IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MIRAMAR POLICE OFFICERS’ RETIREMENT 

PLAN,

Plaintiff,

v.

K. RUPERT MURDOCH, PETER L. BARNES,

JOSÉ MARÍA AZNAR, NATALIE BANCROFT,

ELAINE L. CHAO, JOHN ELKANN, JOEL I. 

KLEIN, JAMES R. MURDOCH, LACHLAN K. 

MURDOCH, ANA PAULA PESSOA, MASROOR 

SIDDIQUI, ROBERT J. THOMSON, and NEWS 

CORPORATION,

Defendants.

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C.A. No. 9860-CB

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: February 10, 2015

Date Decided: April 7, 2015

Stuart M. Grant and Cynthia A. Calder of GRANT & EISENHOFER P.A., Wilmington, 

Delaware; Robert D. Klausner and Adam P. Levinson of KLAUSNER, KAUFMAN, 

JENSEN & LEVINSON, Plantation, Florida; Attorneys for Plaintiff.

Gregory V. Varallo, Kevin M. Gallagher and Christopher H. Lyons of RICHARDS, 

LAYTON & FINGER P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Defendants.

BOUCHARD, C.
I. INTRODUCTION

This action involves a dispute over whether a corporation created to effectuate a 

spin-off transaction is bound by provisions in a contract that the former parent 

corporation had entered into in connection with resolving a lawsuit with its stockholders. 

In 2006, the media conglomerate News Corporation (“Old News Corp”) entered 

into a Stipulation of Settlement (the “Settlement Agreement”) to settle stockholder 

litigation filed in this Court in 2005. Subject to certain exceptions, the Settlement 

Agreement prevents Old News Corp during a period of twenty years from maintaining a 

stockholder rights plan for longer than one year without obtaining stockholder approval.

In 2013, Old News Corp transferred its newspaper and publishing business into a 

wholly-owned subsidiary (“New News Corp”) and then spun off New News Corp to its 

stockholders pursuant to the terms of a Separation and Distribution Agreement. After the 

spin-off, Old News Corp was renamed Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., which is now a 

broadcast and media company. 

In June 2013, the board of New News Corp adopted a one-year rights plan. In 

June 2014, the board extended that plan for an additional year without obtaining

stockholder approval. In this action, a stockholder of New News Corp alleges that New 

News Corp, which was formed years after the Settlement Agreement was signed and is 

not a party to that contract, is nonetheless bound by that agreement as a transferee or 

assign of Old News Corp and, thus, that the 2014 extension of New News Corp’s rights 

plan was impermissible under the Settlement Agreement.

1
In its complaint, plaintiff asserts four causes of action against New News Corp and 

its board of directors: declaratory judgment (Count I); breach of contract (Count II); 

breach of fiduciary duty (Count III); and reformation due to mutual mistake (Count IV). 

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint in its entirety under Court of Chancery Rule 

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim and Count IV under Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) for 

failure to plead mistake with particularity.

In this opinion, I conclude that it is not reasonably conceivable that New News 

Corp is bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement because, under 

the only reasonable interpretation of the Settlement Agreement and the Separation and 

Distribution Agreement, Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the Settlement 

Agreement were not transferred or assigned to, or otherwise assumed by, New News 

Corp. I thus dismiss Count I for failure to state a claim. Because Counts II-IV are each 

premised on New News Corp being bound by the Settlement Agreement, I also dismiss 

those claims on that basis. 

Nothing in this decision relieves Old News Corp, now operating as Twenty-First 

Century Fox, Inc., from performing under the Settlement Agreement. It continues to be 

bound by those obligations, including the rights plan restrictions set forth therein. 

2
II. BACKGROUND1

A. The Parties

Defendant News Corporation (“New News Corp” or the “Company”), a Delaware 

corporation based in New York, New York, is a publicly traded, newspaper and 

publishing company. The Company has two classes of common stock: Class A nonvoting shares and Class B voting shares.

Defendants K. Rupert Murdoch, Peter L. Barnes, José María Aznar, Natalie 

Bancroft, Elaine L. Chao, John Elkann, Joel I. Klein, James R. Murdoch, Lachlan K. 

Murdoch, Ana Paula Pessoa, Masroor Siddiqui, and Robert J. Thompson have been the 

twelve members of New News Corp’s board of directors (the “Board” or the “Individual 

Defendants”) at all relevant times. Other than three overlapping directors—Defendants 

K. Rupert Murdoch, James R. Murdoch, and Lachlan K. Murdoch—the board of New 

News Corp has different members than the board of Old News Corp.

2

1 Unless noted otherwise, the facts recited in this opinion are based on the well-pled 

allegations of the Verified Amended Complaint (the “Complaint”), which are accepted as 

true. See Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 

536 (Del. 2011).

2 See Board of Directors, 21st Century Fox, http://www.21cf.com/Management/ 

BoardofDirectors (last visited Apr. 6, 2015). I take judicial notice of this fact because the 

accuracy of this source is not subject to reasonable dispute. See Solomon v. Armstrong, 

747 A.2d 1098, 1121 n.72 (Del. Ch. 1999), aff’d, 746 A.2d 277 (Del. 2000) (TABLE); 

D.R.E. 201(b).

3

 
Rupert Murdoch is the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of 

New News Corp.

3

 Individually and through the Murdoch Family Trust, Rupert Murdoch 

beneficially owns 39.4% of New News Corp’s Class B voting stock.

Plaintiff Miramar Police Officers’ Retirement Plan (“Plaintiff”) has been a New 

News Corp stockholder at all relevant times.

B. The Predecessor of Old News Corp Announces a Plan to 

Reincorporate in Delaware

On April 6, 2004, the predecessor of Old News Corp, an Australian corporation 

named The News Corporation Limited (“TNCL”), announced a reorganization plan to 

reincorporate in Delaware as Old News Corp. In the reorganization, holders of TNCL’s 

Ordinary shares would receive a proportional amount of Old News Corp’s Class A nonvoting stock, and holders of TNCL’s Preferred Limited Voting Ordinary shares would 

receive a proportional amount of Old News Corp’s Class B voting stock. TNCL’s 

Ordinary shares and Preferred Limited Voting Ordinary shares would vote separately on 

the reincorporation, which required approval by a 75% supermajority of all shares voting 

and 50% of all stockholders voting.

As TNCL would explain to its investors in a September 15, 2004, Information 

Memorandum, there are significant differences between Australian corporate law and 

Delaware corporate law relating to, among other things, the ability of the board of 

3 Compl. ¶ 14. Contrary to this allegation, New News Corp’s website reflects that Robert 

Thomson, not Rupert Murdoch, is the Company’s CEO and assumed that role in January 

2013. See Our Leadership, News Corp., http://www.newscorp.com/about/leadership (last 

visited Apr. 6, 2015).

