Distribution: FGIS, OSP, Industry Originating Office: PPMAB, BAR

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Marketing Service

Federal Grain Inspection Service

Question & Answer March 01, 2022

BAR Decisions

Occasionally, questions regarding the interpretation or application of inspection policies and 

procedures arise due to the relative complexity or ambiguity involved. In such instances, AMS

prepares and posts a coordinated response to provide clarity and promote uniformity in the 

understanding and application of policies and procedures. These responses are organized by the 

following categories:

1. BARLEY ....................................................................................................................................1

2. CANOLA....................................................................................................................................3

3. CORN........................................................................................................................................5

4. EDIBLE BEANS.........................................................................................................................7

5. FLAXSEED..............................................................................................................................13

6. FSUB OR SAMPLE GRADE FACTORS .................................................................................15

7. GENERAL ...............................................................................................................................19

8. LENTILS..................................................................................................................................27

9. MIXED GRAIN.........................................................................................................................29

10. OATS.......................................................................................................................................31

11. OTHER FACTORS..................................................................................................................33

12. PEAS.......................................................................................................................................35

13. RICE........................................................................................................................................37

14. SORGHUM..............................................................................................................................39

15. SOYBEAN ...............................................................................................................................41

16. SPLIT PEAS............................................................................................................................45

17. SUNFLOWER SEED...............................................................................................................47

18. TRITICALE/RYE......................................................................................................................49

19. WHEAT....................................................................................................................................51

20. REVISION HISTORY ..............................................................................................................57

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all 

programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communication of program information (Braille, 

large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write to the USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, 

Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal employment 

opportunity employer.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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1. BARLEY

1. Is all barley considered Malting barley until some factor takes it out of malting?

ANSWER. No. Effective June 1, 1997, customers have the option of having their 

barley inspected as barley or malting barley for quality assessments. If not requested 

by the applicant, it is graded under the barley class. Refer to Class and Subclass.

2. Do damaged Other Grains (OG) in a sample of Six-Rowed Malting barley function 

as Damaged Kernels (total) (DKT) and OG? If so, are they scored against sound 

barley twice?

ANSWER. Damaged OG are scored against DKT and OG but scored only once 

against sound barley. Refer to Other Grains.

3. What does hull-less barley function as?

ANSWER. The Barley Standards do not include hull-less barley in the definition of 

“Barley”. Consequently, barley samples containing more than 50 percent hull-less 

barley are considered Not Standardized Grain. In samples containing less than 50 

percent hull-less barley, distinguishable hull-less barley kernels function as other grains 

and are scored against sound barley. Refer to Definition of Barley and Other Grains.

4. Can heat damage ever exceed the DKT percentage?

ANSWER. No. Since heat and DKT are determined on different portion sizes it is 

possible to have heat exceed DKT. However, when this occurs, the DKT should be 

adjusted to equal heat. Refer to Damaged Kernels: Certification.

5. If an applicant requests a sample to be graded as Malting barley, is there a qualifying 

statement required in the “remarks” section mentioning that the applicant stated that 

the barley is a suitable malting type?

ANSWER. No. However, upon request, the field office manager may approve a 

statement in the remarks section showing that the applicant states the barley is a 

suitable malting type.

6. Can sprout damage be determined on a pearled portion?

ANSWER. No.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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7. If the germ area is completely covered by the hull, but has a protruding sprout, does it 

function as Skinned and Broken (SKBN), as well as damage?

ANSWER. No. Under current SKBN evaluation criteria, the hull covering the germ 

area must be loose, missing, or split to the extent the germ area is visible from the 

top. In this instance these criteria have not been met.

8. If a barley sample has a smutty odor, but is not smutty in appearance in mass nor 

contains more than 0.20 percent smut balls, can it be graded as Malting barley?

ANSWER. Yes. A smutty odor does not make the special grade smutty.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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2. CANOLA

1. What percent of canola is required in the definition of canola to function as canola?

ANSWER. Current standards define canola based on erucic acid and 

glucosinolate content with no restrictions placed on the percentage of canola 

present in the sample. Until the standards are amended to address this issue, 50 

percent or more whole canola seeds should be used as a general guide. 

Deviations may be approved on a case-by-case basis.

2. In Canola and Mustard Seed you have to examine the material that passes over the 

No. 4 sieve for wheat, buckwheat, weed seeds, or similar foreign material. If present, 

use a round-hole sieve (5/64, 5.5/64, 6/64, 6.5/64, 7/64, or larger) as an aid in 

separating. In the Rapeseed directive, reclaiming the material over the No. 4 sieve is 

not addressed. Is this procedure applicable for Rapeseed?

ANSWER. Yes

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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3. CORN

1. Is smut affected corn considered damage?

ANSWER. Since smut and mold are virtually indistinguishable smut affected kernels 

are considered mold damage if they meet VRI – C - 10.0 Surface Mold (Blight). If the 

smut penetrates the seedcoat and adheres to the “meat” of the kernel it is considered 

damage as per VRI – C - 7.0 Mold Damage. Otherwise, it is considered sound.

2. Are stained corn kernels (other than flooding or fumigant) considered damage or

unknown foreign substance?

ANSWER. Stained corn kernels are not considered unknown foreign substance but 

will function as mold damage provided the kernel is affected by the mold and meets the 

VRI – C - 10.0 Surface Mold (Blight).

Note: Stained corn kernels function as unknown foreign substance if it is 

known that the stain is caused by a fumigant or other unknown foreign 

substances such as grease, ink, or oil.

3. What does the variety of corn produced by Pioneer which is smoky in 

color function as?

ANSWER. Corn of Other Colors.

4. What does the variety of corn which is blue in color function as?

ANSWER. Not Standardized Grain (NSG). This variety is predominantly used in 

making blue corn chips and is typically a “flour” type corn which is not covered by 

the U.S. Corn Standards. The standards only pertain to shelled dent/flint corn.

As NSG, blue corn kernels found in flint or dent corn function as foreign material.

