Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Calculation Spreadsheet for Occupational Chronic Risks--*See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies. Version 06/18/14

Health Effect Domain and Study Route Effect HEC50 (ppm) HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm) Total UF HC50/HEC95 ratio HEC50/99 ratio HEC95/HEC99 ratio

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 Inhalation 25 12 9.1 10 2.1 2.7 1.3

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 Oral (gavage) 32 15 11 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 Inhalation 53 24 19 10

NTP, 1998 Oral (gavage) Toxic nephropathy 0.042 0.0085 0.0056 10 4.9 7.5 1.5

Woolhiser et al., 2006 Inhalation Increased kidney weight/body 

weight ratio 0.099 0.02 0.013 10

Maltoni, 1986 Oral (gavage) Pathology changes in renal 

tubule 0.19 0.038 0.025 10

Maltoni, 1986 Inhalation Pathology changes in renal 

tubule 0.28 0.057 0.038 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 Inhalation Increased kidney weight/body 

weight ratio 0.88 0.18 0.12 10

NCI, 1976 Oral (gavage) Pathology changes in renal 

tubule (toxic nephrosis) 3.9 0.77 0.5 300

Arito et al., 1994 Inhalation

Significant decreases in 

wakefulness 13 6.4 4.8 300 2.0 2.7 1.3

Ruijten et al., 1991 Inhalation

Trigeminal nerve effects 

(increased latency in masseter 

reflex)

14 7 5.3 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 Oral (drinking water)

Cognitive effects (demyelination 

of hippocampus)

18 9.2 7.1 1000

Gash et al., 2008 Oral (gavage)

Degeneration of dopaminecontaining neurons in substantia 

nigra

126 62 47 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 Inhalation 274 127 93 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 Inhalation 378 163 120 1000

PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection 

Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F.

LIVER

KIDNEY

NEUROTOXICITY

Decreased regeneration of sciatic 

nerve

Increased liver/body weight ratio
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Health Effect Domain and Study Route Effect HEC50 (ppm) HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm) Total UF HC50/HEC95 ratio HEC50/99 ratio HEC95/HEC99 ratio

Keil et al., 2009 Oral (drinking water)

Decrease in thymus weight and 

thymus cellularity 0.092 0.045 0.033 100 2.0 2.8 1.4

Keil et al., 2009 Oral (drinking water)

Autoimmunity (increased antidsDNA and ssDNA antibodies) 0.092 0.045 0.033 30

Sanders et al., 1982 Oral (drinking water) Immunosuppression 4.8 2.4 1.7 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 Inhalation Immunosuppression 29 15 11 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 Inhalation

Autoimmunity (changes in 

immunoreactive organs) 97 48 37 300

Chia et al. 1996 Inhalation

Decreased normal sperm 

morphology and 

hyperzoospermia

1.4 0.7 0.5 30

2.0 2.8 1.4

DuTeaux et al., 2004 Oral (drinking water) Decreased in vitro fertilization 16 11 9.3 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 Inhalation

Sperm effects and male 

reproductive tract effects 32 16 13 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 Inhalation

Sperm effects and male 

reproductive tract effects 32 16 13 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Delayed parturition 98 48 37 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and Inhalation Effects on epididymis epithelium 190 91 67 1000

Kan et al., 2007 Inhalation Effects on epididymis epithelium 190 91 67 1000

Xu et al., 2004 Inhalation

Sperm effects (decreased in vitro 

sperm-oocyte binding and in vivo 

fertilization)

190 91 67 1000

NTP, 1986 Oral (drinking water)

Decreased mating (both sexes 

exposed) 204 97 71 100

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10 2.4 3.2 1.4

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 300

Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water) Increased exploratory behavior in 

male pups (offspring 22 11 8.4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight and 

skeletal effects

16 8 6.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection 

Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F.

PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)

IMMUNOTOXICITY

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 20 3 197 0.04 17 0.4 172

ADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) LADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT)

where, where,

ADC = average daily concentration (ppm); LADC = lifetime average daily concentration (ppm);

C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm);

ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day

EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year

WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years

AT= averaging time (40 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) AT= averaging time (70 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day)

 NOTE: AT uses 70 yrs to match the years that were used to calculate EPA's cancer inhalation unit risk.

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.071 4.749 0.712 46.776 0.009 4.037 0.095 40.840

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.041 2.714 0.407 26.729 0.005 2.307 0.054 23.337

WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

Equation to calculate average daily concentration (ADC) for 

non-cancer chronic risk calcualtions

Equation to calculate lifetime average daily concentration (LADC) 

for cancer risk calcualtions

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations

Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.008 2 0.08 19 0.0007 2 0.007 18

ADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) LADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT)

where, where,

ADC = average daily concentration (ppm); LADC = lifetime average daily concentration (ppm);

C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm);

ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day

EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year

WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years

AT= averaging time (40 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) AT= averaging time (70years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day)

 NOTE: AT uses 70 yrs to match the years that were used to calculate EPA's cancer inhalation unit risk.

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.002 0.475 0.019 4.511 0.0002 0.475 0.002 4.274

With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--High-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--High-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--High-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--High-end exposure 

estimate

0.001 0.271 0.011 2.578 0.0001 0.271 0.001 2.442

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations

Equation to calculate average daily concentration (ADC) for 

non-cancer chronic risk calcualtions

Equation to calculate lifetime average daily concentration (LADC) 

for cancer risk calcualtions

Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC50)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 25 351 5.3 35 0.5 2632 6.2 263 0.6 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 32 449 6.7 45 0.7 3369 7.9 337 0.8 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 53 744 11 74 1.1 5580 13 558 1 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.042 0.6 0.009 0.1 0.001 4 0.01 0.4 0.001 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.099 1 0.02 0.1 0.002 10 0.02 1 0.002 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.19 3 0.04 0.3 0.004 20 0.05 2 0.005 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.28 4 0.1 0.4 0.01 29 0.1 3 0.01 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.88 12 0.2 1 0.02 93 0.2 9 0.02 10

NCI, 1976 4 55 0.8 5 0.1 411 1.0 41 0.1 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 13 183 3 18 0.3 1369 3 137 0.3 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 14 197 3 20 0.3 1474 3 147 0.3 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 18 253 4 25 0.4 1895 4 190 0.4 1000

Gash et al., 2008 126 1769 27 177 3 13266 31 1327 3 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 274 3847 58 385 6 28849 68 2885 7 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 378 5307 80 531 8 39799 94 3980 9 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.092 1 0.02 0.1 0.002 10 0.02 1 0.002 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.092 1 0.02 0.1 0.002 10 0.02 1 0.002 30

