIME

I am happy to appear today in support of H.R. 11206, a bill which 

I introduced in order to provide a uniform period of daylight saving 

time.

This bill would simply have all daylight saving time begin at 2 a.m. 

on the last Sunday of April and continue until 2 a.m. on the last 

Sunday of October each year. The cities and States which have elected 

to go on daylight saving time would all shift on and oft' daylight saving 

time on the same day.

This bill is a straightforw ard measure designed to eliminate needless confusion. The need for standardization is apparent in this era 

of interlocking State and regional economies. It is apparent in this 

era of jet travel and continental superhighways. It is apparent when 

many people work and live in different localities and even different 

States.

Some local authorities have found themselves faced with a dilemma 

in deciding on the effective dates of daylight saving. In my own State 

of Minnesota, Duluth was torn between starting daylight saving with 

other Minnesota cities at the end of May or earlier when its twin port 

of Superior, Wis., changed.

Othe r cities bordering neighboring States and Canada altered their 

dayligh t savings period to conform with their neighbors across the 

border. While confusion within these communities was thus minimized, the fact is th at these cities clearly acted in violation of State 

law. Because of the lack of time uniformity local communities have 

undertaken the dangerous precedent of violating State law.

The virtues of local autonomy are many, but to the businessman or 

tourist, the varying dates of changeover must seem idle caprice. For 

example, in the Midwest the traveler is faced with the following situation : Chicago observes central daylight time from the last Sunday in 

April to the last Sunday in October. Minneapolis is on daylight saving time from the first Sunday in May to after Labor Day. Milwaukee, 

which is situated between Chicago and Minneapolis, changes over to 

daylight time the same time as Chicago but returns to standard time 

on a different date from both Minneapolis and Chicago.

The common carrier serving these cities must take account of five 

different shifts in time. The traveler who wants to make a train or an 

appointment during the spring or autumn months must master both 

the latest time schedule and his temper. Similar situations exist 

throughout the country.

Many States, including my own, are interested in promoting travel 

and tourism. I suggest that eliminating annoying time differences 

both within and between States would help this objective. Certainly 

foreign visitors must be dismayed by the frequent differences of time 

in what is supposed to be one great Nation.

As it is now, no one governmental agency is ever sure what the 

latest daylight saving changeover date is on a community by community basis. Local and State legislation frequently revises dates.

The transportation industry’s committee for time uniformity has 

therefore tried to provide data on current practice. According to 

the ir recent survey, of the 29 States observing daylight saving time 

on both a statewide and local option basis, all but 5 States switch to 

dayligh t saving time the last Sunday in April. Fo r this reason, I 

have used this most common starting date in my bill even though most 

of my own State of Minnesota currently observes a later date.
UN IFO RM TIME 29

The most frequently used date to return to standard time is also 

the date contained in this bill, the fou rth Sunday in October—though 

a wide variety of dates exist. Communities in Iowa, for instance, 

returned to standard time last year on six different dates ranging 

from August 25 to October 27.

There seems to be no good reason for all of this variance. Un ­

doubtedly many States and communities chose their changeover dates 

without any real awareness of the need for uniformity. Nevertheless, 

the need does exist. We need to correct current practices and prevent 

further confusion in the future.

Standardization of day ligh t saving time would result in cost savings to airlines, buslines, and railroads as the need to change schedules 

would become less frequent. It would eliminate some annoying time 

confusion for the traveler, whether he is going by automobile or public 

transp ortation. Broadcasting and communications in general would 

benefit.

My bill would provide for a standard 6 months of daylight saving 

time for those States and communities which utilize daylight saving. 

It would not impose any unwanted change to daylight saving on 

those sections of our country which prefer standard time. It would 

only amend the existing Standard Time Act, enacted in 1918, to 

provide for a uniform period of daylight saving time.

May I emphasize that my interest is in uniformity. The beginning 

and ending dates proposed in my bill reflect the practices of the 

majority of the States. 1 migh t suggest a possible variation the committee could explore: Require uniform ity in the dates but provide 

that the dates for beginning and the dates for ending would be those 

which a majority of the States observing daylight saving time favored 

at any given time as indicated by resolutions adopted by the respective 

legislatures and maintained on file with Congress or the executive 

branch.

Thus, for example, the bill could provide for the beginning and 

ending dates now observed by the majority of States having some 

daylight saving time, but provide that if a majority of such States 

should favor by resolution a different beginning or ending date, then 

upon appropria te certification the next period of daylight saving 

would begin or end on such revised date. I do not urge such a provision, but merely suggest its possible use if there are many who wish 

to preserve a maximum of State determination while retaining uniformity.

In my own State of Minnesota, a recent statewide poll showed tha t 

a majority of State residents favor congressional action to set uniform 

time limits for all States choosing to go on daylight saving time.

Minnesotans 20 years ago favored the retention of standard time 

throughout the year. Only in 1957 did m ajority support for daylight 

saving time emerge. The subsequent confusion within Minnesota 

over startin g and terminating dates resulted in a special session of 

the legislature to set the dates in 1959. To this internal confusion has 

now been added the inconvenience and illegal practices of local communities in choosing th eir own starting times.

As a result, Minnesota residents are asking the Federal Government 

to set a uniform time period for daylight saving. This is true for 

both those who support and those who oppose having d aylig ht saving
30 UNIF ORM TIME

in Minnesota at all. I ask Mr. Chairman, that the results of this poll 

as published in the Minneapolis Tribune on June 14, 1964, be made 

a part of this record.

Mr. Long. Without objection it is so ordered.

(The statement referred to follows:)

Min ne so ta P oll : 58 P erce nt Say Congr ess Shoul d D ecide Date s for D aylig ht

Saving

(Copyri ght 1964, M inneap olis Sta r & T rib un e Co.)

Minnesota ns ar e div ide d on whe ther to st art da yligh t savin g tim e (DS T) in 

late April or in late May, hu t a major ity of St ate resid en ts think it would be 

be tte r if Congress set un ifo rm lim its for all States who us e it.

In a sta tewi de s urv ey by th e Minne apo lis Tr ibun e’s M inn eso ta poll, 58 percen t 

of the people interv iew ed fa vo r havin g Con gres s estab lish un ifo rm dat es for 

da ylight time.

More th an a t hird of th e men an d women (35 p ercent) th in k each St ate should 

ma ke th at decision ra th er th an Congress. Seven percent ei th er offer othe r 

sug ges tions, such as dro pping da yl ig ht tim e altogeth er, or ha ve no opinion.

On th e que stio n of w hen to sta rt a dva nce d time, 43 perc ent of the people prefer 

la te A pril and 45 percent fa vo r l ate May.

Th e switch ove r to DST in Minn esota was com plic ated th is ye ar because some 

comm unitie s like Du lut h and Wino na st ar te d 4 week s ah ea d of the official d ate.

T ha t development led Rep rese ntativ e Don ald Fra se r of Min nea polis to intro ­

duce a bill in the U.S. House of Re presen tat ives calling fo r da yligh t tim e to 

begin each year on the la st Su nd ay in April and continue un til th e la st Sunda y 

in O ctobe r. His hill w ould app ly ju st to DS T S tates.

Inter view ing in th e sur vey was done in la te May, ri ght a t the time most 

Minne sotans were adv ancin g th eir clocks ahead 1 hour. A represen tativ e sam ­

plin g of 600 men and wom en w as as ked :

“On the whole, do you like or dis lik e hav ing da ylight sa vin g time durin g the 

sum me r m onths ?”

Th e r ep li es :

[In percent]

Tota l M en Wo men

Like d ay ligh t ti m e__ ___ . __ _____ _____ ____ _______ 61

32

7

68

28

4

54

37

9

Dislike i t - _____________. . . . ____________ . . . ___ .

No op in io n___________ _________ _ ______________________

T o ta l_____ _____________________ __________________ 100 100 100

As h as been indicated in seve ral pa st M inneso ta poll sur vey s, str on ge st sup port 

for DS T is voiced by people in th e 21 to 39 age rang e (73 pe rc en t like it ), and 

by resid en ts of Minneapolis. St. Pau l and Du lut h (al so 73 pe rc en t).

Tw ice as many far m resid en ts disli ke fa st tim e (67 pe rcen t do) as like it (30 

pe rc en t).

Peo ple a lso w ere as ked :

“Minn eso ta officially begins da yl ig ht sav ing tim e each ye ar on the fourth Sunday in May. In man y par ts of th e Un ited Sta tes , it begins in la te April. If you 

ha d to choose, would you pr ef er to have Minne sota go on da yl ig ht tim e in la te 

April, or w ai t u ntil l ate M ay? ”

Men an d women fail to see eye-to-eye on this que stion :

[In p erc ent ]

Tot al M en Women

Sta rt la te in A pr il-_______ ______ ________________ _________ 43 53 34

La te M a y .. __________ ______________________ 45 36 54

Oth er an sw er s__________________________________ . 5 4 5

No o p in io n .............. . . . . _______________ . . 7

T ota l. ____________ _____________________ 100 100 100
UNIFORM TIME 31

Six out of ten adults who like daylight time (61 percent) favor startin g it in 

late April; a higher proportion who dislike it (64 percent) prefer keeping the 

late May starting date.

The final question in the series w as :

“Which do you think is better—that Congress decide when daylight time 

should start and end for all States tha t use it, or th at each S tate decide that for 

itself?”

The responses of different types of State residen ts:

[In percent]

Le t Congress decide

Le t each 

State decide

Other and 

no opinion

All a d u lt s__ ____ _______________ __________ 58 35 7

Me n_________________ _____________________________ 58 34 8

Wom en____ _______ . __ _ . ___________ 59 35 6

Resid ents of Twin Cities an d Duluth___________________ 61 34 5

Smaller cities_____ _______________________ _____ 61 36 3

To wn____ . ____ _ ... ... ________ .. .. . 64 25 11

Fa rm .. ... ____________ . _______________ . _ _ 42 47 11

People who:

Like DST _________________________________ 60 36 4

Dislike D ST ________________________________ _____ 53 35 12

Mr. Fraser. The Federal Government is responsible for the wellbeing of all its citizens. It is concerned with economic waste wherever 

it appears. We cannot afford to waste the resources of our country, 

particularly when the cause of this waste can easily be corrected. For 

this reason, I have sponsored this legislation. I urge its immediate 

adoption to correct current anomalies and to provide one future uniform daylight saving period.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Thank you, Mr. Fraser. You don’t have any doubt in 

your mind but what if a uniform system were adopted it would remove 

the practices in some of these communities of choosing their own 

startin g times, do you ?

Mr. F raser. I don’t believe tha t it would necessarily end the desire 

to do this, but I think as a practical matter it would eliminate it because of the fact tha t there was one national uniform standard for 

daylight saving.

For example, part of the problem in our own community is reflected in the fact that Minneapolis and St. Paul, the metropolitan 

center of our State, is located only 30 miles from Wisconsin, and Wisconsin has different beginning and ending dates. Duluth and Superior are twin ports, one in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota, and 

both States observe daylight saving.

If there were uniform dates then there would be no problem of this 

kind. On the western border of Minnesota where we border South 

and North Dakota, if those States elected not to go on daylight saving 

time there might still be that urge for a community rig ht across the 

border to want to conform to their neighboring areas, but I think 

tha t once it was settled that there was going to be a national pattern 

you should observe it. You should either go on it or not go on it. 

Then there would be no problem.

As a matter of fact, I might just add the problem even then would 

be limited to the choice of not going on at all or going on, and we 

preserve this autonomy in our bill. We don’t require that a whole 

State go on. We only say if you go on, then you should go on at 

tha t certain date.
32 UNIFORM TIME

As I reflect on your question, I clo believe it would eliminate just 

about all of the problems.

Mr. Long. Mr. Van Deerlin.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you. Mr. Fraser, my esteemed colleague, 

represents a State in which I once worked for 3 years and represents 

some communities where it seems to me tha t daylight saving time 

would be rather an academic thing, anyhow. I remember Mark 

Twain’s definition of D uluth as a place where they have 11 months of 

winter and 1 month of poor sledding. Why do you stop short of complete uniformity in your proposal? Why would it still be convenient 

for North and South Dakota not to be on daylight saving time righ t 

across the border from Minnesota, which is on daylight saving time ?

Mr. Fraser. I thin k tha t the opposition to daylight saving time 

as we saw it in our State tended to come from the rural communities. 

It has been primarily in the metropolitan areas tha t we found a demand for it. In the Dakotas we find a largely rural State and if the 

people of that State would prefer not to go on to daylight saving time 

I don't see any compelling reason to require them to do so, so I would 

limit, the uniformity only to saying tha t if they did it, then they must 

observe this date.

Mr. Van Deerlin. I s there not still some inconvenience to railroads 

and tourists traveling throu gh States and getting this seemingly unnecessary time readjustment?

Mr. Fraser. Well, there are some inconveniences, but I would say 

tha t if we were to pass the limited version that I am suggesting we 

would have cured 75 to 90 percent of the problems, and I think i t is 

presented on a much more tolerable basis. Frankly , in terms of tryin g 

to get a bill through Congress, to enlist the support of those Members 

whose communities have no interest in daylight saving, I think it 

might be a formidable task to compel all States to go on daylight saying, so it may be a matter of attempting to reach for that which is 

within reach.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Because this would not seem io be a subject matter in which the emotional response to a S tate’s rights would be especially strong. Would you agree ?

Mr. Fraser. The resort to that argument I think may be made any 

time it serves the cause of the person who is in opposition.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Yes, but here of course is an area such as the 

minting of money, or standard weights and measures, rather than great 

sociological change.

Mr. Fraser. Yes. The point you make is, I think, very true, tha t 

this does not involve fundamental social changes in our society or 

community.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Except perhaps to farmers. I notice that the 

Minnesota poll gives a breakdown by sex, that men and women fail to 

see eye to eye, and I haven't read it closely enough to know whether 

women would stay in bed an hour longer or get up an hour earlier. 

But you don’t have any separate record of how farmers feel about 

this. You do not speak for the farmers of Minnesota, I know, re presenting the constituency that you do in Minneapolis, but has farmers’ 

thinking changed on th is in recent years, do you know? They have 

been pretty solidly against daylight saving time, haven’t they?
UN IFOR M TIME 33

Mr. Fraser. Yes. I should perhaps draw attention to the second 

paragraph on the right-hand column where the poll results are stated 

as follows: “Twice as many farm residents dislike fast time * * * as 

like it,” so I think it is true t ha t in our rural communities there is still 

considerable opposition to daylight saving, but I would only supplement th at observation with the fact th at of those who dislike daylight 

saving there is still a substantial majority who would like to have Congress set uniform dates if we are to have it. Tha t is indicated at the 

bottom of the poll.

Mr. Van Deerlin. In other words, they would like to make the best 

of a bad thing?

Mr. Fraser. Tha t is right.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Mr. Curtin.

Mr. Curtin. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Mr. Fraser, thank you very kindly. As I said before, 

we appreciate your coming.

Mr. Fraser. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. L ong. The next witness is Congressman Fulton of the State of 

Tennessee. Air. Fulton, will you come forward, please. We are 

happy to have you. It is my understanding you have a gentleman 

with you you would like to accompany you. Feel free to bring him 

on up if you would like and identify him for the record and conduct 

it any way you see fit.

STATEM ENT OF HON. RICH AR D H. FULTON. A RE PR ES EN TA TIVE 

IN CONGRESS FROM TH E STA TE OF TENN ESSEE

Air. Fulton. All right. I will introduce my witness from Nashville after I complete my testimony.

Air. Chairman, may I take this opportunity to say how pleased I 

am to be afforded this opportunity to appear before you today in behalf of legislation which I think will put an end to the confusion 

arising from the annual advent of the saving time season.

A 2 a.m., Sunday, April 26 of this year, the Nation was thrown 

anew into the annual time scramble. On tha t date in 24 States, clocks 

were advanced 1 hour. The move affected over half the Nation’s 

population, over 100 million persons, stretching from Alaine to California and running from Minnesota to New Alexico.

After April 26, five more States joined in the observance of daylight 

saving time. Thus, daylight saving time, before the clocks are 

returned to standard observance, will have been observed in 29 States 

to some degree. I say to some degree because, as the enclosed chart 

will show, not all States are uniform in their observance of this socalled fast time. Indeed, there are 13 States where observance is on 

a local option or some other basis. In addition, in 21 States there will 

be no observance at all.

Thus, we find that while there is some pattern of observance of daylight saving time in this Nation each year, the picture is more accurately described as one of confusion rath er than clarity. Obviously, 

all this time confusion has an effect on our lives.

And how does this have effect ? Air. Chairman, to begin with, there 

is the personal inconvenience which one suffers. For example: when
34 UNIF ORM TIM E

we in Washington advanced onr clocks an hour last April 26, our 

time here moved 2 hours ahead of the standard time observed in my 

congressional district, Metropolitan Nashville-Davidson County, 

Tenn. In other words when it is 8 a.m. here, it is only 6 a.m. in 

Nashville less than 500 miles to the west, and yet the time differential 

is exactly the same in the Texas-Oklahoma region, 1,500 miles to the 

west. I might say here that Tennessee does have a rath er strange situation. 

The State legislature in 1947 outlawed daylight saving time. We had 

a very powerful man in the State legislature at tha t time who lived 

only 35 miles from the capital city and because the city was observing 

fast time and his small town was not he missed his bus to Nashville, 

and he was so angry the following morning that he introduced a bill 

in the State legislature and because of his great influence the bill 

passed, and so we do have a law in Tennessee th at prohibits us from 

having daylight saving time even in any area.

The fact is in 1956 there was a movement started for the voluntary 

adoption of central day light time on a publicly stated date. Everyone 

would simply turn his clock back an hour. This problem was very 

difficult and it was not mandatory, and government agencies were expressly prohibited from observing this fast time. We like to think, 

and we do think, th at particularly metropolitan Nashville is progressive, and along these lines of progressiveness we just last year adopted 

a new metropolitan government which took in our entire county system, and the Nashville Chamber of Commerce and both of our daily 

newspapers have editorially endorsed the uniform daylight saving 

time bill that I have before you today.

There are of course personal inconveniences which can be endured. 

There are, however, additional effects of this situation which are more 

serious and of greater significance.

The time gap created by the nonuniformity of savings time observance can work a serious hardship upon the conduct of commerce and 

business. For instance, when persons in Nashville, Memphis, and New 

Orleans wish to conduct business with the great trade centers of the 

East, they discover th at they must call before 10 a.m., or the people 

back east have gone to lunch. By the time the easterner has returned 

from lunch, there is about an hour for business before the folks in 

Tennessee and Louisiana are at lunch. When they, in turn return to 

the ir offices, it is almost time for the eastern commuters to leave their 

businesses for the day.

This may seem to be an exaggeration but I can tell you th at communication at this time of year between my office and Nashville is 

extremely difficult in terms of contacting people. But there are still 

more adverse effects caused by these annual time switches.

There are certain industries and the transportation industry is a 

good example, which suffer a serious monetary loss because of these 

time changes.

Our Nation’s motorbus operators estimate they lose $250,000 a year 

in printing costs necessitated by the moving of the clock forward and 

back again in various States. The railroads allege that the printing 

of timetables to conform with local time shifts over the country costs 

them over a million dollars a year. Add to this total $1.6 million spent 

each year by the country’s broadcasters for facilities to tape and “save”
UNIFO RM TI ME 35

programs fo r showing in prime time around the Nation and this business of time switching becomes not only confusing but costly.

There is seemingly no limit on the improbability of situations which 

can be created by this confusion. We are all aware, I am sure, of 

tha t celebrated 35-mile ride between Steubenville, Ohio, and Moundsville, W. Va., which actually caricatures the matter. Until 1963, 

when the State of West Virginia made daylight saving time mandatory on a statewide basis, one could travel this 35-mile length of 

highway and actually change his clock seven times to conform to local 

time observance customs.

This is, admittedly, a rare and extreme case. But we must realize 

there is no law, regulation, or auth ority to assure this situation will 

not be repeated, and repeated often, in other areas of the United States 

at other times.

The Congress can and should put an end to this annual confusion. 

As a great nation of growing population and economic might, we cannot afford to have the conduct of our commerce and industry hindered 

in any way by the antiquated manner in which we deal with the problem of time.

The bill which I have introduced will end this annual confusion. It 

will do it by putting the Nation on mandatory daylight saving time 

for 3 months of each year. My bill, H.R. 6284, would require that all 

clocks in the Nation be moved ahead 1 hour on the last Sunday of May 

each year. They would revert to standard time on the first Sunday 

of September.

At this point, I would like to make these observations. The effective 

dates I recommend are not in harmony with the majority of those 

effective dates in States today observing daylight saving time. In 

other bills this committee will consider during these hearings, there 

are considerable variations in execution and termination of savingtime observance. Since the introduction of H.R. 6284, it has occurred 

to me tha t actually a 6-month observance beginning the last Sunday in April each year and term inating the last Sunday in October 

might comply more with the majority of States now observing saving 

time.

On the other hand, it is reported to me that many parents, especially 

parents of young children in the elementary grades, would prefer 

saving time only during the summer months while the children are 

out of school. It seems to me, however, tha t the 6-month period might 

be the most practical for the reasons mentioned above and I urge the 

committee to give its favorable consideration to the 6-month period 

in any bill which it might report.

This brings us to two very imp orta nt considerations. Do the people want daylight saving time and does the Congress have the authority to provide it ?

I submit th at there is widespread support for and approval of saving time in this Nation. In our most important and largest national 

trading center, the New York, New Jersey, New England area, some 34 

million Americans annually observe daylight saving time.

In the Middle West, the im portant lake-trade States of Wisconsin, 

Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, with a combined population in excess of 

28 million persons, annually observe daylight saving time.
36 UNIFORM TIME

The entire len gth o f o ur west coast, with its im po rta nt trade centers, 

observes da ylight sa ving time inv olv ing some 20 million Am erican s 

in the State s of W ashing ton, Oregon, and Ca lif or nia. Now, if you 

will add to thes e areas where daylight savin g tim e is not observed, 

bu t where the peo ple wish it were observed, you add significantly to 

the tot al of over 100 mi llio n Am eric ans cu rre ntly observi ng da ylig ht 

sav ing time each year.

One of these are as deprived of sav ing tim e is my own distr ict of 

Metr op oli tan N ash ville-David son C ounty , Tenn. The public su pp ort 

fo r saving tim e in th is tra de are a of nearly ha lf a million pers ons is 

illus tra ted by the s up po rt given my bill by the Nashv ille A rea Ch am ­

ber o f Comm erce; th e Nashv ille Tennessean, ou r mo rni ng n ew spap er; 

an d by the Nashv ille Ba nner, our evening new spa per. In ad dit ion , 

various civic grou ps have endorse d this prop osal for nationw ide 

observance of uniform d ay lig ht sav ing time.

The tre nd tod ay is to s avings time. Th e tren d in thi s Na tio n over 

th e past 80 yea rs has been to sav ing time as St at e af te r State , are a 

af te r area, and locale aft er locale move to observe it. W ith thi s tre nd 

to s avi ng time and with over ha lf our Na tio n's population obs erving 

it and addition al hu nd reds of tho usands of perso ns desiring t o do so 

if perm itte d, I belie ve it can be said in fai rness and with valid ity th at 

daylight savings time does e njoy the su pp ort of the people a nd th at it 

is desired.

Now, does the Congres s have the au thor ity to require nationw ide 

observance of un ifo rm da ylight savings time ?

The C onstitution s tates th a t:

The powers not deleg ated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 

prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the 

people.

I t would seem to me, af te r review of the Co nstituti on, this leg isl atio n proposed in IT.R. 6284 fal ls wi thin the pow ers which are del egated to the Uni ted States by the Co nstituti on when conside red in 

the lig ht of the powers delega ted to the Congres s to reg ula te in te rstate commerce as well as those dealing with fixing the stan da rd of 

weights and measures.

Of the two pow ers, the pow er to fix the stan da rd of weights an d 

measure s would seem to a fford t he prefe rab le source of au th ori ty ; fo r 

the measure of control the reb y vested in Congres s is ple nary, an d 

unencumbe red by juris dicti on al res tra ints.

Sho uld Congres s determi ne th at the na tio na l intere st requires uniform observance of a nat ion al sta nd ard fo r me asuring time du ring 

the winte r and summ er months , respec tive ly, the n an unass ailable 

pre sump tion of co ns titutiona lity immediately wou ld att ach thereto 

wi thou t the nece ssity of pro ving, as would be the case with sim ila r 

legisla tion gro un ded upon th e commerce clause, t ha t the F ed era l Govern me nt is co mpetent to p ree mp t the entire area to be regu lated ; th at 

is, Congress is possessed of powe r to exte nd the a pplication of i ts regu ­

lat ion o f time to unquestion ably local, or i nt ra stat e activities.

Eq ually complete avoidance o f lega l controvers y is less likely to lie 

achieved sub sequen tly to a decision to rest a nat ionwid e system of 

stan da rd and da yl ig ht sav ing time upo n the commerce power. Al-
UNIFO RM TIME 37

though the principle is well established (Houston, E. <b 1V.T.R. Co. v. 

U.S. 234 U.S. (1914)) tha t Congress is competent, in order to effect 

a regulation of interstate commerce, to extend the application of such 

regulation to all local activities which burden or adversely affect such 

commerce, nevertheless, there remains the possibility that certain local 

transactions, conducted in obedience to conflicting State or municipal 

standards for measuring time, would be viewed as having such a remote and tenuous connection with interstate commerce th at the application to the former of a national time standard could not constitutionally be required. Any such result manifestly would prevent the 

attainment of that uniformity of acceptance which is essential to the 

effective operation of a Federal regulation of time.

There would, therefore, a ppear to be no justifiable grounds for suspecting that the terms of my bill would be open to challenge. It might 

be well, however, to include specific language in the bill to preempt the 

power of States and localities.

To sum up, uniformity in time would bring order into the generally 

confused pattern of summer life in the country, in legal questions, contractual matters, licenses, recreation, and personal and business commitments. It would save costs in fuel for lighting, in printing of 

schedules, and other purposes.

Therefore, Mr. Chairman, I respectfully urge favorable consideration of H.R. 6284 by this committee.

(The attachment to Mr. Fniton ’s statement follows:)

Commit tee for Tim e Uni fo rm ity, Was hi ng to n, D.C.

I. EXT ENT OF OBSERVANCE IN 1963 OF DA YLIGH T SAVING TI M E IN THE UNITE D ST AT ES1

S ta te s o bs er vi ng day ligh t s av in g ti m e :

Sta te w id e (16) : S ta te w id e— Con. Not st at ew id e— Con

C al if orn ia Orego n Io w a

Con ne ct ic ut R ho de I sl an d M ar yla nd

D el aw ar e V er m on t M ichiga n

Il lino is W ash in gt on M in ne so ta

M aine W es t Virg in ia M isso ur i

M as sa ch use tts W isco ns in M on ta na

Nev ad a No t s ta te w id e (13 ) : New Me xic o

New H am psh ir e Color ad o Ohio

Ne w Je rs ey Id aho Pen ns yl va ni a

Ne w York In d ia n a V irgi ni a

Sta te s not ob se rv ing day light s av in g tim e (21 ) :

A la ba m a K ansa s Oklah om a

A la sk a K en tu ck y So uth Car ol in a

Ariz on a L ouis ia na So uth D ak ot a

A rk ansa s M ississ ip pi Ten ne ssee

F lo ri da N eb ra sk a Tex as

Geo rgia N orth C ar ol in a U ta h

H aw aii N ort h D ak ot a W yo ming

II . EXT ENT OF UN IFO RM ITY IN DA YLIGH T SAVING TIME SWITCH OVER DATE S. 19 63

A. Sw itch fr o m s ta nd ar d to dayl ig ht s avin g tim e

1. Of th e 16 Sta te s ob serv ing d ayli ght sa vi ng tim e on a st ate w id e ba sis, all

16 Sta te s sw itch ed to da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e on th e fo urt h Su nd ay in April.

1

 T he se d a ta ha ve been de riv ed from 19 63 re port s received fr om offic ial so ur ce s w ithin th e in div id ual S ta te s. A 1964 su rv ey will be completed w ithin th e ne xt fe w we eks.
38 UNIFORM TIME

2. Of the 13 States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, 

all except the following 5 States switched to daylight saving time the last Sunday 

in April:

State Area Daylight saving time 

began—

Colorado_____________ Aspen, Colo____________ ____________ ____ May 26. 1903.

Michiga n... .. _ _ ___ Year round in isolated areas.

Minn esota_____ ______ Ex cep t for border m unicipalities given local option, balance of State controlled by dat es in 

State law.

4th Sunday in May .

M on ta na ............ . ......... Anaconda (Deer Lodge Cou nty) and Bu tte 

(Silver Bow County ,.

Memorial Day.

Virginia_____________ Po rtio ns of V irginia other than Brist.oland 10th 

elec tion district (adjacent to Washington, 

D.C .).

Do.

B. Switch from daylight-saving to standard time

1. Of the 16 States observing daylight-saving time on a statewide basis, all 

except West Virginia and Wisconsin returned to standard time on the fourth 

Sunday in October. West Virginia and Wisconsin switched instead on the fourth 

Sunday of September.

2. Of the 13 States observing daylight-saving time on a nonstatewide basis, 

three of them (Minnesota, Montana, and New Mexico) returned to standard time 

in September. Montana and New Mexico, however, observe daylight-saving 

time in very limited areas.

Nine other States (Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, 

Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) returned to standard time on varying 

dates ranging from August to October, with some Idaho, Indiana, and Michigan 

communities even observing daylight-saving time on a year-round basis.

Only in Ohio did the counties observing daylight-saving time switch back to 

standard time on the fourth Sunday in October.

C. States observing both the April to October switchover dates

Fifteen of the twenty-nine States observed the switchover dates of the las t 

Sundays in April and October.

Mr. Long. Thank you, j\Ir. Fulton. I notice that you speak, and I 

think correctly, of the trend nationally toward daylight-saving time. 

Yet you are speaking of the fact th at in Tennessee during the last few 

years you have outlawed daylight-saving time. It seems that this 

powerful man in the State legislature that missed his bus reversed the 

trend.

Mr. Fulton. Certainly, he reversed many trends. Fortunately, he 

is not in the legislature now, and he did perform a great service in 

other fields during his many, many years of service. We have had a 

problem in Tennessee, as have many other States, in tha t our State 

legislature has not been reapportioned since around 1900. There was 

a case brought to the Supreme Court, Baker v. Carr. I believe, in which 

the Supreme Court did rule th at all of the States would have to start 

reapportioning their seats according to population, and I think tha t 

there is a possibility in the near future tha t Tennessee might repeal 

the law outlawing daylight-saving time, but what about the other 

States th at possibly will not have enough urban representation to overcome the rural resentment of a daylight-saving time bill ?

I might say tha t recently Mr. York, who represents the Farm 

Bureau in Tennessee, expressed opposition to this bill, but one of the 

reasons he said was :

Many farmers feel that much of the support for daylight saving time comes 

from the people who have to work less than they do and who want the fast time
UNIFORM TIME 39

for more recreation, and they don’t see why they should be inconvenienced so 

the city people can have a good time.

I would like to submit for Mr. York’s consideration that many of these so-called city people work 6 and 7 days a week the year around and many of our hard-working people engaged in the field of Agricul­ ture only work a few days during the season or a few weeks during 

the season.

Mr. Long. So it is a question of hours per day as against days per 

year.

Mr. F ulton. Yes.

Mr. L ong. Mr. Van Deerlin.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Insofa r as you know, Congressman Fulton, do 

any other States have a similar prohibition against daylight-saving 

time ?

Mr. F ulton. I am not aware of that. My staff does not know of any.

Mr. Van Deerlin. A great number, however, do not have provision for daylight saving.

Air. F ulton. That is correct, sir.

Mr. Long. Mr. Glenn.

Mr. Glenn. I have no questions.

Mr. L ong. Mr. Curtin ?

Air. Curtin. No questions.

Air. Long. Thank you, Air. Fulton.

Air. F ulton. Thank you, Air. Chairman. I would like to, with your 

permission, at this time introduce to the committee Air. Donald Wash­ burn, the executive assistant to Alayor Beverly Briley, of Metropolitan Nashville, and he has a few remarks tha t he would like to extend in 

the record at this time.

Air. Long. Fine, Air. Washburn. We are glad to have you. Pro ­

ceed in your own order.

STATEMENT OF DONALD WASHBURN, EXECU TIVE ASSISTANT TO 

MAYOR BRILEY , NASHVILLE, TENN.

Air. Washburn. Chairman Long and members of the Subcommittee 

on Daylight-Saving Time of the House Interstate and Foreign Com­ merce Committee, I am Donald E. Washburn, executive assistant to the Honorable Beverly Briley, mayor of Aletropolitan Nashville and 

Davidson County, Tenn. I would like to read the following as evidence of the authority with 

which I am here this morning. The following is a copy of a telegram sent to this committee on yes­ terday, Jun e 17,1964, addressed to the Honorable Harley O. Staggers, chairman. Subcommittee on Daylight Time, Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, House Office Building, W ashington, D.C.:

Donald Washburn, administrative assistant to Mayor Beverly Briley, of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tenn., who will testify before your committee on uniform daylight time, is authorized and re­ quested to represent and speak for the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce in support of Congressman Richard Fulton’s bill for uniform daylight-saving time. May the record show Mr. Washburn as our official spokesman.

W. C. Bauer,

President, Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce.
40 UNIFORM TIME

I have a letter from our mayor addressed to Hon. Harley O. Staggers, chairman, Subcommittee on Daylight Time, Interstate and 

Foreign Commerce Committee, House Office Building, Washington, D.C.:

Dear Congressman Staggers : It has come to my atte ntion th at your subcommittee on the morning of June 18 will be conducting hea rings in regard to H.R. 

6284. I would like hereby to personally express to your committee my personal 

sup port in behalf of this bill as mayor of Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson 

County which comprises the entire Fif th Congressional Distric t represented by 

the Honorable Richard Fulton.

I would also like to hereby authorize Mr. Donald L. W ashb urn, my executive 

assistan t, to represent me personally and Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson 

County before the committee in behalf of H.R. 6284.

Tha nking you for your kind considerations in rega rd hereto, I am,

Sincerely,

Beverly Briley,

Metropolitan Mayor, Nashville-Davidson County, Tenn.

With the permission of the chairman and the committee I would like 

to submit this letter to become a part of the official record of this 

committee.

Mr. Long. Without objection it is so ordered.

(The letter referred to follows:)

Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County,

Nashville, Tenn., June 17,196^.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Daylight Time, Inter state and Foreign Commerce

Committee, House Office Building, Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Staggers : It has come to my a ttention th at your subcommittee on the morning of June 18 will be conducting hearing s in regard to H.R. 

6284. I would like hereby to personally express to your committee my personal 

sup por t in behalf of this bill as mayor of Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson 

County which comprises the entire Fifth Congressional Di str ict represented by 

the Honorable Richard Fulton.

I would also like to hereby authorize Mr. Donald L. Washburn, my executive 

assis tan t, to represent me personally and Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson 

County before the committee in beh alf of H.R. 6284.

Tha nking you for your kind considera tions in regard hereto, I am,

Sincerely,

Beverly Briley,

Metropolitan Mayor, Nashville-Davidson County, Tenn.

Mr. W ashburn. I am a resident of Metropolitan Nashville and 

Davidson County, Tenn., which has a population of 300,000, has 

a trad e area of 1,500,000 and is located in the central standard time 

zone. State law prohibits daylight saving time. The resultant factor of a 2-hour time differential of eastern commercial centers has 

caused a great deal of inconvenience due to the fact tha t the number of 

hours we can do business with eastern markets is cut to around 4 or 5 

hours per day.

Even i f it were possible to have daylight saving time in Nashville, 

this alone on a local option basis would not solve the problem of time 

inconsistencies which harass the citizens of our country from North 

to South and East to West. And this is perhaps the chief reason why 

so many persons in Nashville endorse H.R. 6284 and pa rticularly the 

Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce which has adopted the following resolu tion:

Whereas the practice of observing d aylight saving time in many cities, metropolitan area s, or entire Sta tes during the summer months has created considerable confusion in the tra nsa ction of business and has placed an especial handicap
UNIFORM TIME 41

upon the businessmen of Metropolitan Nashville because of the 2-hour time differential with many great market centers ; and Whereas Tennessee communities are prohibited by State law from adopting 

any time other than standard time ; and Whereas Congressman Richard Fulton and Senator A. Willis Robertson have introduced in the Congress companion bills, H.It. 6284 and S. 1528, respectively, which would establish daylight saving time uniformly throughout the United States during the months of June, July, and August of each ye ar : Now, therefore, 

be it Resolved &// the hoard of governors of the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce, T hat this Board go on record in favor of the proposal to establish daylight saving time uniformly throughout the country for the months of June, July, and August as a means of reducing confusion in the time pattern of the Nation and of helping Nashville business to operate more efficiently in its dealings in the other 

time zones: be it further

Resolved, That this endorsement of uniform daylight saving time throughout the Nation be communicated to the Tennessee Members of the House of Repre­ sentatives and Senators; to the chairman of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; to the chairman of the Commerce Committee of the Senate and to other interested individuals and agencies. Adopted by the board of governors of the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce, in regular meeting assembled, May 23,1963.

It is most noteworthy, too, tha t both of our great daily newspapers, the Nashville Tennessean and the Nashville Banner, have editorially supported this daylight saving time bill, H.R. 6284, introduced by 

the Honorable Richard Fulton, of Tennessee. Nashville is essentially an industrial and trade center for the North- Central South. It has a greatly diversified industrial base consisting of such plants as I)u Pont, For d, Avco, Aladdin Industries, Geneseo 

world headquarters, and many, many others. A number of the executives of these firms and others have expressed a great deal of concern over the time differential between Nashville and the eastern part of the United States during the summer months. A prime example of the problems they face was told me by Dayton 

Manies, of Baird Ward P rinting Co. At 3:30 p.m., central standard time, a question arose as to the cor­ rectness in spelling of an autho r’s name in Compact magazine. At that time in New York, P are nts’ magazine’s switchboard closed. By 6 p.m., central standard time, they reached assistant production man­ ager of the magazine at home. By the time the mistake was confirmed, 60,000 books were run with incorrect spelling due to the fact that no 

contact could be made to check the error. Chairm an Long and members of this committee, as a representative of Metropolitan Nashville and Davidson County’s mayor, Beverly Briley, and the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce, we respectfully urge your support of Congressman Richard Fulton’s bill, H.R. 6284, to provide for uniform daylight-saving time through the United States 

during the summer months. I want to thank you for your permission to come before you and your 

kind attention.

Mr. Long. Thank you, Mr. Washburn. Mr. Van Deerlin ?

Mr. Van Deerlin. No questions, Mr. Chairman, but I would like 

to note that the witness has made frequent references to the cooperation of his Congressman. You understand the very able representation that Mr. Fulton has provided as a Member up here, and I am glad to 

find that this is so.

Mr. Washburn. Thank you, sir. I am quite aware that he is run ­

ning for reelection at this time, too.
42 U N IF O R M TIM E

Mr. Van Deerlin. It just so happens. I wanted you to know how 

very highly regarded he is among his colleagues from other parts 

of the country.

Mr. Washburn. Thank you, Mr. Congressman. I appreciate that.

Mr. Long. Mr. Glenn.

Mr. Glenn. 1 have no questions.

Mr. Long. Thank you very kindly for your very comprehensive 

statement. We appreciate your coming.

Mr. AVashburn. Thank you.

Mr. Long. Our next witness is our colleague from Minnesota, Hon. 

Joseph E. Karth. Mr. K arth, we are very happy to have you before 

the committee and you may proceed as you see fit.

STATEMENT OF HON. JOSEPH E. KARTH, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM TH E STATE OF MINNESOTA

Mr. Kartii. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and members 

of the committee. Anyone who has the occasion in this modern day 

to travel or communicate cross country is ever m indful of the differences in time zones. This in itself is a troublesome m atter at best, 

but when it is compounded by the confusing patterns of daylight 

saving time throughout the U nited States the situation becomes sheer 

chaos.

The metropolitan areas in many sections of our country want a uniform period for daylight saving time to facilitate interstate business 

and communications.

Many cities are hampered by State laws setting forth daylight saving time periods which are not uniform. It is no answer, in my 

opinion, to tell the city governments tha t they should go to the State 

legislatures for help. The facts of life are tha t legislative apportionments in many States has shortchanged urban areas of fair representation so tha t the needs of the cities when they conflict with those 

of rural areas are, more often tha n not, subordinated to farm interests.

Daylight time, frankly, is a subject which often stirs many rural 

area legislators to a high pitch of emotion.

The enactment of H.B. 11310 and similar legislation would not 

disturb the rights of the States to impose or not impose daylight saving time but would only set forth a uniform period when daylight 

saving time would be in effect; namely, from the last Sunday in April 

to the last Sunday in October of each year.

I believe tha t Congress, which has the power to regulate commerce 

among the several States, has the duty to make better sense between 

the time zones than currently exists when daylight saving time is 

imposed during varying periods in the United States.

T am pleased to sponsor H.R. 11310, especially since the City Council 

of St. Paul, Minn., and a number of business, civic, and labor organizations favo r the passage of a uniform daylight saving time law.

AA ith the committee’s permission, I would like to include as part 

of my remarks a resolution adopted by the City Council of St. Paul, 

Mmn., on May 8, 1904, and editorials from the St. Paul Pioneer Press.
UN IFOR M TIME 43

(Tlie data referred to follows:)

Cit y of St. P a u l, Offic e of t h e Cit y Cle rk

COUNCIL RESOL UTION----GENERAL FORM

Whe rea s there is no Fe de ral law estab lishin g a un ifo rm da te fo r in iti ating 

an d te rm in atin g dayli ght saving tim e; and

Wherea s the lack of suc h Fed er al law resulte d in the use of va rio us dates 

fo r in itia ting dayligh t sav ing tim e in vario us cities an d co m m un iti es ; and

Wh ere as the se discre pan cie s in th e da tes for in itia ting da ylight savin g time 

crea te inconvenience, confusion, an d economic los s: Now, therefore, be it

Res olv ed, T ha t the City Council of St. Pa ul, Minn., urg es ou r Se nators and 

Re presen tativ es in the Con gres s of th e United States to wo rk fo r th e passa ge of 

a Fe de ral daylight saving law wh ich would estab lish un ive rsa l da te s fo r in itia ting and term inatin g d aylig ht s av ing ti me an nually.

[F ro m th e St . P au l (M in n. ) Pio ne er Pre ss , Ap r. 30, 1964 ]

Un if o rm T im e S yst em R eq ui re d

The D ul ut h City Council, which ha s vote d to de viate fro m Sta te law and 

in au gu ra te da ylight sav ing tim e ne xt week, des erv es some symp ath y. It is 

extre me ly inc onv enient, if not do wnright confusing fo r Duluth to be an hour 

beh ind nei ghborin g Sup erio r, Wis., wh ich we nt on fa st tim e la st Sunday.

But D ul ut h’s problem is no t un iqu e in this age of in st an t com municatio n and 

inc reased mobility. Few St ates an d com mun ities, not to me ntion businesses 

an d tra ve lers, esca pe the con fusion brou gh t on by the absenc e of a uniform 

na tio na l t im e s ta nd ar d du rin g t he su mm er months.

At la st cou nt, less than ha lf the State s were on a fast- tim e ba sis fro m April 

throug h October. Some Sta tes , inclu din g Minneso ta, go on da ylight tim e la te r; 

othe r St ates rema in on stan da rd tim e throug ho ut the year. If a per son were to 

dr ive fro m Wisconsin, thr ough Minn eso ta, to No rth Dak ota today, fo r instance, 

he would ha ve to c ontend wi th three d iff er en t time zones.

Th is situ atio n is aptly des cribed by the Nati on al Advisory Com mission on 

Interg ov ernm en tal Relations , as “ri dicu lous and burdenso me.” The pub lic confus ion , th e costs to the tran sp or ta tion an d com municatio n indu strie s, and the 

bo the r to to ur ists and othe r trav el er s all arg ue fo r a uniform tim e sys tem for 

the en tire coun try durin g the summ er. A bill to th at effec t is now before 

Congress.

Rur al in te re sts sti ll oppose da yl ight sav ing time. Th eir case is not wi tho ut 

some app eal. But two facts un de rm ine its validity. F ir st the bulk of the 

populat ion now res ide s in me tro po litan ar ea s and wan ts fa st time. Second, and 

most com pelling, farm ers in States with da yligh t time hav e made th e ad justm en t 

w ith a min imum of difficulty.

[F ro m th e St. P aul (M in n. ) Pio nee r Pre ss , Ma y 13, 1964 ]

Of T im e an d Order

St. Pa ul an d Min neap olis ma de th e co rre ct decision in dec iding no t to act 

co nt rary to Sta te law by adopting da yl ig ht sav ing tim e in advance of the st at utory date.

St. Pa ul wen t a step fu rthe r in ad op tin g a res olu tio n callin g fo r ena ctm ent 

of a na tio na l da ylight tim e st at ute wh ich wou ld elim ina te the tim e confusion 

an d cha os th at pre sently exists with 24 States going on fa st tim e on the las t 

Su nd ay in April while 5 othe r St ates , inc lud ing Minne sota , will do it later 

this spring.

Comm unitie s in the St ate desir ing da yl ig ht tim e “o rd er” now have a bill in 

Congres s upo n which to focus at tent io n, int roduced by Re pres en tativ e Donald 

Fr as er , of Min neapolis. It pro vides th a t all States which adop t da ylight time 

wou ld do so on the sam e date. State s would have the option of mainta ini ng 

stan da rd time if t he y desire d.

36 -4 71 — 6 4 ------4
44 UN IFO RM TIME

How ev er, sin ce such le gis la tion has ne ve r mad e such pr ogre ss on th e Fed er al 

lev el, M in ne so ta also sh ou ld pla n to ap pr oa ch th e 1964 legi slativ e session 

w ith a pr op os al to alt er M in ne so ta ’s tim e law to co incide w ith thos e of ne ighb or ­

ing S ta te s.

To fa cil it ate su pp or t of th e day light tim e pr op os als, M in ne so ta co mmun ities 

in te re st ed in such le gi sl at io n sh ou ld co ns id er fo rm in g an or ga ni za tion which 

co uld se rv e as an official sp ok es m an fo r them be fore la w m ak in g bod ies.

Mr. Karth. That concludes my statement, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Thank you, Mr. Karth. Any questions? If not, again 

we thank you, Mr. Karth.

Mr. Kartii. Thank you very much for this opportunity.

Mr. Long. Mr. Ramspeck, will you come forward, please? The 

next witness, members of the subcommittee, the Honorable Robert 

Ramspeck, a very distinguished American, Chairm an of the Committee for Time Uniformity, 1710 II Street NW., here in Washington.

Welcome before the subcommittee, Mr. Ramspeck. We are glad to 

have you.

STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT RAMSPECK, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE

FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.; ACCOMPANIED BY

ROBERT E. REDDING, EXECU TIVE DIRECTOR AND SECRETARY,

COMMITTEE FOR TIM E UNIFORMITY

Mr. R amspeck. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and members of the 

committee. My name is Robert Ramspeck. I reside at 9516 West 

Stanhope Road, Kensington, Md. Over the years I have enjoyed the 

privilege of seving as a Congressman from Georgia, as well as C hairman of the Civil Service Commission. My experience with the transportation industry has included 5 years as executive vice president of 

the A ir Transp ort Association, comprised of all the scheduled airlines. 

More recently, I served as vice president of Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 

from which position I have recently retired.

I appear here today in my capacity as national chairman of the 

Committee for Time Uniformity, with principal offices at 1710II Street 

NW., Washington, D.C. The members of this committee are keenly 

interested in the growing difficulties surrounding the observance of 

time throughout the United States and wish to express their appreciation for the privilege of presenting views in support of time uniformity legislation.

The Committee for Time Uniformity (sometimes referred to herein 

as the “CTU” ) which I represent, was voluntarily formed as the result 

of a “uniform time conference” convened on August 13, 1962, by the 

Transportation Association of America here in Washington.

This ad hoc, nonprofit, voluntary association of transportation, communications, finance, travel, farm, labor, and other interests was 

formed as a result of the efforts of the Transp ortation Association of 

America to stimulate widespread interest in eliminating the growing 

confusion and chaos resulting from clock juggling throughout the 

United States.

I might interpolate here, Air. Chairman, that I am serving as chairman of this committee without compensation, simply because I think 

there is a need for legislation for the benefit of the interests I have 

mentioned.
UNIFORM TIME 45

A list of these interests cooperating together in this undertaking is 

attached to my statement.

The CTU has also worked in close cooperation and harmony with 

many departments and agencies in the Federal Government, as well as 

with a number of representatives of governmental interests at State 

and local levels. A list of such cooperating departments and agencies 

is also attached to this statement. Many of them will undoubtedly inform you directly of their concern about time uniformity.

In the interest of conserving the subcommittee’s time, there are also 

attached to my statement explanatory materials which will further 

describe the committee’s operations. More specifically, these attachments include a CTU brochure entitled. ‘‘Join Project Timesaver! 

It’s Time To End Clock Confusion!*’ They also include pertinent 

excerpts from the remarks of Robert E. Redding, vice president and 

general counsel of the Tran sportation Association of America and 

executive director of the Committee for Time Uniformity, presented 

at the 33d annual meeting of the National Association of Motor Bus 

Owners on October 25, 1962. I hope that the chairman will permit 

these attachments to be included in the record of these hearings.

Mr. Long. Without objection it is so ordered.

Mr. Ramspeck. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Redding is sitting 

here at my right.

At the conclusion of my testimony, Mr. Redding would like to 

present for the record a written statement by the Transportation 

Association of America in supp ort of greater time uniform ity. He 

will then be followed by key witnesses from the vitally affected national interests cooperating with the Committee Time Uniformity, 

who will present their respective viewpoints on the problem and the 

ways by which they are adversely affected today. It is my further 

understanding tha t many other interested organizations will be submitting written statements in support of affirmative action to end 

clock confusion, and I hope that the record of the hearings will be kept 

open for a few days for the receipt of such letters.

I would now like briefly to summarize the prevailing conditions 

which not only warrant the committee’s attention to the time problems of today but also justify some type of corrective action. Without 

exception, all citizens of the U nited States literally live by the clock, 

almost automatically as a matter o f habit. From*the time a child is 

taug ht how to read the face of a clock until he becomes a senior citizen 

his entire existence is regulated by time.

Whether it involves going to a movie, watching a favorite television 

show, maintaining appointments in the office, or shopping for Christmas presents, we all live bv the clock. Books have been written about 

the technicalities of time observance throughout the world and beyond 

to the universe.

Most of us, however, conduct our day-to-day affairs with family, 

friends, and business associates merely by a glance at our timepiece 

countless times each day. I would venture the guess tha t the time 

bills under consideration by your committee are probably some of the 

few bills in the Congress which directly affect every American citizen.

The history of time observance in this country is summarized in 

Mr. Redding’s remarks, attached to my statement, which I will not 

repeat. It was the railroad industry which adopted its own sys-
46 UN IFO RM TIME

tem of timekeeping 81 years ago, followed ultimately by the enactment of the Standard Time Act of 1918, currently administered by 

the Interstate Commerce Commission. During World War I and 

World W ar I I the Congress adopted nationwide daylight saving time 

to enhance the war efforts. During the intervening peacetime periods, 

however, the observance of daylight saving time has been left to the 

States and local communities, resulting in a veritable patchwork of 

conflicting and confusing time practices.