5. Can an inspector scrape the seedcoat on heat damaged suspected kernels if the 

seedcoat is bleached and/or blistered and it is hard to determine the color of the band 

extending out of the germ and around the sides and back of the kernel?

ANSWER. Yes. Refer to Damaged Kernels.

6. If corn has been discolored as a result of artificial drying, but the affected 

kernels do not meet the requirements of VRI – C - 5.0 Heat Damage (Drier), can 

they be taken as heat damage if they meet VRI – C - 5.1 Heat Damage (White)

or C - 5.2 Heat Damage (Yellow) corn, respectively?

ANSWER. No. It only functions as damage.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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7. How should a sample of corn containing 80.09% Yellow corn, 11.23% White corn, and

8.68% Indian corn be certified in the results section of the certificate?

ANSWER. When certifying Mixed corn, record the percent of the mixture to the 

nearest tenth percent. In this instance, the mixture would certify as Yellow corn 80.1%, 

White corn 11.2%, and Corn of Other Colors 8.7%.

8. Is corn that is fire burnt on the cob considered damage if only the crown is discolored?

ANSWER. Yes. Currently, there is not a visual reference image, but it is 

considered damaged if:

1. The complete crown is burnt (black); or

2. The crown is burnt, cracked open, and the starch shows a creamy 

discoloration.

9. What does Kernel Red Streak function as?

ANSWER. Corn of Other Colors, provided it meets the VRI requirements of (C) O.F. -

7.5 Corn of Other Colors in Yellow corn and Mixed corn and (C) O.F. - 7.7 Mixed Corn 

(More Than Slight Tinge-Pink) in White corn. A toxin secreted by the wheat curl mite is 

responsible for the development of the reddish to pink/purple streaks on the kernel 

pericarp. Kernel Red Streak is a cosmetic blemish and has no reported effect on the 

feeding value of affected corn. It occurs in Yellow and White Corn, with major 

differences occurring among hybrids in the amount and intensity of red streaking.

10. Can specialty corns such as high amylose corn and high oil corn be graded under the 

U. S. corn standards?

ANSWER. Yes. Currently, the only restriction placed on the inspection of 

specialty type corn pertains to varieties which have a blue, red, or purple 

pericarp. These types are inspected on a factor only basis according to 

Directive 9180.82, “Inspection of Specialty Type Corn”.

11. If an applicant requests a review inspection for Heat Damage (HT) only what result is 

shown for Damaged Kernels (Total) (DKT)?

ANSWER. Since HT is included in DKT and performed on the same portion a new 

analysis for HT and DKT would have to be performed. The new analysis for HT and 

DKT would supersede the previous result.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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4. EDIBLE BEANS

1. How would cowpeas function in a sample of Blackeye beans?

ANSWER. Cowpeas which differ in color, size, or shape from Blackeye beans would 

function as beans of a contrasting class. Cowpeas which are similar in color, size, 

and shape to the Blackeye beans would function as classes that blend.

2. Can carrier identification numbers/symbols on submitted samples be used for 

submitted sample identification?

ANSWER. Yes, according to the FGIS Policy Bulletin Board dated April 30, 1993, 

FGIS will certify the identification for submitted samples as provided by the 

applicant for service.

3. Can reduced portion size be used for a sample of edible beans made sample grade 

or substandard?

ANSWER. No. Reduced portions sizes are only stated for CCWB and IWOF.

4. How would a damaged Great Northern bean function in Pinto beans?

ANSWER. Damage and contrasting class.

5. Can an applicant have a Federal appeal or Board appeal on a new sample for 

insect webbing or filth?

ANSWER. No, because these are considered a deleterious situation. Refer to 

General Information, Appeal Inspection Services and Directive 9170.15, “Review 

Inspections of Grains and Commodities.”

6. Can an applicant have a Federal Appeal on a new sample for the determination of 

weevily/sample grade due to clean-cut weevil-bored beans?

ANSWER. Yes, because these are not considered deleterious but, a Board appeal 

must be done/based on the official file sample. Refer to General Information, 

Appeal Inspection Services and Directive 9170.15, “Review Inspections of Grains 

and Commodities.”

7. Can an applicant have a Federal appeal or Board appeal on an unworked file sample 

for the determination of weevily/Sample grade due to insect webbing or filth or cleancut weevil-bored beans?

ANSWER. Yes, but unless there has been a material error made, it should be 

explained to the applicant that the Federal appeal or Board appeal of the 

unworked file sample will not remove the designation “Sample Grade.” Refer to 

General Information, Appeal Inspection Services.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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8. When DKT is determined on a portion smaller than 500 grams, can defects (total) be 

determined on the small portion size?

ANSWER. No. The remaining factors that comprise defects (total) are still 

analyzed on the prescribed portion size. Refer to Defects.

9. How would a Pea bean covered by dirt (equal to or greater than the amount shown on 

VRI Bean 3.0 Dirt and Grime Affected) function in a sample of Pinto beans?

ANSWER. Contrasting classes and damage. Since the Pinto beans are the 

predominant class, the Pea bean would function as damage because of the dirt. 

Refer to Damaged Beans.

10. What does bearing grease function as when found on edible beans?

ANSWER. Unknown Foreign Substance. If two or more beans are found in a 1000 

gram work sample, make the sample U.S. Sample grade. Because the substance is 

not considered deleterious, the sample grade designation may be removed either on 

the basis of a new sample or review of the file sample.

11. If an inspector questions whether the edible beans offered for inspection are uniform in 

size, what sieve(s) should be used in the determination of “not well screened?”

ANSWER. Suppliers of pinto and small red beans reportedly use a 9/64 round-hole 

sieve to separate small, undesirable beans and assure delivery of a uniform product. 

In view of this accepted practice, use the 9/64 sieve in the assessment of “not well 

screened” in these and other similarly sized classes of beans. For those classes that 

are significantly larger or smaller in size, it is recommended that you contact a 

local/regional supplier to determine what sieve they commonly use for clean out 

purposes and use the same or similar sized sieve.

12. Do immature beans which have a green discoloration on the inside only (split) function 

as damage?

