"well shaped" when the chesnut is typical of the product
from the country of origin.

"Fairly well shaped” when the chestnut is somewhat off shape
fron: the general appearance of the majority of the lot.

Poorly shaped" when the chestnut is badly deformed.

Color, Uniformity of color should be reported. Chestnuts from
the Far East are usually lighter trown than Italian chestnuts.
The terms "Light Brown," "Brown" or "Dark Brown" should be used

to describe color.

Defects. Since there are no U. S. grades for chestnuts the words
“damaged by" should not be used in connection with defects. The
defect should be described in some detail as "affecting the

appearance," etc.

Adhering hulls. When covering a sufficient area to affect the .
appearance of the nut.

Worm holes. This is the most common and serious defect of chest-
nuts and should always be reported as a separate percentage.

If live worms or fresh frass are present, the nuts should be
scored as a condition defect. Worms eat into the nut while

still on the tree before the shells become mature, cured and hard.

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)


variety, but the source of the product. They should be reported simply

as "Chestnuts."

Types of Containers. Chestnuts are normally shipped in 55 pound (7)
(25 kilo) burlap (jute) sacks. The container should be described

in accordance with the facts.

Identifying marks. The identifying marks on the container should be (8)
reported as they appear on the container. Always include size

markings, weight and country of origin, when present.

Examples: (9)
Chestnuts in jute sacks printed "Product of Italy, net weight

25 kilos, LZC 552, 60 to 65, w.A. Whatilini," and tagged

"Export No. 642 A."

Inspectors' count 192 sacks.

Chestnuts in burlap sacks stenciled "Product of Italy," 25 kilos
net, R.C. Burnini," and tagged "45 to 50."

Applicant states 412 sacks.

CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS

AND CONDITION OF PACK

See General Inspection Instructions. Describe all unusual occurrences (10)
using general quantity terms. Such as: dampness of sacks, mold

growth on sacks, the presence of ice crystals, etc.


-12-

Size.

Quality.

Condition. Shells have ice crystals over surface with fairly bright
to bright appearance.

Grade.

Remarks. Applicant states above van unloaded from s/s Great Republic.
Inspection and certificate restricted to temperature, lading and
external condition only at applicant's request and to product and

lading in top layer of load.

Product. Chestnuts in burlap sacks branded "Cioffivito

Cervinar avellino, castagne stirlizzate, S. M. Boggs, New York,
Sterlized chestnuts, Product of Italy, Net weight lbs. 55, Cert. N,"
and marked "60/65" or 80/85." Applicant states 660 sacks.

Loading. Through lengthwise load. 4 to 7 rows, 7 layers.

Condition of Load and Containers. Eact lot: Sacks damp to wet.

Temperature. 38 to 42° F.

Size.

Quality.
Condition. Each lot: Shells mostly dry, some damp to wet with fairly
bright appearance. Some shells show light to heavy, mostly moderate

surface mold. 1% cracked or open tips. 2% with visible sprouts up

.


Revised,

April 16, 1979, BN-84 (4a)

Page 4, paragraphs 15, 16, 18 and 19, 4
Artichokes etc., Market Inspection
Instructions, September 1976.

(15)

ook ok OO

(16)

rey

ee a ed

SIZE

U.S. No.1 and U.S. No. 2 grades require artichokes must be

fairly uniform in size. Which means that not more than 10%, by count
of the artichokes in any container may vary more than one-half inch in
diameter.

This requirement is applied on a container basis, not on the average
for the lot. For example, if one container is found having more than
the 10% variation, allowed, say 12%, then the entire lot is out of
grade. Then report as “most cartons fairly uniform in size, 15%
irregular." The proper grade statement would be “Fails to grade.....
account of irregular sizing in some cartons.

"Fairly Uniform" shall be used to describe packages that meet size
requirements of the standards.

"Irregular" shall be used to describe packages that fail to meet the
size requirements of the standards. The number of samples or cartons
failing to meet size should be reported in percentages with the proper
general terms used for these samples on cartons that meet the size
requirements.

Note: In order to be as accurate as possible it would be adviseable to
sample the entire contents.

Examples: Fairly uniform. (All samples or cartons have 10% or less of
the artichokes with more than 1/2 inch in diameter variation):

Most cartons fairly uniform, 20% irregular sizing. (10 cartons
sampled, with 2 cartons having more than 10% of the artichokes
with more than 1/2 inch in diameter variation).

+ db HO

OF
et Fb OF Ok + eH tO

+ tt ee eH


GENERAL EXAMPLES

Product: HORSERADISH ROOTS in burlap sacks with no
distinguishing marks. Manifested as 175 - 50 Ib.
sacks of California horseradish roots.

Size: From 6 to 9-1/2 inches in length. From 1-1/4 to
2 inches in diameter. No offsize.

Quality: Mostly clean, some fairly clean, generally well
trimmed, mostly fairly well, many well shaped,
fairly smooth, generally good head formation.
Grade defects range from 3 to 23%, average 18%
cuts, poorly trimmed and growth cracks.

Condition: Generally firm. No decay in most samples, 5 to 8%
in some, average 3% soft slimy yellowish decay with
no mold growth.

Grade: Fails to grade U. S. No. 1 account of grade defects.
Quality: Generally fairly clean, few dirty, generally well

trimmed, mostly well, some fairly well shaped,
fairly smooth, good head formation. Grade defects
average 8% damage by dirt, sunburn and cracks.


Condition:

Grade:

Remarks:

Products Inspected:

Condition of load:

Condition of pack:

Mostly fresh, tender and light to good green
color. Range 6 to 24%, average 13% damage
by brown to black discolored areas.

From 10 to 28%, average 19% Gray Mold Rot

in advanced stages.

Meets quality requirements but fails to grade
U. S. No. 1 only account condition.

Applicant states above lot unloaded from
trailer Texas 792 ALO. Size reported at
applicant's request.

OKRA in tub type 1/2 bushel baskets. Lids
stamped "Fancy Okra" or "Choice."

Manifested as 1001 baskets Fancy and
50 baskets Choice.

Through crosswise offset load 5 and 6 rows,
3 to 7 layers. Some baskets leaning toward
rear doors of trailer, with some baskets in
2 lower layers crushed.

Each lot: Generally well filled.



199.)
(22)

(24)

(28)

Color: Varietal characteristics will dictate the color of pod.

This color may vary from light green, green, deep green or

dark green or even creamy white, in the case of White Velvet or
Ladyfinger varieties. Any yellowing, not characteristic for variety,
should be scored and reported as damage by yellow discoloration. This
will normally occur in association with wilting and scored as condition
factor.

Condition factors: These include, but are not restricted to, such
defects as the following:

Discoloration.
Freezing.
Insects (live).
Decay.

Discoloration may occur as a light brown: brown; dark brown

or black area affecting ribs, tips or the pod and should be
described by color and affected area such as: "brown to light
brown discoloration affecting from 1/10 to 1/4.of surface, ribs
and tips occurring on pods adjacent sides of crates and those in
contact with covers." Yellow discoloration, not characteristic
for the variety is generally associated with over-heating or
over-maturity.

Decay : Normally the type of decay can be identified by the color

of mold growth; such as Gray Mold Rot, Rhizopus Rot or Bacterial Soft
Rot. If early stage of decay is present a description of it is better
than misnaming the decay.


15)

(7)

(8)

ro

TOLERANCES.
Defects U. S. Fancy U.S. No. 7) U. S.No. 2°
A. Defects 10% 10% 10%
B. Decay (including in A) 1% 1% 1%
C. Size.(1) min. dia. 5% 5% 5%
(2) min. Ten. 5% 5% 5%

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

The contents of individual packages in the lot are subject to not more
than 1-1/2 times any tolerance of 10 percent or more and not more than
double any tolerance of 5 percent or less. At least one defective
stalk and one undersize stalk may be permitted in any package if the
averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified -in

the grade.

PRODUCT

Under this heading report the following information:

Commodity.

Type of container.
Identifying marks.
Quantity inspected.

Commodity: The commodity should be reported in accordance with the
facts, such as: "RHUBARB, field grown" or "RHUBARB, greenhouse grown."


(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

Color: Color will vary depending upon variety and growing area. The
terms needed to describe color are very well colored meaning that a
pink or red color predominates on three-fourths or more of the stalk
Tength - minimum requirement of U. S. Fancy; well colored meaning

a pink or red color on one-half or more of the stalk length -

minimum requirement of U. S. No. 1; and fairly well colored meaning

a pink or red color on one-fourth or more of the stalk length -
minimum requirement of U. S. No. 2.

Permanent defects: Scarring, insects, mechanical and other means that
can reasonably be identified as having occurred at shipping point
should be classified as permanent defects and reported under the
"Quality" heading of the certificate.

CONDITION

Under this heading report the following:

Color of leaves (when present).
Discoloration (stalk or leaves).
Freezing.

Decay.

Freshness and tenderness: In association with "fresh and tender"
the term crisp should be used to describe stalks that meet the
requirements of the U. S. Fancy and No. 1 grades. Even though not
mentioned in the standards, crispness is a major selling point of
rhubarb. "Fresh" means not limp or wilted. "Tender" means the stalk
is crisp with no open texture or air spaces in the center portion of



-4-

QUALITY

(4) Under this heading report the following:
Cleanness.
Shape.
Permanent defects.

(15) Cleanness: The following terms shall be used to describe cleanness:
clean, fairly clean, slightly dirty and dirty. The grade requires
that pods be free from damage by dirt. Pods will be considered as
being damaged when dirt or other foreign matter materially affects
the appearance or marketing quality.

Shape: The minimum requirement for shape is not badly misshapen.
Inspectors should not be too technical in scoring shape. Take the
general shape for the variety into consideration before scoring badly
misshapen pods against the grade. In describing the lot use general
quality terms with "well shaped," "fairly well shaped," “slightly
misshapen" and "badly misshapen."

(17) Permanent defects: Any defect or combination of defects which
materially detracts from the appearance, edible or marketing quality
of the individual pod or the lot as a whole should be scored against
the grade.


(9)

PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS

Name of the Commodity: This should be the first item shown under
the "Products" heading on the certificate, and usually the word
"Coconuts" will suffice. While there are supposedly 25 to 30
varieties of Ccconuts, sales are never made ‘on the basis of
variety, but rather on the country or origin, as "Puerto Rican
Coconuts" or "Honduras Coconuts", etc. While each country may
have a different varietal name for their coconuts, the differences
in characteristics of coconuts from each country may be due
largely to differences in climate and altitude rather than to
being a different variety. This point is seldom in dispute
except on a falling market when some dealers may claim that the
coconuts are not from the country specified in the contract. The
inspector should never attempt to indicate the country of origin
as even coconut experts find this difficult or impossible to

determine.

The Type of Containers: Except for shiploads of coconuts which

arrive in bulk at the port of entry, coconuts are generally
shipped in heavy jute bags. Some inspectors have been reporting
these as burlap sacks. While this is not technically incorrect,
burlap, as a general rule, is made largely from hemp. It is

preferable to describe the containers as "Heavy Jute Sacks."


Puffy. This refers to chestnuts which have undeveloped kernels
which do not adequately fill the air space in the shell. Puffy

chestnuts usually collapse upon applying pressure. Chestnuts

with small air spaces should not be mentioned.

