IV 

116TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. CON. RES. 116 

Expressing the sense of Congress with respect to the principles that should 

guide the national artificial intelligence strategy of the United States. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

SEPTEMBER 16, 2020 

Mr. HURD of Texas (for himself, Ms. KELLY of Illinois, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. 

VEASEY, Mr. MOULTON, Mr. BAIRD, Mr. CLOUD, and Mr. CONNOLLY) 

submitted the following concurrent resolution; which was referred to the 

Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the 

Committees on Education and Labor, Oversight and Reform, Foreign Affairs, Energy and Commerce, and Ways and Means, for a period to be 

subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 

of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 

Expressing the sense of Congress with respect to the principles that should guide the national artificial intelligence 

strategy of the United States. 

1 Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate 

2 concurring), 

3 SECTION 1. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE NATIONAL ARTI4 FICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY OF THE 

5 UNITED STATES. 

6 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 


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1 (1) In general, artificial intelligence is the abil2 ity of a computer system to solve problems and to 

3 perform tasks that would otherwise require human 

4 intelligence. 

5 (2) Artificial intelligence will transform the na6 ture of work and nearly all aspects of the United 

7 States economy. 

8 (3) Artificial intelligence will have immense im9 plications for the security of the United States and 

10 its allies and partners. 

11 (4) Investments made by the United States 

12 Government will be instrumental in the research and 

13 development of artificial intelligence and artificial in14 telligence-enabling technologies, as it has been for 

15 many of the world’s revolutionary technologies. 

16 (5) Developing and using artificial intelligence 

17 in ways that are ethical, reduce bias, promote fair18 ness, and protect privacy is essential for fostering a 

19 positive effect on society consistent with core United 

20 States values. 

21 (6) The Obama Administration released the Big 

22 Data Research and Development Initiative in 2012, 

23 Executive Order 13702 (relating to creating a na24 tional strategic computing initiative) in 2015, and 


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1 the National Artificial Intelligence Research and De2 velopment Strategic Plan in 2016. 

3 (7) The Trump Administration released Execu4 tive Order 13859 (relating to maintaining American 

5 leadership in artificial intelligence), updated the Na6 tional Artificial Intelligence Research and Develop7 ment Strategic Plan in 2019, and released Office of 

8 Management and Budget guidance for regulation of 

9 artificial intelligence applications in 2020. 

10 (8) In May 2019, the Organisation for Eco11 nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 

12 adopted the OECD Principles on Artificial Intel13 ligence, which included the principles of inclusive 

14 growth, sustainable development and well-being, 

15 human-centered values and fairness, transparency 

16 and explainability, robustness, security and safety, 

17 and accountability. 

18 (9) In June 2020, the G7 and several partners 

19 launched the Global Partnership on Artificial Intel20 ligence to increase cooperation focused around the 

21 areas of responsible artificial intelligence, data gov22 ernance, the future of work, and innovation and 

23 commercialization. 

24 (10) Several United States allies, including 

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1 many, the Netherlands, and South Korea, have pub2 lished national artificial intelligence strategies with 

3 detailed funding commitments. 

4 (11) In 2017, China published a national artifi5 cial intelligence strategy that detailed the Chinese 

6 Communist Party’s goal to become the world’s pri7 mary artificial intelligence innovation center by 

8 2030. 

9 (12) In 2019, Russia published a national arti10 ficial intelligence strategy and, in 2017, Russian 

11 President Vladimir Putin said that ‘‘whoever be12 comes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler 

13 of the world’’. 

14 (13) In 2018, the Subcommittee on Information 

15 Technology of the Committee on Oversight and Gov16 ernment Reform of the House of Representatives, 

17 under the leadership of Chairman Will Hurd and 

18 Ranking Member Robin Kelly, published ‘‘Rise of 

19 the Machines: Artificial Intelligence and its Growing 

20 Impact on U.S. Policy’’ following a series of hear21 ings on artificial intelligence with experts from aca22 demia, industry, and government, concluding that 

23 ‘‘the United States cannot maintain its global lead24 ership in artificial intelligence absent political leader25 ship from Congress and the Executive Branch’’. 


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1 (14) Congress serves a critical role in estab2 lishing national priorities, funding scientific research 

3 and development, supporting emerging technologies, 

4 and sustaining cooperation with our allies to protect 

5 the national security of the United States. 