ANSWER. No, except for Chickpea/Garbanzo Beans as per 

VRI – Bean - 5.0 Green Damage (Chickpea).

13. Can the barley pearler be used as an aid in grading edible beans that are suspected of 

containing a notable amount of internal damage?

ANSWER. Yes. But all other factor determinations have to be determined before 

pearling. (Refer to SPB’s memo dated 2/6/97).
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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14. The current definition of edible beans does not contain any language establishing a 

minimum percent of whole beans that must remain in the sample after the removal of 

dockage or a maximum limit for foreign material, as do other commodities. Does this 

mean that a sample may contain an unlimited amount of splits and FM and still meet 

the definition of “whole dry beans?”

ANSWER. Yes. According to the United States Standards for Beans, beans shall 

be dry threshed field and garden beans, whole, broken, and split, commonly used 

for edible purposes. The definition does not contain a percent maximum limit of 

split beans; therefore, a sample may contain large amounts and still meet the 

definition of beans. However, if the sample exceeds the percent maximum limit of 

FM, splits, or Total Defects, the sample would grade U.S. Substandard.

15. Are Cranberry beans considered white/off white for the determination for dirt/grime and 

water blistered damage?

ANSWER. Yes, in most instances. Aging Cranberry beans are the exception and 

the resulting discoloration must be considered in these visual assessments. The 

natural aging process darkens these beans such that their color approaches that of 

the pinto bean. As the color of the bean darkens, inspectors should use their 

judgement in determining which of the illustrated beans to use a guide. In the case 

of water blistered, the degree of discoloration will dictate which of the illustrated pinto 

beans to use.

16. Are Blackeyes with different colored eyes and/or size separated as either contrasting 

classes or classes that blend?

ANSWER. No. They are all considered Blackeye Beans.

17. How should an edible bean sample that contains two insect bored beans, the cavities 

of which have been invaded by mold, be graded?

ANSWER. U.S. Sample Grade, except for Blackeye Beans. Technically, the 

beans in their present state do not meet the definition of clean-cut weevil-bored, 

the fact that the moldy condition occurred after-the-fact must not be ignored. As 

such, sufficient evidence is available to consider the beans infested/weevily.

18. Do edible beans, (usually Pea beans or Great Northern) which have a purple 

discoloration on the seed coat, function as damage?

ANSWER. Yes. Inspectors should use VRI – Bean - 9.0, Mold/Mildew Damage

(far right bean) for a minimum color/coverage requirement. If any amount of 

purple discoloration penetrates the seed coat or is present on an exposed part of 

the bean, it is considered damage.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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19. What does acrylic function as when found in edible beans?

ANSWER. Unknown Foreign Substance (FSUB).

20. How would you grade Dehydrated Pinto Beans?

ANSWER. Dehydrated Pinto Beans are a processed commodity and as a result,

would be certified as Dehydrated Pinto Beans.

21. What does green plant matter function as when found on edible beans?

ANSWER. Plant material adhering to the seed coat in an amount equal to or greater 

than shown on VRI – Bean - 3.0 Dirt and Grime Pea Beans (Not Damage) or Bean -

3.1 Dirt and Grime Damage (Other Than Pea Beans), is considered damage.

22. In some instances Edible Beans function as Damage and Contrasting Classes. When 

this occurs are they scored only once against Total Defects?

ANSWER. No. Since they must be included in the reported percentage of each 

individual factor and total defects represents the sum of damage, foreign material, 

splits, and contrasting classes, they are essentially scored twice in the calculation of 

total defects. Refer to Defects.

23. Sometimes when Black beans are split to examine for internal damage the cotyledons 

are discolored a black/blue/gray. Are they considered damaged?

ANSWER. No. Carrington Research Extension Center, Carrington, North Dakota 

has evaluated this condition for evidence of fungal/bacterial growth and concluded 

that the condition/discoloration is a result of the seed coat pigment bleeding into the 

cotyledon, possibly due to poor (high moisture) harvesting conditions.

24. Damage for Pea beans are based on approximately 250 grams, but Badly Damaged 

(BD) beans are based on approximately 500 grams. How would damaged beans be 

determined?

ANSWER. Divide out 500 grams into two 250-gram portions. Pick and determine 

the percent of Damaged beans from the first 250-gram portion, then separate and 

weigh the BD and note its percentage to the hundredth (disregarding the 

thousandth). Pick BD from the second 250-gram portion and note its percentage to 

the hundredth (disregarding the thousandth). Add both BD together and round to the 

nearest tenth percent.

25. How do Black Kidney Beans function in Dark Red Kidney or Light Red Kidney Beans?

ANSWER. Contrasting Classes.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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26. Can Black Beans in which the seed coats are missing the black pigment (usually brown 

to maroon in color) be considered as damage or made DLQ?

ANSWER. No. While the beans may detract from the general appearance and 

would appear to be candidates for damage, the US Dry Bean Council has advised 

FGIS that the condition is a sign of immaturity, and that due to the normally smaller 

size they can be easily cleaned out when processed. Thus, unless the beans are 

otherwise damaged, they are considered sound. And with the removal of color from 

the bean standards (2005), unless specifically requested by an applicant, color is no 

longer a relevant quality measure.

27. Are Pinto Beans with black streaks instead of the normal brown or mahogany red 

streaks considered as Contrasting Classes or Classes that Blend?

ANSWER. No. They are still certified as Pinto Beans.

28. In pea beans, the grading standard requires that the percent of “Contrasting Classes” 

and “Foreign Material” be reported to the hundredth percent (disregarding thousandths) 

for special grades “Choice Handpicked” and “Prime Handpicked.” If the requirements 

for these special grades are not met, do you still record the percentage of CCL and FM 

to the hundredth percent?

ANSWER. Yes, up to 0.04%. Pea Beans that contain 0.05 percent or 

more of contrasting classes and/or foreign material are certified to the 

nearest tenth percent.