Examples:

Clean, fairly well to well shaped, generally uniform dark brown
color. 3% with worm holes. 5% puffy or showing adhering hulls
covering 10 to 15% of the surface.

Fairly clean to clean except for mold noted under condition, well
shaped, generally light brown to brown color. 8% with worm holes.

CONDITON

The following factors should be reported under this heading:

Brightness. "Bright," "Fairly Bright," or "Dull."

Dryness of shells. The terms "Dry," "Slightly Damp" or "Damp"
should be used. Nuts that show surface mold should not be

included in the determination of dryness. Mold often contains
some moisture and feels damp to the touch. This factor should

not be reported on lots which generally show surface mold.

Surface mold. Two factors should be considered in describing

surface mold: quantity affected and density of mold. The


Firmness: All grades require roots to be firm meaning not appreciably
soft, flabby, wilted or withered.

Discoloration: Discolorations are scored on the basis of materially
or seriously detracting from the appearance.

Freezing: Internal discoloration, pithiness, flabbiness or translucent
areas caused by freezing are scored against the 10 percent tolerance.

Mold: The presence of mold should be handled the same as discoloration
and scored on appearance.

Insects: Damage or serious damage by live insects should be considered
as a condition factor, scored and reported, according to the facts.

Decay: The type of decay affecting roots should be described as
detailed as possible unless a substantial amount of mold is present
and the inspector is positive of naming the decay.

GRADE
Under this heading on the certificate, a clear statement based on the

facts reported in the preceding headings, should be made showing that
the lot meets or fails to meet the established grade.

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)


- Ill -

SPrOUtS ... cece cece cece nee e cere rete seer eee rceerete
Perforated or Leaking Eyes
DY cece ccc cece eee ener eect eeee
Decay, Rancid, Moldy or Fermenting .
Freezing or Freezing Injury ...... nee
EXAMPl@S occ cece cece eee eect eee e ener er eeeeeeee

Paragraph
Numbers

31
32
33
34
35
36

38
39
40




Condition:

Grade:

Generally firm. Average 3% new top growth from 1-1/4
to 1-1/2 inches in length. Average 4% damage by
black discoloration affecting from 1/4 to 1/3 of
root. Average 2% damage by brown to black mold
covering 1/2 of root. Average 3% soft flabby roots.
Average 1% decay.

Meets quality requirements but fails to grade
u. S. No. 1 only account of condition.




SECTION TIT
CHESTNUTS

Introduction. Chestnuts are grown in various parts of the world, (1)
including the United States. Generally chestnuts are imported from

Italy, with a few coming from the Far East. Chestnuts are seeds

that develop inside a prickly husk, generally 2 or 3 in each husk.

The nuts ripen and fall from the tree during or after the first

frosts. The commercial marketing season for these nuts is generally

October through December.

Inspection Method. Like other nut inspections, samples should be (2)
drawn and taken to the office fur analysis. Inspectors should avoid
opening only a small corner of the container sufficient to insert their
hand to obtain a sample. Enough of the container should be opened so
that the inspector will be able to observe the general appearance of
the lot and also determine if chestnuts in some containers are at

great variance with others, in which case separate samples should be
drawn. For a carload equivalent at least 20 containers should be
sampled; these should be carefully selected from different parts of

the lot or load. About half a pound should be taken from each con-
tainer examined, and the composite sample taken to the office for

careful analysis.


SECTION II
COCONUTS
INTRODUCTION

Fresh coconuts are imported into the United States the year around. (1)
Heaviest imports are received from October through December. They are
grown in most of the tropical countries, however, our main sources of
supply are Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central America, and the Pacific Islands.
Fresh domestic shipments are generally made in heavy jute sacks al-

though many coconuts are imported in bulk.

The nut consists of a hard woody shell enclosing the kernel or meat, (2)
within which is a cavity containing coconut liquid or “milk." Covering
the nut is a thick fibrous husk, however, this is generally removed

unless the nuts are to be used for decorative purposes. In the shell

of each nut are three "eyes", one of which is softer and more easily

perforated than the others and is the one that may sprout.

Inspection Procedure. The contents of an entire sack should (3)
ordinarily be the unit of inspection. In lots equivalent to a carload,

at least 8 to 10 sacks should be examined and smaller lots should be
sampled in proportion. A sufficient number of sacks should always be
examined to give a correct analysis of any lot. Sacks for examination

should be carefully selected from various parts of the load or lot in


Should the applicant question the average net weight, he should be
required to furnish all the facilities necessary to weigh enough

sacks to obtain a representative average.

Examples:

Minimum diameter ranges from 3-3/4 to 5 inches, mostly 4 to
4-1/2 inches.

Fairly uniform in size.

Count varies in sacks from 94 to 103, average 98 coconuts
per sack.

Net weight varies in sacks from 145 to 162 pounds, average
153 pounds.

QUALITY

Cleanness: While the possibility of coconuts being dirty is
smal], reporting them as "Clean" is a good description term to
use if that is the fact. If some are badly stained or dirty,

they should be reported witha description.

Freedom from Excessive Husks: Coconuts which are exceptionally

free from husks should be reported as “well husked." Coconuts
which show some husks, but not sufficient to detract appreciably
from their appearance, should be reported as "fairly well husked."
Coconuts which show an excessive amount of husks which detract
from the appearance of the individual specimen, should be reported

as "poorly husked."

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)


Standards for "Dry Husked Coconuts" which are similar in form to most
U.S. Standards. In addition to specifications for Puerto Rican No. 1
and No. 2 grades with appropriate definitions of terms, these

Standards also provide minimum and maximum diameters for various sizes.
The following terms should be used in describing parts of the coconuts (£)

Husk: The coarse fibrous stringy material on the outside of

the shell.
Shell: The hard woody shell enclosing the meat.

Eyes: The three sunken or protruding spots occurring at one

end of the shell.
Meat: The white edible kernel inside the shell.
Liquid: The liquid (or coconut milk) in the center of the shell.

When making the inspection, a separate column should be kept on the (7)
notesheet for each defect, such as sprouts, rancid, etc. If one

defect is predominant and excessive, it should be reported

separately; or, it the applicant requestsit, all defects may be

reported separately.


(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Samples from different grower marks cr sizes or brands should be kept
separate and graded separately as they will often show entirely
different internal quality or condition. If after analysis the lots
are found to be similar, they can be grouped and reported together on

the certificate.

At the office the sample should be thoroughly mixed, and for a carlcad
equivalent at least 200 nuts should be counted out for analysis. The
minimum number of nuts for an official sample should be not less than
100 nuts. These should all be cut to determine the quality and
condition of the kernels. All percentages reported should be based
upon count and reported to the nearest whole figure. Percentages

ending in .5 should be reported in the next larger whole figure.

Car Initials and Number, Kind of Car, Where Inspected, Condition of

Car. Refer to General Inspection Instructions.

Products Inspected and Distinguishing Marks

Name of Product. There are a great many varieties of chestnuts, but
variety will probably never be in question. Chestnuts are not sold
by variety but by country of origin. There are a number of varieties
that are so similar that it would be difficult for an inspector to

differentiate between them. Te word "Italian" is not the name of a


(33) Decay: The decay generally found in artichokes is Gray Mold Rot.
For a description refer to Miscellaneous Publication No. 541,

Market Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables.

(34) It will be noted by referring to the Standards that there is a

2 percent tolerance for decay in both the U.S. No.1 or U.S. No. 2

grades.

(35) Examples:

Generally green, fairly compact to compact. Average 2%
spread and 5% overdeveloped. No decay.

Mostly green, from 5% to 15%, average 9% overdeveloped. Mostly
fairly compact, from 8 to 20%, average 15% spread, including 3%
badly spread. From 2 to 8%, average 5% Gray Mold Rot in early
stages affecting outer layer of scales.

Fairly compact to compact. Practically all buds are damaged by
brown discoloration and severe feathering of the epidermis and
from 5 to 15%, average 8% of the buds show internal black dis-
coloration characteristic of freezing injury. No decay.

GRADE_

(36) Under this heading a statement should be made as to the Grade of the
lot based on the results of the inspection, unless the inspection was
restricted to reporting condition or size only at the applicant's

request. See Destination Market Handbook, Part II.


APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
§ 51.3670 Application of tolerances,

The contents of individual packages in
the lot are subject to the following
imitations;

(a) For a tolerance of 10 percent, in-

vidual packages may contain not more
than one and one-half times the toler-
ance: Provided, That the average for
the entire lot 1s within the tolerance
specified for the grade.

(b) Fora tolerance of 5 percent or less,
individual packages may contain not
more than double the tolerance specified:

- Provided, That at least one stalk which
is defective and one stalk which is under-
size may be permitted in any package:
And provided further, That the averages
for the entire lot are within the toler-
ances specified for the grade.

DEFINITIONS

§51 ‘S671 Similar varietal churacteris-
thes,
“Similar varietal characteristics”

means that the rhubarb stalks are alike
in general characteristics.

§ 51.3672 Very well colored.

“Very well colored” means that a pink:
or red color predominates on three-
fourths or more of the length of the

$ 51.3673 Well colored.

“Well colored” means that a pink or
red color predominates on one-half or
more of the length of the stalk.

851.3674 Fairly well colored.

“Fairly well colored” means that a
pink or red color predominates on one-
fourth or more of the length of the stalk.

§ 51.3675 Fresh.
“Fresh” means not limp or wilted.
§ 51.3676. Straight.

“Straight” means that the stalk has
not more than a slight concave curva-
ture of the face, and not more than slight
twisting along the longitudinal axis of
the stalk.

§ 51.3677 Well trimmed.

“Well trimmed” means that the top
has been neatly knife-trimmed so that
not more than 2 inches of the mid-
ribs and thin leaf tissue remains, and
that most of the basal husk has been
removed.

§ 51.3678 Pithy.

“Pithy” means that the stalk has an
open texture with air spaces in the cen-
tral portion.

§ 51.3679 Damage.

“Damage” means any defect or any
combination of defects which materially
detracts from the appearance or the
edible or shipping quality of the stalk,

§ 51.3680 Diameter.

“Diameter” means the greatest dis-
tance across the flat face of the stalk
at the center of its length.

§ 51.3681 Length.

“Length” means the overall length
after the stalk has been well trimmed.

§ 51.3682 Fairly straight.

“Fairly straight” means that the stalk
is not badly twisted or crooked.

§ 51.3683 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” means any defect or
any combination of defects which seri-
ously detracts from the appcarance or
the edible or shipping quality of the stalk.
Broken, badly bruised, and crushed stalks
shall be considered as serious damage.

Dated: December 27, 1965.

~ G.R. Grancr,
Deputy Administrator,
Marketing Services.

{F.R. Doc. 66-13978; Filed, Dec. 30, 1908;
8:45 o.m.}



United States Standards



(13)

(14)

a

(1€)

SIZE

"Diameter" means the greatest distance across the flat face of the
stalk at the center of its length. For example: The diameter of
14 inch length should be measured at the 7 inch mark or 1/2 of its
length. "Length" means the overall length after the stalk has been
well trimmed.

The minimum diameter of U. S. Fancy field grown rhubarb is one (1)
inch in diameter and the minimum length is 10 inches.

Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of U. S. No. 1 field grown
rhubarb cannot be less than 3/4 inch and the length not less than
10 inches.

Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of U. S. No. 2 field grown
rhubarb cannot be less than 1/2 inch and the length not less than
8 inches.

Examples:

(Field grown) Generally 1/2 to 1-1/4, mostly 3/4 to 1
inch ih diameter and 8 to 16, mostly 10 to 14 inches in
length. Average 4% under 1/2 inch in diameter and 3%
under 8 inches in length. (Grade: U. S. No. 2 or.U. S.
No. 1 with size specified).

(Greenhouse grown) Generally 7/8 to 1-1/2, mostly 1 to 1-1/4
inches in diameter and from 14 to 16 inches in length.


- VIII -

SECTION VI
HORSERADISH ROOTS

Paragraph

Numbers

GENERAL 1
TOLERANCES 2
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 3- 4
PRODUCT 5 - 10
Commodity 6

Type of container 7
Identifying marks 8
Quantity inspected 9
Examples 10

SIZE 11 - 16
Examples 16
QUALITY 7 - 31
Cleanness 18
Trimming 19

Shape 20 - 22
Smoothness 23° - 25

Head formation 26 - 28
Permanent defects 29
Hollow heart 30
CONDITION 31 - 38
Firmness 32
Discoloration 33
Freezing 34

Mold 35
Insects 36

Decay 37

GRADE 38
GENERAL EXAMPLES Pages 8 - 9

APPENDIX To .ceaneaeue daneae U.S. STANDARDS


-13-

Examples:
(36)

"Coconuts with meat and liquid sweet and most containing a good
amount of liquid, some with moderate amount of liquid, few
containing small amount of liquid. Average 8% condition factors
consisting of cracked coconuts containing no liquid and perforated
and leaking eyes."

"Coconuts containing a moderate amount of sweet liquid, meat
firm and sweet, outer surface mostly dry, some damp, a few wet.
Average 5% condition factors consisting of coconuts containing
no liquid, broken, rancid, and leaking eyes.”

"Coconuts containing a moderate amount of sweet liquid;
composite sample upon cracking average 90% showing layer of
mold and decay occurring on meat where in contact with the shell."

"Coconuts mostly containing moderate amount of sweet liquid;
average 35% showing sprouts from 1/4 to 3/4 inch in length with
bulbs forming on the inside, average 4% other condition factors
consisting of cracked, broken, and rancid."

"Coconuts containing moderate amount of sweet liquid; meat firm
and sweet; average 3% condition factors consisting of cracked,
leaking eyes and decay. In bottom layer of sacks, coconuts in

contact with floor racks show liquid frozen, affecting coconuts
from 6 to 12 inches up from floor racks."

GRADE

When inspection is requested for condition only, this heading should (37)
be blocked out, unless a "Condition Only" certificate form is used, and
a statement made under "Remarks" - "At applicant's request inspection

restricted to condition.”


IZE

A minimum length and diameter is specified in each of the U. S. grades (11)
with the length being measured from the top of the uppermost head to

the tip of the main, useable root. The diameter of the root is the

greatest thickness at a point halfway of its length. Length should be
determined first so that the 1/16 inch reduction for greater length

can be applied.

The U. S. Fancy grade specifies a minimum length of 8 inches when (12)
the diameter is 1-1/2 inches or more. If the length is greater than

8 inches, the diameter may be 1/16 inch less for each additional half

inch in length, but no root shall be less than 1-1/4 inches in diameter.

The U. S. No. 1 grade specifies a minimum length of 6 inches when the (13)
diameter is 1-1/4 inches or more. If the length is greater than 6

inches, the diameter may be 1/16 of an inch less for each additional half
inch of length, but no root shall be less than 1 inch in diameter.

The U. S. No. 2 grade specifies a minimum length of 4 inches and a (14)
minimum diameter of not less than 1/2 inch.

A tolerance of 5 percent is provided for roots smaller than the (15)
minimum size specified. This tolerance includes both length and
diameter.

Examples:
Generally 6 to 9, mostly 7 to 8-1/2 inches in length. (16)
Average 3% under 6 inches. Generally 1 to 1-3/4,
mostly 1-1/4 to 1-3/4 inches in diameter. Range from


Shape: The U. S. Fancy grade requires roots to be well shaped, which
means the root is not forked or branched. It may be slightly curved
or crooked but not to exceed a total of 45 degrees from the course of
a straight root.

The U. S. No. 1 grade requires roots to be fairly well shaped, which
Means not more than moderately curved or crooked but shall not exceed
a total of 90 degrees from the course of a straight root.

There are no requirements for shape in the No. 2 grade.

Smoothness: "Fairly smooth" is a requirement of the U. S. Fancy grade
which means the surface of the root is not bark-like or rough or
pitted to the extent appreciably detracting from its appearance.
Portions of secondary roots on the side of the main root shall not be
considered as rough.

"Not_excessively rough" is a requirement of the U. S. No. 1 grade and
means that less than one-quarter of the surface in aggregate is
affected by pitted or furrowed appearance less than one-eighth of an
inch in depth.

There is no requirement for smoothness in the U. S. No. 2 grade, but
if excessively rough, pitted or furrowed it may be classified under
the general definition of serious damage if a loss of more than 25
percent, by weight, of the root is encountered.

Head formation: The head refers to the rounded knob at or near the
top of the root to which the leaves are attached. The U. S. Fancy

(25)

(26)


(27)

(30)

(31)

-f-

grade requires each root to have "good head formation." This means
a head formation consisting of any number of heads, provided they
are at the top of the root and not more than two are separated by a
deep crotch.

"Fairly good head formation" is the requirement for U. S. No. 1 roots.
This means a head formation consisting of any number of heads, provided
they are at the top of the root and not more than four are separated
by deep crotches.

There is no requirement for head formation in the U. S. No. 2 grade.

Permanent defects: Cuts, bruises, cracks, sunburn, mechanical and
other permanent defects are scored on the basis of materially. affecting
the appearance or 10 percent for damage and seriously affecting the
appearance or 25 percent waste for serious damage.

Hollow Heart: Hollow Heart is considered serious damage in all grades
and scored against the 5 percent tolerance for Hollow Heart.

CONDITION

Under this heading report the following:

Firmness.
Discoloration.
Freezing.
Mold.

Insects.
Decay.


(28)

(29)

sory

~ 10 -

Condition of Meat: This is in relation to freedom from rancidity,
mold, and decay, and should be reported as "Meat fresh and sweet,"
when such is the case, or give the percentage showing meat rancid,

moldy, discolored or showing decay.

Liquid Content and Sweetness: The liquid content should be de-

scribed in the following terms: "Moderate amount of liquid"

when they show an average amount of coconut milk, "Good amount of
liquid" when they show more than an average amount of milk,

"Small amount of liquid" when they definitely show less than an
average amount of milk. Coconuts showing fermentation of the milk
should be reported in percentages as such, otherwise the word

"liquid" should be preceded by the word "sweet."

Cracked, Broken or Crushed: Coconuts may crack due to changes in

temperatures; either very hot or very cold temperatures may

cause them to crack. Cars shipped under ventilation may also
show cracked nuts if the shipment passed through areas having hot
dry winds. Rough handling in the process of loading or shifting

of loads may cause breakage in transit.

Sprouts: The fertile eye of coconuts often show a slight bulge,

however, it should not be scored as sprouted unless the scale or




Paragraph

Numbers

Condtion of Sawdust ..........e cece cece cere cence 36
Condition of kernels ... . 37
Condition of shells 38
Cracked or open tips . 39
Sprouting ......c cece eee es eee eee 40
Moidy,Decayed or Rancid kernels we 4)
EXAMple@S 20. cece eee c cece cece eee cece eer ete e enna 42
GRADE 2... cece cece cece eect e eee eee cert eneeeeeeene 43
REMARKS 2... ec eee eee c cece cece ener n eee t teen eee eee cence 44



-V-

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION IIT

CHESTNUTS

Paragraph

Numbers

INTRODUCTION .. 0... eee cece cece cece eee ence nee eens 1
INSPECTION METHOD .......... cece cece eee eee e eee ceee eee 2-4
CAR INITIALS AND NUMBER, KIND, OF CAR, ETC. ............ 5
PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS ............ 6
TYPE OF CONTAINERS ........ 0... cece cece cece cece cece aces 7
IDENTIFYING MARKS 10... cece cece eee cece e cence ee eeeees 8
EXAMPIOS 2... cece cece e cee e eee eee e eee e eee e eee enee 9
CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS AND CONDITION OF PACK . 10
TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ........... 0. cece eee eee eee cence ee W
SSD 0A SR 12 - 17
EXampleS 2.0... cece cece eee eee e eee eee eeeeeaeeee 18
QUALITY 1... eee cece cece eee e cence eect ee eeneeaenees 19 - 31
CleanneSS . 2... ccc eee cece cece e cece cece ee enees 20 - 21
Shape ..... +. 22 - 25
Color .. 26
Defects . 27
Adhering hulls . 28
Worm holes .... 29
Puffy ..... os 30
EXaMmpleS 6... cc ese e cece cece eee eee e eee e ee eeeeenee 31
CONDITION 2... cece cece cece cece eee e reece teen ee tee eens 32 - 42
Brightness ....... 33
Dryness of shells 34

Surface mold beet eee eee esses seteeeneneeneenenerns 35


-9-

INSPECTION METHOD

In making the inspection, the container may be opened from the side or (37)
the top. In standard and special boxes about 1/4 of the contents

should constitute the sample unless the lot is out of grade on account

of samples exceeding the container tolerance on either grade or

condition defects, in which case the entire contents should be examined.

In half boxes, 1/2 of the entire contents should be examined. All

percentages should be based on count as specified in the grade.


- VII -

SECTION V
RHUBARB

. Paragraph
Numbers
GENERAL 1 - 4
TOLERANCES 5
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 6
PRODUCT 7 - 12
Commodity 8
Type of container 9
Identifying marks 10
Quantity inspected 1
Examples 12
SIZE 13 - 17

Examples 7.
QUALITY 18 - 23
Cleanness 19
Trimming 20
Straightness 21
Color 22
Permanent defects 23
CONDITION 24 - 29
Freshness and tenderness 25
Color of leaves 26
Discoloration 27
Freezing : 28
Decay 29
GRADE 30

GENERAL EXAMPLES Page 8


CONVERSION TABLE

suamesamnameeeeenen -

4
—

1/8
Ws
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8

*U,S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF ICE:1988-241-848:80325/AMS

Inches

—

Millimeters (mm)

3.2
6.4

9.5
12.7
15.9
19.0
22.2

Inches Millimeters(mm)

1
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4

25.4
31.8
38.1
44.4
50.8
76.2
101.6



‘TOLERANCES
§ 51.3904 Tolerances.

In order to allow for variations inci-
dent to proper grading and handling in
each of the foregoing grades, the follow-
ing tolerances, by weight, are provided
as specified:

(a) For defects. Ten percent for roots
in any lot which fall to meet the require-
ments of the specified grade, Including
therein not more than 5 percent for roots
which are hollow and also including
therein not more than 2 percent for roots
which are affected by decay.

(b) For size. Five percent for roots in
any lot which are smaller than the mini-
mum size specified for the grade.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
§ 51.3905 Application of tolerances.