6 (b) NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY

7 PRINCIPLES.—It is the sense of Congress that the fol8 lowing principles should guide the national artificial intel9 ligence strategy of the United States: 

10 (1) Global leadership. 

11 (2) A prepared workforce. 

12 (3) National security. 

13 (4) Effective research and development. 

14 (5) Ethics, reduced bias, fairness, and privacy. 

15 SEC. 2. GLOBAL LEADERSHIP. 

16 It is the sense of Congress that the United States 

17 should take a global leadership role in artificial intel18 ligence. 

19 SEC. 3. WORKFORCE PREPARATION. 

20 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

21 (1) Artificial intelligence and automation will 

22 present significant challenges to workers in affected 

23 industries, but will also automate routine and repet24 itive tasks to give workers more time to focus on 


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1 other tasks that involve social and creative intel2 ligence. 

3 (2) Closing the artificial intelligence talent gap 

4 in the short and medium-term will require a targeted 

5 approach to identifying and filling roles that require 

6 artificial intelligence skills. 

7 (3) The United States should take a leadership 

8 role in the artificial intelligence-driven economy by 

9 filling the artificial intelligence talent gap and pre10 paring United States workers for the jobs of the fu11 ture, including by prioritizing inclusivity and equal 

12 opportunity. 

13 (4) Departments and agencies of the Federal 

14 Government are increasingly using data to admin15 ister benefits, assess outcomes, and fulfill other mis16 sion-critical activities. 

17 (5) Effectively creating, managing, and imple18 menting artificial intelligence related research and 

19 development grants will require technical expertise. 

20 (6) Departments and agencies of the Federal 

21 Government will need to be able to recruit employees 

22 with technical expertise. 

23 (7) The United States needs a conceptual re24 structuring of education to reflect the necessity of a 

25 lifelong learning process. 


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1 (8) Artificial intelligence will exacerbate the un2 predictable nature of what skills will be in demand 

3 or obsolete in the future. 

4 (9) An artificial intelligence-driven economy will 

5 require social and creative intelligence in addition to 

6 technical skills. 

7 (10) Lifelong learning and skill acquisition can 

8 increase flexibility with respect to career opportuni9 ties. 

10 (11) The United States will need to be able to 

11 attract the best artificial intelligence researchers and 

12 computer scientists from around the world to work 

13 in the United States. 

14 (b) MATTERS TO CONSIDER.— 

15 (1) EDUCATION.— 

16 (A) IN GENERAL.—It is the sense of Con17 gress that the Federal Government should— 

18 (i) increase funding for existing tech19 nology education programs; 

20 (ii) develop voluntary guidelines for 

21 universities with respect to how to incor22 porate a liberal arts curriculum, including 

23 requirements for courses with respect to 

24 ethics, into science, technology, engineer25 ing, mathematics, and computer science 


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1 curriculums and how to incorporate statis2 tics and data-driven decision making into 

3 complementary fields; 

4 (iii) ensure that new education path5 ways incorporate industry-sponsored, 

6 standards-based, and recognized stackable 

7 credentials, including certifications and 

8 certificates, as part of degree tracks; and 

9 (iv) develop strategic partnerships 

10 with the private sector to create a Federal 

11 program for the purposes of increasing the 

12 relevant skills of current educators and en13 suring that more teachers are available in 

14 school districts that are under-served with 

15 respect to science, technology, engineering, 

16 mathematics, and computer science edu17 cators. 

18 (B) EDUCATION MODERNIZATION STUD19 IES.—It is the sense of Congress that congres20 sional committees should conduct studies with 

21 respect to how to adapt the education system in 

22 the United States to prepare students and 

23 workers for an artificial intelligence-driven 

24 economy, including studies with respect to the 

25 following: 


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1 (i) How States, universities, and local 

2 educational agencies can— 

3 (I) update curriculums to include 

4 relevant subjects; 

5 (II) make education more afford6 able; and 

7 (III) promote inclusivity for 

8 under-represented communities and 

9 marginalized groups. 

10 (ii) How computer and data science 

11 education can be taught to students at an 

12 earlier age. 

13 (iii) How to encourage colleges and 

14 State institutions to update their credit 

15 transfer policies to make it easier for stu16 dents to transfer their course credits. 

