14

Stems

Although not specifically mentioned in the standards, attached stems
(referring to capstems or pedicels and not to a portion of the vine) may appear on
enough berries so as to materially affect the general appearance of the lot in which
case the lot would fail to grade U.S. No. 1 under "damage by other means."

Scoring Guide:

If over 10% of the berries have attached stems in more than a few packages,
the lot is damaged. This would vary in accordance with the length of the stems.
Disregard any stems under 4/8 inch in length. As the standards provide no
tolerance for stems, the lot would be certified as failing to grade account of
excessive stems and report in general quantity terms packages showing stems.

Other:

Lots of cranberries that have many attached stems are likely to have stem
punctures which may be followed by decay.

a
-(8) COLOR

§51.2776(c) Color: Individual cranberries shall be at least fairly
well colored, and the cranberries in the container shall be fairly
uniform in color.

The standards refer to color on both the surface color of the individual berry
and the uniformity of berries in the container.

Fairly Well Colored

§51.2781 "Fairly well colored" means that 75% of the surface of
the individual cranberry, in the aggregate shows pink or red color
characteristic of the variety.

The red color on cranberries ordinarily continues to increase in area and
deepen in shade after harvest, but this happens very slowly. Color will always be
reported as a quality factor.


Market Certificates


US. DEPARI
ENT, OF AROTURE

Ns- OOOOD0E ramets "1

TATE WEPECTION

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beaiaaianidialenisdaaiasaetesatensans JAS HE 329 |

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1520 at Bz. Ala bassin ¢f6, CNS.

‘A ta request f the soplicas, « caren may be tnved based

the undersigned, a culy authorized inspector of the Unied States Depertment
wage we Sereby county at at remnet of  spfcant and on
ne dae the

‘qualty andlor condition as shown by said samples were ax herein steled.

TE ig omc.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
AO ONAL DESCRIPTION OF 13f, ay a)
os \ eS eee Soa| too. sly
EXPENSES $ 2 i a i SS
tN 5 E - i & wosny | omer | a N wi
ee 2] lg} | jsiqk
REMARKS, 1D, ETC. glils|§ zi ls SASL
5 o Bree, 0| le SRN
3 ! See It to. S
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(Pr
‘FV-291-13 (8785) ‘“Vanety and a by apphcant uniess noted,

Appendix Il - i


Maturity

§51.2779 "Mature" means that the cranberry has reached the
stage of development which will insure the proper completion of
the ripening process. Cranberries which show more than a slight
amount of green shall be considered as immature.

Although cranberries are usually picked after they mature, certain varieties
may be harvested just after the green color has changed to whitish green anda
tinge of pink is showing. At this stage the grower is assured that the ripening
process will continue in storage and the berries will take on all the red color normal
for the variety, although it may not be as deep a shade as would have developed
had they been permitted to fully ripen on the vines. Berries must have reached this
Stage to meet the requirement of the grade. Generally immature cranberries will be
scored as failing to meet the requirements of fairly well colored.

Berries may be found which are brightly colored with red over the stem-end
while the blossom-end is bright green. These are known to growers as "green
butts" and, while not immature in a technical sense, they should always be scored
as immature since they do not meet the requirements as defined for maturity. The
green is generally due to-one end of the berry having been buried in the sand in
which the cranberries have been grown.

Scoring Guide:

Cranberries which show more than a slight amount of green color must be
scored as immature against the 5% tolerance for defects. "Green" means green
and not a whitish green.

Firmness (*)

Cranberries for inspection purposes are either firm or soft. The term fairly
firm should not be used on the certificate. A desirable cranberry is solid and
unyielding to the touch. However, it is not the intent of the standards to exclude
from the firm category berries that can be considered fairly firm.

Scoring Guide:

Berries that yield readily to moderate pressure and allow the skin to wrinkle
when rolled between the thumb and forefinger should be scored as soft.


18

Other:

Because of the more restrictive tolerance for soft berries, the inspector must
be careful not to score as soft, berries that are bruised and may superficially bear a
close resemblance. See sections on "Firmness” and "Bruising."

Decay (*)

End Rot (*)

End Rot is mainly a storage rot disease that develops in fresh fruit only after
is has been harvested and placed in storage. This rot is the most common
cranberry fruit rot in Wisconsin and is important in all cranberry growing areas.

End Rot is so called because the first symptom of rot commonly appears at
one end or the other of the berry, but most commonly at the blossom end. The
rotted portion of the berry is soft, watery and clearly demarcated from the sound
portion. When the whole berry becomes rotted, it is soft and elastic to the touch
and often distended by gas produced by the rotting process. These "poppers" may
burst from excessive pressure within the berry caused by squeezing, handling or
temperature changes. The berries then collapse. The rotted berries may be
yellowish or brownish from the color of the fungus within them.