The contents of individual packages in
the lot, based on sample inspection, are
subject to the following limitations:

(a) For a tolerance of 10 percent or
more, individual packages in any lot may
contain not more than one and one-half
times the tolerance specified, except that
when the package contains 15 specimens
or less, individual packages may contain
not more than double the tolerance spec-
ified: Provided, That the average for the
entire lot 1s within the tolerance spec-
ified for the grade.

(b) For a tolerance of less than 10
percent, individual packages in any lot
may contain not more than double the
tolerance specified: Provided, That at
least one defective and one off-size speci-
Men may be permitted tn any package:
And provided further, That the average
for the entire lot is within the tolerance
specified for the grade.

DeriniTions
§ 51.3906 Firm.

“Firm” means that the roots are not
appreciably soft, flabby, willed, or
withered.

§ 51.3907 Well trimmed.

“Well trimmed” means that all sec-
ondary roots (plants) which are less
than % inch in diameter at the point of
attachment to the main root are trim-
med to not more than 1 inch in length;
and that tops (leaves) are trimmed to

not more than ¥ inch in length from the
head.

3

§ 51.3908 Well shaped.

“Well shaped” means that the root is
not forked or branched. It may be
slightly curved or crooked but shall not
diverge in direction more than a total of

45 degrees from the course of a straight
Toot.

§ 51.3909 Fairly well shaped.

“Fairly well shaped” means that the
root may be moderately curved or
crooked but shall not diverge in direction
more than a total of 90 degrees from the
course of a straight root.

§ 51.3910 Fairly smooth.

“Fairly smooth” means that the sur.-
face of the root is not bark-like or pitted
to an extent appreciably detracting from
{ts appearance. Remnants of secondary
roots on the side of the main root shall
not be considered as roughness.

§ 51.3911 Excessively rough.

“Excessively rough” means that- the
surface of the root is pitted or furrowed
to a depth of more than one-eighth of
an inch over one-fourth or more of the
surface in the aggregate, exclusive of the
head. Remnants of secondary roots on
the side of the main root shall not be
considered as roughness.

§ 51.3912 Damage.

“Damage” means any defect or com-
bination of defects which materially de-
tracts from the appearance or the grind-
ing quality of the root, or which cannot
be removed without a loss of more than
10 percent, by weight, of the root includ-
ing the peel covering the defective area.

(a) Dirt shall be considered as damage
when it is more than lightly caked on the
root.

§ 53.3913 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” mcans any defect or
combination of defects which seriously
detracts from the appearance or the
grinding quality of the root or which
cannot be removed without a loss of more
than 25 percent, by weight, of the root
including the peel covering the defective
area.

(a) Dirt shall be considered as serious
damage if it is more than moderately
caked or encrusted on the root.


a

GOOD HEAD FORMATION

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Distinguishing Marks: The purpose of this is to identify the (10)
lot. The brand, if any, should be quoted, including the growers'
or shippers’ name and address. Other identifying marks that may

be quoted are: size marks or counts, country of origin and lot number.
Quantity Inspected: See Destination Market Handbook, Part II. (11)
Examples: (12)

COCONUTS in heavy jute sacks stenciled: "Product of Ecuador"
and to denote count (100s noted). Sacks also tagged "Otisgolf
Los Angeles, Productos De Panama." 104 sacks noted.

COCONUTS in heavy jute sacks stenciled: "Otis, Product of
Honduras" and to denote count. 500 sacks applicant's count.

CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS (13)

See Destination Market Handbook, Part II.
PACK
The Pack heading, as a general rule should be blocked out. (14)
TEMPERATURE

Ordinarily the temperature heading on coconut inspection certificates (15)
should be blocked out. Coconuts, however, are subject to freezing and

freezing injury. In the northern states during the winter months,


United States
Department of
Agriculture

sore Artichokes, Chestnuts,

Service

Fan Coconuts, Horseradish Roots,

ren Pe Okra and Rhubarb

Washington, D.C.

September 1976

Market Inspection Instructions

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2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
ora’
Source: 32 FR 8864, June 22, 1967, unless

otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203,

Dec. 31, 1981.

Effective December 18, 1928

Bec.
51.3045

51.3046

61.3047 Damage.
51.3948 Serious damage.

AvtHortrr: The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as
amended, 1000 as amended; 7 U.S.C, 1622,
1624,

GrapE

§ 51.3945 U.S.No. 1.

“U.8. No. 1" consists of pods of okra of
similar varietal characteristics which
are fresh, tender, not badly misshapen,
free from decay, and from damage caused
by dirt or other foreign matter, disease,
Insects, mechanical or other means.

(a) In order to allow for variations
incident to proper grading and handling,
the following tolerances, by weight, are
Provided as specified:

(1) Ten percent for pods in any lot
which fail to meet the requirements of
this grade, including therein not more
than 5 percent for defects causing serl-
ous damage, and including in this latter
amount not more than 1 percent for
Pods affected by decay.

? Packing of the product In conformity with
the requirements of these standards shall not
excuce failure to comply with the provisions
of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
or with cpplicable State laws and regulations,

UNCLASSIFIED
§ 51.3946 Unclassified.

“Unclassified” consists of pods of okra
which have not been classified in accord-
ance with the foregoing grade. The term
“unclassified” is not a grade within the
meaning of these standards but is pro-
vided as a designation to show that no
grade has been applied to the lot.

Dernarions
§ 51.3947 Damage.

“Damage” means any defect, or any
combination of defects, which materially
detracts from the appearance, or the
edible or marketing quality of the in-
dividual pod or of the lot as a whole.

§ 51.3948 Serious damage.

“Berlous damage” means any defect,
or any combination of defects, which
seriously detracts from the appearance,
or the edible or marketing quality of the
individual pod or of the lot as a whole.

This is a ceissue of U.S. Standards for
Okra which were effective December 18,
1928, No substantive change is made in
the text of the standards.


Temperature. Range 58 to 59°F.

Size.

Quality.

Condition. Each lot: Shells fairly dry to dry and mostly fairly
bright to bright, some slightly dull. Most shells show light to
heavy, mostly moderately surface mold affecting from 1/4 to 1/2 of
surface. Kernels mostly firm. Each lot: 3% show old worm holes
extending into kernels. 60/65 lot: 28%moldy kernels. 80/85 lot:
18% moldy kernels.

Grade.

Remarks. Applicant states above lot unloaded from s/s Defiance in
trailer CMLU 880212 under Billof Lading 67.

Products. Chestnuts in burlap sacks branded "Cioffivito

Cervinara avellino, castogne sterilizzate, S. M. Boggs, New York,
Sterlized chestnuts, Product of Italy, net weight 1b. 55; Cert. N,"
and marked "60/65" or "80/85." Applicant states 660 sacks.

Loading. Through lengthwise load. 4 to 7 rows, 7 layers.

Condition of Load and Containers. Each lot: Sacks generally dry,

few sacks damp to wet with 1/2 to 3/4 of sack frozen with ice crystals
present.

Temperature. Range from 26 to 30° F.


7)

The French type, in which the bud is short, chunky and almost
round er is flattenedon the end. This type of not generally
considered desirable becaise it does not yield well and is

difficult to pack.

The harvesting period for Globe Artichokes is from August to May with

Peaks in October and November, and again in March and April.

CAR INITIALS AND NUMBER, KIND OF CAR, WHERE INSPECTED AND

CONDITION OF CAR
See Destination Market Handbook - Part II (Same headings).

PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS

Variety: No attempt should be made to identify variety. It is
permissible to report the type but usually simply ."Globe

Artichokes" will be sufficient.

Type of Containers: Practically all artichokes are shipped in

one of three containers:

Standard Box ------------- 0-5/8 inches
Standard Half Box -- 0-5/8 inches
Special Box -------------- 0-5/8 inches



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DIVISION
FRESH PRODUCTS BRANCH

MARKET INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS
ARTICHOKES, COCONUTS, CHESTNUTS 1/
OKRA, RHUBARB, AND HORSERADISH ROOTS 2/
SECTION I
ARTICHOKES

Producing Areas and Types. The commercial production of the Globe Q)

Artichoke is limited in this country almost exclusively to the six
Central coast counties of California from Marin to Santa Barbara, with

approximately half being produced in Monterey County.

The Globe Artichoke should not be confused with the Jerusalem (2)
Artichoke which is a root crop. Varieties of Globe Artichoke are not
clearly defined as no systematic breeding or selection work has been
done in this field, however, there are two general types of varietal

classifications of Artichokes:

The Italian type in which the bud is long and somewhat pointed. (3)

This is by far the most popular type.

J/ This handbook supersedes "Market Inspection of Miscellaneous Products -
Artichokes, Avocados, Coconuts, Cranberries and Chestnuts" issued
April 1953, reissued October 1956 and reprinted March 1966.

2/ These instructions do not establish a new or revised substantive

~ rule (United States Standards for Grades of Globe Artichokes,
CFR §§51.3785 - 51.3796; Grades of Horseradish Roots, CFR §§51.3900
- 51.3918; Grades of Okra, CFR §§51.3945 - 51.3948; and Grades of
Rhubarb (Field Grown), CFR §§51.3665 - 51.3683.

REPRINTED NOVEMBER 2007


Type of container: Rhubarb is generally marketed in wooden crates,
lugs or fibreboard cartons depending upon the area from which it was
shipped.

Identifying marks: The purpose of this statement is to identify the
lot. Always include brands, marks, names and addresses, other signi-
ficant markings or if no markings are visible, an identifying lot
number supplied by the shipper or receiver.

Quantity inspected: The number of containers should be shown on the
certificate as "Inspector's count," "Applicant states" or "Manifested

as

Examples:

RHUBARB, field grown, in wooden crates printed
"First Pic Brand, Washington Crimson Rhubarb,
net weight 20 Ibs., Washington Rhubarb Growers
Association. Summer, Washington," and stamped
to denote lot number (56, V-79, A-32, Z-28
noted).

Applicant states 500 crates.

RHUBARB, hothouse grown, in crates labeled "Hothouse,

Washington Grown, Extra Fancy, Washington Rhubarb Growers

Association, Summer, Washington, net weight 15 Ibs."
Inspector's count 10 crates.


(39)

(40)

(41)

- 10 -

Cracked or open tips. Very often just before sprouting the

kernel expands, causing the chestnuts to crack open, usually
at the tip. These should be reported in percentages, as "cracked

or open tips.”

Sprouting. Sprouting should only be reported when visible with-
out cutting. This should be reported in percentages, also

showing the length of the sprouts in fractions of an inch.

Moldy, Decayed or Rancid Kernels. This can only be determined

by cutting the sample selected for analysis. The shell of the
chestnut is more or less porous and a visible opening is not
necessary for the fungus to enter. However, chestnuts showing
cracked shells or open tips, which also contain moldy kernels
should be reported under this heading, indicating the proportion
or percentage which are moldy and have cracked or open tips.
Chestnuts not showing decay seldom become rancid unless stored
for a very long time. The only decay known to affect Chestnuts
is Blue Mold Rot. Sometimes a surface mold forms on the kernels,
and it may be difficult to determine just when the fungus has
gained entrance into the flesh of the kernel itself. It is,
therefore, suggested that kernels showing mold be reported as

"Moldy Kernels" without reference to decay.