Sanders et al., 1982 4.8 67 1 7 0.1 505 1 51 0.1 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 29 407 6 41 1 3053 7 305 1 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 97 1362 20 136 2 10213 24 1021 2 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 1.4 20 0.3 2 0.03 147 0.3 15 0.03 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 16 225 3 22 0.3 1685 4 168 0.4 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 32 449 7 45 1 3369 8 337 1 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 32 449 7 45 1 3369 8 337 1 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 98 1376 21 138 2 10318 24 1032 2 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 190 2667 40 267 4 20005 47 2000 5 1000

Kan et al., 2007 190 2667 40 267 4 20005 47 2000 5 1000

Xu et al., 2004 190 2667 40 267 4 20005 47 2000 5 1000

NTP, 1986 204 2864 43 286 4 21479 51 2148 5 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 0.2 0.003 0.02 0.0003 1 0.003 0.1 0.0003 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 112 2 11 0.2 842 2 84 0.2 300

Taylor et al., 1985 22 309 5 31 0.5 2316 5 232 1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 16 225 3 22 0.3 1685 4 168 0.4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 16 225 3 22 0.3 1685 4 168 0.4 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 57 800 12 80 1 6001 14 600 1 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC95)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 12 168 3 17 0.3 1263 3 126 0.3 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 15 211 3 21 0.3 1579 4 158 0.4 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 24 337 5 34 1 2527 6 253 1 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.0085 0.1 0.002 0.01 0.0002 1 0.002 0.1 0.0002 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.02 0.3 0.004 0.03 0.0004 2 0.005 0.2 0.0005 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.038 1 0.01 0.05 0.001 4 0.01 0.4 0.001 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.057 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 6 0.01 1 0.001 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.18 3 0.04 0.3 0.004 19 0.04 2 0.004 10

NCI, 1976 0.77 11 0.2 1 0.02 81 0.2 8 0.02 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 6.4 90 1 9 0.1 674 2 67 0.2 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 7 98 1 10 0.1 737 2 74 0.2 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 9.2 129 2 13 0.2 969 2 97 0.2 1000

Gash et al., 2008 62 870 13 87 1 6528 15 653 2 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 127 1783 27 178 3 13372 31 1337 3 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 163 2288 34 229 3 17162 40 1716 4 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.045 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 5 0.01 0 0.001 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.045 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 5 0.01 0 0.001 30

Sanders et al., 1982 2.4 34 1 3 0.1 253 1 25 0.1 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 15 211 3 21 0.3 1579 4 158 0.4 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 48 674 10 67 1 5054 12 505 1 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 0.7 10 0.1 1 0.01 74 0.2 7 0.02 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 11 154 2 15 0.2 1158 3 116 0.3 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 16 225 3 22 0.3 1685 4 168 0.4 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 16 225 3 22 0.3 1685 4 168 0.4 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 48 674 10 67 1 5054 12 505 1 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 91 1278 19 128 2 9581 23 958 2 1000

Kan et al., 2007 91 1278 19 128 2 9581 23 958 2 1000

Xu et al., 2004 91 1278 19 128 2 9581 23 958 2 1000

NTP, 1986 97 1362 20 136 2 10213 24 1021 2 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 0.1 0.001 0.007 0.0001 1 0.001 0.1 0.0001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 56 1 6 0.1 421 1 42 0.1 300

Taylor et al., 1985 11 154 2 15 0.2 1158 3 116 0.3 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 8 112 2 11 0.2 842 2 84 0.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 8 112 2 11 0.2 842 2 84 0.2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 29 407 6 41 1 3053 7 305 1 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC99)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 9.1 128 2 13 0.2 958 2 96 0.2 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 11 154 2 15 0.2 1158 3 116 0.3 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 19 267 4 27 0.4 2000 5 200 0.5 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.0056 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.0001 1 0.001 0.1 0.0001 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.013 0.2 0.003 0.02 0.0003 1 0.003 0.1 0.0003 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.025 0.4 0.005 0.04 0.001 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.038 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 4 0.01 0.4 0.001 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.12 2 0.03 0.2 0.003 13 0.03 1 0.003 10

NCI, 1976 0.5 7 0.1 1 0.01 53 0.1 5 0.01 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 4.8 67 1 7 0.1 505 1 51 0.1 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 5.3 74 1 7 0.1 558 1 56 0.1 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 7.1 100 1 10 0.2 748 2 75 0.2 1000

Gash et al., 2008 47 660 10 66 1 4949 12 495 1 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 93 1306 20 131 2 9792 23 979 2 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 120 1685 25 168 3 12635 30 1263 3 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.033 0.5 0.01 0.05 0.001 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.033 0.5 0.01 0.05 0.001 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 30

Sanders et al., 1982 1.7 24 0.4 2 0.04 179 0.4 18 0.04 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 11 154 2 15 0.2 1158 3 116 0.3 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 37 519 8 52 1 3896 9 390 1 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 0.5 7 0.1 1 0.01 53 0.1 5 0.01 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 9.3 131 2 13 0.2 979 2 98 0.2 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 13 183 3 18 0.3 1369 3 137 0.3 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 13 183 3 18 0.3 1369 3 137 0.3 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 37 519 8 52 1 3896 9 390 1 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 67 941 14 94 1 7054 17 705 2 1000

Kan et al., 2007 67 941 14 94 1 7054 17 705 2 1000

Xu et al., 2004 67 941 14 94 1 7054 17 705 2 1000

NTP, 1986 71 997 15 100 2 7475 18 748 2 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.0001 0.4 0.001 0.04 0.0001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 42 1 4 0.1 316 1 32 0.1 300

Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 118 2 12 0.2 884 2 88 0.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 87 1 9 0.1 653 2 65 0.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 87 1 9 0.1 653 2 65 0.2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 323 5 32 0.5 2422 6 242 1 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC50)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 25 13161 53 1316 6 150412 53 15041 6 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 32 16846 67 1685 7 192527 67 19253 7 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 53 27901 112 2790 12 318874 112 31887 12 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.042 22 0.1 2 0.01 253 0.1 25 0.01 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.099 52 0.2 5 0.02 596 0.2 60 0.02 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.19 100 0.4 10 0.04 1143 0.4 114 0.04 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.28 147 1 15 0.1 1685 1 168 0.1 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.88 463 2 46 0.2 5295 2 529 0.2 10

NCI, 1976 4 2053 8 205 1 23464 8 2346 1 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 13 6844 27 684 3 78214 27 7821 3 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 14 7370 29 737 3 84231 29 8423 3 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 18 9476 38 948 4 108297 38 10830 4 1000

Gash et al., 2008 126 66332 265 6633 28 758077 265 75808 29 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 274 144245 577 14425 61 1648516 577 164852 64 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 378 198995 796 19900 84 2274231 796 227423 88 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.092 48 0.2 5 0.02 554 0.2 55 0.02 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.092 48 0.2 5 0.02 554 0.2 55 0.02 30