4

 
directors to adopt a stockholder rights plan or “poison pill.” Under Australian law, a 

board may not adopt a rights plan without stockholder approval. By contrast, under 

Delaware law, a board may do so at any time without stockholder approval, subject to the 

directors’ fiduciary duties, any limitations in the corporation’s charter or bylaws, and any 

restrictions in a valid and enforceable agreement to which the corporation is a party.

4

C. TNCL Stockholders Complain About the Effects of the 

Reincorporation on Their Franchise Rights

In July 2004, at the behest of certain TNCL stockholders, the Australian Council 

of Super Investors, Inc. (“ACSI”), a non-profit organization providing corporate 

governance services to its Australian pension fund members, and Corporate Governance 

International (“CGI”), an Australian proxy advisory firm, drafted a “Governance Article” 

to be included in Old News Corp’s charter. The Governance Article was intended to

incorporate aspects of Australian corporate law to govern certain matters involving Old 

News Corp’s internal affairs. In particular, the proposed Governance Article provided 

that “the Board shall not have the power to, and shall not, create or implement any 

4 See, e.g., Moran v. Household Int’l, Inc., 500 A.2d 1346, 1351-53, 1357 (Del. 1985) 

(concluding that it is within the power and authority of directors to adopt a stockholder 

rights plan pursuant to 8 Del. C. §§ 141, 151 and 157 while noting that this grant of 

power and authority does not relieve directors “of their basic fundamental duties to the 

corporation and its stockholders”); In re Nat’l Intergroup, Inc. Rights Plan Litig., 1990 

WL 92661 (Del. Ch. July 3, 1990), reprinted at 16 Del. J. Corp. L. 841, 849-50 (Del. Ch. 

1990) (granting summary judgment to plaintiffs on a claim that the board of directors 

breached their contractual obligations under a resolution approved by stockholders 

requiring stockholder approval of the adoption of a new rights plan).

5

 
device, matter or thing the purpose, nature or effect of which is commonly described as a 

‘poison pill.’ ”5

On August 20, 2004, ACSI and CGI sent the Governance Article to TNCL and 

requested that it be included in Old News Corp’s charter. On September 26, 2004, after 

some back and forth, TNCL informed ACSI that “it would not adopt the Governance 

Article, and would not negotiate any further.”6

 

D. TNCL/Old News Corp Adopts a Policy Requiring Stockholder 

Approval of a Rights Plan Lasting Longer Than One Year

Soon thereafter, TNCL resumed negotiations with ACSI over the proposed

Governance Article. During those negotiations, TNCL proposed that the board of Old 

News Corp adopt a policy that, immediately following the reincorporation, “no [rights 

plan] instituted by the [b]oard could remain in effect longer than one year unless 

approved by stockholders, nor could a [rights plan] be ‘rolled over’ for successive terms 

without stockholder approval.”7

 ACSI approved this and related corporate governance 

proposals.

On October 6, 2004, TNCL issued a press release announcing the new policy:

The [b]oard has adopted a policy that if a shareholder rights plan is adopted 

by the [c]ompany following reincorporation, the plan would have a oneyear sunset clause unless shareholder approval is obtained for an extension. 

The policy also provides that if shareholder approval is not obtained, the 

5 Compl. ¶ 32.

6 Id. ¶ 35.

7 Id. ¶ 39.

6

 
[c]ompany will not adopt a successor shareholder rights plan having 

substantially the same terms and conditions.8

On October 7, 2004, TNCL reiterated the general contours of this policy in an email to 

ACSI and in letters to its stockholders. TNCL also submitted this policy to the Federal 

Court of Australia “in connection with proceedings seeking the court’s approval of the 

reorganization,” which was required under Australian law.

9

On October 26, 2004, TNCL’s stockholders approved the reorganization. 

Approximately one week later, the Federal Court of Australia also approved it.

On November 3, 2004, TNCL shares stopped trading on the Australian Stock 

Exchange, and Old News Corp shares began trading on a when-issued basis on the New 

York Stock Exchange. 

E. TNCL/Old News Corp Adopts a Rights Plan

On November 3, 2004, Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty”), which owned 

approximately 9.1% of TNCL/Old News Corp’s Class B voting stock at the time, 

disclosed that it had partnered with a third party to acquire an additional 8% of the 

company’s voting stock, increasing its ownership to approximately 17.1%.

On November 8, 2004, in response to Liberty’s disclosure, the TNCL/Old News 

Corp board announced that it had adopted a rights plan with a 15% threshold. The plan 

provided that Liberty’s disclosure did not trigger the issuance of rights under the plan, but 

any additional acquisition by Liberty of 1% or more of the company’s stock would do so. 

8 Id.

9 Id. ¶ 41.

7

 
In the press release announcing its decision to adopt the rights plan, the TNCL/Old 

News Corp board disclosed that the plan would expire in one year unless ratified by 

stockholders. The board specifically referenced that the terms of this rights plan were 

consistent with the policy it had announced in October 2004. 

On November 12, 2004, the reincorporation was completed, and the former 

directors of TNCL all continued as directors of Old News Corp.

F. Old News Corp Extends the Rights Plan Beyond November 2005

On August 10, 2005, in a Form 8-K Current Report announcing Old News Corp’s 

financial results for the second quarter of 2005, the board of Old News Corp disclosed 

that it had unilaterally decided to extend its then-existing rights plan for an additional two 

years. According to Plaintiff, the Form 8-K “made no reference to the [b]oard’s 

unanimously adopted policy” requiring stockholder approval of a rights plan lasting 

longer than one year.

10 

G. Stockholders Sue Old News Corp and its Board Over the 

Extension of the Rights Plan

On October 7, 2005, Old News Corp stockholders sued the company and its 

directors in this Court. The plaintiffs alleged five causes of action: (i) breach of contract; 

(ii) promissory estoppel; (iii) fraud; (iv) negligent misrepresentation and equitable fraud; 

and (v) breach of fiduciary duty. On October 22, 2005, the defendants in that lawsuit

moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim. 

10 Id. ¶ 47.

8

 
On December 20, 2005, Chancellor Chandler dismissed the fraud, negligent 

misrepresentation and equitable fraud, and fiduciary duty claims, but denied the 

defendants’ motion to dismiss the breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims. 