§ 51.3914 Head.

“Head” means that part of the root to
which the leaves are attached. It is usu-
ally a rounded knob at or near the top
of the root,

§ 51.3915 Good head formation.

“Good head formation” means a head
formation consisting of any number of
heads, provided they are at the top of
the root and not more than two are sep-
arated by a deep crotch,

§51.3916 Fairly good head formation.

“Fairly good head formation” means
a head formation consisting of any num-
ber of heads, provided they are at the top
of the root and not more than four are
separated by deep crotches.

§ 51.3917 Length.

“Length” means the total over all
length of the root from the top.of the
uppermost head to the tip of the main,
usable root.

§ 51.3918 Diameter.

“Diameter” means the greatest thick-
ness of the root at a point halfway of its
length.


- 12 -

Decay, Rancid, Moldy or Fermenting: This does not refer to

coconuts which are also cracked, dry, or leaking; these should be
reported as such followed by a description of the condition of the
meat and liquid. The above should refer to coconuts which contain
liquid and appear to be sound but upon cracking show rancidity,
decay, mold or fermentation. It will not be necessary to mention
the name of the disease causing the decay or mold, as this may be
difficult to determine and is not important. Bacteria and yeasts
are mostly responsible for the sour fermented odor sometimes en-
countered, Occasionally a diplodia rot that enters the soft eye

causes a browning and slight blackening of the flesh inside.

Freezing or Freezing Injury: The liquid in coconuts will freeze

at a temperature slightly below freezing, although no damage will
result to the meat or liquid at this temperature. However, coconuts
with frozen liquid should be reported as such. Frozen coconuts in
refrigerated cars should be reported in terms of inches up from

the floor or inches in from the side walls. Coconuts may become
injured by freezing if extremely low temperatures occur. A short
time after such coconuts are thawed out the inside of the flesh
developes a network of cracks, and when the meat is exposed to

the air, these cracks turn pink. Inspectors should examine frozen
coconuts very carefully for tiny cracks in the stell which may

have resulted from freezing.


SECTION IV
OKRA

GENERAL

Okra, commonly called gumbo, is edible hibiscus of the Malvaceae (or
Mallow) family. In this genus belong many species of ornamental
flowering hibiscus, several of which are natives of the United States.
Cotton is the most important economic plant belonging to the mallow
family.

The okra plant is an annual, requiring warm humid climates preferably
where temperatures go above 85 degrees F. It is easily injured by
frost.

The fruit is a long pod, generally ribbed and spineless in cultivated
varieties. Pods will vary in length, color and smoothness depending
on the variety.

TOLERANCES

The standards have only one grade, U. S. No. 1, and the tolerances for
this grade are applied on the basis of weight.

Defects U.S. No. 1
A. Damage 10%
B. Serious damage (Inc. in A) 5%

C. Decay (Inc. in A&B) 1%

Q)

(2)

(3)

(4)


-ll-

scab covering the eye has been broken and the white meat has
become visible. Sprouts protruding from the eye will increase
almost as fast in thickness as in length. As soon as a coconut
sprouts, a bulb Starts forming inside the coconut in contact with
the sprout. Inspectors sometimes find bulbs in coconuts where no
sprouts are in evidence. In those cases, the sprouts may have
been broken off or eaten away by insects or rodents. When sprouts

are noted, their length should be reported.

Perforated or Leaking Eyes: Cockroaches, beetles or other insests

often eat through the soft (fertile) eye, leaving an opening in the’

coconut which causes the eye to leak and may result in the coconut
being dry at the time of inspection. These should not be reported
as "Insect Injury" but rather as “Perforated eyes." Such terms

as "Some of which are leaking" may be added, if such is the case.

Dry: This term should not be used with reference to the outside
of the shells. The condition of the outer surface need not be
mentioned unless it is wet or damp, in which case it should be
reported as such. To a coconut dealer’ the expression "Stock
generally dry" would indicate that the coconuts contained no
liquid. Coconuts which contain no liquid (coconut milk) should
be reported in percentages as "____% contain no liquid." It

is also desirable to indicate the condition of the meat of these
coconuts; some may be sweet and white, othersmay be moldy, rancid,

or discolored.

(32)


(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

PRODUCT

Report the following information under this heading:

Commodity.

Type of container.
Identifying marks.
Quantity inspected.

Commodity: The commodity should be reported simply as "HORSERADISH
ROOTS."

Type of container: Generally the roots are marketed in 50 pound burlap
sacks, film bags and wooden crates, few in 5 pound film bags.

Identifying marks: This statement should include brands, names,
addresses, grades, weights and other significant markings.

Quantity inspected: The number of containers should be shown on the
certificate as "Applicant states" or “Inspector's count" or "Manifested
as."

ExampTes:

"HORSERADISH ROOTS" in burlap sacks with no distinguishing
marks. Manifested as 282 sacks of Illinois Horseradish
Roots.

"HORSERADISH ROOTS" in film bags printed "5 Ibs. net,
HRR Brand, Horseradish Roots, H.R. Ramich, Anywhere,
I."

Inspector's count 57 bags.


-VI-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION IV
OKRA

Paragraph

Numbers

GENERAL . 1 - 3
TOLERANCES 4
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 5
PRODUCT 6 -11
Commodity 7
Type of container 8
Identifying marks 9
Quantity inspected 10
Examples 1

SIZE 12 - 13
Examp] es 13
QUALITY 14 - 18
Cleanness 15
Shape 16
Permanent defects 7
Examples 18
CONDITION 19 - 24
Firmness and freshness 20
Tenderness 21
Color 22
Condition factors 23
Discoloration 24
Decay 25
GRADE 26

GENERAL EXAMPLES Pages 7 - 10


or

order to secure a representative inspection. During the process of
examining the contents of each sack, 5 to 10 nuts should be set aside
for cracking. The remainder should be examined for visual defects and
dryness. A good way to detect cracked or dry nuts is to tap two of
them together; if there is a clear "ring" the nuts are either dry or
cracked. The nuts should be shaken to determine whether they are dry.
If there are only a few, all dry nuts should be broken to determine if
the meat is also’ moldy or rancid; if there are many, a representative

sample should be broken.

The nuts set aside should be broken open regardless of whether they
appear to be perfect. The amount of liquid should be noted when the
nuts are broken open. Coconuts sometimes appear to be perfect and
contain a good amount of liquid yet the liquid may be fermenting.
Others, with no visible cracks or Openings and containing sweet liquid,
may show a layer of mold and decay occurring on the meat next to the
side in contact with the shell. To break a coconut, it should be held

in one hand and hit with a hammer, rotating it in the hand until a

crack appears. A11 Percentages reported should be based upon count.

There are no U.S. Standards for Coconuts. As there are no definitions
for the terms "damage" and "serious damage", these terms should not
be used on the certificate, but defects should be described as to areas

affected and degrees of injury. However, there are Puerto Rican


WELL SHAPED

: his
lf

FAIRLY WELL SHAPED



SECTION V
RHUBARB

GENERAL

Rhubarb belongs to the buckwheat family. The rhubarb plant is a
herbaceous perennial. Botanically, rhubarb is a vegetable, however,
in use it is considered a fruit.

Only the leafstalk of rhubarb is suitable for human consumption.
The leaf blade contains a high content of oxalic acid characterized
by soluble salts and can be quite poisonous.

Fresh rhubarb is available throughout the year with the heaviest
supplies marketed January through August. Most of the nation's
supplies originate in Washington, Michigan and California.

The U. S. Standards for Grades of Rhubarb cover only "field grown”
stock but can be used as guidelines for “hothouse” or "greenhouse
grown" stock. If the rhubarb standards are used’as guidelines no
mention of the words damage or serious damage should be made in
connection with defects. The terms materially or seriously affecting
appearance should be used and under the "Grade" portion of the

certificate the words “No established U. S. Grade" should be reported.

(3)


2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF

HORSERADISH ROOTS !

Source: 32 FR 8862, June 22, 1967, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977, and at 46 FR 63203,
Dec. 31, 1981.

Effective July 27, 1936

Bec. Grapes

61.3900 U.S. Fancy.
81.3901 U.8.No.1,
61.8902 U.8. No.2.

UNOLASSIFIZD
51.3908 - Unolassifed.
ToumeaNass
51.8904 Tolerances. .
APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES
61.3905 Application of tolerances,

.Derinrrions

51.3006 Firm.
61.3907 Well trimmed.
51.8008 Well shaped.
61.3909 Fairly well shaped.
61.3010 Fairly smooth.
51.8011 Excessively rough.
61.3912 Damage.
61.3913 Serious damage.
61.3914 Head.
61.3915 Good head formation.
513916 Fairly good head formation.
51.3917 Length.
51.3918 Diameter.
AvtHonity: The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs. 203, 205, 60 Stat. 1087, as

amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.O. 1622,
1624,

Grapes
$51.3900 U.S. Fancy.

“U.8. Fancy” consists of horseradish
roots which are firm, well trimmed, wel!
shaped, fairly smooth, free from decuy
and hollow heart, and free from damage
caused by dirt, sunburn, cuts, cracks,
internal discoloration, mold, freezing,
insects, mechanical or other means. Each
root shall have good head ‘formation.
(Bee § 51.3904.)

1 Compliance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse fallure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State
laws and regulations. .

(a) Size. The roots shall be not less
than 8 inches in length when the dinm-
eter is 1% inches or more: Provided,
That if the length is greater than 8
inches, the diameter may be Yo inch less
for each additional half inch in length,
but no root sliall be less than 1% inches
in diameter. (Bee § 51.3004.)

§ 51.3901 U.S. No. 1.

“U.8. No. 1” consists of horseradish
roots which are firm, well trimmed, fairly
well shaped, not excessively rough, and
which are free from decay and hollow
heart, and free from damage caused by
dirt, sunburn, cuts, cracks, internal dis-
coloration, mold, freezing, Insects, me-
chanical or other means. Each root shall
have fairly good head formation. (See
$ 51.3904.)

(a) Size. The roots shall be not less
than 6 inches in length when the diam-
eter is 1% inches or more: Provided,
That if the length is greater than 6
inches, the diameter may be %g inch less
for each additional half inch of length,
but no root shall be less than 1 inch in
diameter. (Sce § 61.3904.)

§ 51.3902 U.S. No. 2.

“U.B. No. 2” consists of horseradish
roots which are firm, well trimmed, free
from decay and hollow heart, and free
from serious damage caused by dirt,
sunburn, cuts, cracks, internal discolora-
tion, mold, freezing. insects, mechanical
or other means. (Sce § 51.3904.)

(a) Size. The roots shall be not less
than 4 inches in length and not less than
¥% inch in diameter, (See § 51.3904.)

UNCLASSIFIED
$ 51.3903 Unclassified.

“Unclassified” consists of horseradish
roots which have not been classified in
accordance with any of the foregoing
grades. The term “unclassified” is not
@ grade within the meaning of these
standards but is provided as a designa-
tion to show that no grade has been ap-
plied to the lot.


“
UNITED STATES STAND AUWDS FOR: GRADES OF
RHUBARB (Wield Grown)?

Source: 30 FR 17153, Dec. 31, 1965, unless

otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR

32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203,
Dec. 31, 1981.