17 (2) PROMOTING DIVERSITY.—It is the sense of 

18 Congress that the Federal Government should— 

19 (A) implement policies to ensure the inclu20 sion of under-represented communities and 

21 marginalized groups in existing technology edu22 cation programs; 

23 (B) create programs for the purpose of ex24 ploring ways to increase workforce diversity and 


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1 the retention of diverse talent at all levels of an 

2 organization; and 

3 (C) review recruitment and retention poli4 cies with respect to under-represented commu5 nities and marginalized groups for the purpose 

6 of determining if such policies require modifica7 tion for the technology sector. 

8 (3) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TRAINING.— 

9 (A) IN GENERAL.—It is the sense of Con10 gress that the Federal Government should as11 sess the effectiveness of current job training 

12 and safety net programs with respect to how 

13 adept such programs are likely to be in address14 ing job disruptions and job creations that result 

15 from the increased use of artificial intelligence. 

16 (B) WORK-BASED TRAINING PROGRAMS.— 

17 It is the sense of Congress that the Federal 

18 Government should consider the importance of 

19 work-based training programs, including Last 

20 Mile Training programs, in preparing the 

21 United States workforce for an artificial intel22 ligence-driven economy, including by— 

23 (i) undertaking studies to determine 

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1 grams and ensure such programs are ac2 credited; 

3 (ii) ensuring that such programs have 

4 the opportunity to receive Federal funding 

5 under relevant Federal programs; and 

6 (iii) creating a pilot program that in7 cludes job training programs as programs 

8 for which individuals may be eligible to re9 ceive a Federal Pell Grant. 

10 (4) HIRING PRACTICES.—It is the sense of Con11 gress that the Federal Government should— 

12 (A) allow technical experts to use their 

13 skills to assist multiple departments and agen14 cies of the Federal Government; 

15 (B) create fellowship programs with re16 spect to artificial intelligence education for the 

17 purpose of increasing the number of individuals 

18 with artificial intelligence expertise that the 

19 Federal Government can recruit; 

20 (C) include in the criteria for recruiting for 

21 artificial intelligence jobs the consideration of a 

22 multi-disciplinary set of skills and an under23 standing of ethics; 

24 (D) review hiring practices for employment 

25 in the Federal Government for the purpose of 


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1 ensuring that such practices do not disqualify 

2 individuals with a less traditional background, 

3 due to a lack of degree attainment, who have 

4 artificial intelligence skills; and 

5 (E) conduct studies with respect to best 

6 practices for hiring on the basis of a skills7 based approach. 

8 SEC. 4. NATIONAL SECURITY. 

9 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

10 (1) Artificial intelligence will have immense im11 plications for national and international security. 

12 (2) Artificial intelligence tools and systems can 

13 augment human intelligence through human-ma14 chine collaboration and teaming across the national 

15 security ecosystem. 

16 (3) Ensuring that the public trusts the ability 

17 of the military to ethically use artificial intelligence 

18 and that human operators in human-machine teams 

19 trust the artificial intelligence will be critical factors 

20 with respect to the successful implementation of ar21 tificial intelligence systems. 

22 (4) The continued proliferation of national arti23 ficial intelligence strategies, plans, statements, and 

24 investments demonstrates the increase in global 

25 competition in this area. 


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1 (5) New paradigms will be required to effec2 tively test artificial intelligence and to ensure that it 

3 is reliable and stable. 

4 (6) Export and investment controls will be im5 portant policy tools to prevent the acquisition of sen6 sitive artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence7 enabling technologies, including hardware such as 

8 semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing 

9 equipment, by China, Russia, and other adversaries. 

10 (b) MATTERS TO CONSIDER.— 

11 (1) COLLABORATION WITH FOREIGN NA12 TIONS.—It is the sense of Congress that the United 

13 States should— 

14 (A) leverage its alliances to promote demo15 cratic principles, foster research collaboration, 

16 and develop common standards with respect to 

17 artificial intelligence; 

18 (B) promote the interoperability of artifi19 cial intelligence for the purpose of strength20 ening alliances; 

21 (C) along with allies, take a leading role in 

22 international forums to set artificial intelligence 

23 principles, norms, and standards; and 

24 (D) undertake efforts to engage with 

25 China and Russia with respect to— 


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1 (i) shared concerns about artificial in2 telligence safety; and 

3 (ii) confidence-building by establishing 

4 crisis communications procedures designed 

5 to reduce the likelihood of unintentional 

6 use and the risk of escalation with respect 

7 to artificial intelligence systems. 

8 (2) FOREIGN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAPA9 BILITY.—It is the sense of Congress that national 

10 security agencies should consider conditions-based 

11 and capabilities-based approaches when evaluating 

12 global artificial intelligence capabilities. 