The extreme contrasts in time regulation are exasperating. The 

cesium atomic clock has been developed with an accuracy equivalent 

to the loss or gain on only 1 second in 3,000 years. Also the United 

States and England now utilize radio transmission via the Telstar 

satellite to synchronize clocks within 10 millionths of a second. .

On the other hand, the common everyday time observances by the 

general public in our own country are so confusing tha t it is little 

wonder that the United States is described by Dr. William Markowitz, the leading time scientist at the U.S. Naval Observatory, as the M

“worst timekeeper in the world."

Undoubtedly, Chairman Goff of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) will explain to your subcommittee the present scope of 

the Stan dard Time Act of 1918, as well as its claimed omissions and 

deficiencies. It appears that this Federal law, which established our 

commonly known standa rd time zones, is regarded as applying principally to Federal functions and interstate commerce. Its applicability to State and local activities, but without penalty provisions for 

lack of conformity with time zone boundary lines, has led to considerable confusion in many areas, and, indeed deliberate noncompliance 

in some instances.

The confusing situation which currently prevails in the State of 

Indiana, for example, has resulted from the limited scope of this 

Federal law. There is no official State time in India na. The boundary line between the eastern standard time and central standard time 

zones splits the State in a north-south direction, with slightly more 

than half of 100 counties located west of th is line. Some 17 Indiana 

counties and portions of 5 others observe central standard time during 

the fall and winter months. The balance of the counties also west of 

the line—32 in number—observe central daylight time, or “informal 

eastern standard time,” on a year-round basis.

Late in 1902, St. Jose ph’s County, in which South Bend, Ind., is 

located, joined the latter group. This action was taken, however, *

after bus schedules and timetables had been printed on the assumption

tha t central standard time prevailed. As a consequence many football 

fans chartering bus service to the Notre Dame football games arrived 

1 hour after the games began. •

In another instance, the boundary line between mountain standard 

and central standard time cuts the State of South Dakota into two 

equal halves. The State legislature in 1963 considered legislation to 

place the entire State on central standard time notwithstanding the 

zonal boundary line approved by the ICC.

It came as a considerable surprise to us in 1962 th at no governmental 

agency anywhere maintains any accurate information about the time 

practices observed throughout the Nation. The U.S. Naval Observatory receives more inquiries on this subject than any other agency but 

it has never complied or maintained such data.
UN IFOR M TIME 47

Ac cordingly, the Tra ns po rtat io n Associa tion of Am eri ca conducted 

a 1962 surv ey collecting suc h inform ati on fro m all States in the 

co nti nenta l Un ite d Sta tes. Th e CT U conduc ted a 1963 surv ey, the 

res ult s of which are reflected in our bro chure “J oin Pr ojec t Timesav er.”

A 1964 survey of St ate tim e pra ctices has also ju st been comp leted. 

The res ults of the 1964 surv ey thus fa r are show n on the three m aps 

also attach ed to my sta tem ent. One of thes e maps shows the State s 

which cu rre ntly observe d ay ligh t s aving time, b oth on a statewid e a nd 

a non stalew ide basis, while the oth er ma p reflects the disp ar ity of 

switch over dates. Th e second ma p reflects the dates on which da ylig ht savin g time States sh if t to da ylight sa vin g tim e. Th e t hi rd map 

shows th e dates on whi ch such State s re tu rn fro m da yl ig ht sav ing 

to stan da rd time in the fall. These ma ps are in tu rn accomp anied 

by a tabu lated wr itten summary of such inform ati on .

The se mate ria ls reflect the fact th at da ylight savin g tim e will be 

observe d this year in 31 of th e 50 State s in the Un ion .

I might inter po late here , Mr. Ch airma n, th at the rea son a previous 

witness said 29 was because we did not have the inform ation of the 

other two State s at the tim e th at inf orma tio n was giv en to the Congressm an.

Those States not obser vin g da ylight sav ing t ime are located in the 

Midc entra l and So utheaster n sectors of the Un ite d State s. We find 

th at some 100 m illion Am eri cans are on da ylig ht saving time , while 

some 85 millio n othe r citizen s are not.

We also find that one of th e m ost perplex ing causes of clock confusion 

is the wides pre ad varia tio n am ong State s an d com munities as to the 

dates on whi ch they begin an d end da ylight sav ing tim e. The prob ­

lem o f b eginn ing da ylight s av ing time on different dates h as been consid era bly reduced by CT U an d other efforts, with 20 o f the 31 State s 

sw itchin g fro m sta nd ard to d ay ligh t time on the las t Su nd ay in A pril. 

Fi ftee n of the th irty one St ates re tu rn to stan da rd tim e on the las t 

Su nd ay in Octobe r. The re maining Sates use a wide va riety of sw itch ­

over dates to and from da yl ig ht sav ing time.

An othe r ana lysis att ache d to m y sta tem ent shows th e checkerboard 

pa tter n of d ay lig ht sa vin g tim e in cities with po pu latio ns in excess of 

100,000 people. Of 130 such cities, 6 of every 13 sta y on sta nd ard 

tim e while the o the r 7 c itie s s hif t to d ay lig ht s aving tim e in 1964.

Th e lar ge map and Mr. Re dd ing has the m ap here , p re pa re d to suppleme nt my statem ent dr am atically displa ys these differences in time 

obse rvance amo ng large metropo litan areas, even tho ug h m any o f the m 

are located within the same stan da rd t ime zone.

Furt her proo f of the clock ju gg ling in o ur N ation tod ay is shown by 

the analy sis of time pra ctices in 220 key citie s in the Uni te d States, 

also attach ed to my statem ent. These cities, includ ing St at e cap itals 

an d othe r th rivi ng centers, are all dep end ent on a good net wo rk of 

tran sp or t an d com munica tion s fac ilities. Th e efficiency of presen t 

inter changes of people and inform ation are u nd uly hamperecLhy-tim e 

differences, with ha lf of them on da ylight savin g tim e artd -the oth er 

ha lf not.

I th in k th e subcomm ittee will also be int ere ste d in -some typ ica l 

examples of clock ju gg lin g w hic h lead us to believe th at i t isXhne fo r a 

cha nge in ou r time changes. O th er witnesses will und oubt edjy4iientio n si mila r instances.
48 UN IFO RM TIM E

Perhaps you have already heard of the almost unbelievable example 

involving bus service in 1962 over the 35-mile highway distance between Steubenville, Ohio, and Moundsville, W. Va. If the busdriver 

and passengers maintained correct local time at all stops en route they 

would have been forced to adjust their watches seven different times an 

average of once every 5 miles.

I would like to interpolate here tha t tha t has been modified by 

passage of a State law in West Virginia.

In Pennsylvania, State law requires that official business be conducted on eastern standard time. Yet. this year all Pennsylvania 

communities except Yatesville (population 472) will be observing 

dayligh t saving time during the spring and summer months.

Another example of clock confusion exists just across the Potomac „

River in Virginia. As a result of State legislative action, on the first 

Saturda y in April the same time was observed in the State capital of 

Richmond, in the metropolitan area comprising Alexandria and the 

counties of Fairfax and Arlington, and in the city of Bristol on the 

Virginia-Tennessee border.

On the last Sunday in April the metropolitan areas adjacent to 

Washington, D.C., moved the clocks forward 1 hour. On the Sunday 

following Memorial Day 1 month later, Richmond caught up with 

Alexandria but was then 1 hour faster than Bristol. In less than 3 

months, Richmond will, on the Sunday a fter Labor Day, rejoin Bristol 

but will then be 1 hour behind Alexandria. On October 26, Alexandria 

will lose an hour and rejoin the rest of the State until the cycle begins 

all over again next spring.

In Alabama, State laws speaks only of “standard railroad central 

time” and for the first time the State had daylight saving time in operation in 1964—for 1 week only in one city. In Delaware, no State 

law applies, with daylight saving time being a ma tter of local option 

as is the case in 12 of the other States observing daylight saving time.

Major Delaware communities set the pattern county by county, but 

this is done only by custom and could change at any time.

In Maine, daylight saving time prevails yet the business hours of 

stores dispensing alcoholic beverages are maintained on eastern standard time, as required by State liquor laws. The same is true in Iowa 

and in those Ohio counties on daylight saving time this summer.

In Minnesota, daylight saving time is observed generally between 

the last Sunday in May and Labor Day. State law, however, authorized municipalities along the State borders to conform their time prac- •

tices to those being observed across the State line. This year several 

cities violated State, law and city ordinances by placing daylight saving time in effect for longer periods.

In New Jersey, State law requires all public conveyances to con- »

form their timetables to both eastern standard time and eastern daylight time simultaneously—in other words, two expensive sets of timetables for all carriers.

In Idaho, the observance of daylight saving time varies from door 

to door in northern municipalities as the merchants and tavern operatore conduct business hours at the most advantageous times to attract 

the Washington State trade.

We also know that in many communities and on college campuses, 

including the University of Minnesota, official clocks are maintained
UNIFORM TIME 49

on c en tra l sta nd ard tim e w hile business is cond ucted an d college classes 

op erate on day lig ht saving time.

More dram ati c proof of th e tim e scramble is located j us t a few blocks 

fro m th is he ari ng room. On this very day, the huge wall clock in 

Un ion Stati on rem ain s on easte rn stan da rd tim e wh ile the timepieces 

maintaine d throug ho ut th e rest of the city, includ ing those at the 

In te rs ta te Commerce Com mission, respon sible fo r regu latin g time 

boundar ies, observe ea ste rn day lig ht time.

Ano ther example will demo nstra te to the subcom mittee th at time 

con fusion does no t confine its elf just to east-west v ariatio ns across the 

coun try . It also affects tra ve lers g oin g no rth -sou th between Chicago 

an d Milwau kee and then beyond to and fro m Minn eapolis-St. Pa ul. 

Mo re specifically, Chicago will observe cen tra l da ylig ht time this ye ar 

fro m the las t Su nd ay in A pri l to the last Su nd ay in October. Minneapolis-S t. Pa ul will observe da ylight savin g tim e fro m the fo ur th 

Su nd ay in May to the Tu esda y af te r La bo r Day. Milwauke e will be 

on da yl ig ht sav ing tim e betw een the last Su nd ay in Apr il and the 

last Su nd ay in September.

Th us , these cities will exp erie nce tim e sh ift s an d sche dule changes 

oc cu rri ng five times in 6 mo nth s. Th is is confusing to the tra ve lin g 

pub lic. It is also exp ens ive to the common ca rriers in maintaining 

co rre ct timetables and schedules.

I t is also significant to po in t out th at clock con fusion also exists 

even in areas no t obser vin g an y da yli gh t savin g tim e. For example, 

whe n 20 State s sh ift ed to da yl ig ht saving time on the las t Sunday of 

A pr il, th ere were 38 sch edu le changes of comm on ca rriers serving T uc ­

son, A riz .

Fin al ly , I would po int o ut to the sub committee t hat its review of th e 

tim e pro blem is com ing no t a mom ent too soon. Ma ny Sta tes have 

con sidered or are now conside rin g the establ ishme nt of new daylight 

saving time practices, in clud ing po ssible au thor ization on a year- rou nd 

basis. Thus, the widesprea d time confusion of today could well be com ­

po unded by tomorrow .

I will now conclude my sta tem ent by stating the reco mm end atio ns 

of the Comm ittee fo r T im e U niform ity , on b eh alf of its members. Our 

specific objectives are summ arized in the Pr ojec t Tim esa ver bro chu re 

attach ed to th is s tatem ent. Whil e we general ly su pp or t grea ter tim e 

un ifor mity fo r all citizen s, we tak e no position on wh eth er da ylight 

saving time sh ould or should no t be o bserved b y any pa rticul ar St ate 

or comm unity.

W ha t we do urg e, how eve r, is th at such juris dictions which do observe d ay lig ht sa ving time should, in the inte rest of nationa l un ifo rm ­

ity, begin and end da ylig ht savin g tim e on the last Su nd ay s of Apr il 

and O ctober, respectively, o f each year.

We also a gree d l ast yea r t o su pp ort the recom mendatio n of 30 ye ars ’ 

stan di ng by the In te rs ta te Commerce Commission th at the Con gress 

sho uld ree xam ine the e ntire field of st an da rd time to determine wheth er 

existing Federal leg islati on on the subject should be amended or re ­

pea led. We are hi gh ly p leased that Congre ss has tak en prom pt action 

to do so.

Th ere are 10 time uni fo rm ity bills pend ing b efo re yo ur su bco mm ittee, Mr. Chairma n. We are ap preciat ive of the inter est tak en in the 

subje ct by all C ongressmen who have i ntr oduced the se bills. We also
50 UNIFORM TIME

believe that the enactment into law of any of them would reduce the 

time confusion which now prevails.

It is the official position of this organization, however, that Congress 

should adopt the recommendations of the ICC which are embodied 

in both H.R. 4702 an d H.R. 7891. This would mean that the future 

observance of both standard and daylight saving time would be assured at Federal, State, and local levels, including interstate commerce.

In the event, however, that you would not choose to require such 

mandatory observance by State and local interests we then would urge 

you to approve H.R. 11483, which is identical to the bill (S. 1033) 

unanimously reported last year by the Senate Commerce Committee.

Otherwise, we would urge you to approve of any of the other pending •

bills which you feel would best achieve nationwide time uniformity.

Finally, we believe that the examples we have presented, as well as 

the additional information to be presented by other witnesses in these 

hearings, constitute compelling proof of the immediate need for cor- *

rective action. It is our belief that such action will serve the national 

and public interest including our national security, and even contribute 

to an expanding gross national product.

Thank you for the privilege of appearing before your subcommittee 

to discuss Project Timesaver. Mr. Redding will now offer the TAA 

statement of position, and we will then both be glad to answer any 

questions.

Mr. I jONG. It is from my understanding, Mr. Ramspeck, that Mr.

Redding has agreed to let Mr. Roeper testify before he does, so I think 

tha t we might, if it is agreeable with you, see if any members of the 

committee have any questions of you at this time, if that would be 

acceptable.

Mr. Ramspeck. That will be fine.

Mr. L ong. Before we do that, I am not sure that you have incorporated into the record all of the exhibits that you had attached to 

your statement. I have looked through them and I think this is a 

very comprehensive document and I think it might be well to attach 

and make a part of the record all of the exhibits that you had attached 

to your statement, if tha t would be in keeping with your thinking.

Mr. Ramspeck. We would like very much to have that done, Mr.

Chairman.

Mr. Long. Does any member of the committee have any objection?

It will be so ordered. *

(Attachments referred to follow:)

Project Timesaver: A Plan To End the “Clock J uggling” Which

Confuses and Costs the Nation

Pre pared by the Transporta tion Association of America

Today the Nation suffers from an economic dra in and confusion caused by 

widspread. costly, and fr us tra tin g “clock juggling.”

Efforts to elim inate this long-standing hindrance in our daily lives are long 

overdue. It is to correc t this condition th at Pro jec t Timesaver is dedicated.

First, the problem.

What is clock juggling?
UNIFORM TIME 51

Over the years, there have been widespread variations in standard and day­ light saving time across the country, complicated by frequent time zone boundary disputes, differing standard-daylight changeover dates, and an assortment of local community options. These factors have combined to create bewildering uncertainty and confusion in the minds of the traveling and shipping public. They have also complicated the operating and scheduling problems of the transport industry at untold cost. This time scramble adversely affects com­ munications, industrial, financial, and other interests as well. A typical sample of this confusion appeared in the April 28, 1962, edition of 

the Washington Post, as follows: “Tide tables issued by the Coast and Geodetic Survey during this season are given in daylight saving time, the Survey said yesterday. The table published in yesterday’s edition of this newspaper mistakenly indicated the tides were 

shown in standard time.” And sympathize with the confused driver and passengers on the Greyhound bus which operates over the 35-mile highway distance between Steubenville, Ohio, and Moundsville, W. Va.—it passes through bus stops with seven different 

time changes. In a broader vein, it has been said wisely that “Time and tide wait for no man.” The poignant tragedy is that considerable time—which can never be regained— is being wasted and lost daily as a re sult of this problem.

IIozo widespread is the use of daylight saving time?

Of the 50 States in the Union, 28 States and the District of Columbia will be observing daylight saving time during 1963, according to the latest information available. Sixteen of these twenty-eight States will observe it on a statewide basis. The other 12 will observe daylight saving time in differing areas, ranging from a single city to practically statewide. The map shown below depicts the States which are affected and the time zones in which they are located:

Will those States observing daylinght saving time make their time changes on the

same dates?

No. Thirteen of the States will follow daylight saving time from the end of April to the end of October. The remainder will begin or term inate daylight saving time in other months. The patchwork nature of these practices is reflected on the map shown below:
52 UN IFO RM TIME

Is the daylight saving tim e now in effect a result of Federal legislation!

No. Except for two wartime periods daylight saving time has been a matter 

for the States to decide. This device of advancing the clock 1 hour was first 

adopted by the Congress in 1918 when, because of World War I, daylight saving 

time was established on a nationwide basis. It was repealed after the war.

During World War II “w ar time ” was again enacted by the Congress but was 

repealed after the cessation of hostilities. During the interv ening and subsequent peacetime years the States have expanded the use of daylight saving 

time, as a matter of eit her Sta te legislation or of local community option.

Would greater uniformity in the use of daylight saving time help the bus

industry?

Indeed so. This time problem is particularly agg rav ating for the bus operations which serve the crossro ads and byw ays of America.

The Carolina Coach Co. deplores the plight of the Salisbury, Md., passengers 

to New York City who must keep straig ht the frequent changes in scheduled 

dep arture s set for 1 :45 p.m. in early April, change to 2 :45 p.m. on April 29. 

changed to 1 :45 p.m. on May 30, changed to 2 :45 p.m. on September 3, changed 

to 1 :45 p.m. on October 28. As the company aptly observes, the passengers “lay 

the blame on the bus companies and wind up driving t he ir cars and we lose the 

revenue.”

Trailways complains of the traffic losses, rescheduling of work, reassignment 

of equipment, excessive cost of publishing timetables, etc., and estimates th at up 

to 40 percent of the time devoted to prep aration of schedules could be saved if 

gre ater time uniform ity could be achieved. Tra ilw ays says that “the condition •

has worsened every ye ar in the la st few y ears .”

The National Association of Motor Bus Owners asser ts on behalf of the in dustry that “potential savings might reach a qu arter of a million dollars on scheduling and timetable co sts alone.”

Would increased unifo rm ity around the clock benefit the railroads? *

Undoubtedly “yes.” Modern railroa ding is precision railroading. For 80 years 

the railroad s led the fight to e liminate confusion in time standards. This his tor ical pioneering effort is well documented in “The Day of Two Noons,” published by 

the Association of American Railroads.

In 1957. the New York Herald Tribune highlighted the impact of daylight saving 

time on the railroad ind ustry under the title “Day ligh t Time Costs Railroa ds 

$1,000,000.”

The railroads ope rate on standard time. Many of them, however, are forced 

to publish two kinds of timetables, one based on sta ndard time for the use by 

carri er employees an d the other reporting train schedules on local time (standard 

and daylight) for the benefit of the traveling and shipping public.
UNIFORM TIME 53

A 1962 survey of more than 20 railroads identified the following are as of genera l confusion and difficulty attributab le to lack of uniform tim e:

General confusion in passenger timetables. Difficulty in scheduling passenger trains to accommodate origin, interm ediate an d destination requirements.

Ex tra expense of prin tin g timetables. Difficulty in handlin g mail to meet Post Office Departm ent requirements. Necessity for resc hedu ling freight tra ins to meet ma rke t delivery times on perishables and livestock, and to maintain adequate inte rlin e service. Work of operating employees on sta ndard time while nonoperating employ­ ees work on daylight savin g time, resulting in confusion and inconvenience. Revision of switching crew schedules to meet requirements of local industry. Confusion, particular ly for tr ain and enginemen, for employees who follow 

standa rd time at work while using daylight saving time at home. Reduced comm unication time between widely separa ted stations on the 

same railroad.

Are the airlines also concernedf

Yes. the airlines are seriously concerned with the confusion, the passenger in­ convenience, and the addition al expense, caused by variations in daylight saving 

time observance in different a reas of the country. An airport usually serves a large geographical are a which may even extend acro ss State boundaries. These service area s frequently include both day light and sta nd ard time zones. This causes confusion to many passe ngers ; some of whom might arrive at the airport an hour e arly for the ir flight or, even worse, arr ive an hour late and miss the ir flight. This fru str ation also extends to families and 

friends of depa rting or arr iving passengers. A missed flight is of serious and expensive concern to both the passenger and the airline. For the airline , a missed passenger today may well become a nonair lin e passenger of tomorrow. During c ertain times of the year, the nonuniformity in dates for daylight time observance resu lts in as much as a 4-hour time change on a coast-to-coast flight, one hour beyond the norm al 3-hour change. This extr a hour which the transc on­ tinental passenger exi>eriences in these circu mstances m akes his physical ad ju st­ ment to the new time zone th at much more difficult. Anyone who has ever had to ad just to a 4-hour time chan ge on a 5-hour flight will und erstand this problem. A very definite and m easurable expense to the airline is the required rep rinting and redistribution of system timetables with each time change at some ind i­ vidu al point on the system. If cutoff dates for day light saving time were uni­ form in all areas, schedule reissuanc e based on time chan ges would tak e place only twice each year. This would result in a sub sta nti al cost saving to the 

air lin e industry. In the spring of 1962, when Washington. D.C., was on daylight saving time while Norfolk. Va., remaine d on standard time, the official flight schedules were reminiscent of Alice-in-Wonderland. A passenger flying from Washington to Norfolk arrived 5 minutes befo re he left—according to juggled clocks. On the oth er hand, flying from Norfolk back to Washington consumed 1 hour and 53 

minu tes—again according to juggled clocks.

Would Tess clock juggling help other interests?

It’s about time to stream line the hourglass for everyone.

Fo r exa mp le: Oregon and Oregon State Universities continue their campus clocks during the summer on s tan dard time, yet the ir classes begin an hou r earlier on daylight saving time. During a 2-month period in 1939. some offices in the Minnesota Sta te Capi­ tol Building observed day light saving time while others used sta ndard 

time. For husbands who work on daylight saving time and wives who run the home on standa rd time, Thomas Wolfe in the Washington Post suggested ‘•His” and “He r” clocks so t ha t both will have th e “tim e of the ir lives.” The west coast Sta tes of Oregon and Washington in 1962 s hifted back to standard time on the fourth Sunday in September, while most of the rest of the country stay ed on daylight saving time unt il the las t Sunday in October. This 1-month perio d of a 4-hour time lag me ant that the business day on the west coas t in these States was only half over when the east coast 

offices closed their doors.
54 UNIFORM TIME

In Pennsylvania, State law requires that official business be conducted on 

eastern standard time. Yet in 1962 more than 600 Pennsylvania communities observed day light saving time from April 29 to October 28. What 

needless confusion.

W /iat can be done at State and local levels?

Much has already been done. For example, the voters of California in June

1962 voted overwhelmingly to bring the State into conformity with most other 

Sta tes on the switch-over from daylight saving time to sta ndard time, i.e., from 

the last Sunday in September to the last Sunday in October. Nevada and Vermont followed s uit by proclamation of th eir respective Governors.

Many other States w ith conflicting time change dates should review the matter. 

Uniform State laws on th e subject may be the answer.

Docs the Federal Government now regulate tim e in any way?

Yes. The Congress enacted the Standa rd Time Act in 1918, the first Federal 

legislation on this subject (15 U.S.C. secs. 261-265). This happened 35 years 

af te r the Nation’s expanding rail roa ds standardized their time schedules by 

cre ating four time zones acro ss the Nation, each 1 hour apart. The 1918 act 

followed the same pattern, setting up eastern, central, mountain and Pacific 

sta nd ard time zones. The Interst ate Commerce Commission was assigned the 

responsibility for resolving any disputes about time zone boundaries and still lias 

it today.

Why was the ICC assigned thi s responsibility?

The purpose of the 1918 legislation was to remove existin g confusion prim arily 

for the beneficial intere st of inter sta te commerce. The ac t directed th at zonal 

boundaries be fixed “having regard for the convenience of commerce and existing 

jun ction points and division points” of int ers tat e common carr iers. Thus, the 

ICC was considered to be the most logical agency for this assignment.

Jias the ICC developed any recomm endations on the subject?

Yes. For the past 30 ye ars the ICC has complained to the Congress about the 

inadequate scope of the Standard Time Act. Its recommendations are summarized in its most recent a nnual report as follows :

“We recommend t ha t Congress amend the Standard Time Act so as to broaden 

its scope by providing th at the time of the zone shall be the exclusive measure 

of time for all purposes, with possible exceptions either specifically provided or 

authorized by the adm inistering agency, and by adding more definite standa rds, 

requirem ents for observance, penalties for violation, and provisions for administratio n and enforcement. In any event, we f urther recommend that there be a 

thorough survey for the purpose of determining whethe r this Commission is the 

most appropriate agency to fix the limits of the zones or to adm inister the provisions of any future law rela tin g to standa rd time.”

* * * * * * *

“We recommend t ha t Congress amend the Standa rd Time Act for the reasons 

set for th in the ‘Stand ard Time Zones’ cha pter in thi s repo rt, and if Congress 

does not see fit to so amend the statute, th at we be relieved of the responsibility 

fo r its admin istratio n.”

How does the Civil Aeronautics Board feel about it?

Chairman Alan S. Boyd expresses the following views on the subject:

“The Tra nsporta tion Association of America has certain ly undertak en a 

worthwhile project in working for gre ate r uniform ity of time changes on a 

nationwide basis. There is no doubt that it would be helpful to the ai r tra ns ­

portation industry if this w ere accomplished.”

Does the Department of Commerce have an interest?

Y'es. Under Secretary of Commerce for Tra nsp ortation Clarence D. Martin, 

Jr ., observes as follows:

“The lack of uniformity among the different modes of transportation, with 

the railroads operatin g on sta ndard time and the buses and airlines on local 

time, is confusing to th e public at large. However, the lack of gre ater uniformity 

in the field of time also dire ctly affects every sector of ou r economy and probably 

hav e some adverse effects on th e gross nationa l product.”
UN IFO RM TIME 0O

Has the re been any organized eff ort to stream line the h our gla ss?

Yes. Tlie bus ind ustry in Apr il 19C1 solicited the help of oth er modes of 

tra nsp ort ation throu gh the Transpo rtation Association of America. A few 

months lat er TAA approv ed a policy in supp ort of time unif orm ity, backed by 

all common carrie r modes—air transp ort , freigh t for warde r, highway, oil pipeline, ra ilro ad, a nd water ca rri ers—in its membership.

During 1962 a large num ber of Government agencies—Fed eral, State , and 

local—and national ind ust ry organiz atio ns were contact ed to asc ertain the ir 

int ere st in a vas t coope rative effort to solve the time problem. In August a 

•‘unif orm time confere nce” was convened in Washingto n un der TAA sponsorship, which was atte nde d by rep resent ativ es of 24 Gover nment and 30 ind ustry 

groups. The conference was adv ised by the Nation’s top scientific aut hor itie s 

in thi s field tha t the United St ate s keeps the most confusing time o f an y country 

in the world.

At thi s conference it was decided, unanimously, to form an ad hoc Committee 

for Time Uniformity to “fos ter and promote, by coo rdinating the efforts of intere sted groups, unif orm ity of time observance at nati ona l, State, and local 

levels.”

Il ha t in terest s are workin g tog ether on the p roblem ?

Government departm ents an d g roup s inc lud e:

Depar tment of Agricultu re

Civil Aero naut ics Board

De par tment of Commerce

Fed era l Aviat ion Agency

General Services Adm inis tration

Nava l Observato ry

Bureau of the Budget

Coast and Geodetic Survey

De par tme nt of Defense

Fed era l Communications Commission

In terstate Commerce Commission

Post Office D epar tment

We athe r Bureau

Indu str y organ izatio ns int ere ste d in

Air T ran spo rt Association.

American Ban kers Association. 

American Sho rt Line Rai lroa d Asso ciation.

American Telephone & T elegraph Co. 

Association of Local T ran spo rt A irlines. 

Investm ent B anke rs Association. 

National A ssociation of Ma nuf acture rs. 

Nationa l Association of Securities 

Deale rs.

Nation al In du str ial Traffic League. 

National Grange.

United Sta tes Chamber of Commerce. 

American Automobile Association.

Advisory Commission on Inte rgov ernmental Rela tions

American Municipal Association 

Council of Sta te Govern ments 

Natio nal Association of County Officials 

American Association of Motor Vehicle 

Adm inis trat ors

Conference of Mayors 

Int ern ation al Association of Chiefs of 

Police

National Association of Sta te Aviation 

Officials

Pro ject Time saver in clud e:

American F arm Bure au Fede ratio n. 

American Society of Trav el Agents. 

American T rucking Association. 

American W ater way s Oper ators. 

Association of A merican R ailro ads. 

Associatio n of Stock Exchang e Firms. 

Automotive S afet y Found atio n.

Natio nal Association of Broa dcast ers. 

National Association of Motor Bus 

Owners.

Natio nal Association of Trav el Organization s.

Tra nsp ortatio n A ssocia tion of America. 

Western Union.

What has Congress done about the time problem since World War II?

Very little prio r to 1963. Now, both the Sena te Commerce and House In te rsta te and Foreign Commerce Committees may launc h hea rings into the time 

uniformit y problem. S. 1033 and H.R. 4702 have been introduced by the respective chairme n of these committees to car ry out ICC recom mendations. Other 

bills h ave also been introduced.

What is the program of the C ommittee for Time Uniform ity?

(a ) Edu cati on.—Encourage nece ssar y resea rch on cu rre nt prac tices and

problem s of time observance, and develop and dis trib ute mate ria ls acqu ainti ng
56 UNIFOR M TIME

the business world, governm ental officials, and the general public with the need 

for uniformity in time.

(b) Daylight saving tim e effective dates.—By ma jority vote it was decided 

to urge all State and local jurisdictions observing day light saving time to have 

it become effective on the l as t Sunday in April and ter minate on the last Sunday 

in October of each year.

(c) Review of exis ting Federal legislation.— Support at the appropriate time 

the recommendations of the Interst ate Commerce Commission that “Congress 

reexamin e the entire field of standard time” to determine whether existing 

Federal legislation on the subject should be amended or repealed.

(d) Cooperation with Government.— Invite and urge the mutual cooperation 

between the Committee for Time Uniformity and Fed era l, State, and local 

government agencies in implementing the above three program activities.

(e) Other corrective measures.—Determine what additio nal remedial steps 

mig ht be undertaken and supported to achieve time uniform ity for all U.S. 

citizens.

It’s time for a change in our time changes.

T h e Ca ll to Arm s for T im e U n if o r m it y

Excerpt from remarks of Robert E. Redding, vice president and general counsel 

of the Tra nsportatio n Association of America, presented at the 33d ann ual 

meeting of the National Association of Motor Bus Owners, October 25, 1962

The history of this time problem is quite fasc inating, yet known to very few 

people. Only SO years ago there was no o rderly system of keeping time in this 

country. All tha t we had was local time or “sun time,” as it was called, which 

was based upon the concept of the sun passing from horizon to horizon. For 

example, there was a difference of 7 seconds between the Capitol dome in 

Washington and the Lincoln Memorial; and a difference in time of 30 seconds 

from one end of the San Francisco-Oakland Bridge to the other.

As the railroads in the 19th century continued to grow and develop, they were 

face d with this problem. So, they simply established their own individual time 

systems. This time network became so complex and difficult, however, that in 

tiie city of Pittsburgh, for example, there were six different time standard s 

governing the arriv al and depar ture of trains. Pity the confused passengers 

and the shipiiers, as well as the employees of these companies. So, for many 

yea rs in the latte r half of that century, the railroads wrestled to find a solution.

Finally, in November of 1883, a system of four stan dar dized time zones was 

estab lished in the United Sta tes by the railroad industry. This was quickly 

and gratefully accepted by the American people and observed by the Federal 

Government, States, cities, and towns throughout the Natio n. It is little short 

of amazing tha t for 35 years there after this system operate d without any Federal 

legislation on th e subject.

It was only in the closing months of World War I th at the Congress finally 

enac ted the Standard Time Act. This sta tute placed the official stamp of approval, ladies and gentlemen, on the four time zone systems alrea dy in use— 

the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific zones. The new law also empowered 

and directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to define the boundaries of 

these zones and to resolve all boundary disputes there after.

The Stan dard Time Act also gave official sanction to another time-measuring 

device which had since plagued us for many years—daylight saving time. It 

was then approved as a wartim e method of conserving fuel and increasing our 

national efficiency. This notion was originally conceived, we understand, by 

Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century when he serve d as U.S. Ambassador to 

France . It was rei>orted th at he awakened early one morning in Paris and 

noticed the sun shining bri ghtly outside. He asked himself, “Why are we not 

tak ing advantage of all of this daylight?” He even made an analysis of the 

number of candles that could be saved by the people of Paris, if they changed 

their time habits. The Pa risian s ignored Franklin, however, and so nothing 

was done about it. Daylig ht saving time was also u npo pular with the American 

people in 1918: it was only a yea r late r that the Congress repealed the legislation 

establishing daylight saving time, overriding the veto of Presiden t Wilson. So 

it was that our bouncing baby was given a prem ature d eath as a Federal matter.

This so-called hydra-headed monster continued to grow, however, at State 

and local levels during the 1920’s and 1930’s into a complex hodgepodge of time 

schedules. It lat er took World War II to breathe new life at the Federal level
UNIFORM TIME 57

into daylight saving time. It was in February of 1942 that the Congress by law 

advanced the whole country 1 hour without disturbing the four time zones. 

This time the baby managed to survive for almost 4 years, until after the cessation of hostilities. Since then, State and local governments alike have gone off 

in all directions in their use of daylight saving time during the summer months.

Time confusion in U.S. cities of at least 100,000 population

Ci ty and State

Standard

time

Da ylight

saving

time

City a nd State

Standard

time

Daylight

saving

time

1. New York, N .Y __________ X 66. Worcester, Ma ss.................... X

2. Chicago, I ll_____ _______ X 67. Austin, Tex .. ______ _____ X

3. Los Angeles, Ca lif________ X 68. Spokane, Wash___________ X

4. Philadelphia, P a_________ X 69. St. Petersburg, Fla .. X

5. Detroit, Mich _________ X 70. Gary, In d. X

6. Baltimore, M d___________ X 71. Grand Rap ids, Mich__ _ X

7. Houston, Tex____________ X 72. Springfield, Mass_________ X

8. Clev eland, Ohio- .. _______ X 73. Nashville, Tenn . _______ X

9. Washing ton, D .C _____. .. X 74. Corpus C hristi, Tex X

10. St. Louis, M o____________ X 75. Youngtown, O hio ________ X

11. Milwaukee, Wis. ____ . .. X 76. Shreveport, La .. X

12. San Francisco, Ca lif______ X 77. Hartford, Co nn___________ X

13. Boston, Mass. ______ _____ X 78. Fort Wayne, In d__________

79. Bridgeport, Conn ________

X

14. Dallas, Tex______________ X X

15. New Orleans, L a .................. X 80. Baton Rouge, La ................ .

81. New Haven, Conn ______

X

16. Pittsb urg h, P a_____ _____ X X

17. San Antonio, Tex_____ ... X 82. Savannah, (la X

18. San Diego, C ali f. .. ............... X 83. Tacoma, Wash. X

19. Seattle, Wash_____ _ ____ X 84. Jackson, Miss X

20. Buffalo, N .Y ____________ _ X 85. Paterson, N.J X

21. Cin cinnati, Ohio................... X 86. Evan sville, In d...................... X

22. Mem phis, Term________ _ X 87. Erie, P a.. _______ X

23. Denver, Colo ____________ X 88. Amarillo, Te x.. . X

24. Atlan ta, Ga______________ X 89. Montgomery, A la _____ X

25. Minneap olis, M in n. .. ____ X 90. Fresno, Calif __________ X

26. Ind ianapo lis, In d. ............... X 91. South bend , Ind ................. X

27. Kan sas C ity , M o .. ............ X 92. Chattanooga, Ten n. . X

28. Colu mbus, O h io ___ _ ____ X 93. Albany, N.V ____ X

29. Phoenix, Ariz____ ______ _ X 94. Lubbock, T ex .. _____ X

30. New ark, N .J ...... ................ . X 95. Lincoln, N eb r.. . X

31. Louisville, Ky.................... . X 96. Madison, W is.__ _________ X

32. Po rtland, Oreg___________ X 97. Rockford', Ill X

33. Oak land, Calif___________ X 98. Kansas C ity, Ka ns__ ______ X

34. Fort Wo rth, Tex __________ X 99. Greensboro, N .C __________ X

35. Long Beach, Calif.................. X 100. Topeka, Ka ns____________ X

36. Birmingham, Ala_____ ____ X 101. Glendale, Calif___________ X

37. Oklahoma Cit y, Okla............ X 102. Beau mont, Tex............ .......... X

38. Rochester, N. Y___________ X 103. Camden, N .J_______ ____.. X

39. Toledo, Ohio_____________ X 104. Columbus, Ga____________ X

40. St. Pau l, M inn___________ X 105. Pasadena, Calif___________ X

41. Norfolk, Va........................... X 106. Portsmo uth, Va___________ X

42. Omaha, N eb r... .......... ........ X 107. Trenton , N .J ____________ X

43. Honolulu, Hawaii_______ X 108. Newport News, Va________ X

44. Miami, Fl a_______ ______ X 109. Canton, Ohio_____________ X

45. Akron, Ohio________ . X 110. Dearborn, Mic h__________ X

46. El Paso, Tex.1

........... . ........... 111. Knoxville, Te nn ..................... X

47. Jersey C ity , N .J ________ X 112. Hamm ond, In d___________ X

48. Tampa, F la _________ X 113. Scranton, Pa _____________ X

49. Dayton. Ohio.................... X 114. Berkeley I Calif___________ X

50. Tuls a, Okla_____ ____. ____ X 115. Winston-Salem, N .C ______ X

51. Wichita, Kans____ . X 116. Allentown, Pa_____ _____. . ’ X

52. Richmond, Va________ X 117. Little Rock, Ark.................... X

53. Syracuse, N.Y ........................ X 118. Lansing, Mich____________ X

54. Tucson, Ariz_______ X 119. Cambridge, Mass_____ . . X

55. Des Moines, Iow a________ X 120. Elizabeth, N.J____________ X

56. Providence, R .I____ X 121. Wraterburv, Conn.......... ........ X

57. San Jose, Calif______ X 122. Duluth, Mi nn_________ .. X

58. Mobile, Ala ________ X 123. Anaheim, Calif___________ X

59. Charlotte, N .C ____ X 124. Peoria, Ill....... ..................... X

60. Albuqu erque, N. Mex____ X 125. New Bedford, Mass_______ X

61. Jacksonville, Fl a_______ X 126. Niagara Falls, N .Y ________ X

62. Flint. Mich________ X 127. Wichita Falls, Te x............. . X

63. Sacramento, Ca lif................ X 128. Torrance, Calif___________ X

64. Yonkers, N .Y .................... X 129. Utica, N .Y _______________ X

65. Salt Lake C ity , Utah....... X 130. Santa Ana, Calif__________ X

• E l Paso is in the central st and ard time zone bu t observes mountain standard tim e. 

Source: Bureau of th e Census, based on 1960 po pulation data.
58 UNIFORM TIME

196} time observance in 220 impo rtant cities in the United States

State and city Federal zone

Federal

time

Local time

Winter Daylightsaving time

ALABAMA

Ce ntral____________ 6:00 6:00 No______

_ _do _ __________ 6:00 6:00 No ______

__ do ____________ 6:00 6:00 No______

ALASKA

4 nchoroue Ala ska _____________ 2:00 2:00 No______

___ do____________ 2:00 2:00 No______

* Tnneau __ __do___ _________ 2:00 4:00 No______

Ketchik an _ ____________ ___do_......................... 2:00 4:00 No ______

__ .d o_____ ________ 2:00 1:00 N o _____

Y a k u t a t ___ d o ________________ 2:00 3:00 No ______

ARIZONA 5:00 N o .. ........ • p h n e n i y Mou ntain __________ 5:00

Tucson ___do ____ ________ _ 5:00 5:00 No______

ARKANSAS

Fort Smith _ Ce ntral____________ 6:00 6:00 No ............

♦ L itt le R o c k ___ do_________ ____ 6:00 6:00 No ______

CALIFORNIA

Anaheim . _ __ _________ Pacific_____________ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

B e rk e le y ___ do_____________ 4:00 4:00 Yes ..........

F a s t L o s A ng el es ___do _ _________ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

Fresno ___ do .____ ________ 4:00 4:00 Yes...........

G le n d a le . _.d o ___ _______ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

Long Beach ____do____ ________ _ 4:00 4:00 Yes...........

L o s Ang el es ___ do___ _________ 4:00 4:00 Yes...........

O a k la n d ___ do _____ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

P a s a d e n a ____d o _________________ 4:00 4:00 Yes......... .

♦Sacramento . . . ______ ___ do___________ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

Ran D ie go ___do 4:00 4:00 Yes...........

R an F ra n cis c o __ do 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

Ran lo se _ do_____________ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____

R a n ta A n a ___ do 4:00 4:00 Yes...........

T o rra n c e ___ d o ____ ________ 4:00 4:00 Y es. ........

COLORADO

Colorado Springs Mou ntain __________ 5:00 5:00 No ............

♦ D e n v e r do __________ 5:00 5:00 No. ..........

Ppeblo __ do 5:00 5:00 No ______

CONNECTICUT

Bridgeport E as te rn ... . . . _ .. 7:00 7:00 Yes_____

♦Hartford ___do __________ .. 7:00 7:00 Yes ..........

New Haven _do_____ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____

Wa terbury ___do_____________ 7:00 7:00 Yes...........

DELAWARE

♦ Dover .d o........ . 7:00 7:00 Yes_____

Wilmington __ do____ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Washington do .. 7:00 7:00 Yes_____

FLORIDA

Jacksonville __ do .. .. 7:00 7:00 No______

Miami .d o .. .. 7:00 7:00 No______

Pensacola Ce ntral__ 6:00 6:00 No______

St. Petersburg Eastern 7:00 7:00 No______

•Tallahassee ___ do______ 7:00 7:00 No______

Tamp a . _do 7:00 7:00 No______

GEORGIA

♦Atlanta __ do____ 7:00 7:00 No............

Columbus _ .d o___ 7:00 7:00 No....... .

Macon _ .d o___ 7:00 7:00 No___ ...

Savannah........................... . . ___ do_____________ 7:00 7:00 No.......... .

See f ootn ote s a t en d of tabl e, p. 62.

Summer

6

6

6

2

2

4

4

1

3

5

5

fi

6

8 8 8 § 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
UNIFO RM TI ME 59

1964 time observance in 220 important cities in the United States—Continued

Sta te an d city

Federal

Fed eral zone time

Local tim e

HAWAII

Honolulu.. Haw aii_____________

IDAHO

‘Boise................

Coeur d ’Alene.

Idaho Falls__

Lewiston____

Moscow_____

San dpo int___

Wallace_____

Mou ntain.

Pa ci fi c. ...

Mountain.

Pac if ic ... .

___ do.......

___ do.......

___ do.......

ILLINOIS

C hic ag o... ............

Peoria__________

Rockford ________

‘Sp rin gf ield...........

INDIANA

Ev ans ville______

Fort Wa yne _____

Ga ry_______ ____

Ha mm on d______

'Ind ianapo lis_____

Laf aye tte_______

South Be nd _____

Terre H au te _____

IOWA

Ced ar Ra pids ____

Da ven por t______

‘Des Mo ines............

Sioux C ity..............

Wate rloo________

Centr al.

___ do ..

___ do ..

___ do ..

___ do ______________

Ea ste rn____________

Ce ntral____________

___ do............................

Ea ste rn________ ____

Ce ntr al.........................

___ do ___ __________

___ do .......... .............

.do_____________

.do_____________

.do........ . .................

do_____________

do____ _________

Win ter Da ylig htsavi ng time

Summer

KANSAS

Gard en C ity..........

Goo dlan d_______

Kan sas C ity ........

'Topek a_________

Wi chita_________

Mou ntain __________

___ do______ _______

Ce ntr al____________

___ do___ __________

___ do______ _______

KENTUCKY

Fra nk for t________

Lexi ngto n________

Lou isville________

Owensboro_______

Pa du cah _________

Ea ste rn____________

___ do______ _______

.......do ______ _______

Ce ntr al____________

___ do____ _________

LOUISIANA

Bato n Rouge 

New Orlea ns. 

Sh reve po rt. ..

do_____________

do____ _________

do___ __________

MAINE

Augu sta.

Lewiston.

Po rtla nd .

Ea ste rn......... . ..............

___ do ................. ..........

___ do____ _________

MARYLAND

An napo lis.. 

Ba ltimore.. 

Hagerstown 

Sa lis bu ry...

.do____ _________

.do_____________

.do___ __________

do.......... . ...............

2:00 2:00 N o .. .

5:00 5:00 N o .. .

4:00 4:00 Y es ..

5:00 5:00 N o .. .

4:00 4:00 Y es ..

4:00 4:00 Y es ..

4:00 4:00 N o .. .

4:00 5:00 N o .. .

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 N o .. .

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 No ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 7:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

5:00 6:00 N o .. .

5:00 5:00 No ..

6:00 6:00 No ..

6:00 6:00

6:00 6:00 N o .. .

7:00 7:00 N o .. .

7:00 7:00 N o .. .

7:00 7:00 N o .. .

6:00 6:00 Y es ..

6:00 6:00 N o .. .

6:00 6:00 No ..

6:00 6:00 N o .. .

6:00 6:00 N o .. .

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

7:00 7:00 Y es ..

2:00

7

7

7

7

7

6

5

6 

6 

6

7

7

7

7

6

6

6

6

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 § 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 888 8 8 8 8

See fo o tn o te s a t en d of ta bl e, p. 62 .

36—471— 64------6
6 0 UNIFORM TIME

196^ time observance in 220 important cities in the United States—Continued

State and city Federal zone

Federal . 

time

MASSACHUSETTS

•Boston . __________ - Eas tern ____________ 7:00

Cambridg e __ do______________ 7:00

N pvv B edfo rd.. _________ _ __ do . .... _____ _ 7:00

Springfield ___ do______________ 7:00

Worcester __ _________ ___ do_____________ 7:00

MICHIGAN

D e a r b o rn ___ do 7:00

D e tro it ___do_____________ 7:00

Flint ___ do 7:00

G ra n d R a p id s _ . do 7:00

Tr on M o u n ta in Ce ntral________ ____ 6:00

Ironw ood _ __ do______________ 6:00

♦ R a n sin g Ea ste rn _______ . . 7:00

M a r q u e tte C e n tr a l___________ 6:00

Sau lt Ste. Marie __ ___ do _____________ 6:00

MINNESOTA

Du luth ___ do .. _____ _____ 6:00

M inneapolis ___ do 6:00

•St Paul ___ do 6:00

MISSISSIPPI

♦ Jack so n ___ do 6:00

Meridia n ___ do_____________ 6:00

MISSOURI

•Jefferson City ___ do 6:00

Kan sas City ___do______________ 6:00

St. Louis ___do. ___ _ 6:00

MONTANA

Anacond a ______________ Mou ntain .................... 5:00

Billings ___ do___ ____ _.__ _ 5:00

Bu tte __ do____ _________ 5:00

Great Falls ___ do______________ 5:00

♦Helena _ _________ __ _do_____________ 5:00

Missoula __ ___ do___ _ 5:00

NEBRASKA

♦Lincoln . . _________ Ce ntral ___________ 6:00

Omaha do _____________ 6:00

Scottsbluff Mou ntain__________ 5:00

NEVADA

•Carson City Pacific________ ___ 4:00

Reno ............. ..... ___ do_________ __ 4:00

T„as Vegas __ ___ do _________ 4:00

NEW HAMPSHIRE

•Conc ord ______ __ Eas tern . 7:00

M a n C hest er __.d o______________ 7:00

NEW JER SEY

Cam den . .. ___ ____do____ _________ 7:00

Eli zab eth .. . . _______ ___ do___ __________ 7:00

Jersey C ity . ________ . . . do_____ _______ 7:00

Newar k __ ______ ____do _____________ 7:00

Paterson __________ ___ do_____________ 7:00

•Tren ton ___ do____ ________ 7:00

NE W MEXICO

Albuquerque ________ M ou ntain__________ 5:00

TjOS Alamos ____ ___ do ______ _______ 5:00

•Santa Fe__________ ______ ........do ___________ 5:00

See f ootn ote s a t en d of tabl e, p. 62.

Local time

Winter Daylightsaving time

Summer

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

7:00

6:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

6:00

6:00

5:00

4:00

4:00

4:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

Yes...........

Yes____ .

Yes........ .

Yes_____

Yes....... .

No............

No ______

No______

No ............

Yes_____

Yes....... .

No______

No______

No............

Yes ..........

Yes_____

Yes_____

No............

No______

No ............

No______

Yes...........

Yes...........

No______

Yes_____

No______

No______

N o -.........

No.

No.

No.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No

Yes.

No.

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:tX)

8:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

7:00

6:00

5:00

6:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

6:00

6:00

5:00

5:60

5:00

5:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:60

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

5:00

6:00

5:00

c — Ki — l u - j ; :
UN IFOR M TIME 61

1964 tim e observance in 220 important cities in the United States—Continued

State and city Federal zone

Federal

time

Local time

NE W YORK

♦Albany_____

Buffalo_____

New York__

Niagara Falls.

Rochester___

Syracuse------

Utica_______

Yonkers____

NORTH CAROLINA

Charlo tte_____

Greensboro___

•Raleigh______

Winston-Salem.

NORTH DAKOTA

"Bismarck.

Dickinson

Fargo-----

Hettin ger .

Akron_____

Ca nto n____

Ci nc inna ti- - 

Clev elan d... 

♦Co lum bus...

Day ton------

Tole do. __

Youngstown

OHIO

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma C it y .—'.................

Tu lsa ------------------------------

OREGON

Winter Daylightsaving time

Summ er

Eug ene.. 

Portland 

Salem. . .

Eastern

___ do ..

___ do ..

___ do..

___ do ..

___ do ..

___ do ..

___ do ..

.do....... ....................

.do_____________

.do........ .................-

C en tr al ...

___ do___

___ do___

Mou ntain.

Ea ste rn.......................-

___ do............ ...............

___ do______________

___ do _____________

___ do........................ .

.. .. d o .......... ...............-

___do_____________

___ do______________

Ce ntral______ _____

___ do...........................

Pacific..........................

___ do_____________

___ do______________

PENNSYLVANIA

Adlcntown _ ____ Ea ste rn___________

Kfic ____ . ___ do_____________

♦H a rrish n rp

P h ila d e lp h ia . _ _ ____ - ___ do---- ----------------

Pittsburg h ___ do___- _____ ---

Scranton ___ do---------------------

RHO DE ISLAND

Pawtuck et ___ do---- ----------------

* Providence ___ do___— ----------

SOUTH CAROLINA

Charleston _______ ___ do---- ----------------

♦Columbia_________ ____- --- ___ do_____________

SOUTH DAKOTA

♦P ier re.. ...

Rapid City. 

Sioux Falls .