Scoring Guide:

The inspector should score any amount of soft and watery tissue or collapsed
berries against the soft and decay tolerance, being careful not to mistake decay for
bruises which normally occur on the sides of the berries. See section on "Moisture"
for scoring wet and sticky berries.

Black Rot (*)

Black Rot has been reported in all commercial growing areas and it is of
particular importance as a storage rot in Wisconsin, the Northwest and New Jersey.

Black Rot can be readily recognized by the usual jet black color, however,
one strain causes only light to dark brown coloration. The rot is relatively firm and
dry, but in the early stages of rotting, the affected tissues may be slightly watery.
The berries gradually wither, shrink and assume the appearance of raisins or
prunes. Eventually, they mummify or harden.




ES
Table of Contents

SECTION

(1) SAMPLING
Representative Sampling
Size of Sample ........
Number of Samples.

(2) TOLERANCES

(3) APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES. .............csscsssscssecsesssecssseessseceusessuessseees 3
(4) PRODUCTS INSPECTED ...

Type of Container.
Distinguishing Marks
State or Country of Origi
Quantity Inspected ..
Condition of Pack....

Aaa ROW

3
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uU
3
¢
wv
m
°
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z
a
f°)
Go
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Q
4
a

5

5

6

(7) QUALITY AND CONDITION 6
Similar Varietal Characteristics 6
Cleanness seseeaeeeees 7
7

8

8

9

9

Bruises (*) 11
Frozen or Freezing Injury (* *).. 12
Smothering (2%)... 12
Insect and Worm Damage (* *). 13

Stems.....


Shipping Point
Notesheets & Certificates


15

Berries meeting color "characteristic of the variety” will vary in color from pink
to red to a very deep red depending upon the state of maturity when picked. At
times, the berries may be mottled. In such cases, the aggregate area of pink or red
must be considered. The shade of red color found may be reported on the
certificate in addition to a statement in general terms that color requirements have
been met. For.example, "Generally fairly well colored and fairly uniform in color
Tranging from light red to dark red, mostly dark red.”

Ordinarily it is sufficient to certify the individual berries. as showing 75% or
more red color, but upon request, the inspector may show the color range more
accurately as, for example: "75% to full, generally over 90% red color."

Scoring Guide:

Cranberries that are not 75% ink or or. red a are scored as 3 damage against the
5% tolerances for defects. Vay *

The grade provides no requirement for brightness and it should be
remembered that some varieties are normally bright and glossy while others are
relatively dull. This factor does not affect the grade and should not be reported on
the certificate. :

Berry speckle and related leaf spot is found mostly in cranberry beds that
have not been treated with fungicides. The speckles on berries are superficial and
“except for making the berries less attractive for fresh sale, causes no appreciable
harm. They appear in August as small bright or deep red spots sometimes with tiny
light colored centers. The speckles are especially prominent on the fruit before they
have developed their red color. As the berry ripens, the speckles will blend with the
normal color, Pa do-not disappear aktogeter. resuiting:in & mattled color.

Scoring Guide:

Haine infocied iekhvbipry spedtie or let spot ssid be scorél ak fay ul “
or not fairly well colored, taking into account the percentage of the surface that is
pink or red. Those berries affected may also contrast with other berries ina
container to the extent that they affect uniformity in color...


Appendix |
U.S. Standards



17

(9) SOFT OR DECAYED (*)

The terms "soft" and "decayed" are always grouped in one category. Soft
berries are generally as undesirable as decayed berries. Decay is generally
associated to at least some extent with softness. The inspector should never certify
@ percentage of "soft" instead of “soft and decayed" unless absolutely certain that
there is'no decay. They may occasionally find decay in a lot which shows no soft
berries and which shall be certified as to the percentage of decay. This will usually
be when initial stage decay has been diagnosed by a pathologist. Generally a lot in
which decay is the important consideration will also show a few soft, so that both.
terms must be used, but it is important to give the range and average whenever the
tolerance is:exceeded: From 7 to 30%, average 15% soft or decayed, generally in
early stages." ae whch 4 bases: 2 7

: Accranberry should only be scored as decayed when a definite lesion can be
seen and/or actual breakdown of the flesh or’skin has taken place. If the applicant
persists.in ‘claiming that decay is present, although not scored; the inspector should ~
submit a sample of the berries suspected of having decay to a pathologist. ee

