# Patent

## Title
Fuzzy evaluation of responses to provide degree of satisfaction

## Abstract

The present invention provides a system and method for evaluating offers that are received in response to a request of a user. The system and method of the present invention use fuzzy logic to evaluate the offers. The evaluation provides a degree of satisfaction based on the information provided by the user.

## Background
BACKGROUND
Information and computer technology comprise an essential component for modern business operations. The utility of computer technology has been enhanced by the coupling of computers with information networks such as the Internet and World Wide Web (“WWW”). Companies use computer facilities to engage in marketing campaigns using asynchronous communications such as e-mail, letters and facsimiles (FAxes).
Successful business operations in the global marketplace require a systematic approach for formulating and optimizing global sourcing strategy. For example, strategic sourcing capabilities allow purchasers to negotiate the best terms and conditions by inviting qualified bidders to submit their proposed bids and then evaluating these bids.
To automatically evaluate proposed bids, the purchaser enters information into a bidding system about the items that are desired. The purchaser may also enter quantitative weight numbers associated with the item or attributes of the item indicating the importance of the item or attribute. The purchaser may need to ensure that the sum of the quantitative weight numbers are equal to 100 and may need to enter an algorithm. When a bid is received, the bidding system uses this information to calculate a value indicating the degree that the bid matches the purchaser's request. The computation uses a linear algorithm.
A problem with this system is that weight numbers are not intuitive. The purchaser is forced to add a lot of quantitative weight numbers although the purchaser may be accustomed to thinking of the item as important or not important or characteristics of the item as good or not so good. If the purchaser wants to change a weight number, another weight number might also need to be changed. Additionally, the user might also choose the linear function to be used in the computation. Overall, the system is very inflexible and difficult to use, which may cause poor results.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a bidding system according to one embodiment of the invention
FIG. 2a shows the operation of a bidding system according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2b shows the operation of a evaluation engine to generate an automatic bid analysis according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 shows the operation of the evaluation engine to process a bid invitation according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows the operation of the evaluation engine to store request information according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 shows the operation of the evaluation engine to store request attribute information according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 depicts the operation of the evaluation engine to evaluate a bid according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 depicts the operation of the evaluation engine to evaluate a bidder's item information according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 shows importance fuzzy values associated with importance fuzzy variables.
FIG. 9 shows degree of satisfaction fuzzy values associated with degree of satisfaction fuzzy variables.
FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a clothing bid according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 11 illustrates establishing fuzzy variable settings according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 12 illustrates the formula for calculating degree of satisfaction according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 13 shows a structure of a evaluation engine according to one embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention provides a system and method for using fuzzy logic to evaluate offers and provide a quantitative value reflecting a degree of satisfaction. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a user submits a request and receives in response one or more offers to fulfill this request. Quantitative values may be generated that provide a degree of satisfaction of the offers. The degrees of satisfaction are obtained using information that the user entered, for example, when submitting the request. This degree of satisfaction may also be referred to as excellence herein. However, the use of the term excellence is not an indication that the user is satisfied or believes that the offer is excellent. Fuzzy logic is used in the automated process so that the system behaves like the user thinks. A user may interface with an evaluation engine using linguistic terms that are familiar to the user.
For example, fuzzy logic may be used in a bidding system to indicate a level of satisfaction of a bid. Bidding systems may be used by prospective purchasers to obtain bids for items that the prospective purchaser wishes to purchase. The prospective purchaser can submit a bid invitation specifying desired items. A prospective purchaser submits a bid invitation that describes items using linguistic terms that are familiar to the purchaser rather than numeric weights. For example, the prospective purchaser may describe an item as important, not so important, or very important. Additionally, a prospective purchaser may specify a degree of satisfaction of a value of an attribute of an item. For example, if a prospective purchaser desires a yellow jacket, the prospective purchaser will specify for the attribute color a degree of satisfaction of very good for the attribute value of yellow of the jacket. The system does not require that the prospective purchaser ensure that the sum of the weighted numbers is equal to one and does not require specification of an algorithm to be used for evaluation. The system then accepts bids in response to the bid invitation and automatically evaluates the bids using fuzzy logic to analyze the information provided by the prospective purchaser.