TENN ESSEE

Cha ttan ooga........ ......... -........

Knoxville--------------- -------- -

Memphis________ ________

Nas hville---- ------ -------- ------

Ce ntr al. . . 

Mou ntain. 

Centra l .. .

E ast ern .......................

___ do _____________

Ce ntr al____________

___ do............................

See f ootn ote s a t end o f table, p. 62.

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

6:00

5:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

4:00

4:00

4:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

5:00

6:00

5:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

7:00

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

No ............

No______

No______

No ______

No ............

No ______

No______

No ______

Yes____

Yes_____

No ______

Yes_____

No ______

No ............

No ______

Yes_____

6:00 N o. ..........

6:00 No ______

4:00

4:00

4:00

Yes_____

Yes_____

Yes_____

7:00 Yes.

7:00 Yes.

7:00 Yes

7:00 Yes.

7:00 Yes.

7:00 Yes.

7:00 Ye s_____

7:00 Ye s_____

7:00 No______

7:00 No ______

6:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00

No ............

N o______

N o .. ........

No ....... .

No ............

No ______

No........ .

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

7:G0

7:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

5:00

6:00

5:00

8:00 

8:00 

7:00 

8:00 

7:00 

7:00 

7:00 

8:00

6:00

6:00

5:00

5:00

5:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

8:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

7:00

6:00

6:00
62 UNIFORM TIME

1964 time observance in 220 impo rtant cities in the United States—Continued

State an d city Federal zone

Federal

time

Local time

Wi nter Daylightsaving time

Summ er

TEXAS

Amarillo_________________ C en tr al .................... .. 6:00 6:00 No........ . 6:00

•Austin ____do ........................... 6:00 6:00 No....... . 6:00

Beaumont ______________ ___ do ____ ______ ... 6:00 6:00 No______ 6:00

•Corpus C hri st i_ ___ do _______ _____ 6:00 6:00 No______ 6:00

Dallas __ do _____________ 6:00 6:00 No______ 6:00

El Paso ____do ._ ______ ... 6:00 5:00 No.......... . 6:00

Fo rt Worth ___ do _____________ 6:00 6:00 No.......... . 6:00

Houston ____do __ ____ _____ 6:00 6:00 No______ 6:00

Lubbo ck. ______________ ____do __ _____ ____ 6:00 6:00 No______ 6:00

San Antonio ____do_____________ 6:00 6:00 No............ 6:00

Wichita Falls ___do__ _______ ___ 6:00 6:00 No............ 6:00

UTAH

Ogden M ou ntain__________ 5:00 5:00 No______ 5:00

•Salt Lake City ____d o .. ............. ......... 5:00 5:00 No....... . 5:00

Tooele ____do _____________ 5:00 5:00 No______ 5:00

Wendover Pacific_____________ 4:00 4:00 No______ 4:00

VERMONT

Burlington Ea ste rn ____________ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

•Montpelier ___ do_______ ______ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

VIRGINIA

Arlington ___ do____________ _ 7:00 7:00 Yes....... . 8:00

Bristol __ do. _________ ___ 7:00 7:00 No______ 7:00

Newport News ____do_____________ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

Norfolk _ .. .d o .......................... 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

Portsmou th _ .. .d o ______ ______ 7:00 7:00 Yes........... 8:00

•Richmond ___ d o .__________ .. . 7:00 7:00 Yes........... 8:00

WASHINGTON

•Olympia Pacific......... . .............. 4:00 4:00 Yes_____ 5:00

Seattle ._ _do. ___ _____ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____ 5:00

Spokane .. .d o .__ _____ ____ 4:00 4:00 Yes_____ 5:00

Tacoma ___ do. . . . . . . . . ____ 4:00 4:00 Yes......... . 5:00

WEST VIRGINIA

•Charlesto n. Eas tern ____________ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

Hu ntington ______________ ___ do............... . .......... 7:00 7:00 Yes......... 8:00

Parkersburg ___ do _____________ 7:00 7:00 Yes_____ 8:00

Wheeling ___ do ____ _____ .. . 7:00 7:00 Yes........... 8:00

WISCONSIN

• M adison . Cen tra l____________ 6:00 6:00 Yes_____ 7:00

Milwaukee . . do____ _________ 6:00 6:00 Yes........... 7:00

Racine ____do_____________ 6:00 6:00 Yes_____ 7:00

WYOMING

Caspar . . _ . ________ Mou ntain__________ 5:00 5:00 No______ 5:00

•Che yenn e.. ______________ ___ do_______ _____ 5:00 5:00 No............ 5:00

E xplanatory C omm ents

1. The times indicated in the c o l u m n “ Federal time” are al l a.m. equiv ale nt to 12 noon Greenwich m ean 

time.

2. The cities marked b y aste risks (*) are c apital cities.

3. Even though El Paso, Tex ., an d Dickinson, N. Dak., are located i n the central st and ard time zone, 

they both observe mountain st an da rd time.

4. The District of Columbia in a Federal district, the local law which authorizes the D istrict Com missioners to establish da ylight saving for the District is also a Federal law, enacted by Congress and ap proved 

by the President.
UNI FO RM TIME 63
64 UNIFORM TIME

SHIFT BACK TO STANDARD TIME

Committee for Time Uniformity

Committee for Time Uniformity, Washington, D.C.

I. EXTENT OF OBSERVANCE IN 19 6 4 OF DAYLIGHT SAVING TI M E IN TH E UNITED STA TES 1

Sta tes observing daylight saving time:

Statewide (15) : 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Illinois 

Maine

Massachusetts

Nevada

New Ham pshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

Rhode Island

Sta tes not observing da ylight saving time (19) :

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

Florida

Georgia

Haw aii

Statewide—Con. 

Vermont 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin

Not state wide (16) : 

Colorado 

Idaho 

Ind iana 

Iowa 

Kentucky 

Maryland

Kansas

Louisiana

Mississippi

Nebraska

North Carolina

North Dakota

Oklahoma

Not state wide—Con. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

South Dakota 

Virginia

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Wyoming

II. EXTEN T OF UNIFORMITY’ IN DAY LIGHT SAVING TI ME SWITCH OVE R DATES— 1964

A. Sicitch from standard to daylight saving time

1. Of the 15 States observing da ylight saving time on a statewide basis, all 15

State s switched to DST on th e last Sunday in April.

1

 T he se d ata ha ve bee n de rive d from 1964 re port s rece ived from S ta te offic ials an d oth er 

so ur ce s.
UNIFORM TIME 65

2. Of the 1G States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, all except the following 11 States switched to daylight saving time the last Sunday 

in April:

State Area Day ligh t saving 

time began

Colorado Aspen _ ____ ___ - - _____ ___ Ma y 2, 1904.

Idaho Communities north of Salmon R iver. .. ______ Varying dates.

Indiana 32 counties . .. ........- - ______ _______ Year-round.

Iowa - ________ Local option communities. __ _ ___ ______ - Varying dates.

Ke ntu cky Madisonville, Owensboro, Calhoun, and Hen derson____ Do.

Minnesota All except border municipalities ____ - ____ 4th Sunday in May.

Missouri Some 50 communities, including St. Louis. . ______ Varying dates. 

Mo nta na Anaconda, Butte, Bozeman, Belgrade, and Livings ton__ Memorial Day.

Ohio 25 counties - _ - - ____ ___ _________ _____ Varying dates.

South D ak ot a. ... 

Virginia______

Jefferson, Vermillion, and Yankton _____ __ ____ Do.

Portions of Virginia oth er than Bristol and 10th Election Dis­ tric t (adjacent to Washin gton , D .C.) and 8 counties in sout hwestern Virginia.

Memorial Day.

B. Switch from daylight saving to standard time

1. Of the 15 States observing daylight saving time on a statewide basis, all except West Virginia and Wisconsin will return to standard time on the last Sunday in October. West Virginia and Wisconsin will switch instead on the last 

Sunday of September. 2. Of the 16 States observing daylight saving time on a nonstatewide basis, 5 of them (Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, and South Dakota) will return to standard time in September. All of these States except Minnesota, however, observe daylight saving time in very limited areas. Nine other States (Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia) will return to standard time on varying dates rang­ ing from August to October with some Indiana communities even observing daylight saving time on a year-round basis. Only in Maryland and Oregon will standard time be resumed on the last Sunday 

of October.

C. States observing both the April-October switchboard, dates 2

1. Fifteen of the thirty-two States observe the switchover dates of the last 

Sundays in April and October, as follows:

California Maryland New York

Connecticut Massachusetts Oregon

Delaware Nevada Rhode Island

Illinois New Hampshire Vermont

Maine New Jersey Washington

Mr. Long. Mr. Van Deerlin, do you have any question of Mr. 

Ramspeck?

Mr. Van Deerlin. No questions.

Mr. Long. Mr. Glenn ?

Mr. Glenn. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman, but as an exMember of Congress we appreciate your coming here and giving us 

the benefit of your knowledge and experience in this great field.

Mr. Ramspeck. Thank you.

Mr. Long. Mr. Curtin ?

Mr. Curtin. No questions.

Mr. L ong. Thank you very kindly, Mr. Ramspeck. Your statement 

was very comprehensive.

Mr. Ramspeck. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Mr. P. M. Roeper, vice president, transporta tion and 

maintenance, Pennsylvania Railroad, appearing for the Association of American Railroads. Come around, Mr. Roeper, if you would, please. 

Proceed in your own way.

2

 T he D is tr ic t of Co lumbia also ob se rv es da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e fr om th e la st Sun da y in 

A pr il to th e l ast Su nd ay in Oc tobe r.
66 UNIFORM TIME

STATEMENT OF P. M. ROEPER, VICE PRESIDENT, TRANSPORTATION

AND MAINTENANCE, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, APPEARING

FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS, WASHINGTON,

D.C.

Mr. R oeper. Fir st , I wa nt to tha nk you fo r tak in g me ahea d of yo ur 

sche duled witness an d also than k Mr. Re dd ing for offering me th is 

tim e.

Mr. Ch airma n, I am P ar k M. Roe per, vice p res ide nt, tra ns po rtatio n 

an d mainte nance, of th e Pennsylva nia Railro ad Co. at Ph ila de lphi a, 

Pa ., ap pe aring as a witness fo r the Assoc iation of Am erican R ai lroa ds in supp ort of a un ifo rm time withi n sta nd ar d tim e zones. I 

have been e mployed by the P ennsylv ania Rai lro ad for 36 years, 22 of 

which have been sp en t as a tra ns po rta tio n officer, servin g in va rio us 

cap acities as su pe rin tend en t, gen era l ma nager, and now as vice pr es ident of tra ns po rtatio n and m aintenance.

In my prese nt po sition I am resp onsible fo r passenger an d fr ei ght 

tr ai n opera tions an d the develop men t and recommendation of com ­

pany policies w hich will pro vid e tr an sp or ta tio n th at is economical a nd 

will meet the req uir em ents of the public an d ou r patron s. I am appe aring in behalf of the Associa tion of Am eri can Ra ilroads (r ep re ­

sen ting 95 perce nt of the N ation’s ra il m ile ag e), throu gh a ctio n take n 

by its board of dire ctor s which has resolved t he positi on of th e r ailroa d 

indu str y in fav or of un ifo rm ity of time with in sta nd ard tim e zones. 

Th is position is take n af te r ga ini ng full cogniza nce o f the c onfusion , 

inconvenience, an d un warranted expense b ro ug ht a bout by the lac k of 

un ifo rm ity in the observance of tim e and th e effect of the Sta ndar d 

Tim e Ac t of 1918.

I have prep ared an d given the cle rk a sta temen t of my tes tim ony 

in sup port of the in du st ry ’s position and ask th at it be made a p art 

of th is record, and ra th er th an go into the de tail I will ju st sum ma rize 

my testimon y.

Air. Long. I th in k th at is wise, Mr. Roepe r, an d witho ut objec tion 

yo ur statem ent with th e exh ibits att ache d to i t and mad e a part o f it 

will be made a pa rt of th e re cord.

Mr. R oeper. Tha nk you. I d ire ct y ou r p ar ticu la r atte nti on to pag e 

3, which is a rep rodu cti on of pages 16 an d 17 of the “Official Gu ide 

of the Railw ays,” listin g citie s and tow ns observin g da ylight savin g 

time. These pag es cle arl y serve as evidence of th e lack of u ni fo rm ity 

in the observance o f tim e by com mun ities, and it also shows th e sketchy 

inf orma tio n th at is available to the ra ilr oa d clerk in the con duct of 

his business as to w ha t tim e certa in to wns or citie s are on because the 

inf orma tio n on those tw o pages is ve ry genera l.

Exam ples also follo wi ng the testimony ill us trat e the con fusion an d 

inconvenience ex per ien ced by t he p ublic as a resu lt of d ay lig ht sa vin g 

tim e and by the ra ilr oa ds who are req uir ed by law to op era te on a 

sta nd ard-tim e basis. Following those exam ple s in my testim ony I 

then develop the cost of rev ising an d issuin g new schedules and em ­

ployee working tim eta ble s as well as ins tru ction s, th at cost arou nd 

$2 million or mo re a yea r. Th is expense cou ld be avoided if ev eryone withi n a tim e zone would be req uir ed to observe the same tim e 

wheth er it be s ta nd ar d or da ylight and if the ch ang e from one to t he 

othe r were m ade simultaneously in all zones.
UN IFOR M TIME 67

Be ginn ing on page 7 of my testimony are com ments by various 

oth er railroads. These are ad ditio na l exa mples c iting the difficulties 

experie nce d because of lack of tim e un ifo rm ity . Th ey may be summarized as follows : Gener al confusion in passe nger tr ai n schedules; 

difficulty in schedu ling passe nger tra in s to accommodate o rig in, in te rmediate, and destination req uirem ents; the ex tra exp ense in pr in ting 

of schedules and tim eta ble s; th e difficulty in ha nd lin g mail to meet 

pos t office req uir em ents; the rescheduling of frei gh t tr ai ns; the use 

of two tim es in tra ns ac tin g bus iness; switc hin g th ro ug h sch edu ling 

difficulties; and redu ced com municatio n tim e betw een offices on the 

same railr oa d. Th e pos itio n of the railr oa d indu stry is to urg e and 

su pp or t acti on th at will bring about the sam e s ta nd ar d of tim e within 

tim e zones of fixed boundar ies. I f the re is to be annu al cha ngeov er from sta nd ar d to da ylig ht time 

there sho uld be a comm on cha nge ove r da te appli cable to all tim e 

zones, or at least in the easte rn, central, mo untain, an d Pacific zones. 

Fu rth ermor e, the change shou ld be app licable to the en tir e zone and 

not m erely a p ortio n the reo f. Of the bi lls before th is co mmittee th ose 

th at wo uld mak e the ob servance of s tand ard tim e man da tory the ye ar 

aro un d fo r all purposes—t h at is, H.R . 2335 and 2532—would res ult 

in the maxim um un ifo rm ity , an d these bills wou ld ca rry even gr ea ter 

economic benefit to the ra ilro ad s th an the $2 million developed in my 

testim ony. Th is would be br ou gh t about as a result of no t havin g to 

pay ce rta in employees 8 ho ur s’ pa y for 7 ho urs’ work at the sp rin g 

cha ngeov er and then when th e fall changeover comes t o pay an ho urs’ 

overtime so that we have the employe e in the cha ngeov er period work 

such ho ur s to c atc h up to the employee who is st ar ting his new tour 

on stan da rd time.

Mr. Long. Excuse me, Mr. Roe per. As I un de rstand it, what ha ppens is th at you pay the m at b oth instances.

Mr. Roeper. Yes, sir. In th e firs t instance ou r employe es are pa id 

fo r an 8-h our day when the y come to work. Now, on a position that is 

manned 24 h ours a day , obv iou sly in the sp rin g cha ngeov er you can ’t 

have tw o people wo rki ng on th at one job; so, con sequently, you are 

pa ying the one employee who gets to leave an ho ur ea rli er because 

the re is no work for him to do, and in the fal l then you have to keep 

the employee, on du ty an hour lon ge r because at 6 o’clock in th e m orn ing 

it is really 7 o’clock fo r his st ar ting time, so it am ounts to an ho ur ’s 

pe na lty pay in the morn ing . We lose on both ends of th at deal.

W hil e no t as econ omically beneficial to the railr oa ds , either H.R. 

6284 or II.R . 11407 wou ld receive the su pp or t of th is indu str y since 

they eli mi nate most of the objectionable fac tors prese nte d in this 

testim ony.

Th e only th ing those two bills do not eliminate is th at ho ur lost at 

both cha ngeov er periods. Th e ma in difficulty wi th H.R . 4702, the bill 

which I un derst and is recommen ded by the In te rs ta te Commerce 

Com mission, is th at it would, in effect, invo lve the ch an ging of tim e 

zone boundarie s to achieve da yl ig ht saving tim e. Th is could con tinue 

to cost the r ailro ad indu str y a substan tia l part of the $2 millio n wi th 

which it is burde ned.

However, one of th e soun d pro vis ion s o f H.R. 4702 is t hat provision 

which would require the obs ervanc e of Fe de ral tim e stan da rd s by all 

persons. No tw ith sta nd ing th e weak point s of H.R. 4702, it is more
68 UNIFORM TIME

positive in its appro ach th an is II.R. 11483, which wou ld not impose 

Fe de ral time sta nd ards a t St at e and local levels, bu t wou ld hope t ha t 

these would become acc eptab le thro ug h vo luntary per suasion. II.R. 

11206 and II.R. 11310 me rely eliminat e the segmen t of confusion th at 

exists throug h the vario us effective per iod s of da yl ig ht sav ing time 

and cor rec ts only a mino r face t of the cu rre nt problem. Also, the y 

do no t include any enfor ceme nt provisions, which would seem to be 

essential if they a re to h ave a ny effect.

Th e bill rep orted by the Senate committee, whi ch is ide ntical wi th 

H.R . 11483, includes in section 1 0(b ) a specific pro vision to p erm it excep tions fro m sta nd ard tim e in any zone fo r t he use o f ai r navig ation, 

ai r traffic control, and ra ilro ad opera tions havin g re ga rd to the convenienc e of commerce an d th e jun ction point s and th e divisio n points 

of common carriers engaged in inter sta te an d foreign commerce. 

Thi s reflects t he exis ting law a nd an y com prehensive bill such as H .R. 

4702 or an y othe r bill should con tain such a prov ision.

T hat concludes the presentation of my testim ony.

(T he inf orma tio n re fe rred to f ollows :)

Statement of Park M. Roeper, Vice President, T ransportation and

Maintenance, Pennsylvania Railroad

My name is Park M. Roeper. I am vice president, transp ortation and maintenance, of the Pennsylvania Railroa d with hea dqu arters at Philadelphia, Pa. 

I am appearing as a witness for the Association of American Railroads (AAR) 

representing the railroad ind ust ry in support of uniform time within standa rd 

time zones. That association is a volu ntary association of railroad companies 

ope rating over 95 percent of the total railroad mileage and having operating 

revenues of approxim ately 98 percen t of the total railroad operating revenues of 

all railro ads in the United States. I have been employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad for 36 years, the las t 22 

years of which have been in various transp ortation supervisory capacities including those of division superin tendent at Sunbury, Pa., Fo rt Wayne, Ind., Altoona, Pa., and New York, N.Y. I also served as regional manager at New York. 

In those capacities my responsibilities included the managem ent of both pas ­

senger a nd freig ht operations, including ticket sales, operation o f reservation and 

info rmation bureaus, as well as the general supervision of tra in operations. 

From 1957 to 1959, I was gen eral mana ger of transp ortation, responsible for 

both passenger and freigh t operations over the entire Pennsylvan ia system, and 

since 1959 I have been vice president, tran spo rtation and maintenance, responsible for system activities in the are a of tran spo rtation, maintenance of equipment, maintenance of way a nd prope rty protection, and to develop and recommend 

company policies designed to provide the most economic transp ortation service 

which will meet the req uirements of patrons.

The past 22 years have brough t me in close contact with all details of ra ilroad operations and have afforded close association with passengers, freight 

shippers, and others with whom we have business.

While the Stan dard Time Act of March 11. 1918, require s railroads engaged 

in interstate commerce to opera te on standard time at all times, action taken 

by various communities to adopt oth er tha n standard time (partic ularly those 

who adopt daylight saving time) compels the railroads to ad just their schedules 

and methods of operation to accommodate local or “peoples” time. This lack 

of uniformity crea tes confusion and causes inconvenience to those patrons of 

the railro ad industry. Fur thermore , the railroad industry must undergo gre at 

expense to adjust its operations each time those communities change the ir 

time. The Board of Directors of the Association of American Railroads, by action 

tak en on March 1, 1963. resolved the railroad ind ustry ’s position—favo ring 

uniformity of time within sta ndard time zones—afte r tak ing full cognizance 

of the confusion th at is bro ugh t about by communities within the prese nt 

sta nd ard time zones adopting, during certain periods of the year, variations
UN IFO RM TI ME 69

in time standar ds either through the medium of daylight saving time or through 

noncompliance with the time of their specific sta ndard time zone. The absence of a uniform time law applicable to everyone with in a pre­ scribed zone results in confusion and inconvenience, which is best illust rated by th at which is being experienced today. The following page of this testimony is a reproduction of page s 16 and 17 of the June 1964 issue, Official Guide of the Railw ays of the United States, which lists cities and towns observing day­ light saving time. The lack of uniformity is quite evident, not only with re­ ga rd to cities within specific time zones, but also with regard to the variance in the effective period. To follow the time in Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio requires some sort of a time expert. I sympathize with the rai lro ad officers scheduling trains and trying to conduct a business in these States, as well as those whose terri tory takes them into Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. All of these States ter minate day ligh t saving 

time at other than th e gene rally set date o f October 25. Confusing as it may be to simply arrive a t whethe r a community is on eastern sta nd ard time, eastern daylight time, cen tral sta ndard time, or cen tral day ­ light time, the dilemma does not end here. In those communities adopting day light saving time we experience the confusion of two times—standar d time (commonly referre d to as railroad time, since it applies mainly to railroads) and daylight or city time. Thus, in the daily conduct of business it becomes necessary to eith er quote these two times, or risk the confusion of a misunder­ standi ng by quoting only one. For example, if a patro n inquires as to the ar riva l of a given service and is advised to expect it at 10 a.m., he will un­ doubtedly become irrit ated when at 10:30 a.m. dayligh t time the quoted arriv al is not forthcoming, not recognizing th at 10 :30 a.m. daylight time is only 9 :30 

a.m. standard tim e (railro ad time). Criticism is often directed toward the railroads for being old fashioned and antiquated in the ir operations, because they continue (as requ ired by law ) to ope rate on slow time, where as other businesses are conducted on fast, or 

daylight saving time. Difficult as it is to conduct freight operatio ns witho ut uniform time, the problem becomes even more confusing for the passenger who knows (and thinks ) in term s of prevailing, or “peoples” time, and to the passenger to whom th e term “sta ndard time” means only th at it is eit her 1 hour behind, or ahead, of daylig ht saving time. Beginning in 1958 the Pennsylvan ia Railroad adopted a policy of showing time observed by communities in its public schedules. While this has materially reduced the possibility of confusion, it has not bro ugh t a solution to inter­ line schedules. For example, the April 26 issue of Pennsylvania Railroa d passenger schedules show Southern-Pennsylvania Railro ad tra in No. 48-148 arrivi ng Trenton, N.J., at 2 p.m. daylight saving time, whereas the Southern Railro ad passenger tra in schedule shows the tra in arriv ing Trenton, N.J., at 1 p.m. The only guide a s to th e applicable time in the Southern schedule is a small “FT” easily overlooked on the top line of the schedule. All too often someone will meet the train a t Tre nton, after having obtain ed the tim e from the Southern 

schedule, only to find they have 1 more hou r to wait. Not only do the changes th at result from the lack of uniform ity during the chan ge of time periods confuse the public, they present considerable problems in adjus tin g connections of trai ns operating from the South to the North as the sou thern trains continue to operate on sta ndard time and the northern tra ins go to daylight saving time since the terri tory nor th of Wash ington is on day­ lig ht saving time. In some cases thro ugh connections are missed entirely. Fo r example, the Silver Meteor arriving at Washington at 6 a.m. and the Ea st Coast Champion arr ivi ng at 6:10 a.m. make connection to the Pittsburg h and Buffalo trains, Nos. 571-25, departing a t 7 a.m., bu t miss it d urin g the summer when No. 571-25 le aves at 6 a.m. eas tern sta ndard time (or 7 a.m. daylight saving time ). At the St. Louis gateway, the eastbound tra ins Nos. 4 and 30 are scheduled on sta ndard time yea r round because the southweste rn railroads so operate, with the result that both of these tra ins arriv e at New York 1 hour later 

than should be the case during the summer months. While the Pennsylvania Railro ad endeavors to print its timetables to reflect people’s time, nevertheless action taken by individual communities frequently ups ets these good intentions. For example. Plymouth. Tnd., is in the cen tral time belt. That community af te r the schedules were set up last fall continued
70 UNIFORM TIME

le

LIST OF CITIES AND TOWN S OBSERVING 

_________ “ DAYLIGHT SAVING” TIM E___________

Amherst, N.S.

Arnprior, On t.

Ar vid a, Que.

Asbestos, Que.

Aurora,Ont.

P R IN C E E D W A R D

Danville, Que.

Da rtm outh, N.S .

Digb y, N.S.

Dolbeau, Q ue.

East Angus, Que.

Etobicoke, On t.

Farnham. Que.

Fergus, Ont.

Fort Er ie, On t.

Fredericton, N.B .

Galt. On t.

Goderich. On t.

Granby, Que.

Griiuiiby, Ont*

Guelph, On t.

Ha lifax , N.S.

Ha milton , On t.

Haw keabury, Ont.

Hul l, Que.

Hunts ville, On t.

Ingersoll, On t.

Joliette. Que.

Jonquiere, Que.

Bathurst. N.B .

(A pril 27 to

October 26)

Bcnmaville. On t.

Belleville. Ont.

Uowinanvillc.Ont.

Brampton, On t.

Brantford. Ont.

Brookville. Ont.

Burlington, Ont.

Campbell lord.

Out.

Campbellton. N .B .

(M ay 17 to

October I I )

Chatham, Ont.

Coaticook, Que.

Coburg, Ont.

Cornwall, Ont.

Cowansville, Que.

CANADA

As listed below from April 26 to October 25, except as noted.

B R IT IS H C O L U M B IA — Entire Province—Erom April 20 to October 25.

M A N IT O B A — Entire Province— From April 26 to September 13.

N EW PO UN D LA N D — Entire Pro vince--From April 26 in October 25.

IS L A N D —Entire Province— From April 2*1 to October 25.

Kentv ille, N.S,

Kenora, Ont.

Kincardine. O nt.

Kingston, Ont.

Kirkla nd Lake,

Ont.

Kitchener, Ont.

Lachute, Que

La Tuque, Q ue.

Lakefield , Ont.

Leaside, On t.

Lennoxville, Que.

Levis, Que.

Lindsay, Ont.

Liverpool, N.S .

London, Out.

Markh am, Ont.

Midla nd, Ont.

Moncton. N.B.

Mont Joli, Que.

Montreal, Que.

Napanee, On t.

New Castle, N.B .

New Liakeard,

Ont.

Niagara -on-theLake, Ont.

Niagara Falls,

Ont.

North Bay, Ont.

Oakville , Ont.

Orangeville, On t.

Orillia , On t.

Oshawa, Ont.

Ottaw a. On t.

Owen Sound, Ont.

Paris, On t.

Pembroke, Ont.

Penetanguiahene,

On t.

Peterborough,

Ont.

Piet on, N.S.

Port Colborne,

On t.

Port Hope, Ont.

Preacutt, Ont,

Qnrhec, Que.

Renfrew, O nt.

Rcp'-ntigny, Que.

Richmon d. Que.

Richmond H ill,

Ont.

Riinnuski, Que.

Sa ckvillc, N.B.

St. Andrews. N.B .

St Catharines,

Ont.

St. Hyacinllie,

Q »r .

St . Jean. Que.

S t. Jerome, Que.

St. Joh n. N.B.

St. Raymond,

Que.

St. Thomas. Ont.

SauIt Stc. Marie,

Ont.

Sh au iaigaii. Que.

Sher brooke. Que.

Smith** Falls, Ont.

Snuth.-i inpt <m.0nt.

Strntforn. Out.

Street*Mile. Ont.

Sudbury, Ont.

Sussex, N.B.

Sydney, N.S.

Thetford Mines,

Que.

Thorold, Ont.

Tillsonburg, On t.

Timmin s, Ont.

Toronto, On t.

Trenton, On t,

Trois Rivieres,

Que.

Tru ro, N.S.

Vallcyfield, Que.

Vic toriav ille .Que.

Waterloo, Ont.

Welland, Ont.

Whitby, On t.

Windsor, N. S.

Woodbridge. Ont.

Woodstock, Ont.

Yarmouth. N.S.

CALIFOR NIA

” D ay lig ht Saving** time observed from April 26 to O rtoh rr 5.________________________

CONNECTICUT

«* Daylight Savin g** time observed from April 26 to Octobcr 25.

DELAWARE

** D aylig ht Savin g** time observed from April 26 to October 25.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Washington from April 26 to October 25,

ILLINO IS

________________________** Daylig ht Sav ing** time observed from April 2H to October 25.

INDIAN A

__________” Daylight Saving** time generally observed throughout tjie state tr-w i Ap ril 26 to October 25.__________

IOWA

“ Daylight Savin g” time is gen erally observed in Raster i Iowa from April 26 to various termination dates in

Aug ust. September and October, aome localities will start “ Da yligh t Sav ing" time in May. tome in June. Some

cities and towns in Central and Western Iowa will also observe “ Daylight Sa ving ” time. It is expected that the

State will adopt “ D ayligh t Sa ving ” tim e on a statutory basis in the near future; further details will appear in

succeeding isaae* of the O rru m , Guipe .__________________________________ ___________________________________

MAINE

•* Daylig ht Savin g” time observed from April 26 to October 25.

MARYLAND

________________________•* Da yligh t Sa ving ” time observed from April 26 to October 2 »._______________________

MASSACHU SETTS

________________________ ” Da ylight Sav ing ** time observed from April 26 to Octobcr ?£

M IC H IG A N

Pick mso a County Ap ril 26 to October 25, Ironwood April 26 to September 27.
17

UNIFORM TIME 71

List of Cities and Tow ns Observing “ DAYLIGHT SAVING ” Time—Continued

MIN NESOTA

“ Dayligh t Sa ving ” tirae observed from May 24 to September 8.

MISSOU RI

. As listed below from Ap ril N to October 23, eic ep t ns noted.

Annndn Ewing Kahoka Louisiana PerMfjuo South River

(to Sept. « ). (M ay 1 to (M ay IT to .. (to Sept. 28) (to Sept. 18)

Ashburn August SI) September 1) M nnroe City , - j ,

(to Sept. 28) F

„ i , „ (t oSrp t. fi) (t -S e p t. 28) Truesdale

Canton Eoristell , „ „ Moscow , , w

____ . _

c /'k iv H I U“ W ) G "

m O r e (M ay IT to »o Sept. 2T)

Itn Scnf* Hannibal September 1) S t. I. o u te t tu b - (M ay IS to

Crratal Ci»v (to S ept. 13) La Grang e Old Monroe urb> and County September 1)

e ry s ia iu ty Ha wk Point (to Sept. 27) Orchard Farm of .St. Louis. Wentaville

DeSoto (to October S I) Lew isto wn Pacific St. Peters West Alton

Ellsberry Hunnew ell (M ay 18 to Palmyra Sivernn Winnfield

Ethlyn (to Sept. 6) September 1) (to Sept. 13) (to Sept. 13) Wrig ht City

MONTANA

Anaconda. Boteraan. Butte and Livingston May 30 to September 8.

NEVADA

“ D ayligh t Sa ving ” tim e observed trom April 26 to October 25.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

“ Da yligh t Sa ving ” tim e observed from April 26 to October 25.

NEW JERSEY

“ Daylig ht Saving** tim e observed from Ap ril 26 to October 25.

NEW MEXICO

Los Ala mo* County from April 26 to September 27.

NEW YORK

“ Da yligh t Sa ving ” time observed from Ap ril 26 to October 25.

ONIO

Aa listed below from Ap ril 96 to October 25, except as noted. In addition to the points listed below all Cities and

Towns on the Erie l^ickawanna It .l t. will observe “ Davllght Saving** time, except cities. Ashland, Gallon, Kenton,

Lim a, Mansfield, Mnrion and Ohio C ity . A ll Cities and Towns on the Pennsylvania It .It. are on ” D aylight Savin g”

time with the exception of Ada, Bucyrus, Cinc innati, Columbus, Coshocton, Crestline, Dnytn n, Dennison, Hamilton,

Lim a, Mansfield, Newark. Newcomerstown, Norwood, Trinway, Upper Sandusky, Va n Wert mid Xenia.

Allian ce Cleveland Lakewood Orrville Salem Willoughby

Ashtabula Conneaut Lorain Painesville Scio (to Se pl. 27) Wooster

Bedford E»it P .le .t ln . Macedonia R.v en n.

I Canton Hudson Massillon Rocky Riv er Verm illion Youngstown

OREGON

“ Da yligh t Saving** tim e observed from Ap ril 26 to October 25.

PENNSYLVANIA

“ Daylight Savin g” tirae is generally observed throughout the state from April 26 to October 25.

RHODE ISLAND

“ D aylight Sa ving ” time observed from April 26 to October 25.

VERMONT

“ D aylight Savin g” tim e observed from Ap ril 26 to October 25.

VIRG INIA

Arling ton and Fairfax Counties and the Cities of Alexandria and Falls Church observe “ Da yligh t Sa ving ” time

from Apr il 26 to October 26.

Th e remainder of the State of Virginia with the exception of Lee. Wise, Dickenson, lluc’nnnan, Scott, Russell,

Smyth and Washing’ on Counties and the Cities of Bristol and Norton observe ” D aylight Sav ing” time beginning on

the first Sunday aft; • Memorial Day and ending the Sunday next preceding Labnr Day.

WASHINGTON

’ •D ay lig ht Savin g” tim e observed from April 26 to October 25.

WE ST VIR GINIA

••Da ylight Sa ving ’* tim e observed from April 26 to Septcmticr 27.

W IS CO NSIN

•'D ayl ig ht Saving** tim e observed trom April 26 to September 27.
72 UN IFOR M TIME

to ope ra te on da yl ig ht sa ving tim e. As a m att er of fa ct , I am not su re w he th er 

th ey co ns id er them selves on dayli ght sa vin g tim e or on east ern st an d ard tim e— 

it all de pe nd s on to whom yo u are ta lk in g. A si m il ar si tu ati on exis ts a t W in amac an d Log an sp or t, whe re th es e tw o co m m un iti es oper at e on east ern st an dard tim e y ear ro un d de sp ite th e fa c t th a t th ey are bo th in th e centr al tim e 

be lt.

A no th er prob lem affectin g th e P ennsy lv an ia R ai lr oad an d o th er ra il ro ads 

is th e fr equent ch an ge from one ti m e bel t to an ot he r. F or ex am pl e, on ou r 

tr ain s be tw ee n Ch ica go a nd L ou isvi lle, th ey op er at e out of Ch ica go in th e w in te r 

on centr al st an d ard tim e u n ti l th ey g et to W inam ac , th en W in am ac to Lo ga nsport are on east ern st an d ard tim e, F ra n k fo rt ju st so ut h of L ogan sp or t is on 

centr al sta n d a rd tim e an d In dia napoli s is on east ern st an d ard tim e, th e nex t 

tw o sto ps, Co lumbu s an d Se ym ou r, a re on centr al st andard tim e, an d Je ff er ­

so nv ille and Lo uisv ill e are on east ern st andard tim e. The la ck of unifor m ity 

re su lts in th e tr a in leav in g In dia napoli s a t 1:42 p.m., arr iv in g a t Co lum bu s a t 

1 :30 p.m.. arr iv in g a t Se ym ou r a t 1 :50 p.m., th en it wo uld ap p ear to ta ke 2 

ho ur s and 10 m in ute s to go th e next 50 mile s to L ou isv ille.

Th e w id es pr ea d us e of day li ght sa vin g tim e an d th e re quir em ent th a t ra il ­

ro ad s opera te on st andard tim e, re quir es th e co mplete re vi sion of s ch ed ul e pages 

in em ploy ee tim et ab le s tw ice ea ch year. On th e ea st ern regi on of th e Pen ns yl ­

va ni a R ail ro ad th is re quires th e re vis in g of 202 sche du le pa ge s of th e em plo yee s 

ti m et ab le and nu merou s oth er re vis io ns on 200 ad ditio nal pa ge s w her e tim e is 

spe cified in ge ne ra l op er at in g ru le s. F or th e revi sion s nec es sa ry acco un t 

dayli ght sa vi ng tim e effecti ve A pri l 26, 1964, th e pri nti ng bi ll alon e was 

$33,784, w hi le labo r, in th e pre p ara ti o n of th e ch an ge s, co st $15,000. Th ese 

co sts , to geth er w ith dis trib ution ex pe ns es , ap pr oxim at e $50,000. T here are two 

oth er re gi on s on th e Pen ns yl va ni a th a t will is su e si m il ar em ploy ee timetab les, 

an d fo r all th re e region s th e co st to th e Pen ns yl va ni a ap pro xim at es $300,000 

ea ch ye ar . W ith a un ifor m tim e la w it wou ld be ne ce ss ar y to re vis e th es e em ­

plo yee in st ru cti ons on ly once a year, in lie u of tw ice a yea r as no w requ ire d. 

T his wou ld mea n a sa vi ng s of $150,000 per an nu m to th e Pe nn sy lv an ia 

R ai lroa d.

In additio n to th e em plo yee tim et ab le , th e Pen nsy lv an ia R ail ro ad wo uld 

save ap pro xim at el y $60,000 annuall y in th e pri nti ng an d d is tr ib uti on of publi c 

sche du les, no w a ne ce ss ity under th e pre se nt law, an d as a re su lt of lack of 

un ifor m ap pl ic at io n by e ve ryon e w it h in th e v ar io us tim e zones.

Th e ad op tion of a un ifor m ti m e la w (m ai nta in in g fixed boundar ie s) wi ll 

sa ve th e Pen nsy lv an ia a fa r g re a te r am oun t th an th e $210,000 qu ot ed above, 

sin ce c on si de ra bl e ex pe ns e is invo lv ed in ef fo rts to reso lve fr eig ht and pa ss en ge r 

sche du les, an d in th e di ss em in at io n of in fo rm at io n us in g th e tw o sche du les 

re fe rr ed to above. Thi s co uld eas il y re ac h $250,000 fo r th e Pen ns yl va ni a 

R ai lr oad an d could exceed $2 mill ion fo r th e enti re r ail ro ad in dust ry .

As a re su lt of in qu irie s mad e on num er ou s oth er ra il ro ads, it de ve lops they , 

too. ha ve th e ir pro ble ms .

For ex am pl e, th e Bur ling to n L in es p oin t out the fo llow in g:

1. D uri ng th e da yl ig ht sa vi ng pe riod , w hile tr a in s are oper at ed on ce ntr al 

st an d ard ti m e, d in in g ca rs g en er al ly on t ra in s le av in g Ch ica go s ta rt se rv in g mea ls 

1 h our e arl ie r th an n or m al o r actu all y on da ylight sa vi ng tim e. On tr a in s cros sin g th e tim e zone in w es te rn N eb ra sk a th e following morning , b re ak fa st is served 

1 hou r earl ie r, or 5 :30 a.m . m ounta in st an d ard tim e, to av oid a 2-ho ur tim e 

ex te ns io n be tw ee n me als . On th e C al if orn ia Zep hy r op er at ed th ro ugh Co lor ado 

on m ounta in st andard tim e an d in to C al if orn ia on Pa cific dayli ght sa vi ng tim e, 

th e mea l pe ri od s are ad ju st ed ac co rd in gl y which re su lt s in co ns id er ab le pa ss en ­

ge r co nf us ion.

2. G en er al ly , la bo r co ntr ac ts sp ec ifyi ng an y giv en tim e fo r sta rt in g an d en ding a to u r of duty do no t in dic at e w heth er st an d ard or daylight sa vi ng tim e is 

in te nd ed and duri ng the d ayli ght s avin g per io d th e tim e pre va ilin g loc ally is u sed . 

On tr ansc onti nenta l tr ain s, su ch as th e C al ifor ni a Ze ph yr, some dif ficult y ha s 

been ex pe rien ce d whe re th e tr a in le av es Ch ica go w he re daylight sa vi ng tim e is 

in effect, th en th ro ug h Iow a, N eb ra sk a, an d Co lor ado w he re c entr al st an d ard t im e 

an d m ounta in st andard tim e are in effect an d in to C al if orn ia un d er Pa cif ic da yli ght s av in g ti m e. The re h av e be en a n um ber of i ns ta nc es w he re c la im s fo r extr a 

co m pe ns at io n ha ve bee n p re se nt ed .

The M ilw au ke e Ro ad fin ds it se lf in a po sitio n w he re in th ey have on ly 3 ho ur s 

of a bu si ne ss da y to do bu si ne ss be tw ee n Ch ica go an d S eatt le an d in di ca te 

th a t it wou ld be high ly de si ra bl e if a ll th e tim e zones were ch an ge d on th e sam e 

da y an d c ontinue th a t way u nti l th e end o f s um mer, th en r ev ert t o st an d ard tim e.
UNIFORM TIME 73

The Great Northern in 1961 experienced considerable confusion when three of four States served by them either had different star ting dates or different 

terminating dates. Problem common to all railroads is the complication tha t arises from the appli­ cation of labor contracts tha t provide for the starting of a switch engine and cer­ tain personnel by standard hours or require the abolishment or reestablishment of positions when necessary to change the tour of duty to a djust for the change in lieople’s time. Likewise, perhaps of less importance, is the inconvenience to railroad workers themselves in trying to live with their families on a daylight time basis and work on a stand ard time basis. Although, I guess most of us have become accustomed over a period of years to being able to make proper allow­ ances for the time a specific activity calls for. All in all, the picture is one of unnecessary confusion, extra expense and in­ convenience to railroad patron s much of which could very easily be taken care of by the establishment of a uniform time applicable to all within the same 

time zone. Early in 1962, a survey of problems arising because of the lack of uniform time was conducted of 22 principal class I railroads operating throughout the United States. The results of that survey are summarized in the attached “Statement of Difficulty Being Experienced by Railroads Because of Lack of Uniformity in Time.” In short, it demonstrates that the confusion, expense, and inconvenience resulting from lack of time uniformity are general and widespread. As pointed out to the committee earlier, the position of the railroad industry is to urge and support action which will bring about the same standard of time within time zones of fixed Imundaries. If there is to be an annual changeover from standard to so-called daylight time, there should be a common changeover date applicable to all time zones, or a t least to the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific zones. Furthermore the change should be applicable to the entire zone 

and not merely a portion thereof. Of the bills pending before t his committee those that would make the observ­ ance of standard time mandatory the year around for all purposes [H.R. 2335 and II.R. 2532] would result in the maximum uniformity. These bills would carry even greater economic benefits to the railroads than the .$2 million specified earlier in this testimony, which would be brought about as a result of not having to pay certain employees 8 hours’ pay for 7 hours’ work when the spring changeover occurs and not have to incur an additional hour’s work at overtime rates when the 

fall changeover takes place. While not as economically beneficial to the railroads, e ither H.R. 6284 or H.R. 11407 would receive the support of this industry since they would eliminate some of the objectionable factors presented in this testimony. The main difficulty with H.R. 4702 [the bill which I understand is recom­ mended by the Interstate Commerce Commission] is that it would, in effect, in­ volve the change of time zone boundaries to achieve daylight saving time. This would continue to cost the railroad industry a substantial part of $2 million with which it is now burdened. One of the sound provisions of H.R. 4702, however, is tha t which requires the observance of Federal time s tand ards by all persons. Notwithstanding the weak points of H.R. 4702, it is more positive in its ap­ proach than is H.R. 11483, which would not impose Federal time standards at State and local levels, but would hope that these would voluntarily become acceptable through persuasion. While II.R. bills 11206 and 11310 would be of some help they would merely eliminate that segment of the confusion that exists through the various effective periods of daylight saving time, and correct only a minor facet of the current problem. Also they do not include any enforcement provisions, which would seem to be essential if they are to have any effect.

Statem ent op Difficul ty Being E xperienced by R ailroads B ecause of L ack of

Uniform ity in Tim e

(Based upon experiences on 22 selected railroads)

1. DIN IN G CAR SERVICE

In many cases, the workday of the dining car crew is extended in order to take care of meal periods, resulting in increased dining ca r labor costs. As an exam­ ple, passengers arriving Chicago from the west on central standard time travel-
74 UNIFORM TIME

ing eas t from Chicago on daylight time, might have their meal as much as 2 

hours early unless the diner served later than normal to compensate for the time 

differential. Passengers from the east through Chicago would be served their 

meal as much as 2 hours late unless the diner was open for service earlier than 

normal.

2. PASSENGER TRAIN SCHEDULES

At a transfer point such as Chicago, with western railroads operating on standard time, eastern railroads adjust th eir schedules by delaying de parture of their 

trains to the east in order to main tain through connections. This results in a 

late r arriva l at east coast cities resulting in an inconvenient arrival time for 

business purposes. Westbound schedules must be advanced 1 hour in the east 

to main tain connections to the w’est, resulting in an awkward departure time 

from east coast cities.

With the west coast observing daylight time and many intermediate points 

between Chicago-St. Louis observing standard time, the maintenance of normal 

schedules results in a late arriva l and early departure at west coast points. 

Changes in schedules to compensate for the time change result, in some cases, in 

inconvenient departures from interm ediate key cities.

The change to and from daylight time often results in the necessity for publishing a new7

 timtable for each change in time, and this is multiplied when all 

areas do not observe daylight time during the same period. This results in increased expenses in publishing timetables for each change.

One railroad reported difficulty has been experienced in complying with requests of the Post Office Department on mail handling on train s operating both 

in stand ard and daylight time.

3. FREIGHT TRAIN OPERATIONS

Because of market practices, perishable freight must be delivered or placed 

for inspection by specific times. Perishables originating in standard time areas 

and terminating in daylight time areas must be handled from origin to destination in 1 hour less time than normal, or the closing time for billing and diversions and train departure time must be advanced 1 hour to compensate.

Livestock must also be handled to meet market requirements and the difficulties experienced on perishable traffic are also experienced in the handling 

of livestock.

Schedules on freight trains must be adjusted to meet local requirements. 

Difficulty arises when a train originates in a standard time area going into a 

daylight time area. The scheduling of the train 1 hour e arlier is not alw’ays the 

answ’er as consideration must be given to requirements of local shippers at 

origin as well as intermediate points, and the departures must be coordinated 

with schedules from connections for through movements.

4. LABOR

Railroad employees, working on standard time, are not always able to participate in community activities if the community observes daylight time. Employees as well as labor organizations have requested working hours on the 

basis of community time rather than railroad time. Another complaint involves 

the confusion and possible error involved when employees live in a community 

observing one time and such employees must report to work on another time.

5. COMMUNICATIONS

Nearly all railroads reported confusion in communicating with distant on-line 

points. One railroad reported that during periods of daylight time, the communications between home office and the west end of its property were limited 

to 3 hours each day. Many oth er railroads advised of limits of 5 and 6 hours 

for communications between various sections of their property.

6. SUMMARY

Nearly all roads reported confusion and difficulty in one form or another 

because of the lack of uniform time. The following items of difficulty were 

rep orted:

(а) General confusion in passenger timetables.

(б) Lengthened dining c ar meal service a t increased labor costs.
UNIFORM TIME 75

(c) Difficulty in scheduling passenge r tra ins to accommodate origin, inter ­

mediate, and destination requ irem ents.

(<f) Ex tra expense of prin tin g timetables.

(e) Difficulty in handling ma il to meet post office requirements.

(/ ) Necessity fo r rescheduling freigh t tr ain s to m eet delive ry times for market 

on perishab les and livestock, also for inte rline service.

(</) Operating employees may work on standard time, non operating employees 

on day light time, resu lting in confusion and inconvenience.

(h ) Revision of switching crew schedules to meet require ments of local 

industry.

(i) Confusion, partic ula rly train and enginemen, involved in working on 

sta ndard time and using day light time at home.

( j) Reduced communication time between stations on the same property.

Mr. Long. Thank you, Mr. Roeper. Mr. Van Deerlin?

Mr. Van Deerlin. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Mr. Glenn?

Mr. Glenn. Mr. Roeper, I can see where this situation has certainly caused confusion and many difficulties to the railroads. Has 

it also led to any dangerous situations where the interest of life and 

prop erty may have been involved ?

Mr. Roeper. It could develop into a dangerous condition due to a 

misunderstanding because half the time our people are talking standard time and they received all of their railroad instructions in standard time.

On the other hand as soon as they look away from the railroad 

documents or the railroad instructions they are thin king daylight saving time, and it would be very easy for a person or an individual, 

even though they are experienced railroaders, to get the two times 

mixed and this difference could have a serious effect on operations 

and the safety of operations, particularly in those railroads who operate the ir trains on the time basis rather than on a signal basis.

Air. Glenn. Thank you very much. That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. L ong. Mr. Curtin ?

Mr. Curtin. No questions.

Air. Long. Thank you very kindly, Air. Roeper. It is a comprehensive statement and we are obligated to you for coming in and presenting your views and those of your association.

Air. Roeper. Thank you, Air. Chairman.

Air. Long. Mr. Redding, we would like you back, sir. Proceed 

in your own order, please.

STATEMENT OF ROBERT E. REDDING, VICE PRE SID ENT AND GENERA L COUNSEL, TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA,

AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND SECRETARY, COMMITTEE FOR

TIM E UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.; ACCOMPANIED BY

THOMAS PYNE, RET IRE D HEAR ING EXAMINER, INTERSTATE

COMMERCE COMMISSION

Air. Redding. Thank you, Air. Chairman. Air. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, I will be very’, very brief. First, I would 

like to identify myself as Robert E. Redding, vice president and general counsel of the Transportation Association of America, and as the 

executive director of the Committee for Time Uniformity. I have 

submitted to your clerk and would respectfully request inclusion in the 

record of a letter, dated June 18, 1964, submitted on behalf of the 

36-4 71— 64----- 6
76 UNIFO RM TIME

Transportation Association of America in which we express our 

general support of the objectives of the Committee for Time Uniformity.

Mr. L ong. Without objection, it is so ordered.

(The information referred to follows:)

Transpo rta tion Asso cia tio n of America,

Washington, D.C., June 18, 1,96.}.

Hon . H arley O. Stagg ers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers : Y ou r subc om mitt ee has sc he du led he ar in gs on Ju ne 18 - 

19, 1964, invo lving pr op os ed legi slat io n to mod ernize th e S ta ndard Time Act of 

1918.

On be ha lf of th e bo ar d of dir ec to rs of th e T ra nsp ort ati on Assoc iatio n of A m er ­

ica, I wo uld lik e to su pport th e en ac tm en t of tim e unif orm it y legi slatio n by 

th e 88t li Co ngr ess .