-A tolerance of 3% at shipping point, 5% at destination or enroute, is provided

Soft (*)

There are several types of soft berries. The most undesirable is known to
cranberry packers as “scald.” These are tan in‘color, sometimes with brown areas,
and with flesh having a watery consistency and an unpleasant or sour flavor. These
are also referred to as "poppers" by the trade, because when squeezed, the flesh
Pops out. Bee ese

Freezing on the vine will cause berries to lack normal firmness and possibly
become rubbery. This type of softness is as important as "scald," because itis —.
likely that some will be found in a graded pack if the berries were frozen on the vine.
flavor is almost normal. . ; ehh gute Ps pe

Scoring Guide:

A berry need not be completely soft to.be:scored.in this category. The'soft ©.
area will not only feel soft.or rubbery to the touch, but the skin will wrinkle when the =~ .|
berry is ‘squeezed and will appear thinner than normal and probably be of a grayish i
or dull color... The flesh undemeath may show a diffusion of red color. i :




12

Visual Aid:

Refer to Model Number 1, bruising U.S. No. 1 lower limit. Model Number 2
also shows a bruise to the left of the two horizontal scars. This bruise is not the
lower limit. ,

Frozen or Freezing Injury (* *)

Frozen cranberries are seldom a problem as they are relatively resistant to
cold temperatures. Freezing injury is generally the result of freezing in bogs rather
than after picking. Cranberries that have been damaged by freezing usually have a
dull or pale color and feel somewhat rubbery. When rolled between the thumb and
forefinger, the skin may wrinkle.

Scoring Guide:

At the time of inspection if a berry that has been frozen is firm, but dull or
discolored, it should be scored against the 5% tolerance for defects. If the injury
has progressed to a soft stage, then it should be scored under the more restrictive
tolerance for soft or decay. (See section on Soft or Decayed.)

Other:

To report freezing after packing, en route or at destination refer to the
appropriate sections in the General Inspection Instructions. Thawed berries may be
described as dull and flabby or watery. :

Smothering (* *)

This condition, although listed as a defect in the standards, is rarely found
today. It was important years ago when cranberries were packed in barrels (100
Ibs. net). It probably will never be found in consumer packs, but under unusual
Storage conditions, it might occasionally occur in bulk packs and tote bins. The
berries may be described as discolored and may be more dull and less firm than
normal berries. The inspector should not use the term "smothering" without the
approval of his/her supervisor.

Scoring Guide:

Berries damaged by smothering are scored against the 5% tolerance for
defects when discoloration materially detracts from the appearance of the berry.


Type of Container

Cranberries are commonly packed in 12 ounce film bags in master cartons.
At times, one pound or 25 pound cardboard cartons of bulk cranberries may be
marketed. Occasionally wood tote bins may be used for sale of bulk cranberries.
The type of container shall always be reported under this heading.

Distinguishing Marks

Whenever a container is labeled, printed, tagged or marked with a brand or
grade, it shall be reported under the "Brands/Marks" heading. This also includes
shipper's name and address, lot numbers, varieties, sizes, weight, date codes and
growers marks, as well as PLI markings. If the containers bear no brand, it shall be
stated "No Brand." See the General inspection Instructions for more specific
instructions.

State or Country of Origin

The inspector should not make a positive statement on his/her own authority,
but when container markings list the State or country of origin, it should be quoted
in the appropriate space on notesheets and certificates. This policy is necessary
because some firms may use one mark on the same product packed in two or three
States. The inspector can certify only to the marks and has no way of knowing what
State or country the cranberries are grown. If packages are not marked or the
cranberries are in bulk, refer to the General Inspection Instructions.

~ Quantity Inspected

The number of containers shall always be reported. The count of large lots
certified in a warehouse or on a platform may be reported on the authority of
someone other than the inspector. However, it is advisable in such instances for
the inspector to make a rough check to determine that a substantial number of the
containers reported in the lot are present.

Small lots (100 containers or less) that can be counted with accuracy shall be
reported on the inspector's authority as "inspector's count."


Appendix Il

Certificate & Notesheet Examples



. 2

UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
FRESH CRANBERRIES *

Source: 36 FR 16893, Aug. 26, 1971, unless
otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR
32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203,

Dec. 31, 1981.

Fairly well colored.
Fairly uniform in color.
51.2783 Diameter.

~ Moratc CONVERSION TABLE
‘Metric conversion table.”

Avrnorrry :. ‘The provisions of this subpart
issued under secs. 208, 206,60 Stat. 1087, as
amended,” 1000 as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622,

51.2784

GENERAL
§ 51.2775 General.