29. What does the presence of honeydew function as when found on edible beans?

ANSWER. Damage, if the honeydew (a yellow/brown sticky substance secreted by 

an aphid) adhering to the seed coat is equal to or greater than shown on VRI –

Bean - 3.0 Dirt and Grime Pea Beans (Not Damage) or Bean - 3.1 Dirt and Grime

Damage (Other Than Pea Beans). Beans which contain a substantial amount of 

honeydew affected beans which are not considered damage should be graded 

Distinctly Low Quality (DLQ).
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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30. Can Black Beans in which the seed coats are missing the black pigment (varies from 

purple, pink, brown, maroon to white in color) be considered as Contrasting Classes.

ANSWER. No. While the beans may detract from the general appearance and 

would appear to be candidates for contrasting classes, the US Dry Bean Council has 

advised FGIS that the condition is a sign of immaturity, and that due to the normally 

smaller size they can be easily cleaned out when processed. With this in mind, 

remember that the standard’s definition limits Contrasting Classes to “beans of other 

classes that are of a different color, size, or shape from the beans of the class 

designated.” Color is not the single criterion to consider in this assessment. To 

function as contrasting classes, the bean first must be of another class. And with the 

removal of color from the bean standards (2005), unless specifically requested by an 

applicant, overall color is no longer a relevant quality measure.

31. Is mildew considered a surface mold and considered damage?

ANSWER. Yes. Mildew affected beans are considered mold damage if they meet 

VRI – BEAN - 9.0 Mold Damage. Beans containing any amount of mildew on the 

cotyledon are damaged.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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5. FLAXSEED

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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6. FSUB OR SAMPLE GRADE FACTORS

1. When feed grain is being exported to Mexico and green dye is applied to the grain, 

does the green dye function as FSUB when the treated grain is returned to the elevator 

and offered for the same export shipment?

ANSWER. No. Knowing the source of the substance and reasons for its application 

it is unnecessary to penalize the shipper at the time of the local transfer or reelevation and subsequent inspection.

Note: If the re-elevated grain containing green-dyed kernels is not intended 

for the export shipment from which it came, consider the green-dyed kernels 

as FSUB.

2. If a sample contains more than one sample grade odor which odor applies?

ANSWER. If more than one sample grade odor is detectable, report or certify 

most prominent odor detected.

3. What does grain treated with Zeolite function as?

ANSWER. Distinctly low quality and graded U.S. Sample Grade.

Note: Zeolite has been used in grain as a moisture absorbent in an attempt to 

lower the moisture level in newly harvested wheat. Like diatomaceous earth,

Zeolite adheres to the grain and causes problems with test weight. Most of the 

substance is removed in dockage but some residue remains on the kernels 

and restricts grain flow and compaction resulting in lower test weight.

4. When determining sample grade, due to the presence of animal filth (count), do deer 

pellets function as the same as other types (e.g., rodent pellets, bird droppings) of 

animal filth?

ANSWER. No, because whole deer pellets are distinctly larger than rodent pellets or 

bird droppings, one or more deer pellets would make the sample distinctly low quality.

5. Occasionally, lots of grain (usually soybeans) contain feed pellets, and as a result, 

have a feed pellet odor. Is a sample containing a feed pellet odor considered okay 

or COFO?

ANSWER. Samples containing a strong (distinct) feed pellet odor are considered 

to have a commercially objectionable foreign odor (COFO).

Note: Samples containing a partial feed pellet odor, whereby the natural odor 

is not masked, are not considered to have a commercially objectionable foreign 

odor. Other degrading odors will be applied if present (i.e., musty, sour).
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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6. What does coal function as when found in a sample?

ANSWER. Unknown Foreign Substance (FSUB).

7. If grain is treated with ozone and the ozone odor is present at the time of inspection, 

how is the odor treated?

ANSWER. Commercially Objectionable Foreign Odor (COFO). Ozone is being 

touted as a fumigant alternative to control insects and/or mold inhibitor. In keeping 

with established fumigant/insecticide odor policy, let the sample sit out up to 4 hours 

before making the odor assessment. If the odor persists, apply the COFO odor; 

otherwise, consider it to be “OK”.

8. Insect odors are considered either sour or musty. An acrid insect odor is referred to as 

a sour odor, an insect odor other than acrid is considered musty. Are certain insects 

associated with either sour or musty?

ANSWER. Weevil and lesser grain borer are referred to as acrid, as such, 

considered Sour. All other insects (i.e. bran bugs) are associated with a musty odor.

9. Is fertilizer in grain reported to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

ANSWER. No. Refer to FGIS POLICY BULLETIN BOARD, Reference #196, dated 

May 1, 2002. Directive 9060.2, “Implementation of the FGIS-FDA Memorandum of 

Understanding” outlines the guidelines for reporting actionable lots to FDA according 

to the established memorandum of understanding. In grain, fertilizer is considered 

an unknown foreign substance but this specific condition is not included in the 

directive. Currently, FDA does not have an established tolerance for fertilizer in 

grain. Do not report fertilizer in grain to FDA since this condition is not specifically 

addressed in the directive.

10. If an original inspection is sour but the review inspection is musty should one certify 

the review inspection as musty even though the change in odor would not change 

the grade?

ANSWER. If the review inspection has a distinct difference in odor, the review

inspection result should be certified. This policy is applicable for reinspections,

appeals, and/or board appeals. It should be noted for factor-only review inspections 

that odor should always be checked even if the applicant did call the review inspection 

on account of odor. For example, if the applicant calls a factor-only board appeal on 

damage but the board appeal denotes a material error on odor the sample would be 

certified with the new damage and odor.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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11. Are all officially sampled lots that are graded U.S. Sample Grade for factors that have a 

numerical limit automatically actionable under FDA and have to be reported to FDA?

ANSWER. No, (i.e. 4 or more treated seeds in 1000 grams for wheat is graded U.S. 

Sample Grade while the FDA limit is 20 or more treated seeds in 1000 grams before it 

is considered actionable and mandatory to report to FDA). Always check the FDA 

guideline limits before reporting an actionable lot.