As yo u kno w, TA A is a no np ro fit nati onal tr an sp o rt ati o n policy or gan iz at io n 

who se mem be rship co nsi st s of re pre se nta tives of tr a n sp o rt users, in ve stor s, and 

ca rr ie rs of all mo des, in cl ud in g ai r, fr eig ht fo rw ar der , high way , oil pipe lin e, 

ra il ro ad, an d w ate r carr ie rs . Al l of th es e in te re st s part ic ip ate ac tiv ely in our 

co nt in ui ng effo rts to est abli sh soun d nati onal po lic ies fo r th e m ai nt en an ce of 

a st ro ng tr ansp ort sys tem under pri vat e en te rp rise .

A ft er a ca re fu l st ud y o f th e t im e prob lem b y al l TA A pa ne ls, th e bo ard of d ir ec ­

to rs in Oc tob er 1961 ap pr ov ed a policy po sitio n th a t th ere shou ld be unif or m ity 

of tim e, w he th er st an d ard o r da yl ig ht , an d un if orm ity in th e c ha ng e da te s w ithin 

ea ch tim e zone. Thi s pro po sa l w as ap pr ov ed by th e A ir T ra ns po rt. H ighw ay , 

Pi pe lin e, an d R ai lr oad P an el s, and no t opposed by th e o th er pa ne ls. It s pu rp os e 

is to redu ce pr es en t co nf us io n and ex ce ssive ex pe ns e fo r com mon carr ie rs an d 

use rs of th eir serv ices re su lt in g fro m var yi ng tim e st an d ard s an d tim e ch an ge s 

th ro ughout th e U ni te d S ta te s.

Fo llo wing the de ve lopm en t of a polic y po sitio n in su pport of gre ate r tim e unifo rm ity, TAA co nt ac ted a num ber of go ve rn m en t ag en cies — Fe de ra l, Sta te , an d 

lo ca l—as well as m an y bu sine ss , ag ri cult ura l, and o th er in te re st s to ac quain t 

th em w ith th e prob lem . Thes e ef fo rts cu lm in at ed in th e sc he du lin g of a unifo rm tim e co nferen ce in A ugu st 1962, att en ded by re pre se nta ti ves of all su ch 

in te re st s, a t which it w as de cide d to fo rm an ad hoc Com mitt ee fo r Ti me Uni ­

fo rm ity. Th e H on or ab le R obert R am spec k, nati onal chair m an of th e co mmitt ee , 

w ill te st if y be fore yo ur su bc om m itte e an d ex pl ai n its fu nct io ns in g re ate r de ta il. 

TA A, as a me mber of th e CT U, heart il y en do rses it s obje ct iv es a nd will co nt in ue 

to co op er at e w ith all in te re st ed ag en cies an d in te re st s to ac hiev e gre ate r tim e 

un ifor m ity.

W ith re sp ec t to th e 10 bills curr entl y pe nd ing be fo re your subcom mi tte e, TAA 

fa vors th e en ac tm en t of e it h e r H.R. 4702 or H.R. 7891, as rec om me nd ed by th e 

In te rs ta te Co mm erc e Co mm iss ion. Our be lie f is th a t de sign at in g th e tim e to 

be ob serv ed in all st a n d a rd tim e zones an d ad va nc ed tim e subzon es th e ex clus ive 

m ea su re of tim e fo r F edera l. Sta te , an d loca l pu rp os es wou ld ac hiev e im prov ed 

tim e un if or m ity fo r th e co mmon carr ie r modes, as we ll as th e sh ippe rs, su pp lier s, 

and pa ss en ge rs th ey se rv e. By auth ori zi ng th e est ab lish m en t of ad va nc ed tim e 

subz on es, fle xibi lit y of adm in is tr ati on is pr es er ve d, daylight sa vi ng tim e ca n 

be pr ov id ed whe re de sire d, and st andard t im e wou ld pre vail in al l oth er a re as .

W e ta ke no po sitio n of th e id en tity of th e F ed er al ag en cy to adm in is te r th is 

im pr ov ed le gis la ti on: ho w ev er , we do no t ob ject to th e IC C co ntin uing to ad m in ­

is te r su ch legi slatio n.

We no te th a t bo th bills a re neu tr al on daylight sa vi ng tim e. We wou ld po in t 

ou t, howe ver, th a t se ver al bi lls un de r co ns id er at io n. H.R. 6284, H.R . 11206, 

H.R. 11310. an d H.R . 1140 7, pr ov ide fo r day light sa vin g tim e an d, if en ac te d, 

wou ld m ak e p ossib le m or e tim e u ni fo rm ity th an n ow e xi st s.

We do su gg es t, ho w ev er , th a t th e 1-ye ar pe riod pr ov id ed in section 6 of 

II .R . 4702 (also sec. 7 of H.R . 7891) fo r th e es ta bli sh m ent of ad va nc ed tim e 

subz on es f ollowing enactm ent m ay p rove to be too sh or t. A 2-ye ar p eriod fo r th e 

co mpleti on of su ch ac tion wou ld ap pe ar to be more re as on ab le , part ic ula rl y in asmuc h as th e ex is ting ob se rv an ce of day light sa vi ng tim e wo uld co nt in ue unti l 

any re vi sion s becom e effecti ve .
UNIFORM TIME 77

Mor eove r, we ar e concerned th a t th e 2-year period might ex pi re before the advance d tim e subzones could becom e effective. If th is h appened it would ap pear to follo w th a t all existing da yl ight savin g time wou ld immediat ely he discon­ tinu ed. Th ere fore, we recommend th a t th e la st word in eac h of thes e resp ective 

section s he cha nged from “first” to “la st .” It is respectfu lly req uested th at th is le tter be ma de a p art of th e official record 

of the he arings on the su bje ct hills.

Sin cer ely your s, Robebt E. Redding.

Mr. Redding. I have also been requested, Mr. Chairman, to submit 

for the record a statement by Thomas P. Phelan, president of the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, related to this hearing, and I have simi­ larly given copies of this statement to the committee clerk and request 

respectfully that that be included in the record.

Mr. Long. Again without objection it will be so ordered.

(The information referred to follows:)

Statement by Thomas P. P helan, President, Pacific Coast Stock Exchange

The Sta te of Ca lifo rnia ha s ad op ted the compulsory observance of dayligh t savin g tim e fro m the la st Sunday in Ap ril to the la st Sunday in Octobe r so as to conform th ei r observations with those of the majo r Ea stern an d Midwestern State s, me tro po litan are as, and busin ess and financ ial cente rs. Such compul­ sory conformi ty in time th ro ug ho ut th e year is vital to we st co as t business, 

ag ric ulture, an d ind ustry . Th e we st co as t is one of the la rg es t pop ula tion ar ea s in th e Na tio n. It s mar ­ ke ts ar e na tio nw ide and thus its man uf ac tu re rs, financ ial in stitu tio ns , and its large fa rm s an d ag ricu ltu ral gro ups who compete with prod ucers in othe r pa rts of the co un try need as many working hours in confo rm ity with ea ste rn and mi dw ester n business ce nters as possible. With out con for ming da ylight time on the Pac ific coast with th at experie nced liy ea ste rn and mi dw ester n commu­ nit ies , we st co as t businesses wou ld be ou t of step and un de r an un necessa ry or un w ar ra nt ed han dic ap by the loss of an additio na l busin ess ho ur. Th us pro ­ duction could fa ll with a re su ltan t cu rtai lm en t of employment an d red uction of 

gro ss rec eip ts by we st co ast ac tiv ities. Ca lif ornia originally adopted com pulsory da yligh t savin g tim e fro m th e la st Sunday in Ap ril to the la st Sunday in Sep tem ber in 1949. In 19G2 it extend ed such com pulsory observanc e to the la st Sunda y in October so as to conform 

with the ea ster n and midw estern ar ea s observing such time. It wou ld ap pe ar th at confo rm ity of tim e throug ho ut the co un try would be in th e econ omic in terest of all segm ents of ind ustry an d busin ess an d th e adop­ tio n of II.R . 4702 or as an al te rn at e H.R . 11483 is strongly reco mm ended.

Mr. Redding. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have nothing furth er 

to present, but would be glad to answer any questions you or any of 

the members of the subcommittee might wish to ask.

Mr. Long. It is my unde rstanding tha t your statement tha t is 

attached in the brochure of Mr. Ramspeck’s you want made a part of 

the record.

Mr. Redding. If you please, sir.

Mr. Long. Again without objection it is so ordered. This is “The 

Call to Arms for Time Uniformity ” ?

Mr. Redding. Yes, sir. That contains some historic information of 

interest that we thought would be interesting background for the 

committee.

Mr. Long. Fine. Mr. Van Deerlin, do you have any questions of 

Mr. Redding?

Mr. Van Deerlin. Mr. Redding, just one. There is no serious consideration, is there, of a unified single time zone for the entire United States tha t would do away with the four general time zones ?
78 UNIFORM TIME

Mr. Redding. Since I have been working on the problems of time 

uniformity, Mr. Van Deerlin, I have heard quite a number of variations of proposals and I have heard tha t one you described. It was 

advanced by Senator McGee, of Wyoming, during the time the hearings were held on the Senate side, but to my knowledge there has 

been no other individual who has suggested that we substitute a single 

time zone within the continental United States for those which now 

exist.

Mr. Van Deerlin. Thank you.

Mr. Long. Mr. Glenn ?

Mr. Glenn. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. Mr. Curtin.

Mr. Curtin. No questions.

Mr. L ong. Mr. Redding, the staff of the committee has some technical m atters that they would like your views on tha t I have here somewhere. Mr. Redding, section 5 (d) of H.R. 11483, beginning on page 

2, line 25, provides as follows:

“Daylight saving” or oth er advanced time may continue to be observed, as it 

has been observed in the past until the Commission has authorized advanced 

time subzones or for two years after the effective date of thi s Act, whichever 

comes first.

Similar language, except tha t it provides for 1 year instead of 2 

years, appears in section 6 of the bill sponsored by the IC C and introduced by Mr. H arris in H.R. 4702. The question is. What would be 

the effect of this language in case the Commission fails to establish 

advanced time subzones or any decision of the Commission in that 

respect does not become final within the 2-year period because it may 

have been appealed to the courts? In tha t case would not standard 

time rath er than daylight time be established under this provision ?

Mr. Redding. The answer is “Yes,” Mr. Chairman. I have consulted with the professional staff about this and perhaps some other 

questions you may ask as well with the professional staff members of 

the Interstate Commerce Commission and we have looked a t this particu lar question, and I think it would be true that, in the event the 

period of time of 2 years would elapse as contained in H.R. 11483, 

without there having been action taken by the Inte rsta te Commerce 

Commission to establish the advanced time subzones, in that event 

stan dard time would prevail nationwide.

In the statement I have submitted, however, on behalf of the 

Transportation Association of America comment has been offered on 

this point with a recommendation for a slight change in this language 

which would not have that result. I would be glad to go into that 

fur the r if you wish, or jus t simply leave my statement at that.

Mr. Long. Does your statement explain that ?

Mr. Redding. Yes, it does, sir.

Mr. Long. Fine. The second question is th at section 7, page 4, beginn ing at line 12, provides as follows:

In dete rmining the boundary of any such subzone, the Commission shall not 

in any instance include a point or are a for which the sta nd ard time of the zone 

to the east, to which the subzone is temporarily tran sferred, would be more than 

1 hour and 30 minutes ahead of local mean solar time.

Similar language appears in H.R. 4702, section 8. Will you state 

for the record in what instances at present daylight time established 

on the basis of State or local laws deviates from local mean solar time
UNIFORM TIME 79

by more th an 1 hour and 30 minutes. In case you do n't hav e this 

inform ation , would you please su pp ly it for the record?

Mr. Redding. Mr. Ch air ma n, with your perm ission I would like to 

ans wer th at question, but I would like to have the answer subm itted 

to the c ommittee by a g ent lem an in the h earin g room who ha s worked 

on the tim e problem s of th is Nation for more th an 30 years . Hi s 

nam e is Th om as Pyn e, who is now a retir ed he aring exam iner of the 

In tersta te Com merce Com mission. Mr. Py ne is well fa m ilia r with 

this specific question and could ve ry, very quickly answer it fo r you, 

sir.

Mr. Long. I f you would, Mr. Py ne .

Mr. P yne. Th e effect of the pro vis ion would be to dr aw a line, to 

restric t the power o f the Com mission , so th at they could no t ad op t the 

tim e, when in the case of eas tern da yl ig ht time or t he a dvanced time 

fo r eas tern da ylig ht time would be placed at 971

/

£ ° ; the one fo r the 

centr al zone w ould be 11214° ; a nd th e one fo r th e m ou nta in zone would 

be 127i/

2

0

.

I haven’t com pletely checke d every point t hat m ight h ave da ylig ht 

sav ing tim e, b ut on the i nformation I have the o nly p oin t th at I could 

question would be Butte, Mont. In B utte, Mont., I believe we figured 

ou t its time wou ld be abo ut 4 seco nds in time beyond th at restr ict ion.

Mr. Long. Bey ond the 1 ho ur 30 minutes m ean solar time .

Mr. P yn e. T hat is rig ht. I do n’t know, bu t it wou ld seem to me 

th at an ad minist rativ e agency wo uld have a chance to use the de 

minim is rule, t he difference being so small th at it w ould prob ably in ­

clude Bu tte , M ont.

How ever, there are oth er conditions in there whi ch might militate 

ag ains t the use of the da ylig ht saving in Montan a and othe r points 

east of Mon tan a because the use of the flexible line in the pro posal 

here would have to include a ny p oints interme dia te between But te an d 

the prese nt eas tern lim its of th e line, which would be th e entire 

St ate of Montan a east of Bu tte. Tha t would raise quite a question, 

of course, wh eth er th e o the r points in M ontana wa nte d d ay ligh t saving 

time, this a dvanced time.

I refer to i t as daylig ht s aving tim e, bu t th at was one purpose of the 

act, to get rid of day lig ht sa vin g tim e as such.

Mr. Long. I f you checked this dow n to 4 seconds, Mr. Py ne , I am 

not concern ed abo ut the fact th at some of the are as you have n’t 

checked, because I assum e th at an y of them th at were in any way 

abu sing t hi s wou ld be imm edi ately brou gh t t o yo ur m ind, would the y 

not ?

Mr. P yn e. If I knew th at the po in t ha d da yl ig ht s aving tim e, yes. 

I think B ut te is about the fa rthe st we st of any of them.

Mr. Long. I tha nk you very kin dly, Mr. Pyn e.

Mr. P yne. You are very welcome.

Mr. L ong. Mr. Redding , the th ir d q uestion was t hat section 9, p age 

5, line 17, provide s th a t:

The Admin istrativ e Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 1000-1011) shall apply to all proceedings un der section 8 of this act.

Section 8 in turn grant s the au th or ity to t he Comm ission t o c onduct 

heari ngs in certa in situ ations. However , un de r section 8 suc h he ar ­

ings are no t ma nd ato ry.
80 U N IF O RM TIM E

My question is tha t since the hearings provided for in section 8 

are not mandatory what is the meaning of section 9 of the bill and 

what provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act would be applicable to the discretionary hearings pursuant to section 8?

Mr. Redding. Mr. Chairman, the question does point to a possible 

conflict in language in the bill to which you refer. A quick statement 

of background is that in the recommendations advanced by the In ter ­

state Commerce Commission and incorporated in the original bills introduced, both on the Senate and House side, which before this committee are II.R. 4702 and II.R . 7891, there was no language in those 

bills which would make the Administrative Procedure Act applicable.

The amendment which is in the present S. 1033 and in the present 

II.R . 11483 was a result of the action taken by the Senate Commerce 

Committee, and my understanding of that language is tha t it was in ­

serted in the markup of the bill and I feel confident th at this action 

was taken without full realization of the possible conflict. That is 

the background of it.

Certainly serious consideration should be given to conforming the 

language of section 8 to the language of section 9. I cannot recite to 

you specifically those portions of the Administrative Procedure Act 

this morning which would apply.

Air. Long. It is a conflict, though, that could be resolved ?

Mr. Redding. It is indeed, sir.

Mr. Long. Thank you. Section 10(a) of the bill on page 6, beginning on line 3, provides that the standard time established under the 

auth ority of this act shall be observed, and I quote—

by all common car riers engaged in inter sta te or foreign commerce or communication by wire or radio.

Do the words “communication by wire or radio” modify the words 

“all common carriers engaged in” or are the words “communications 

by wire or radio” independent of the reference to “ common carrier” ?

Mr. Redding. Mr. Chairman, the way the language now reads it is 

not possible to determine that and therefore it would be necessary and 

desirable to clarify that in any final approval of this proposed bill. 

Here again this was language that was placed in this proposed legislation by the Senate Commerce Committee and was not included in the 

recommendations by the In terstate Commerce Commission.

Certainly it would be highly desirable to clarify whether or not the 

language of section 10(a) should be made applicable to other than the 

common carriers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce and the 

common carriers engaged in communications.

Mr. Long. With the wording of the bill as it is now written corporations like Western Union, which is a common carrier engaged in communication by wire or radio, it would apply to, but it doesn’t resolve 

the question as to whether or not it would apply to all broadcast stations which are not common carriers but which are engaged in communications by wire or radio ?

Mr. Redding. That is the exact point, Mr. Chairman. This should 

be clarified.

Mr. Long. Fine. Thank you kindly. Mr. Glenn, do you have any 

questions?

Mr. Glenn. No, I have no questions.
UNIFORM TIME 81

Mr. Long. Thank you very kindly, Mr. Redding.

Mr. Redding. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Long. We had two additional witnesses scheduled for today.

Obviously we are not going to be able to get to them. Also, for the 

inform ation of the record and also for those planning on testifying, 

Air. Staggers, the chairman o f the subcommittee, is most interested in 

this legislation and, as I recited earlier, has two bills that are under 

consideration of which he is the author. Mr. Staggers is unavoidably 

detained at the present time because of illness, and, subject to the 

approval of the committee, I am going to adjourn the committee subject to the call of the Chair so th at we could have a better opportunity 

for Mr. Staggers to familiarize himself with the proceedings and, if at 

all possible, be present during the conduct of the further hearings.

Before I do that, however, I would like to, again subject to the a pproval of the committee, insert in the record a statement of the Minnesota Farm ers Union rela ting to uniform time submitted to the 

subcommittee today and will order that it be made a par t of the record. 

(The information referred to follows:)

Statement of Minnesota F armers Union Relating to Uniform Time

The existing situation in which a number of States are on daylight saving time for the summer months and a number of cities within these and neighboring States depa rt from the time in use in their own respective State, is a source of inconvenience and confusion to the people and the commerce of the Nation. Similarly, the variation between States in the length of time for which daylight time is in force, ranging from 3 months to as much as 5 months of the year, also is a confusing element in marketing, transportation, and communications. The 1964 State program and policies of Minnesota Farmers Union, adopted last December, made the following recommendation on this s ubj ect : “The Federal laws pertaining to time should be amended to prevent States or municipalities from departing from the use of uniform time. Any decision on the use of standard or daylight time should be made by the U.S. Congress and 

should be uniform for the whole Nation.” We would therefore be favorable to the bills before this committee which would provide tha t the standard time established under Federal law shall be the 

measure of time for all purposes. Farm people generally have opposed daylight saving time because of the hard­ ship and inconvenience it entails fo r our industry. If there is to be any departure from standard time it ought to be only on the basis of a Federal decision so tha t 

uniform time prevails in each time zone.

Air. Long. Also, without objection I will insert in the record a 

letter addressed to ITon. Oren Harris, chairman of the full committee, 

by Air. F ran k Bane, Chairm an of the Advisory Commission on Inte rgovernmental Relations, relating to the time-uniformity question.

(The letter referred to follows:)

Advisory Com mission on I ntergovernmental Relations,

Washington, D.C., February 7 ,1964-

Hon. Oren H arris,

Chairman, Committee on Inte rstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of

Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : In light of the bills pending before the Committee on 

Interstate and Foreign Commerce on the subject of time uniformity, notably H.R. 4702, H.R. 6284, H.R. 3114, H.R. 2335, and H.R. 2532, we wish to invite your attention to the recent action taken by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. Because of the intergovernmental implications of the time-uniformity question, the matter was added to the agenda for the Advisory Commission’s last meeting on Jan uary 23-24, 1964, for its consideration. Alternative positions, with pro
82 UNIFORM TIME

and con argumentation, were set forth in a staff paper (copy enclosed), which 

served as the basis of the Commission’s consideration of the problem. In brief, 

the Commission considered three alternatives: (a ) the stat us quo; (6 ) Federal 

legislation requiring uniform ity of practice within a State; and (c ) Federal 

legislation mandating uniform practice throughout the country. The Commission, without dissent, favo red the third course.

Consequently, the Commission strongly recommends th at the Congress take 

action to establish nation al time uniformity, so that the present costly and often 

confusing disparities in governmental policies in promulgating daylight saving 

time may be eliminated.

As you know the Advisory Commission, created by Public Law 86-380, is a 

permanent, bipartisan body of 26 members representing all levels of American 

government—Federal, State, and local. A c urrent list of members is enclosed. 

Sincerely yours,

Frank Bane, Chairman.

Mr. Long. The committee is now adjourned.

STA TEM ENT OF D. L. MANION, PRESIDENT, AM ERICA N SHORT LI NE 

RAILRO AD ASSOCIATION

Mr. Manion. Mr. Chairm an, my name is Don Manion. I represent 

the American Shor t Line Railroad Association. My statement is short 

and i f it would be to the benefit of the committee I will be very pleased 

to just submit my statement for the record.

Air. Long. Tha t would be fine with us, Mr. Manion. Give it to the 

clerk, if you would, please, and we will be glad to make it part of the 

record. 'Do you have any short comment you would like to make with 

respect to it ? You may sit down.

Mr. Manion. I have no other comments, Mr. Chairman, other than 

to state th at we have a legislative policy of the American Short Line 

Railroad Association which favors uniformity in time within the 

standard time zones. I am acquainted with the statement of Mr. 

Roeper and concur in tha t statement.

The American Short Line Railroad Association is a party to the 

Committee on Time Uniform ity and supports th eir actions and their 

statement today. Our position in this matter is not different from 

theirs.

Mr. Long. Without objection your statement will be inserted in 

and made a part of the record. Also I apologize to you that we weren't 

able to give you more time today. We would like to have heard you 

in detail, but I am sure this will serve the purposes of making all the 

information available on the matter, and thank you for coming, Mr. 

Manion.

Mr. Manion. Than k you.

(The information referred to follows:)

Statement of D. L. Manion, President, American Short Line Railroad

Association

My name is D. L. Manion. I am president of the American Short Line Railroad Association with offices at 2000 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, 

D.C., 20036. I have been an officer of this association since May 16, 1060, and 

president since August 16. 1061. Prior to coming with this association. I served 

in various operating-maintenance supervisory capacities for 13 years with a 

common carrier railroad.

On behalf of the member lines of this association, the majority of which are 

representative of small business interests in the railro ad industry, I appreciate 

the opportunity to ap pear before this committee in support of uniform time within 

the s tanda rd time zones.
UNIFORM TIME 83

The American Short Line R ailroad Association is a nonprofit, unincorporated 

association of 253 common carri ers by rail representing an investment of over $1.6 billlion and operating over 14,000 miles of first main track. During 1962, the last year for which stati stics are available, the member lines of this asso­ ciation earned gross operating revenues of $493 million, employed about 38,900 persons who were paid $243 million in wages, and paid taxes of about $64 million. No business activity is more affected by time than is tha t of conducting transp ortation. Inasmuch as the sta rtin g point and destination of trave l and trans port is frequently in separate jurisdictions, wherever stan dards of time differ, it is imperative tha t there be complete understanding between the cus­ tomer, the carrier, and its employees a s to the standards of time which prevail. In addition it is highly desirable, to avoid confusion and unnecessary expense, 

tha t there be as few standards as possible, that the zones be well defined and tha t there be no temporary or permanent tampering with these stan dard s except 

for good and sufficient reason. For a number of years and most recently at the 50th annual meeting of asso­ ciation members in Edgewater Park, Miss., on October 2, 1963, the representatives 

of these members adopted as a desirable legislative objective—and I quote— 

“amendment of Standard Time Act so as to fully occupy the legislative field with respect to standard s of time to be observed throughout the Nation.” This legislative policy of the association has existed for over 15 years and was occasioned by reason of communities not conforming to the prescribed standard time zones, the nonuniformity with which daylight saving time was ob­ served and the frequent difference in dates at the beginning and ending of day­ light saving time periods. All of this resulted in the inability of the railroads to render the best possible public service for which they have been subjected to criticism. These difficulties and problems were impossible of solution by reason of the nonuniformity of the time being observed in two or more ar eas concerned. This legislative plank has been continued by the association members in view of the continuing nonuniformity of time. The fact tha t the problem is still 

with us indicates the need for Federal legislation. Other witnesses have discussed in detai l the differences and possible effects of the various bills being considered before this subcommittee. I shall not re­ peat any analysis of the bills, but from our legislative plank it is evident that we support the position of time uniformity and urge Federal legislation to fully 

occupy the field. I am acq uainted with the statem ent of Mr. Park M. Roeper who has appeared at this hearing as a witness for the Association of American Railroads. On be­ half of the member lines of the American Short Line Railroad Association, I concur in the statement of Mr. Roeper and draw your attention to the similar ity of the action taken March 1, 1963, by the AAR board of directors favoring uni­ formity of time and the legislative policy of the Short Line Association. Most member roads of the Short Line Association are exclusively freight car­ riers, but those members tha t are passenger-carrying railro ads are faced with the same problems, with regard to the operation of passenger train s, as described by the previous railroad witness. While the examples of inconvenience and confusion are more colorful and descriptive as they relate to pasenger service, the problems tha t exist in rail freight operations may in t otal be more serious due to the much g reat er portion 

of railroad operation involved in freig ht handling. Many of the short line railroads are faced with a situat ion at the beginning and end of the daylight saving time period when the changeover in time is not uniform across thei r territory. For example, they sta rt trai n operation s in a daylight saving time area and move into an area operating on stan dard time with the resu lt tha t their usual schedules are not satisfa ctory to the customers as the trai n is arrivin g at too early an hour. You will readily see how the re­ verse is the case at certain times and under certain circumstances with the trai n arriving at too late an hour. Such circumstances lead to complaints from 

customers. To alleviate some of the difficulty, it is sometimes necessary for railro ad forces, as is the case with other industries, to star t certain of thei r employees to work an hour earlier to coordinate with adja cent communities which have daylight saving time, or which sta rt daylight saving time at an earlier or later date. These situations are confusing, oftentimes inefficient and, though established to meet the convenience of the customer, frequently result in confusion to the 

shipper and receiver.
84 UNIFORM TIME

At the present time it is difficult and expensive to find out the standa rd time 

th at prevails in any but the lar ger communities, and much time is wasted in 

atte mpting to contact people by telephone, to schedule meetings and appointments so as to conform to local custom and still make tra vel possible without und ue waste of time and energy.

We have been a member of and hav e cooperated with the Committee for Time 

Uniformity since its formation. Our position is entirely compatible with tha t of 

the committee. I have previously testified before committees of Congress in a 

similar resp ect as have my predecessors over a number of years.

On behalf of the 253 member roads of this association, I want to again state 

our su ppo rt of uniformity in time, w hether it be st and ard or day light.

It is the hope of this segment of the rail carrier industry th at Congress may 

properly conclude that uniform time within standard time zones is needed and 

will provide therefor.

Mr. Long. We have one additional gentleman I understand, that 

would like to pursue a similar course of action.

STATEMENT OF A. B. McMULLEN, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE AVIATION OFFICIALS

Mr. McMullen. Tha t is right, Mr. Chairman. Aly name is A. B. 

McMullen. 1 was scheduled to testify this morning, and if it is agreeable with the chairman 1 will submit my statement for inclusion in the 

record together with a copy of a resolution that I make reference to in 

my statement. It is a resolution which was adopted by the National 

Association of State Aviation Officials on the matter of time uniformity at its annual meeting in 1962 prior to the introduction of the bills 

that are now being considered and raises several points tha t have not 

been incorporated in any of the bills that have been introduced, such as 

the 24-hour clock, for example, which we think would help standardize 

this time problem and which, we believe the committee and the Congress should consider at the same time the matters that have been included in the bills are being considered.

Mr. Long. Mr. McMullen, we have a pretty good bull by the tail here 

now without taking on the problems of the 24-hour clock.

Mr. McMullen. If the studies we are recommending are going 

to create that kind of problem—we realize very well they could—we 

would prefer you proceed with the revision, and clarifying, and adoption of a good bill of the type that has been introduced rather than 

introducing this other matter at this time.

Mr. Long. Fine. We will receive your statement and make it a part 

of the record and if as a result of study of the record we have any 

additional questions we would like to ask you we might prevail upon 

you a little later on to come back and visit with us, Mr. McMullen.

Mr. McMullen. I will be pleased to meet at any time at the convenience of the committee.

(The information referre d to follows:)

Statement of A. B. McMullen, Executive Vice President, National Association of State Aviation Officials

My name is A. B. McMullen. I am executive vice president of the National 

Associatio n of State Aviation Officials.

Forty-two State aeronautics commissions and dep artments constitute the 

membership of NASAO. Being officially responsible for aviatio n and air tra ns ­

portation development and service in the various State s, NASAO members have 

been deeply concerned over a long period of time about the inconvenience, the 

confusion, and often the addition al expense, the air carriers and other forms
UNIFO RM TIME 85

of tr ansp ort ati on, th e tr aveli ng pu bl ic , an d th e sh ip per s a re ca us ed by th e vari ati on in da te s an d are as th a t d ayli ght sa vi ng tim e is adopte d ea ch ye ar. Ev en in lo ca l co mmun iti es or tr a d e are as as sm all as a sing le co un ty , th e a ir tr av ele r an d sh ip pe r are of te n inco nv en ienc ed an d co nf us ed be ca us e th er e may be tw o or m or e ge og raph ical are as o r po litica l enti ti es w ithin th e co un ty whic h 

ad opt o r o pera te on di ff er en t tim e. Th e ex pa ns io n of ra il se rv ice ov er re la tivel y long di st an ce s, as th e ra il ro ads ex te nd ed th e ir li ne s f a rt h e r w es tw ard in the United Sta te s, f ir st fo cu se d at te nti on on th e pro bl em s as so ciated w ith th e la ck of tim e u ni fo rm ity. Tod ay , as t he speeds an d no rm al o per at in g ran ge of a ir c ra ft are inc re as ed , th e pr ob lems ca us ed by th e 

lack o f t im e un if or m ity a re in cr ea se d eve n m ore . A fter hav in g m ad e a ca re fu l st udy of th e m an y prob lems cre at ed by th e ra th er ridi cu lo us si tu ati ons which re su lt fr om ch an ging tim e on dif fe re nt dat es in va riou s Sta te s, an d di ffer en t c ou nt ie s and towns w ithin in di vid ual S ta te s, NAS AO ad op te d a re so lu tion duri ng it s an n u al m ee tin g he ld Se ptem be r 27, 1962, pet itio n­ ing C on gr es s to d et er m in e w het her l eg is la tion w as r eq uir ed to e li m in ate or redu ce th es e tim e- w as ting si tu at io ns . A co py of th is re so lu tion is be ing pr es en te d fo r th e reco rd . You wi ll no te th a t it w as ad op ted pri or to th e d ate any of th e bills 

un der co ns id er at io n were int ro du ce d. In br ie f, th e re so lu tion reco m men de d th a t ne ce ss ar y co ng re ss io na l ac tion be ta ken to ass u re th a t al l ch an ge s fr om st andard to daylight sa vi ng tim e be mad e on th e la st Sun da y of Ap ril, and ch an ge s fro m daylight sa vi ng to st an d ard tim e 

be mad e on the l ast Su nd ay o f Octob er eac h ye ar. We a re h ap py to no te t h a t se ve ra l of th e bil ls pe nd ing be fo re t h is sub co m mitt ee wo uld ac co m plish th is ob jec tiv e, and it is our sinc er e ho pe th a t Con gr es s will see fit to ta ke im m ed ia te ac tio n to ass u re un if orm ity in date s fo r th e c ha ng eo ve rs in sta n d ard and day ligh t sa vi ng tim e. T hi s is a prob lem th a t re quir es an im ­

m ed ia te re med y. How ev er, th is is on ly a p a rt ia l so lu tion to th e ov er al l prob lem of tim e uni­ fo rm ity, and we hope th a t on ce th is is acco mplish ed , th e co m m itte e will in ­ ves tiga te th e se ve ra l ot he r uni fo rm ti m e prob lem s th a t w ill st il l re m ai n. Th ese in clud e th e 24 -hou r cloc k, whi ch is uti li zed by som e gove rn m en ta l ag en cies, p ar­ ti cula rl y th e m ilitar y, an d by some co mm er cial o rg an iz ati o n s; an d th e us e of “Z” or Gre en wich tim e, which th e U.S. W ea th er B ure au an d some American tr an sp o rt ati o n an d co mm un ications co mpa ni es en ga ge d in in te rn ati o n al op er ation s now ut iliz e. W hile no sing le system of tim e w ill co mplete ly sa ti sf y th e re quir em en ts or ac ­ co mmod ate th e conv enien ce of ev er yo ne , man y pe rson s, in cl ud in g m ys el f are of th e op inio n th a t a ca re fu l st udy sh ou ld be mad e of th e ad van ta ges th a t wo uld re su lt from co mplete ab oliti on of d ayli ght sa vi ng tim e, an d per m an en tly ad va nc ­ in g th e st a n d a rd tim e by 1 hour unif orm ly th ro ughou t th e U ni ted Sta te s. Th is wou ld el im in ate th e co nf us ion and ex pe ns e as so ci at ed w ith ch an gin g to an d from day li ght sa vi ng tim e ea ch yea r, w hi le prov id ing all th e a dvanta ges affo rded by day li ght sa vi ng tim e. Thi s sa m e pr in ci pl e is em bo died in tw o of th e bi lls be­ fo re th is s ub co m mitt ee , ex ce pt th a t sta n d a rd tim e wou ld be ob se rv ed y ear roun d, 

ra th e r th an d ay light sa vi ng tim e. The ab ov e reco m men da tio ns w er e al so includ ed in th e re so lu tion ad op te d by 

NAS AO. Enac tm en t of a ny of t he 10 b ills b ei ng co ns idered w ou ld b e a p a rti a l st ep in th e ri g h t di re ct io n, an d Mem bers of Con gr es s wh o ha ve in tr od uce d th em a re to be 

co mm ended fo r th eir inte re st in t h is p ro bl em . Bas ed on o u r und er st an din g of th e var io us bills , ho wev er, w e be lie ve th a t ad op tion of H.R . 4702, H.R. 7891, or II .R . 11483 wou ld be m os t ac ce pta ble o f th e 

10 i nt ro du ce d.

National Association of State Aviation Offic ials

RESOLU TION 3— 19 62 AN NU AL ME ET ING, BA SIN HARBOR CLUB, VERMONT

W he re as m an y St at es , co un tie s, a n d /o r m unic ip al itie s ch an ge fr om st andard to dayli ght sa vi ng tim e in th e sp ri ng , an d re tu rn to sta n d ard tim e in th e fa ll, on d ate s th a t v ary fro m S ta te to S ta te a n d a mon g se ct io ns o r co m m un ities with in 

some S ta te s : and W her ea s th e w id es pr ea d v ari ati o n s in st an d ard dayli ght ch an ge ov er da tes, co mpl icated by fr equent tim e zo ne boundary di sp ut es an d an ass ort m ent of local co mm un ity op tio ns , cr ea te bew ilder in g uncert ain ty and co nf us io n in th e minds
86 UNIFORM TIME

of the t rave ling a nd ship ping public, and i n communications, business, and social 

ac tiv iti es ; and

Wh erea s the non uniform ity of time changeover dat es resu lts in the ex tra 

exp end itur e of larg e sums of money e ach yea r by railro ads , bus companies, and 

air lin es for the revision, printin g, and dis trib utio n of system timetab les ; a nd

Whereas many air po rts serv e large ge ographical areas, often extending across 

St ate or politic al subd ivision boun darie s; and

Whereas it is highly des irab le that the time be uniform with in these are as to 

minim ize the confusion, fru str ation, and missed flights th at often result in the 

loss of business, and delayed or broken social or other appo intm ents an d engagemen ts : There fore be it

Resolved, Th at where neces sary, legislation should be adopte d or such Sta te 

dire ctiv es or proc lamations should be issued by the Governor as may be re quired 

to assure that all changes from sta ndard to dayligh t saving time and from day ­

lig ht to sta nda rd time wil l be made by all Sta tes and local jurisdic tion s on the 

sam e dates each year ; a nd

Th at tra nsf ers from sta nd ard to dayl ight time sha ll tak e place on the las t 

Sun day of April and from dayl ight to sta nd ard on the la st Sunday of October 

each y ear; be i t fu rth er

Resolved, Th at the Congr ess of the United States be petitio ned to conduct or 

orde r such stud ies and investi gation s as may be necessary to determ ine whether 

exi stin g Federal legisla tion on the subj ect should be amended or rep ealed ; and

(a ) What action, if any, is neces sary at t he Fed eral level to assu re uniform ity 

in dates for cha nging from sta nd ard to d ayli ght sav ing time and back to sta nd ard 

tim e each ye ar ;

(ft ) The adva ntag es an d disad vant ages of officially adopting the 24-hour clock 

in the United States, as many Euro pean and South American coun tries have 

alr eady done;

(c ) The advantages and disad vant ages of officially adop ting “Z” or Green ­

wich time by U.S. Feder al agencies, intern atio nal tra nspo rta tio n companies, and 

oth er s;

(<Z) The advantages an d disa dvantag es of advancing the sta nda rd time by 

1 hou r in each of the tim e zones in which the United Stat es is located and 

discontinu ing day ligh t sav ing time entire ly.

Adopted September 27 ,19 62.

Mr. Long. Thank you.

Any further business to come before the subcommittee? There 

being none the subcommittee is adjourned.

(Whereupon, at 12:10 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned subject 

to the call of the Chair.)
TIME STANDARDIZATION

TU ESDA Y, AUGUST 4, 196 4

H ouse of Repr esenta tives,

Subcomm itt ee on Commerce and F in ance

of the Com mit tee on I nterstate and F oreign C ommer ce,

Washing ton, D.G.

The subcommittee met at 10 a.m., pursuant to recess, in room 1333, 

Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Harley O. Staggers (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.

Mr. S taggers. The subcommittee will come to order.

The subject today is the uniformity of time. We had started hearings on this and had to adjo urn them, so we are taking up now where 

we left off, and as our first witness today we will hear the Honorable 

Kenneth J. Gray, the very able Congressman from the State of Illinois. 

We welcome you to the subcommittee this morning, Mr. Gray.

STATEMENT OF HON. KEN NET H J. GRAY, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

Mr. Gray. Mr. Chairman, I deeply appreciate the opportunity of 

appearing before your committee in behalf of legislation I introduced 

sometime ago, H.R. 2335, to amend the Stan dard Time Act so as to 

provide tha t standard time shall be the measure of time for all 

purposes.

Mr. Chairman, before I begin my remarks in behalf of H.R. 2335, 

I would like to thank you and the members of the committee for 

scheduling these hearings. I realize this legislation has been somewhat controversial because many people like fast time for the convenience of playing sports dur ing the daylight hours and for other 

reasons. However, I believe tha t the extreme hardship, loss of life, 

and other factors are more impelling reasons for ado pting a standard 

time in this country. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I say loss of life, because 

many people, trying to meet the schedules of travel or of meetings, 

find that the time has advanced in another city and not having allowed 

themselves an extra hour or two, rush unnecessarily. I have heard of 

instances th at resulted in the loss of life.

I believe the greatest inconvenience being placed on our citizens is 

tha t being placed on our schoolchildren of America. Thousands of 

young boys and girls are forced to stand out on the rur al roadways of 

America, before daylight, waiting on the schoolbus to pick them up. 

To me this is much more important than having an extra hour for 

someone to play golf in the afternoon.

Mr. Chairman, the na tional chairman of the Citizens for Standard 

Time comes from my congressional district, Mr. H. H. Horner, Route 

87
UNIF ORM TIM E

2, Murphysboro, III. Another stanch fighter for standard time on 

the national level is Mrs. Ray Thies, of Campbell Hill, Ill. Both of these friends and constituents have sent me thousands upon thousands of signatures from people all over southern Illinois and from other parts of the Nation strongly urging Congress to amend the Standard 

Time Act of March 19, 1918, to provide standard time throughout the 

United States. I would be happy to supply the committee with these petitions containing thousands of signatures. However, I am sure your files are filled with copies of these petitions. Therefore, I will not burden you and your record with these names. However, should you need them I will be glad to tu rn them over to the committee. It would appear to me, Mr. Chairman, tha t it would be a very simple matter for people to adjust their starting time for meetings, and so forth, to coincide w ith the most convenient time to suit their needs. If it is found to be inconveniencing anyone by standardizing the time, 

they need only to adjust their schedule instead of their clocks. To inconvenience many for the accommodation of a few doesn’t make sense to me. Pu tting it simply, standard time is God’s time. Let’s revert to it. I know in the wisdom of your committee you will do 

what is just and right.

Mr. Stagof.rs. Thank you for a fine statement, Congressman. If 

the members have no questions we will continue with another fine Congressman from t he State of Illinois, the Honorable Melvin Price. 

May I welcome you to the subcommittee, Congressman.

STATEMENT OF HON. MELVIN PRICE, A REPRESEN TATIVE IN 

CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

Mr. Price. I wish to thank the distinguished chairman and members of this subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce for extending me the privilege of presenting this statement in support of uniform time legislation. That such a law is vitally needed is aptly demonstrated by the existing horological nightm are now encumbering our country. Variance is the rule rather than the 

exception in this situation, and confusion reigns supreme. Yet, what can be done to remedy this present-day dilema ? Daylight savings time is observed in patchwork fashion throughout the United States, and the Supreme Court has upheld the use of these local option 

time plans, although the Standard Time Act of 1918 is in the United 

States Code. Clearly, the Congress has the constitutional prerogative under the weights and measures clause to legislate in this area. Prec ­ edent for such action was established bv the enactment of the 1918 

act, as well as by the passage of a national Day light Savings Time Act 

during World War II. Wha t is necessary, therefore, is legislation either amending or re­ placing the original act, so as to provide for effective implementation and enforcement of uniform time patterns through out the Nation. It is not a simple task to prescribe the mechanics of such a law, as is evidenced by the variety of measures pending before this committee dealing with this problem. Some bills, for example, call for establish­ ing advanced time subzones within standard time zones, others pro­ vide for nationwide observance of daylight savings time during certain
UNIF ORM TIM E 89

months of the year, and still others approach the problem by doing 

away with daylight savings time altogether.

As sponsor of H.R. 2532, which precludes the observance of daylight savings time, I am aware of the fact tha t 29 States use fast time 

in one manner or other. It is, however, essential to raise the question: 

To w hat extent is uniformity desired? In my bill, the standard time 

established under the authority of the 1918 act would be the exclusive 

measure of time within each time zone created by that law. This 

standard of time would be observed within the respective time zone by 

all Federal, State, or local government officials in thei r official duties, 

as well as by all business or commercial enterprises involved in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce. Penalties are provided for 

willful violations of that section of the bill.

Whether or not H.R. 2532 is acted upon favorably is, of course, the 

committee’s decision; however, I earnestly request action be taken to 

alleviate the present situation. Bearing out the urgency of finding a 

solution is the following statement in an April 3,1963, letter to Senator 

Warren Magnuson from Mr. William G. Colman, Executive Director, 

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations.

Not only is the lack of time uniform ity a serious and costly inconvenience to 

the whole field of tran sportation , and the traveler as well, but it is a concern of Federal, State, and local governments generally. It obviously has potentially 

significant implications for military prepared ness and civil defense.

It is with that thought in mind tha t I respectfully urge the committee 

to report a measure effectively dealing with the problem of time uniformity.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you, Mr. Price, for a most informative statement. We appreciate your appearance before the subcommittee this 

morning.

Our next witness today is the Honorable Abe McGregor Goff, Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Mr. Goff, if you will 

take the seat there at the end and just start right in with your presentation. We are glad to have you with us representing your Commission.

STA TEM ENT OF HON. ABE McGEEGOR GOFF, CH AIRM AN ; ACCOMPA NI ED BY ROBERT T. W ALLACE, LEG ISL AT IVE COUNSEL; H IRA M

H. SPICER , CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON OF FICE R; AND EAR L W.

MA RT IN, BUREAU OF RA TES AND PRACTICES, INTE RSTA TE COMMERCE COMMISSION

Mr. Goff. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, I have with 

me this morning Mr. R obert T. Wallace, our legislative counsel; Mr. 

Hiram II. Spicer, our congressional liaison officer; and Mr. Earl W. 

Martin, of the Bureau of Rates and Practices, who is the hearing 

examiner who took Mr. Tom Pyne’s place upon the retirement of Mr. 

Pyne and whose particular forte and assignment was the various times 

matters.

I have a short statement, and I know you had a very illuminating 

hearing so far, but I think tha t my short statement will serve to revive and refresh the minds of the members of the committee who heard 

the other testimony and so I will just proceed to read it then if that 

is satisfactory.
90 UNIFORM TIME

Mr. Staggers. All rig ht.

Mr. Goff. My name is Ab e McGregor Goff. I am th e pres ent C hai rman of the In te rs ta te Commerce Commission and have s erved in th at 

capacity since Ja nuar y 1 of t his yea r. I am ap pe aring today on the 

Com mission’s be ha lf to tes tif y on various measures which, althou gh 

dif fering in ap proa ch , hav e a sim ila r pu rpose in th at each seeks to 

achieve gr ea ter un ifo rm ity in the observance of time sta ndard s.

As you are aw are , one of these bills (H .R. 4702) was introd uced b y 

Ch air man H ar ris at our requ est to give effect to legisla tive recommenda tion No. 1 in th e Comm ission’s 76th an nu al rep ort .

In order to pla ce all of the involve d bills in proper perspe ctiv e, 

we shall commen t first upon the circumstances w hich led to ou r ad op ­

tion of legislative reco mm end atio n No. 1.

Th e pre sen t Sta ndar d Tim e Ac t was ena cted by Congress in 1918 

lar gely in resp onse to an imm edia te need fo r increased natio nal efficiency du rin g W or ld W ar I. It s s tat ed purpose, “T o save da ylig ht 

and to pro vide stan da rd time fo r the United State s,” coupled with 

an inj unction di rectin g the In tersta te Comm erce Commision to define 

the lim its of the zones “having rega rd fo r the convenience of com ­

merce” and a req uir em ent th at stan da rd tim e be observed in rel ation 

to acts req uir ed to be perfo rm ed “by any perso n subject t o th e ju ri sdic tion of the Uni te d State s,” was th ou gh t to evince the in te nt of 

Congress to fix stan da rd s of time fo r all purposes.

Fo r a br ief perio d, the sta nd ards of tim e pre scribed un de r the act 

were unive rsa lly o bserved despite the fac t th at it contain s no e nforcement. p rocedu re or pe na lty prov isions. Th e da ylig ht sav ing feature, 

however, was rep ealed in 1919 ov er P resid en t W ils on ’s veto, a nd sh or tly th erea fte r the Com mission began to exp erie nce difficulty due to 

the limited scope of the act and the tendenc y of i ndividual State s an d 

citie s to exercise a claimed ri ght o f local o ption.

Thus, local da ylig ht sav ing time, adopted at first by Bos ton, New 

York, and Chicago, gr ad ua lly sprea d to man y other cities and tow ns 

in the Ea st and Midwest. In a s uit to enjoin th e a uth orities of M ass achu setts fro m en forcing t he observance of an advanced tim e s tand ar d, 

a Federal di strict co urt held th at , in en actin g the St an da rd Time 

Act, Congress h ad n ot fully occupied the tim e field and, consequently, 

there was no nec essary conflict between th at act and the enforc em ent 

of a differen t s ta nd ar d of tim e designe d fo r purpo ses othe r than those 

specified in the act. See Massac husetts S ta te Gran ge v. Be nto n 10 F. 

(2d) 515, Aff’d sub. nom. Mass. St ate Grange v. Bento n, 272 U.S . 525 

(1926).

W ith the way open to State s and indiv idual communities to act 

ind epe ndent ly, an ever-inc rea sin g confusion a nd conflict of time s ta nd ­

ards has developed. Th e si tua tio n in I nd iana , as depicted in St an da rd 

Tim e Zone Inv estig ation, 314 ICC 101 (12 6-1 29), decided Jun e 6,1961, 

pro vides a pointed ill us tra tio n of th e problem.

There, among ot he r thi ngs, the evidence de tails the difficulties experienced by nume rou s commercial, com munica tion s, and tran sp ort 

concerns as well as th e extrem e confusion attend ing the arriv al an d 

de pa rtu res of air fl ights at the I nd iana po lis A irpo rt. Ot he r exam ples 

have been point ed ou t to the com mittee by pre vio us witnesses an d in 

the justifi cation attach ed to ou r legisla tive recommendation No. 1.
UNIFO RM TIME 91

In tota l, we believe tha t these illustrations forcefully indicate increasing chaos in the observance of time stand ards; and, in our era 

characterized bv jet speed and remarkable advances in space technology, this situation is not only paradoxical but, in our opinion, it 

is also potentially dangerous.

For many years, annual reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission have invited the attention of Congress to the need for additional time legislation, and I might interpolate I think it has been 

32 years we have been advocating that something be done about this. 

At the same time, in proceedings held under the act, we have earnestly 

endeavored to find a solution to the numerous conflicts caused by the 

action of State or local authorities in changing local time standards. 

The pattern is usually the same. A shift in local time brings a flood 

of complaints and petitions fo r a change in the zone boundaries or for 

some action restoring the former situation, which finally impel a reopening of the proceeding for reconsideration.

Thus, the Commission is repeatedly injected into bitter local controversies without power to resolve them with any reasonable regard 

for the convenience and safety of the area as a whole.

If it is found that the requested change would not enhance the 

convenience of commerce, a denial of the petition, in most instances, 

merely perpetuates the existing conflict and causes it to spread to additional areas.

On the other hand, a grant of the relief sought often produces a 

similar outcome, since the resulting mutation of boundaries creates 

inconvenience in adjacent areas and, thereby, precipitates other independent local changes followed by furthe r complaints and petitions 

for further modifications.

Our experience amply demonstrates tha t any attempt to confine 

the application of the s tandard of time solely to Federal matters or to 

interstate commerce, while local matters or intrastate commerce are 

governed by a different standard, is bound to result in chaos.

The original idea of Congress tha t a Federal standard would dominate and control local time has not been borne out in practice. In ­

stead, the conflict between Fede ral and local standards is usually 

resolved by the observance of local time by Federal officers and establishments.

In effect, therefore, and in the absence of any enforcement or penalty 

provisions, our determinations unde r the Stan dard Time Act serve 

merely to establish (1) a convenient standard of time which interstate 

common carriers may use, if they desire to conform to the law, and 

(2) a rule of statutory interpretatio n which comes into play only 

when a Federal statute, order, rule or regulation requires t hat a p articular act be done, or tha t a rig ht shall accrue or determine, at a 

specified time.

Any additional effect our determinations may have is largelv due to 

voluntary acceptance by some State and local governments or by local 

usage.