@ ‘These standards apply only to the
comsnory cultivated cranberry (Vac-
ciniuin macrocarpon).

(b): ‘Compliance with ‘these standards fall
samples ‘of

is determined by analyzing
100 berries each drawn at random from
individual coritairiers representative of

the lot. The tolerances for off-size and

ances specified for the grade.
§51.2776 U.S.No.1.

“U.S. No. 1” consists of cranberries
which meet the following requirements:

(a) Basicrequirements: -

(1) One variety or similar . varietal
characteristics;

(2) Clean;

@) Mature;

(4) Firm; and,

(5) Not soft or decayed.

Compliance withthe provisions of these
standards shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug
and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State
laws and regulations.

Effective August 26, 1971

(b) Free from damage caused by:
(1). Moisture; by

(2) Bruises;

(3) Freezing;

(4) Smothering; .

(5) Scarring;

(6) Sunsecald;

(7) Foreign material;

(8) Disease;

(9) Insects; or,

(10) Mechanical or other means,

(c) Color: Individual cranberries shall
be at least fairly well colored, and the

.¢ranberries in the container shall be

fairly uniform in color.

(a) Size: Unless otherwise specified,
the diameter of each cranberry shall
hot less than thirteen thiriy-seconds of
an inch.

(e) Tolerances: In order to allow for
variations incident to proper grading and°
handling in this grade, the following tole
erances, by count, in any lot are provided:
(1) 3 percent for cranberries which
to meet the size requirements;

@) & percent for cranberries which

or decayed at-shipping point: Provided,
That an additionai tolerance of 2 per-
cent, or a total of not more than 5 per-
cent, shall be aliowed for soft or decayed
berries en route or at destination; and,

(3) 5 percent for containers in which .
the cranberries fail to meet the require-
ments of fairly uniform in color.

DEFINITIONS
§ 51.2777 Similar varietal characteris.
tics.

“Similar varietal characteristics”
means that the cranberries in the con-
tainer are similar in color and shape.
§ 51.2778 Clean.

“Clean” means that the cranberries

are practically free from dirt, dust, spray
residue, or other foreign material.

*§51.2779 Mature.

“Mature” means that the cranberry
thas reached the. stage of development


et
(1) SAMPLING

Representative Sampling

Representative sampling is just as important as correct interpretation of
defects and other factors. Accurate certification is possible only if the samples
examined are truly representative of the entire lot or accessible portion. All portions
of a lot or load should receive the same attention in sampling, regardless of the
difficulty involved in reaching ther more inaccessible parts of the load.

Size of Sample

§51. 2775(b) Compliance with these standards is determined by
analyzing samples of 100 berries each drawn at random from :
individual containers representative of the lot. * :

The tolerances in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Cranberries are
determined on the basis of count: :

Number of Samples

Due to potential variations in size, quality, condition or uniformity of color, no
definite rule-can be provided as to a required number of samples. It is the
inspector's. responsibility to examine enough samples to ensure an accurate picture
of the entire lot. However, it is recommended that 15 or more samples be inspected
for an average truckload lot. .For lots containing less than 100 containers, a
minimum of three samples shall be inspected. Color, size and defects causing
damage shall all be determined from the same samples.


(8) COLOR
Fairly Well Colored..
Berry Speckle...
Fairly Uniform in Color.

(9) SOFT OR DECAYED ()...
Soft (*)......
Decay (*)..

End Rot (*) ..
Black Rot (*)
Fruit Rot (*) .
Hard Rot (*)

Appendix | - U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Cranberries
Appendix Il - Notesheet and Certificate Examples


Tnsect and Worm m Damage ( * *)

13

Other:

A condition called "smothering" by growers occurs (rather rarely) when the
plants are flooded for too long a period by the grower or when extensive, heavy
rains bring more water than can be readily drained away. Fruit subjected to these
conditions will usually be soft and will be treated as such.

§51.2780(d) Insects when any larvae or holes caused by them are
present or. when feeding injury exceeds the area of a circle one-
eighth inch in diameter (shall be considered as damage).

Live or dead worms are seldom found in packed cranberries. The common
Fruit Worm completely riddles the inside of the fruit early in the season. Most of the
infested berries fall off and those sticking to the vines resemble old raisins and are
easily rejected in the first screening operation so that these will practically never
appear in the pack. During the growing season, the Fruit Worm damages many
surrounding berries by making punctures or scars. These feeding Punctures, as
well as small.shallow holes.made by Fruit Worms occasionally appear in. graded”
stock. ©

Scoring G Guide: . es
if holes rand any thant tocar nia-wasn holes, they should bis scared on

sight" as worm holes. If shallow or irregular in shape (not round) they should be

treated as "insect feeding injury” for which the standards permit an area 1/8 inch in -.
diameter. - If any live insects are found, these are condition defects. Hf only dead
insects are found, all insect and worm damage are considered quality defects.