Sanders et al., 1982 4.8 2527 10 253 1 28879 10 2888 1 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 29 15267 61 1527 6 174478 61 17448 7 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 97 51065 204 5106 22 583599 204 58360 23 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 1.4 737 3 74 0.3 8423 3 842 0.3 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 16 8423 34 842 4 96264 34 9626 4 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 32 16846 67 1685 7 192527 67 19253 7 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 32 16846 67 1685 7 192527 67 19253 7 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 98 51591 206 5159 22 589615 206 58962 23 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 190 100024 400 10002 42 1143132 400 114313 44 1000

Kan et al., 2007 190 100024 400 10002 42 1143132 400 114313 44 1000

Xu et al., 2004 190 100024 400 10002 42 1143132 400 114313 44 1000

NTP, 1986 204 107394 430 10739 45 1227363 430 122736 48 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 6 0.03 1 0.003 72 0.03 7 0.003 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 4212 17 421 2 48132 17 4813 2 300

Taylor et al., 1985 22 11582 46 1158 5 132363 46 13236 5 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 16 8423 34 842 4 96264 34 9626 4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 16 8423 34 842 4 96264 34 9626 4 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 57 30007 120 3001 13 342940 120 34294 13 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC95)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 12 6317 25 632 3 72198 25 7220 3 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 15 7897 32 790 3 90247 32 9025 4 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 24 12635 51 1263 5 144396 51 14440 6 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.0085 4 0.02 0.4 0.002 51 0.02 5 0.002 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.02 11 0.04 1 0.004 120 0.04 12 0.005 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.038 20 0.08 2 0.01 229 0.1 23 0.01 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.057 30 0.1 3 0.01 343 0.1 34 0.01 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.18 95 0.4 9 0.04 1083 0.4 108 0.04 10

NCI, 1976 0.77 405 2 41 0.2 4633 2 463 0.2 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 6.4 3369 13 337 1 38505 13 3851 1 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 7 3685 15 369 2 42115 15 4212 2 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 9.2 4843 19 484 2 55352 19 5535 2 1000

Gash et al., 2008 62 32639 131 3264 14 373022 131 37302 15 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 127 66858 267 6686 28 764093 267 76409 30 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 163 85810 343 8581 36 980687 343 98069 38 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.045 24 0.1 2 0.01 271 0.1 27 0.01 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.045 24 0.1 2 0.01 271 0.1 27 0.01 30

Sanders et al., 1982 2.4 1263 5 126 1 14440 5 1444 1 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 15 7897 32 790 3 90247 32 9025 4 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 48 25269 101 2527 11 288791 101 28879 11 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 0.7 369 1 37 0.2 4212 1 421 0.2 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 11 5791 23 579 2 66181 23 6618 3 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 16 8423 34 842 4 96264 34 9626 4 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 16 8423 34 842 4 96264 34 9626 4 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 48 25269 101 2527 11 288791 101 28879 11 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 91 47906 192 4791 20 547500 192 54750 21 1000

Kan et al., 2007 91 47906 192 4791 20 547500 192 54750 21 1000

Xu et al., 2004 91 47906 192 4791 20 547500 192 54750 21 1000

NTP, 1986 97 51065 204 5106 22 583599 204 58360 23 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 3 0.01 0.27 0.001 31 0.01 3 0.001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 2106 8 211 1 24066 8 2407 1 300

Taylor et al., 1985 11 5791 23 579 2 66181 23 6618 3 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 8 4212 17 421 2 48132 17 4813 2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 8 4212 17 421 2 48132 17 4813 2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 29 15267 61 1527 6 174478 61 17448 7 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC99)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 9.1 4791 19 479 2 54750 19 5475 2 10

Buben and Oflaherty 1985 11 5791 23 579 2 66181 23 6618 3 10

Woolhiser et al. 2006 19 10002 40 1000 4 114313 40 11431 4 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 0.0056 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 34 0.01 3 0.001 10

Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.013 7 0.03 1 0.003 78 0.03 8 0.003 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.025 13 0.1 1 0.01 150 0.1 15 0.01 10

Maltoni, 1986 0.038 20 0.1 2 0.01 229 0.1 23 0.01 10

Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.12 63 0.3 6 0.03 722 0.3 72 0.03 10

NCI, 1976 0.5 263 1 26 0.1 3008 1 301 0.1 300

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 4.8 2527 10 253 1 28879 10 2888 1 300

Ruijten et al., 1991 5.3 2790 11 279 1 31887 11 3189 1 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 7.1 3738 15 374 2 42717 15 4272 2 1000

Gash et al., 2008 47 24743 99 2474 10 282775 99 28277 11 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 93 48959 196 4896 21 559533 196 55953 22 1000

Kjellstrand et al., 1987 120 63173 253 6317 27 721978 253 72198 28 1000

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Keil et al., 2009 0.033 17 0.1 2 0.01 199 0.1 20 0.01 100

Keil et al., 2009 0.033 17 0.1 2 0.01 199 0.1 20 0.01 30

Sanders et al., 1982 1.7 895 4 89 0.4 10228 4 1023 0.4 100

Woolhiser et al., 2006 11 5791 23 579 2 66181 23 6618 3 100

Kaneko et al., 2000 37 19478 78 1948 8 222610 78 22261 9 300

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 0.5 263 1 26 0.1 3008 1 301 0.1 30

DuTeaux et al., 2004 9.3 4896 20 490 2 55953 20 5595 2 1000

Kumar et al., 2000 13 6844 27 684 3 78214 27 7821 3 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 13 6844 27 684 3 78214 27 7821 3 1000

Narotsky et al., 1995 37 19478 78 1948 8 222610 78 22261 9 100

Forkert et al., 2002 and 67 35272 141 3527 15 403104 141 40310 16 1000

Kan et al., 2007 67 35272 141 3527 15 403104 141 40310 16 1000

Xu et al., 2004 67 35272 141 3527 15 403104 141 40310 16 1000

NTP, 1986 71 37377 150 3738 16 427170 150 42717 17 100

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 2 0.01 0.2 0.001 22 0.01 2 0.001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 1579 6 158 1 18049 6 1805 1 300

Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 4422 18 442 2 50538 18 5054 2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3264 13 326 1 37302 13 3730 1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3264 13 326 1 37302 13 3730 1 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 12108 48 1211 5 138379 48 13838 5 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

LADC 0.041 2.714 0.407 26.729 0.005 2.307 0.054 23.337

Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) 

IUR=0.02 per ppm

8.E-04 5.E-02 8.E-03 5.E-01 1.E-04 5.E-02 1.E-03 5.E-01

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-4? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities 