Note: If a review inspection (reinspection, retest, appeal, or Board appeal) is 

performed on an actionable lot before the original result is reported and the

review inspection result is no longer actionable, it is not necessary to contact 

FDA regarding either result. Submitted samples are not reported.

12. U.S. Sample Grade criteria which have a numerical limit for barley, canola, corn, 

flaxseed, mixed grain, oats, rye, sorghum, soybeans, sunflower seed, triticale and 

wheat are based on an established work portion as stated in the Grain Inspection 

Handbook, Book II. If a sample is graded sample grade on the original inspection, 

does this mean that the results from the original inspection are not carried over for the 

review inspection?

Answer. Yes. If a review inspection is called, one would not carry over the results

from the original inspection. The work and file are independent of each other.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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7. GENERAL

1. Can the special grade infested be added to or removed during a reinspection/ 

appeal (basis file sample), or Board appeal when the original sample was based on 

a probed sample?

ANSWER. If the sample is made infested during the original inspection, the infested 

designation cannot be eliminated on a worked or unworked file sample. If, however, 

the infested designation is not applied during the original inspection, the infested 

designation may be added during the review inspection process provided sufficient 

numbers are present in the file sample.

Note: If the reinspection or appeal is based on a new sample, the infested 

designation can be added or taken away depending on the number of insects 

found in the new sample.

2. Can the special grade infested be added or taken away on the reinspection, appeal, or 

Board appeal when the original sample was based on a diverter sample and examined 

under continuous loading?

ANSWER. The reinspection, appeal, and Board appeal result will follow the original 

result unless it can be determined that the sampler made a material error at the time 

of sampling.

Note: For land carriers and barges an applicant may request that a probe 

sample be obtained as part of the reinspection or appeal, and examined for 

condition factors (i.e., musty, sour, heating, infested) only. The review 

inspection certificate will continue to show the D/T as the “method of sampling” 

in the sampling block of the certificate. The D/T file sample will be used to 

determine the factor information and the probe sample to review the condition 

in question. When a probed sample is used for condition, use the approved 

statement listed in the Grain Inspection Handbook IV, Forms and Certificates. 

This option does not apply to multiple grade inspection lots.

3. Can an applicant request a reinspection, appeal, or Board appeal on a worked file 

sample for objective factors, such as test weight, moisture, broken corn and foreign 

material, or dockage when there is not a virgin portion to analyze?

ANSWER. An applicant always has the right to request a review inspection, but the 

applicant should be made aware that the review inspection will not be based on a new 

portion, the results will be carried over from the preceding inspection if there was not 

a material error.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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4. What is the standardized work portion for the grains under the United States Grain 

Standards Act (USGSA)?

ANSWER. The standardized portion for all grains should range from 1 1/8 to 1 1/4 

quarts. When converted to grams the normal range would be the following:

GRAIN RANGE GRAIN RANGE

Barley 850-950 Rye 1000-1050

Canola 500 Sorghum 1000-1050

Corn 1000-1050 Soybeans 1000-1050

Flaxseed 1000-1050 Sunflower Seed 500-600

Mixed Grain Depends on Mixture Triticale 1000-1050

Oats 700-750 Wheat 1000-1050
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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5. What are the DKT portion size tolerances for the grains under the USGSA?

ANSWER.

GRAIN FACTOR GRAMS RANGE

Barley

DKT 25 22.5-27.5

HT 50 48.5-51.5

Canola

ODK 10

HT 5

DKG 5

Corn

DKT 250 225-275

HT 250 225-275

Flaxseed

DKT 15 13.5-16.5

HT 15 13.5-16.5

Mixed Grain

DKT Depends on mixture

HT Depends on mixture

Oats

ODK 15 27.0-33.0

HT 30 27.0-33.0

Rye

DKT 15 13.5-16.5

HT 30 27.0-33.0

Sorghum

DKT 15 13.5-16.5

HT 30 27.0-33.0

Soybeans

DKT 125 112-138

HT 125 112-138

Sunflower Seed

DST 30 28.5-31.5

HT 30 28.5-31.5

Triticale

DKT 15 13.5-16.5

HT 30 27.0-33.0

Wheat

DKT 15 13.5-16.5

DKT 20 18.0-22.0 (DUCuSum)

HT 50 45-65.0

HT 66 60.0-72.0 (DUCuSum)
 

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022 

Page 22

6. What is the approximate number of kernels per gram and the approximate number of 

kernels per damage work portion for the following grains?

ANSWER. 

7. Does the quality qualifier “Distinctly Low Quality (DLQ)” apply to submitted samples?

ANSWER. Yes. Remember, the determination may be made on the lot and/or 

sample as whole. In the case of a submitted sample, the sample functions as both. 

Consequently, if you have large debris or other unusual conditions present in a 

submitted sample, (i.e., conditions not listed in the Grain Inspection Handbook II, 

“U.S. Sample Grade Criteria”), it would grade DLQ.

GRAIN KERNELS PER GRAM

KERNELS PER DAMAGE 

WORK PORTION

Wheat 33.3* 499

Corn 3.5 875

Soybeans 7.5 938

Sorghum 36 540

Barley 28.8 720

Sunflower Seeds 19.6 588

Rye 40 600

Flaxseed 193 2,895

Oats 30 900

Triticale 25.4 381

*Wheat by class:

HRS/SRW 37/gram

HRW 31/gram

WHCB 29/gram

SWH/DU 25/gram
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 23

8. Approximately how many beans/peas/lentils are found per 500 grams?

ANSWER.

9. Under the Cu-Sum loading plan individual results for Dark, Hard, and Vitreous (DHV) 

are recorded on the inspection log to the tenth of a percent and the ship lot average is 

recorded to the nearest whole percent. How would a sublot result of 68.49% be 

recorded as a sublot and the final average?

ANSWER. The sublot would be recorded as 68.5% and the ship lot average would 

be certified as 68.0%. To ensure that the calculating devise being used does not 

automatically round, it may be necessary to set the calculator to the floating mode. 