Other:
Insect stings appear as small pitted areas and are usually not scoreable on

their own, but such stings in combination with other defects may cause the berry to
fail U.S. No. 1. Stings are quality defects. On visual aid Model Number 2, the sting

. is opposite the scars.


a
(3) APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

§51.2775(b)...The tolerances for offsize and defective berries
apply to the lot and there is no restriction on the percentage that
may occur in individual samples or containers: Provided, that
averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified for
the grade. :

The tolerances for offsize, defects and for containers in which the cranberries
fail to meet the requirements of fairly uniform in color, all refer to the average for the
lot. The above is exception with regard to application of tolerances. The general
tule of one and one-half times or double the specified tolerance, does not apply.
Individual samples or containers may have any amount of defects, provided the lot
averages within the specified tolerances.

(4) PRODUCTS INSPECTED ’

The following information shall be given:

~-« Commodity
» « Type of Container
“e Distinguishing Marks
‘ State or Country of Origin
© Quantity inspected
¢ Condition of Pack

Commodity

“Cranberries” shall be sed to describe this commodity in the "PRODUCT"
heading. The standards, provide that U.S. No. 1 cranberries be of one variety or
similar varietal characteristics which means there shail be no noticeable mixture
within the lot of berries that vary widely as to shape and color. The inspector should
not attempt to certify variety and should avoid entering into controversy on this fact.

Some varietal differences are brightness, firmness, and depth of color.
Shape may vary from a somewhat pointed oval to round.


19

Scoring Guide:

Black (not dark red) berries affected by Black Rot shall be scored against the
decay tolerance. The berries may be plump or shriveled.

Fruit Rot (+)

Berries affected by Fruit Rot are soft, off-colored and may be slightly mottled.
The most diagnostic symptom is the “stringing out" of a slimy substance when a
finger is touched to and then pulled away from the cut surface of a rotted berry.

Scoring Guide:

Score any amount of rot against the soft and decay tolerance.

Hard Rot (*)

Hard Rot (cotton ball) has been reported in all cranberry growing areas of
North America. Hard Rot or cotton ball in the berry results in a failure to ripen
normally, rarely showing any red color. Soon, yellowish brown, broad bands appear
lengthwise on the berry and rapidly spread until the whole berry is a uniform
yellowish brown. The interior of the berry is filled with a cottony white mold of the
fungus, giving rise to the name "cotton ball."

Scoring Guide:

Firm green or white berries will probably be scored as immature or not fairly
well colored. Those berries having yellowish brown discoloration may be
investigated further by cutting. If a cottony growth fills the interior seed cavity, the
berry should be scored as decay. : .


@sz= Fresh Cranberries
mal Shipping Point and
Dyson Market

Inspection Instructions

THAD ST

¢ ; THT h

=I
4
=}



Cup Count

Occasionally inspectors may be asked to report “cup count" which
establishes the general size of the berries rather than the minimum size. A
cranberry cup holds exactly 1/2 liquid pint. The cup should be filled level full, this is
achieved when the inspector estimates that the parts of the berries which show
above the edge will balance the spaces left by other top layer berries which do not
quite reach the top. The contents of not less than 10 cups shall be counted and
results reported with the size (diameter) statements as follows: "Cup count ranges
from 94 to 111, average 100 berries per 1/2 pint cup." Include a statement under
remarks: "Cup count determined at applicant's request."

nd
(7) QUALITY AND CONDITION

Statements pertaining to freshness, maturity, color, the amount and kind of
quality defects, and the amount of soft and decay is shown under the appropriate
headings. Those factors noted with one asterisk (+) shall be reported as
CONDITION factors on market certificates. Those factors noted with two asterisks

(> *) may be considered as QUALITY or CONDITION, depending on the
circumstances. Factors with no asterisk are considered as quality only.

Visual aids for cranberries are plaster models No. 1 and No. 2, which show
bruises, scars and stings, and color photograph CRB-CC-1, which shows uniformity
of color. These are the only official U.S.D.A. visual-aids.

Similar Varietal Characteristics

§51.2777 “Similar varietal characteristics" means that the
cranberries in the container are similar in color and shape.