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

LADC 0.001 0.271 0.011 2.578 0.0001 0.271 0.001 2.442

Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) 

IUR=0.02 per ppm

2.E-05 5.E-03 2.E-04 5.E-02 2.E-06 5.E-03 2.E-05 5.E-02

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-4? No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Calculation Spreadsheet for Occupational Acute Risks--*See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies.Version 06/18/14

Health Effect Domain and Study Route Effect HEC50 (ppm) HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm) Total UF

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 100 (see note)

Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water) Increased exploratory behavior in 

male pups (offspring

22 11 8.4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight and 

skeletal effects

16 8 6.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10

Acute Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 20 3 197 0.04 17 0.4 172

C24 hrs= (C8hrs x 8 hr) / 24 hrs

where,

C24 hrs= TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 24 hrs

C8hrs=TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 8 hrs

With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.100 6.667 1.000 65.667 0.013 5.667 0.133 57.333

Acute Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.008 2 0.08 19 0.0007 2 0.007 18

C24 hrs= (C8hrs x 8 hr) / 24 hrs

where,

C24 hrs= TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 24 hrs

C8hrs=TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 8 hrs

WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

Equation to calculate 24-hr exposure estimate for single exposure

Equation to calculate 24-hr exposure estimate for single exposure

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F.

PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)

WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

Note: A subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was part of the composite UF of 300 that the TCE IRIS assessment used (US EPA, 2011). The subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was dropped in this analysis because the 

HEC values for developmental effects were used for acute, but not chronic, exposures.
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.003 0.667 0.027 6.333 0.000 0.667 0.002 6.000

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC50)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 0.1 0.002 0.01 0.0002 0.9 0.002 0.1 0.0002 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 80 1 8 0.1 600 1 60 0.1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 22 220 3 22 0.3 1650 4 165 0.4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 16 160 2 16 0.2 1200 3 120 0.3 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 16 160 2 16 0.2 1200 3 120 0.3 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 57 570 9 57 1 4275 10 428 1 10

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC95)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 0.1 0.001 0.01 0.0001 0.4 0.001 0.04 0.0001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 40 0.6 4 0.1 300 0.7 30 0.1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 11 110 2 11 0.2 825 2 83 0.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 8 80 1 8 0.1 600 1 60 0.1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 8 80 1 8 0.1 600 1 60 0.1 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 29 290 4 29 0.4 2175 5 218 1 10

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC99)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 0.04 0.001 0.004 0.0001 0.2775 0.001 0.03 0.0001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 30 0.5 3 0.05 225 1 23 0.1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 84 1 8 0.1 630 1 63 0.1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 62 1 6 0.1 465 1 47 0.1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 62 1 6 0.1 465 1 47 0.1 100

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 230 3 23 0.4 1725 4 173 0.4 10
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC50)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 5 0.02 0.5 0.002 51 0.02 5 0.002 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 3000 12 300 1 34286 12 3429 1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 22 8250 33 825 3 94286 33 9429 4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 16 6000 24 600 3 68571 24 6857 3 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 16 6000 24 600 3 68571 24 6857 3 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 57 21375 86 2138 9 244286 86 24429 10 10

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC95)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 2 0.01 0.2 0.001 22 0.01 2 0.001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 1500 6 150 1 17143 6 1714 1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 11 4125 17 413 2 47143 17 4714 2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 8 3000 12 300 1 34286 12 3429 1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 8 3000 12 300 1 34286 12 3429 1 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 29 10875 44 1088 5 124286 44 12429 5 10

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC99)

*MOEs below benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. They indicate 

potential health risks.

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm) With LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 16 0.01 2 0.001 10

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 1125 5 113 0.5 12857 5 1286 1 100

Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 3150 13 315 1 36000 13 3600 1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 2325 9 233 1 26571 9 2657 1 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 2325 9 233 1 26571 9 2657 1 100

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 8625 35 863 4 98571 35 9857 4 10
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Calculation Spreadsheet for Residential Acute Risks

*See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies. Version 06/18/14

Health Effect Domain and Study Route Effect HEC50 (ppm) HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm) Total UF

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10

DEVELOPMENTAL 

NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 100 (see note)

Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water)

Increased exploratory 

behavior in male pups 

(offspring)

22 11 8.4 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight 

and skeletal effects 16 8 6.2 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL 

MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10

Exposure Estimates for Residential Use Scenarios

Residential use of 

degreaser productUSER

Residential use of 

degreaser productBYSTANDER/NON-USER

Residential use of 

arts/crafts clear protective 

coating spray-USER

Residential use of 

arts/crafts clear 

protective coating sprayBYSTANDER/NONUSER

2 0.8 0.4 0.1

PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F.

24-hr TCE Air Concentration (ppm)

Note: A subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was part of the composite UF of 300 that the TCE IRIS assessment used (US EPA, 2011). The subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was dropped in this analysis because the 

HEC values for developmental effects were used for acute, but not chronic, exposures.

Note: As discussed in section 2.5.3 and 2.5.3 of the risk assessment, age group-specific simulations showed that all of the age groups within each user and bystander category had the same indoor air 

concentrations of TCE (expressed in ppm). 

 The age groups for users did not include individuals <16 yrs based on the assumption that adults would be the primary users of these products. However, EPA/OPPT cannot rule out that these products 

are used by teenagers and children. Since there are not survey data for consumer behavior patterns or a way to create varying behavior patterns for different age groups, the indoor air concentrations 

shown in Table 2-17 of the risk assessment were extended to all potential users in this risk assessment.
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC50)

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

Total UF or Benchmark MOE 

*MOEs below benchmark MOE 

are denoted in red text. They 

indicate potential health risks.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.12 10

DEVELOPMENTAL 

NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 4 10 20 80 100

Taylor et al., 1985 22 11 28 55 220 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 16 8 20 40 160 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL 

MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 16 8 20 40 160 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 57 29 71 143 570 10

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC95)

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

Total UF or Benchmark MOE 

*MOEs below benchmark MOE 

are denoted in red text. They 

indicate potential health risks.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 0.0026 0.01 0.01 0.05 10

DEVELOPMENTAL 

NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 2 5 10 40 100

Taylor et al., 1985 11 6 14 28 110 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 8 4 10 20 80 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL 

MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 8 4 10 20 80 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 29 15 36 73 290 10

Residential use of degreaser product Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective 

coating spray

Residential use of degreaser product Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective 

coating spray
Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC99)

Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

USER (all age categories 

that are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NON-USER 

(all age categories)

Total UF or Benchmark MOE 

*MOEs below benchmark MOE 

are denoted in red text. They 

indicate potential health risks.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 0.0019 0.005 0.01 0.04 10

DEVELOPMENTAL 

NEUROTOXICITY

Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 2 4 8 30 100

Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 4 11 21 84 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3 8 16 62 100

PRE- AND POSTNATAL 

MORTALITY

Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3 8 16 62 100

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 12 29 58 230 10

Residential use of degreaser product Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective 

coating spray
Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Version 06/18/14)

Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm)

USER 

(all age categories 

that are relevant 

for users)

BYSTANDER/N

ON-USER (all 

age categories)

USER 

(all age 

categories that 

are relevant for 

users)

BYSTANDER/NO

N-USER (all 

age categories)

Total UF or Benchmark 

MOE *MOEs below 

benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. 