Finally, as a reminder, for single lot certification the result would be certified as 68.0.

10. Does the Carter-Day Dockage Tester have to be turned off between samples?

ANSWER. No. As stated in Reference # 177, dated August 11, 1999, it is 

permissible to allow the Carter Day Dockage Tester to remain running between 

samples but for check testing purposes the dockage tester must be turned off 

between samples. Refer to General Information.

Beans/Peas/Lentils per 500 Grams

Lentils (standard) 9,200 Yelloweye Beans 2,000

Lentils (small seeded) 14,800 Pinto Beans 1,820

Split Peas 6,900 Pink Beans 1,815

Winter Peas 4,690 Great Northern Beans 1,620

Wrinkled Peas 3,170 Small Red Beans 2,500

Smooth Green Peas 2,900 Baby Lima Beans 1,430

Smooth Yellow Peas 2,470 Cranberry Beans 1,090

Mung Beans 10,490 Light Red Kidney Beans 1,040

Small White Beans 3,565 White Kidney Beans 1,000

Flat Small White Beans 3,200 Dark Red Kidney Beans 950

Pea Beans 2,825 Marrow Beans 930

Black Turtle Soup Beans 2,820 Large Lima Beans 480

Blackeye Beans 2,030
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 24

11. For the determination of Test Weight “sufficient size” is defined as being sufficient 

quantity to overflow the test weight kettle. Is there a minimum size in grams or 

tolerance for determining Test Weight?

ANSWER. Not really. Test weight is the weight of a measured volume of grain, not 

quantity/weight: higher test weight grain requires more grain by weight to overflow the 

kettle than lower test weight grain. It has also been demonstrated that the accuracy 

of test weight measurements is not necessarily dictated by the amount of grain 

overflowing the kettle, or that all sides overflow. What appears to be most important 

is that sufficient grain is available to create the coning effect or inverted V shape that 

technicians strike off in order to level the grain. The mounding of grain should be 

sufficient when there is at least some kettle overflow. As a rule-of-thumb, however, it 

is probably wise to continue using the 950-1050 gram guideline recommended for 

most grains.

12. For grain shipments to Egypt, we occasionally get requests to check for the presence 

of “iron filings.” How are we defining iron filings; are there any special procedures that 

should be used; and how should they be treated?

ANSWER. Iron filings” are metal particles from various sources (e.g., farming 

machinery) that could possibly find their way into a grain sample. Since the particles 

could be of varying size, it will be necessary to use the sample as a whole as the 

basis for determination. For wheat samples, official personnel should check the 

dockage portion and the remainder of the dockage-free sample for metal particles.

Official personnel should perform the inspection for iron filings on the basis of a visual 

inspection process only. It is not necessary to magnetize grain picks or use 

magnifying lenses to identify “iron filings.”

“Iron filings” should be treated as dockage or foreign material, and if a substantial 

amount of particles is found in a sample the sample/lot would be considered as 

DLQ and graded as U.S. Sample Grade. Record the count and weight of the iron 

filings on the work record and report the findings on the certificate according to the 

terms of the contract.

13. If a sample is submitted for grade and the sample contains lumps of grain which make 

the sample Distinctly Low Quality (DLQ) can the original inspector remove the lumps of 

grain and certify the sample without the lumps.

ANSWER. No. The sample submitted would grade DLQ. We can only issue the 

certificate on the sample as submitted. If the applicant wants to know the grade of the 

non-lumpy portion, they can remove the offending lumps and submit the lump free 

sample for grading.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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14. If an applicant request a moisture only for a grain/commodity (ex. Triticale) which 

standards have been established but you do not have any inspectors licensed to grade 

that grain/commodity can one still perform the function?

ANSWER. Yes. A technician is licensed to perform moisture testing. This is 

applicable to all determinations made by the approved instrument. It is not limited to 

certain grains/commodities. A technician with the moisture function or a licensed 

inspector can perform a moisture for triticale. You should make it a “factor analysis 

only” and identify the grain as “Triticale” on the grade line with the words “grade and 

kind” crossed out. In the remarks section indicate “factor analysis only”.

15. An applicant requested a review inspection for DKT only on a corn lot. The applicant 

asked why we also certified odor with a new result for the review inspection.

ANSWER. The BAR/DIOO has a standard policy that all sample grade and special 

grade factors will be reviewed on all review inspections. If it is deemed a material 

error has been made for any sample grade or special grade determination from the 

previous inspection the new determination will be certified for the review inspection.

All other grading factors are visually reviewed and if a material error has been made 

from the previous inspection the new grading factor will also be certified for the 

review inspection.

16. An applicant asked can different factors be requested for each type of 

review inspection.

ANSWER. Yes, as long as the factor was determined on the original inspection (ex. 

The original inspection for corn certified test weight, moisture, heat damage, damage 

kernels, and broken corn and foreign material. The reinspection was requested on 

test weight, the appeal inspection was requested on damage kernels and the board 

appeal was requested on moisture). Since all these factors were analyzed on the 

original inspection the different factor requests for all the review inspections is 

permissible. This is not considered a change in scope.

17. According to FGIS Directive, 9180.38, 5-1-19, Falling Number Determination for Wheat

when reporting Falling Number results for AMA certification it states to describe the 

commodity as “Wheat.” At the request of the applicant FGIS will provide the Falling 

Number results in the results section of the USGSA inspection certificate. When 

reporting Falling Number on an AMA certificate is it permissible to state the commodity 

class or subclass of the wheat instead of just “Wheat”?

ANSWER. Yes. If the class or subclass has been determined, it is permissible 

to certify the class or subclass instead of “Wheat” as the commodity. Never 

show the numerical grade on the AMA certificate.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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8. LENTILS

1. When inspecting decorticated (i.e., seedcoat removed ) lentils, do the lentil standards 

apply or are they considered a “Not Standardized Commodity?”

ANSWER. Decorticated lentils are a processed commodity and as a result, would be 

certified as Decorticated Lentils. Consequently, they may be inspected for quality 

factors (e.g., damaged kernels, skinned lentils, etc.), but not graded. Apply the same 

factor definitions and interpretations to decorticated lentils as are applied to 

unprocessed lentils. Refer to Skinned Lentils.