Cranberries in separate containers in various parts of a lot may be noticeably
different so long as they are not mixed in any one container. In the event that some
berries in a container are significantly different in type, that is having entirely
different color or shape characteristics, they should be scored as defects.


Condition of Pack

Cranberries are generally marketed refrigerated and dry in film consumer
bags or in bulk volume filled cartons. Fullness or slackness of bulk containers
should be reported on the notesheet. Refer to General Inspection Instructions for
information on reporting damaged packages.

ee
(5) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT

At shipping point, temperatures are not normally determined or reported.
However, due to the importance of pulp temperature of fresh fruits and vegetables,
in transit.or:at destination, it is essential that the inspector accurately determine and
report the temperature or range in temperatures on.each lot. Pulp temperature
should be reported regardless of the locations of the product, whether in the carrier,
warehouse, or.stacked on the platform. A minimum of three temperatures should be
recorded on the notesheet. More temperatures shall be taken if the lot is
abnormally cold, heated, or there is a specific request for temperature. - ~

Refer to General Inspection Instructions for information not covered in this
section. a PLeT Rat : :

(6) SIZE

§51. 2776(d) Size: Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of
each cranberry shall be not less than thirteen thirty-seconds of an
inch.

§51.2783 “Diameter” means the greatest dimension measured at
right angles to a line from stem to blossom end of the berry.

Reporting Size. : :

The size of cranberries is determined by use of a round hole sizer only.
Minimum size is a requirement of the grade, and undersize berries must be scored
against the 3% size tolerance. There is no maximum size requirement. If the
maximum size is not stated by the applicant, it should be determined by the
inspector. When reporting size, show the general range from minimum to maximum
diameters in fractions of an inch. If the range is significant (more than eight-thirty
seconds), a “mostly” statement should be given.


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Appendix li - vi




‘3

of green color shall be considered mension measured at right angles to a
immature. : : line from stem to blossom end of the

means any specific defect Maerstc Conversion Tarte

objectionable variation of any one of § 51.2784 Metric conversion table.
these defects, any other defeot, or any. Muu MUU.
* ‘meters

(b) Bruises when the affected area

is soft'and watery beneath the skin; “TPR Doo.71-12551 Filed 8-25-71;8:50 am]
:€e) Scarring which detracts from the
appearance of ‘the individual cranberry —

to '@ greater extent than scars aggre- .
gating the area of a circle one-fourth
inch in diameter on a cranberry eighteen
thirty-seconds of an inch in diameter:
(a) Insects when any larvae or holes
caused by them are present or when
feeding injury exceeds the area of a
circle one-eighth inch in diameter; and,
(e) Foreign material which materially
detracts from the appearance of tlie
cranberries in the container.

§ 51.2781 Fairly well colored.

“Fairly well colored” means that 75
percent of the surface of the individual
cranberry, in the aggregate, shows pink
or red color characteristic of the variety.
§ 51.2782 Fairly uniform in color.

“Fairly uniform in color” means that
the berries in the individual containers
do not show sufficient variation in color
to materially detract from the general
appearance of the ‘berries in the
container.


a
(2) TOLERANCES

§51.2776(e) Tolerances: In order to allow for variations incident
to proper grading and handling in this grade, the following
tolerances, by count, in any lot are provided: .

(1) 3 percent for cranberries which fail to meet the size
requirements;

(2) 5 percent for cranberries which fail to meet the remaining
requirements of the grade, but not more than three-fifths of this
amount, or 3 percent, shall be allowed for cranberries which are
soft or decayed at shipping point: Provided, That an additional
tolerance of 2 percent, or a total of not more than 5 percent, shall
be allowed for soft or decayed berries en route or at destination;
and,

(3) 5 percent for containers in which the cranberries fail to meet
the requirements of fairly uniform in color.

The standards have only one grade, U.S. No. 1 and the tolerances for this
grade are applied on a count basis.

Defects Containers
Other Than | Soft or Total Undersize | Not Fairly
Soft or Decay Defects Uniform in
Decay | Color
At Shipping :
Point 5% 3% 5% 3% 5%
En Route or at .
Destination 5% 5% 7% 3% 5%



16

Fairly Uniform in Color

§51.2782 “Fairly uniform in color" means that the berries in the
individual containers do not show sufficient variation in color to
materially detract from the general appearance of the berries in
the container.

The “fairly uniform" provision of the grade applies to the general appearance
of all the cranberries in the container. In the case of consumer packages, this factor
shall always be judged on the appearance of the contents after removing them from
the container.