They indicate potential 

health risks.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 0.0060 0.0150 0.0300 0.1200 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 0.0026 0.0064 0.0128 0.0510 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 0.0019 0.0046 0.0093 0.0370 10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

RESIDENTIAL DEGREASER 

(all age categories that are relevant 

to users)

0.01 0.003 0.002

DEGREASER BYSTANDER 

(all age categories)

0.02 0.01 0.005

RESIDENTIAL ARTS/CRAFTS USER 

(all age categories that are relevant 

to users)

0.03 0.01 0.01

ARTS/CRAFTS BYSTANDER 

(all age categories)

0.1 0.05 0.04

Residential use of degreaser 

product 

Residential use of arts/crafts clear 

protective coating spray

RESIDENTIAL DEGREASER

(all age categories that

are relevant to users)

DEGREASER BYSTANDER

(all age categories)

RESIDENTIAL

ARTS/CRAFTS USER

(all age categories that

are relevant to users)

ARTS/CRAFTS

BYSTANDER

(all age categories)

MOE AT HEC 50 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

MOE AT HEC95 0.003 0.01 0.01 0.05

MOE AT HEC99 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.04

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

*All MOE values were below the benchmark MOE of 10

ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR RESIDENTIAL USES

Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003)
Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm) With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark 

MOE *MOEs below 

benchmark MOE are 

denoted in red text. 

They indicate potential 

health risks.

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 0.12000 0.00180 0.01200 0.00018 0.90000 0.00212 0.09000 0.000209 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 0.05100 0.00077 0.00510 0.00008 0.38250 0.00090 0.03825 0.000089 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 0.03700 0.00056 0.00370 0.00006 0.27750 0.00065 0.02775 0.000065 10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

0.1 0.05 0.04

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

0.01 0.01 0.004

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

0.9 0.4 0.3

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

0.1 0.04 0.03

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

DEGREASER +

LEV--Lowend exposure

estimate

DEGREASER

NO LEV--

Low-end

exposure

estimate

DEGREASER +

LEV--Upperend exposure

estimate

DEGREASER

NO LEV--

Upper-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

+ LEV--Lowend exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

NO LEV--

Low-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

+ LEV--

Upper-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

NO LEV--

Upper-end

exposure

estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 0.1 0.01 0.002 0.0002 0.9 0.1 0.002 0.0002

MOE AT HEC95 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.4 0.04 0.001 0.0001

MOE AT HEC99 0.04 0.004 0.001 0.0001 0.3 0.03 0.001 0.0001

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

MARGIN OF EXPOSUSRE

ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR COMMERCIAL DEGREASER USE

Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003)

*All MOE values were below the

benchmark MOE of 10
Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm) With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

Total UF or Benchmark 

MOE

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50-0.012 4.50000 0.01800 0.45000 0.00189 51.42857 0.01800 5.14286 0.00200 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 1.91250 0.00765 0.19125 0.00081 21.85714 0.00765 2.18571 0.00085 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 1.38750 0.00555 0.13875 0.00058 15.85714 0.00555 1.58571 0.00062 10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 5 2 1

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.01

SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end 

exposure estimate 0.5 0.2 0.1

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 51 22 16

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.01

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 5 2 2

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

SPOT

CLEANER +

LEV--Lowend exposure

estimate

SPOT

CLEANER NO

LEV--Lowend exposure

estimate

SPOT

CLEANER +

LEV-- Upperend exposure

estimate

SPOT

CLEANER NO

LEV--Upperend exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

+ LEV--Lowend exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

NO LEV--

Low-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

+ LEV--

Upper-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER

NO LEV--

Upper-end

exposure

estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 5 0.02 0.5 0.002 51 0.02 5 0.002

MOE AT HEC95 2 0.01 0.2 0.001 22 0.01 2 0.001

MOE AT HEC99 1 0.01 0.1 0.001 16 0.01 2 0.001

0

10

20

30

40

50

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Benchmark MOE=10

ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR COMMERCIAL USE OF SPOTTING AGENT

Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003)
Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

LADC 0.0407 2.7136 0.4070 26.7293 0.0054 2.3066 0.0543 23.3372

Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) 

IUR=0.02 per ppm

8.E-04 5.E-02 8.E-03 5.E-01 1.E-04 5.E-02 1.E-03 5.E-01

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-4?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-5?

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-6?

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

SCENARIO

Number of 

Human Cancer 

Cases Per Million

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

800

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

8000

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

50000

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

500000

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

100

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

1000

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

50000

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

500000

Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities 

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

LADC 0.0011 0.2714 0.0109 2.5780 0.0001 0.2714 0.0009 2.4423

Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) 

IUR=0.02 per ppm 2.E-05 5.E-03 2.E-04 5.E-02 2.E-06 5.E-03 2.E-05 5.E-02

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-4? No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Exceedance of target cancer risk of 

1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

SCENARIO

Number of 

Human Cancer 

Cases Per Million

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

20

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

200

SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end 

exposure estimate

5000

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

50000

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

2

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

20

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

5000

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

50000

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

Number of Human Cancer Cases Per Million

1x10-4 1x10-5 1x10-6

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate

Number of Human Cancer Cases Per Million

1x10-4 1x10-5 1x10-6
Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using the lowest HEC of each health effects domain) (Version 06/18/14)

Health Effect Domain and Study

Lowest HEC (ppm) of 

each health effects 

domain

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

Total UF or 

Benchmark 

MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC50=25 350.9615 35.0962 5.2644 0.5345 2632.2115 263.2212 6.1934 0.6121 10

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC95=12 168.4615 16.8462 2.5269 0.2565 1263.4615 126.3462 2.9729 0.2938 10

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC99=9.1 127.7500 12.7750 1.9163 0.1945 958.1250 95.8125 2.2544 0.2228 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 HEC50=0.042 0.5896 0.0590 0.0088 0.0009 4.4221 0.4422 0.0104 0.0010 10

NTP, 1998 HEC95=0.0085 0.1193 0.0119 0.0018 0.0002 0.8950 0.0895 0.0021 0.0002 10

NTP, 1998 HEC99=0.0056 0.0786 0.0079 0.0012 0.0001 0.5896 0.0590 0.0014 0.0001 10

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 HEC50=13 182.5000 18.2500 2.7375 0.2779 1368.7500 136.8750 3.2206 0.3183 300