2. If you have a sample of lentils that contains obvious contrasting classes, can the 

sample be made Good color?

ANSWER. Yes, provided the overall color of the predominating and contrasting 

lentils are of a good natural color. Refer to Color.

3. When processing Thresher-Run Lentils, the handbook states that the air should be 

set to 9. Is it permissible to run Thresher-Run Lentils with the air setting at 6?

ANSWER. Yes, depending on the model being used. The particular model will dictate 

the position at which maximum airflow is achieved. For example, with the XT-1, the 

setting may very well approach 9. For the XT-3, a setting of 6 offers maximum airflow. 

The important thing to remember is to use the setting that provides the greatest 

amount of air. Consult your local equipment specialist for guidance, if needed.

4. How do pods with lentils inside function in a thresher-run sample?

ANSWER. Dockage. Refer to Dockage.

5. Individual factors/sub factors identified and considered in the assessment of 

“Defective Lentils” can only be scored once against the total and are scored in the 

following order: weevil-damaged, heat-damaged, damaged, and split lentils. The 

handbook states that damaged contrasting lentils function as damaged lentils and 

contrasting lentils. Can a contrasting lentil also function as weevil damage, heat 

damage, split lentil or skinned lentil?

ANSWER. Yes. But keep in mind the restriction placed on the scoring of “defective” 

lentils. Contrasting lentils can also function as skinned lentils (no restriction), but can 

only be scored once against damage, weevil damage, heat damage, or split lentils.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 28

6. In the Upper Midwest, lentils which have been handled through grain facilities are 

seeing an increase in very small broken pieces of lentils. It is very time consuming to 

hand separate the small pieces of lentils and lentil seed coats. Can substantially small 

pieces of lentils be sieved and function as foreign material instead of splits?

ANSWER. No. Industry is reluctant to support any change in the broad definition of 

splits at this time. Consequently, until current definitions for splits and foreign material 

are modified, small pieces of lentils function as splits, and small pieces of seed coats 

function as foreign material.

7. Is there any intention of making an Interpretive Line Print (ILP) for color for Crimson 

(red cotyledon) Lentils?

ANSWER. No. Industry feels that a separate ILP for Crimson Lentils is not 

necessary. It is up to the inspector’s discretion and experience to use either the 

Pardina or the Regular lentil Interpretive Line Prints for color.

8. Does color apply to bleached out lentils?

ANSWER. Yes. After consultation with the Pea & Lentil Association, bleached out 

lentils do affect the marketing of lentils. It is up to the inspector’s discretion and 

experience to use either the Pardina or Regular lentil Interpretive Line Print (ILP) for

color. When comparing the bleached lentil sample to the prints one should compare 

the amount of bleached out lentils to the amount of oxidized lentils, but the intensity 

only needs to contrast to the normal lentil color. Refer to Color.

9. The current ILPs for non-uniform lentils show the amount and intensity of discolored 

lentils needed in a sample to affect color. Can the intensity of the discolored lentils be 

lighter than shown?

ANSWER. Yes. After consultation with the Pea & Lentils Association, they agreed 

that the amount of discolored lentils as shown is required but the intensity of the 

discolored lentils can be lighter if the lentils contrast with the remainder of the sample.

10. What are considered two or more dead insects in Lentils?

ANSWER. Any two insects or parts thereof. (A head and a leg of a grasshopper 

would be considered as 2 dead insects.) If 2 or more dead insects or pieces are 

found in a sample of Dockage-Free Lentils, it is considered SG/DLQ and counted 

toward the percent of FM. If 2 or more dead insects or pieces are found in a sample 

of Thresher-Run Lentils after the removal of dockage, it is ONLY counted toward the 

percent of FM. However, if an applicant requests a Grade Equivalent Statement/After 

Dockage Statement on how the Thresher-Run Lentils would have graded after the 

removal of DKG, then the Lentils would be considered Sample Grade on account of 

DLQ due to 2 or more dead insects found in the sample after the removal of DKG. 

Refer to Distinctly Low Quality and Foreign Material.

EXAMPLE. “After the removal of dockage, this thresher-run lot would have graded 

U.S. Sample Grade Lentils under the U.S. standards for dockage-free lentils.” 

“Condition of Lentils: Distinctly Low Quality due to 2 dead insects.”
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 29

9. MIXED GRAIN

1. Can the percent of FM and fines and the percent of each kind of grain exceed 

100 percent?

ANSWER. Yes, because the basis of determination requires that the percent of 

grains comprising the mixture be made on a representative portion after the removal 

of FM and fines. Record the percent of FM and fines and each kind of grain to the 

nearest whole percent.

2. Is it permissible to analyze protein for Mixed Grain when wheat is the predominant

grain in the official system?

ANSWER. No. Protein is not allowed under the official system for Mixed Grain no

matter what grain predominates.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 31

10. OATS

1. Are discolored oat groats caused by weathering or frost considering damage?

ANSWER. Only if the oat groats meet the minimum criteria of VRI – O - 1.0 Badly 

Ground and/or Weather Damage and O - 2.0 Germ Damage (Sick and/or Mold), 

otherwise they are considered sound.

2. Do the U.S. Standards for Oats include Black Oats?

ANSWER. No. The standards only cover the white, yellow, and red oats. As such, a 

sample of Black oats (Avena strigosa) would be certified “Not Standardized Grain.” If 

found in a sample of white or red oats, black oats function as Foreign Material.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

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11. OTHER FACTORS

1. Do broken pieces of animal filth function as a whole animal filth when 

determining count?

ANSWER. Yes, distinguishable broken pieces of animal filth are considered 

as whole for count purposes.

2. What are the requirements for a cocklebur to function as cocklebur?

ANSWER. Common bur of thorn-like seeds appearing in grain (i.e., cocklebur, yellow 

star, thistle, starbur, sandbur, etc.) which are of any size and have at least one hard 

and sharp barb.