13 (3) DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT.—It is 

14 the sense of Congress that national security agencies 

15 should— 

16 (A) collaborate with experts in academia, 

17 the private sector, and other departments and 

18 agencies of the Federal Government to develop 

19 best practices for testing, evaluation, validation, 

20 and verification of artificial intelligence sys21 tems; 

22 (B) devote institutional resources, includ23 ing investing in research, for the purpose of 

24 promoting trustworthiness with respect to 

25 human-machine teams; 


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1 (C) engage with experts to develop guide2 lines for the ethical development and use of ar3 tificial intelligence systems; and 

4 (D) prioritize the development of artificial 

5 intelligence systems to cover non-critical tasks 

6 until such systems can achieve suitable stand7 ards of reliability, interoperability, and security. 

8 (4) EXPORT AND INVESTMENT CONTROLS.—It 

9 is the sense of Congress that the United States 

10 should collaborate with its allies to prevent the mis11 use of artificial intelligence systems by China, Rus12 sia, and other adversaries. 

13 SEC. 5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 

14 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

15 (1) Federal funding plays an important role in 

16 the research and development cycle. 

17 (2) Federal research and development invest18 ments need to be significantly increased to ensure 

19 United States leadership in artificial intelligence. 

20 (3) Federally supported research will play an 

21 important role in supporting artificial intelligence 

22 techniques that are critical to United States artifi23 cial intelligence leadership, including by requiring 

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1 tems and making more efficient use of computing re2 sources. 

3 (4) Artificial intelligence advances are enabled 

4 by Federal research and development investments in 

5 other technology sectors because United States com6 petitiveness will depend on strong capabilities across 

7 a range of technologies. 

8 (5) Computing power is essential to progress in 

9 artificial intelligence development, and the amount 

10 of computing power required for artificial intel11 ligence training runs is increasing exponentially. 

12 (6) A new wave of technological advances could 

13 be fostered by combining and increasing access to 

14 government-owned and government-funded com15 puting and data resources. 

16 (7) Narrowing the digital divide will be essen17 tial to creating new job opportunities and stimu18 lating the growth of new technology and innovation 

19 clusters to support United States leadership in arti20 ficial intelligence. 

21 (8) Incentivizing research and development 

22 across the private sector, particularly from smaller 

23 companies, will further strengthen the United States 

24 innovation ecosystem. 


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1 (9) The United States is an attractive research 

2 and development partner because of its open demo3 cratic society with world-class universities, research 

4 institutes, and corporations. 

5 (10) Decades of experience show that joint 

6 work with foreign researchers can be done with 

7 great benefit and little detriment to United States 

8 economic and national security, with the implemen9 tation of proper safeguards. 

10 (11) Artificial intelligence standards and meas11 urement are essential to fostering artificial intel12 ligence technologies that are safe, secure, reliable, 

13 and comport with the norms and values of the 

14 United States. 

15 (12) Metrics are how the artificial intelligence 

16 research community guides itself and prioritizes re17 search. 

18 (13) Benchmark tests are necessary to under19 stand the performance of an artificial intelligence 

20 system. 

21 (14) Current tests for measuring artificial intel22 ligence range from vague and conceptual to well-de23 fined and mature. 

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1 examinations and updates of testing methodologies 

2 to ensure that artificial intelligence systems are 

3 functioning optimally. 

4 (16) United States leadership in global artificial 

5 intelligence standards-setting will help ensure that 

6 artificial intelligence implementations are in accord7 ance with United States strengths and comport with 

8 the interests and values of the United States. 

9 (17) Public engagement is necessary for devel10 oping voluntary standards frameworks to ensure di11 verse perspectives are considered. 

12 (b) MATTERS TO CONSIDER.— 

13 (1) FEDERAL FUNDING.—It is the sense of 

14 Congress that the Federal Government should in15 crease investments in artificial intelligence research 

16 and development and related fields. 

17 (2) COLLABORATION WITH OTHER ENTITIES.— 

18 It is the sense of Congress that the Federal Govern19 ment should collaborate— 

20 (A) with the private sector, civil society, 

21 and academia— 

22 (i) to ensure that the United States 

23 innovation ecosystem leads the world in ar24 tificial intelligence research and develop25 ment; and 


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1 (ii) to develop a voluntary standards 

2 framework that will help create shared 

3 conceptual foundations, terminology, and 

4 best practices for artificial intelligence fair5 ness and bias mitigation; and 

6 (B) with science funding organizations in 

7 allied countries to establish multilateral teams 

8 of artificial intelligence researchers from the 

9 public and private sectors to promote talent de10 velopment and foster partnerships on artificial 

11 intelligence research and development. 