Arito et al., 1994 HEC95=6.4 89.8462 8.9846 1.3477 0.1368 673.8462 67.3846 1.5855 0.1567 300

Arito et al., 1994 HEC99=4.8 67.3846 6.7385 1.0108 0.1026 505.3846 50.5385 1.1891 0.1175 300

IMMUNOTOXICITY

HEC50=0.092 1.2915 0.1292 0.0194 0.0020 9.6865 0.9687 0.0228 0.0023 100

HEC95=0.045 0.6317 0.0632 0.0095 0.0010 4.7380 0.4738 0.0111 0.0011 100

HEC99=0.033 0.4633 0.0463 0.0069 0.0007 3.4745 0.3475 0.0082 0.0008 100

HEC50=0.092 1.2915 0.1292 0.0194 0.0020 9.6865 0.9687 0.0228 0.0023 30

HEC95=0.045 0.6317 0.0632 0.0095 0.0010 4.7380 0.4738 0.0111 0.0011 30

HEC99=0.033 0.4633 0.0463 0.0069 0.0007 3.4745 0.3475 0.0082 0.0008 30

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 HEC50=1.4 19.6538 1.9654 0.2948 0.0299 147.4038 14.7404 0.3468 0.0343 30

Chia et al. 1996 HEC95=0.7 9.8269 0.9827 0.1474 0.0150 73.7019 7.3702 0.1734 0.0171 30

Chia et al. 1996 HEC99=0.5 7.0192 0.7019 0.1053 0.0107 52.6442 5.2644 0.1239 0.0122 30

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 0.1685 0.0168 0.0025 0.0003 1.2635 0.1263 0.0030 0.0003 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 0.0716 0.0072 0.0011 0.0001 0.5370 0.0537 0.0013 0.0001 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 0.0519 0.0052 0.0008 0.0001 0.3896 0.0390 0.0009 0.0001 10

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs

Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus 

weight and thymus cellularity)

Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity)
LIVER KIDNEY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

351 168 128 DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate0.6 0.1 0.08

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

35 17 13

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

0.06 0.01 0.008

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

5 3 2

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.009 0.002 0.001

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.5 0.3 0.2

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.001 0.0002 0.0001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

2632 1263 958 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate4.4 0.9 0.6

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

263 126 96

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

0.4 0.09 0.06

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

6 3 2

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.01 0.002 0.001

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.6 0.3 0.2

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.001 0.0002 0.0001

NEUROTOXICITY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

183 90 67 DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate1 0.6 0.5

DEGREASER + 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

1 0.6 0.5

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

18 9 7

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

0.1 0.06 0.05

DEGREASER NO 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

0.1 0.06 0.05

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

3 1 1

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.02 0.01 0.007

DEGREASER + 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

0.02 0.009 0.007

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 0.1 0.1

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

DEGREASER NO 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

1369 674 505 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate9.7 5 3

BYSTANDER + 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

9.7 5 3

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

137 67 51

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

1 0.5 0.3

BYSTANDER NO 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

1 0.5 0.3

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

3 2 1

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.02 0.01 0.008

BYSTANDER + 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

0.02 0.01 0.008

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 0.2 0.1

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER NO 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

0.002 0.001 0.001

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

20 10 7

DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate

0.2 0.1 0.05

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

2 1 0.7

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

0.02 0.01 0.01

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 0.1 0.1

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.003 0.001 0.001

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.03 0.01 0.01

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.0003 0.0001 0.0001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

147 74 53 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate1.26 0.5 0.4

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

15 7 5

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate

0.1 0.05 0.04

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.3 0.2 0.1

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.003 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

0.03 0.02 0.01

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.0003 0.0001 0.0001

IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Decrease in thymus weight and thymus 

cellularity) IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Autoimmunity)
DEGREASER + LEV-

-Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV-

-Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 351 35 5 0.5 2632 263 6 0.6

MOE AT HEC95 168 17 3 0.3 1263 126 3 0.3

MOE AT HEC99 128 13 2 0.2 958 96 2 0.2

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Liver Effects

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 10

DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure

estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 0.6 0.06 0.009 0.001 4.4 0.4 0.01 0.001

MOE AT HEC95 0.1 0.01 0.002 0.0002 0.9 0.09 0.002 0.0002

MOE AT HEC99 0.08 0.008 0.001 0.0001 0.6 0.06 0.001 0.0001

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Kidney Effects

*All MOE values were below

the benchmark MOE of 10

DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 183 18 3 0.3 1369 137 3 0.3

MOE AT HEC95 90 9 1 0.1 674 67 2 0.2

MOE AT HEC99 67 7 1 0.1 505 51 1 0.1

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Neurotoxicity

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 300
DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 1 0.1 0.02 0.002 9.7 1 0.02 0.002

MOE AT HEC95 0.6 0.06 0.01 0.001 5 0.5 0.01 0.001

MOE AT HEC99 0.5 0.05 0.007 0.001 3 0.3 0.008 0.001

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity 

--Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity--

*All MOE values were below 

the benchmark MOE of 100

DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 1 0.1 0.02 0.002 9.7 1 0.02 0.002

MOE AT HEC95 0.6 0.06 0.009 0.001 5 0.5 0.01 0.001

MOE AT HEC99 0.5 0.05 0.007 0.001 3 0.3 0.008 0.001

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity 

--Autoimmunity--

*All MOE values were below 

the benchmark MOE of 30

DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 20 2 0.3 0.03 147 15 0.3 0.03

MOE AT HEC95 10 1 0.1 0.01 74 7 0.2 0.02

MOE AT HEC99 7 0.7 0.1 0.01 53 5 0.1 0.01

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Reproductive Toxicity

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 30
DEGREASER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

DEGREASER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 0.2 0.02 0.003 0.0003 1.26 0.1 0.003 0.0003

MOE AT HEC95 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.5 0.05 0.001 0.0001

MOE AT HEC99 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.4 0.04 0.001 0.0001

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Developmental Toxicity 

--Cardiac Defects--

*All MOE values were below 

the benchmark MOE of 10
Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using the lowest HEC of each health effects domain)

Health Effect Domain and Study

Lowest HEC (ppm) of 

each health effects 

domain

With LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

With LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

Total UF or 

Benchmark 

MOE

LIVER

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC50=25 13161.05769 52.64423077 1316.105769 5.541497976 150412.0879 52.64423077 15041.20879 5.849358974 10

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC95=12 6317.307692 25.26923077 631.7307692 2.659919028 72197.8022 25.26923077 7219.78022 2.807692308 10