The fuzzy logic algorithm described in this document may also be used in a system used for evaluating an employee survey. An employer may enter a survey in a system and use linguistic terms to provide degrees of satisfaction with various possible employee responses. Employees may then take the survey providing their responses. The system may then compute a degree of satisfaction with the survey based on the preferences specified by the employer.
FIG. 1 shows a bidding system 100 according to one embodiment of the invention. Bidding system 100 comprises evaluation engine 102, application databases 104(1)-104(A), user interfaces 106(1)-106(B) and processing servers 108(1)-108(C). Evaluation engine 102 is connected to application databases 104(1)-104(A), user interfaces 106(1)-106(B), and processing servers 108(1)-108(C).
Evaluation engine 102 may evaluate bids that are received in response to bid invitations. Evaluation engine 102 may first process bid invitations submitted by prospective purchasers. Evaluation engine 102 receives bid invitations that describe desired items in linguistic terms. Prospective purchasers are not required to enter a numerical weight factor and then submit a mathematical equation to be used to evaluate a bid. Evaluation engine 102 uses fuzzy logic to automatically evaluate bids that are received in response to the bid invitation. Because bid evaluation is automatic, a prospective purchaser can rely on the results of the automatic bid evaluation to make a purchasing decision and need not go through the grueling process of manually evaluating many bids. Evaluation engine 102 is described in further detail below.
Each of application systems 104(1)-104(A) is a processing system, which can include one or more programmable processors and one or more machine-readable mediums. An application is any set of electronic data including electronic data stored in one or more files or in a portion of a file that is processed to perform a specific function typically for a user. According to one embodiment of the invention, application databases 104(1)-104(B) store applications that provide supplier relationship management. Supplier relationship management provides a systematic approach for global sourcing strategy that allows users to evaluate multiple suppliers of goods to identify those that can satisfy the user's needs. Supplier relationship management may include management of contracts, request for quotations (RFQs), auctions, bidding, as well as other aspects of purchasing goods. Applications are typically implemented as middleware (e.g., application client and server). Evaluation engine 102 is connected to application databases 104(1)-104(B) to provide bidding information to the supplier relationship management applications and receive information from these application to use in the bidding process.
User interfaces 106(1)-106(C) are user interaction devices, which as used herein are devices that can be used to provide interaction with a user. User interfaces 106(1)-106(C) allow prospective vendors to transmit bids in response to bid invitations. Examples of user interaction devices include a client computer having a graphical user interface (GUI), a Web browser, a phone, cellular phone, or a personal data assistant through which a user can interact with an implementation of the system and techniques described here. Such devices may comprise an output device (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD), cathode ray tube (CRT), or ear-piece) for displaying information to a user and an input device (e.g., keyboard, mouse, trackball, keypad) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Under interaction devices may provide to the user any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback) and input from the user can be received in any form including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. User interfaces 106(1)-106(C) are typically front-end devices.
Processing servers 108(1)-108(C) are software and/or hardware that perform a specific service or function. Processing servers 108(1)-108(C) operate with any client software that requests a specific service and may assist in processing supplier relationship management services.
The components of bidding system 100 can be interconnected by any form of medium or digital data communication, including a local area network, and a wide area network. Bidding system 100 can be implemented in a computing system that includes any combination of one or more back-end components (e.g., as a data servers), middleware components (e.g., application servers), or front-end components (user interfaces). In an alternate embodiment of the invention, bidding system 100 is a single processing system.
FIG. 2a shows operation of a bidding system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step 201, a prospective purchaser creates a bid invitation that may describe the importance of requested items and their attributes. The prospective purchaser may use user interface 106(1) to create the bid invitation. The prospective purchaser may also describe the degree of satisfaction of potential attribute values.
In step 204, the system stores bid invitation information. In step 203, bidder A submits a bid in response to the bid invitation using, for example, user interface 106(2). In step 205, bidder B submits a bid in response to the bid invitation, using, for example, user interface 106(B).
In step 206, the system calculates quantitative values of the bids.
In step 207, the prospective purchaser selects a bid using, for example, user interface 106(1).