12 (3) NARROWING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE.—It is 

13 the sense of Congress that the Federal Government 

14 should— 

15 (A) expand access to broadband in rural 

16 and underserved areas; 

17 (B) expand the availability of affordable 

18 graphics processing units and high-performance 

19 computers in rural and underserved areas; 

20 (C) improve digital infrastructure in the 

21 United States; and 

22 (D) make data created by federally-funded 

23 scientific and technical research publicly avail24 able with appropriate privacy protections to 


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1 provide artificial intelligence researchers with 

2 new data sets to train their systems. 

3 (4) NATIONAL COMPUTING AND DATA RE4 SOURCE.—It is the sense of Congress that Congress 

5 should consider establishing a national computing 

6 and data resource. 

7 (5) ACCESS TO NATIONAL LABORATORIES.—It 

8 is the sense of Congress that the existing supercom9 puting labs at the national laboratories and tech10 nology centers of the Department of Energy should 

11 expand opportunities for academics and researchers 

12 to access such labs for artificial intelligence research 

13 and research related to artificial intelligence. 

14 (6) TAX INCENTIVES.—It is the sense of Con15 gress that Congress should examine whether tar16 geted incentives and reforms to the Internal Revenue 

17 Code of 1986 would increase private sector research 

18 and development, particularly with respect to small 

19 cap corporations. 

20 SEC. 6. ETHICS, REDUCED BIAS, FAIRNESS, AND PRIVACY. 

21 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

22 (1) The rise of artificial intelligence has great 

23 potential to improve quality of life for individuals in 

24 the United States, provided it is developed and used 


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1 in a manner that is ethical, reduces bias, promotes 

2 fairness, and protects privacy. 

3 (2) A diverse artificial intelligence workforce is 

4 important for mitigating bias. 

5 (3) The United States is uniquely positioned to 

6 leverage its diverse workforce to lead in artificial in7 telligence. 

8 (4) The starting point for Federal oversight of 

9 artificial intelligence should be existing regulatory 

10 frameworks. 

11 (5) Regulatory sandboxes can be used to test a 

12 product designed to mitigate unintended bias or pro13 mote fairness in a small-scale environment and 

14 under the supervision of regulators. 

15 (6) Programs should have necessary safeguards 

16 and oversight processes. 

17 (7) Artificial intelligence regulatory approaches 

18 must consider the level of risk associated with dif19 ferent artificial intelligence applications. 

20 (b) MATTERS TO CONSIDER.— 

21 (1) BIAS MITIGATION.—It is the sense of Con22 gress that departments and agencies of the Federal 

23 Government should— 

24 (A) support technical and non-technical re25 search and development to address potential 


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1 bias, fairness, and privacy issues in artificial in2 telligence; 

3 (B) improve access to non-sensitive govern4 ment datasets to help reduce bias in the data 

5 used to train artificial intelligence systems; 

6 (C) implement title II of the Foundations 

7 for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 

8 (Public Law 115–435; 132 Stat. 5529); and 

9 (D) further develop and release to the pub10 lic available benchmark datasets, including with 

11 proper safeguards to protect privacy, mitigate 

12 bias, and promote inclusivity. 

13 (2) REGULATION AND LEGISLATION REVIEW.— 

14 It is the sense of Congress that congressional com15 mittees should— 

16 (A) review the range of existing Federal 

17 regulations and laws that potentially apply to 

18 artificial intelligence; 

19 (B) determine which laws apply to artifi20 cial intelligence; 

21 (C) determine if any gaps in appropriate 

22 legislation and regulation exist and how such 

23 gaps could be addressed; 

24 (D) enact Federal privacy legislation to 

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1 ership in artificial intelligence to other nations, 

2 and create international standards; and 

3 (E) conduct regular oversight of artificial 

4 intelligence policies in the executive branch 

5 within their jurisdiction. 

6 (3) FEDERAL FUNDING.—It is the sense of 

7 Congress that Congress should support funding for 

8 departments and agencies of the Federal Govern9 ment interested in adopting programs, including reg10 ulatory sandboxes, for the purposes of temporarily 

11 approving, testing, and monitoring innovating artifi12 cial intelligence tools in limited markets. 

Æ 


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