Chancellor Chandler concluded, in relevant part, that the complaint alleged facts “barely 

sufficient to state a claim that defendants made an oral contract with the shareholders[,] 

. . . [and] the key term of the alleged oral contract was that shareholders would get to vote 

on any extension of a poison pill.”11

On March 17, 2006, with a trial scheduled to begin on April 24, 2006, the parties 

began settlement negotiations. The focus of those negotiations was an agreement “that 

would give the [b]oard the ability to adopt a pill of only limited duration, and that 

anything longer (through adoption of another pill or extension of an existing pill) would 

require an affirmative vote of the stockholders.”12 Both sides also “recognized that an 

exception to the requirement of a vote would be acceptable in order to allow the [b]oard 

to act in the face of an imminent threat to [Old News Corp] where there was insufficient 

time to seek a stockholder vote.”13 

On April 12, 2006, the parties entered into the Settlement Agreement14 to settle 

that lawsuit. The Settlement Agreement contractually limits the scenarios in which the 

11 UniSuper Ltd. v. News Corp., 2005 WL 3529317, at *5 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2005).

12 Compl. ¶ 54.

13 Id.

14 Defs.’ Ex. 1 (Settlement Agreement). Because the Settlement Agreement is integral to 

Plaintiff’s claims and incorporated by reference into the Complaint, it is properly before 

9

 
board of Old News Corp may maintain a rights plan for longer than one year without first 

obtaining stockholder approval. The two key provisions of the Settlement Agreement

implicated in this action are Paragraphs 21(f)(i) and 36. 

Paragraph 21(f)(i), which is relevant to Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim 

asserted in Count II, imposes certain limitations governing Old News Corp’s adoption or 

extension of a rights plan. It states as follows:

Upon the expiration of the [then-existing rights plan], or any other rights 

plan adopted consistent with the remainder of this paragraph (f), no further 

rights plan shall be adopted for a period of 9 months (the “Interim Period”). 

Thereafter, [Old] News Corp. shall have the right to adopt new rights plans, 

without stockholder approval, with a duration of up to one year. The 

expiration of any such rights plans shall be followed by another Interim 

Period of 9 months, during which the rights plan shall not be rolled over or 

extended, and no new shareholder rights plan shall be adopted, without 

shareholder approval. Notwithstanding the foregoing, [Old] News Corp. 

shall have the right to adopt a new rights plan (or extend an existing rights 

plan), with a duration of one year, during any Interim Period, if prior to or 

during that Interim Period (1) any person acquires beneficial ownership of 

voting stock, and after such acquisition such person beneficially owns at 

least 5% of the voting stock of [Old] News Corp. (provided that this clause 

(1) shall not apply if such person beneficially owned 5% or more of [Old] 

News Corp.’s voting stock prior to the commencement of such Interim 

Period unless (x) such person acquires at least another 5% of the 

outstanding voting stock prior to or during such Interim Period, (y) such 

person acquires beneficial ownership of voting stock during such Interim 

Period and after such acquisition such person beneficially owns at least 

15% of the outstanding voting stock, or (z) such person beneficially owned 

at least 15% or more of [Old] News Corp.’s voting stock prior to the 

commencement of such Interim Period and such person acquires at least 

3% of the outstanding voting stock during such Interim Period) . . . .15

the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder 

Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 69-70 (Del. 1995).

15 Settlement Agreement ¶ 21(f)(i) (emphasis added).

10

 
I refer at times to the sentence beginning “Notwithstanding the foregoing” in Paragraph 

21(f)(i) as the “Vote Exception.”

Paragraph 36 provides that the Settlement Agreement is binding upon the parties 

and, among others, their “transferees, successors and assigns.”16 It is described further

below in the analysis of Plaintiff’s declaratory judgment claim asserted in Count I. 

On June 1, 2006, Chancellor Chandler approved the Settlement Agreement and 

retained jurisdiction for purposes of enforcing it. Under Paragraph 20 of the Settlement 

Agreement, the lawsuit would be dismissed with prejudice if, at the company’s October 

2006 annual meeting, Old News Corp’s stockholders voted in favor of extending the 

then-existing stockholder rights plan for two years.17 In October 2006, Old News Corp’s 

stockholders approved the two-year extension. By its terms, Paragraph 21(f) of the 

Settlement Agreement expires on the twentieth anniversary of Old News Corp’s October 

2006 annual meeting.18

H. Old News Corp Separates and Spins Off New News Corp

In 2013, the board of Old News Corp decided to split Old News Corp into two 

publicly traded companies. The primary agreement governing the transaction was the 

16 Id. ¶ 36.

17 Id. ¶¶ 20(c)-(d). After two years, that rights plan could be extended for an additional 

year in limited circumstances not implicated here.

18 Id. ¶ 21(i).

11

 
Separation and Distribution Agreement,19 which is discussed below in the analysis of the 

merits of Plaintiff’s claims. 

Under the Separation and Distribution Agreement, Old News Corp transferred its 

newspaper and publishing business to New News Corp, a wholly owned subsidiary, on 

June 28, 2013. That same day, Old News Corp distributed all of its New News Corp 

stock to its stockholders. After the separation, the Individual Defendants comprised the 

Board of the newly-independent New News Corp, and Chairman Rupert Murdoch 

beneficially owned 39.4% of the Company. As noted above, none of the twelve members 

of the Board of New News Corp serves on the board of Old News Corp except for the 

three Murdoch directors.

I. New News Corp Adopts, and Then Extends, a Rights Plan

On June 28, 2013, in conjunction with the corporate separation, the Board of New 

News Corp adopted the stockholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”) that is the subject of 

this litigation.20 The Rights Plan, which has a 15% threshold,

21 was to expire after one 

19 Defs.’ Ex. 4 (Separation and Distribution Agreement). The Separation and 

Distribution Agreement is properly before the Court because it is integral to Plaintiff’s 

claims. See Santa Fe, 669 A.2d at 69-70. Plaintiff makes no argument based on the 

ancillary transaction agreements, which are not relevant to the present motion.

20 I accept as true the well-pled allegation that New News Corp adopted the Rights Plan 

on June 28, 2013, Compl. ¶ 60, but I note that the parties stated at oral argument that 

New News Corp adopted the Rights Plan on June 14, 2013. Tr. of Oral Arg. 26, 98.

21 Tr. of Oral Arg. 42.

12

 
year. Plaintiff acknowledges that the Board’s adoption of the Rights Plan in June 2013

“did not violate the terms of the Settlement Agreement.”22

On September 10, 2013, Southeastern Asset Management, Inc. (“Southeastern”), 

an investment management firm, filed a “passive investor” Schedule 13G with the 

Securities and Exchange Commission disclosing that it had acquired approximately 

11.9% of the Company’s voting stock. By March 30, 2014, Southeastern had acquired an 

additional 2.4% of the Company’s voting stock, increasing its ownership to

approximately 14.3%.

23

On June 18, 2014, ten days before the Rights Plan was to expire, the Board 

approved a one-year extension of the Rights Plan without obtaining stockholder approval. 