FIG. 2b shows the operation of evaluation engine 102 to generate an automatic bid analysis according to one embodiment of the invention. In step 204, evaluation engine 102 stores bid invitation information received from a prospective purchaser. The prospective purchaser enters information about its requests, which are items that the prospective purchaser might like to purchase. Requests need not be actually required by a prospective purchaser and may include items that the prospective purchaser believes are unimportant. A prospective purchaser may specify the importance of an item, and additionally, the desirability of characteristics of the item, such as a low price. The prospective purchaser's information may be received by evaluation engine 102. Evaluation engine 102 may store this data internally or within application database 104. In an alternate embodiment, a prospective purchaser may use a user interface that is connected to one or more of processing servers 108(1)-108(C) for processing of bid invitation information.
In step 206, evaluation engine 102 evaluates a bid. Prospective vendors submit bids in response to a bid invitation. In step 206, one of these bids is evaluated by evaluation engine 102. Evaluation engine 102 evaluates bids automatically using fuzzy logic. In an alternate embodiment of the invention, evaluation engine 102 does not perform step 204. In this alternate embodiment, evaluation engine 102 receives bid invitation information from another device and begins processing with step 206 to evaluate the bid.
In step 208, evaluation engine 102 determines whether another bid should be processed. If an additional bid is available, processing returns to step 206. Step 206 can be repeated as often as needed to evaluate bids submitted by prospective vendors.
FIG. 3 shows the operation of evaluation engine 102 to process a bid invitation according to one embodiment of the invention. In step 304, evaluation engine 102 stores request information entered by a prospective purchaser. Step 304 will be described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5. In step 306, evaluation engine 102 determines whether there is another request to be processed. If there is another request, processing returns to step 304.
FIG. 4 shows the operation of evaluation engine 102 to store request information according to one embodiment of the invention. In step 404, request importance is stored. When a prospective purchaser submits a bid invitation, the prospective purchaser may enter an importance of a request. The importance may be used to signify to what degree the request is needed. The prospective purchaser selects a fuzzy variable, which is a linguistic expression of the importance of the item to the purchaser. Exemplary fuzzy variables include not important, not so important, medium, important, and very important. These fuzzy variables are shown in FIG. 8. The prospective purchaser may be able to customize the fuzzy variables that can be selected and is not limited to using five fuzzy variables.
In step 406, evaluation engine 102 stores request attribute information. When a prospective purchaser submits a bid invitation, the prospective purchaser may specify attributes for a request. For example, if a prospective purchaser wishes to purchase a jacket, the purchaser could specify a price that the prospective purchaser is willing to pay for the jacket and a color of the jacket that the prospective purchaser would like.
FIG. 5 shows the operation of evaluation engine 102 to store request attribute information according to one embodiment of the invention. In step 504, the attribute importance is stored. When a prospective purchaser submits a bid invitation, the prospective purchaser may specify an importance associated with each of these attributes of the request. The prospective purchaser selects a fuzzy variable. By way of example, if it is important to a prospective purchaser to pay only a certain price for the jacket, the prospective purchaser can specify that the price attribute is important. If the prospective purchaser is not too concerned about the color of the jacket, the prospective purchaser can specify medium for the color.