The Commission has consistently taken the position that the inconvenience and confusion caused by the proliferation of different time 

standards adequately justifies the complete occupancy by Congress of 

the field of standard time regulation.
92 UNIFORM TIME

In correcting this situation, we believe that Congress need not rely solely upon the commerce clause, since, in the opinion of the Commis­ sion, other clauses of the Constitution, particularly the standards of weights and measures clause, grant Congress the power to prescribe a uniform system of standard time for the country which is not limited to matters relating to interstate commerce or foreign commerce.

A. memorandum dealing with this point has been prepared in the office of our General Counsel, and I offer it for introduction in the 

record a t this point.

Mr. Staggers. It shall be incorporated in the record.

(The information referre d to follows:)

Office of th e General Counsel

NO. 8 3 - 6 3 — A PR IL 1 5 , 1 9 6 3

Re : 76th Ann. Rep., Legislative Recomm. No. 1: Standa rd Time.

Memorandum to Chair man W alrath :

This is in response to your memorandum of March 22,1963, requesting my opin­ ion as to whether the S tan dard of W eights and Measures Clause of the C onstitu­ tion (Constitution, Artic le I, Section 8, Clause 5) gra nts Congress the power to 

prescribe a uniform standard of time. It is believed that the Standard of Weights and Measures Clause does include the power to prescribe sta nd ards of time. In thi s I concu r in the opinion of my predecessor, Mr. Knowlton, expressed in his Memorandum to Commissioner Splawn, No. 7345, dated Marc h 29, 1948. which rela ted to the constitutionality of 

S. 2226 and S. 2041, 80th Congress, 2d Session.1

 These bills would have, respectively, provided for daylight saving time each year for appro ximately five months and made the sta ndard time o f each zone “the standard mea sure of time for all purposes.” In scope, therefore, they clearly resembled the presently pending H.R. 4702/S. 1033, the justific atio n for which, appended to your memorandum, cites the S tand ard of Weights and Measures Clause as possible authority for the 

bill.The two cases cited by Division 3 in its 35th Supplemental Report, Standard

Tim e Zone Investigation, 314 I.C.C. 101 at p. 121, continue to be the only sources of judicial authority for the proposition t ha t the S tandard of W eights and Meas­ ure s Clause impa rted power to the Congress to establish time standards. At 

th at, they are not the best preceden t. Massachusetts Sta te Grange v. Benton. 10 

F. 2d 515 (1925), dea lt with the question of con stitutiona lity of a state time statut e aft er Congress had passed the S tandard Time Act of 1918, and in finding no conflict between the s tate and the federal acts the Court stated that the con­ sti tutio nal power of Congress to pass the Standa rd Time Act was assumed. Al­ though the Grange argued on brief that the Standa rd of Weights and Measures Clau se authorized Congress to legislate time standard s and that the 1918 Act preem pted the field, the United States Supreme Court, by Justice Holmes, in affirming the decision of the lower court “saw no sufficient reason for differing” with th at part of the lower co urt’s opinion holding no inconsistency between the two Acts and confined discussion to the pro priety of an inju nction against a sta te 

officer (272 U.S. 525. 527 (19 26)). United Sta tes v. Porter, 12 F. Supp. 234 

(U.S.D.C., W.D.N.Y.. 1935). held the federal Standa rd Container Act of 1928 (45 Stat. 685,15 U.S.C. Sec. 257, 257a) to be a constitu tional exercise of the power of Congress under the Sta ndard o f Weights and Measures Clause. In that th e court spoke to the probable con stitutional power of Congress und er the Clause, and since this is the last re ported decision under the Clause, a sho rt excerpt is herewith set forth (12 F. Supp. a t 235-23) : “The second exception [to the libel aga inst some non standa rd containers filed by the United States] raised is the question of the interp retation of article 1, section 8, cl. 5 of the Constitu tion. It is claimed th at this provision gives Con­ gress the power only to ado pt a unit of weight or measure, and that the power to reg ula te the standard unit not having been delegated to the United States, was

1

 Other memoranda touching the subject are No. 3687, Dec. 18, 1931, to Commissioner Aitchison, and No. 7162, May 6, 1947, to Chairman Aitchison.
UNIFORM TIME 93

reserved to the states. Many states, acting under the police powers, have prescribed the weights under which packages of certain commodities must be sold. 

The specific question has never been judicially determined. Certain language in 

the opinion in Dwight <6 Lloyd Sintering Co. v. American Ore Reclamation Company (C.C.A.) 263 F. 315, 316, approaches nearest to any expression of the courts 

of the meaning of this provision of the Constitution tha t has come to my attention. In that case the dispute arose over the meaning of the word ‘ton.’ It was 

held there that * * * [Congress has not exercised its power under the Clause 

except as to the standard Troy pound weight, therefore the state might define 

a ton.] The reasonable interpretation of this opinion is th at the court recognized 

the righ t of the federal government to fix a standard of weights and measures 

such as a ‘ton’ * • *

“If Congress can legally say how many pounds shall constitute a ton, it would 

seem it could fixe a standard of sizes for hampers and baskets for different uses.

“The purpose of this [standa rd container] act was to avoid the difficulties 

caused by the use of varying weights and measures in the several states.

“* * * It is my view tha t the provision is constitutional. However, this court 

should be reluctant to hold the act unconstitutional if the court’s mind were not 

entirely clear. * * *”

Thus, it can be seen tha t the court’s opinion is in fact based upon an inference from a precedent not explicit in its own holding. As such, it may not be 

persuasive precedent and is therefore of limited value in the resolution of the 

problem considered herein.

Nor is the legislative history of the Standard Time Act of 1918 very illuminating. The sole Committee Report (H. Rept. No. 293, 65th Cong., 2d Sess.) does 

cite the statements of a witness before the Committee that “[the bill] is a 

standard for the measurement of time, and under the power of the Constituion 

we feel that Congress can act * * * ” but no statement endorsing these remarks is 

found in the report. In fact, the reasons set out by the Committee for recommending the legislation are quite unrelated to specific Constitutional powers, 

being (1) increased food production as a result of daylight saving time; (2) 

increased comfort and convenience to labor; and (3) the conservation of fuel 

supplies and concomitant economy in the war effort. The debates in both 

Houses of Congress (e.g. 56 Cong. Rec. 3549, 3564-5583, 3594-3595, 3632, 3635) 

do not invoke any particular power under the Constitution, and insofar as 

reasons for the bill are urged, it could be inferred tha t the commerce power, and 

the war power, are the tacit grounds for that act; throughout are references 

to the necessity of proper scheduling for the railroads, but more particularly 

the desirability of daylight saving time for the prosecution of the war.

The memorandum No. 7345 of the former General Counsel to Commissioner 

Splawn of March 29, 1948, based its opinion on the precept tha t “time,” as a 

concept, usually connotes the measurement of time, since otherwise it is but an 

intellectual experience. From this it follows that the establishment of a “standard,” as was done by the Act of 1918, is in fact as well as in name a particular 

measurement of duration, a fortiori within the concept of “standard weights 

and measures.” State court cases are cited and quoted (State v. Badolati. 241 

Wis. 496, 6 N.W. 2d 220 (1942) ; McFarlane v. Whitney, 134 S.W. 2d 1047 (Tex., 

1940)) to show the importance of a standard of time measurement. Treatises 

on the Constitution are also cited, but the conclusion from them is indefinite; 

the Clause was adopted a t the Constitutional Convention without debate. While 

I am generally in agreement with the observations therein, and while not disagreeing with the statement (Memorandum, p. 15) tha t “It is not certain tha t 

the framers of the Constitution had time in mind when they drafted the provision empowering Congress to fix the standard of weights and measures,” I would 

add tha t there exists some material tending to show tha t the framers of the 

Constitution were aware that the measurement of time could be embraced within 

the Standards of Weights and Measures clause.

Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State, was requested and directed by the 

House of Representatives to repo rt on the desirability of Federal standards of 

weights and measures. His repo rt of July 4. 1790, to the Speaker of the House 

(American State Papers, Misc. Vol. I, pp. 13-20) contains much historical and. 

for its day, advanced scientific data regarding all standards of measurement 

then in use. For example, this statement tends to support the argument (supra, 

p. 5) of definition (pagination references infra are to pages of the original 

Report, found in the Library of Congress’s Rare Book Collection) :

“To obtain uniformity in Measures, Weights and Coins, i t is necessary to find 

some measure of invariable length, with which, as a stand ard, they may be 

compared.” [p. 1].
94 UN IF O R M TIM E

The n, in hi s ge ne ra l d iscu ssio n of s ta ndard s, h e evolv es a de fini tion of a “se con d 

of mea n tim e’’:

“* * * The mo tio n of th e e a rt h ro un d its ax is, th ou gh not ab so lu te ly un ifo rm 

an d in va riab le , may be co ns id er ed as su ch [s ta n d ard ] fo r ev er y hu m an pu rpos e. 

It is m ea su re d obvio usl y, bu t uneq ual ly , by th e d ep art u re of a giv en m er idian 

from th e su n, an d its re tu rn to it , const ituting a so la r da y. Thr ow in g to ge th er 

th e in eq ual itie s of so la r da ys , a mea n in te rv al , or da y, has been fou nd , an d 

divide d, b y ve ry gen eral c on se nt , in to 86.400 equ al par ts .

“A pe nd ul um , vib ra ting fr ee ly , in sm al l an d eq ua l ar cs , m ay be so ad ju st ed 

in its le ng th , as, by i ts v ib ra ti ons, to m ak e th is di vi sion of t he e a rth ’s m otion in to 

86,400 se co nd s of m ea n tim e.” [P . 10.]

N ea rly six ye ar s la te r Con gr es s so ug ht to act up on hi s R ep ort. In so doing , 

it is su bm itte d th a t a tim e sta n d ard , to w it a “second of mea n tim e” , w as so ug ht 

to be es ta bl ishe d. Th e “se co nd of mea n tim e” w as p a rt of th e m ea ns fo r es ta blish in g a st andard li near m ea su re , as Jeffer so n po inted ou t. The bill, pa ss ed by 

th e H ou se of R ep re se nt at iv es M ay 19,17 96, au th ori ze d a nd dir ec te d the Se cr et ar y 

of S ta te t o ca us e “c ert ain exper im en ts to be m ad e to a sc ert ain unif orm s ta ndard s 

of w ei gh ts an d m ea su re s fo r th e U ni te d Sta te s.” Thi s in cl ud ed an ex pe rimen t, 

de sc ribe d in de ta il, fo r est abli sh in g a st an d ard “fo ot ” by th e use o f an os ci lla tin g 

cy linder ov er a pe rio d of “on e seco nd of mean tim e.” Thi s w as un do ub tedl y an 

ad op tion of Je ff er so n’s des cr ip tion of a mea ns to es ta blish su ch a sta n d a rd ; th e 

R ep ort of th e Se na te Com m itt ee (u nn am ed ) co ns id er in g th e Hou se bill re fe rs 

to th e pr op os als of th e S ecre ta ry of S ta te ’s rei>ort on m ea su re s an d weig hts. 

It do es no t ap pea r th a t th e bill pas se d th e Se na te, alth ou gh th e Sen at e bill be ar s 

th e d ate of May 31, 1796, an d w as to be am en de d to st ri k e th e prov ision fo r 

co nd uc ting th e ex pe rim en t, and th e ap pro pri at io n of $1000 fo r th e pu rpos e, in 

fa vor of an ad op tio n, but th is S enate ve rsion as well de sc ribe s th e metho d of 

obta in in g a st andard fo ot (w it h th e “on e sec on d of mea n ti m e” ) in th e ev en t 

th a t th e st an d ard s them selves w ere d es troy ed .2

Supp ort fo r th e de si gn at io n of p art ic u la r para llel s of lo ngi tu de as tim e zon e 

bou nda ri es by Co ng res s under th e Sta ndard of W ei gh ts and M ea su re s Clau se 

is also fo un d in Je ff er so n’s re port , whe re he st ate d a t pp. 13 -1 4:

“2. The unce rt ain ty ari si ng fr om th e di fferen ce of le ng th re quis it e fo r th e 

second Pe nd ulum , or th e seco nd rod, in di ff er en t la ti tu des, m ay be av oide d by 

fix ing on som e one la titu de, to w hi ch ou r st andard sh al l re fe r. T h at of 38°, as 

be ing th e middle la titu de , of th e U nited Sta te s, m ig ht see m th e mos t co nv enien t, 

w er e we to co ns ider ou rs elve s a lo n e ; but co nn ec ted w ith o th er nat io ns by com ­

merce and scienc e, it is b ett er to fix on th a t par all el whi ch bi ds fa ir est to be 

ad op te d by them als o. The 45 tli, as be ing th e mid dle te rm be tw ee n th e eq ua to r 

an d po le has bee n he re to fo re pr op os ed in E u ro p e; an d th e pr op os iti on has been 

la te ly rene w ed th er e, under ci rc um st an ce s which m ay ve ry po ss ib ly giv e it som e 

eff ect. Thi s par al le l is dis tinguis hed w ith us als o, as fo rm in g ou r pr in ci pa l 

N ort hern Bou nd ary. L et th e co m pl etio n of th e 45 th de gr ee th en giv e th e st an d ­

a rd fo r our un ion , w ith th e ho pe th a t it m ay become a li ne of un io n w ith th e 

re st o f th e w orld.”

I t h as b ee n im plic it her ei n th a t th e S ta ndar d of W ei gh ts and M ea su re s Cl au se 

is not confined in mea ni ng to co in ag e or money . Su ch ap pears to ha ve been th e 

unders ta ndin g of Je ffer so n fr om th e begin ning . H is R ep ort di sc us se s a t pa ge s 

19 th ro ugh 32 th e hi st or y an d chara cte ri st ic s of p art ic u la r w eig hts an d m ea su re s 

th en in use, an d includ es a port io n of th e w eigh ts an d m ea su re s so ug ht to be 

es ta bli sh ed by th e B ri ti sh H ouse of Comm ons. In fa ct , he re fe rs a t leng th to 

re p o rt s of co mmitt ee s of th a t bo dy on w ei gh ts an d m ea su re s of 1758 an d 1759, 

w hi ch re port s ar e re lie d up on in his ow n ex igesis. How ev er, he st ate s a t p. 27 

th a t “T he Se cr et ar y of S ta te is not in fo rm ed w het her th ere hav e bee n an y an d 

w h at alt ern ati o n s of th es e m ea su re s, by th e law s of p art ic u la r Sta te s. ” Thi s 

h ia tu s w as filled by Sec re ta ry of S ta te Jo hn Qu incy A da m s’ 24 5-page re port to 

th e Spea ker of th e Hou se of R epre se nta tives in 1821 (H . Doc . 109, 16th Cong., 

2d Sess.. Hou se Doc um en ts, Vol. 8, L ib ra ry of Co ng ress Ser ia l No. 55) whe rein 

he se t fo rt h, a t pp. 96-117 , th e vari ous weigh ts an d m ea su re s pr ev ai ling an d 

pr es cr ib ed in th e Sta te s an d th e D is tr ic t of Co lum bia sin ce th e ir fou nd ing.

E nf or ce m en t of Fed er al w ei ghts and m ea su re s st an dar ds, a s i nc or po ra te d into 

th e pr op os ed bills now be fo re Con gress, also appears to be pre sa ge d by Je ff er ­

so n’s R ep or t. On p. 44 he sta te d “* * * A fter a give n te rm , fo r in stan ce , it [the 

ne w sy st em ] mig ht begin in th e cu sto m-hou ses, w her e th e m er chants wo uld be2

 The bills, and the committee report, are found in the Library of Congress’ Rare Book 

Collection under the designation QC 89 .Us A15.
UNIFORM TIME 95

come fa m ilia ri ze d to it. A ft er a fu rth e r te rm , it m ig ht be in trod uc ed into all 

lega l pro ce ed in gs; and m erc h an ts and tr ad ers in fo re ig n co mm od iti es m ig ht be 

re quir ed to use it in th eir dea lings w ith one a not her . * * *” Jo h n Qu inc y Ada ms’ R eport re fe rr ed to ab ov e al so conta in ed ex pl ic it re fe r­ en ce s to tim e m ea su re m en t. T he Fre nc h Rev ol ut io n’s ad option of th e m et ri c sy st em is tr eate d a t g re at le ngth , an d its ad op tion of de cim al-b as ed ho ur s, weeks, and ye ar s is cast ig ate d fo r th e reas on th a t th is “m en su ra tion of tim e’’ is “q uit e in co ns iste nt w ith on e of th e pr in ci pa l ex pe die nts of per petu ati ng th e id enti ty of th e new w ei ght s an d m ea su re s” (p. 59) . As sh ow n on p. GO. Ada ms w as re fe rr in g to th e m et er -c onst an t. He also st ate s, a t pa ge 61, th a t th e Fre nch “a tt em pt to dec im at e th e y ear in it s num be r of da ys w as eq ua lly us eless 

and absu rd .” Ac cording ly, A da m s did not reco mmen d it s ad op tion .3

 A da m s’ 

R ep ort w as term ed “lu m in ou s an d scientifi c” by th e Com m itt ee on Co mm erc e of th e H ou se of R ep re se nt at iv es in it s R ep or t No. 449. M ar ch 21, 1836, (24th Cong., 1s t Se ss.) which reco mmen de d tr an sm is si on of copie s of sta n d a rd w ei gh ts an d 

m ea su re s to e ac h St at e. O th er th an th es e auth ori ti es, it is also po ssible to re as on in de pe nd en tly , as w as do ne in mem oran du m No. 7345 of my pr ed ec es so r to Com m ission er Sp law n (p. 15 ), th a t th e ab senc e of qual if yin g words an d ex ce pt io ns in th e Sta ndard of W ei gh ts an d M ea su re s C la use in di ca te s th a t Con gres s is em po wered to fix th e st an d ard of all weigh ts an d m ea su re s. It m ay also be ob serv ed th a t mu ch of th e d iff icu lty ex pe rien ce d by m an y wh o co ns id er th is su bje ct may be tr ac ed to th e in ta ngib le qua lity of a tim e m ea su re m en t. Ye t Con gr es s h as legi slated w ith re sp ec t to st andard el ec tric and li ght units of m ea su re m ent; se e 15 U.S.C. Sec. 221 e t seq. (28 Sta t. 102, 18 94 ), re pe al ed by 64 Sta t. 370, 1950, now 15 U.S.C. Sec. 223 -22 4. And, of co urse , Con gr es s ha s es ta bl is he d se ver al oth er st andard m ea su re m en ts, w ithout re gard to “co mm erc e” : 15 U.S.C. Sec. 205 (R .S. 3570, de rive d from Act of Ju ly 28, 1866, 14 Sta t. 339, 34 0), est ab lish es eq ui va le nt s be tw ee n U ni ted Sta te s and m etr ic sy ste m li near m ea su re m en ts which “sh al l be reco gn ized in th e co nst ru ct io n of contr ac ts an d in al l lega l pr oc ee ding s * * *” ; 15 U.S .C. Sec. 206 (27 Sta t. 746, 1893) es ta blish es th e st an d ard ga ug es fo r sh ee t and pl at e iron an d ste el; 15 U.S.C. Sec. 231-2 42 (37 Sta t. 250-25 1; 38 Sta t. 118 6-1187 ; 39 S ta t. 53 0- 53 1) , as am en de d by 68 Sta t. 301, 1954. es ta bl ishe s st an d ard b arr els ; an d 15 U.S .C. Sec. 252 -256 (39 S ta t. 67 3-67 4) in n atu re sim i­ la r to th e Fed er al S ta ndard C onta in er Ac t re fe rr ed to ab ov e, but a se par at e ac t, est ab lish es st andard bask ets fo r sm all fr u it s an d ve ge ta bl es . No ca se s 

p ert in en t to t his in quir y a re r eport ed under th es e st atu te s. Thu s, as he re to fo re st at ed , I be lie ve th a t Con gres s is em po wer ed un de r th e S ta n d ard of W eigh ts an d M ea su re s Cl au se of th e C onst itution to pr es cr ib e a 

unif orm sys tem of ti me .

R obert W. Gix nane,

General Counsel.

Mr. Goff. Copies of this memorandum have been made available 

and I believe you each have one. In its current annual report, this Commission has reiterated its prior recommendations tha t the scope of the Standard Time Act be broadened by providing that the standard time of the zone shall be the exclusive measure of time and by adding more definite standards, requirements for observance, penalties for violation, and provisions for administration and enforcement. H.R. 4702 has been drawn to 

accomplish these purposes. Before commenting on the particular provisions of this bill, I believe it appropriate to observe that the Commission is not unanimous concerning the propriety of its initia ting comprehensive legislation 

on these matters. I might be very specific there to say disagreement

3

 I t m ig ht be no ted , ho we ver, th a t th e Fre nc h syste m was onc e give n a t le ast per fu nc to ry co nsi der at io n by Congr ess . T he F re nch Rev ol ut io na ry Gov er nm en t ca us ed an em iss ary to be se nt to th e ‘U ni ted S ta te s w ith m etr ic mo dels in th e ho pe th a t it s fr ate rn al re pu blic wo uld al so ad opt them ; th e Fre nch M in is te r so info rm ed Sec re ta ry of S ta te Ja m es Otis on “ 15 T her m id or” (A ug us t 2. 17 94 ). O tis orde red 300 co pies of th e ac co m pa ny in g re port dis tr ib u te d to th e Se na te (A m er ic an S ta te Pap er s, Misc. Vol. I, pp. 115—116) of th e 3d 

Co ng ress, 2d Session.
96 UNIFORM TIME

was only on whether we should initiate. There wasn’t any difference 

of opinion as to whether something ought to be done. It is just tha t 

our jurisdiction covers only those carriers which we regulate and a 

couple of Commissioners felt tha t some other agency should initiate it, 

but we are unanimously in favor of something being done about it.

We are agreed, however, both as to the need for some additional 

time legislation and for a redetermination by Congress as to whether 

the Commission is the most appropria te agency to administer present 

or future legislation relating to standard time.

The general intent of this bill—to provide a uniform system of 

time standards and measurement for the United States—is stated in 

section 3.

It is desirable expressly to recognize that the time zones designated 

for the United States are par ts of the international system of 24 zones 

stretchin g from Greenwich east and west around the world, as is done 

in section 4.

Section 5 of the bill would provide three new standard time zones. 

Of the five existing zones, four (eastern, central, mountain, and 

Pacific) would be retained and the fifth (Alaska) would be subdivided 

and replaced by three new zones (designated as Yukon, AlaskaHawaii, and Bering, respectively).

The intent is to cover Alaska and Hawaii adequately. In addition, 

a new zone to the east (the “Atlantic standard time zone”), would 

be created. It is not intended that this zone will embrace any mainland area. Rather, this zone will be used during the summer months to 

describe tha t portion of the eastern standard time zone designated 

as an “advance time subzone”—a term which will be explained at a 

later point.

Section 6 follows the present act and authorizes the “agency” designated as administrator to define the limits of the zones and to modify 

them from time to time. The proviso would continue existing 

boundary determinations until changed. Provision is made for the 

continued observance of dayligh t saving time until the administering 

agency has had an opportunity to define the limits of subzones provided for in the act or for 1 year.

Section 7 includes a number of general principles which the Commission has found useful in determining the zone boundaries in the 

past. This section also provides that, in fixing the boundaries, the 

designated agency shall not include in any zone a point or area for 

which the standard time would be more than 30 minutes slower or 1 

hour faster than sun time. This is intended to be a desirable limitation on the discretion of the administering agency in designating zone 

boundaries, and is designed to insure tha t areas embraced within the 

zones will be governed by at least a reasonable approximation of sun 

time.

The principal features of the bill are contained in section 8. This 

section would authorize the administering agency, where desirable in 

the public interest, to establish within any zone a single subzone which 

would be governed by an “advanced” standard of time (the equivalent 

of daylig ht saving time) during the longer summer days.

Th at portion of each zone which is not designated as an advanced 

time subzone would maintain standard time throughout the year.

Accordingly, this section introduces a measure of flexibility into,
UNIFO RM TI ME 97

and stands midway between, pri or legislative proposals which would impose eithe r year-round nationwide standard time or nationwide standard time coupled with a provision for mandatory nationwide daylight saving time during a portion of the year. Under section 8, in those zones or portions of zones where no popular demand for a faster standa rd of time is manifested, none will 

be provided. Section 8 would also accomplish another important objective. In place of the present chaotic situation in which individual States, and, indeed, individual communities, act independently in determ ining the date on which they will tra nsf er to and from daylight saving time, it 

would provide uniform switchover dates. Thus, section 8 specifies that the period of advanced time will be between the last Sunday in A pril and the last Sunday in October. Finally, enactment of this section would result in a much needed simplification of zone designations. At the present time, the designa­ tions “eastern time” and “central daylight saving time” each re fer to the time standard applicable to the 75th degree of longitude. Similarly, the designation “central time” and “mountain daylight saving time,” and “mountain time” and “Pacific daylight saving time,” refer to the time standards of the 90th and 105th degrees, respectively. This situation results in needless confusion and would be remedied by the instant bill. Thus, and notwithstanding the fact tha t the bill provides for advanced standard s of time, the name-designations of areas governed by the time stan dard of the same degree of longitude remain unchanged throughout the year. This is accomplished by temporarily transferring to the standard time zone “immediately to the east” those areas encompassed within advanced time subzones. Sections 9, 10, and 11 would authorize the administering agency to conduct necessary proceeding, to issue subpenas, to employ the staff necessary to perform its duties under the act, and to receive and hear petitions as to the time zones. The present act contains no provisions 

for its administration. Sections 12 and 13 contain important provisions making the stand­ ard time of the zone the exclusive measure of time for the transaction of all public business by the Fede ral or State Governments and by all persons in their business relations with the public, except for scientific purposes or for other purposes expressly exempted by the ad­ ministering agency under a provision designed to foster and protect 

the public interest. Provisions for the execution and enforcement of this bill, entirely absent from the present act, are provided in sections 14 to 17. These include injunctive relief, civil forfeitures, and fines for willful violations. Section 18 affirmatively indicates tha t States are not prohibited from enacting and enforcing statutes which adopt the Federal stand­ ards. This provision gives recognition to the fact tha t effective en­ forcement will best be achieved bv State and local action, and is in­ tended to provide a strong inducement to the administering agency to accord careful consideration to the desires of the States in fixing zone 

boundaries. Up to this point, our comments have been directed to the Commis­ sion-sponsored bill, H.B. 4702. Our remarks, however, are equally
98 UN IFO RM TIME

applicable to H.R. 11483, since many of the provisions in that bill 

parallel and are identical to those contained in H.R. 4702.

Indeed, it appears th at the principal difference between the two bills 

are that H.R. 11483 would promote, but not require, observance by 

State and local governments of time standards prescribed by the ad ­

ministering agency. In our opinion, this difference has merit and 

certainly would not cause us to criticize H.R. 11483, or to oppose enactment of this bill in lieu of II.R. 4702.

On the other hand, we believe that the remaining measures under 

consideration at these hearings fail in various respects adequately to 

meet the need for additional time legislation.

H.R. 6284 and H.R. 11407 would require nationwide observance of 

daylight-saving time, for 15 weeks and 5 months, respectively; and w

H.R. 11206 would simply provide that when a State or local government employs daylight saving time, such advance standard of time 

shall remain in effect during a prescribed 6-month period. H.R. 11206 

and H.R. 11407, however, contain no enforcement or penalty pro- •

visions, and those contained in H.R. 6284 relate solely to the proposed 

15-week daylight-saving period. In addition, these bills would provide no criteria or administrative standards for use in the determination of such zone boundaries.

H.R. 2335 would require nationwide observance of standard time 

throughout the year by Federal, State, and local governments and by 

“any place of business or commercial enterprise.” H.R. 3114 has a 

similar purpose but its application would be limited to the Federal 

Government. and to common carriers engaged “in commerce subject 

to regulations” by the Federal Government.

II.R. 3114 contains no penalty or enforcement provisions and the 

sole sanction contemplated in H.R. 2335 is a fine of “not more than 

$100,’ a remedy which in many instances would be inappropriate or 

ineffective. Neither bill would provide guidelines to assist in the determination of zone boundaries.

In summary, and considering the many frustrations we have encountered over the years in administering the present Standard Time 

Act., we believe that the early attainment of a stable, orderly, and uniform system of time standards will best be achieved by enactment of 

the more comprehensive legislation represented by H.R. 4702 or alternately by II.R. 11483.

However, in view of the fact that surface transportation is only one 

of the many interests directly affected in any determination of matters •

relating to the observance of time standards we urge tha t careful consideration be given to the question of whether the Interstate Commerce Commission is the most appropria te agency to administer the 

provisions of any future law relating to standard time. *

That concludes my formal statement. I want to comment with real 

approval on some of the testimony tha t has been given before this 

committee. I read the transcript and thought all the statement were 

good, I was particularly impressed by the statement of Mr. Ramspeck, 

the Chairman of the Time Unifor mity Committee.

I thin k there is a little difference between H.R. 11483 and our bill 

on the time at which the new changes would become effective. We 

made it 1 year. The other bill makes it 2 years, and we are certainly 

not going to quibble about that because maybe it would take a little
UNIFORM TIME 99

longer time. As has been pointed out, perhaps any action that we took 

might be taken to court and it might not be fully disposed of within 

the 1 year tha t we specify.

I will be glad to tr y to answer any questions.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Goff, we certainly appreciate your coming and 

giving us the benefit of your views and I want to commend you for a 

very comprehensive statement that has gone into all facets of this proposal and I think it is very enlightening.

I was wondering about this last statement, th at—

We urge th at careful consideration be given to the question of whether the 

In terstate Commerce Commission is the most app rop riate agency to adm inister 

the provisions of any future law rela ting to sta ndard time.

I don't know of any other alternative. Do you have any to suggest ?

Mr. Goff. Well, it has been a real trial to us.

Mr. Staggers. I understand.

Mr. Goff. Particularly with the present status of the statute. You 

will understand th at our jurisdiction extends only to those surface carriers that operate in interstate commerce. Time involves a lot more 

than just these common carriers.

Mr. Staggers. Oh, surely.

Mr. Goff. Because, as was pointed out, and I thought very forcibly 

by Mr. Ramspeck, a clock affects everyone of us, every citizen. Everybody lives by the clock. I don't want to take your time, but you know 

we order everything by the clock. Out in my country we have lots of 

Indians, the Nez Perce, where I live. I remember one time there was 

an old Indian watching some fellows digging a ditch and they kept 

looking at their watches and the old Indian looked at them and said, 

‘‘White man funny. Have to lookum watch to tell when he is hungry .’’

But it does affect all of us.

Mr. Staggers. Oh, surely.

Mr. Goff. We have a limited jurisdiction, No. 1. The next thing 

is that if there is a promotional feature in the effort to get States and 

communities to conform, we are really not a promotional agency. We 

do have contact with our carriers. If it means contacting the various 

Governors, if it means going out and making speeches and something 

like that, we really are not tha t kind of agency, and that is the only 

reason that we mention this.

I do say that if you will enact comprehensive legislation our Commission of course would be willing to serve should you designate us 

as the agency, and we do think that it would be infinitely easier to 

handle than in the present state of the statute.

Mr. Staggers. I just brought it up to get your views and I appreciate what you said because tha t would be the determination, I guess, 

of the committee as it goes into it furth er, but I would think that the 

surface transporation affects, as you say, all people.

Of course, our airlines, for example, come under a different agency, 

but I don’t believe tha t we would have any trouble in coordinating. 

It does bring up a problem. Your one statement that “We believe 

tha t the early attainment of a stable, orderly, and uniform system 

of time standards will be best achieved by enactment” of this bill so 

tha t people will understand it. I think th at is one of the things we are 

t rying to get at, uniform, orderly time standards.
100 UNIFORM TIME

Mr. Goff. Mr. Chairman. I want to express on b ehalf of the Commission our appreciation for your mentioning this objective, because, 

as I say, we have been at it for more than 30 years tr ying to get something done. If you could just get through a workable bill I can’t tell 

you how much our Commission would appreciate it.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you very kindly. Mr. VanDeerlin.

Mr. Van Def.rlin. I guess anyone who has ever been hung up in a 

railroad station can understand the inconvenience factor tha t you 

mention. You also emphasized safety. Do you have any instances 

where there have been accidents possibly caused or narrowly missed 

by confusion over time standards ?

Mr. Goff. I will have to answer tha t by saying, as was my first 

reaction, that I actually don’t know of any instances on the safety 

pa rt of it. There is the possibility. I don’t believe I had anything 

in my statement referring to safety.

Mr. Van Def.rlin. Yes, you did. It is page 5. You sa y:

* * * this situation is not only para doxi cal, but, in our opinion, it is also 

potentially dangerous.

Mr. Goff. Oh, well, potentially dangerous. I would think perhaps 

in the airlines there m ight he something more than with the rails.

Even on the train schedules if a train crew should get mixed up 

and be off an hour, you can see that, since trains and airlines are run 

by very much by the clock—I think I am right in the statement—it 

is potentially dangerous, although I am unable, as I say, to give an 

exact example. Yes, I think that is true.

Mr. Van Def.rlin. Than k you. That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Glenn.

Mr. Glenn. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Curtin.

Mr. Curtin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Goff, I regret I didn’t hear all of your statement because I was 

inadvertently detained for a time in my office, but from what I did 

hear, do I understand th at the bill t hat you favor is H .R. 4702?

Mr. Goff. Yes, or any comprehensive bill like H.R. 11483 introduced by Air. Staggers or the one that was reported out by the Senate 

committee. Oh, there are some minor differences in the bills. But 

in the main the only real difference is t hat, first, they provide t hat 

the Interstate Commerce Commission shall be the agency to administer 

and second, that the Federal time set shall not be absolutely mandatory 

on States and communities. Those are the principal differences between the bills.

I thin k there is a slight difference also in the time t hat we may go 

from the mean solar time, but that is of little consequence. The Commission actually favors th e bill tha t it presented for introduction, but 

we are not going to quibble on the adequacy of the three bills.

Mr. Curtin. I see H.R. 4702 has a provision in it where there is 

considerable changing of the time zones throughout the world. Could 

that be done bv legislation in this country alone, or wouldn’t tha t 

require the cooperation of other countries?

Air. Goff. Oh, yes, of course. AVe can only affect the time zone for 

the United States and in those areas outside the contiguous States 

like Alaska and Hawaii.
UNIFORM TIME 101

Mr. Curtin. Do you agree tha t H.R. 4702 would require the co­ operation of the other nations, particularly in view of sections 8 and 

9?

Mr. Goff. You say sections 8 and 9?

Mr. Curtin. Sections 8 and 9. I might also add any other section of the bill which provides for new time zones, like a new time zone in Alaska, one new one in the Atlantic, and also in Hawaii.

Mr. Goff. No, I th ink anything in here is based on section 4, which 

merely says:

The general zone system of sta ndard time, und er which the local sta ndard time is determined in rela tion to the mean astro nomical time of the 1 of the 24-hour meridian s occurring every 15th degree of longitude west or east from Greenwich, England, is hereby recognized and adopted so fa r as applicable to 

the te rrito ry of the United States.

We simply recognize Greenwich time as a guide. We don’t try, as I see it, to say anything about time any place else. We just recognize this in U.S. territory.

Mr. Curtin. But the bill does provide for some new time zones, does 

it not ?

Mr. Goff. Oh, yes.

Mr. Curtin. It proposes some changes in the time zones.

Mr. Goff. Oh, yes, but that only applies to the U.S. territory.

Mr. Curtin. Wouldn’t that require other countries of the world to approve, since apparently there is a standa rd relationship on time zones affecting all of the countries who recognize Greenwich time?

Mr. Goff. According to their time it would vary, tha t is, Green­ wich time would v ary from our time, i t is true, but still, like some nations have the metric measurement and we have the other, I don’t think it would cause any real difference because they would realize tha t our local time in the U nited States was tagged to the Greenwich meridians. I don’t think it would cause any real trouble.

Mr. Curtin. I am not th inking so much in terms of trouble, but do you think any additional, or changes, in time zones in the U.S. would have to approve before such change became effective?

Mr. Goff. No, not at all. If you go on board a ship or on a plane outside the United States they always refer to Greenwich time. I 

don’t th ink it would cause any difficulty at all.

Mr. Curtin. How about international air carriers who would be 

flying through the time zones ?

Mr. Goff. I don’t think it would cause any real trouble because I think their clocks usually say Greenwich time so much and local time 

in such a position.

Mr. Curtin. But such changing of zones, or adding to the zones, in addition to being applicable to the international airlines, would also be applicable to the shipping lines, would it not ?

Mr. Goff. Yes, but they would expect to observe it here. I don’t 

think it would cause any trouble.

Mr. Curtin. Tha t is all, thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you very kindly. I would like to bring up one other thing. I have here a possible compromise draft tha t I believe was prepared by the uniform time committee which might substitute for both of these bills or all of these bills and I would like to have your comment on that, yours or Mr. Wallace's if you would, 

to see how it differs from other bills.
102 UNIF ORM T IM E

I have been intrigued by reading it. It seems to me almost similar. 

Are there any pertinent changes in this d raft ?

Mr. Goff. The draft that 1 have here, Mr. Staggers ?

Mr. Staggers. Yes, sir.

Mr. Goff. That was just handed to me only within the hour. 1 

have looked over it very hastily. I do have some comments tha t I 

could make about it. I made some pencil notations. I think that it is 

an attempt to work out a comprehensive bill. I want to commend the 

author, but I do think it presents some drafting difficulties.

The way I read it, its effect would be to fix a rigid time standard for 

all Government agencies despite what the States might do. If that is 

true, the way it seems to read to me, you can see that all the Government agencies would have to be on standard time. Suppose the State 

made a change. The way it is now the Federal agencies conform as 

a matter of convenience, and I am a little afraid that as it is drafted— 

I don't think it was intentionally done th at way—that the dra ft bill 

might even create more confusion.

I think we will have to look pretty carefully to that provision, and 

next, there are no penalties whatever provided here.

In all the bills; tha t is, the major bills that I have referred to, the 

three, there is a provision for not only a criminal but a civil penalty 

and for means to enforce it, but this bill doesn’t contain anything 

but the right to seek an injunction.

Mr. Stagers. Thank you very much for your comments. It was 

handed to me, and I wanted one comment on the zones. They are set 

by international law close to the longitude lines, isn’t that right, 75th 

and 105th and so forth ? They deviate some in order to accommodate 

certain provisions of the area, I understand. They are not just a 

straight line.

Mr. Goff. Tha t is rig ht. Of course Greenwich meridians are fixed 

to determine solar time.

Air. Staggers. That is right.

Mr. Goff. Wh at has been done is tha t in order to accomodate 

various areas, and to avoid making a sharp change right in the 

midstreet of a city, the Commission in fixing the zones has tended to 

put them in more sparsely settled areas, so there is a little deviation in 

the standard time, but I think tha t is a reasonable and a necessary 

thin g because otherwise, as I say, you are liable to cut right through 

a populous city.

You have to accommodate business there and it would be most 

inconvenient of there was a sharp change in a situation like that.

Mr. Staggers. This bill would give you the provisions to do tha t 

where there are special occasions and special situations tha t need it.

Mr. Goff. That is righ t.

Mr. Staggers. That is all I want to know. Any other questions? 

If not, we certainly want to thank you very kindly Mr. Goff because 

I think your testimony has been helpful and we certainly will be 

calling on you and your organization from time to time as this th ing 

goes along and we proceed as we hope to.

Mr. Goff. Mr. Chairman, our staff will be happy to cooperate with 

yours. They stand ready to assist you, any of the Commission, and 

I personally. I am so interested in this and so anxious to get some 

order, I am glad you mentioned that part in my last paragraph.
U N IF O R M TIM E 103

That is the key to this whole thing. Let’s determine some orderly 

way to handle it.

Honestly, in a big country like ours it is simply a disgrace to have 

it go on as it has been.

Mr. S taggers. I might say jus t in conclusion th at I have had in a 

time bill practically since I have been in Congress, for about 16 years, 

and 1 believe I have received more mail from other States in the Union 

on this one thing than all the other bills put together, from all over 

the West, trying to get some, as you say, order out of the confusion 

that exists in those States.

Air. Goff. You are certainly to be commended, Air. Chairman.

Air. Staggers. Thank you again. It is very kind of you and your 

organization to give us your help.

Air. Goff. Thank you.

Air. Staggers. Our next witness will be Air. R. A. Trice, vice president and traffic manager of the V irginia Stage Lines, Inc., Charlottesville, Va., appearing for the National Association of Alotor Bus 

Owners.

Air. Trice, will you have a seat? We are very happ y to have you 

with us and you may s tart rig ht in with your testimony.

STATEMENT OF R. A. TRICE, VICE PRESIDENT AND TRA FFIC MANAGER, VIR GIN IA STAGE LINE S, INC., CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.

Air. T rice. Thank you, sir.

Air. Staggers. If you wish you may summarize this statement and 

put this in the record, or if you care to and deem it wise and necessary 

to read it tha t will be fine. We were hoping to get through by noon, 

but I doubt that we are going to. You use your judgment.

Air. Trice. Air. Chairman, I have a prepared statement which I 

would like to offer for the record and I do think that I can summarize 

it for you by giving you a few illustrations.

Air. Staggers. Fine.

Air. Trice. I would like to jus t point out to you the immediate 

problem we have, which we have often, as a result of the lack of time 

uniform ity. The State of Virg inia by legislative action put the State 

of Virg inia on daylight time the Sunday after Alemorial Day and 

the Sunday before Labor Day it reverts to standard time. Right at 

this present time we are working on schedules to become effective 

immediately afte r Labor Day, but due to the fact that the State of 

Virginia elected to change time on the Sunday before Labor Day 

we find ourselves with the problem of people leaving the District of 

Columbia, as an example, for a L abor Day weekend in Virginia and 

it is impossible almost to tell them what time the bus will come back 

because our schedule changes will be the day after Labor Day and 

Virginia reverts to standard time on September 6.

As another illustration in this immediate area, and you do have 

illustrations from all over the country, my company happens to 

operate across the narrow part, of Virginia between North Carolina, 

Tennessee, and into AVest Virginia. We have a situation there within 

96 miles where North Carolina and Tennessee on one side stay on 

standard time. The two counties in Virginia adjacent to Tennessee 

remain on standard time the year around. Between Bristol and Blue-
104 UNIFORM TIME

field, W. Va., Tazewell County goes along with the rest of the State 

of Virginia, and you have Bluefield, W. Va., which observes the time 

as set by the State Legislature of West Virginia, which is from the 

last Sunday in April until the fourth Sunday in September, so in a 

96-mile run there we have five schedule changes a year, and you can 

never adjust their schedules so people can get to the points tha t they 

want to be at the time they want to be there.

Another illustration is the 50 miles from here to Fredericksburg. 

With the new interstate highway it is going to be about 50 minutes 

running time, and you have a situation there of people actually living 

in Fredericksburg today commuting to Washington and their time 

is daylight time only from Memorial Day to Labo r Day, and this 

creates an impossible scheduling situation.

In the intercity bus business today in order for a ru n to be profitable 

you have a combination of long-haul passengers and the use of those 

same buses to handle the passengers at intermediate stations, so you 

can see what an impossible situation we have, and this is summed up 

in the statement. This is generally our position. We take no position of one bill against another. We think you have qualified experts 

on that.

Wh at we favor in the bus industry is uniform time.

(The statement referred to follows:)

Statement of R. A. Trice, Vice President and Traffic Manager, Virginia Stage

Lines, I nc., Charlettesville, Va.

Mr. Chairman and members o f the committee, my name is R. A. Trice and I am 

vice president a nd traffic manag er of Virginia Stage Lines, Inc., Charlottesville, 

Va., a motor common carrier of passengers, operating in interstate commerce 

und er rig hts conferred by the I nt er stat e Commerce Commission and in i ntrasta te 

commerce by au thority of certain Sta te regulatory agencies.

I appear before your comm ittee as spokesman for the National Association of 

Motor Bus Owners of which my company is a member. This organization, commonly called NAMBO, is the natio nal trade association for interc ity bus operations, and its members include the Greyhound, Trailways, and independent carriers who provide approxim ately three-fo urth s of such service throughout the 

United States and a num ber of Cana dian Provinces.

I am also authorized to pre sen t the views of the National Trailways Bus 

System, an association of nea rly 50 independent inte rcity bus carriers, of which 

my company is a member.

My testim ony is directed pri ma rily to H.R. 4702 a nd H.R. 7891 introduced by 

Chairman Harris of the fu ll committee and the chairman of thi s subcommittee, 

respectively.

These measures would autho rize the agency adm inistering the proposed Time 

Act to establish time subzones during the summer months thu s effecting the 

equ ivalent of daylight time by tra nsferri ng such subzones to the stan dard zone 

imm ediately to the east. As Mr. Ramspeck has pointed out, enactmen t of this 

type of legislation would con stitute a highly effective remedy for the chaotic 

situation which results from the lack of uniform time standard s, particularly 

during the summer. As your comm ittee knows, the re are two aspects to the 

problem. One involves the situation in which individual communities or other 

are as, ofte n adja cent to one ano ther, observe different sta ndard s—some on 

daylight time and others on standard . The other facet is the difference in the 

dates on which the changes from one time to the other become effective.

Fo r a number of reasons the interc ity bus industry and its passengers a re more 

seriously affected in term s of expense, inconvenience, and confusion than is the 

case in any other form of transp ortation. In the first place, our indu stry tra nspor ts abo ut a third more passengers annually tha n do the rai lro ads and the ai rlines combined. Secondly, almost every community in the Nation and nearly 

every mile of the main rural highways are served by our buses. The Official 

Bus Guide, which is published monthly and contains the timetables of all the
UN IFOR M TIME 105

principal carriers, is approximately the size of the Washington telephone direc­ tory and lists about 370,000 bus arrival and departure times. The schedules shown therein must be revised a minimum of twice a year solely because of the change to or from daylight time for all communities which observe advanced time. In many cases, four annu al revisions are involved because of the discrep­ ancies in the dates on which the time changes become effective for States or 

individual communities. In addition to the problems involved in the preparation of this official guide, which is used for routing passengers by 25,000 or more ticket agents all over the country, is the preparation and printing of timetables by the individual carriers for use in th eir terminals an d for general distribution. One of the major carrie rs reports tha t, at present, timetables are printed and distrib uted five and one-half times a y ear on the average. If uniform time, as proposed by these bills, were in effect this could be reduced to three times a year. It is estimated tha t an additional expense of at least $250,000 annually is incurred by the carrie rs as a resu lt of this chaotic situat ion for printing alone.

• This takes no account of the additional man-hours expended in scheduling departm ents in an attemp t to rear rang e service; the cost of these operations is undoubtedly several times the mere printing expenses, but it is impossible to 

attac h a price tag to it. The problems arising from this confusing situat ion are by no means limited

• to their impact on the carrie rs. Inevitably they detra ct from the effectiveness of our service and this, in turn, affects our patronage and revenues. To avoid burdening the record with a mass of detail, some of which would be repetitive, I shall offer only two illustrations. The two illustrations th at I would like to use cover a very small terri tory in relation ship to the United States as a whole; however, I believe these two illus tratio ns will point out why, in our opinion, this mat ter of time uniformity is a matter the Congress should handle rather than leaving it up to the individual 

States or local subdivisions. The State of Virginia is bounded by the District of Columbia, the States of Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. On the last Sunday in April the Dis trict of Columbia, Maryland, and West Virginia go on daylight saving time. By law, the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina remain on standard time the year around. Now, on the Sunday afte r Memorial Day, by State law, the State of Virginia goes on daylight saving time, except that the counties adjacent to the Distric t of Columbia, namely Fairfa x and Arlington, are permitted to go on daylight saving time the last Sunday in April and then the counties which adjoin Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina, namely Lee, Wise, Dickerson, Buchanan, Scott, Smyth, Russell, and Washington, remain on stan dard time the year round. Then, on the Sunday before Labor Day, the State of Virginia, other than the above ex­ ceptions, reverts to stand ard time except for the two counties adjacent to the District of Columbia which rem ain on daylight saving time until the last Sunday in October. In the meantime, the State of West Virginia reverts to sta ndard time on th e fourth Sunday in September. This means tha t a car rier operating in this very small area, in order to have an up-to-date schedule fo r the traveling public, mu st completely revise and prin t schedules for the last Sunday in April, the Sunday before Memorial Day, the Sunday before Labor Day, the fourth Sunday in September, and the last Sunday in October. Not only is this expensive and time consuming bu t it is confusing and inconvenient to the traveling public. The first illustra tion concerns a very short run of 96 miles between Bristol, Va.-Tenn., and Bluefield, W. Va. Bristol, Va.-Tenn., remains on standard time the year round. Between Bristo l and Bluefield this bus passes through Wash­ ington and Russell Counties, the first two counties out of Bristol about halfway to Bluefield, which remain on s tand ard time. The next county tha t we reach is Tazewell which goes along with the majority of the State of Virginia and ob­ serves daylight saving time from the Sunday after Memorial Day to the Sunday before Labor Day. Bluefield, W. Va., in the meantime, goes on daylight saving time on the last Sunday in April and reverts to standard time on the fourth 

Sunday in September. From this example, I think you can see the impossible situat ion tha t arises in trying to schedule service to take care of the passengers. For the second illustra tion, let’s take a commuter passenger from Fredericks­ burg, Va., approximately 50 miles from the District of Columbia. On April 25 he could leave Fredericksburg at 7 :55 a.m. and arrive in Washington at
106 UNIFORM TIME

9 a.m. On April 26, leaving Fredericksburg at 7 :55 a.m., Fredericksburg time, 

he will arrive in Washington at 10 a.m. eastern daylight time. Then on May 

30, the bus that departs Fredericksburg at 7 :55 a.m. will be departing 

Fredericksburg at 8:55 a.m. It might be asked why we can’t change the 

schedule out of Fredericksburg. This particular 7 :55 a.m. departure out of 

Fredericksburg is a through bus from Tampa, Fla., to New York. So let us 

assume tha t we have a passenger in Fredericksburg who wants to arrive in 

Washington at 9 a.m.; on April 25 he departs Fredericksburg at 7 :55 and arrives in Washington at 9 a.m. On April 26, for this passenger to arrive in 

Washington at 9 a.m. we would have to depart Tampa, Fla., an hour earlier 

and the passenger will have to depa rt Fredericksburg at 6 :55 a.m., Fredericksburg time, to arrive in Washington at 9 a.m. On May 31, he will be back where 

he was on April 25. He will be departing Fredericksburg at 7:55 a.m. and 

arriving in "Washington at 9 a.m. Then on October 25, we will again change 

the schedule out of Tampa leaving an hour later and we will depart Fredericksburg at 7 :55 a.m. and arrive in Washington at 9 a.m. In the meantime, of 

course, we will have changed schedules a minimum of five times and whereas we 

may have accommodated the passenger out of Fredericksburg, we would have 

inconvenienced many passengers at intermediate points between Fredericksburg 

and Tampa.

An amusing incident occurred at our Washington terminal this spring. It is 

approximately 50 miles from Washington to Fredericksburg. The running time 

is 1 hour and 5 minutes. On the last Sunday in April when the District of 

Columbia goes on daylight time, a passenger departing Washington at 5:40 p.m. 

daylight time arrives in Fredericksburg at 5 :45 p.m. standard time, or as it 

appears on the schedule, 5 minutes later than the departure time from Washington. A passenger approached our ticket agent in Washington at about 5:15 

p.m. and inquired about the next schedule to Fredericksburg. The agent advised tha t the next departure would leave at 5 :40 and would arrive in Fredericksburg a t 5:45 p.m. The agent inquired of the man if he would like a ticket. He 

advised the agent that he had decided not to go but if it was all right with them, 

lie was going to wait for the departure time to see the bus blast off.