Plaintiff alleges that, at that time, “[n]o circumstance, as set forth in the Settlement 

Agreement . . . , exist[ed] that would [have] allow[ed] [New] News Corp to extend the 

[Rights Plan] without stockholder approval.”24 The Rights Plan will now expire on June 

18, 2015.25

J. Procedural History

On July 7, 2014, Plaintiff initiated this action. On August 25, 2014, Plaintiff filed 

the operative Complaint, which asserts four causes of action: declaratory judgment that 

22 Compl. ¶ 60.

23 Id. ¶ 63. 

24 Id. ¶ 62.

25 Tr. of Oral Arg. 43.

13

 
New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement (Count I); breach of contract on 

the ground that the Board’s extension of the Rights Plan was a breach of the Settlement 

Agreement (Count II); breach of fiduciary duty on the ground that the Board acted in bad 

faith by causing New News Corp to breach the Settlement Agreement (Count III); and, in 

the alternative, reformation of the Vote Exception in the Settlement Agreement on the 

ground of mutual mistake (Count IV).

On September 9, 2014, Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint in its entirety 

under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. They also moved to 

dismiss Count IV under Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) for failure to allege mistake with 

particularity. On February 10, 2015, I heard oral argument on Defendants’ motion.

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS

Defendants’ motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) must be 

denied unless, accepting as true all well-pled allegations of the Complaint and drawing all 

reasonable inferences from those allegations in Plaintiff’s favor, there is no “reasonably 

conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof” in which Plaintiff could recover.26 

The failure to plead an element of a claim warrants dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).27

The meaning of the Settlement Agreement underlies all of Plaintiff’s claims. 

Delaware law “adheres to the objective theory of contract interpretation,”28 which 

26 See Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 536.

27 See Crescent/Mach I P’rs, L.P. Turner, 846 A.2d 963, 972 (Del. Ch. 2000).

28 Sassano v. CIBC World Markets Corp., 948 A.2d 453, 462 (Del. Ch. 2008).

14

 
requires courts to interpret a particular term to mean “what a reasonable person in the 

position of the parties would have thought it meant.”29 Where a contract term is fairly 

susceptible of only one reasonable interpretation, a court will interpret that unambiguous 

term according to its “ordinary and usual meaning.”30 That the parties dispute how to 

interpret a term does not render the contract ambiguous. Rather, under Delaware law, “a

contract is ambiguous only when the provisions in controversy are reasonably or fairly 

susceptible of different interpretations or may have two or more different meanings.”31

Because contract interpretation is a question of law, “a motion to dismiss is a 

proper framework for determining the meaning of contract language.”32

Several contract interpretation principles guide my inquiry into whether a 

particular term is reasonably susceptible of different meanings. For 

instance, I may consider how a term operates with respect to the contract as 

a whole. Similarly, I should avoid interpreting a term in an unreasonable 

way that would yield an absurd result or that would render other contractual 

language superfluous.33

29 Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del. 

1992).

30 Id. at 1195. 

31 Id. at 1196.

32 Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1030 (Del. Ch. 2006).

33 Veloric v. J.G. Wentworth, Inc., 2014 WL 4639217, at *9 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2014) 

(citing, inter alia, Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Capital P’rs V L.P., 963 A.2d 

746, 769 (Del. Ch. 2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170 (Del. 2009) (TABLE); Osborn ex rel. 

Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1160 (Del. 2010)).

15

 
“Dismissal, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), is proper only if the defendants’ interpretation is

the only reasonable construction as a matter of law.”34

A. Count I Fails to State a Claim Because New News Corp is 

Not Bound by the Settlement Agreement

In Count I, Plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that “[New] News Corp is bound 

by the terms of the Settlement Agreement.”35 Specifically, Plaintiff contends that New 

News Corp is bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement on two 

grounds: (i) pursuant to Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement because New News 

Corp was a transferee and/or assign of certain assets and liabilities from Old News Corp

in the spin-off;

36 and (ii) pursuant to Section 2.02(g) of the Separation and Distribution 

Agreement because the Settlement Agreement was a “Mixed Contract” that “covers, and 

inures to, both the newspaper and the media assets” now owned by New News Corp and 

Old News Corp, respectively.

37 Before turning to those two specific arguments, it is 

important for context to consider what is not at issue in this case.

Plaintiff acknowledges that the spin-off of Old News Corp’s newspaper and 

publishing business was done for legitimate business reasons38 and that it did not 

constitute a “de facto merger” whereby New News Corp could be viewed as a mere 

34 VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003).

35 Compl. ¶ 67.

36 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 14-17.

37 Id. 18.

38 Tr. of Oral Arg. 125.

16

 
continuation of Old News Corp under a different name.39 Nor could the contrary 

contentions be sustained. On July 1, 2013, the first business day after the spin-off, Old 

News Corp (now known as Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc.) was a broadcast and media 

company with a market capitalization of approximately $68.1 billion while New News 

Corp (managed under the direction of a different board of directors and now known as 

News Corporation) was a newspaper and publishing company with a market 

capitalization of approximately $5.6 billion.40 New News Corp was plainly not a mere 

continuation of Old News Corp, and, irrespective of the outcome of this case, Old News 

Corp will remain bound by the rights plans restrictions set forth in the Settlement 

Agreement.41 

I now address Plaintiffs’ two arguments for why New News Corp is bound by the 

Settlement Agreement.

1. The Rights Plan Restrictions Did Not Transfer to New News

Corp Pursuant to Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement

Paragraph 36 of the Settlement Agreement, which is governed by Delaware law,42

defines the universe of persons to be bound by the terms of the Settlement Agreement:

39 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 19, fn. 7.

40 See WolframAlpha, http://www.wolframalpha.com (search “Twenty-First Century 

Fox, Inc. market capitalization on July 1, 2013”); id. (search “News Corporation market 

capitalization on July 1, 2013”). I take judicial notice of these market capitalizations

based on reported stock prices because they are not subject to reasonable dispute. See 

Lee v. Pincus, 2014 WL 6066108, at *4 n.11 (Del. Ch. Nov. 14, 2014); D.R.E. 201(b)(2).

41 Tr. of Oral Arg. 19-20.

42 Settlement Agreement ¶ 43.

17

 
This Settlement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the 

parties (and, in the case of the benefits, all Released Persons) and the 

respective legal representatives, heirs, executors, administrators, 

transferees, successors and assigns of all of such foregoing persons and 

upon any corporation, partnership, or other entity into or with which any 

party or person may merge or consolidate.43

Significantly, Paragraph 36 expressly provides that the Settlement Agreement is to be 

binding on any entity into which Old News Corp merges or with which it consolidates, 

demonstrating that the parties knew how to specifically address the effect that certain 

significant corporate transactions would have on Old News Corp’s obligations under the 

Settlement Agreement. By contrast, Paragraph 36 does not specifically reference other

obvious forms of significant corporate transactions that may involve Old News Corp, 

namely asset transfers or spin-offs. Applying the interpretive principle that “the 

expression of one thing is the exclusion of another,”44 the plain terms of Paragraph 36 

thus suggest that the parties to the Settlement Agreement, which was negotiated by 

sophisticated counsel experienced in corporation transactions,

45 did not intend for that 

contract to be binding on the recipient of assets in an asset transfer and spin-off 

transaction. 