In step 506, evaluation engine 102 stores the attribute's degree of satisfaction. When a prospective purchaser submits a bid invitation, the prospective purchaser may specify a degree of satisfaction associated with each of the potential attribute values of these attributes of the request. The prospective purchaser selects a degree of satisfaction fuzzy variable for these possible attribute values that an offered item might have. A degree of satisfaction fuzzy variable is a linguistic expression of the desirability of the attribute to the purchaser. Exemplary degree of satisfaction fuzzy variables include very bad, bad, medium, good, and very good. These examples are illustrated in FIG. 9. A user may customize these fuzzy variables and is not limited to using five possible fuzzy variables. An example of a bid is provided in FIG. 10. As illustrated by this example, if a prospective purchaser believes that $100 is a very good price for a jacket, the prospective purchaser can specify very good for the value of $100 for the price of the jacket. If a prospective purchaser believes that $200 is a very bad price for the jacket, the prospective purchaser can specify very bad for the value of $200 for the price of the jacket. Attributes may be discrete or continuous. A discrete attribute is an attribute such as color that matches an attribute that was specified by the prospective purchaser. For example, a purchaser may specify that a black jacket is very good and a white jacket is bad. When the bidder submits a bid, the bidder will specify a color of the jacket e.g., either black or white. The color of the jacket correlates directly to one of the options selected by the prospective purchaser e.g., black or white. An attribute may also be continuous. For example, price is a continuous attribute. A bidder may specify that the jacket costs $150. If the prospective purchaser specified that $100 is a very good price and $200 is a very bad price, $150 falls somewhere between the options specified by the prospective purchaser i.e., it does not directly correlate to either $100 or $200. FIG. 11 illustrates establishing fuzzy variable settings according to one embodiment of the invention. In this example, the prospective purchaser specified that $100 is a very good price for a jacket and $200 is a very bad price for a jacket. This is shown by highlighting the triangle corresponding to 1 (very good) and −1 (very bad). The system may automatically calculates values for good, medium, and bad, which are $125, $150, and $175 respectively. As an additional example, a prospective purchaser may enter a degree of satisfaction for three attribute values for price, very good for $100, medium for $130, and very bad for $200. The system will then calculate the remaining two triangles, which in this example is $115 for good and $165 for bad. Further, a prospective purchaser can specify that multiple attribute values have the same degree of satisfaction. For example, if a prospective purchaser wishes to have items delivered on Monday, the prospective purchaser may enter very good for the delivery dates Aug. 16, 2004 and Aug. 23, 2004.
In step 508, evaluation engine 102 determines whether there is another attribute. If there is another attribute, processing returns to step 504.
FIG. 6 depicts the operation of evaluation engine 102 to evaluate a bid according to one embodiment of the invention. Prospective vendors (or bidders) submit bids in response to the bid invitation. The bidder offers items for purchase by the prospective purchaser and specifies the characteristics or attributes of these items including the price. In step 604, evaluation engine 102 evaluates the bidder's item information. Evaluation engine 102 uses fuzzy logic to evaluate the bid. Fuzzy logic is a theory used to manage a kind of uncertainty. Using fuzzy logic techniques, evaluation engine 102 defuzzifies the importance of the item. Evaluation engine 102 directly defuzzifies the importance of the item by retrieving the fuzzy value associated with the importance fuzzy variable specified by the prospective purchaser. FIG. 8 shows fuzzy values associated with importance fuzzy variables. FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a clothing bid according to one embodiment of the invention. In the example illustrated in FIG. 10, the prospective purchaser enters a value of very important for jacket and medium important for trousers. The system directly defuzzifies the jacket importance to be equal to 1.0 and trouser importance to be equal to 0.5. The evaluation of a bidder's item information will be described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 7 through 14.
In step 606, evaluation engine 102 determines whether the bidder bid on another item. If the bidder bid on another item, processing returns to step 604. If the bidder did not bid on another item, processing proceeds to step 608.
In step 608, evaluation engine 102 obtains a quantitative degree of satisfaction value for the bid. Step 608 will be described in further detail with respect to FIGS. 10-12.
FIG. 7 depicts the operation of evaluation engine 102 to evaluate a bidder's item information according to one embodiment of the invention. In step 704, evaluation engine 102 retrieves the first attribute of the item specified by the bidder. Evaluation engine 102 uses fuzzy logic to evaluate the attribute. Using fuzzy logic techniques, evaluation engine 102 can directly retrieve the fuzzy value associated with the importance fuzzy variable specified by the prospective purchaser. These values are the same as those used for evaluating the importance of the item and are shown in FIG. 8. In the example shown in FIG. 10, the prospective purchaser entered a value of important for the price of a jacket. The value of 0.75 can be directly retrieved. As shown in FIG. 10, the importance of the color of the jacket, the importance of the price of the trousers, and the importance of the color of the trousers can also be directly retrieved
Returning to FIG. 7, in step 706, evaluation engine 102 determines whether the retrieved attribute is a discrete attribute. As was described with respect to FIG. 5, attributes may be discrete or continuous. If an attribute is discrete, the value of the attribute can be directly retrieved. If an attribute is continuous, the attribute may fall somewhere between two fuzzy variables and contribution may be considered. If the attribute is a discrete attribute, processing proceeds to step 708. If the attribute is a continuous attribute, processing proceeds to step 710.