Attached to my statement is an appendix containing excerpts from reports 

submited to NAMBO by member carriers further illustratin g the wide variety 

of difficult and confusing problems faced by them because of this lack of time 

uniformity. I shall not impose upon the time of the committee to read this 

appendix unless it is your desire th at I do so.

The confusion experienced by passengers is greatly augmented in the spring 

and fall during the various periods when the time changes are becoming 

effective. It is difficult and sometimes impossible to get revised timetables 

printed and distributed sufficiently in advance so tha t the public is informed 

on the bus schedule changes that are to be made. In some areas, particularly 

where time standards are subject to local option, these periods of confusion 

occur four or more times a year. Especially difficult are situations in which the 

revised schedules have been determined and timetables printed and distributed 

only to find that some local community has changed its mind about whether to 

go on or off daylight time or revised the date of the shift.

Nor is this problem limited to short-haul operations such as that which I have 

just described. Large numbers of our passengers take long trips, frequently 

involving transfers from one busline to another or connections with rail or air 

transportation. Added to the confusion within our own industry is the fact that 

many rail schedules are based on standard time while air schedules are typically 

published in local time. The problem of assuring reasonably satisfactory connections under these conditions is virtually insoluble.

Our buses also transport a considerable volume of mail. Here again, the 

difficulty of connections arises where mail transported by bus has a prior or 

subsequent movement by air or rail.

This matter of interline connections is further complicated by the fact that, 

on many of our relatively long-haul routes, we must serve the passengers who 

wish to travel comparatively short distances between intermediate points. 

This is a basic economic characteristic of intercity bus transportation because, on 

many routes, neither the short-haul traffic nor the through traffic alone is sufficient to meet expenses. It is obvious, therefore, tha t here again is a situation 

where variations in time standards among intermediate and /or terminal points 

often make it impossible adequately to serve our different types of patrons. More 

than likely, if we meet the needs of intermediate passengers, our bus is likely to
UNIFORM TIM E 107

depa rt from or reach a terminal in a large city at an inconvenient hour with a 

consequent deterioration of the long-haul service and loss of patronage. It is 

impossible, of course, to assess the volume of missed connections, failures of 

friends and relatives to meet incoming passengers, and myriad other frustrations 

resulting from this situation.

As noted earlier, this statem ent is limited to the urgent need for a uniform time 

standard. Our members have rei>eatedly gone on record in this respect as evidenced by the following excerpt from a resolution adopted by our association:

“Whereas the problems of scheduling and the confusion arising from daylight 

time zones are being annually increased and compounded: Now, therefore, be it

“Resolved, That the National Association of Motor Bus Owners urge upon the 

administration and the Congress th at every effort be made to establish time uniformity in the coming year.”

This resolution is in accord with the position of the National Trailways Bus 

System, the other organization to which I referred earlier and for which I am 

authorized to speak.

As I pointed out earlier, we strongly favor enactment of legislation as recommended by the Interstate Commerce Commission and provided in H.R. 4702 and 

H.R. 7891. If some modification of these bills appears essential, we urge enactment of H.R. 11483, introduced by the chairman, which is identical with S. 1033

• as reported out unanimously by the Senate Commerce Committee. Our immediate and urgent concern, however, is achievement of time uniformity and we 

support any legislation which would contribute thereto. It is also the consensus of the intercity bus industry that general adoption of advanced (daylight) 

time between the last Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October is much 

to be preferred.

We earnestly request your committee to approve a measure which will meet 

the need for time uniformity. Its adoption would permit our carriers to provide 

a more convenient and attractive service for the approximately 460 million 

passengers we transport annually; it would eliminate much of the present confusion; and it would result in substantial reduction in unnecessary expense to 

the carriers. I am most appreciative of this opportunity to present our views 

and I shall be glad to attem pt the answers to such questions as the chairman 

and members may have.

App end ix

E xam pl es R epor ted by I ndi vi du al B us Co m pa n ie s

Minnesota observes daylight saving time from approximately May 24 until 

Labor Day morning.

Wisconsin observes daylight saving time from the last Sunday of April until the 

last Sunday of September. (Neighboring States stay on until the last Sunday 

of October.)

Iowa has local option daylight time in all cities except Council Bluffs as of 

this year. At the time the ordinance was passed in Waterloo City Council, 

the alderman proposing it was not certain when the rest of the United States 

went off daylight time, so he proposed a date of October 4.

Indiana was plagued with time boundary problems and year-round daylight time. To solve the problem of year-round time, the ICC issued an order 

■ redesignating the time boundary. Many community near this new boundary

decided to unofficially hold “fast time.” While traditionally the remainder 

of the State goes on central daylight time, more and more communities have 

been holding the fast time into the winter to correspond to eastern Indiana’s 

eastern standard time.

* The major problem, then, is uniformity of dates and observance.

Exa mple: Minneapolis-Chicago route has five annual schedule changes due to

daylight time observance in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Chicago and 

Milwaukee, 94 miles apart, are on the same time except for 1 month. September.

On two lines, Omaha-Sioux City, and Fargo-Winnipeg, our buses use two routes 

one on each side of a river or State line. Each route is on a different time 

standard.

Scenic Hawkeye Stages operates from La Crosse, Wis. to Waterloo. Iowa, with 

a connection from Spring Valley, Minn, to these points. This company bridges 

connections between three major carriers, each of whom operates primarily in a 

State having different time observance dates (Iowa Coaches, Iowa, April 26 to 

October 4; Greyhound and Wisconsin Northern, Wisconsin, April 26 to September 

27; and Jefferson, Minnesota, May 24 to September 7). The first of three carriers 

36- 471— 64-------- 8
108 UNIFORM TIME

may also have difficulty because i t serves the Dubuque a rea , which in the past has 

observed a fourth set of da tes April 26 to October 25, to coincide with Illinois.

This lack of uniformity costs Greyhound in the neighboring of $5,000 to 

issue timetables on odd dates.

The big cost is in having pa rt of the United States observing standard time 

and pa rt observing day light time. If observance was national, two less annual 

schedule changes would be needed. Greyhound spends about $320,000 a year 

on timetables, of which at le ast $100,000 might be saved.

While custom er inconvience is an intangible cost and our first concern, other 

tangible costs attribu ted to time confusion a re :

Timetable printing.

Schedule negotiation between carr iers.

Overtime to hourly terminal personnel on change dates.

Change or replacement of dep artu re signs or boards.

Explanation time durin g telephone information calls.

Drivers run bids posting.

Mr. Staggers. W on de rfu l. That is wh at we are tryi ng to ge t at 

here. Yo ur statem ent wi ll be include d in the reco rd. As you say, you 

hope fo r un ifo rm ity or some orderly pro ced ure ins tea d of the th in g 

th at is h appenin g in th e Na tio n tod ay.

Mr. Trice. We ce rta in ly do, Mr. Chairma n.

Mr. Staggers. You th in k the n, perhaps, th at th e Congress is the 

ag en t and the ind us try by whi ch this should be acco mplished?

Mr. Trice. I th in k we have a n excellent pa ralle l to th at. In a sectio n of th e country wh ich I am fa m ili ar w ith, an d I am sure you are, 

wh ere Virgini a, K en tuck y, and Tennessee come toge ther there, we have 

a sit ua tio n of three diffe rent times. I don’t see how anybody othe r 

th an the Federal Go vernme nt can con trol th at sit ua tio n, and I am 

fro m a State s righ ts St ate, bu t I believe tim e is som eth ing Congress 

ha s to look into.

Mr. Staggers. Th e previou s witn ess ha d said it is som ething th at 

everyone is intere ste d in and certa inly we all wan t to know whe re 

we are going and we sho uld have some un ifor m ity to it. I can 

un de rstand wh at is ha pp en ing in the next do or neigh bor St ate or 

some place when peo ple are goi ng to some othe r des tination. That 

is a ll I have.

Mr. Van D eer lin ?

Mr. Van D eer lin. No t ha nk you , M r. Ch air man.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Cur tin .

Mr. Curtin. No que stio ns, Mr. Chairma n.

Mr. Staggers. I wan t to th an k you again fo r yo ur state ment. You 

represen t a very res ponsible segm ent of the economy.

Mr. Trice. One th in g I did wa nt to mention to th e committee is 

th at we d on’t tak e in as mu ch money as the railr oa ds a nd airlines, bu t 

we ha ul a bou t a th ir d m ore passeng ers t ha n the railr oa ds and a irline s 

com bined and we serve man y more com munities th an of course the 

ra ilr oa ds an d air lin es com bined, so ours I s upp ose is th e b igg est pro blem in surface tra ns po rta tio n.

Mr. Staggers. I am su re of th at. You g et to the grass roots. Th an k 

you aga in.

Mr. Trice. Tha nk you, sir.

Mr. Staggers. Our n ex t witn ess will be Mr. Ja ck M. Slicht er, vice 

presiden t o f th e A ir T ra ns po rt Associatio n o f A me rica.
UNIFORM TIME 109

STATEMENT OF JAMES B. EHRLICH, FEDERAL AFFAIRS DEPA RTMENT, AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

Mr. Ehrlich. Mr. Chairman, my name is James B. Ehrlich of the Air Transport Association of America. I have with me this state­ ment of Mr. Slichter of the Air Transport Association and also the following witness, Mr. Donald E. Britt, assistant to the president, 

Piedmont Airlines, Winston-Salem, N.C. These two gentlemen are unable to be here this morning and have asked me to introduce thei r statements for the record if the chairman 

will so permit.

Mr. Staggers. That certainly shall be done. Do you have any oral 

statement to make besides?

Mr. Ehrlich. No, sir; I believe the statements will stand on themselves.

Mr. Staggers. Might I ask you this in summary before you leave? 

Are these in favor of some legislation ?

Mr. Ehrlich. Yes, sir. Mr. Slichter’s statement specifically sup­ ports H.R. 4702 and H.R. 7891, saying that either one of these pieces of legislation would achieve the uniformity tha t you would seek in this matter, and Mr. Britt’s statement does not address itself to any particular legislation, but generally is the subject of time uniformity and points out very pointed situations and problems in his area in West 

Virginia, the areas th at they serve.

Mr. Staggers. Fine. Tha nk you very kindly Mr. Ehrlich. Do you 

gentlemen have any questions ?

Mr. Van Deerlin. No. I am certainly impressed, Mr. Chairman, 

however, by the repetition of West Virginia’s problem here. It must 

be real chaos.

Mr. Staggers. I wouldn’t say tha t it is any more so than any place else in the Nation. They just happen, I expect, to run into West Virginia once in a while. We want to thank you, Mr. Ehrlich, and fo r 

the two statements and for the support.

Mr. E hrlich. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

(The statements re ferred to follow:)

Statement by J ack M. Slichter on Behalf of Air Transport Association of

America

My name is Jack M. Slichter. I am vice president of the Air Transport Asso­ ciation of America. On behalf of the scheduled certificated air carriers who make up our association I should like to comment on a number of bills being considered by this committee, all of them relating, in one way or another, to the establishment of uniform time standards. They a re : H.R. 2335, H.R. 2532, H.R. 3114, H.R. 4702, H.R. 6284, H.R. 7891, H.R. 11206, H.R. 11210, H.R. 11407, and 

H.R. 11483. At the outset I should like to express our appreciation for the opportunity extended us to testify on these bills. And. more than that. I should like to convey our gratitude to the committee for concerning its elf with this problem— with the confusing and sometimes costly practices which have evolved since the Standard Time Act was adopted in 1918. In addition to conveniencing the traveling public and the common carriers who provide transportation throughout the country, we believe that orderly regulation of time, based upon clearly defined boundaries and geared to the tempo of the 1960’s, will benefit the Nation as a 

whole. From the airlines’ point of view, there are three primary areas of concern: (1) the present lack of uniformity of dates for changing to and from daylight saving time; (2) the need for time uniformity within urban areas comprising
110 UNIFO RM TIME

m ajo r tr ansp ort ati on and bu si nes s hugs; an d (3 ) th e ne ce ss ity fo r th e air li nes 

to co nt in ue to ap ply G re en w ic h tim e to a ir tra ffi c co ntr ol an d, in some cases, 

w it hin an i nd iv id ua l com pa ny fo r o per at io nal pur po se s.

A irl ine publi c tim et ab le s a re pu bl ishe d in te rm s of loca l tim e— eit her day light 

sa vi ng tim e or st an d ard tim e, w hi ch ev er pre vai ls a t th e ci ty concern ed. Thi s 

pra ct ic e was st art ed se vera l year s ago to el im in at e some of the dif fic ultie s an d 

co nf us ion in info rm in g th e pu bl ic which ci ties ob serv ed day light tim e an d which 

ob serv ed st andard tim e— a n d it ha s worke d quite we ll, part ic ula rl y fo r fli gh t 

sche du les to an d from co m m un itie s ad her in g to a st an d ard co nv ers ion da te . In 

su ch ca ses sc he du les ca n be co mpu ted an d tim et ab le s issu ed a t a minim um of 

ex pe ns e to th e air li nes an d w ith a max im um de gree of as su ra nce th a t th e pu blic 

w ill be c orrectly inf or m ed .

U nf or tu na te ly , ho wev er, all of th e se ctions of th e countr y ob serving day light 

sa vin g tim e do no t adhere to a un ifor m co nv ersion dat e. So, in ord er to pre ­

se nt co rr ec t an d cu rr en t in fo rm at io n to th e pu bli c, th e ai rl in es are obliged 

to reco m pu te sc he du le s a n d re issu e tim et ab le s ea ch tim e an oth er co mm un ity 

ch an ge s ov er to dayli ght tim e, or vice ve rsa. The exact co sts att ri b u ta b le to 

th es e pr ac tice s are difficult to co mpu te, sin ce th e air li nes may use su ch o cc asions 

to mak e ot he r ad ju stm en ts to sche du les. B ut th er e is no do ub t th a t a un ifor m 

ch an ge ov er d ate w ou ld p erm it a re du ct io n of co sts.

Of im m ed ia te im po rt an ce to th e pu blic is th e fa ct th a t th er e are tim es when 

th e air lines find it im po ss ib le to ad ju st sc he du les to ac co m mod ate no nu nifo rm 

tim e ch an ge s w ithout ad ve rs el y af fe ctin g th e pu blic in oth er cit ies . When such 

si tu ati ons ari se th e air li n es m ust choose th e co ur se whi ch wo uld off er th e be st 

se rv ic e to th e m ax im um num ber of pa ss en ge rs an d, as a conse quence, som e 

co m m un iti es may suffe r. How ev er, we be lie ve th a t it is in th e publi c in te re st to 

pu bl ish tim et ab le s in lo ca l tim es an d we see n ot hi ng in th e prop osed bills to ov er ­

tu rn th a t pr ac tice .

W ith a view to w ard g re a te r co nv enien ce to th e pu blic and w ith an eye on a ir ­

line econo my , we are in fa v o r of an y legi slatio n de sign ed to es ta bl ish a un ifor m 

d ate fo r tim e co nv ersio n. W e believe th at II.R . 4702 and II .It. 7891 wi ll ac hiev e 

su ch un if or m ity a t th e sa m e tim e leav in g it to th e a ge nc y de sign ated by Co ng res s 

to “de fin e th e lim its of an ad va nc ed tim e su bz on e” to be ope ra tive fro m th e la st 

Sun da y in April th ro ugh th e la st Su nd ay in Octo be r ea ch ye ar . Th ese bills 

a re our pr ef er en ce s am on g th os e be ing co ns idered sin ce, in ou r view , th ey re pre se nt a ba la nc in g of th e ne ed to co ns id er th e re quir em en ts an d de sire s of comm unitie s affecte d by tim e ch an ge s an d th e ve ry pre ss in g need fo r a un ifor m 

co nv er sion d at e w hi ch I h av e em ph asize d.

O ur sec on d po in t co nc er ns th e nee d fo r tim e unif orm it y w ithin clo sely as so ­

cia te d bu sine ss an d tr an sp o rt ati o n ar ea s. An air p o rt usu al ly se rv es a la rg e 

ge og ra ph ic al are a whi ch m ay ex tend ac ro ss S ta te bo un dar ie s. In fa ct , in som e 

in st an ce s, a co mmun ity a ir p o rt m ay be ph ys ic ally lo ca te d in an oth er Sta te . 

W as hi ng to n, D.C., and C in ci nna ti, Ohio, are good ex am pl es . W hile we ha ve no 

spe cific pr op os al in th is re gard , we do wish to ur ge cau tion in es ta blish in g th e 

bou nd ar ie s of pri m ary zo ne s or subzon es so th a t pe rson s an d bu sine sses w ithin 

a give n co mmun ity of in te re st will be ope ra ting on th e sa m e tim e st an da rd .

T hir d, th e ai rl in es m ust m ak e us e of Green wi ch tim e fo r a ir tra ffic co ntro l 

pu rp os es . As a re su lt c e rt a in in te rn al op er at io na l pro ce du re s m us t also b e keyed 

to Green wich tim e. The F ed era l Aviation Agenc y has es ta blish ed Green wich 

tim e as the st andard fo r a ir traffic co ntrol. Th is, of co ur se , was done in th e in ­

te re st of sa fe ty —i n ord er th a t th ere could be ab so lu te ly no qu es tio n th a t pilots, 

dis pat ch er s, an d tra ffi c co ntr oll ers were al l on a comm on tim e ba sis fo r fli gh t 

cl ea ra nc es . We are co nf id en t th a t all of th e bills wou ld le av e th is un di st ur be d, 

b u t out of ca ut io n we m en tion our need to us e G reen wich tim e so th a t our ri g h t 

to do so wi ll be mad e cle ar under an y legi slat io n th a t m ay be a do pted .

C ert ain o f o ur m em be r air li n es a lso ap ply Green wich ti m e to in te rn al fu nc tion s 

w hic h may inv olve t he sa fe ty of l ife an d pr ope rt y in th e air . F or ex am ple, som e 

air li n es use Green wich tim e as a st andard fo r radi o, te le ph on e, or te le ty pew ri te r 

m es sa ge s in or der to el im in ate m is unde rs ta ndi ng am on g pe rson ne l loca te d in 

m an y di ff er en t tim e zon es. Sinc e th es e are who lly in te rn al fu nc tion s an d in no 

w ay invo lve th e ge ne ra l pu blic, we su bm it th a t th ere is no re as on fo r re st ri cti ng 

th e pr ac tice .

B ec au se of ou r co nv ictio n th a t a nat io nw id e sta n d ard tim e pr og ra m ou gh t to 

ta k e in to fu ll ac co un t its ef fe cts up on th e vit al econ om ic in te re st s of co mmun iti es and in dust ri es all ov er th e co un try, we be lie ve th e D ep ar tm en t of Com ­

merce , it s ex pe rien ce an d re sp ons ib ilitie s co ns idered , is th e appro pri at e go ve rn-
UN IFO RM TIME 111

m en ta l ag en cy to adm in is te r su ch a pr og ra m . Acc ording ly, we ur ge th a t it be 

th e d ep ar tm en t so des ig nat ed b y Co ngres s.

In su m mar y, th e air li n es urg e Co ng res s to pr ov id e fo r th e es ta blish m en t an d 

ob se rv an ce of a un ifor m sy st em of tim e st an d ard s and m ea su re m en t fo r th e 

U ni te d St at es . We st ro ngly su ppo rt un if orm ity in tim e co nv ersion da te s, an d 

ur ge th a t an y tim e boundar ie s ta ke in to ac co unt th e ne ed s of th e en ti re co mm unity an d no t ju s t an en ti ty th er eo f. In th e inte re st s of sa fe ty , we r eq ues t th a t 

Con gress mak e cl ea r th a t no in te rf ere nce w ith th e use of Green wi ch tim e fo r 

a ir tra ffi c co nt ro l and o th er oper at io nal pu rp os es is in te nd ed .

Sta teme nt of Donald E. Britt. Ass ista nt to th e P re sid en t, P iedmont

Air lin es, Winst on -Sal em , N.C.

My na me is Don ald E. B ri tt , an d I am assis ta n t to th e pre si de nt of Pi ed m on t 

A irline s, b ased in W inston -S al em , N.C. Pie dm on t is on e of th e 13 loc al service , or 

re gi on al, ai rl in es st re tc hed acr oss ou r Nation. The n a tu re of our op er at io n re ­

quir es th a t we mak e a num ber of stop s al on g our ro ute sy stem to en pl an e and 

de pl an e pa ssen ge rs, and we a re th us qu ite fa m il ia r w ith th e m att er of loc al comm unitie s ex er ci sing in div id uall y th e ri ght of loc al op tio n in dat es fo r sw itch in g 

ov er from day light tim e to st an d ard tim e an d from sta n d ard tim e to day light 

tim e. An d I th er ef ore b elieve t h a t th is te stim on y re pre se nts t he vie w of th e o th er 

lo ca l se rv ice ai rl in es , an d, fo r th a t m at te r, th e tr u n k or long -h au l air li nes as 

we ll.

I sh al l, if I ma y, us e Pie dm on t A irl in es a s an ex am pl e of p roblem s ari si ng fr om 

clo ck ju gg ling for t wo re as ons : F ir st , be ca us e I am ob viou sly mor e fa m il ia r w ith 

Pie dm on t th an w ith th e o th er carr ie rs , an d sec on dly, be ca us e we co ns id er Pie dm on t to be a clas sic ex am pl e of an a ir c arr ie r co nf ro nt ed w ith var ia tions in tim e 

st andard s. I th er ef ore t ru s t yo u will for give m e i f a t le ast so me o f w hat I h av e to 

sa y f ro m her e on has the sou nd of a c om mercial fo r Pie dm on t.

One of th e mos t ve xi ng pr ob le m s ex is ting to da y fo r th e tr aveli ng pu blic is th e 

v ari ati o n in tim e st an d ard s use d in co mmun iti es to and th ro ugh which th e pu blic 

tr av els on com mo n carr ie rs . Villa ges, citie s, co un tie s, and S ta te s ha ve ov er th e 

years es ta bl is he d th eir ow n cu t-on an d cut-o ff d ate s fo r daylight sa vi ng tim e 

w he re ve r it is in effect, th u s cre ati ng dif fic ultie s fo r tr avele rs . As an ex am ple, 

whe n on e m un ic ip al ity goes to da ylight tim e on one d ate in th e sp rin g, anoth er 

on anoth er da te, anoth er on an oth er, an d st ill anoth er on anoth er , fo r as m an y 

as a h alf dozen var ia ti ons fr om co mmun ity to co mm un ity , th e a ir tr avele r is be ­

se t w ith a ge nu ine ch alle ng e to de te rm in e w hat re al ly is th e co rr ec t tim e as he 

mov es fr om po in t to po int. T he sw itc ho ve rs to day li ght tim e may begin in midA pr il an d som e c om m un iti es d o not ch an ge ov er u ntil la te J une. Thi s mea ns t he n 

a 2-m on th pe rio d of uncert ain tim e st andard s fo r th e a ir li n e pa ss en ge r, and th e 

pr oc es s is re pe at ed agai n in th e fa ll. Sp ea king a t th e ve ry le ast fo r Pi ed m on t 

A irline s, an d I am co nfiden t fo r th e oth er a ir carr ie rs as we ll, we va lu e our pas ­

se ng er s too high ly and ne ed th em too muc h to w ant an y elem en t of unce rt ain ty 

or c on fu sion p ut in th e ir way.

A de finite an d m ea su ra ble e xp en se to al l th e air li nes is th e re quir ed re pri nti ng 

an d re dis tr ib uti on of sys tem tim et ab le s w ith e ac h tim e ch an ge a t som e in di vid ual 

po in t or grou p of po in ts on th e syste m. T hi s ex pe ns e is a co nc er n of co ns id er ­

ab le m ag ni tu de to th e pu bl ic carr ie rs . Pi ed m on t, as an ex am pl e, p ri n ts 75,000 

pa ss en ge r tim et ab le s to co nf or m to sw itc ho ve rs from d ayli ght tim e to st an d ard 

tim e and st andard tim e to d ayli ght tim e, a t a co st to our co mpa ny per pri nti ng 

of about $5,000. If th e F edera l Co ng res s en ac ts le gi sl at io n which wo uld est ablis h daylight tim e to be gin th e la st Su nd ay in A pr il an d en d th e la st Su nd ay in 

Octob er an nual ly in th e re gi on s us in g day light tim e, we w ould be ab le to redu ce 

th e nu m be r of ou r sc he du le ch an ge s pe r yea r to tw o, th u s sa vi ng Pi ed m on t a 

su bst anti al am ou nt o f mo ne y ove r th e y ea rs, si gn ific an t to an a ir c arr ie r att em pting to cu rt ail an d even tu ally elim in at e th e ne ed fo r G ov er nm en t subs idy. We 

kn ow you are also resp on sive to th is am bi tion of ours to re duce s ub sidy an d th a t 

yo u a re in te re st ed in he lp in g us arr iv e a t th is g oa l in ev er y pra cti cal and e xp ed ien t way .

L arg er ai rl in es can. of c ou rs e, sa ve even mor e w ith unif orm cut-o n an d cut-o ff 

date s sinc e pri nting of pas se nger tim et ab le s fo r cu st om er s nu m be ring in th e m illio ns p er yea r re pre se nts a ph en om en al ex pe ns e in p ri n ti n g co st alo ne, no t to 

m en tion man -h ou r ex pe ns es m akin g th e re vi sion s, ne ce ss ar y a ir c ra ft re ro ut in g, 

etc . I t is also sign ifi ca nt th a t th e bu s in dust ry has te st ifie d th a t it sp en ds
112 UNIFORM TIME

“$250,000 annually for prin ting alone as a result of t his chaotic situation.” The “chaotic situat ion” re ferred to is, of course, the vast var iety of time changes with 

which tha t carrier must also contend. Please let me emphasize th at we are not here advocating making daylight time nationwid e in application nor do we attempt to eliminate daylight time in com­ munities that have i t or wan t it. We are taking no position relative to the vir­ tues or vices of daylight time, and we are simply advocating here today making uniform the dates fo r the beginning and ending of daylight time annually in the 

communities tha t use it. I said earlier tha t Piedmont is a classic example of a public ca rrier victimized by undue expense and bewildered passengers because of differing cut-on and cut-off dates. A quick review of the last 3 years will graphically illustrate the point. In 1962 the District of Columbia, Maryland, and t he Arlington, Va., area, all served by Piedmont, went on daylight time May 1. The other Virginia cities beside those near Washington began daylight time May 30. The city of Bluefield, W. Va., served by Piedmont, perhaps because of its proximity to Virginia which was already on daylight time, went to daylight time J une 25. At the end of the daylight time period in the fall, Bluefield and the other Virginia cities, except Arlington, Va., went back to stan dard time September 4, while the Distric t of Columbia, Maryland, and the Arlington community went back October 28. Turning to 1963, the Dis trict of Columbia, Maryland, and West Virginia, all began daylight time on April 28 while Virginia began May 30. At the end of the summer, the District of Columbia and Maryland returned to standa rd time October 27, afte r the Virginia cities had re turned September 3 and West Virginia, September 30. (Inciden tally, I am glad for this o pportunity to pay tribute to our chair man’s home State of West Virginia for eliminating in 1963 the varying switchover dates fo r daylight time in th at State with the issuance of a proclama­ tion from the Governor of W est Virginia making the uniform cut-on and cut-off dates statewide, th e fourth Sunday in April and the fou rth Sunday in September. It is furtherm ore to be hoped th at the new Governor of West Virginia, whoever he may be, will cause the cut-off date for daylight time to be the fourth Sunday in October rath er than the fou rth Sunday in September, thus conforming both in spiri t and in truth to the inte nt of the legislation before us.) Turning to the present yea r of daylight time, we find t ha t West Virginia, as we have alre ady indicated, began daylight time on April 26 and so did the District of Columbia, Maryland, and the Arlington community. However, Virginia went to daylight time May 31, over a month afte r the others. The cut-off dates to which we can look forward this fall are as baffling as ever. Virginia, except for the Arlington area, goes back to standard time September 7, while West Virginia goes back September 27 and the Distric t of Columbia, Maryland, and t he Arling­ ton area returns to stan dard time October 25. This means tha t Piedmont can anticipate three schedule changes this fall at a cost of b oth money and trouble and at an even larger cost of bewilderment and confusion of passengers and 

shippers using our services. To illu strate the matter, I show you now two copies of our passenger schedules, one effective April 26 and the other effective May 31. As we have said, all the affected areas went to daylight time April 26 with the exception of Virginia which used the May 31 date, thus the change was made solely for the purpose of accommodating the Virginia situation. Let me emphasize t ha t we had no reason to change anything else on the schedule nor did we in fact change anything else on the schedule other than to take cognizance of the fac t th at Virginia had gone to daylight time. However, in order to make the change, which would seem rela­ tively minor, a total of 1.204 revisions were required, since a substantial number 

of our flights serve the Old Dominion. And speaking of Virginia, one of the airlines serving th at State wrote a l etter to one of the State officials las t March asking about daylight time cut-on and cut-off dates for 1964. I quote from the painstakingly •worded reply the airline received, not of course to single out Virginia for special concern but merely to illu stra te the areas of confusion around, through, and over which the common car rier s operate and the kind of situations with which we and our passengers must wrest le: “With two area exceptions, daylight saving time will be effective beginning a t the first moment of the Sunday following Memorial Day and ending the last moment of the Sunday next preceding Labor Day. Alexandria, Falls Church, and the counties of Arlington and Fair fax will observe daylight saving time at the same times as the District of Columbia, or from the first moment of the last Sunday in April unt il the first moment of the las t Sunday in October.
UNIFORM TIME 113

The cities of Bristol and Norton and the counties of Lee, Wise, Dickerson, Buchanan, Smyth, Scott, Russell, and Washington will not observe daylight time 

but will remain on eastern stand ard time.” And it is with tha t commentary on the complexity of our times t hat I rest my case with the plea for Federal legislation establishing one uniform cut-on date in the spring and one cut-off date in the fall for daylight time in communities that 

have it. Thank you most sincerely, gentlemen, for the opportunity of appearing before 

you today.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Stephen S. Halsey, of the American Express, 

appearing for the American Society of Travel Agents.

STATEMENT OF STEPHEN S. HALSEY, AMERICAN EXPRESS, 

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Mr. Halsey. Mr. Chairm an, I don’t need to come up unless you want to get into the questioning. We don’t have a statement prepared. I would like to say that I am Stephen S. Halsey, vice president of American Express Co., and I am appearing today as a member of the Governmental Affairs Committee of the American Society of Travel Agents, ASTA, which society has a membership of approximately 1,700 travel agents operating approximately 2,400 agency locations located in every State and territory of the United States. AST A is the only trade association of professional travel agents in the United States and Canada, It is the spokesman of the travel agency industry and is dedicated to the interests of the traveling public. We are not planning to submit a statement, but I want to express ASTA’s support for time uniformity legislation. They are 

not supporting any particular bill.

Mr. Staggers. You do want some legislation to come out,

Mr. Halsey. Yes, sir. We are looking to Congress, we hope this session, to produce some legislation on time uniformity and we will 

support it.

Mr. Staggers. We hope we can accommodate you.

Mr. Halsey. Thank you, sir.

Mr. Staggers. That is our intention if we can. Do you gentlemen 

have any questions ?

Mr. Curtin. No questions.

Mr. Van Deerlin. No questions.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you very kindly, Mr. Halsey.

Mr. Halsey. Thank you.

Mr. Staggers. We have with us this morning two gentlemen who have been interested and have presented formal statements, but they are also, I guess, interested in this new proposal and I would like to recall both of them, since they are in the room here, if I might, for a brief statement to give us the ir views a t this time since we have fin­ ished with our scheduled witnesses. They both appeared before in support of the legislation and I would like to call at this time a former Member of Congress, Mr. Bob Ramspeck, and see if you have any 

further statement to make.
114 UNIF O RM T IM E

STATEMENT OP HON. ROBERT RAMSPECK. CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE 

FOR TIME UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.—Resumed

Mr. R amspeck. Mr. Chairman, I have been serving as chairman of 

the ad hoc committee called the Committee for Time Uniformity.

We are primarily interested in dates in which daylig ht time is established and the time it is cut off. All sorts of dates now are being used, 

which creates confusion, causes a lot of money to be spent to re print 

schedules, and makes it difficult for people to get accustomed to what 

time is being used in certain areas and communities with which they 

deal. The new draft which you referred to would be satisfactory 

to us.

Mr. Staggers. It sets up a time for the bringing in of daylight saving time and cutting it off.

Mr. Ramspeck. T hat is ri ght.

Mr. Staggers. What are the proposals?

Mr. Ramspeck. The last Sunday in April and the last Sunday in ,

October. We have not as a committee entered into the discussion of 

whether a community, or a State, or the whole country should have 

daylight saving time or not have it. Tha t is not important, to us in 

what we are trying to do, which is to get uniform ity. I do think 

(hat it is a matter which has to be handled by the Congress if we are 

going to have any uniform ity.

The local communities and the States cannot establish uniform time.

Of course, theoretically it is possible that all the legislatures in the 50 

States might agree on a bill, hut in my experience in the Government 

that is something tha t is to be hoped for sometime, hut not often 

achieved and we think Congress ought to act on this.

We also think that, as far as the common carriers are concerned and 

those operations that are regulated by the Federal Government, the 

agency which administers the Federal legislation should have some 

means of enforcing their decisions, and it is our hope tha t the Congress 

might find time before they adjourn to pass some legislation. We 

support any bill which will accomplish that.

We think this new draft, maybe with a few technical changes, would 

be all right. We think the bill H.R. 4702 and the one you introduced 

are both good bills, but I would like to emphasize as strongly as I can 

that the people who have been working together in this ad hoc committee are primarily concerned with gettin g uniformity so that we 

won’t have a situation that you are going to have here right in Wash- «

ington come Labor Day when the District will still be on eastern daylight. time and Richmond, Va., will be on eastern standard time.

Those things are confusing. They are costly to the common carriers, to the communications industry, to the television industry, to the ♦

bankers. They have an interest in this thing because they have to 

clear checks, and it is just a chaotic situation which exists today and 

nobody but the Congress of the United States can solve.

I want to express our thanks to you, Mr. Chairman, and to the 

members of the committee for holding this hearing. I hope that you 

may find time to report a bill. I will be glad to answer any questions 

that might be asked, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. Staggers. I have no questions, Mr. Ramspeck. I would say this 

to you. I want to thank you for coming and adding your voice to this
U N IF O R M TIM E 115

because I think now is the time for everyone who is interested to speak 

out, and there are differences of opinion about how the thin g should be 

done, but I think everybody says there should be uniformity of time in 

America. Mr. Van Deerlin, any questions ?

Mr. V an Deerlin. No questions.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Curtin ?

Mr. Curtin. No questions.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you again.

Mr. Ramspeck. Thank you.

Mr. Staggers. I would like to hear from Mr. Robert Redding who 

has been very interested in all of this. He has been the general counsel for the Tran sport Association of America. Bob, would you care 

to add your comments here at the closing of these hearings ?

STATEMENT OP ROBERT E. REDDING, VICE PRESIDE NT AND GENERAL COUNSEL, TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OP AMERICA,

AND EXECU TIVE DIRECTOR AND SECRETARY, COMMITTEE FOR

TIME UNIFORMITY, WASHINGTON, D.C.—Resumed

Mr. Redding. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Good morning, gentlemen. I certainly could not speak for more than 

our chairman, Mr. Ramspeck, has said. We have appreciated his willingness to serve as the chairman of this ad hoc committee, which he 

has done without compensation. We have been engaged in this project 

for somthing like 2 years now in try ing to bring about throu gh cooperative action some elimination of clock confusion, and I thin k that the 

only thing I might add to what he has said is to impress upon you 

and state for the record the widespread support tha t has been generated in that short period of time.

Attached to Mr. Ramspeck's statement which was submitted when 

he appeared before is a list tha t I would call again to your attention 

of the companies and organizations which have been associated with 

the. committee for time uniformity which at the time numbered some 

32 in number and in addition to tha t a wide number of Federal, State, 

and local government departments and agencies tha t have worked 

with us.

Since tha t time another h alf dozen or so national organizations have 

come forward to support this effort, including, for example, the Railway Labor Executives’ Association, and the A ir Line Pilots Association, Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade, the National Industrial Recreation Association, REA Express, and this morning you have 

heard from the American Society of Travel Agents. The statement 

has just been submitted today by the American Mutual Insurance Alliance, and so in my experience of working with this everywhere we 

have turned we have found an interest in this problem.

I can say safely that to my knowledge there is no organized opposition tha t has come forward from any quarter of the economy to the 

efforts th at we have undertaken. We have been successful in several 

States in bring ing them into conformity on the cutoff dates, but the 

general sentiment th at we have noted is to the effect that it does require 

congressional action to resolve this problem.

We have noted no expression of State s rights that would say anythin g to the contrary. When the subject was presented before tiie
116 UNIFORM TIME

U.S. Senate last year, culminating in the unanimous reporting out 

of S. 1033, there was at that hearing a member of the Virginia State 

Legislature who offered resolutions from his State to the effect th at 

Congress should take action.

We have received clipping services of all the clippings across the 

country and I have personally read more than 1,500 clippings just 

within the last month and a half. There have been extensive news 

stories from coast to coast and practically all of the editorials tha t 

have been written have strongly urged something be done and hopeful of the fact tha t Congress might act, Mr. Chairman, so I think 

the one thing I would like to leave with you is that we have had the 

transportation industry, the communications industry, the finance 

industry, the travel industry, the farming organizations, if you please, 

as well as labor which have all joined together here in urging the 

Congress to take appropriate action, and of course we have had 10 

bills pendings, each of which has a little bit different approach to the 

problem.

We have since the last hearing endeavored by consulation with your 

staff and others interested in the organization to develop something 

that might be workable, including the staff of the ICC, and we certainly hope, Mr. Chairman, tha t you and the members of your subcommittee will take the initiative here to do the best you can to report 

out a bill. I am sure it will be welcomed in every quarter of the country and I 

don’t believe I am overstating it when I say that.

Mr. Staggers. I appreciate that very much, Mr. Redding, and your 

statement. At this time I would just like to interject that I have a 

communication from the American Mutual Insurance Alliance, that 

they are for not one single bill, but the different bills to bring about uniformity of time, and I would like to at this time put this into the 

record, but it says they are for some approach to bring some uniformity 

of time. This shall be included in the record.

(The information referred to follows:)

American Mutual I nsurance Alliance,

Chicago, III., Aug ust 3,1961/.

Re H.R. 7891 and H.R. 11206 and rela ted bills, Sta ndard Time Act.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommitte e on Commerce and Finance, Interstate and Foreign

Commerce Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Staggers : Although the America n Mutual Insurance

Alliance has not requested to be heard on the above legislation we would like to express our intere st in the general objectives and purposes of these bills. The alliance is a tra de association composed of approxim ately 110 member companies which ope rate in the mutual fire and casua lty insurance field and 

write some 50 percent of such business in th e United States. We believe that a more uniform system of time observance throughout the United States and a uniform switchover date to and from standa rd time would be beneficial to all segments of the economy. Regardless of the differences found in these bills the uniform ity th at would resu lt from enactment of this legislation will con trib ute to gre ate r safe ty of operation on the highways and in the air and will elim inate much of the confusion which now exists in time 

schedules thro ughout th e Nation.

Very sincerely, Wallace M. Smith.

Mr. Staggers. I had an oral communication from the Railway Labor

Executives’ Association tha t they will communicate in writing with 

this committee, going on record in support of the objectives of the bills
UNIFORM TIME 117

under consideration tha t will create uniform ity of time in the community.

While you are there I would like you, if you would, to take 2 or 3 

minutes and recite some of the organizations of national scope who 

have endorsed this. Maybe some of the members of the committee 

were not here at the prior hearing.

Mr. Redding. All right, sir. I shall first list, Mr. Chairm an, the 

companies in private enterprise, so to speak, that have been concerned 

with the problem and they will include the following: the A ir Tran sport Association, the Amalgamated Transit Union, the American 

Banking Association, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the 

American Hotel & Motel Association, the American Mutual Insurance Alliance, the American Sho rt Line Railroad Association, the 

American Telephone & Telegraph Co., the American Trucking Associations, the American Waterways Operators, the Association of 

American Railroads, the Association of Local Transport Airlines, the 

Association of Oil Pipe Lines, the Association of Stock Exchange 

Firms, the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety, Investment Bankers Association of America, National Association of Broadcasters, National Association of County Officials, National Association of 

Maufacturers, National Association of Motor Bus Owners, National 

Association of Securities Dealers, National Association of Travel 

Organizations, National Bus Traffic Association, National Business 

Aircraft Association, National Council of Farm er Cooperatives, National Grange, National Ind ustrial Traffic League, Pacific American 

Steamship Association, Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, Transportation 

Association of America, U.S. Independent Telephone Association, 

Western Union Telegraph Co., and those which I mentioned earlier.

Just last week, Mr. Chairman, the American Municipal Association 

in its national convention adopted a strong resolution advocating congressional action in this field, and would you care for me to list the 

Federal and other State and local governmental interests tha t have 

cooperated with us in the undertaking?

Mr. Staggers. I think it might be wise. It will not take much time.

Mr. Redding. The Bureau of the Budget, the Civil Aeronautics 

Board, Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Department of Agriculture, 

Department of Commerce, Departm ent of Defense, Department of the 

Interior, Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Communications Commission, Federal Maritime Commission, General Services Administration. Inte rsta te Commerce Commission, Naval Observatory, Post Office Department, Weather Bureau, and the Council of State Governments has cooperated with us, the National Association of State Aviation Officials, the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Internationa l Association of Chiefs of Police, the conference 

of mayors, and finally. I would like to bring to your attention tha t last 

January th e Advisory Commission for Inter-Governmental Relations, 

which works to bring about closer liaison among all levels of government, Federal, State, and local, unanimously approved a resolution 

urging the Congress to take appropriate action and that motion was 

offered bv one of the county governmental officials at that formal 

meeting, so this gives you gentlemen then some impression of the 

interests both private and governmental, which have taken the time 

and trouble to express a desire for the elimination of clock confusion.

Mr. Staggers. I want to thank you. I wanted to get tha t into the
118 UNIFORM TIME

record because I never in all my time in Congress seen so many in terests that, represent the economy of the Nation interested in one project 

as are getting behind this and also tha t are asking for congressional 

action, realizing tha t the States cannot do it, and 1 think from that 

if we listen to the interests of the people that we serve it is certainly 

a mandate to the Congress to take action.

Do you have any questions, Mr. Van Deerlin ?

Mr. Van Deerlin. No, thank you.

Mr. Staggers. Mr. Curtin?

Mr. Curtin. Just one, sir, in relation to your investigation into this 

matter and reading the clippings of newspapers, and so forth. Do 

you know of any particu lar individual, group, or association that is 

opnosed to this legislation ? «

Mr. Redding. I know of no interest, individual or otherwise, who 

would oppose doing something to achieve grea ter time uniformity,

Mr. Curtin. I guess I have read all of the clippings that have been 

developed on this subject in the last 2 years and have worked with *

more people involved in this problem than most other people.

I would say to you th at the only interest I might know of that has 

any quarrel with daylight saving time as such is that element of the 

economy that involves the outdoor theater interests, hut. to my knowledge even those interests acknowledge the need for greater time uniformity. They have so indicated to me and, while I have seen 

occasional clippings coming from various States where daylight saving time is being proposed for the first time and some of these interests 

have expressed concern about, it, I repeat tha t even those interests do 

not oppose, the efforts th at we have undertaken and have not stepped 

forward to express themselves to this committee in opposition to the 

objectives for which we speak.

T might also comment that, in times gone by the educational interests 

have expressed concern about the daylight time developments in the 

light of the fact. that, this makes it necessary for children in cerain 

areas to go to school in the darkness. As I have observed their interests, I have found, however, that those comments no longer appear 

to he made, principally because the adoption of daylight time where it 

has occurred has, for one thing, reduced the incidents, it is being 

claimed of juvenile delinquency by having 1 extra hour of daylight at. 

the end of the day, and second, has reduced the degree and incidents 

of traffic hazards at. the end of the day brought about otherwise by 

tired and harassed commuters traveling home in the darkness at the *

end of the day, hut T want to emphasize of course that those considerations go to whether there should be daylight time or not, and we have 

taken no position on that.

We have felt that everybody acknowledges a need for greater time *

uniformity and our initial objectives here basically have been if you 

could do no more th an prevail upon the areas of the Nation which 

observe daylight time to utilize the same switchover dates, this would 

he a very major step in the right direction.

Mr. Curtin. I yield to Mr. Van Deerlin.

Mr. Van Deerlin. You wouldn't mean to exclude farmers from 

the <rroup who have also opposed daylight saving time ?

Mr. Redding. No sir, I would not, Mr. Van Deerlin. The farmers 

have historically taken positions in the farm ing areas of our Nation 

against daylight time. This is not entirely true. In the State of Iowa
UNIFORM TIME 119

this year the Iowa F arm Bureau Federation did no t take a position of 

opposition ot the sweep across Iowa of daylight saving time, so that 

this summer for the first time in history it prevails in every single 

city in Iowa with the exception of one. We were concerned about the 

farm ing interests and a t the very outset of our efforts, the committee 

of time uniformity, we appreciated the Farm Bureau Federation, the 

Grange, the farmer cooperatives, and even of late, the milk producers 

federation, to indicate to them what we had in mind doing, and 

throughout this entire 2-year period we have even had a farm er’s 

representative serving on the steering committee of the Committee for 

Time Uniformity. We have had in this record statements submitted 

by the farmer cooperatives in support of time uniform ity.

Idie F arm Bureau Federation is not formally on record with a statement to this committee, but I have been advised by its Washington 

representative that they would not interpose any objection whatever 

to any legislation tha t this committee, or the Congress in fact, might 

enact tha t would enhance time uniformity. While the Farm Bureau 

Federation and the National Grange have formal policy positions that 

would advocate standard time, they have cooperated with us throughout this entire period in support of greater time uniformity as a 

national aim.

Mr. Staggers. Thank you very kindly. We have received a telegram from the Railway Labor Executives Association on behalf of the 

23 standard railway labor organizations, representing nearly all of the 

several crafts and classes of railroad employees in the United States, 

wishing to he recorded in support of the general objectives of time 

uniformity bills now under consideration by this committee and looking forward to relief from the confusion and so forth. I will insert 

this in the record of the hearing at this point.

(The telegram referred to follows:)

Washington, D.C., August J/, 196.'/.

lion . H arley Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, In terstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, U.S. House of Represen tatives, Washington, D.C.:

The Railway Labor Executives' Association, on behalf of the 23 standard rail­ way labor organizations, representing nearly all of the seve ral cra fts and classes 

of rai lro ad employees in the United States, wishes to be recorded in supp ort of the general objectives of the time uniformity bills now under consideration by 

you r committee. Railway employees, pa rticular ly the many thou sands whose duties involve reg ula r trave l, look forward to rel ief from the confusion th at exis ts as a result of the multiplicity of time sta ndard s and the varying dates for time changeover set by Sta te and local option. In addition to the difficulties and sometimes the hazards which confront railway employees, who observe one time in the home and one or more time standard s on the job, these employees and the ir employers are deprived of the benefits which would accru e to them from the use of the substan tia l sums now expended on needless time table changes occasioned by 

the la ck of a rationa l time system. While none of the bills und er consideration by your comm ittee appear to fu rnish a completely sati sfactory answer to this problem, the association believes 

that H.R. 11483 offers the best approach and we fav or its enactm ent.

Donald S. Beattie, 

Exe cutive Secretary-Treasurer.

Mr. Staggers. Those are all the questions I have, Mr. Redding. I 

want to thank again you and your organization fo r alerting the people 

of America to the problem and helping to brin g to the attention of the 

American people this problem and getting their support for something tha t must be done in the Nation tha t has been known for its
120 UNIFORM TIME

precision and getting things done and yet we still are in a state of confusion so far as time is concerned in different parts of the country. I 

again want to thank you. We hope that something will develop.

Air. Redding. Thank you, Air. Chairman, on behalf of the committee we certainly appreciate the interest that each of you gentlemen has 

taken and your efforts, Air. Chairman, and certainly hope t hat some 

progress can be made yet this session.

Air. Staggers. Fine. Thank you.

The subcommittee has received considerable material in response to 

this hearing and I would like to have a portion of these communications 

appear in the prin ted record.

(The material mentioned follows:)

Statement of James C. Gross, Executive Director, National Association of *

Travel Organizations

Mr. Chairman and members of the Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, 

my name is James C. Gross. I am executive director of the National Association 

of Travel Organizations, headquartered at 900 17th Street NW., Washington, T

D.C. I submit this statement on behalf of the members of this association, which 

is dedicated to the welfare and advancement of the U.S. travel industry.

Our principal concern is promoting more travel to and within the United States 

of America. We not only want more people to travel, but want to make certain 

they enjoy it, so they will repeat their travel.

Our members are the firms and organizations which provide the information, 

transportation, accommodations, food service, entertainment, and the many services required by travelers.

At the request of the late President Kennedy, NATO organized and has now 

launched a “See the U.S.A.” program designed to encourage our citizens to 

travel in this country. President Johnson has just endorsed this program; copy 

of the President’s letter to NATO attached.

We are deeply concerned with the matter of time uniformity in the United 

States both from the interest of the foreign and domestic traveler. The millions 

of people who travel each year in the United State s for varying periods of time 

for business and pleasure come into personal contact with the confusion created 

by differences in time observance and the vagaries of the boundaries of time 

zones, which often do not seem to make good sense.

Travelers in automobiles, who comprise 85 percent of the travel in this country, 

are just as subject to inconveniences, doubts, and uncertainties concerning what 

time it is as are the 15 percent of the travelers who move via the public carriers.

Public carrier travel, although of great concern to us, is being covered by others 

who are appearing as witnesses.

The automobile trave lers must be constantly alert in order to know when to 

begin their day, when to end it, when it is time to eat, when the points of interest 

and attractions they want to visit will open and close, and when to set their 

watches forward or back.

A mistake can be costly in available travel time, or in gaining admittance to «

an attraction or a point of interest, or in meeting any preset engagement.

I want to point out tha t time confusion is a deterring factor to the travel 

business.

The travel business is one of the g reat distributors of the wealth produced in 

the United States, involving more than $30 billion per year. Most of our States »

consider the travel business among their top three industries.

The travel industry is one of the largest employers in the United States. Add 

together the people involved in running hotels and motels, resta urants, transportation companies, rental car firms, gasoline stations, attractions, sightseeing 

facilities, travel information centers, etc., and th is becomes apparent.

Foreign visitors, singly and in groups, are becoming more and more a pa rt of 

the American scene. They come here to see this great country of which they have 

heard so much. We need to enhance their opinion of us. We must not disillusion them.

A little research discloses that time regulation is smoothly handled in most 

parts of the world, particularly in the areas from which we are currently drawing foreign visitors.

We respectfully urge the enactment of H.R. 4702 or H.R. 7891. In the event 

the committee is indisposed to acting upon either of the above-named bills, we
UNIFORM TIME 121

would then urge that H.R. 11483 be enacted which is identical with S. 1033 reported unanimously by the Senate Commerce Committee.

The National Association of Travel Organizations is a member of the Committee for Time Uniformity whose testimony will be presented by the Hon. Robert 

Ramspeck, chairman. NATO supports the proposals incorporated in the testimony of the Committee on Time Uniformity.