Effective February 1, 1966

GnavEs straight, clean, well trimmed and not
Bec. pithy; which are free from decay, and
51.3665 U.S. Fancy. free from damage caused by scars,
Bee oe wot treczing, disease, insects or mechanical
” ‘8. No. 2. or other means. (See § 51.3669.)

UNCLASSIFIED (a) Unless otherwise specified, the
61.3668 Unclassified. diameter of each stalk is not Jess than
1 three-fourths inch, and the length not

13000 Toleranes less than 10 inches. (See § 51.3660.)

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES § 51.3667 U.S. No, 2.

51.3670 Application of Tolerances, “U.8. No. 2” consists of stalks of rhu-
Drvinitions barb of similar varietal characteristics
61.3671 Similar varietal characteristics. which are fairly well colored, fresh,
81.3672 Very well colored. fairly straight, clean, well trimmed and
51.3673 Well colored. not pithy; which are free from decay.
61.3674 Fairly well colored. and free from serious damage caused by
61.3675 Fresh. scars, freezing, disease, insects or me-
51.3676 Straight. . chanical or other means. (See § 51.3669.)

51.3677 Well trimmed.

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the
Re Dawege diameter of each stalk 1s not less than
51.3680 Diameter. one-half inch, and the length not less
61.3681 Length. than 8 inches. (See § 51.3669.)
51.3682 Fairly straight.
61.3683 Serious damage. UNCLASSIFIED

AurnoniTY: The provisions of this subpart § 51.3668 Unclassified.

issued under Secs. 203, 206, 60 Stat. 1087,a8 “Unclassified” consists of rhubarb

amended, 1090 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622, which has not been classified in accord-
1024. ance with any of the foregoing grades.
Grapes The term “unclassified” is not a grade

§ 51.3665 U.S. Fancy. within the meaning of these standards,
but is provided as a designation to show

“U.S. Fancy” consists of stalks of rhu- that no grade has been applied to the
barb of similar varietal characteristics jot,

which are very well colored, fresh, tender, TOLERANCES
straight, clean, well trimmed and not i
pithy; which are free from decay, and § 51.3669 Tolerances,
free from damage caused by scars, a a een to sliow, tor emrintions ind:
len roper gi In
freezing, sense ’ rae seenneal each of the foregoing grades, the follow-

(a) The diameter of each stalk is not ing tolerances, by count, are provided as

specitied:
less than 1 inch, and the length not less ““(g) For defects. 10 percent for stalks
than 10 inches. (See § 51.3669.) of rhubarb in any lot which fail to meet
§51.3666 U.S. No.1. the requirements of the designated grade,

“ . including not more than one-tenth of
U.S. No. 1" consists of stalks of rhu- this amount, or 1 percent, for stalks af-
barb of similar varietal characteristics fected by decay.

which are well colored, fresh, tender, (b) For size. 5 percent for stalks of

—___ rhubarb in any lot which fail to meet the
1 Packing of the product in conformity with Specified minimum diameter. and 5 per-

the requirements of these standards shall cent for stalks of rhubarb in any lot

not excuse failure to comply with the pro- which fail to meet the specified minimum

visions of the Federal Food, Drug, and length.

Cosmetic Act or with applicable State laws

and regulations,


GENERAL EXAMPLES

The following examples cover only Quality, Condition and Grade:

Quality :

Condition:

Grade:

(Hothouse)
Quality ;

Condition:

Grade :

Generally clean and well trimmed, straight, mostly
very well, some well colored. Grade defects range

3 to 21%, average 17% fairly well trimmed and damage
by dirt.

Generally fresh, crisp and tender, leaves green
color. Average 3% damage by pithiness. Average

4% damage by shriveling. No decay in most samples,
6% in some, average 2% Gray Mold Rot in early stages
affecting basal portion.

Fails to grade U. S. No. 1 account of grade defects.
Clean, well trimmed, mostly straight, some fairly
straight, very well colored. Range 8 to 33%,
average 21% of stalks moderately twisted or crooked
materially affecting appearance.

Fresh, crisp and tender. Leaves green. No decay.

No established U. S. grade.


-5-

In reporting a range in diameter an occasional exceptionally large or (14)
small nut should be disregarded. If the applicant specified the size
range on which he purchased the lot, the percentage over and under these

size limitations should be reported.

Italian laws prohibit the export shipment of chestnuts unless they (15)
are marked to size by count per kilo (2.2 lbs.). The Italian sizes
in effect are as follows:
38 to 40 Nuts per Kilo (2.2 Ibs.)
44 to 46 Nuts per Kilo.
48 to 50 Nuts per Kilo.
5G to 55 Nuts per Kilo.
60 to 65 Nuts per Kilo.
7G to 75 Nuts per Kilo.
80 to 85 Nuts per Kilo.
@5 to 90 Nuts per Kilo.
90 to 95 Nuts per Kilo.
Size requirements for nuts from the Far East are not available. Re- (16)

port the facts from manifests, size markings and/or requests.

Count per kilo should be reported when size is marked on the con- (17)
tainers. Chestnuts do shrink somewhat during transit but since there

are no tolerances report the facts as you find them.

Examples:
In lot marked "70 to 75 size" generally ranges from 1-1/2 to 2 (18)
inches in diameter. 4% under 1-1/2 inches, no oversize.

Average 73 nuts per kilo. Lot marked 80 to 85: Average 83 nuts
per kilo.


-l-

Revised, March 2006, HU-151-1(b)
Appendix |, Artichokes, Chestnuts, Horseradish Roots, Okra, and
Rhubarb, Market Inspection Instructions, September 1976

|
Appendix | U.S. Grade Standards

United States Standards for Grades of Globe Artichokes‘
Effective February 23, 2006

Grades

51.3785 U.S. No. 1.

51.3786 U.S. No. 1 Long Stem.

51.3787 U.S. No. 2.

Tolerances

51.3788 Tolerances.

Application of Tolerances

51.3789 Application of tolerances.

Definitions

51.3790 Properly trimmed.

51.3791 Fairly well formed.

51.3792 Fairly compact.

51.3793 Slightly spread.

51.3794 Overdeveloped.

51.3795 Damage.

51.3796 Fairly uniform in size.

51.3797 Serious damage.

Metric Conversion Table

51.3798 Metric conversion table.

Grades

§51.3785 U.S. No. 1.

“U.S. No. 1” consists of artichokes which meet the following requirements:
(a) Basic requirements:

(1) Properly trimmed;

(2) Fairly well formed;

(3) Not overdeveloped; and,

(4) Fairly compact.

(b) Free from decay.

(c) Not damaged by any other cause.

(d) Fairly uniform in size.

(e) For tolerances see §51.3788.

§51.3786 U.S.No. 1 Long Stem.

“U.S. No. 1 Long Stem” consists of artichokes which meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1
grade, except that the stems must be smoothly cut to a minimum length of at least 8 inches,
unless otherwise specified to a longer length in connection with the grade.
§51.3787 U.S. No. 2.

“U.S. No. 2” consists of artichokes which meet the following requirements:
(a) Basic requirements:

(1) Not overdeveloped; and,

(2) Not badly spread.

‘ Compliance with the provisions of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State laws and regulations.


(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

In lot marked "38 te 40"size generally ranges from 2 to 2-1/2
inches in diameter. No offsize. Average 39 nuts per kilo.
In lot marked "60 to 65 size" generally ranges from 1-1/2
to 2 inches in diameter, 5% under 1-1/2 inches .

44 over 2 inches. Average 58 nuts per kilo.

QUALITY

The following factors should be reported under the "Quality" heading

of the certificate:

Cleanness
Shape
Color

Defects

Cleanness. The following terms should be used in accordance

with the facts as to freedom from dirt or other foreign matter:

_ "Clean," "Fairly clean" or "Slightly dirty."

Stock which shows surface mold and is otherwise free from dirt
or other foreign matter should be reported as follows: "Except

for mold, noted below, stock is clean."

Shape. Italian chestnuts are generally flattened and irregular
in shape while chestnuts from the Far East are generally spherical,
similar to walnuts, and uniform. The following terms should be

used to describe shape:


GRADE

Under this heading a clear statement, based on the facts reported (26)

under the previous headings, should be made showing that the lot
meets or fails to meet the established grade, either on account of
permanent or condition factors. The percentage of U. S. No. 1
quality may also be reported, if requested by the applicant.

Products Inspected :

Condition of load:

Temperature of Product:

Size:

Quality:

GENERAL EXAMPLES

OKRA in crates labeled "Quetzal Brand, Okra,
Produced and Packed by Promotora Agricola
Basco Ltda. Teculutan Zacapa Guaterala, C.
A.."Fancy" or "Extra Fancy." Applicant states
145 crates.

Stacked at above location.

47 to 58 degrees F.

Each lot: Pods generally 2 to 5 inches,
mostly 3 to 4 inches in length. Average
4% under 2 inches and 5% over 5 inches in
length.

Clean, generally fairly well shaped. Grade
defects average 8% scarring and badly
misshapen.


(22)

(23)

(24)

Shape: The following terms should be used in describing shape:
"Well shaped" - when the coconut has a typical oval shape.

"Fairly well shaped" - when the coconut is somewhat

excessively elongated or spherical in shape.

."Misshapen" - when the coconut is so misshapen as to detract

from the appearance of the individual nut.

Color: The following terms should be used to describe the color
of the coconuts "Light brown,'"Brown,” or “Dark brown" color in

accordance with the facts

Thickness of Meat: If the meats have an average thickness of

1/4 to 3/8 inches, they should be reported as "Fairly thick meats."
Those showing above average thickness, should be described as
"Thick meats." Those showing meats definitely thin or decidedly
thinner than the average, should be reported as "Thin meats."

If thickness of meats is in controversy, the thickness

should be reported in fractions of an inch as follows: "Meats
mostly 1/4 to 3/4 inch thick, average 10% less than 1/4 inch

thick." Puerto Rican No. 1 grade requires meats to be 3/8" thick.


- 10 -

Remarks: Inspection and certificate restricted to
product and lading in upper 3 layers of 7
stacks nearest rear doors.


SECTION VI.
HORSERADISH ROOTS

GENERAL

Horseradish roots are grown in Illinois and other Midwestern States
and California. They are available in 5 and 50 pound containers.

TOLERANCES
Total defects (weight basis) 10%
INC. Hollow 5%
Decay (INC in total) 2%
Size (Minimum) 5%

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

The contents of individual packages may contain not more than 1-1/2
times a tolerance of 10 percent or more, except that packages
containing 15 specimens or less may contain not more than double the
tolerance specified, Provided the average for the lot is within the
tolerance specified for the grade.

For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages may
contain not more than double the tolerance specified; Provided, that
at least one defective and one offsize specimen may be permitted in
any package; Provided that the average for the lot is within the
tolerance specified for the grade.