43 Id. ¶ 36.

44 Delmarva Health Plan, Inc. v. Aceto, 750 A.2d 1213, 1216 (Del. Ch. 1999) (discussing 

this principle, which is more common in statutory construction, in a contract dispute).

45 The signatories to the Settlement Agreement were Grant & Eisenhofer, P.A. (lead 

counsel for plaintiffs) and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (counsel for 

defendants). Both firms represented that they had the authority to act on behalf of their 

respective clients. Settlement Agreement ¶ 37.

18

 
Unable to point to specific language in Paragraph 36 addressing asset transfers or 

spin-offs, Plaintiff premises its argument on ostensibly generic language in Paragraph 36 

concerning “transferees” and “assigns.” Citing definitions of these terms in Black’s Law 

Dictionary,

46 Plaintiff contends that New News Corp is both a transferee and an assign of 

Old News Corp within the meaning of Paragraph 36 “because it received the newspaper 

assets from Old News Corp.”47 New News Corp, in opposition, contends that the proper 

construction of those terms as they are used in Paragraph 36 is not whether “any assets 

and liabilities, or rights and obligations” were transferred to it in the spin-off, but instead 

whether “the rights and obligations under the Settlement Agreement were transferred” to 

it.48 I agree with New News Corp.

Under the logic of Plaintiff’s broad interpretation of the terms “transferees” and 

“assigns” in Paragraph 36, the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement would 

apply to any entities to which Old News Corp transfers or assigns any asset or liability it 

ever possessed. By extension, the rights plan restrictions would then apply to any entities 

to which the transferees and assigns of Old News Corp thereafter transfer or assign any of 

their own assets or liabilities, ad infinitum. Parties to contracts governed by Delaware 

46 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 15 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary at 1636 (9th ed. 2009) (defining 

“transferee” as “[o]ne to whom a property interest is conveyed”); id. at 136 (defining 

“assign,” by reference to “assignee,” as “[o]ne to whom property rights or powers are 

transferred by another”)).

47 Id. 

48 Defs.’ Reply Br. 6.

19

 
law “are free to make bad bargains,”49 but the outcome of Plaintiff’s interpretation of 

Paragraph 36 would lead to absurd and unfounded results that, in my opinion, “no 

reasonable person would have accepted when entering the contract.”50 

Examples readily come to mind demonstrating the absurdity of Plaintiff’s 

argument. Plaintiff’s interpretation would mean that were Old News Corp to sell some of 

its film equipment to, say, CBS Corporation, CBS would be a “transferee” of Old News 

Corp’s assets within the meaning of the Settlement Agreement such that CBS would

thereafter be bound by the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement. 

Similarly, under Plaintiffs’ interpretation, if Old News Corp were to sell five television 

trucks to five different public entities, each of those entities would become subject to the 

rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement. As these examples illustrate, 

Plaintiff’s interpretation would paralyze Old News Corp (and any public company with 

which it has done or wishes to do business) from engaging in even the most modest form 

of asset transfers due to the risk that counterparties would unwittingly find themselves 

bound to the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement as a “transferee” or 

“assign” of Old News Corp. That is an absurd result, in my view, that no reasonable 

49 Fritz v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 1990 WL 186448, at *5 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 1990); 

see also Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126 (Del. 2010) (“Parties have a right to 

enter into good and bad contracts, the law enforces both.”).

50 Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1160-61 (“The parties ask us to interpret the contract, contrary to 

both the plain meaning of the document and logic, and to reach an absurd, unfounded 

result. It stretches the bounds of reason to conclude that Osborn, a college graduate and 

professional tax preparer, would sell her property for a mere pittance based on an 

undefined, unspecified, implicit term. We cannot countenance such an absurd 

interpretation of the contract.”).

20

 
person would have accepted when signing the Settlement Agreement in order to resolve a 

relatively narrow breach of contract lawsuit. 

In my opinion, when viewed in the context of the entire contract,51 the only 

reasonable interpretation of the generic “transferees, successors and assigns” language in 

Paragraph 36 is the one proffered by New News Corp, i.e., that this language means only

that the Settlement Agreement will be binding upon the transferees, successors or assigns

of Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the Settlement Agreement. As this 

Court and courts of other states have recognized, language providing that a contract is 

binding upon one’s “transferees, successors or assigns” (or the like) is intended to bind 

entities that assume, by legal succession, one’s rights and obligations under the 

contract—not entities to which one may transfer or assign other assets or liabilities.

52

51 See Alliance, 963 A.2d at 769.

52 See, e.g., Natural Energy Dev., Inc. v. Shakespeare-One Ltd. P’rship, 2013 WL 

3809250, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 22, 2013) (“The phrase ‘successor and/or assigns’ implies 

an entity that succeeds to [the General Partner’s] rights in a process such as a merger, or 

to which [the General Partner] assigns its General Partner Interest—not simply an entity 

that the limited partners install to replace [the General Partner].”); see also Atchison 

Casting Corp. v. Dofasco, Inc., 889 F. Supp. 1445, 1458-59 (D. Kan. 1995) (“Section 

4.10 of the [purchase agreement] employs boilerplate contract language to bind 

‘successors and assigns’ of [the seller] to the terms of the agreement. In this context, the 

term ‘successor’ carries with it a legal connotation and generally accepted meaning. 

With reference to corporations, the term ordinarily means ‘another corporation which, 

through amalgamation, consolidation, or other legal succession, becomes invested with 

rights and assumes burdens of the first corporation.’ ”); Larkin v. City of Burlington, 772 

A.2d 553, 557 (Vt. 2001) (“The boilerplate language ‘successors and assigns,’ when 

referring to corporations, ordinarily applies only when another corporation, through legal 

succession, assumes the rights and obligations of the first corporation.”).

21

 
Hypothetically, the parties could have structured a contractual bargain in the 

manner suggested by Plaintiff,53 but that is not what the parties to the Settlement 

Agreement did. Plaintiff has identified no legal authority supporting the broad 

interpretation of the terms “transferees” and “assigns” it advocates here in the context of 

a provision like Paragraph 36. Nor has Plaintiff identified any other provision of the 

Settlement Agreement suggesting that the rights plan restrictions were intended to bind 

all counterparties to whom Old News Corp transferred an asset or liability. Additionally, 

there is no well-pled basis in the Complaint to infer that either signatory to the Settlement 

Agreement (let alone both) intended for or understood Paragraph 36 to have the 

unfathomably broad interpretation that Plaintiff advances here.