It must be remembered that "container" or "package" as used above, refers to
the smallest unit. In the case of a 12 ounce package packed in master containers,
the sample will be the 12 ounce package, not the master container. There is
nothing in the standards which precludes the berries in one film bag from being of a
noticeably different shade from those in the neighboring bags in the same master
Container so long as the berries within each are fairly uniform.

Scoring Guide:

This provision will be judged by means of a color photograph distributed to
inspection offices. For those not having the photographs, it is suggested that a
Package which shows in excess of 5% of the berries which contrast materially with
the appearance of the remainder, is not fairly uniform in color. Contrasting berries
may be either much darker, much lighter, show more green, be mottled rather than
Solid in color or vice versa. No individual berries shall be removed for scoring
before judging uniformity of color and it is suggested that the inspector not overdo
the application of the fairly uniform provision.. It is not intended that a container of
cranberries be scored as not fairly uniform in color unless it is actually of an
unattractive appearance because of contrasting colors or shades.

A special tolerance of 5% is provided for containers in which the contents are
not fairly uniform in color.

Visual Aid:

CRB-CC-1, lower limit of Fairly Uniform in Color. This is not the lower limit
for shade of color or fairly well colored.


CTION
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US. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
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Appendix 1 - iii


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LINSPECTOR'S SIGNATURE 22

Appendix 1 - iv







Moisture (*)

§51.2780(a) Moisture (shall be considered as damage) when the
cranberries in the container are wet from the juice from crushed,
leaking or decayed berries. Cranberries which are moist from
condensation or which have been cleaned by water shall not be
considered damaged by moisture.

This term, as used in the standards, refers only to cranberries wet from juice
of crushed, leaking or decayed berries and not to cranberries wet from
~ condensation or residual cleaning water. When considering this factor, care must
be taken in order to establish the exact cause of the wet berries to avoid putting a
lot out of grade unjustifiably.

Scoring Guide:

if more than 5% of the containers show more than 5% wet and sticky berries
in each, or if a lesser percentage of packages shows 10% or more so affected, the
lot would be considered as damaged by moisture. To avoid the possibility of a
misunderstanding as to the cause of the wet berries, describe them as being "wet
and sticky" on the certificate. re

Other:

At shipping point, the inspector should have no trouble in determining the
cause of wetness, however, at destination care should be taken not to confuse :
moisture from condensation which occurs fairly often in film bags with moisture from
juice of crushed, leaking or decayed berries. Noticeable wetness from
condensation, although it does not affect the grade, should be reported, as the fact
that some or many berries are wet, may be of importance. State that moisture from
condensation does not affect grade. a

Scarring

§51.2780(c) Scarring which detracts from the appearance of the
individual berry to a greater extent than scars aggregating the
area.of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter on a cranberry
eighteen thirty-seconds of an inch in diameter (shall be considered

as damage). ... - -


11

Sunscald

Also treated as a scar is sunscald, a hard brown sunken area. This should
be reported as scars unless unmistakable sunscald is found to an unusual extent.
The term "scald" may be used by cranberry growers and handlers to describe
similar brown areas from other causes. These are generally larger or less sunken
and may refer to a soft discolored berry which is usually affected by one or more
decays. Some of these are called "poppers." The term scald should not be used to
report defects.

Scoring Guide:

Score this defect based on appearance when affecting more than 1/4 inch in
aggregate on a berry 18/32 inch in diameter.

‘Bruises (*)

§51.2780(b) Bruises (shall be considered as damage) when the
affected area is soft and watery beneath the skin.

Among the various practices which cause bruising are the use of mechanical
harvesters and the machine in the screening room which separates the soft from the
firm berries as they drop through a series of baffles boards from which the desirable
firm berries bounce while the soft stock falls to the bottom. According to the -
standards, bruising may not be judged upon the basis. of the general appearance of
the lot, but only as the bruise affects the individual berry. Generally the skin
Covering the bruised area is the same color as the rest of the berry. Occasionally

-cranberries have small flattened areas from handling and grading equipment. If

these areas are firm beneath the skin, they should not be considered bruises.
Scoring Guide:

Bruises are to be considered as damage either when firm and affecting an »
area greater than illustrated by the model designated as number "1" that has been
distributed to.inspection offices, or when the affected area is soft and.watery
beneath the skin. In the event the model is not available, allow a 3/16 inch bruise
on a cranberry 16/32 inch in diameter, or a 1/4 inch bruise on a 18/32 inch berry,
etc. If a bruise has caused a noticeable skin break, the cranberry would be scored
regardless of size.