12

(3)


- 11 -

SECTION IT

cOCONUTS

Paragraph
Numbers
INTRODUCTION 02... cece cece cece cece cece eect eteeenenaeuens 1 - 2
INSPECTION PROCEDURE ....... 0. cece ee eeee cece eeeeeeeeeas 3 - 7
PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS ............ 8 - 12

Name of the Commodity ..
Type of Container ...... . 9

Distinguishing Marks . 10
Quantity Inspected ... . mi
EXAMPOS 0... cece ee eee cece cece e eee eee eneerecees 12
CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS ..........cccececeeeeee 13
PACK vos ccc cece eee tenet ence eee eee te eet eaeteesneeeenes 14
TEMPERATURE ... ses ceeeeeeeececeetceeeeeeeteeseeeueeceees 15
SIZE Lecce cece cece cece eee e ence nee te ete eeceenceeuaee 16 - 19
EXAMPl@S 22... cece cece cee ce tec e ec en ene eeeeeceeeee 19
QUALITY Lo. cece cece cece e eect ene ee ee teeeeevecneneeaeas 20 - 26
Cleanness .............. Thee cece ceneee scence cece 20
Freedom from Excessive Husks 21
Shape ..- 0. eee eee cree eee eees 22
Color .......eeee 23
Thickness of Meat . 24
Defects .......... oe 25
EXAMPlOS 0... eee eee cece cece tee eeeeteneeeneee 26
CONDITION . 1... cece eee e cece cece cence eee eteevunseeaeeuce 27 - 36
Condition of Meat ............ 28
Liquid Content and Sweetnes 29

Cracked Broken of Crushed ...........ecceeeeececvee 30


“137 0-

to 1/2 inch in length. 4% with old worm holes extending into kernels.
60/65 lot: Kernels mostly firm. 13% with soft, flabby and watersoaked
kernels. 3% rancid,moldy ordecayed kernels. 80/85 lot: Kernels
generally firm. 4% with soft, flabby and watersoaked kernels. 6%
rancid, moldy and decayed kernels.

Grade.

Remarks. Applicant states above van unloaded from s/s Great Republic.
Labor furnished by applicant to make load unrestricted. Above lot
previously inspected on November 6, 1974 for external condition and

reported on certificate A-41148.


-ll-

Examples: (42)

Shells dry and bright, kernels generally firm. 3% cracked or
open tips. 4% moldy kernels.

Shells slightly damp and dull, kernels firm. Approximately
1/4 of stock shows slight to heavy, mostly moderate surface
mold. 2% cracked or open tips. 4% show sprouts up to 1/4
inch in length. 8% moldy kernels.
Shells fairly bright, generally damp in damp sawdust. Kernels
firm. 5% moldy kernels.

GRADE

Since there are no U. S. standards for chestnuts, the following (43)
statement should be used under this heading: "No established U. S.

de."

REMARKS

(44)
See General Inspection Instructions.

GENERAL EXAMPLES

_ Products inspected. Chestnuts in burlap sacks branded "Bonard Brand,
net wt. 55 1bs., Castagne. Product of Italy "and marked "60/65"
or "80/85." Applicant states 660 sacks.

Loading. Stacked at above location.
” Pack: Some sacks show light to moderate mold over 1/4 to 1/3 of

surface of sack.


17)

18)

4 to 31%, average 14% smaller than 1-1/16 inches in
diameter and shorter than 6-1/2 inches in length.
Average 2% under 1 inch in diameter.

From 8 to 9-1/2 inches in length. From 1-1/4 to 1-3/4
inches in diameter. No offsize.

QUALITY

Under this heading report the following:

Cleanness.
Trimming. —
Shape.
Smoothness.
Head formation.
Defects.

Cleanness: The U. S. Fancy and No. 1 grades require roots to be
free from damage by dirt which means not more than lightly caked
dirt on the roots. Roots shall be considered seriously damaged

when more than moderately caked or encrusted dirt is on the root.

Trimming: Well trimmed is a requirement of all the U. S. grades.
This means that the top leaves are trimmed to not more than 1/2 inch
in length from the head and that all secondary roots less than 5/8
inch in diameter at the point of attachment to the main root are
trimmed to not more than 1 inch in length.


aki

-5-

Revised, March 2006, HU-151-1(a)
Page 5, Artichokes, Chestnuts, Horseradish Roots, Okra, and Rhubarb,
Market Inspection Instructions, September 1976

ali

Trimming: The U.S. No. 1 grade requires that artichokes be “properly trimmed” (20)
which means that the stems should be short and clean cut. Large size buds should not
have stems over 2-1/2 to 3 inches in length. Stems on smaller buds should be shorter

in proportion to their size.

The U.S. No. 1 Long Stem grade requires the stems to be smoothly cut to a minimum

length of at least 8 inches, unless specified to a longer length in connection with the

grade. cores

There are no requirements for trimming in the U.S. No. 2 grade.

Shape: The U.S. No. 1 grade requires artichokes to be “fairly well formed”, which is (21)

defined as not excessively long and pointed.

Slug Injury: Occurs as light to dark, shallow surface discoloration on the outer scales. (22)
The injury is judged on the basis of appearance and, as a guide, if over 10% of the

outer scales show material discoloration the appearance of the bud is damaged.

Aphids: Aphids damage the appearance of artichokes by sucking out the sap to cause (23)
necrotic areas in the epidermis of the scales. When the discoloration is sufficient to

materially affect the appearance or when large numbers of aphids are present, the

buds should be scored as damaged.

Insect Injury: The Plum Moth is the most common pest of artichokes. The larvae (24)
attack the buds, tunneling into them and riddling the


Temperature of Product:

At_rear doors: Top 36 degrees F., bottom

Size:

Quality:

Condition:

Grade:

38 degrees F.

XXXXX.

Each lot: Generally clean, mostly well,
some fairly well shaped. Grade defects in
Fancy lot averages 7%; in Choice lot, 3%
consisting of badly misshapen and insect
damage.

Each lot: Contents of most top layer baskets
in 7 stacks nearest rear doors show watery
translucent appearance extending up to 3
inches in depth in baskets and so located

as to indicate injury occurred in trailer.
Remainder: Each lot: Generally fresh,
tender, firm and deep to dark green color.
Fancy lot: Range 5 to 15%, average 9% damage
by black discoloration affecting from 1/4

to 1/2 pod surface. Choice lot: Average

3% damage by black discoloration. Each lot:
Less than 1/2 of 1% decay.

Each lot: Meets quality requirements but
fails to grade U. S. No. 1 only account of
condition.


Average 5% under 7/8 inch in diameter. None under 14
inches. (Grade: No established U. S. grade.)
(Remarks: Size reported on above basis at applicant's
request).

QUALITY

Report the following information under this heading:

Cleanness.
Trimming.
Straightness.
Color.

Permanent defects.

Cleanness: All U. S. grades require stalks to be clean. Any amount
of dirt or foreign material that detracts from the appearance of the
stalk should be scored as damaged.

Trimming: All U. S. grades require stalks to be well trimmed. This
means that the top has been neatly knife-trimmed so that not more
than 2 inches of the midribs and thin leaf tissue remains and that
most of the basal husk has been removed.

Straightness: The U. S. Fancy and No. 1 grades require stalks to be
straight meaning that not more than slight concave curvature of the
face and not more than slight twisting along the longitudinal axis of
the stalk. The No. 2 grade requires stalks to be fairly straight
which means not badly twisted or crooked.

~
on

(20)

(21)


Spread means that the scales at the tip are opening (29)

but not to the extent that the heart is exposed.

Badly Spread means that practically all of the scales have (30)
spread, exposing the flower parts in the center of the bud. The

U.S. No. 2 grade requires that the bud be "not badly spread."

Overdeveloped: Artichokes that are overdeveloped are excluded from (31)
both the U.S. No.1 and U.S. No. 2 grades. Overdeveloped buds are
brownish in color, the scales are tough, leathery and stringy, the
flower in the center of the bud has turned dark pink or purple and
become fuzzy. As artichokes age the thorns at the ends of the

scales become hardened and protrude, however, hardened thorns do not
necessarily indicate the bud is overdeveloped. A soft, flexible

stem indicates that the flower parts have not become coarse or

inedible.

Freezing Injury: Temperatures of 30 to 31°F. will cause the (32)
epidermis of the scales to peel or feather, later becoming brown

or dark in color. Severe feathering materially injuring the

appearance should be scored as damage. Lower temperature will cause
freezing into the stem or bud, resulting in discoloration of the

flesh. Internal injury can often be detected by cutting the stem off
close to the base of the bud. If internal injury is present, the

fresh cut surface will show definite black discoloration.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION I
ARTICHOKES
Paragraph

Numbers

PRODUCING AREAS AND TYPES ...... ccc cece ee eee cece ene eees 1 - 5

CAR INITIALS AND MARKS, KIND OF CAR, WHERE INSPECTED

AND CONDITION OF CAR ..... ec ec ceee cece eee eeeeeeeceee 6
PRODUCTS INSPECTED AND DISTINGUISHING MARKS .......... 7
VAPTety occ cece cree cece eee r reece reste eeeeneeee 7
Type of Container ............ 8
Identifying Brands and Marks . 9
Exampl@ 2... secs eee ee eee e eens 10
Condition of Load and Containe a W
Pack 0... cece reece cee cece eeees -- 12 - 13
Temperature . . 14
Size .......- -- 15 - 18
Exampl@S ...ccce secs cece eee eerste tenes eenes 19
QUALITY . oc cece cece cee e eect e tenet eee eeeeeeeeeee 20
TYiMMING occ cece cece cece eee e eee nett eeeneeee 20
Shape ..... 21

Slug Injury . 22
Aphids ...... 23
Insect Injury .. 24
EXAMP1@S 2... cece cece cece eee ene e eee e eect eneeenee 25
CONDITION 1... eee eee cee cece cece nee e erence en eenenee 26 - 35
FYOSHMESS Lo. cece cece eee eee e teen eee eeeeeeees 26
Compactness .. 27 - 30
Overdeveloped .. 31
Freezing Injury .. 32
Decay .....---6- -. 33 - 34
ExampleS 0... cc eee cece cece eect cece eee eteetenee 35
GRADE oo. cece cee cece nce eee eee e nee ee ten eneneeeees 36


(12)

(13)

TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT

Chestnuts were not known to be subject to freezing injury but recent
reports indicate that freezing or heat injurv does affect the shells
and kernels so therefore; temperatures should be taken at all times
and unusual appearance factors reported on the note sheet and under
the appropriate heading on the certificate. (See condition of shells)
A.R.S. Market Research Report No. 196 indicates the freezing points of
chestnuts can vary from 18.5 to 28.9 degrees F. depending on country

of origin.
SIZE

Chestnuts are generally packed to meet a specified count per kilo

(2.2 Ibs). The counts may vary depending upon the country of origin.
If the inspector is not certain of the requirements he should always
request additional information from the applicant. Each size should

be treated as a separate lot.

Ifdiameter measurements are requested round hole sizers should be
used and the largest diameter at right angle from end to end be
reported. In determining count per kilo (2.2 lbs) samples should be

taken and counted.


-2-

(b) Free from decay.

(c) Not seriously damaged by any other cause.

(d) Fairly uniform in size.

(e) For tolerances see §51.3788.

Tolerances

§51.3788 Tolerances. .

In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling in each of the foregoing
grades, the following tolerances, by count, are provided as specified:

(a) For Defects. 10 percent for artichokes in any lot which fail to meet the requirements for the
grade, including not more than 2 percent for artichokes affected by decay.

(b) For undersize stem length. 5 percent for artichokes in any lot which fail to meet the length
requirement.

Application of Tolerances

§51.3789 Application of tolerances.