Thus, in my view, the rights plan restrictions of the Settlement Agreement did not 

automatically transfer to New News Corp under Paragraph 36 simply because Old News 

Corp transferred and/or assigned some of its assets and liabilities to New News Corp. 

Instead, the operative question is whether Old News Corp agreed to transfer or assign any 

of its rights or obligations under the Settlement Agreement to New News Corp when it 

spun-off its newspaper and publishing business. To answer that question, one must look 

at the contractual provisions governing that transaction.

53 Had the parties intended to address asset transfers, one logically would expect to see in 

the Settlement Agreement some provision defining what level of asset transfer would 

trigger an obligation to bind the recipient of the assets to the rights plan restrictions in the 

Settlement Agreement, such as a sale of all or substantially all of Old News Corp’s 

assets, see 8 Del. C. § 271(a), or a lesser threshold. No such provision is present in the 

Settlement Agreement.

22

 
2. The Rights Plan Restrictions Were Not Transferred to 

New News Corp Pursuant to the Separation and 

Distribution Agreement 

The Separation and Distribution Agreement, which is also governed by Delaware 

law,54 was the primary agreement governing the separation of New News Corp from Old 

News Corp. It provides for the transfer of specified assets and liabilities from Old News 

Corp to New News Corp and for Old News Corp, defined as “Remainco,” to retain all 

assets and liabilities not expressly assumed by New News Corp:

Pursuant to the Separation and unless otherwise set forth in this Agreement 

or any Ancillary Agreement, New News Corporation . . . (x) shall be the 

sole owner, and shall have exclusive right, title and interest in and to, all 

Separated Assets and (y) shall be solely liable for, and shall faithfully 

perform, fulfill and discharge fully in due course, all of the Separated 

Liabilities in accordance with their respective terms. Pursuant to the 

Separation and unless otherwise set forth in this Agreement or any 

Ancillary Agreement, Remainco . . . (x) shall be the sole owner, and shall 

have exclusive right, title and interest in and to, all Remainco Assets and 

(y) shall remain and be solely liable for, and shall faithfully perform, fulfill 

and discharge fully in due course, all of the Remainco Liabilities in 

accordance with their respective terms. Unless otherwise set forth in this 

Agreement or any Ancillary Agreement, from and after the Distribution, 

New News Corporation . . . shall be solely responsible for all Separated 

Liabilities and Remainco . . . shall be solely responsible for all Remainco 

Liabilities, regardless of when or where such Liabilities arose or arise, or 

whether the facts on which they are based occurred prior to, on or 

subsequent to the Distribution . . . .55

The “Separated Liabilities” assumed by New News Corp were specifically enumerated in 

a six-part definition, while the “Remainco Liabilities” retained by Old News Corp were

54 Separation and Distribution Agreement § 9.03.

55 Id. § 2.02(a)(ii).

23

 
defined as “the Liabilities of Remainco, other than the Separated Liabilities.”56 My 

analysis assumes, as the parties have done, that the rights plan restrictions in the 

Settlement Agreement would fall within the definition of “Liabilities”57 rather than

within the definition of “Asset”58 under the Separation and Distribution Agreement. 

The Settlement Agreement is not expressly listed as a Separated Liability and, 

accordingly, Plaintiff does not contend that Old News Corp’s rights or obligations under 

the Settlement Agreement were expressly transferred or assigned to New News Corp. 

Rather, Plaintiff argues that the obligations under the Settlement Agreement were

transferred and/or assigned to New News Corp as a “Mixed Contract.” 

The Separation and Distribution Agreement defines a “Mixed Contract” as “any 

agreement to which . . . [Old News Corp] or [New News Corp] is a party prior to the 

Distribution that inures to the benefit or burden of both of the Remainco Business and the 

Separated Business.”59 The terms “Separated Business” and “Remainco Business” are 

56 Id. § 1.01.

57 “Liabilities” include “all debts, liabilities, obligations, [and] responsibilities . . . , 

whenever arising, including . . . those arising under any Contract, agreement, guarantee, 

commitment or undertaking[.]” Id.

58 “Asset” includes “any and all of such Person’s right, title and ownership interest in and 

to all of the property, claims, Contracts, businesses or assets (including goodwill), 

whether real, personal or mixed, tangible or intangible of any kind, nature and 

description[.]” Id.

59 Id. § 2.02(g)(i).

24

 
defined, respectively, as the “business and operations” of New News Corp and the 

“business and operations” of Old News Corp.60

Under Section 2.02(g)(i) of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, a Mixed 

Contract that cannot be partially assigned is to be divided such that the liabilities 

associated with the Separated Business would be borne by New News Corp and the 

liabilities associated with the Remainco Business would be borne by Old News Corp. In 

each case, Old News Corp had the sole discretion, to be exercised in good faith, to 

determine how to apportion the liabilities associated with each Mixed Contract:

Unless the Parties agree in writing otherwise or as otherwise may be 

provided in any Ancillary Agreement, [a Mixed Contract] shall be assigned 

in part to New News Corporation or one of its Subsidiaries, and/or to 

Remainco or one of its subsidiaries, as the case may be, if so assignable, 

prior to or as of the Distribution, such that each Party or its respective 

Subsidiaries shall be entitled to its portion of the rights and benefits thereof, 

as determined in the sole discretion of Remainco (to be exercised in good 

faith), and shall assume the related portion of any obligations thereunder 

and any Liabilities inuring to their respective Businesses; provided, 

however, that in no event shall either Party be required to assign any Mixed 

Contract in its entirety. If any Mixed Contract cannot be so partially 

assigned to any extent, Remainco and New News Corporation shall, and 

shall cause each of their respective Subsidiaries to, take such other 

reasonable and permissible actions to cause the following: . . . (B) the 

Liabilities associated with that portion of each Mixed Contract (as 

determined by Remainco, in its sole discretion (to be exercised in good 

faith)[)] that relates to the Separated Business to be borne by New News 

Corporation or a New News Corporation Subsidiary; . . . and (D) the 

Liabilities associated with that portion of each Mixed Contract (as 

determined by Remainco, in its sole discretion (to be exercised in good 

60 “Separated Business” is defined as “the business and operations conducted by the New 

News Corporation Group [i.e., New News Corp and its subsidiaries and affiliates],” and 

“Remainco Business” is defined as “all businesses and operations of the Remainco Group 

[i.e., Old News Corp and its direct and indirect subsidiaries and affiliates], other than the 

Separated Business.” Id. § 1.01. 