Shipping Point and Market
Inspection Instructions for
Fresh Cranberries

These inspection instructions are specifically developed and designed by the
Fresh Products Branch to assist officially licensed inspectors in the interpretation and
application of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Fresh Cranberries, Section 51.2775.

These instructions do not establish any substantial rule not legally authorized by
the official grade standards. This publication supersedes any previously issued
inspection instructions.

Refer to General Inspection Instructions for additional information pertaining to
date, inspection point, carrier, condition of carrier, lading, etc. not covered in these
instructions. (Reference to "General Inspection Instructions" in all Fresh Products
Branch publications refers to any one or all of the following — General Shipping Point
Inspection Instructions, General Market Inspection Instructions, or Fresh Fruit and
Vegetable Certificate Writing Handbooks.

Any portion of these instructions beginning with a section number, such as 51.—-
and followed with bold print, is material copied directly from the U.S. standards.

June 1996

This replaces instructions dated October 1972

This publication may be duplicated without authorization from USDA.

i

REPRINTED JUNE 2007


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United States
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=" Standards for
Grades of
Fresh Cranberries

Effective August 26, 1971

This publication may be duplicated without authorization from USDA.



Cleanness

§51.2778 "Clean" means that the cranberries are practically free
from dirt, dust, spray residue or, other foreign material.

As cranberries are generally grown in sand, they are normally clean. Even if
they touch the ground, it is unlikely that any soil will adhere to them. Occasionally
silt from a flooding operation, dust from nearby fields, or spray residue will be found.
In some cases, a careless operation could result in berries becoming dirty after
picking. Only rarely will.individual berries be-scored because of dirt.

Foreign Material .

§51.2780(e) Foreign material which materially detracts from the
appearance of the cranberries inthe container. (shall be considered
as damage). s 5 i :

Foreign material refers to such objects as sticks, stones, or material other
than cranberries. "Stick" does not refer to any portion of a cranberry vine or leaves, ;
which should be scored less severely if present. :

The standard refers to foreign material in the container. For consumer :
packages, the entire contents should be considered the sample for foreign material
while only 100. berries will be the sample for other defects. In bulk packs, a stick or
stone shall be : scored if seen-in any part of the contents when taking a sample of
100 berries, but no effort should be made to see the entire contents in order to find
foreign material.

Scoring Guide:
One individual piece of foreign material found in the container being sampled

shail.cause that sample to be damaged... If foreign material is-found | in more than ten
percent of the Seriinens-e lot will Fal in grace ;


10

Inspectors at shipping point may notice that shippers often group scars and
bruises in one category and the inspector may at times find it difficult to decide
whether a defect should be called a scar or a bruise. In such a case, they should
decide whether the defect appears worse than either the maximum bruise or
maximum scar on the respective models.

In most cases, true scars do not affect the quality of cranberries to nearly the
extent that they do most other fruit. Scars which occur earlier in the growing season
are usually defined by a brown colored skin. Such discoloration may be caused by
sutures, windblown "cut grass" or weeds, sprayburn, Vine rubs or wildlife.
Mechanical sprayers and harvesters may also cause bruises which heal and form
Scars. If these cause injury late in the season, it may appear more like a bruise with
little discoloration, but the underlying flesh is likely to be firm and white.

Occasionally, the applications of pesticides cause a sprayburn on
cranberries. This may appear as a raised, blister-like scar or as irregular shaped
sunken brown areas.

Hail will form scars which vary in size and may be circular or long and
narrow. The skin of the berry around the hail injury usually develops a little red
pigment before the rest of the berry begins to color and as the berry develops color,
this ring will be a darker red. The center of a hail injury spot is usually darker brown
than a spot resulting from rot or mechanical injury. Corky tissue usually develops in
the flesh beneath the injury. A late season hail storm may not leave sufficient time
for scar tissue to develop before harvest. The result may be severe bruising which
may be followed by decay.

Scoring Guide:

Scars affecting the appearance of the berry to a greater extent than an
aggregate area of 1/4 inch on a cranberry eighteen thirty-seconds inch in diameter
should be scored as damage against the 5% tolerance for defects. The inspector
should keep in mind that he/she should compare the appearance rather than the
size of the scar with the model.

Visual Aid:

Model Number 2, maximum scarring permitted on a U.S. No. 1 Cranberry,
depicted by two horizontal nicks. The scar on the model is not characteristic of the
majority found. Scars generally show more brown discoloration of the affected area.
The insect stings above and small bruises on either side of the scars should be
ignored when using the model for comparison of scars. On the basis of all defects
shown, this model would not be a U.S. No. 1 cranberry.