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC99=9.1 4790.625 19.1625 479.0625 2.017105263 54750 19.1625 5475 2.129166667 10

KIDNEY

NTP, 1998 HEC50=0.042 22.11057692 0.088442308 2.211057692 0.009309717 252.6923077 0.088442308 25.26923077 0.009826923 10

NTP, 1998 HEC95=0.0085 4.474759615 0.017899038 0.447475962 0.001884109 51.14010989 0.017899038 5.114010989 0.001988782 10

NTP, 1998 HEC99=0.0056 2.948076923 0.011792308 0.294807692 0.001241296 33.69230769 0.011792308 3.369230769 0.001310256 10

NEUROTOXICITY

Arito et al., 1994 HEC50=13 6843.75 27.375 684.375 2.881578947 78214.28571 27.375 7821.428571 3.041666667 300

Arito et al., 1994 HEC95=6.4 3369.230769 13.47692308 336.9230769 1.418623482 38505.49451 13.47692308 3850.549451 1.497435897 300

Arito et al., 1994 HEC99=4.8 2526.923077 10.10769231 252.6923077 1.063967611 28879.12088 10.10769231 2887.912088 1.123076923 300

IMMUNOTOXICITY

HEC50=0.092 48.43269231 0.193730769 4.843269231 0.020392713 553.5164835 0.193730769 55.35164835 0.021525641 100

HEC95=0.045 23.68990385 0.094759615 2.368990385 0.009974696 270.7417582 0.094759615 27.07417582 0.010528846 100

HEC99=0.033 17.37259615 0.069490385 1.737259615 0.007314777 198.543956 0.069490385 19.8543956 0.007721154 100

HEC50=0.092 48.43269231 0.193730769 4.843269231 0.020392713 553.5164835 0.193730769 55.35164835 0.021525641 30

HEC95=0.045 23.68990385 0.094759615 2.368990385 0.009974696 270.7417582 0.094759615 27.07417582 0.010528846 30

HEC99=0.033 17.37259615 0.069490385 1.737259615 0.007314777 198.543956 0.069490385 19.8543956 0.007721154 30

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

Chia et al. 1996 HEC50=1.4 737.0192308 2.948076923 73.70192308 0.310323887 8423.076923 2.948076923 842.3076923 0.327564103 30

Chia et al. 1996 HEC95=0.7 368.5096154 1.474038462 36.85096154 0.155161943 4211.538462 1.474038462 421.1538462 0.163782051 30

Chia et al. 1996 HEC99=0.5 263.2211538 1.052884615 26.32211538 0.11082996 3008.241758 1.052884615 300.8241758 0.116987179 30

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 6.317307692 0.025269231 0.631730769 0.002659919 72.1978022 0.025269231 7.21978022 0.002807692 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 2.684855769 0.010739423 0.268485577 0.001130466 30.68406593 0.010739423 3.068406593 0.001193269 10

Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 1.947836538 0.007791346 0.194783654 0.000820142 22.26098901 0.007791346 2.226098901 0.000865705 10

Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus 

weight and thymus cellularity)

Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity)

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs
LIVER KIDNEY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

13161 6317 4791

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 22 4 3

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

53 25 19

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.09 0.02 0.01

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

1316 632 479

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 2 0.4 0.3

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

6 3 2

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 0.01 0.002 0.001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

150412 72198 54750 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 253 51 34

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

53 25 19

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.09 0.02 0.01

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

15041 7220 5475

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 25 5 3

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

6 3 2

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 0.01 0.002 0.001

NEUROTOXICITY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

6844 3369 2527

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 48.433 23.690 17.373

SPOT CLEANER 

+ LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate 48.4327 23.6899 17.3726

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

27 13 10

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.194 0.095 0.069

SPOT CLEANER 

NO LEV--Lowend exposure 

estimate 0.1937 0.0948 0.0695

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

684 337 253

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 4.843 2.369 1.737

SPOT CLEANER 

+ LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate 4.8433 2.3690 1.7373

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

3 1 1

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.020 0.010 0.007

SPOT CLEANER 

NO LEV--Upperend exposure 

estimate 0.0204 0.0100 0.0073

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate

78214 38505 28879

BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate

553.516 270.742 198.544

BYSTANDER + 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate 553.5165 270.7418 198.5440

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate

27 13 10

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.194 0.095 0.069

BYSTANDER NO 

LEV--Low-end 

exposure 

estimate 0.1937 0.0948 0.0695

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

7821 3851 2888

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 55.352 27.074 19.854

BYSTANDER + 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate 55.3516 27.0742 19.8544

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate

3 1 1

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate

0.022 0.011 0.008

BYSTANDER NO 

LEV--Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate 0.0215 0.0105 0.0077

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99 SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 737 369 263

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 6 3 2

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 3 1 1

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.03 0.01 0.01

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 74 37 26

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 0.6 0.3 0.2

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure 

estimate 8423 4212 3008

BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 72 31 22

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end 

exposure estimate 3 1 1

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Low-end exposure 

estimate 0.03 0.01 0.01

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 842 421 301

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 7 3 2

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end 

exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1

BYSTANDER NO LEV--

Upper-end exposure 

estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001

IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Autoimmunity) IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Decrease in thymus weight and thymus 

cellularity)
SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 13161 53 1316 6 150412 53 15041 6

MOE AT HEC95 6317 25 632 3 72198 25 7220 3

MOE AT HEC99 4791 19 479 2 54750 19 5475 2

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Liver Effects

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 10

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure

estimate

SPOT CLEANER

NO LEV--Low-end

exposure

estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure

estimate

SPOT CLEANER

NO LEV--Upperend exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure

estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 22 0.09 2 0.01 253 0.09 25 0.01

MOE AT HEC95 4 0.02 0.4 0.002 51 0.02 5 0.002

MOE AT HEC99 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 34 0.01 3 0.001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Kidney Effects

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 10

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 6844 27 684 3 78214 27 7821 3

MOE AT HEC95 3369 13 337 1 38505 13 3851 1

MOE AT HEC99 2527 10 253 1 28879 10 2888 1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Neurotoxicity

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 300
SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 48.433 0.194 4.843 0.020 553.516 0.194 55.352 0.022

MOE AT HEC95 23.690 0.095 2.369 0.010 270.742 0.095 27.074 0.011

MOE AT HEC99 17.373 0.069 1.737 0.007 198.544 0.069 19.854 0.008

0.000

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity

--Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity--

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 100

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV-

-Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 48.4327 0.1937 4.8433 0.0204 553.5165 0.1937 55.3516 0.0215