The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the
following limitations:

(a) For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages shall have not more than 1-1/2
times the tolerance specified, and for a tolerance of less than 10 percent individual packages
shall have not more than double the tolerance specified: Provided, That at least one defective
and one undersize stem specimen may be allowed in any package: And provided further, That
the averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified for the grade.

Definitions

§51.3790 Properly trimmed.

“Properly trimmed” means that the stem is smoothly cut and not excessively tong.

§51.3791 Fairly well formed.

“Fairly well formed” means that the artichoke is not excessively long and pointed.

§51.3792 Fairly compact.

“Fairly compact” means that the artichoke is reasonably firm and not more than slightly spread.
§51.3793 Slightly spread.

“Slightly spread" means the outer scales may be slightly opened, but the inner scales at the tip of
the artichoke must be closely folded into the bud.

§51.3794 Overdeveloped.

“Overdeveloped” means that the artichoke has a brownish color; that the scales are tough,
leathery, and stringy, and, that the flower in the center of the bud has turned dark pink or purple
and become fuzzy.

§51.3795 Damage.

“Damage” means any defect, or any combination of defects, which materially detracts from the
appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the artichoke.

§51.3796 Fairly uniform in size.

“Fairly uniform in size” means that not more than 10 percent, by count, of the artichokes in any
container may vary more than one-half inch in diameter.

{a) “Diameter” means the greatest dimension measured at right angles to a line from the stem to
the opposite end of the artichoke.

§51.3797 Serious damage.

“Serious damage” means any defect, or any combination of defects, which seriously detracts from
the appearance, or the edible or marketing quality of the artichoke.


inspectors are cautioned not to overlook this factor. A few coconuts,
in the bottom layer next to the doors, should be shaken to determine

if the coconut milk is still ina liquid state. In the event that some
appear to be frozen, temperatures should be taken of coconuts next to
the floor in the doorway and in several parts of the top of the load.
This is best accomplished by using a nail to puncture the soft eye of

the coconut and inserting the thermometer in this eye.

SIZE

(16) Dealers generally contract for coconuts on the basis of count per sack
and a minimum average net weight per sack. Coconuts are packed 60,
80, 100, 120 and 125 nuts per sack. The average net weight may vary
from 140 to 170 pounds per sack. The most common size packed is 100
count and the most common weights specified are 150 or 160 pounds. As
a rule, the dealers expect the size to be fairly uniform for each count
and sometimes complain of the irregularity in size. Should a dealer
include "Size" in his request for inspection, the variations should
be reported by inches and quarters of an inch and also include a
"Mostly" statement. Diameters should be determined by the maximum

measurement at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

(17) If the count is in question, a range of the variations in count and

an average should be reported.




APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

In the absence of specific instructions as to the application of
tolerances it is the general policy to apply the 1-1/2 times or 2

times the tolerance listed in the standards as described in Par. 493 of
the General S.P.I. and Par. 572 of the General MKT Instructions.

PRODUCT

Report the following information under this heading:

Commodity.

Type of container.
Identifying marks.
Quantity inspected.

Commodity. The commodity should be reported simply as "OKRA." If
a varietal name appears on the package it should be reported as
"OKRA" in 3/4 bushel baskets stamped "White Velvet" or "Gold Coast."

Type of container. Okra is shipped in bushel baskets, 1/2 bushel
baskets, cartons, lugs or wire bound crates.

Identifying marks. The purpose of this statement is to identify the
lot. Include brands, grower's or shipper's marks, name and address,
grade or any other significant markings. State of origin should be

included if known. ’


(39)

(40)

- 14 -

Applicants requesting a grade statement should be advised there are

no U.S. Standards. If the coconuts are of Puerto Rican origin, or if
the Puerto Rico grades are satisfactory tothe applicant for reporting
quality, they may be used with a notation under Remarks "Applicant
requested certification on basis of Puerto Rican Standards."

Otherwise a statement should be made under this heading: "No

established U.S. Grades."
REMARKS
See Destination Market Handbook, Part II.
FEE

Fees for inspections of coconuts should be based on the schedule for
fresh fruits and vegetables rather than on the rate for other nuts.
Often it will be found that the hourly basis for charges will be more

equitable, especially if large lots are involved.


quantity affected should be reported in general terms, as:
"Few," "Some," "Many" etc. or in fractions as “About 1/4, 1/3,
1/2, etc." Density of mold should be described as" "Light,"
"Moderate" or "Heavy" or a combination of these terms, These
factors should be determined upon observation of the lot or lots
as the sample or samples for size, quality and or condition are

drawn and not on the sample to be examined.

Condition of sawdust. Occasionally shipments may be packed in (36)
sawdust. The condition of the sawdust is important and should
be reported as “Dry,” "Slightly Damp" or "Damp" in accordance

with the facts.

Condition of kernels. Normal kernels may be described as "Firm.". (37) .
Any material departure from normal should be described. Discolored,
water soaked, soft, flabby or sour odor are some of the factors

affecting kernels. DO NOT USE "CHARACTERISTIC OF FREEZING" or

"QVER HEATING" TO DESCRIBE KERNELS.

Condition of shells. If freezing or over heating of the shipment (38)
is suspected describe the lot using general quantity terms applied

to the sample drawn.


Defects: Coconuts are not subject to many defects which would (25)
be considered as quality factors. Various factors affecting the
value of the coconuts come mostly under the "Condition" heading.

Under the above heading, any percentage of coconuts showing

excessive amounts of husks and badly misshapen coconuts should

be shown.
Examples:

Clean, generally well husked, fairly well to well shaped, (26)
mostly brown, some dark brown color, generally showing fairly

thick meat.

Clean, mostly well husked, fairly well to well shaped, mostly

light brown, some brown color, mostly fairly thick meats, some

thin meats; ranging from 20 to 35%, average 30% showing dense
husks 3 to 4 inches long surrounding the eyes.

CONDITION

Coconut sales are generally made on the basis of 90% sound on delivery. (27)
If the condition factors mentioned below do not total more than 10%, it
will not be necessary to give the percentage for each factor separately
except for randidity, mold and decay of meats. The total percentage
should be shown followed by the various condition factors named in

the order of importance. Should the total exceed 10%, the percentage

for each factor should be shown.


Identifying Brands and Marks: These should be reported under this
heading on the certificate. Also show quantity inspected. See (9)
Destination Market Handbook, Part II.

Example: GLOBE ARTICHOKES in standard boxes labeled “Monterey

Brand, California" and stamped to indicate count (72s to 96s (19)
noted). Manifested as 325 boxes.
CONDITION OF LOAD AND CONTAINERS (11)
See Destination Market Handbook, Part II.
PACK
There are no standard pack arrangements for artichokes so there is no (2)

way of telling the count from the arrangement on the top or side of the
box. Any layer arrangement is used which will give a well filled box.

The Standard Box and the Standard Half Box are packed with a bulge but

the Special Box is packed with a flat pack.

The terms tight, fairly tight, slightly slack and slack may be used to
describe the pack of artichokes, See definition of these terms jin

Destination Market Handbook, Part II.

(13)

TEMPERATURE

See Destination Market Handbook, Part II. (14)


the stalk (not pithy). Any pithiness is deducted from tenderness
using general quantity terms. Likewise, shriveling and wilted stalks
should be deducted from freshness.

Color of leaves: The color of the remaining portion of leaves after
trimming is not mentioned in the standard but yellow, brown or black
discoloration of these leaves detract from the appearance and should
be scored.

Discoloration: Any discoloration affecting the appearance of the

stalk should be reported giving a full color description of the area
and where it occurs.

Freezing: Freezing injury and frozen should always be reported under
Condition giving a complete description as to where it happened and
how much of the stalk or contents of containers is affected.

Decay: There are a few diseases which affect the leaves of the plant
in the field and. some that affect the leafstalk directly. Anthracnose,
crown and foot rots, and stem spot which affect the leafstalks are
sometimes damaging on the market. Gray Mold Rot is the principal
market disease of rhubarb.

GRADE

Under this heading on the certificate, a clear statement based on the
facts reported in the preceding headings, should be made showing that
the lot meets or fails to meet the established grade.

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)


Metric Conversion Table

§51.3798 Metric conversion table.

Millimeters
Inches (mm)
1/8 equals 3.2
1/4 equals 6.4
1/2 equals 12.7
3/4 equals 19.1
1 equals 25.4
1-1/2 equals 38.1
2 equals 50.8
3 equals 76.2
4 equals 101.6
5 equals 127.0
6 equals 152.4
7 equals 177.8
8 equals 203.2
9 equals 228.6

3+


Quantity inspected. The number of containers should be shown on the (1s)
certificate under "Products" statement. This may be shown as “Inspector's
count >" “Applicant states >" or "Manifested as

Examples:

OKRA in 1/2 bushel crates stamped “Fancy." Manifested as
19 crates of South Carolina okra.

OKRA in fibreboard cartons printed "Pride of Hammond,
Louisiana Green Okra, net wt. 18 Ilbs., M. Castle, Hammond,
LA." Inspector's count 37 cartons.

SIZE

nm

There are no size requirements for okra and no tolerances specified.
It may be reported in lengths of pods or diameter using general suantity
terms. If size is requested report the facts as you find them.

(12)
Examples:

From 1-1/2 to 9 inches in length. From 36 to 84%
average 59% from 4-1/2 to 9 inches in length.

Pods generally 2 to 5, mostly 3 to 4 inches in length.
Average 5% under 2 inches and 3% over 5 inches in length.

Pods generally 1-1/4 to 1-3/4 inches in diameter and 3 to 6
inches in length.


Examples: {18)

Mostly clean, some fairly clean, mostly well shaped,
some slightly misshapen, few fairly well shaped. Grade
defects range from 6 to 17%, average 13% damage by
healed cuts, scars and badly misshapen.

Clean, generally fairly well to well shaped, few slightly
misshapen. Grade defects within tolerances.

CONDITION

Under this heading report the following:

Firmness (Freshness).
Tenderness.

Color.

Condition factors.
Decay.

. . . . . (20)
Firmness and Freshness: Fresh is a basic requirement in the standards.
Firmness is not mentioned but should be reported in association with
freshness. The following terms should be used to describe the pods:
“fresh and tender," “fairly fresh," "firm," "fairly firm," "flabby,"
"soft" or "wilted."

Tenderness: This, also, is a basic requirement of the standards.
The following terms should be used in association with freshness:
tender, fairly tender, fibrous and tough.


(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

scales. When the appearance is materially affected or the
tunnels penetrate the second layer of scales, the bud should be

scored as damaged.

Examples:

Properly trimmed and fairly well to well formed. Grade
defects within tolerance.

Generally properly trimmed and well formed. Grade defects
range from 5 to 20%, average 12%, mostly discolored scars
following slug injury, and poorly trimmed buds.

CONDITION

Freshness: While freshness is not a grade requirement, artichokes

- that are a normal good green color and free from condition factors,

may be described as being fresh.
Compactness: Four terms may be used to describe this factor:

Compact means that the bud is firm and that the outer scales
enfold the bud, at least fairly closely.

Fairly Compact means that the bud is reasonably firm and
not more than slightly spread. The outer scales may be
slightly spread but the inner scales at the tip must be
closely folded into the bud. Fairly compact is the minimum

requirement of the U.S. No.1 grade.