In step 708, evaluation engine 102 can directly retrieve the fuzzy value associated with the degree of satisfaction fuzzy variable specified by the prospective purchaser. FIG. 9 shows fuzzy values associated with degree of satisfaction fuzzy variables. The purchaser enters a fuzzy variable of very good for a black jacket. When a bidder offers a black jacket, the system can directly retrieve the value of 1.0 for very good since the prospective purchaser specified that a black jacket is very good. When step 708 is complete, processing continues to step 712.
In step 710, evaluation engine 102 analyzes a bidder's submission in light of the fuzzy variables that most closely correspond to the bidder's submission. For example, if a bidder submits a bid for a jacket that costs $112.50, as can be seen from FIG. 11, the closest attribute values provided by the prospective purchaser are very good ($100) and good ($125). The system will then need to consider the contribution of the submission, $112.50, to these attribute values. Since the submission is directly in the middle of $100 and $125, the contribution to both very good and good is 50%. If, on the other hand, the submission was $180, the contribution would not be 50%. The two closest attribute values to $180 are very bad ($200) and bad ($175). The contribution to very bad is 20% and the contribution to bad is 80%.
Returning to FIG. 7, in step 712 evaluation engine 102 determines whether there is another attribute. If there is another attribute, processing returns to step 706.
FIG. 12 illustrates the formula for calculating degree of satisfaction according to one embodiment of the invention. As was explained with respect to FIG. 6, after evaluation engine 102 evaluates the attributes of the items in the bid, in step 608, evaluation engine 102 obtains a quantitative degree of satisfaction value for the bid. The quantitative degree of satisfaction value of the bid reflects the prospective purchaser's satisfaction with the bid, based on the data entered by the prospective purchaser. FIG. 12 shows the formula for computing this quantitative degree of satisfaction value. The quantitative degree of satisfaction value of the bid may be computed using the center of gravity approach. The center of gravity approach is a weighted method.
The center of gravity approach is computed using the formula that is illustrated in FIG. 12. In the clothing example illustrated in FIG. 10, considering the jacket, the variable ai, which is the importance of the item, is very important or 1.0. The variable bi is the importance for an attribute, for example the price, which is important or 0.75. If the bidder submits a bid with a price of $112.50, as can be seen from FIG. 11b, there is contribution to good ($125) and very good ($100). In fact the contribution to both good and very good is 50%. The values (v) for good and very good are 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. Therefore, a*b*c*v is equal to (1.0)(0.75)(0.5)(0.5)+(1.0)(0.75)(0.5)(1.0) and a*b*c is equal to (1.0)(0.75)(0.5)+(1.0)(0.75)(0.5), If the bid included only a jacket with only the attribute of price specified, the resulting degree of satisfaction value is 0.75. The contribution need not always be 50%. For example, if the bidder had entered a price of $180, there would be contribution to very bad ($200) and bad ($175). The contribution to very bad would be 20% and the contribution to bad would be 80%. In this case, a*b*c*v is equal to (1.0)(0.75)(0.2)(−1.0)+(1.0)(0.75)(0.8)(−0.5) and a*b*c is equal to (1.0)(0.75)(0.2)+(1.0)(0.75)(0.8). If the bid included only a jacket with only the attribute of price specified, the resulting degree of satisfaction value is −0.6. This value can be directly fuzzified again to describe a degree of satisfaction in a linguistic manner. For example, −0.6 could be expressed as near bad.