MOE AT HEC95 23.6899 0.0948 2.3690 0.0100 270.7418 0.0948 27.0742 0.0105

MOE AT HEC99 17.3726 0.0695 1.7373 0.0073 198.5440 0.0695 19.8544 0.0077

0.0000

30.0000

60.0000

90.0000

120.0000

150.0000

180.0000

210.0000

240.0000

270.0000

300.0000

330.0000

360.0000

390.0000

420.0000

450.0000

480.0000

510.0000

540.0000

570.0000

600.0000

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity

--Autoimmunity--

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 30

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 737 3 74 0.3 8423 3 842 0.3

MOE AT HEC95 369 1 37 0.2 4212 1 421 0.2

MOE AT HEC99 263 1 26 0.1 3008 1 301 0.1

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Reproductive Toxicity

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 30
SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER +

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

SPOT CLEANER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Low-end exposure

estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Low-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER + LEV--

Upper-end

exposure estimate

BYSTANDER NO

LEV--Upper-end

exposure estimate

MOE AT HEC 50 6 0.03 0.6 0.003 72 0.03 7 0.003

MOE AT HEC95 3 0.01 0.3 0.001 31 0.01 3 0.001

MOE AT HEC99 2 0.01 0.2 0.001 22 0.01 2 0.001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

MARGIN OF EXPOSURE

Occupational Non-Cancer Risks: Developmental Toxicity

--Cardiac Defects--

*MOE values in red box were below 

the benchmark MOE of 10
Version 06/18/14

With LEV--

Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY HEC50= 0.012 0.17 0.017 0.0025 0.0003 1.3 0.13 0.003 0.0003

(Johnson et al., 2003) HEC95= 0.0051 0.072 0.0072 0.0011 0.0001 0.54 0.05 0.0013 0.0001

HEC99= 0.0037 0.052 0.0052 0.0008 0.0001 0.4 0.04 0.0009 0.0001

KIDNEY 0.042 0.59 0.059 0.0088 0.0009 4.4 0.4 0.01 0.001

(NTP, 1998) 0.0085 0.11 0.012 0.0018 0.0002 0.9 0.09 0.0021 0.0002

0.0056 0.079 0.0079 0.0012 0.0001 0.6 0.06 0.0014 0.0001

0.092 1.3 0.1 0.019 0.002 9.7 0.97 0.023 0.0023

0.045 0.6 0.06 0.0095 0.001 4.7 0.47 0.011 0.0011

0.033 0.5 0.05 0.0069 0.0007 3.5 0.35 0.0082 0.0008

HEC50= 0.092 1.3 0.13 0.019 0.002 9.7 0.97 0.022 0.0023

HEC95= 0.045 0.6 0.063 0.0095 0.001 4.7 0.47 0.011 0.0011

HEC99= 0.033 0.5 0.046 0.0069 0.0007 3.5 0.35 0.0082 0.0008

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY HEC50= 1.4 19.7 2 0.3 0.03 147 15 0.35 0.034

(Chia et al. 1996) HEC95= 0.7 9.8 1 0.15 0.015 74 7 0.17 0.017

HEC99= 0.5 7 0.7 0.11 0.011 53 5 0.12 0.012

HEC50= 13 183 18 2.7 0.28 1369 137 3.2 0.32

HEC95= 6.4 90 9 1.3 0.14 674 67 1.6 0.16

HEC99= 4.8 67 7 1 0.1 505 51 1.2 0.12

LIVER HEC50= 25 351 35 5.3 0.53 2632 263 6 0.61

(Kjellstrand et al. 1983) HEC95= 12 168 17 2.5 0.26 1263 126 3 0.29

HEC99= 9.1 128 13 1.9 0.19 958 96 2 0.22

Table 2-X. Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops 

Health Effect Domain and Study

Lowest HEC (ppm) of 

each health effects 

domain

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs 1 BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs 1

UNOTOXICITY Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

IMMUNOTOXICITY Keil et al., 2009 

(Autoimmunity)

NEUROTOXICITY (Arito et al., 1994)

Notes: (1) MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in bold text. They indicate potential health risks.
With LEV--

Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Low-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--Lowend 

exposure 

estimate

With LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

No LEV--

Upper-end 

exposure 

estimate

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY HEC50= 0.012 6.3 0.0253 0.63 0.0027 72 0.0253 7.2 0.0028

(Johnson et al., 2003) HEC95= 0.0051 2.7 0.0107 0.27 0.0011 31 0.0107 3.1 0.0012

HEC99= 0.0037 1.9 0.0078 0.19 0.0008 22 0.0078 2.2 0.0009

KIDNEY HEC50= 0.042 22 0.088 2.2 0.0093 253 0.0884 25 0.0098

(NTP, 1998) HEC95= 0.0085 4.5 0.018 0.45 0.0019 51 0.0179 5.1 0.002

HEC99= 0.0056 2.9 0.012 0.29 0.0012 34 0.0118 3.4 0.0013

HEC50= 0.092 48 0.194 4.8 0.02 554 0.194 55 0.022

HEC95= 0.045 24 0.095 2.4 0.01 271 0.095 27 0.011

HEC99= 0.033 17 0.069 1.7 0.007 199 0.069 20 0.008

HEC50= 0.092 48 0.194 4.8 0.02 554 0.194 55 0.022

HEC95= 0.045 24 0.095 2.4 0.01 271 0.095 27 0.011

HEC99= 0.033 17 0.069 1.7 0.007 199 0.069 20 0.008

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY HEC50= 1.4 737 2.9 74 0.31 8423 2.9 842 0.33

(Chia et al. 1996) HEC95= 0.7 369 1.5 37 0.16 4212 1.5 421 0.16

HEC99= 0.5 263 1.1 26 0.11 3008 1.1 301 0.12

HEC50= 13 6844 27 684 2.9 78214 27 7821 3

HEC95= 6.4 3369 13 337 1.4 38505 13 3851 1.5

HEC99= 4.8 2527 10 253 1.1 28879 10 2888 1.1

LIVER HEC50= 25 13161 53 1316 5.5 150412 53 15041 5.8

(Kjellstrand et al. 1983) HEC95= 12 6317 25 632 2.7 72198 25 7220 2.8

HEC99= 9.1 4791 19 479 2 54750 19 5475 2.1

Table 2-X. Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

Health Effect Domain and Study

Lowest HEC (ppm) of 

each health effects 

domain

WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs 1 BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs 1

NEUROTOXICITY (Arito et al., 1994)

Notes: (1) MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in bold text. They indicate potential health risks.

UNOTOXICITY Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

IMMUNOTOXICITY Keil et al., 2009 

(Autoimmunity)
Total UF or 

Benchmark 

MOE

10

10

100

30

30

300

10
10

Total UF or 

Benchmark 

MOE

300

10

10

100

30

30