We need to modernize the Standard Time Act of 1918.

We need enactment of legislation fo r adoption of time uniformity in the United 

States.

Thank you for the privilege of submitting this statement.

The White House, 

Washington, May 8 ,1961f.

It is with a great deal of pleasure th at I commend to the people of the United 

States the “See the U.S.A.” program sponsored by the National Association of 

Travel Organizations.

All Americans should learn more about their country. NATO and its members 

are to be congratulated for launching this drive to encourage our citizens to 

know and enjoy our great land. It is my hope that the entire travel industry will 

cooperate in this project, which complements the U.S. Travel Service campaign 

to att ract visitors from abroad. Both programs are important to the economy 

and to the interna tional relations of our Nation.

All people, our own citizens and those of other lands, who “See the U.S.A.” 

will gain a greater appreciation of our country’s attractions and resources and a 

fuller understanding of our heritage and history.

I wish you every success,

Lyndon B. J ohnson.

Statement by James Crane Kellogg III , President, Association of Stock

Exchange Firms

As I am sure that the members of this subcommittee fully recognize the 

inherent necessity for a uniform system in establishing and specifying the 

standard time of each of the zones, I will not dwell on the overall need for time 

uniformity and the technical aspects of the problem.

As president of the Association of Stock Exchange Firms, a voluntary trade 

association of some 600 member firms of the New York Stock Exchange, I urge 

the enactment of the legislation recommended in 1963 by the Interstate Commerce Commission (H.R. 4702, introduced by Chairman Harris, and H.R. 7891, 

introduced by Subcommittee Chairman Staggers). The prime benefit to be 

derived from this legislation, i.e., the standardization of the observance of daylight saving time, is of the utmost importance to the securities industry.

Our membership is nationwide and is seriously affected by the variations in 

daylight saving time observance in different areas of the country. As an example 

of the scope of this problem, I am attac hing a copy of the schedule of trading 

hours prepared by the Association of Commodity Exchange Firms.

The Association of Stock Exchange Firms is a member of the Committee for 

Time Uniformity, which is composed of a number of national organizations 

interested in the standardization of time. We have taken a number of active 

measures toward increasing the uniformity of this observance throughout the 

Nation.

In 1962, our California members were successful in urging that State to conform its daylight saving time observance to the majority of the States that 

observe daylight saving time from the end of April to the end of October.

Prio r to this, there were periods of time when it was necessary for our representatives in California to open their offices at 5 :30 a.m. so as to be prepared 

to do business for the New York Stock Exchange which opens at 10 a.m. eastern 

standard time. This was a great inconvenience not only to their clients but also 

to their employees.

There are continual attempts to vary the observance of daylight saving time 

even in those States that are presently following the uniform rule. This year, 

for instance, legislation was again proposed in the New York State Legislature 

to extend daylight saving time throughout the year. Although this bill failed 

to gain passage, it would have, in effect, advanced the time zone for New York 

by 1 hour and increased the problems of not only the securities industry but 

many other groups as well.
122 UN IFOR M TIME

Our m em be r firm s, th ro ugh th e New York Stock Exc ha ng e, per fo rm a vital 

pu blic fu nct io n in se rv ing IS m ill io n sh ar eh old er s th ro ughout th e N atio n. Rap id 

an d eff icient co mmun ica tio n is an es se ntial elem en t fo r oper at in g a na tion wid e 

se cu ri ties m ar ke t. To pr ov id e th ese 18 mill ion sh ar eh old er s w ith th e ad eq ua te 

fa ci li ti es th ro ug h whic h to tr a n sa c t th e ir bu sine ss, our firms m ust ha ve no t only 

ad eq ua te tim e in wh ich to per fo rm th e ir fu nc tion but al so some as su ra nce of a 

sy stem of u ni fo rm tim e o bs er va nc e th ro ughout t he N ation.

In co nc lusio n, I re sp ec tfully urg e th is co mm itt ee to ap pr ov e th e en ac tm en t of 

H.R. 4702 an d H.R. 7891 or a co m bi na tion of t he two. I kn ow th a t I am joined 

no t on ly by oth er re pre se nta ti ve org aniz ati ons of t he se cu ri ties in d u st ry b ut als o 

by a g re a t nu m be r of si m ilar ly af fe ct ed nati onal gr ou ps in m ak in g th is requ es t.

Sum mer 1964 trading hours, Apr. 27 to Oct. 24, 1964—Prepared for its members

by Association of Commodity Exchange Firms, Inc., New York, N.Y.

Co nv erted 

to ea stern 

da yl ig ht

Local tim e

Co mmod ity exc han ges:

Chicago Bo ard of Trad e:

All co ntracts except co tto n_________________________________________

C otton___________ _____ _____ _______________ ____ ____ ____ ________

Chicago M ercantile :

Eggs (shell an d frozen)___ ____ _____________________________________

Sh rim p (Nos. 1 an d 2)________________________ ___________ _________

Po rk bellies an d ham __________________________________ ________——

Po tatoes a nd turk ey s__________________________________ ____ _______

Broiler ch icke ns _________ ____ _____________________________________

Chicago Op en Boa rd of T rade --------------------- ------ -----------------------------------

Com m od ity , Inc.:

C op pe r---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H id es ------ --------- ----------------------------------------- ------ -------------------------

Lea d..................................... - ____ _______________ ____ ____________ ____

R ubber __ ________ _____ ____ _______________________________ _____

S il v er, ................................. - ......................... .........- ............ - ............- ..................

T in ..................................................................- .........- ............ - ................................

Zinc. _________________ __________________________________________

Ka nsa s C it y Bo ard of T ra de ___________________________________________

M em ph is Bo ard of T ra de ------------- --------- ---------------- ------- ---------------------

M ilw au ke e Grain Exc han ge______ _____ _______________________________

M inne ap olis Grain Exc han ge_____________________________ ____ ________

Local t im e (Apr. 27 t o Ju ne 1, 8:30-12:15) (Jun e 1 to Se pt. 8, 9:30-1:15) 

(Sep t. 8 to Oct. 26, 8:30-12:15).

Ne w Or lea ns C ot to n-------------------- -------------------------------------------------------

Ne w Yor k Co coa.____ ___________ ____ _______________________________

Ne w Y or k Coffee and Sugar:

Coffee B .__ _________________ _______ - ---------- -------------------------------

Coffee C __________________________________________________________

Coffee W _________________________________________________________

Sugar, No. 7______________________________________________________

Sugar, No. 8______________________________________________________

Ne w York Cotton Exc hange___________________________________________

Ne w Yor k Me rca ntile:

Po ta to es (M ain e an d Long Is la nd)----------------------------------------------------

Egg s, fresh, s hell__________________________________________________

P la ti num ________________________________________________ ____ ____

Ne w Yor k Produce :

Co tto ns ee d oil and soybean oil______________________________________

P epper........ ........., ....................................................................................................

St. Lo uis M erch an ts Ex change------------------------- ------------------------------------

W inn ipe g Grain (local, Sep t. 14 to Oct. 23, 8:3 0-12 :15)-------------------------------

Wool Ass ociates , wool an d wool t o p _____________________________________

Sto ck exchanges:

A m er ic an .____ _______________________________________________________

Bos to n_______________________________________________________________

C al gar y,--------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------------------

Cin ci nn at i____________________________________________________________

D et ro it_______________________________________________________________

M id w es t_____________________________________________________________

M on tre al_____________________________________________________________

N ationa l---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ne w Y or k________________ ____ _______________________________________

Pacific coast—Los Angeles and San Fr an cisco____________________________

Ph ila de lp hi a, Baltim ore , an d W ashin gto n------------------------------------------------

P it ts burg h--------- - ------ -------------- --------- ------------------------------- ----------------

Salt La ke ------- ------------------------- --------------------------- - --------------------- --------

San Fr an cisco M in in g_________________________________________________

Spok an e______________________________________________________________

Tor on to ______________________________________________________________

Van co uv er___________________________________________________________

10:30-2:15

10:30-2:45

10:20-2:00

10:25-1:45

10:25-1:50

10:30-1:55

10:45-1:45

10:30-2:15

10:15-2:50

10:10-3:00

10:30-2:35

10:05-2:55

10:00-3:05

10:20-2:45

10:25-2:40

10:30-2:15

9:30 -1:30

10:30-2:15

10:30-2:15

10:30-3:30

10:00-3:00

10:30-2:50

10:30-2:45

10:30-2:50

10:00-2:55

10:00-3:00

10:30-3:30

10:00-1:30

10:30-2:00

9:45-1:45

10:30-2:15

10:45-2:30

10:30-2:15

10:30-2:15

10:00-2:45

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:45

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-5:30

10:00-3:30

10:00-3:30

10:30-1:30

1:00-4:00

12:00-3:00

10:00-3:30

10:00-5:30

9:30- 1:15 

9:30- 1:45

9:20- 1:00 

9:25-12:45 

9:25-12:50 

9:30-12:55 

9:45-12:45 

9:30- 1:15

♦

8:30-12:15

8:30-12:30

8:30-12:15

8:30 - 1:30

9:30- 1:15 

9:30- 1:15

7:00-12:30 

9:00 - 2:30 

9:00- 2:45 

9:00 - 2:30

7:00- 2:30

8:30-11:30

10:00- 1:00

9:00-12:00

7:00- 2:30

N ote.—Info rm at io n obtai ned from e xchanges b ut no resp on sib ility is ass um ed for c orrect ness. Associa^ 

tio n Bulletin No . 443.
UNIFO RM TIME 1 2 3

Atl an ta, Ga., A ug us t 4, 1964-

lio n. H ar ley O. Stagge rs,

Cha irman , Su bc om m itte e on C om mer cial Finan ce ,

W as hi ng to n, D .C.:

S ta n d ard tim e, being ord er ly , is ba sica lly righ t. D ay lig ht sa vi ng tim e, be ing 

dis or de rly, i s b as ically w ron g.

W ith tim e st an dar diz ed , th e tim e ev er yw he re is ea sily de du ct ed fro m I he tim e 

an yw he re , an d tim e dif fe re ntial s, o nce learne d, ne ed n ev er be adju st ed . Pla nnin g 

fu tu re ac tivi ties , ei th er loca lly or aw ay , can be do ne w ith cert ain ty an d sim ­

plicity . In such of ou r ac tivit y, co or di na tion is es se ntial , and w ith tim e st an d ­

ar di ze d, n o p rob lem . On th e ot he r ha nd , dayli ght sa vi ng tim e ca us es co nfus ion, in cu rs ne ed less 

ex pe ns e, a nd b reed s i nj us tice .

T ra vel er s, tr ansp ort ati on co mpa nies , an d sp ea ke rs kn ow of th e co nfus ion 

ca us ed by da yl ig ht sa vi ng tim e. Th e Su nd ay mor ning of th e ch an ge is a pa rl ti cu la r instan ce . Chu rch att en d an ce is al w ay s se riou sly affected (a dv er se ly,

of cours e), an d go ing to ch urc h is est eeme d as one of th e be st th in gs we do. 

U ps et ting th is is bad.

The ex pe ns e of re adju st in g tim et ab le s tw ice a year is est im at ed at not les s 

th an $1 mi llion . Thi s is w as te d money , a ne ed less dra in on our econom y. Th e 

T ex pe ns e of los t tim e, w as te d tim e, be ca use peop le m isun de rs to od the tim e is an

ad de d ite m prob ab ly im po ssib le to es tim ate. An d un de r daylight sa vi ng tim e, 

it is ea sy to m is un de rs ta nd t he t im e.

Of p art ic u la r in te re st is th e m a tt e r of cu toff dat es . Sc ho olch ild re n ha ve been 

adm it te d to cla sses who w er e bo rn ju st be fore th e cu tof f dat e, whe reas , ot he rs 

who w er e bo rn on the cu toff d a te wer e denied ad m ission ev en tho ug h, in po int 

of tim e, th ey we re hal f an hour ol de r th an th e ot he rs , day light sa vi ng tim e being 

th e cu lp ri t in th is in ju st ic e. T he vo tin g pr iv ileg e could be affecte d th e sa m e 

wa y.

No on e is inc on ve nien ce d by st an d ard tim e. Th os e who w ant or lik e da yl ig ht 

sa vi ng tim e su ffer no los s nor added ex pe nse be ca us e of sta n d ard tim e. Hou rs 

ca n be ch an ge d as ne ed ful, but th e s ta ndard ou gh t al w ay s to be c on stan t.

D ay light sa vi ng t im e is an im po sition on th os e wh o ne ed st a n d a rd tim e. The re 

is inco nv en ienc e a nd ad de d ex pe ns e, t o say the leas t.

S ta n d ard tim e ha rm s no one and is a de fin ite a dv an ta ge . D ay lig ht sa vi ng ti m e 

is no p art ic u la r ad van ta ge to an yb od y, an d a decid ed burd en to ma ny . Ev en 

if th os e wh o need st andard tim e a re a m in or ity , th eir ri ght to st an dard iz ed tim e 

ou gh t to be res pe cte d. In th is, under st andard tim e, th ere is no loss, whe reas , 

un der d ay ligh t sa ving ti me, los ses ab ou nd .

The co nc lusio n is th e sa m e a s th e in tr oducti on: S ta ndard tim e is or de rly an d 

ba si ca lly ri ght, but day light sa vin g tim e is di so rd er ly . It au gm en ts th e gen er al 

co nf us io n of th e age, is ne ed le ss ly exj>ensive, an d ev en br ee ds in ju stice. It is, 

th er ef ore , ba sica lly wrong.

Rev. W. A. Col lins , F a st Poin t. Ga.

N a sh v il le. Te n n ., Ju ne 11,

lion. H ar le y O. Staggers,

Cha irm an , Su bc om m itte e on D ayl ig ht Time. In te rs ta te an d Fo reign Co mm erc e

Com mitt ee , Ho use Office B uildin g, Was hing ton. D.C.:

D on ald W as hb ur n, ad m in is tr ati v e ass is ta nt to May or Bev er ly Bril ey of th e

m et ro polita n go ve rnmen t of N as hv ille an d Dav iso n Cou nty, Te nn ., wh o wi ll 

te st if y be fo re yo ur co mm itt ee on uni fo rm day light tim e, is au th ori ze d an d re ­

qu es te d to re pr es en t An dm ea C ha m be r of Co mm erc e in su pport of Co ng ressman 

R ic har d F ult on’s b ill f or uni fo rm day li ght sa vi ng tim e. May th e reco rd sho w Mr. 

W as hburn a s ou r official s po ke sm an .

W. C. Baue r,

Pre side nt , Nas hv ille A re a Cha mbe r of Comm erc e.

3 6 -4 7 1— 164------ 9
124 UNIF ORM TIM E

U.S . Sena te,

Com mi tt ee on Commerce,

Ju n e 9 ,1 964.

Hon . Harley Staggers,

C ha irm an , Su bc om m itt ee on Co mm erc e an d F in an ce , Com m itt ee on In te rs ta te

an d For ei gn C om merc e, H ou se o f R ep re se nt at iv es .

Dear Mr. Cha ir man : I de ep ly re gre t th a t th e le gi sl at iv e si tu at io n in th e 

Sen at e will pr ev en t me fr om ap pe ar in g in pe rs on be fo re yo ur su bc om m itt ee in 

su pport of pe nd in g le gi sl at io n to en d th e tim ek ee pi ng co nf us ion th a t an nual ly 

co nf ou nd s mu ch o f th e N at io n.

As one wh o ha s ta k en an ac tive ro le in th e S en at e Co mm erc e C om m itt ee ’s 

co ns id er at io n of un if or m ti m e le gi slat io n, I be lie ve th e ne ed fo r re m ed ia l ac tion 

is ur ge nt . We c an n o lo ng er j u s t let th e si tu ati o n d ri ft alo ng .

T he du bi ou s dis ti nct io n of no t be ing ab le to te ll th e tim e of da y no lo ng er 

re sts alo ne w ith th e “v il la ge id io t”. Th e comm on c a rr ie r, th e stoc kb ro ke r, th e 

tele vi sion vie we r, an d th e va ca tion in g tr av ele r are ju s t a few of th os e wh o a re *

pe na liz ed an d in co nv en ie nc ed by th e pr es en t ch ao s in o u r tim ek ee pi ng pr ac tice s.

Te stim on y be fo re o ur co m m itte e in di ca te d th a t th e e x tr a co sts oc ca sio ne d by 

o ur cu rr en t pr ac tice s ex ce ed se ve ra l m ill io ns of d o ll ars a y ea r in tim et ab le 

pu bl ishi ng ex pe ns es al on e, an d, of co ur se , th ere is no way to m ea su re th e co st 

of th e inc on ve nien ce ca us ed m ill io ns of A m er ic an s by th e pre se nt si tu at io n. ,

The so ur ce of th e co nf us io n is, of co ur se , d ayli ght sa vi ng tim e, an d th e co nfli ct in g an d va ri ou s w ay s in which it is ob se rv ed , or no t ob ser ved, th ro ughout 

th e co un try. How ev er, it se em s cl ea r to me th a t su ch ob vi ou s so lu tio ns as m an ­

d ato ry da yl ig ht tim e, o r m an dat ory st an d ard tim e, a re not re al ly so lu tio ns a t 

al l, th ey wo uld fo rc e g re a t an d un ne ce ss ar y ch an ge s in th e pr ac tice s wi de ly an d 

su cc es sful ly ob se rv ed by m illion s of Am er ican s. I se e no n ee d in fo rc in g ci tize ns 

in 21 S ta te s whi ch do n ot ob se rv e day li ght sa vi ng tim e to a lt e r th e ir way s.

N or is th er e an urg en t ne ed to fo rc e peo ple in 2!) S ta te s w he re day li ght tim e 

is follo we d to reno un ce it s use. Our co un tr y is too big , too di ve rse, is too var ie d 

to f or ce in to a sing le mo ld.

Ho we ve r, even sh unn in g th es e ex trem es , th ere is st il l am pl e roo m fo r m ajo r 

an d sign ifi ca nt im pr ov em en ts in our tim ek ee pi ng p ra ct ic es . One co ur se of ac tion 

m ay be fo un d in th e la ngu ag e of S. 103 3, as ap pr ov ed by th e Se na te Co mm erc e 

Co mm itte e.

T h a t bil l em bo dies tw o ba sic pr in ci pl es th a t I w ou ld par ti cu la rl y lik e to em ­

ph as iz e. F ir st , it o v er hau ls and m od er nize s th e 45 -y ea r-ol d Sta ndar d Ti m e A ct 

by es ta bl is hi ng ad eq uat e st a n d a rd tim e zones fo r A la sk a an d H aw ai i, by m ak in g 

al l ou r tim e zon es co n si st en t w ith in te rn at io nal pra ct ic e, by pr ov id in g ad eq uat e 

st an d ard s to go ve rn th e ad m in is tr ati o n of th e ac t, and eff ec tiv e m ea ns of en ­

fo rc in g it s pr ov isio ns . Se co nd , th e bi ll is ba si ca lly ai m ed a t st an dar diz in g th e 

d ate s on wh ich da yli ght sa vin g tim e is in au g u ra te d an d en de d by th os e are a s 

w hi ch ob ser ve it (w it h o u t fo rc in g th e ob se rv an ce of d ay li g h t tim e on an y a r e a ).

Ac tio n alo ng th es e li nes m ig ht be vie we d as a min im um , bu t I be lie ve it wo uld 

be a hi gh ly co ns tr uct iv e a n d effecti ve st ep ah ea d, an d on e wh ich co uld pa ve th e 

w ay fo r addi ti on al im pr ov em en ts , as co nd iti on s w a rr a n te d in th e fu tu re .

W ith ev ery g ood w ish ,

Yo urs sinc er el y,

Norr is Cotton, U.S. Senato r.

-------- <

Off ic e of Cit y Cler k,

B ureau of Records,

Sf. P au l, Minn., Ma y 11, 1961,.

Ho n. Anch er Nel se n,

R ep re se nt at iv e in C on gr es s, *

W ash in gto n. D.C .

Dear Mr. Nelsen : Enc lo se d is a cop y of a re so lu tion ad op te d by th e St. Pau l 

C ity Co un cil May 8, u rg in g o ur Sen at or s an d R ep re se nta ti ves in th e Co ng res s 

to w or k fo r th e pa ss ag e of a Fed er al da yli ght sa vi ng la w w hich wo uld es ta bl is h 

un iv er sa l da te s fo r in it ia ti n g an d te rm in ati n g d ayli ght sa vi ng tim e an nu al ly .

Y ou r as si st an ce in t h is m a tt e r wi ll be g re at ly ap pr ec ia te d.

Ve ry tr u ly yo ur s,

H. J. Riordan, Ci ty C ler k.
UN IFOR M TIM E 125

Cit y of St . 1’aui., Offic e of t h e Cit y Cle rk—Co u n c il R es olu ti on

W he re as th ere is no Fed er al law es ta blish in g a un ifor m d ate fo r in it ia ti ng 

an d t erm in ati ng d ay ligh t sa vi ng t im e ; a nd W he re as th e lack of such Federa l la w has re su lte d in th e us e of var io us dat es 

fo r in it ia ti n g day ligh t sa vi ng tim e in va riou s cities an d com m unitie s; an d W he re as th es e disc re pa nc ie s in th e dat es fo r in it ia ti ng dayli ght sa vi ng tim e 

cre at e inco nv en ienc e, co nfus ion, and eco nomic lo ss: Now , th er ef ore , be it

Re so lved , T h at the City Co un cil of St. Pa ul, Minn., urg es our Sen at ors an d 

R ep re se nta tives in th e Con gress of th e United Sta te s to wor k fo r th e pa ss ag e of a F edera l daylight sa vi ng law whi ch wou ld es ta bl ish un iv er sa l date s fo r in it ia ting an d te rm in ati ng d ay light s av in g ti m e ann ua lly.

Ad op ted by th e council May 8, 1964.

App rove d M ay 8, 1964. ' '

A mer ic an M u n ic ip a l Ass o cia tio n,

Washington, D.C., August. 5,1964-

lion . H arley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subc ommittee on Commerce and Finance, Com mittee on Inte rsta te and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Congre ssm an Staggers : D el eg at es re pr es en ting 13,000 m un ic ip al go ver nm en ts ad opt ed th e enclo sed re so lu tion, “T im e U ni fo rm ity, ” a t th e 41 st annual A m er ic an Mun icipal Con gr es s in Miami Be ach, Fl a. , Ju ly 29, 1964. The re so lu tion fa vo rs th e es ta bli sh m ent of nat io na l tim e unif orm ity an d ur ge s 

th e Con gres s to enac t a ppro pri ate le gis la tion f or this p urpo se. We unders ta nd th a t you r su bc om m itte e ha s been co ns id er in g legi slat io n in th is field and ha s ju st co nclud ed pu bl ic hea ri ng on th e su bj ec t. W e wish , th ere ­ fore, to ask th a t th is le tt er an d th e reso lu tio n ad op ted in M iami Be ach be reco rd ed as a p a rt of th e co m m itte e’s re co rd on th is su bj ec t. We wou ld fu rt h er ur ge th a t th e co mmitt ee giv e fa vora ble co ns id er at io n to re port in g out le gi slatio n whic h wou ld ac compli sh th e gen er al pu rp os es of th is re so lu tion whi ch , we feel, wo uld assis t loca l go ve rnmen ts as well a s th e tr ansp ort ati on in dust ry in copin g w ith th e pr ob lem s of var ia tion be tw ee n da yl ig ht an d st andard tim e in ma ny 

are as of the c ou nt ry .

Since re ly yo urs,

P atr ic k H ea ly , E x e c u ti v e D ir ecto r.

R es ol ut io n of t h e A m er ic an Mu n ic ip a l Ass oci ati on

W he re as th e ob serv an ce of tim e th ro ughout th e U nited S ta te s has become in cr ea si ng ly co nf us in g sin ce W orld W ar II be ca use of w id es pr ea d vari ati ons in 

sta n d ard an d day ligh t sa vi ng tim e, co m pl ic at ed by fr equent tim e zo ne bo un da ry di sp ut es , di ff er in g st andard daylight ch an ge ov er da te s, an d an as so rt m ent of 

loca l co m m un ity opti ons; an d W he re as su ch clock co nfus ion pre vail s ex tens ively a t m uni ci pa l lev els , as 

in di ca te d by th e fa ct th at 114 of 220 ke y ci ties in th e N at io n ob se rv e da yl ig ht 

sa vi ng tim e w hi le th e re m ai ni ng 106 cit ie s ob serve st an d ard ti m e; an d W he re as su ch fa ct or s ha ve co mbi ne d to cr ea te be w ild er in g u n cert ain ty an d 

co nfus ion fo r th e Am erican citiz en , a s well as gre at ex pe ns e and bur de ns fo r 

th e tra n sp o rt ati o n , co mmun ica tio ns , an d oth er in d u str ie s; a nd W he re as th e prob lem of tim e unif orm it y is pr es en tly under act iv e co nsi der ation in bo th th e U.S. Se na te and H ous e of R ep re se nta tive s as a m att er of 

na tion w id e co nc er n : Now, th er ef or e, b e it

Re solve d, T h a t th e Am erican M uni ci pa l Assoc iatio n fa vors th e es ta blish m en t 

of na tional tim e un ifor m ity an d urg es th e Co ng res s to enac t ap p ro p ri ate le gi slation for th is p u rp o se; an d b e it fu rth e r

Re so lved , T h at th is as so ci at io n sh all co op er at e w ith oth er org an iz at io ns in 

th e a ch ie ve m en t o f t his obje cti ve. Ad op ted a t th e 41 st an nual A m er ic an M un icipal Co ng res s, M iami Bea ch , Fla.,
126 UNIF ORM TIM E

Hous e of Repr ese ntative s, 

W as hi ng to n, D.C., Aug us t 11, 1964.

Ho n. Oren H arr is.

Ch airm an , In te rs ta te an d For eign Co mm erc e Com mitt ee ,

Hou se o f R ep re se nt at iv es , W as hi ng to n, D.C.

Dear Mr. Ch a ir m a n: It is iny under st an din g th a t th e proposed legi slatio n 

re fe rr ed to in th e en clos ed te le gr am from Mr. Bo yd F. Sc ott, Allen T hea te rs , 

Far m in gt on , N. Mex.. m ig ht po ssibly he bro ught be fo re th e fu ll co mmitt ee to ­

mo rro w. I w an te d yo u to h av e th e benefit o f Mr. Sco tt’s o pinion a nd re sp ec tful ly 

re ques t th a t his te le gr am be mad e a p art of th e reco rd an d th a t ev ery co nsi der ation be giv en to M r. Sco tt’s req ue st .

K in de st reg ar ds a nd b est w ish es .

Sinc erely yo ur s,

T homa s G . Morris. 

F arm ing ton, N. Mex., Aug us t 10,1964-

li o n . T hom as G. Morris,

House of Representatives,

W as hi ng to n, D.C .:

I was su rp rise d to da y by AP stor y th a t Ho use Co mmerce Su bc om mittee pl an s 

to ta k e up an d “lik ely appro ve” a bil l ove rh au ling U.S . tim e sy ste m w ithout 

pu blic he arings . The st ory sa y s: “No pu blic op po sitio n ha s ar is en so fa r.” 

Rea so n fo r th is is th a t pu bl ic knew no th in g ab out th e he ar in gs . Such a hill will 

se ve re ly affect my bu sine ss. I re qu es t you r he lp in ask in g co mmittee to post ­

po ne he ar in gs to giv e th e a te r ow ne rs an d oth er vital ly in te re st ed pe rson s 

op po rtu nity’ to b e h ea rd .

Boyd F. Scott, Atlen T he at er s.

National Cou nc il of F arm er Cooperatives,

W as hi ng to n, D.C., Ju ne 16, 1964.

Re tim e un ifor m ity legi slat io n.

Ho n. H arley O. Staggers,

Cha irm an . Su bc om m itte e on Co mm erc e an d Fina nce, Com m ittee on In te rs ta te

an d Foreign Co mm erce, Hou se of Rep re se nt at iv es , Was hing ton, D.C.

Dear Mr. Stagg ers: T he Nationa l Counc il of F arm er Coo pe rativ es su ppo rt s

le gi slat iv e ac tio n de sign ed to br in g ab ou t gre ate r unif orm ity in st andard s fo r 

tim e an d th ei r ob servan ce .

The au thor ity ’ fo r th is su pport is co nt ai ne d in a po lic y reso lu tio n ad op te d on

May IB, 1963, by th e co un ci l’s e xe cu tiv e c om m itt ee on an in te ri m b as is a nd rat ifie d 

b.v th e co un cil ’s de le ga te body’ in annual mee tin g on Ja n u a ry 15. 1964. Th e re so ­

lu tion re ad s as fo ll ow s:

“T he counc il su pp ort s in princ ip le t he move to w ar d g re ate r un ifor m ity in tim e, 

a s set fo rth in the bill. S. 1033. introd uc ed b.v Sen at or W ar re n G. Ma gnuso n, an d 

th e comp anion bill, II. R. 4702. introd uc ed b.v Con gressm an Oren H arr is .”

The referenc e to th es e specific bills in th e co un cil re so lu tion is to id en tify the 

princ ip le of gre at er un ifor mity ’ to wh ich the coun cil s ub sc ribe s an d is no t in te nd ed 

to co mm it the coun cil to th es e p art ic u la r bills in t hei r enti re ty to th e e xc lusion o f 

appro pri ate pr ov isions of oth er bills de al in g w ith th is m att er wh ich ha ve bee n 

in trod uc ed a nd r ef er re d to y our subc om mi tte e.

W itho ut pa ss ing ju dgm ent up on th e det ai ls of th e ap pr ox im at el y 10 bi lls on 

th is su bj ec t now be fore y our su bc om mittee , we be lie ve th ere are a t le ast 2 ba sic 

a re as in wh ich le gi sl at iv e act io n is ne eded in th e in te re st of g re ate r eco nomy an d 

efficiency* in the co nd uc t of tr ansp ort ati on an d bu sine ss ge ne ra lly which affects 

agri cult ure an d al l se gm en ts o f th e pu bli c. Th ose are as a r e :

1. Th e clar ific at io n of ex is ting law to give m or e cl ea rly defined au th o ri ty 

to the ad m in is te ri ng ag en cy w ith re sp ec t to pre sc ribi ng tim e st andard s an d 

re qu irin g th eir o bs er va nc e part ic ula rl y f or pu rp os es o f Fed er al ac tivitie s an d 

in te rs ta te co mm erc e, in cl ud in g co mmun ica tio ns .

2. W hile leav in g to in di vi dua l S ta te s an d co m m un itie s th e decis ion as to 

w he th er they sh all ob se rv e day li ght sa vi ng tim e, pr ov id e th a t such ju ri sd ic ­

tion s as do ob serv e D ST sh al l begin an d end DST a t th e sam e tim e of ea ch 

ye ar .

We believe th a t th e m a tt e r of tim e st andard s has be en per m itte d to d ri ft too 

long w ith co ns eq ue nt ad vers e effects on th e co st an d co nv en ienc e in th e co nd uc t
UNIFORM TIME 127

of public business. This impact h as been felt in many cases by those serving the 

agr icu ltural segments of ou r economy.

We commend you and the other members of your subcom mittee for your recognition of the importance of the problem and the attention you ar e now giving 

to it. We repse ctfully urge a pprop riate and prompt actio n by you r subcommittee 

to the end th at a ppropriate legislation may be enacted at this session.

We shall appreciate your inclusion of th is statemen t of the council’s policy position in the record of hearings scheduled on the daylight saving and standard 

time bills on J une 18-19,1964.

Sincerely,

L. J ames Habmanson, Jr.,

General Counsel.

The National Industrial Traffic League,

Washington, D.C., June 18, 1964.

Hon. Oren Harris,

r Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : The Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance is currently holding public hearings on H.R. 4702 and other bills relating to daylight 

t

saving and standard time. The National Industrial Traffic League, on behalf

of its membership, wishes to support time uniformity legislation.

The National Ind ustrial Traffic League, a volu ntary orga niza tion of shippers 

and asso ciations of shippers, with over 1,000 members thro ugh out the country, 

at its November 1962 annual meeting, considered the widespread var iation s in 

sta ndard a nd daylight saving time acro ss the country, frequent time zone boundary disputes, differing standard -da ylight changeover dates, all of which have 

combined to create bewildering uncertainty and confusion in the minds of the 

trav eling and shipping public.

League members, upon the recommendation of its passenger traffic committee, 

voted support of the efforts being made by the Tra nsporation Association of 

America and others in an endeavor to resolve these problems.

The league therefore urges th at H.R. 4702 or sim ilar legislation be favorably 

repo rted a nd progressed to final enactment.

Yours very truly,

L. J. Dorr,

Executive Secretary.

U.S. Independent Telephone Association,

Washington, D.C., June 11, 1964.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairma n: The U.S. Independent Telephone Association (USITA) 

submits this statem ent in supp ort of pending legislation on day light and standard time now under review by the Subcommittee on Commerce and Fina nce of 

the House Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce. The statem ent is 

subm itted pursu ant to a notice of public hearings issued by the committee clerk

• on Jun e 4,1964.

The USITA is the national trade organiza tion represen ting the independent 

(non-Bell) portion of the telephone industry. This segment of the Nation’s 

comm unications network opera tes more tha n 13 million telephones servicing over 

half of the geographical are a of the coun try. Every Sta te but one ha s independent

* telephones. The States of Alaska and Haw aii and the Commonwealth of Pue rto 

Rico are served by independents exclusively. Our companies have one-sixth of 

the Nation’s telephones.

Lack of time uniformity has been a vexing problem for our companies and a 

source of irrit ation to the ir subscribers. Legislation requiring uniformity is 

urgently needed. Our companies would be pleased if H.R. 4702 or H.R. 7891 

introduced by you or H.R. 11483 introduced by Representative Stag gers were 

enacted because of similarity to legislation recommended by a Senate committee.
128 UNIF ORM TIM E

The following will ill us tra te the problem the telephone ind ustry faces because 

of lack of time un ifo rm ity : (1 ) The number of long-distance calls handled each day in the United States is appro ximately 14.2 million. In a year, this amo unts to between 4 and 5 billion calls. Many of these cross time zones or are between dayli ght and sta nd ard time points in the same zone. With thi s gr ea t volume of telephonic tran sact ions, lack of time uni for mity inevitably crea tes appre ciable confusion. The re is an increa se of “don’t answ ers,” and an unnec essary, nonproductive use 

of ci rcu its and of operato r and equip ment time. (2 ) Many telephone operation s for reasons of efficiency and economy are consolidated in lar ger communities . These cente rs ofte n serve a number of tri bu tary exchanges. Some companies opera ting in cen ters which are on day ­ ligh t time have tribu tar ies which are on s tan dar d time. This poses costly problems, a s will be seen : (a ) The mechan ical tim ing devices (ca lcu lag rap hs) are set to the time of the toll cente r locatio n. On calls between two diff eren t zones the time stam p is inco rrect for tim ing tribu tar y toll calls and for this reason re- *

quir es the makin g of an operato r nota tion on the toll ticket to insure 

aga ins t mista kes in cha rgin g day calls at nigh t rat es or vice versa. (b ) Pla nt men wor king out of a toll cente r city and doing telephone

inst alla tion work in a tri bu ta ry locality requ ire specia l schedule considera- r

tion in ord er to avoid inconvenie nce to customers. (c ) Unc ertai nty is encou ntered in planning hourly operator requ irement s and in work sched uling of plant personnel. (d ) Embarrassing an d sometimes costly confusion results when a toll 

cent er operator, in a town on daylight time, is aske d for the time of day by a subscriber served ou t of a tribu tar y exchange in a town on standa rd time. The person calling from a trib uta ry wan ts to know wha t the time is in bis own town. The telephone operato r may thin k he wants to know the 

time in the toll center where she is located. (3 ) Lack of time unifor mit y stim ulates assi stan ce call ing and makes the keepin g of sta ndard or uni form ope rato r records difficult. The services of two ope rato rs, one at each of the two offices involved, are requ ired on this type of ass ista nce call. Such assista nce calls utilize toll circ uit fac iliti es for which the 

teleph one company derives no revenue. (4 ) Pre paratio n of ope rator records showing time options of communities fre ­ quently called, and the tra ining of operators , are burdensome and costly. We estimate this unnnec essary expense in our segment of the industr y amounts to 

$50,00 0 annually. (5 ) A strik ing example of loss in revenue from lack of time unif ormity involves “after 9 p.m.” calling from Georgia and Florida to the Nort heastern Unite d Stat es during the summer months. These two Sta tes have elected to stay on sta nda rd time. Reduced ra te calls af ter 9 p.m. reach the Northeastern Sta tes aft er 10 p.m. Since call s placed th at late freq uen tly inconvenience the called par ty there is less telephon ing. This means a loss of revenue. To avoid inconvenience an effort is mad e to place calls immediately after 9 p.m. This res ults in congestion of telephone facilities, loss of revenue, and inconvenience to the public. The pyra mid ing of calls at a pa rticular time complicates the work 

“forc ing” or scheduling of o per ato rs at the sw itchboards. The foregoing bears upon the difficulties of independ ent telephone companies <

and their subscribers. Any use r of long-distance service can test ify to his own inconvenience. Ina bility to reac h a called par ty because of a difference in time, unne cessary expense of a stat ion -to- stat ion call when the desired party has not reac hed his office o r has left fo r the day, and receip t of a call at an inconvenient hou r are examples of the irr ita tio n and annoya nce th at stem from the present *

unsat isfact ory situation. We appreciate the opp ortu nity to submit thi s stat ement, and hope that the 

hea rin gs on the subje ct matter will eventuate in corr ectiv e legislation.

Sincerely yours,

Will iam C. Mott,

Execu tive Vice President.
UN IFO RM TIME 129

Association of Oil Pipe Lines,

Washington, D.C., July SI, 1964.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Staggers : As gene ral counsel of tlie Assoc iation of Oil 

Pipe Lines, I would like to sta te th at the oil pipeline ind ust ry strongly supports the sta tem ent made by Rob ert Ramspeck, national cha irm an of the committee for time unifo rmity , which was made before your subco mmit tee in Jun e 1964. In pa rticu lar , we supp ort the posi tion which is set for th in his statem ent on 

page 10 wh ich reads as follow s: “It is the official position of this organ izatio n, however, th at Congress should adopt the recomme ndations of the ICC which are embodied in both H.R. 4702 and H.R. 7891. This would mean th at the futur e observ ance of both sta ndard and day ligh t saving time would be assu red at Federal, State, and local levels, 

including in ter sta te commerce. “In the event, however th at you would not choose to require such man dato ry observ ance by Sta te and local inter ests we th en would urge you to appro ve H.R. 11483, which is identical to the bill (S. 1033) unanim ously reporte d last yea r by the Sen ate Commerce C ommitte e. Otherwise, we would urge you to approve of any of the other pending bills which you feel would best achieve nationwide 

time uniform ity.” The oil pipeline indu stry ope rates 204,000 miles of crude oil and petroleum prod ucts pipelines in 49 Sta tes of the United State s. The oil pipelines tra nsp ort approxima tely 17% percent of the Nation’s tota l ton-miles of interc ity traffic. At the pre sen t time there are 148,0 00 miles of crude oil lines which link over 500,00 0 oil wells located in 30 St ates with nearly 300 active oil refineries. The refine ries ar e connected w ith dis trib uti on center s of petroleum p roducts by 56,000 

miles of products lines. The re ar e approxima tely 90 in ters ta te oil pipeline companies which report to and ar e regulated by the In te rs ta te Commerce Commission. For the most part, the oper ation s of these comp anies are fa r flung and pass through several State s. In orde r that the rig ht cru de oil and the rig ht product, is properly deliv ered to the shippers, the sche duling of the moveme nts is of the utmost importance . Pro per schedu ling calls for timely and accur ate communications. Adeq uate communications become more and more difficult as a res ult of the “clock confu sion” growing ou t of the lack of time uni formit y between States 

and between points in the var iou s States. In ord er to remove the exi stin g time confusion, we resp ectf ully urge tha t you approve legislation which you feel would best bring abou t natio nwid e time 

unif orm ity.

Sincerely yours,

Gordon C. Locke, Gen er al Counsel.

Muncie, I nd., August 1,1964-

Hon. H arley O. Staggers,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Representative Staggers : H. II. Horn er has inform ed me of the time 

hearing to tak e place August 4. Th is is to say that I hope voters will be given proper cons ideration at this hearing . Did you know th at India na voters elected yea r aro und cen tral standard time on an official Sta te time refe rend um but had fast time cramm ed down the ir th ro at s because of pre ssu re on the Int ers tat e Commerce Commission by m embers of the chamber of c ommerce ? Did you know that Michigan vot ers elected yea r around cen tral sta nda rd time years ago but th at Detroit ind us tri alist s forced the fa ste r tim e on Michigan 

residents ? Did you know that Kentucky leg isla tors ( repre sente d by the vo ters) enacted a perfe ctly good sta ndard time law a few years ago but th at members of the Louisville Chamber of Commerce hir ed a lawyer to get the law to be declared 

unc ons titu tion al ? I have a copy of H. R. 3114 whic h you introdu ced in Ja nu ar y 1963. If the one th at you are to consider nex t week is like it we hea rtil y endo rse it. Please remember that the re was no time confusion unt il some indi scre et mind sta rte d so-called dayli ght saving. We are very eager th at any new bill abolish clock changing, name str ict j>enalty for violation and specify who is responsible
130 UNIFORM TIME

for enforcem ent. I have heard many folks say, “I don’t care what time we 

ran on ju st so we stay on the same time all year.” I would ha te to think tha t 

I couldn’t get up at 7 o’clock instead of 8 without messing up the clock. 

Sincerely,

Spurned Voters of I ndiana,

Lottie C. Brown, Clerk

T he American Waterways Operators, Inc.,

Washington, D.C., June 15,1694-

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance,

Inter sta te and Foreign Commerce Committee,

House o f Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Representative Staggers : We understand the Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee 

will hold public hearings Jun e 18 and 19 on H.R. 7891, H.R. 4702, and other bills 

designed to establish a uniform system of time in the United States.

The Board of Directors of the American Waterways Operators, Inc., lias authorized us to advise your comm ittee of the support of o ur members throughout 

the United States of a uniform system of time standard s and measurement. The 

present Jack of uniformity cre ate s confusion in many instances for our members 

in their work to provide transporta tio n services in the movement of freight 

over the inland waterways. Confusion in communications also results. The 

confusion is not only agg rav ating but it is also a costly burden to the transp ortation ind ustry.

Specifically, this organization desires to be recorded in the hearings as supporting the objectives sought in II.R. 7891, which you introduced, and H.It. 

4702, introduced by Chairman Oren Harris, which, with some minor differences, 

reflect the reasoned recom mendations of the Interst ate Commerce Commission.

The American Waterwa ys Ope rators, Inc., is a nonprofit, membership trade 

association representing the national interests of the shallow-draft water carriers of the United States as well as ship builders, ship repaire rs, and term inals 

serving the inland carriers. Our members’ operations serve 33 States of the 

Union and, I am sure, their interest in time uniformity is evident.

We shall appreciate your consideratio n of this association’s support, on behalf 

of its membership, of the efforts to achieve uniform ity in time stan dar ds for the 

United States.

Sincerely yours,

Braxton B. Carr, President.

The Western Union Telegraph Co.,

Washington, D.C., Jun e 22, 1964.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committee on Interstate

and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : This is in reference to the recent hearing s held by your

subcommittee on H.R. 11483. This bill relates to the esta blishment of a system 

of time stan dards and measuremen t for the United States and to require or 

promote the observance of time standards for all purposes.

Western Union, by the very nature of its business, is directly interested in 

any thing which may develop concerning the proposed legislation. The element 

of time plays an imp ortant pa rt in our day-to-day operations. This company 

has joined other interested groups in supporting the objective of the committee 

on time uniformity.

Cu rre nt operations of this company provide the flexibility necessary to adapt 

to whatever time may be observed despite any variation th at may exist as 

between communities, State s, or regions. From the point of view of the telegraph user, particu larly the trav eling public, the various time differences are 

very confusing. We, therefore, earnestly supp ort the objectives of the foregoing legislation in the interest of greater efficiency, simplification, and 

uniformity.

Accordingly, we favor the provisions of H.R. 11483.

Sincerely,

K. W. Heberton, Vice President.
UNIFORM TIME 131

Citizens for Standard Time, 

Campbell Hill, III., A ugu st 3,1964.

Hon. H arley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Foreign and Inte rstate Commerce,

Washington, D.C.

Mr. Chairman : I, Mrs. Ray Thie s, reque st this lette r be place d before the comm ittee hearing on the sta nd ar d time bills as testimon y ag ain st bills th at favor day light saving time or th at cre ate the illusio n of sta nd ard time by ar­ rang ing subzones th at change sta nd ards every 6 mon ths and th at may change boundaries when pres sure group s hav e the whim to do so, enc oura ging more confusion r at he r t han e limi natin g it. Daylig ht saving time may have been advantage ous a gen erat ion ago when the work ing force s were on 48 or more hou rs a week. However, th at day has long since vanishe d with a few exceptions. The plea sure it gives to some in late aftern oon who alre ady are favore d wit h 35- to 40-ho ur weeks and more leisu re tha n ever bef ore (more paid holiday s a nd longer vac atio ns) does not w arrant the

• det rim ent it inflicts on other s. Da ylight saving time deprives many whose occu­ pations begin at e arly hou rs of adequ ate res t at eith er and sometimes both ends 

of th e day . Fu rth er, I prayer full y urge th e committee to tak e a look on th e figures on delint quency since the adve nt of day lig ht saving time. Day ligh t saving time gives the youth a longer evening wit h not hin g to do and all too much time to do it in. It is a well-known fac t idleness breeds delinquency. One Chicago judg e stated some tim e ago if the youth could be kep t off th e str ee t corners delinq uency would 

be cut by 75 percent. Cer tainl y t hat it wor th noting. In closing I should like the committe e to consider the small port ion of my list of perso ns who have carried petiti ons urging Congress to re tu rn the Nation to sta nd ard time. Many petiti ons have been sent to Hon. Oren Ha rri s, of Arkansas, to Hon. Ha rley O. Stagge rs, of We st Virginia, and to Hon. Kenn eth J. Gray, 

of Illinois. Othe rs were sen t to num erous Congressmen in var iou s are as of the Nation. I pray the committee will take cognizance of the thousa nds of sign atur es and reg ard them as citizen s instea d of mere names. A more complete list with number of signatu res on the petiti ons has been forwar ded du rin g previous Con­ gresses w ith the request th ey were to be kept for a hearing . I hope the chairman 

makes these available.

Sincerely, Mabel TniF.s 

Mrs. Ray Thies.

(The attachments referred to were placed in the committee files.)

Citizens for Standard Time,

Murphysboro, III.

Hon. Oren Harris,

Chairman, House Committee on In terstate and Foreign Commerce.

Dear Mr. Chairman : Citizen s fo r Standa rd Time respec tively reque st this 

opp ortu nity to submit this sta tem ent and views concerning two sta nd ard time bills, H.R. 2335 and H.R. 2532, both are identical with a provision eliminating day ligh t saving time, both ar e design ed to make sta nd ard time the meas ure of time for all governmental and busi ness purposes ret urn ing our cou ntry back to

* sta nd ard time nationally . Befor e the adoption of U.S. sta nd ard time in 1883 the country observed over 100 times. Daylight saving time is gra dua lly causi ng our Nati on to dr ift back as before 1883 when confusion reign ed supreme. A cross-country tra veler h ad to change his watch 20 times. Wisco nsin had 38 different times: Illinoi s 27; Pittsr bur gh 6, an d in Kansa s City each jew eler had his own time and no two were

alike. We’re grad ually head ing fo r th at same goal today, and in some are as of our Unite d Sta tes today pra ctic ally the same situ atio n exis ts du rin g the observance of day ligh t saving time. Wh at if day ligh t time is popu lar? Th at’s not the point, the object is to know wh at time it is: not when it was; or if i t’s going to be; bu t to know it c erta inly 

and witho ut losing time rese archin g local customs. In 1918 Congress enacted our pre sen t law esta blishing the sta nd ard time and wh at later became known as daylight saving time for the United States. At the time of the enactmen t of this law, the y didn ’t and couldn’t visu aliz e the tra ns ­ por tati on or communication syste ms we have today, for 6 mon ths of the yea r 

3 6 -4 7 1— 64------ 10
132 UN IFO RM TIME

th is h as re su lte d in our hav in g 12 di ff er en t ki nd s of tim e a t on e tim e in th e 

U nited Sta te s. I t is sa id th a t no pe rson , ag en cy , or ce n tr a l so ur ce of in fo rm ati o n th a t ca n giv e you th e tim e of th e re sp ec tiv e ci ties or villa ge s th ro ug ho ut th e 

U ni te d S ta te s du ri ng day li ght sa vi ng tim e w itho ut co ns ul ti ng ch art s or m ap s 

to a sc e rt a in th e bo un da ry of th e tim e zon es or or di na nc es or la w s of th e citie s, 

vi llag es , or St at es . S ta n d ard ti m e nat io nal ly w ill el im in at e th e fo ll ow in g: T he 

ann oy an ce of se tt in g an d re se tt in g ov er 90 mill io n tim ep ie ce s on th e eff ec tiv e 

an d te rm in ati o n da te s of d ay li g h t sa vi ng ti m e ; an d th e co st ly ex pl an at io n of 

ti m e v ari ati o n th ro ug ho ut th e U nit ed Sta te s on na tionw id e te le vi si on an d ra dio 

bro ad cast s; co nfus ion an d del ay a t th e in fo rm at io n de sk s and ti c k e t offices in th e 

ra il ro a d , ai rl in es , an d bu s dep ot s ex pl ai ni ng th e tim e of a rr iv a l an d de par tu re .

I f y o u r co mm itt ee co uld on ly vi su al iz e th e fr u st ra ti o n of th e tr av el er from 

th e Sou th an d So ut hw es t on th e ir a rr iv a l a t Un ion Sta tion . St. Lo uis , Mo., wh en 

th ey en co un te r ad va nc e tim e, so m e ha ve ne ve r h eard of th is fo ol is h tim e, m an y 

a re th e m iss ed co nn ec tio ns re su lt in g in layo ve rs in m os t in st an ce s fro m 6 to 23 

hou rs a t th eir ow n ex pe ns e, I pe rs on al ly kn ow of th is p a rt ic u la r si tu at io n and 

I ’m q u it e ce rt ai n th e sa m e ex is ts in ot he r m aj or te rm in al s ov er th e N ati on . >

On e Mem ber of Co ng ress in fo rm ed me 4 yea rs ag o th a t on a sp ea ki ng to u r 

th ro ugh Oh io an d In d ia n a—an d a t th a t p a rt ic u la r tim e In d ia n a was ob se rv ing 

five dif fe re nt tim es th ro u g h o u t th e Sta te — he fina lly go t so co nf us ed th a t he 

ga ve up in di sg us t an d ca nc el ed a ll en ga ge m en ts, re tu rn in g to W as hi ng to n a de ­

vo te d su p p o rt er of st an d ard tim e. ’

T he Citi ze ns fo r S ta n d ard T im e is a no np ro fit org an iz at io n th a t re pre se nts 

pe op le from al l w al ks of li fe an d no t an y p a rt ic u la r in d u st ry , in st it uti on, or 

sp ec ia l g ro u p ; its pu rp os e is to educa te th e peo ple of th e im por ta nce o f a un ifor m 

st a n d a rd tim e an d th e fo lly of o u r pre se nt ta ng le d up we b of tim e co nf us ion.