In one embodiment of the invention, evaluation engine 102 compares quantitative degree of satisfaction values of the bids received in response to the bid invitation. In the example of the clothing bid illustrated in FIG. 10 is the exemplary bid of one bidder. However, other bidders may also respond to the clothing bid invitation. Evaluation engine 102 computes the quantitative degree of satisfaction values of the bids submitted by these other bidders in the manner set forth herein. Evaluation engine then compares the quantitative degree of satisfaction values of the bids and then provides the prospective purchaser a ranking showing the degree that bids match the prospective purchaser's requests. The prospective purchaser is also notified of the bid that best matches his or her requests. In alternate embodiments, the prospective purchaser manually compares quantitative degree of satisfaction values and/or a device other than evaluation engine 102 compares quantitative degree of satisfaction values. The evaluation engine 102 may also provide a linguistic result. For example, if the result is 0.5, evaluation engine 102 may report to the prospective purchaser that the bid is good. If the result is 0.6, evaluation engine 102 may report that the bid result has contributions to good and very good. Thus, if, for example, a prospective purchaser receives a single bid responding to a bid evaluation with a degree of satisfaction value of 0.5, the prospective purchaser need not try to cross-reference 0.5 to some other information to understand whether the bid met the request. The prospective purchaser quickly understands that the bid is good and can sign a contract.
FIG. 13 depicts a structure of a evaluation engine 102 according to one embodiment of the invention. Evaluation engine 102 includes processor 1304, memory 1306, and interface devices 1308 (1)-1308 (A). Evaluation engine 102 includes processor 1304, memory 1306, and interface devices 1308 (1)-1308 (A). Processor 1304 is connected to memory 1304. Processor 1304 is also connected to interface devices 1308 (1)-1308(A). These connections are direct or via other internal electronic circuitry or components.
Processor 1304 is a programmable processor that executes instructions residing in memory 1306 to receive and send data via interface devices 1308(1)-1308(A). The instructions may perform the operations of the evaluation engine 102 described herein. The term programmable processor as used herein is any programmable microprocessor or processor or combination of microprocessors or processors that can operate on digital data, which may be special or general purpose processors coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a machine-readable medium. According to one embodiment of the present invention processor 1304 is an Intel microprocessor.
Memory 1306 is a machine-readable medium that stores data that is processed by processor 1304. The term machine-readable medium as used herein is any addressable storage device that stores digital data including any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), magnetic disc, optical disc, programmable logic device (PLD), tape, or any combination of these devices). This may include external machine-readable mediums that are connected to processor 1304 via one or more interface devices 1308(1)-1308 (A).
Interface devices 1308 (1)-1308 (A) are interfaces that receive and/or send digital data to and from an external device. Interfaces as used herein are any point of access to an external device where digital data is received or sent, including ports, buffers, queues, subsets thereof, or any other interface to an external device.
Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in any processing systems and/or digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. There various implementations can include computer code.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method for evaluating a bid submitted in response to a bid invitation received by a computerized system, comprising:
upon receipt of said bid, retrieving bid invitation information indicating preferences of a prospective purchaser from said bid invitation by at least one computer processor, wherein said information includes fuzzy variables;
determining a first degree of satisfaction of said prospective purchaser with said bid based on said information by the at least one computer processor, using a defuzzified value of an importance of an item provided by said prospective purchaser, a second defuzzified value of a second importance of an attribute of said item provided by said prospective purchaser, and a defuzzified value for a second degree of satisfaction of an attribute value of said attribute provided by said prospective purchaser; and
providing said prospective purchaser with an indication of said first degree of satisfaction by the at least one computer processor.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining uses a center of gravity approach.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the defuzzified value for a second degree of satisfaction of an attribute value of said attribute provided by said prospective purchaser includes a comparison of the attribute value in the bid to the two closest attribute values provided by said prospective purchaser.

4. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing thereon program instructions that, when executed, cause an executing device to:
upon receipt of said bid, retrieving bid invitation information indicating preferences of a prospective purchaser from said bid invitation, wherein said information includes fuzzy variables;
determining a first degree of satisfaction of said prospective purchaser with said bid based on said information, using a defuzzified value of an importance of an item provided by said prospective purchaser, a second defuzzified value of a second importance of an attribute of said item provided by said prospective purchaser, and a defuzzified value for a second degree of satisfaction of an attribute value of said attribute provided by said prospective purchaser; and
providing said prospective purchaser with an indication of said first degree of satisfaction.

5. The computer readable medium of claim 4, wherein the determining uses a center of gravity approach.

6. The computer readable medium of claim 4, wherein the defuzzified value for a second degree of satisfaction of an attribute value of said attribute provided by said prospective purchaser includes a comparison of the attribute value in the bid to the two closest attribute values provided by said prospective purchaser.