25

 
faith)[)] that relates to the Remainco Business to be borne by Remainco or 

a Remainco Subsidiary[.]61

According to Plaintiff, the Settlement Agreement constitutes a Mixed Contract

that “covers, and inures to, both the newspaper [assets] [(i.e., the Separated Business)] 

and the media assets [(i.e., the Remainco Business)], because all those assets were owned 

by [Old] News Corp when the Settlement was made effective through the Settlement 

Agreement.”62 Plaintiff’s theory is that Old News Corp’s rights and obligations under the 

Settlement Agreement were assumed by New News Corp because (a) they related to the 

newspaper assets that constituted part of Separated Business, and (b) they could not have 

been partially assigned. 

In opposition, New News Corp contends that the Settlement Agreement is not a 

Mixed Contract because it did not inure to the “benefit” or “burden” of the Separated 

Business of New News Corp or the Remainco Business of Old News Corp. In particular, 

New News Corp submits that the Settlement Agreement exists outside the universe of

“Mixed Contract” agreements because it relates fundamentally to “a matter of internal 

affairs, regarding the relationship between Old News Corp, its directors, and its 

stockholders,” not to the “business” or “operations” of either the Separated Business or 

the Remainco Business.

63 In my opinion, New News Corp’s interpretation is the only 

61 Id. § 2.02(g)(i) (emphasis added).

62 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 18.

63 Defs.’ Reply Br. 7; Tr. of Oral Arg. 132.

26

 
reasonable construction of the relevant provisions of the Separation and Distribution 

Agreement. 

As explained above, to have qualified as a Mixed Contract, the Settlement 

Agreement must have inured to the benefit or burden of the “business and operations” of 

the Separated Business of New News Corp and the Remainco Business of Old News 

Corp. According to commonly used dictionaries,64 the word “business” means the 

commercial enterprise of a company,65 and the word “operations” means the commercial 

activities of a company.66 Applying these definitions here, the contractual rights and 

obligations of the Settlement Agreement did not inure to the benefit or burden of Old 

News Corp’s newspaper/publishing enterprise and activities (the Separated Business) or 

its broadcast/media enterprise and activities (the Remainco Business). Instead, the rights 

and obligations in the Settlement Agreement generally, and the stockholder rights plan 

restrictions specifically, concern Old News Corp’s corporate governance matters.

The key terms of the Settlement Agreement reflect this reality. The consideration 

exchanged in that contract was the release of certain claims by Old News Corp’s 

64 Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 738 (Del. 2006) 

(“Delaware courts look to dictionaries for assistance in determining the plain meaning of 

terms which are not defined in a contract.”); see also Nationwide Emerging Managers, 

LLC v. NorthPointe Hldgs., LLC, — A.3d —, 2015 WL 1317705, at *11 (Del. Mar. 18, 

2015, revised Mar. 27, 2015) (citing Lorillard, 903 A.2d at 738).

65 See Black’s Law Dictionary at 226 (defining “business” to mean “[a] commercial 

enterprise carried on for profit”).

66 See New Oxford American Dictionary at 1229 (3d ed. 2010) (defining “operation” to 

mean “a business organization; a company” and “an activity in which such an 

organization is involved”).

27

 
stockholders for a promise by Old News Corp that it would not maintain a rights plan for 

longer than one year, subject to certain exceptions, without stockholder approval. That 

consideration had nothing to do with the commercial enterprise or commercial activities 

of Old News Corp in 2006, nor did it have anything to do with the commercial enterprise 

or commercial activities of the Separated Business or the Remainco Business in 2013. 

The Settlement Agreement instead limited the situations in which the Old News Corp 

board could unilaterally adopt or extend a rights plan and granted to Old News Corp 

stockholders the right to vote on board action in other situations. As such, the Settlement 

Agreement involved “matters that pertain to the relationships among or between the 

corporation and its officers, directors, and shareholders” and thereby implicated Old 

News Corp’s internal affairs and corporate governance.

67 In this regard, the Settlement 

Agreement is analogous to Old News Corp’s charter or bylaws, which Plaintiff does not 

contend were or should have been assumed by New News Corp as a Mixed Contract or 

otherwise.

68 Indeed, the Separation and Distribution Agreement separately addresses 

67 See VantagePoint Venture P’rs 1996 v. Examen, Inc., 871 A.2d 1108, 1113 (Del. 

2005); see also McDermott Inc. v. Lewis, 531 A.2d 206, 214 (Del. 1987) (“The internal 

affairs doctrine . . . governs the choice of law determinations involving matters peculiar

to corporations, that is, those activities concerning the relationships inter se of the 

corporation, its directors, officers and shareholders.”).

68 Tr. of Oral Arg. 93. Although not controlling on the interpretation of the Separation

and Distribution Agreement, certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation 

Law seem to reflect a similar distinction between the commercial activities of a 

corporation (i.e., its business) and the internal governance of a corporation (i.e., its 

affairs). See, e.g., 8 Del. C. § 141(a) (“The business and affairs of every corporation . . . 

shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors[.]” (emphasis added)); 

8 Del. C. § 102(b)(1) (“[T]he certificate of incorporation may also contain . . . [a]ny 

provision for the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the 

28

 
New News Corp’s charter and bylaws, which must be in effect as a condition to the spinoff.69

In sum, the only reasonable way to conceive of Old News Corp’s obligations 

under the Settlement Agreement concerning rights plans are as internal governance 

obligations and not as obligations that inure to the burden of New News Corp’s 

newspaper/publishing “business and operations” or Old News Corp’s broadcast/media 

“business and operations.” For this reason, the Settlement Agreement does not constitute 

a Mixed Contract as defined in the Separation and Distribution Agreement. Instead, it 

constitutes a Remainco Liability that Old News Corp retained pursuant to the Separation 

and Distribution Agreement. Thus, as a matter of law, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim 

that New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement.

Finally, even if Plaintiff were correct that the Settlement Agreement constitutes a 

Mixed Contract within the meaning of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, it is 

still not reasonably conceivable that New News Corp is subject to the rights plan 

restrictions of the Settlement Agreement. Section 2.02(g)(i) of the Separation and 

corporation[.]” (emphasis added)); 8 Del. C. § 109(b) (“The bylaws may contain any 

provision . . . relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, and its 

rights or powers or the rights or powers of its stockholders, directors, officers, or 

employees.” (emphasis added)).

69 Separation and Distribution Agreement § 3.03(q) (“The obligation of Remainco to 

consummate the Distribution is subject to the prior or simultaneous satisfaction . . . of the 

following conditions: . . . (q) the Certificate of Incorporation and the By-laws of New 

News Corporation, each in substantially the form filed with [the] Registration Statement, 

shall be in effect at or prior to the Distribution.”). The Separation and Distribution 

Agreement defines “Certificate of Incorporation” and “By-laws” by reference to exhibits 

to New News Corp’s Form 10 Registration Statement filed with the SEC. Id.§ 1.01.