Th os e m os t affecte d in our org an iz at io n by ad va nc ed tim e a re th e tr av el er , th e 

fa rm er, scho ol ch ild re n, and m oth er s w ith sm al l sc ho ol ch ild re n and b ab ie s; th e 

tr av ele r, ev er yo ne kn ow s w h at th ey en co un te r w ith d ay li g h t sa vi ng ti m e ; th e 

fa rm e r’s wor k is no t gu id ed hy th e clo ck, but ra th e r by th e su n— hi s is th e ba si c 

in d u st ry of ou r N at io n pr ov id in g our eco nom y w ith th e ne ce ss ar y foo d an d fib er 

fo r o u r su rv iv al . He is p u t to m an y g re at har dsh ip s in m ark eti n g hi s pr od uc t, 

es pe ci al ly pe ris ha bl es . The sc ho ol ch ildr en in m an y in st an ce s in la te au tu m n 

a re w ait in g fo r th e sc ho ol bu s al on g ru ra l ro ad si de s an d m a jo r hi gh w ay s lo ng 

be fo re day li gh t—an d in m an y in st an ce s th os e liv in g ba ck aw ay fro m th e bu s 

st op ha ve to walk as mu ch as 1 m ile to bu s stop s fu m bl in g th e ir w ay in th e d ark ; 

th ere ha ve bee n m an y fa ta l ac cid en ts a tt ri b u te d to th e fo ol is h tim e inv ol vi ng 

sc ho ol bu se s in ea rl y m or ni ng fog . I ha ve m an y le tt ers in my file from m ot he rs 

ac ro ss th e N at io n co m pl ai ni ng of th e ir dif fic ult y in fe ed in g sm al l ba bies an d 

g ett in g c hi ld re n to bed w ith th e su n hig h in th e s ky .

T he re fo re , we th e C iti ze ns fo r S ta n d ard Ti me stro ng ly su p p o rt H.R. 23 35 an d 

vi go ro us ly opp ose an y le gis la ti on th a t allo ws th e co nt in ua nc e of da yl ig ht sa vi ng 

tim e an d th e es ta bl is hm en t of su b zo n es; we co nt en d th e us e of eit h er or bo th 

w ill no t reso lve ou r tim e co mp lex . We ur ge th a t Con gr es s pr ov id e fo r es ta bli sh m en t of a un ifor m s ta n d a rd tim e na ti onal ly w ithout in te rf ere n ce w ith th e 

us e of G re en wic h tim e.

We re sp ec tful ly re qu es t th is le tt e r be m ad e a p a rt of th e h eari n g an d in cl ud ed 

in t h e r ec or d on th e su bj ec t le gi sl at io n.

Sinc er ely ,

H. II . Horner, N ati onal Ch airm an . j

A m Lin e Pilots Asso cia tio n,

Chicago, III., August 5,196$.

Ho n. H arley O. Staggers,

House of Representatives,

Wash ington, D.C.

Dear Con gr es sm an : W e u n d e rs ta n d th a t th e re co rd re la ti v e to th e re ce nt 

h eari n g s co nd uc ted by you r co m m itte e on le gi sl at io n p ert ain in g to th e tim e un ifo rm it y p ro bl em i s s ti ll open fo r th e a cc ep ta nc e of co mm en ts.

W hi le we did no t p art ic ip a te in th e hea ri ng s an d ha ve n ot pr ep ar ed a fo rm al 

st a te m e n t in view of th e su b sta n ti a l m at er ia l pr es en te d by ot her in te re st ed 

p a rt ie s, we wo uld lik e to ap p ri se yo u of our in te re st in th is le gi sl at io n an d our 

po si ti on in r es pe ct t o it.

We , al on g w ith m an y o th ers in th e tr an sp o rt ati o n bu si ne ss , ha ve been co nce rn ed a bout th e gr ow ing co nf us io n re sp ec ting ti m e ob se rv an ce .
UNIFORM TIME 133

Lack of uniformity in time observance with the resultant crazy quilt pattern, 

varying from zone to zone, State to State, and locality to locality, which has developed has posed serious problems for all forms of trans portatio n and particularly serious ones for airline transportation because of the nature of its operations. The problem affects not only the airline operators, but also its employees 

and the traveling public because of confusion, inconvenience and additional 

expense.

The Air Line Pilots Association does not support any specific legislation before 

your committee, but we do support the efforts to have Congress take remedial 

steps and generally support the basic objectives of the Committee for Time Uniformity whose viewpoints have previously been submitted to you.

We request that this letter be accepted as our statement on the time uniformity 

problem and made part of the record of the hearings on it.

We sincerely appreciate any consideration your committee may give to correcting the problem which exists and which in our opinion requires action by 

Congress if it is to be solved.

Sincerely yours,

Charles H. Ruby, President.

Investment Bankers Association of America,

, Washington, D.C., Jun e 26, 196^.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance of the House Int ersta te

and Foreign Commerce Comm ittee, Washington, D.C.

Dear Congressman Staggers : As president of the Investment Bankers Association of America, I urge th at the Congress enact the legislation recommended 

by the Interstate Commerce Commission (H.R. 4702 and II.R. 7891), or tha t 

reported unanimously by the Senate Commerce Committee (S. 1033—identical to 

H.R. 11483), which will bring about greater time uniformity for all citizens and 

which will make uniform throughout the country the switchover each year from 

standard to daylight saving time. We take no position on whether daylight 

saving time should or should not be observed by any particu lar State or 

community.

The Investment Bankers Association of America is a voluntary, unincorporated 

trade association of investment banking firms and security dealers and brokers 

who collectively underwrite, deal, and act as brokers in all types of securities. 

The association has about 750 member firms engaged in the securities business 

in the United States and Canada, including about 100 commercial banks. Our 

members have, in addition to their main offices, about 2,100 registered branch 

offices. Thus, both our membership and our business are nationwide in scope 

and we have, therefore, long been interested in efforts to bring about greater uniformity in the widespread time confusion which exists today and which is likely 

to grow worse if appropriate action is not taken by the Congress in this area.

The committee has already received much testimony on the extent of the 

lack of uniformity which exists today throughout the country. Our association 

is a member of the Committee for Time Uniformity and we heartily endorse 

Mr. Ramspeck’s statement made to the committee on June 19, as chairman of 

tha t committee.

The lack of uniformity in the observance of daylight saving time has a direct 

i adverse impact upon those phases of the securities business which are not conducted through our national securities exchanges as well as those phases conducted on exchanges. I refer to the original distribution of new issues of 

corporate, municipal, and Government securities and over-the-counter tran sactions in such securities after they have been distributed. Many, if not most, 

t transactions in this phase of the securities business, as well as on the exchanges,

are effected by telephone and are consummated quickly. Over-the-counter markets change rapidly, jus t as do exchange markets, and it is easy for one to miss 

a market. Where a seller can’t reach a likely buyer because of confusion as to 

the time factor, he may well turn immediately to another likely buyer with the 

result tha t the first prospective buyer may miss an investment or purchase he 

would like to have made. The reverse of this situation is equally true. This 

is probably more likely to happen in small cities and communities than in the 

larger ones. Thus the confusion which exists today due to the differences in 

going on and off daylight saving time makes the task of our industry both more 

difficult and more expensive and. in many cases, adversely affects the interests 

of investors.
134 UNIFORM TIME

Again, we urge affirmative action by the Congress on H.R. 4702, H.R. 11483, 

or some similar bill at this session of the Congress.

I would appreciate it if you would make this lette r a part of the record. 

Very truly yours,

David J. Harris.

Pacific American Steamship Association,

Washington, D.C., July 14, 1964.

Subject: H.R. 4702 and H.R. 7891, to establish a uniform system of time 

standards.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance,

House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : It is my understanding that your subcommittee will 

continue hearings on H.R. 4702, H.R. 7891 and other similar bills later this 

month. The Pacific American Steamship Association, a trad e association representing the principal west coast steamship operators engaged in both passenger 

and cargo services, wishes to take this opportunity to record our favorable 

views on the proposed legislation. It is our belief that a uniformity of time 

stan dards will benefit the American transportation industry as a whole through 

the elimination of confusion on the part of passengers in making connections for 

transoceanic voyages, and shippers in the booking of cargo.

Favora ble consideration by your subcommittee on legislation to promote uniform time standards will be a benefit to the maritime industry. It is respectfully requested that this letter be included in the hearing record on the proposed 

legislation.

Sincerely yours,

J ohn N. Thurman.

Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.,

New York, N.Y., June 22,1964-

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committee on Interstate

and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : CBS respectfully requests this opportunity to make a

general statement concerning the bills now before your subcommittee which 

relate to the observation of uniform time standards throughout the United 

States. The CBS television network regularly provides programs to approximately

200 affiliated television stations, and the CBS radio network to approximately 

230 affiliated radio stations. Each network through these stations serves substantially all the people in the United States.

Network service is designed for broadcast by affiliated stations on a basis as 

nearly simultaneous as possible throughout the country. For a number of 

reasons, including particularly time zone differentials, simultaneous broadcast 

by all stations is not usually practicable. A program originating in New York 

at 8 p.m. local time would be seen on a simultaneous broadcast on the Pacific 

coast at 5 p.m. local time. Since this would be an unsuitable hour for an evening program, such a program is usually rebroadcast on the Pacific coast at 8 p.m. 

Pacific standard time. Many sports programs and news events, where simultaneous presentation is important, are transmitted for broadcast on a “live” 

basis only. During periods when daylight saving time is observed throughout parts of 

the United States, the television network must have double transmissions of 

many of its programs. The radio network must have as many as six transmissions, so tha t the public will not be inconvenienced by the changes in the local 

times of broadcasts. It is not always possible, however, for the television network to provide multiple transmissions; for example, A.T. & T. video facilities may be limited.

In these instances some public inconvenience is inevitable because of lack of 

uniform ity of daylight time. Some stations serve an area, some parts of which 

observe daylight time and some parts of which remain on standard time. Similarly, the daylight time season ends at different dates in the fall. These varia-
UN IFOR M TIME 135

tions mean tha t the people in some areas must view programs at unaccustomed 

hours. For these reasons CBS points out tha t it believes that the broadcast audience would be benefited by legislation which would provide for (a) uniform periods 

of time throughout the United Sta tes during which daylight time is observed and 

(6) uniform nationwide observance of daylight time.

Very truly yours,

Richard S. Salant.

Jefferson City, Mo., June 24, 1964.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : The Missouri Broadcasters’ Association, representing 

* the vast majority of radio and television broadcasters in our State, respectfully

submits its views on the bills pending before this subcommittee on the question

of daylight saving and standard time. Since we have not had an opportunity to examine the contents of the individual 

bills, we shall confine our comments to the situation as it exists in Missouri and

T indicate what legislation action we believe would be helpful.

In Missouri the observance of daylight saving time is on a local option basis. Furthermore, this “fast” time begins and ends in varying months. Aside from the confusion created for the public at large, this clock juggling presents 

serious problems to the radio and television industry. Networks must provide additional transmissions to bring programs to their audiences at accustomed hours. Any statewide broadcast must take into account the different times in 

certain localities. Since almost all of those States which observe daylight saving time on a state­ wide basis begin this time on the last Sunday in April and end it on the last Sunday in October, our organization believes that this period of observance should 

be written into any bill which this subcommittee proposes to recommend.

We would appreciate it if this letter were made a par t of the hearing record. 

Respectfully,

Harold Douglas,

President, Missouri Broadcasters' Association.

National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.,

Washington, D.C., June 23,1964-

Hon. Oren R. Harris,

Chairman, House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Harris : The National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., 

representing more than 4,100 members throughout the United States, wishes to 

express its support for your bill, H.R. 4702, to establish a uniform system 

of time stan dards and measurements for the United States and to require the 

observance of such time standards for all purposes. The enactment of such legislation as outlined in H.R. 4702 would be extremely beneficial in the day-to-day administration of the securities business as well as aiding the investing public, which now numbers some 17 million individuals. The inconvenience and confusion arising out of various daylight savings time standards in different parts of the country would be eliminated by uniform switchover dates enforced by the Federal Government.

Sincerely,

Robert W. Haack, President.

May Hosiery Mills, 

Nashville, Tenn,, June 23,1964.

House Commerce Committee,

House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Gentlemen : As I understand it there is up for consideration some matters in 

connection with time.

May I go on record as strongly endorsing standard time all the year around. 

This is what we have in Tennessee by legislation amost unanimously adopted
136 UNIFORM TIME

several years ago by our State legislature. This is giving general satisfaction 

and I am sure would do so in the w’hole country. As I travel a bit I have over the years noticed that in the past experiments have been made in changing times during the summer season in Europe, South America, and other parts of the world and have virtually always been abandoned in favor of uniform time throughout the entire year. It, therefore, seems to me tha t we would be serving the country well in keeping standard time for 12 

months.

Sincerely, Mortimer May.

The Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade,

Washington, D.C., June 17,1964.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committee on Inte rsta te and Foreign Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers : We were very pleased to learn1

 that the Subcommittee 

on Commerce and Finance had scheduled hearings on H.R. 6284, the bill intro­ duced by Mr. Fulton of Tennessee, to establish daylight saving time uniformly throughout the U.S. time zones each year, to make such time the only legal time during the period it is in effect, and to provide additional time zones for the

States of Alaska and Hawaii. The Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade desires to record its endorse­ ment of the bill in principle, and to recommend its enactment with one change. The benefits of daylight saving time extend beyond the months of June, July, and August, which would be provided in H.R. 6284. In the Washington metro­ politan area, for example, it lias been found to be beneficial to begin daylight saving time with the las t Sunday in April and to extend it to the last Sunday in October. We strongly recommend amendment of H.R. 6284 to incorporate the 

longer period under daylight saving time. The additional daylight hours provided allow for longer recreation and other outdoor activities. The spread of daylight saving time from the eastern sea­ board to various areas of the country is indicative of its popularity. We therefore request enactment of H.R. 6284, to extend its benefits on a uniform basis, from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October each year. We respectfully request that this lette r be inserted in the record of these 

hearings.

Sincerely, William H. Press.

National Broadcasting Co., I nc.,

New York, N.Y., June 17 ,196/t

.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance of the Interstate and For­ eign Commerce Committee, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Sir : We are w riting to express our views on the several bills relating to stand­ ard or daylight savings time, or both, which will be the subject of hearings before 

the subcommittee on June 18 and 19,1964. The broadcasting industry is vitally concerned with time uniformity over wide areas, particularly w ith regard to the effect of such time uniformity on network broadcasts which cover virtually all sections of the country. In creating a balanced scheduled of network programing, an important factor is time of broadcast because the basic audience composition varies with the time 

of day. Time of broadcast in the various U.S. communities is also of importance to network advertisers whose commercial messages take audience composition into account. It is of significance to the listening and viewing public who are ag­ grieved when a network program is broadcast locally a t an earlier or later time than the time for which it was designed simply because of local time anomalies. The independent establishment and changing of local time by individual States and communities have increased the confusion and conflict of time standards. Uncoordinated shifts in such time standards constitute an undue burden on interstate communications, the efficiency of which is impaired by lack of uniform time standards. These erratic changes also generate a large number of com­ plaints from the public because of the upsetting effects on previously established
UNIFORM TIME 137

radio and television program schedules and personal viewing and listening 

habits.

The lack of uniformity among States and communities in the observance of 

daylight savings time requires the network to expend considerable sums of 

money for multiple network originations in order to offset in pa rt the effect of 

such time differentials, but even with these efforts and expenditures, considerable 

confusion remains which adversely affects the public interest in broadcasting.

Accordingly, we strongly support and urge enactment of any bill which explicitly defines time zones and makes mandatory the advancement by 1 hour of 

standard time in all zones for a uniform period.

Very truly yours,

David C. Adams,

Senior Executive Vice President.

# United Theatre Owners of Oklahoma, Inc.,

Oklahoma City, Okla., June 15,196^.

Hon. Harley Staggers,

Longworth House Office Building,

• Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Staggers: We understand your subcommittee to the House In ter ­

state and Foreign Commerce Committee will consider Representative Richard 

Fulton’s bill to standardize nationally on daylight savings time.

We desire to be recognized as being viciously opposed to any bill tha t would 

achieve those results. It would not only seriously affect our thea ter business, 

but is completely contrary to local expression. One city in Oklahoma—Bartlesville—had a city vote on this matter last year and it was overwhelmingly defeated. You will find the Bartlesville expression is indicative of the State ’s 

desire on this matter.

Yours truly,

Bill Slepka, President.

United Theatre Owners of Oklahoma, Inc.,

Oklahoma City, Okla., June 1,1961,.

Representative Page Belcher,

House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

Dear Representative Belcher: We understand tha t Representative Richard 

Fulton, of Tennessee, has or will introduce a bill in Congress tha t would standardize daylight saving time throughout the country.

We, in the motion picture industry, had some experience with daylight saving 

time a few summers ago in Bartlesville, and it all but wrecked the theater 

business, especially the drive-in theater.

Not only did it hurt the theater business, but about every business house 

in Bartlesville suffered heavy losses on its account.

We sincerely trust tha t you and your colleagues do every thing possible to 

see that this bill does not pass.

May we have your comments on this bill which would most certainly have 

dire effects on the motion picture business.

Awaiting an early reply, we are,

Very truly yours,

Sam Brunk, Executive Secretary.

National Association of Broadcasters,

Washington, D.C., June IS, 1961,.

Hon. Harley O. Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committee on Inter state

and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.

Dear Mr. Chairman : On behalf of the National Association of Broadcasters,

I respectfully request to submit for the hearing record the following comments 

•with respect to several bills relating to daylight saving and stand ard time.
138 UN IF O R M TIM E

At the Uniform Time Conference in 1962, representatives of more than 50 government and industry groups agreed on the need to atta ck the problem of “clock confusion.” NAB participa ted in tha t conference and has subsequently supported the objectives of the Committee for Time Uniformity in its efforts to 

secure legislation in this field. As you know, this matt er was considered by the Senate Commerce Commit­ tee last year. Hearings were held on April 29 and 30, 1963. A bill (S. 1033) was reported unanimously by the committee and is a waiting Senate floor action. NAB endorses the position to be expressed at the hearing on behalf of the Committee for Time U niformity by its chairman, Hon. Robert Ramspeck. We join in urging that the Congress take action to ameliorate this confusing situa ­ tion. We believe, for example, th at much would be gained even if those a reas observing daylight saving time did so uniformly from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, and tha t such action would most assuredly serve 

the public interest.

Respectfully submitted. Vincent T. Wasilewski, 

Executive Vice President.

American Broadcasting Co.,

New York, N.Y., June 9,1964-

Congressman Harley Staggers,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance, Committe e on Inte rstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, House Office Building,

Washington, D.C.

D f.ar Congressman Staggers : I have read with interest the proposed legisla­ tion, H.R. 11407, introduced by Chairman H arris on May 27,19 64, and am advised th at this bill and related bills are scheduled for hearing before your subcommitte e on Thursday, June 18, 1964. I should like to take this means of expressing my support of this bill and its purpose. Beyond this, I would favor the enactment of fur the r legislation by the Congress, the purposes of which would ultimately provide a uniform system of time standar ds and measurements for the United States. It is respectfully requested tha t this letter be made a par t of the record in 

the hearing on this bill.

Sincerely yours, Leonard H. Goldenson,

President.

(Note.—The Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce au­ thorized the reporting of II.R. 11483 with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. The amendment is shown in italics below. (Because of the lateness of the 2d session of the 88th Congress, 

the repo rt was not filed.)

88 t h Co n gress

2 d S e ss io n H.R . 11483

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

J une 3, 1964

Mr. Staggers introduced the following bi ll; which was referred to the Committee on Inters tate and Foreign Commerce 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and inser t the par t printed in italic]
UN IFOR M TIME 139

A B IL L

To esta blish a un ifo rm system of t im e sta nd ards a nd m eas ure me nt for 

the Uni te d State s and to promote the observance of su ch t im e s tand ­

ards fo r all p urposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and H ouse of Representatives of the United

States of Am erica in Congress assembled, Tha t -this A et may fee c ite d 

as - ‘Th e Un iform Ti me Ae t of 10 64 .- Sec.- Eo r th e purp ose of est ablishin g a; uniform syste m of tim e 

an d to fix th e sta nd ard of tim e measurem ent for th e U nited States,- 

th e te rr itory of th e United Sta tes shall fee div ide d m to eig ht tim e 

genes in t he ma nne r pro vided in th is Act?

T-1 ‘.A I I a . a / \ i i n 1 I i n > ' ZA f . ■ f >> > | I I )) I’f I 1.1 I >1 If | f I W l id I H 1 4' T i

O n v . U T JL JLJLv, ^ U /ilU - I 111 “ TT TT v rryT Tvv 7T TT v/ jl o i u . i i u . u i v*. v i m vz j u i i v i v i »» m v u v u v

loe ai stan da rd tim e is de ter mined in relation to th e me an solar t im e of one of th e tw enty- four- hou r meridian s occurring every fifteen th 

deg ree of longit ud e west or east fro m Greenw ich; En glan d; is hereby 

rec ognized an d ad opter! so fa r as applicab le to th e territory of th e 

United Sta tes :

S©m 4 t The st an dard ti me ba sed on th e mean solar tim e of th e 

degree of long itude we st fro m Greenw ich shall fee known an d

q A f Ini t f i c d o n rl o i */~1 ty i f . l i n f . l i o QPv e i l f "V — f1 4 -t - if t4 PQTOO I t t ’ I 1 I1 I I I I V . 1 L I I I I I I < I 1 V t l I T T l T i 1 1 1 1 1 1 t / T V T T l V I I V ^ T T l 1 1 1 VI V> A

stan da rd ti me-; th at of the nin eti et h deg ree as ce ntral

f 1 n i p * 1 11 1 1 1. 1 1 a za z~xa \ zx 1 t i > z **0/1 ti m 1 ~ fi j f 11 n p o * r p f 1 I q ill fill1111-fl-l 11* U1111U y U U l t 17 “ T UJULt? Ilz ll U 11 LI I l u l l d i t t l l t l 11 1 I I I v i v u .j m v u n t u r n .

st anda rd time ■ th at of th e one hu nd red an d tw en tie th degree as 

Pac ific s ta nd ar d time-? th at of the one h undre d an d t hirty-fift h degree 

as Yu kon stan da rd t ime-;- th at of th e one hundred an d fif tie th degree 

as Alas ka- I Iaw aii sta nd ard tim e; an d th at of th e one hundred an d 

six ty- fifth degree a s Bering st an da rd timer See. fir -(a) Th e bou nda ries of eac h gone shall fee define d fey an 

order of th e In te rs ta te C omm erce Com mission; her ein after called th e

t za »v > i n m za aa _ za > a z l za T*r l x za za z l a I 1 za z 1 4 \ » za aaa I I 7AA ZA 1 . 0 I I 1YJ O — t 7 i l l l l l r A d l t / l l j t r i l l ! l l l t t y T7“ H i r r t m i C I T l l l l l i i L i m e TT7 1 1 1 1 i t .

fib) Determinations of g one bo un da r ics heretofo re mftdo hv the

Co mmission an d in effect on th e effective da te of th is A ct sha ll eonZA 1 ia z d l z i z i f n aa I n n n n n z l n ta 1 a I w > z \ z l i l l zaz-I za p P l l O Tl { y P n JATX Q 11 Ifed 1 1*PI 01*1 fl t P UllinU I l l U l l U v v U .l llv U k J l l i m m 1 L IT l l l l / v l i l l u u v r vTTTcT T T ^ vTv i u j cvaa txrp rjyA v /p zx ava

orde r of th e Commission. -‘Daylight sa ving— or othe r advanced 

tim e ma y co ntinue t o fee observe d; a s i t has been obse rved i n th e pas t; un til th e Com mission ha s au thorized adv anc ed tim e su bgones or fo r

T I V vT V m r i " l l I I L T 1 I I C I AATZ A ATZA zA-p/A ZA f 1 ZA AT 1 1 A ZA /“Il “CUT lulVL vTT till." aI T zAZA 1 1 AT ZA z l 1 ZA Z_aJ_ i l l IQ \ p f W H VJ n m v u v * v 1 1*. if C AT CU POlfl P‘< f 1 1*^1 — a v v i i i v .j m >j v «

-(e)- Zone bou ndaries pre vailin g with resp ect to Alask a an d II a wan 

on th e effective d at e of t hi s Ae t may c ontinue in effect u nt il mo dified 

or cha nged fey an ap prop ria te orde r of the Commission. S e a fir -(a)- In dete rm inin g th e boundaries of th e severa l gen es th e 

Com mission sh ah ; among othe r th in gs; consider th e ap pr opria ten ess 

of th e stan da rd of time for th e p a rticular areas c o n c e r n e d So far as 

prac tic ab le; th e boundari es of th e zones sha h fee rea sona bly str aight 

no rth so uth lines; shall fee l ocate d i n sp arsely po pu lated area s; shall

-f ZA I I ZATAT A A ZA l l 1 1 ‘ .1 I ZA H A A - ZA 1 1 U 1 A Z A A A T AA I A ZA I 1 1A z l zA > » t ZA lA ■) ) ) z l Q I A zA 1 I 1 A Z> AA I ZA ZA ZA Z 1 A V I A / A l ' p +44" 1 L /l lt v VV l l c l L t l l l l 1 C /l AV vM l lV II * ‘ W 11 L7v7 v l H v l l l I lU kJ j i l l I d o 111111 U l p l f l v L t t »V 11 L 1 v j 111

th e judg men t of th e Comm issio n; they be st pr om ote th e safety ; 

con venience; and welfare of the c ou nt ry a s a whole?

■fh) Exeept as pro vided in subsect ion te ) of th is section an d in 

section 7y th e Com mission sha ll not include in an y gone a po int or

ZA AT ZA ZA I Z A AT A A -I A A ZA 1 A i f A ZA t ZA AA z l ZA A» z l I A AAA ZA ZA T I f A ZA ZA A A ZA V ' f A l l | f l f A ZA AAA 0 1 * 0 I l l U 1 } (111 11I C l l i v l W I l t d 1 U11I3 o v IL Il (.111 JL U IT 111G vl T LI113 iCi U J1 1 U \ ’ LI I d UL 1 1 1 U 1 C vTT TiTT \7 T Tv7

I A ZA A A AA ZA I A ZAZA Zl ZA A A 1A ZA IA AAA z 1 I ZA Zl ZA I AAA ZA ZA AA ZA ZA I zA A? 1 A AA A Zl _ II v" I l I 14 1 III I V 4 L /V 1 1 1 1 1 11 1'” U 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 ' I l l 1 l l l l l V .
140 UNIFORM TIME

•(e)- Th e provisions of sub sec tion (h ) shall no t ap ply h+ Alaska or 

Haw aii7 an d th e western boun dary of th e gone observi ng Bering 

st an dar d tim e shall ext end to th e interna tio nal dat e liner

Se er 7r Within eaeh gone ; th e Com mission is autho rized to de termi ne th e boundary of one advanced-tim e sub zone-; an d in eaeh yea r, 

from o clock antem eridia n on the last Sunday m April until 3 o-eloek 

antemeridian on th e last Su nday in October; each adv anced time 

sub zon e, as thu s defined,- sh all he tr ans ferred to an d made a par t of

t b r* z~\ 11 / a a ia a taa za z l i za 4 za 1 t y 4 za f n A n n t _ n i i z l t I a za lzAzAeXVi 4 A

II Iv 1 111111 L ' v m t L C l » v* * TTTv til" * L f Htill U1115 I L Ji l l I V i l l i V> V7 A » aa za Cl I o

t2L4_VXA44- ‘ i l l VI VA X S? VI KJ J J x a vzO

sha ll he th e sta nd ard tim e of th e gone into which it is te mporari ly 

so t ra nsfsrrcd. fn de term ini ng th e bound ary of an y such subzone; 

th e Commission sha ll no t in an y instance include a point or area for

11 r b l n b 4 I a za n t n z l n t i z l f i > n a X_VX_ f b a r> zata za 4- z \ 4 b za n n . i t i n n r Ia a z i 1 a 4 I a /A O i l I I I V I I v l IL" 't I I I 11 " vT iI IT TT I r r " “ I L r i L" Zz" " I 1 L v ' " v r i v L T l' “ v y V ' 7 vvTTTTTTT l i i u *■’ vi u / j v n v

is te mpora rily tra nsferred,- would he more th an one ho ur an d th ir ty 

minute s ahe ad of local mean sola r tim er The bo un da ry shall he 

pla ced where, m th e judg men t of th e Com mission,- it host pie motes

4 1a /A / ' A f Z\ 4 T T A A l l f ’ ZA TA A ZA AA ZA ZA ZA TA Z l A A * ZA I \ .A 1»ZA ZA 1 4 IA ZA A l A l l TA 4 l l I 7 f t -ZA XX TT- Ia Z A I /A 4 ZA I f 1 1 X L U L t r i l l C I V j CL/11 V C l 11 v I ILL j II 11 LI W 1 1 1 111 C 1*1 l l 1C C ’ M i l l LI tL 3 TT v v T i ' U T y v iv i a .i i i j ^

I TA 4 Z A. ZA A A A 1 1 T A t 4 ■ A ZA Z~1 Z1.1I »ZAZ1 ZA 1 4 1 A ZA. - ZA Z n tt Z A Z llx lz l .A TA Z~1 ZT ZA 11 .1 A Z l ZA.TAA AA z y 4 I A ZA ZA P l U P f U C m i ' ’ <( v v * I LI 1 1 v LI IL LI I - " I I I . ’ ’ ’ I L 1 1 ’ "t-'L? llUCl'lllj ll 1111 L''ii-’it-ivi v u v <x jy jy i v / j / —

riaten ess of th e advanced tim e for th e area concerned. Th e Commission shall consu lt with th e Governor of an y St at e affec ted befo re

See? Sr (a) In defini ng or mod ifying th e boundaries of th e resp ective zones or subzones, th e Commission sha ll ha ve au tho rit y to 

con du ct- such hea rings an d inv est iga tions as ar e necessa ry or ad ­

vis able for th e effective ad minist ratio n of th is Act? In cond uct ing 

suc h hearings an d investigations-, t he Com mission shall have au thority 

to req uir e by compulsory p rocess or otherwise th e att en danc e an d 

testim on y of witnesses and th e pro duction of all ho ok y pap ers; 

rec ords , an d documents relatin g to a ny m at te r un de r inv estiga tion:

(h) Any person, organization-, or St at e or po litical subdivision 

the reo f may file with th e Co mm ission a pe tition seeking th e esta blish m en t or modification of a b ou nd ary of a gone or a suhzone.- After 

inv estig ati on of th e merits of th e pe tition; includ ing a public hea ring 

if deemed by th e Com mission to he desira ble in th e public inte rest;

4 I A ZA 1 < i 1AA 1AA 1 .- .1 1 ZA11 1A1 n IT Z I ZA IA TT 4 1 A ZA T A ZA 1 lil Z A lA ZAT1 ZTHiA 1A 4 -A1 T ZA I V 7’f1

LUC L “III Ullt’TTtUll 111 iT I I O I Q Q xJ - I 1 IKI I V t r t 11 V t ’l r t III I'll It Ml vTT It I I t ‘t i l t r i 1 L71 1U I TTr» TT I I I 1 1i; 4

justified in the public interest.-

Sum T Th e Ad mi nis tra tiv e -Procedure Ac t (o U.S.C? 1000-1011) 

shall a pply to all proceed ings un de r sec tion S of th is Act?

S®e? 4-0t (a ) Ex cept as o therwi se prov ided in subsecti on ( h) of this 

se ction or as specifically a uth orized by th e Com mission hereun der; 

wit hi n th e res pective zone s establ ished un de r th e au th or ity of th is 

Act t he sta nda rd tim e of th e z one shall he t he exclusive time for th e

f P O A A - ~*. A~A ZA 4 A ZA AA za£ ZA 1 1 1 1 1 1 I A I A Zl IA 1 A. ■ 111 ZA A .~1 I a TT ZA TA A - ZA <y O 1A O AT Z\T » Z 1 /X 7 XI l b 11 / XLv l- 44 4- 1 i 7 4^

L'l t t l i y i l U L l L M i n t tr +T p t t l M IL* tlM T f tC J n 1 1 V t r iI V trS^LIH V r r r l i c p i u l m i n l rrr i Hi;

Un ited Sta tes , or by an y officer? agon t v emp loyee; or rep res entative 

of such agency or de pa rtm en t? a nd sha ll he observed by all comm on 

ca rriers engaged i n intersta te or f oreign com merce or com mun ication

IA AT H * 1 TA ZA ZA T A 1'lA z l 1 Z1

I 7 V »V T I L 171 I t i l l I" 7 .

-(h) Subje ct to the pin or ap prov al of th e Com mission; an d notwith4 Ia ZA 4 ZA 4 4 I a za rr zaaa za ta a ZA at Ia za H /~ z \ z l a aa ia a ZA r» HA za n i l z l f t ; P p> .A A - 1 IT* 4 I Z~\AA f l IT* 4 l ’f i 4 I i za

L i l l i L 1* 1 L 1 1L /Cl I * J 1 v 1 1111 V I J l LI v 11 Ill 111111 1 11 L It 11 LI l l 1 1 1 1 IL V I^IIL 11*11^ II11 LI l l 111LJ

ZAZATA 4 TTZa I ZA i a z< TT/aI ZA 4 ZAz-1 ZA ZA 4 A ATI 4 A ZA .A _ l ’ZA A I AA ZA Zl xA lAzAJAZA 4 .1 ZA A A IA ZA TT1 A A Zy -pzAZyfA-p Z~I 4 Z~A 4 IA ZA

v LI IL L’l I', ll 11LI i v IU vL'L 1 11L 11 V IL IL 7 ■ It 111 a * HL I ’ ’ J 1 i i v i ’ n i' 1 i m v n i i v w x v i v w L 11U

conven ience of commerce an d th e fun ction p oin ts an d th e d ivision
UNIFORM TIME 141

point s of eo»HWft ca rriers eng aged in

4- l-> a A 1A a n l n I l r> a rl i i a zl z-i A f t 1\ z \ h f . fl P V i t’ f i v -U lT tl TH “ v l I I L L ' 1 “ v /T v i Tv 1 1 1 111 v u l y

or foreig n com merce; 

is; or for scie ntific 1

Th e Co mmission may prov ide oth er excep tions upon a finding th at th e safety and- c onvenie nce of th e puh he w+b h e ser ved thereb y? fn ah such insta nces; th e Com mission ma y im pose such rea son ab le con dition s as i t deems desir ab le to protect th e pu blic from confusion

and: un iform ado ption on th e par t of th e St ates am i p olitical su bd i ­ visions t he reof of th e st an dar d or sta nd ards of tim e he rein pro vided for th e none or sones in wh ich such Sta te or su bd ivision is located Sne? ++? 4n ah stat ut es ; ordinances; ord ers; rules; an d r egulati ons rela ting to {4-)- th e tim e of per formance of an y ac t by an y agency or de pa rtm en t of th e United Sta te s; or b y an y officer; ag ent ; emp loyee; 

or represen tati ve of su ch a ge ncy or d e p a rt m e n t-; o r -(d)- the tim e when 

an y right shall matur e or term in ate ; or -(d)- th e tim e within which an y act sh ah or shall n ot b e performed ; t he tim e specified sha ll be t he st an dar d tim e of th e zone with in which th e a ct is t o b e performed or 

no t perfo rm ed; or with in wh ich th e rig ht is to ma t ur e or ter mina te. Sfirn 4-d? Th e Com mission is authorized an d d irecte d to exe cute an d en for ce th e prov ision s of th is Ac t; an d; upo n th e reques t of th e Comm ission ; it sh ah be th e du ty of an y distr ict att orne y of th e United Sta te s t o whom th e Comm ission ma y ap ply to i ns tit ut e in the pr op er co urt an d to prosecute under th e directi on of th e A ttorney

CA / ' i ' »»tx 1 z-> f f - !•» za T T i y i 4 z tz l f n n o i l n p p p m f l i f

A r l i l l 0 ** 4 • i- t t f * 1 ■ i t 4-^ o i l i t l —

v T C I l v l l t '* v r v IT v " V I i T v v u H v U l v ' * TT TT l I U W o o c v x y y i v / v w v i i i i ^ n T ' ' i v i i i \ u v v

ment of th e pro visio ns of this Ac t and for th e pu nis hm ent of ah 

vio lation s thereof? Sfie? 4-d? Any person know ingly an d wr

illfully v iolati ng an y provision of th is Act or an y rule; reg ula tion; requ ire men t; or ord er thereu nd er shall be deemed gu ht y of a misde me ano r an d up on con ­ victi on thereo f be subje ct fo r each offense to a hu e of not more th an ^ddO? Ua ch d ay of such violst-ion shah con stitu te a se p a ra te offen se?

See? 44? 4f an y per son sh ah fail or refuse to comp ly with an y pro vision of th is ?Vet or an y rule; regula tion; req uirem ent ; or order thereunder-; th e Com mission or its du ly au thorized agen t may apply to th e distr ict court of th e United St ates for an y distr ict in which sueh offense occur-; or in w hic h t he offender is fou nd, for t he ment of su eh provision of t his Act; or of su eh rule? reg ula tio n; ment; or ord er; an d such cou rt sha ll ha ve juris dict ion to enforce 

or oth erw ise; restr ain ing sa id pe rson; or his or its officers; agents,

of th is Ac t or of sueh rule, regulation ; req uir em ent; or order an d 

enjoin ing upo n him or it obedien ce thereto?

Se c.- 4 o ? Any person who shall fail or refu se to com ply with an y pro vision of th is Ac t or an y ru le; reg ula tio n; requ ire men t; or ord er thereu nd er shall forfei t to the U nited States t he sum of $10d for each 

sueh offense; and; in t he ease of a con tinuin g violation; n ot to exceed Sdff fo r each addit ion al da y du ring which suc h failure or refusal sha ll con tinue. dtll fo rfeitures prov id ed for in th is sect ion sha ll he p ayable in to t h e Tr ea su ry of th e United State s an d sha ll he rec overa ble in a civil s uit b y th e Com mission, or its d uly autho riz ed a gent; br ought- in th e di st ric t where s ueh o ffense occu rs or w here th e offe nde r is fou nd.
142 UNIFORM TIME

Ah process m any such ease may fee served in the judicial district 

whereof such offender io on inhabitant or wherever fee nifty fee found.

Snm -fife The Gommission nifty provide for -the publication of 

reports, orders,- maps,- and other information perta ining -to standard 

pnh?i<nHn‘n public informa tion and use? and such authorized

«o competent evidence of matters contained therein in any eourt of 

competent jurisdiction.

Se c. 4-Tt The following Acts are repealed:

40 The Aet entitled -A n Aet to save daylight and to provide 

standard time for the United State s”, approved -March 44fe 1918 

{4-5 U.S.C. 361 264, inclusive).

{3} The Aet entitled - An A et to t ransfer the Pa nhandle and Plains 

section of T exas and Oklahoma to the United States standard central

*

time gone” , approved March 4y 4021 {45 U.-S.-C. 365fe

of th e Dist rict of Gohrmbia to establish daylight saving time in the 

Distr ict,” approved April 38y 1953 {DAfe Code,- seer 28 2804)-.-

Se ct 4-8t This Aet shall take effect at 3 o-clock antemeridian on 

Ja nuary 4-y 4-964.

That this A ct 'may be cited as the “Uniform Time Act o f 1965”.

Sec. 2. For the purpose of establishing a uniform, system of time

and to fix the standard of time measurement fo r the United States,

the territory of the United States shall be divided into eight time zones

in the manner provided in this Act.

Sec. 3. The general zone system of standard time, under which the

local standard time is determined in relation to the mean solar time

of one of the twenty-four-hour meridians occurring every -fifteenth

degree of longitude west or east from Greenwich, England, is hereby

recognized and adopted so far as applicable to the territory of the

United States.

Sec. 4- The standard time based on the mean solar time of the sixtieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich shall be known and

designated as Atlantic standard time; that of the seventy-fifth degree

as eastern standard time; that of the ninetieth degree as central standard tim e; that of the one hundred and fifth degree as mountain standard time; that of the one hundred and twentieth degree as Pacific

standard time; that of the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree as

Yukon standard time; that of the one hundred and fiftieth degree as

Alaska-Haw aii standard time; and that o f the one hundred and six ty-

■fifth degree as Bering standard time.

Sec. 5. {a) The boundaries of each zone shall be defined by an order

of the Interstate Commerce Commission {hereafter in this Act referred to as the “Commission”) and may be modified from time to

time.

1

i

*

T

(Z>) Determinations of zone boundaries heretofore made by the

Commission and in effect on the effective date of this Ac t and zone

boundaries prevailing on such date with resepet to Alaska and Hawaii

shall continue in effect u ntil modified or changed by an order of the

Com/mission.

Sec. 6. {a) In determining the boundaries of the several zones the

Commission shall, among other things, consider the appropriateness of

the standard o f time fo r the particular areas concerned giving partic-
UNIFORM TIME

9

T

>

I

I

143

ular attention to the req uirem ents of interstat e an d foreign tra de,

tra nsporta tio n, commerce, an d c ommunicatio n. So f a r as practicable,

the boundaries of the zon es shall be rea son ably stra ig ht north -so uth

lines, shall be located in sparsel y populat ed areas, s ha ll follo w natur al

or well -kno wn bo undaries, an d shall be pla ced where, i n th e judg men t

of the Com mission, they best pro mote the sa fe ty , convenience, and

we lfa re o f the U nited Sta tes.

(6) Exc ep t as pr ov ided in subsection (<?) of th is section and in

sec tion 8, the Comm ission s ha ll no t in clude in a ny zone a poi nt or area

fo r wh ich the sta nd ard tim e of the zone w ou ld be more than one ho ur

ahe ad or behind local mean solar time.

(<?) Th e pro visions of sub sec tion (Z>) shall no t ap pl y in A la sk a or

Ha wa ii, an d the we ste rn bo un da ry of th e zone obser vin g Be rin g stan dard tim e shall exte nd to the in ter natio nal date line.

S ec. 7. I f the time ob served in an y S ta te or pa rt th ereo f is ad van ced

by such St ate or any politica l sub div ision thereof fo r a p ortio n of an y

yea r, suc h advanced tim e shall begin a t 2 o'clock an tem eri dia n on the

last S un da y i n A pri l o f su ch year and sha ll end, at 2 o'clock antem eridian on the last Su nd ay in October of such year.

S ec . 8. (a) In the case o f an y zone or a ny one contiguous p ortio n o f

an y zon e havin g bou nda ries d ete rm ine d b y the Comm ission {here after

in th is A ct refer red to as a “subzo ne "), the Comm ission may de ter ­

mine tha t in each year, fro m 2 o'clock a nte me rid ian on th e last Su nd ay

in A p ril u nt il 2 o'clock antem eri dia n on the last Sun da y in October,

suc h zone or subzone, as the case m ay be, sha ll be on adva nce d time an d

shall be tra nsfer red to an d m ade a p ar t o f the zo ne i mm ed iately to the

east, an d the legal tim e o f such zone or subzone shall be the sta ndard

tim e o f the zone into which it is tem porarily so tra nsfer red . The Commission s hall no t p lace an y zone or subzone on such a dva nced tim e i f

it inc lud es a po in t or area fo r w hic h the s tand ard tim e of the zone to

the east, to wh ich the zon e or subzone is te mp orarily tra nsfer red , w ou ld

be mo re tha n one hou r an d th irty minutes ahead of local mea n sola r

tim e fo r such zone. Th e boundary of an y subzon e shall be pla ced

where, i n the ju dg men t of the Com mission, it best prom ote s inters tate

an d foreign trade, tra nsporta tio n, commerce, an d com municatio n.

Th e Com mission shall consult w ith the Governor o f an y S ta te affected

before d ete rm ini ng the bou ndaries of a ny subzon e.

(b ) Until such t ime as a dete rm ina tio n of the Com mission , to p lace

an y zon e or any subzone ther eo f on advan ced ti me as p rovid ed in su bsection (a) of this section, has become fina l, “day ligh t sa vin g" or ot her

advanced time ma y conti nue to be o bserved as it was observed in the

pa st in an y p ortio n o f such zon e, but o nly i f such '■'■daylight saving " or

oth er adv anc ed tim e com men ces at 2 o'clock an tem eridi an on the las t

Sunday in A pri l of the ye ar inv olv ed an d ends at 2 o'clock an teme rid ian on the la st S un da y of October o f su ch ye ar.

Sec. 9. ( a) Be fore de ter mi ning or changin g the boundaries of an y

zone or subzone, the Comm ission shall aff ord inte reste d perso ns notice

an d an op po rtu nity for hea ring.

(&) A n y person, organiz ation, or St at e or po litical sub div ision

thereo f m ay file with the Com mis sion a petiti on s eekin g the establishm en t or change of the bou nda ries of a z one or a subz one . Th e Co mmission ma y deny an y such petition or gr an t suc h re lief as it finds

justifi ed in the public int erest.
144 UNIFO RM TI ME

S ec . 10. (a) Exc ep t as pr ov ided in subsection (b) of this section

an d between 2 o'clock an tem eridian on the last Su nd ay in Apri l and

2 o 'clock an tem eridi an on th e last Su nd ay in Octo ber in areas to which

sec tion 8 (b ) of t his A ct ap pli es, w ithi n the resp ective z ones established

un de r the au thor ity o f thi s A ct the stan dard time of the zone shall be

the exclu siv e time fo r the transa ction of all pub lic business by any

de pa rtm en t, agency, or court o f the Un ited States, or by an y officer,

agent, emplo yee , or represe nta tive of any such depa rtm en t, agency,

or cou rt, and shall be obs erv ed by dll com mon carriers enga ged in

intersta te or foreign commerce.

(6) Su bj ec t to the prior a pp ro va l o f the Com mission , and no tw ith ­

sta nd ing any provision o f th is Act , any standard of tim e differing

fr om th at of the zone ma y be used in mar ine and air navig ation, air

traffic contr ol and relate d activities, railroad ope rations havin g regard to the convenience o f com merce and the junctio n po in ts a nd the

div ision po ints of com mon carriers enga ged in int ersta te or for eig n

commerce, the specialized need s of the military services, or fo r scientific p urp oses. The Comm ission m ay p rov ide other ex ception upon a

fin ding th at the sa fety and convenienc e of the public w il l be served

thereb y. In any case in wh ich th e C ommission perm its th e use o f othe r

than sta nd ard time un der the provi sions of thi s subsection , it ma y

imp ose suc h reasonable con dition s as it deems desirable to protect

the p ub lic fr om c onf usion and inco nven ience.

(<?) Th e Com mission is au thorize d and direct ed to foster widespread an d un ifo rm adoption on the pa rt of the S ta te s an d political

sub div isions thereo f o f the stan da rd or s tandards of tim e her ein p rovide d fo r the zone or zones in wh ich such St at e or subdivi sio n is

located.

S ec. 11. Ex ce pt betwee n 2 o'clock antem eridia n on the last Sunday in A pri l and 2 o'clock an tem eridi an on the last Sun da y in October

in areas to wh ich section 8( b) o f thi s A ct app lies , in all laws of the

Un ite d States and the orders, rule s, and reg ulations of any departme nt, agenc y, or cours o f the Uni ted States rel ating to—

(1) the time of perfo rm an ce of any act by an y departm ent,

age ncy, or court o f the Un ite d Sta tes , or by an y officer, agent, em ­

plo yee , or represe ntative of such departm ent, agenc y, or cou rt;

(2) the time w hen a ny r ig ht sha ll ma ture or term inate; or

(3) the time, wh en a ny act sha ll or sha ll not be pe rfo rm ed ;

the tim e specified shall be the sta nd ard tim e of the zone within which

the righ t is to mature or ter mi na te or the act is to be pe rfo rm ed or no t

perfo rm ed.

S ec. 12. The Com mission is autho rized an d directe d to execute

and enforce the pro visions of this A ct; and, upon the reguest of the

Comm ission, it shall be the duty o f any Un ited St at es att orney to

wh om the Com mission ma y ap pl y to institut e in the proper court

an d to prosecu te under the direction of the Atto rn ey General of the

Un ite d St ates alll necessary proceedings fo r the enfor ceme nt of the

provisions of this A ct and. for the pun ish me nt of all viola tions thereof.

S ec . 13. A ny person kn ow in gl y and w illfully violati ng any provis ion o f this Act or any rule, reg ula tion, requirement, or order ther eun de r shall be deem ed gu ilty o f a misdem ean or and upon conviction

thereo f be sub ject for each offense to a fine of no t more th an $250.

Each da y of such v iol ation shall con stitute a separate offense.
UNIFORM TIME 145

Sec. 11+. I f any person shall fail or refuse to comply wit h any provision o f this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order thereunder, the Commission or its duly authorized agent may apply to

the district court of the United States fo r any district in which such

offense occurs, or in which the offender is found, for the enforcement

of such provision of this Act, or o f such rule, regulation, requirement,

or order; and such court shall have jurisdiction to enforce obedience

thereto by writ of injunction or by other process, mandatory or otherwise, restraining said person, or his or its officers, agents, employees,

and representatives from furthe r violation of such provision of this

Ac t or of such rule, regulation, requirement, or order and enjoining

upon him or it obedience thereto.

Sec. lb. An y person who shall fail or refuse to comply with any

provision of this Act or any rule, regulation, requirement, or order

thereunder shall for feit to the United States the sum of $100 for each

offense, and, in the case of a continuing violation, not to exceed $50 for

each additional day during which such failure or refusal shall continue. Al l forfeitures provided fo r in this section shall be payable

into the Treasury of the United States and shall be recoverable in a

civil suit by the C ommission, or its duly authorized agent, brought in

the district where such offense occurs or where the offender is found.

Al l process in any such case may be served in the judicial district

whereof such offender is an inhabitant or wherever he may be found.

Sec. 16. The Commission may provide for the publication of reports, orders, maps, and other information pertaining to standard

time, zones for public information and use, and, such authorized publications shall, without further pro of or authentication, be received

as competent evidence of matters contained therein in any court of

competent jurisdiction.

S ec. 17. As used in this Act, the term “State” includes the District

of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

S ec. 18. (a ) Effective as of 2 o'clock antemeridian January 1,1965,

the following Acts are repealed:

(7 ) The Ac t entitled “An Ac t to save daylight and to provide

standard time far the United States”, approved March 19, 1918 (15

U.S.C. 261-26'4, inclusive').

(2) The A ct entitled “An A ct to transfer the Panhandle and Plains

section of Texas and Oklahoma to the United States standard central

time zone”, approved March 4 ,1921 (15 U.S.C. 265).

(b) Effective as of the time that a determination of the Commission that the eastern standard time zone or any subzone thereof shall

be on advanced time pursuant to section 8(a) of this Ac t becomes

final, the A ct entitled “An Act to permit the Board of Commissioners

of the District of Columbia to establish daylight saving time in the

District”, approved April 28, 1953 (D.C. Code, sec. 28-2801+), is repealed.

Sec. 19. Exc ept as provided in section 18(b), this Act shall take

effect at 2 o'clock antemeridian on January 1,1965.

(Whereupon, at 11:20 a.m., the subcommittee was adjourned subject to call.)

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