29

 
Distribution Agreement expressly provides Remainco (i.e., Old News Corp) with the sole 

discretion, to be exercised in good faith, to determine which portion of a Mixed Contract 

should be borne by New News Corp and which portion should be borne by Old News 

Corp. Plaintiff has not alleged that, in violation of Section 2.02(g)(i), Old News Corp 

failed to exercise good faith in determining not to transfer any of the rights or obligations 

of the Settlement Agreement to New News Corp.70 Thus, absent an express provision to 

the contrary in the Separation and Distribution Agreement or any of the ancillary 

transaction agreements—and Plaintiff has not presented one—the Settlement Agreement 

was not transferred or partially assigned to New News Corp.71 

70 Plaintiff’s allegations of bad faith relate solely to the Individual Defendants’ alleged 

breach of fiduciary duty for violating the Settlement Agreement, Compl. ¶¶ 83-85, not to 

the division of Mixed Contract liabilities undertaken by Old News Corp, which is not 

even a party to this litigation.

71 In a terse footnote, Plaintiff halfheartedly asserts that, at a minimum, it is reasonably 

conceivable that New News Corp “impliedly” agreed to assume the rights plan 

restrictions of the Settlement Agreement because New News Corp was a successor to Old 

News Corp’s newspaper and publishing business. Pl.’s Ans. Br. 19 n.8. I disagree. The 

detailed provisions of the Separation and Distribution Agreement, particularly Section 

2.02, do not reasonably lend themselves to an interpretation that New News Corp 

impliedly agreed to assume any assets or liabilities other than those expressly specified as 

Separated Assets, Separated Liabilities, and, as applicable, Mixed Contracts. To read 

those contract provisions as Plaintiff advocates would have the Court interfere with Old 

News Corp and New News Corp’s contractual bargain without justification. See 

Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 370 (Del. 2014) (“[W]hen parties have ordered their 

affairs voluntarily through a binding contract, Delaware law is strongly inclined to 

respect their agreement, and will only interfere upon a strong showing that dishonoring 

the contract is required to vindicate a public policy interest even stronger than freedom of 

contract.”); see also Leo E. Strine, Jr., Regular (Judicial) Order as Equity: The Enduring 

Value of the Distinct Judicial Role, 87 Temp. L. Rev. 99, 106 (2014) (“[C]onsistent 

adherence to settled interpretive principles focusing closely on the meaning of the 

contractual words . . . allows all players a fair opportunity to make mutually beneficial 

bargains on predictable terms.”).

30

 
* * *

For the reasons explained above, I conclude as a matter of law that the Settlement 

Agreement did not prevent Old News Corp from spinning off some of its assets to a new 

public corporation free from the rights plan restrictions in the Settlement Agreement and 

that it permissibly did so under the terms of the Separation and Distribution Agreement. 

Accordingly, Count I, which seeks a declaratory judgment that New News Corp is bound 

by the terms of the Settlement Agreement, is dismissed for failure to state a claim for 

relief.

B. Counts II-IV Fail to State a Claim Because New News Corp is 

Not Bound by the Settlement Agreement

In Count II, Plaintiff alleges that New News Corp “breach[ed] the Settlement 

Agreement by extending the [Rights Plan] during a nine-month Interim Period, without 

stockholder approval, and without any circumstance existing that, under the terms of the 

Settlement Agreement, would allow adoption or extension of a [Rights Plan] without 

stockholder approval during an Interim Period.”72 As Defendants correctly argue,73

Plaintiff cannot allege a reasonably conceivable basis in which New News Corp breached 

the Settlement Agreement without first establishing that New News Corp is actually 

bound by that contract. For the reasons I outlined in dismissing Count I above, New 

News Corp is not bound by the Settlement Agreement. Thus, without resolving whether 

72 Compl. ¶ 77.

73 Defs.’ Op. Br. 19.

31

 
or not the one-year extension of the Rights Plan in June 2014 was permissible under the 

Vote Exception of the Settlement Agreement,

74 Count II fails to state a claim for relief.

In Count III, Plaintiff alleges that the Individual Defendants acted in bad faith 

when they “deprive[d] the stockholders of their right to vote on [Rights Plan] provisions 

under the Settlement Agreement.”75 Thus, according to Plaintiff, the Individual 

Defendants breached their fiduciary duties by “caus[ing] [New] News Corp to violate its 

contractual obligations.”76 

The factual predicate for Count III is that New News Corp is bound by the 

Settlement Agreement, which Plaintiff has failed to establish. Plaintiff does not advance 

any breach of fiduciary duty theory independent from the purported breach of the 

Settlement Agreement. For instance, Plaintiff does not allege that, when the Individual 

Defendants extended the Rights Plan in 2014, they breached their fiduciary duties by 

acting unreasonably,77 in bad faith,78 in a self-interested manner,79 or on an uninformed 

basis.80 Count III is thus dismissed under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6).

74 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 20-30.

75 Compl. ¶ 83.

76 Id.; see also id. ¶ 85 (“Rather than honor [New] News Corp’s contractual obligations, 

the Defendants have broken their promise and breached their fiduciary duties.”).

77 See Versata Enters., Inc. v. Selectica, Inc., 5 A.3d 586, 599-600 (Del. 2010); see also 

Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 493 A.2d 946 (Del. 1985).

78 See In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 67 (Del. 2006).

79 See Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984).

80 See UniSuper, 2005 WL 3529317, at *9-10.

32

 
Count IV of the Complaint seeks to have the Court reform the Settlement 

Agreement because the parties to that contract

mistakenly believed the language of the [Vote Exception] would apply only 

in situations where a stockholder was rapidly acquiring large blocks of 

[New] News Corp stock with the intention of affecting control of [New] 

News Corp’s management and was doing so in such a way that the Board 

would not have time to seek a stockholder vote on the adoption of a new 

[rights plan] or the extension of an existing one.81

Put another way, Plaintiff alleges that the parties to the Settlement Agreement “never 

intended the exception to be triggered where a stockholder filing on a Schedule 13G and 

expressly disavowing any intent to affect management of [New] News Corp established a 

position in [New] News Corp stock more than 6 months prior to the expiration of the 

[Rights Plan].”82

As the factual predicate of its reformation claim, Plaintiff must first establish that 

New News Corp is bound by the Settlement Agreement.83 For the reasons discussed 

above, New News Corp is not bound by the Settlement Agreement as a matter of law. 

Thus, Count IV must be dismissed for failure to state a claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

81 Compl. ¶ 91.

82 Id.

83 See MetCap Sec. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc., 2007 WL 1498989, at *10 (Del. Ch. 

May 16, 2007) (“Reformation is available, perhaps subject to certain exceptions not 

present here, only to parties to the contract.”).

33