3. If anhydrous ammonia is applied to cool off grain when a hot spot is found, can the 

sample be downgraded?

ANSWER. Yes, if the sample has an obvious odor, make it COFO. If the grain is 

also affected by color and appearance, it can be made distinctly low quality (DLQ).

4. What do pieces of suspected fertilizer smaller in size than shown on OF-31 or 

pulverized pellets of suspected fertilizer function as?

ANSWER. FSUB, distinguishable broken fertilizer pellets function as whole fertilized 

pellets for count purposes. (Discontinue use of or reference to OF - 31.0 Suspected 

Fertilizer (FSUB)).

5. What do Pelletized Chicken Manure pellets function as?

ANSWER. Unknown Foreign Substance (FSUB), if it is known that the pellet(s) is 

comprised of chicken manure.

6. When inspecting thresher-run or field-run pulses, is it required, under the FGIS-FDA 

Memorandum of Understanding, to report lots that contain animal excreta?

ANSWER. Thresher-run or field-run pulses are raw agricultural products that typically 

undergo further processing (cleaning). As such, it is generally not necessary to report 

such occurrences to the FDA. However, FDA would like to have extreme cases 

reported so they can handle them on a case-by-case basis. FDA has defined extreme 

as being severe enough, in the inspector’s judgment, that normal processing 

procedures would not successfully remove the excreta.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 35

12. PEAS

1. Are fall planted pea varieties, which appear similar in color (i.e., Whistler, Specter) to 

Smooth Yellow Dry Peas (SYDP), classed as Mottled Dry Peas?

ANSWER. No. Peas similar in color to SYDP are classed as SYDP. In an effort to 

preserve class purity and permit new and future winter dry pea releases to be certified 

as being Smooth Yellow or Smooth Green Dry Peas, FGIS reviewed the current 

marketing standards, identified the restrictive language, and rephrased the definitions 

to be more inclusive. The class Mottled Dry Peas are dry peas of Austrian winter pea 

type and other peas which have colored or distinctively mottled seed coats which 

contain not more than 1.5 percent of other classes.

Note: The factor, “Bleached Peas” is not a grading factor for the class 

Mottled Dry Peas.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 37

13. RICE

1. How would a sample containing 39% paddy kernels and 61% milled rice be classified?

ANSWER. Since this mixture does not meet the definition for rough, brown, or milled 

rice, it would be considered Not Standardized Rice.

2. What is the basis of determination for a rice contract that stipulates 

“zero heat and zero stained?”

ANSWER. Any request for “zero heat and zero stain” is reported on a count based 

on a 500 gram analytical portion. There are no tolerances under the round-lot plan for 

“zero heat and zero stained.”

The U.S. Standards for Milled Rice and the U.S. Standards for Rough Rice require the 

certification of stain damage as a percentage. When applying a grade, rice kernels 

which meet VRI R-2.1 Damage by Heat (Stain) are considered damage and 

determined on a portion of not less than 25 grams. If the 25 gram portion is cut from 

the 500 gram portion for any heat, paddy, or seeds should be removed and based on a 

count basis. If the 25-gram portion is cut from the 500-gram portion damaged-by-heat 

(stain) would function as a percent for the 25 grams and a count for the 500 grams.

BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 39

14. SORGHUM

1. When you have Mixed Sorghum (XS) and the mixture contains Sorghum, White 

Sorghum (WHS), and Tannin Sorghum (TANS) is the mixture determined on only 

one portion?

ANSWER. Yes. The percent of WHS is determined before bleaching. The sample 

is recombined after the WHS percentage has been analyzed and bleached to 

determine the percent of TANS. The sum of WHS and TANS is subtracted from 100 

to determine the percent of Sorghum. When certifying XS, record in the results

section of the certificate the name and percent of the classes in the mixture to the 

nearest tenth percent.

2. Can applicants still request the breakdown for Broken Kernels and 

Foreign Material (BNFM)?

ANSWER. Yes. Mandatory requirements for individual components for broken 

kernels is no longer required as of December 30, 1992. However, applicants may 

request separate certification of this component for domestic and export shipments.

Unless requested by the applicant, report and certify BNFM and FM as separate 

factors on the work records and inspection certificates.

3. When determining the percent of Tannin Sorghum, is the bleach method the only 

approved method?

ANSWER. Yes.

4. When analyzing the bleached portion for TANS, if you have a kernel that does not 

meet VRI – S - 9.0 Tannin Sorghum (Bleached) but the inspector knows it is TANS 

because of its kernel characteristics, can it be taken as TANS?

ANSWER. Kernels not meeting the VRI can be taken for Tannin only if the inspector 

is confident the kernel in question is TANS.

5. When using the riddle to separate the coarse FM in sorghum, should the material that 

passed through the riddle be reviewed to determine if there is additional coarse FM? If 

there is, should it be removed and combined with the material separated by the riddle?

ANSWER. No. If a No. 6 riddle is used to separate coarse FM, it is not necessary to 

review the material that passed through the riddle to determine additional coarse FM.

6. If you do not have mixed sorghum, do you show the percent of tannin sorghum on the 

FGIS-920 as “other classes” or “other colors”?

ANSWER. Other classes.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 40

7. The Sorghum handbook states prior to bleaching, remove all types of damaged 

kernels, except germ damaged kernels. Does this mean that germ damaged wheat 

kernels should not be removed before bleaching?

ANSWER. No. Because the bleach procedures for germ damage in wheat and 

sorghum are different, germ damaged wheat should be removed before bleaching.

Since germ damaged wheat is based on 10 grams of KOH compared to 15 grams of 

KOH for sorghum, obvious germ damaged wheat which was missed before bleaching 

can be taken after bleaching, if it is evident that they were damaged.

8. How should sorghum samples that have a sticky texture and contain clumped masses 

of sorghum kernels be treated/graded?

ANSWER. Sample Grade, Distinctly Low Quality. This condition is the result of a 

sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) infection, a fungus introduced to the U.S. in 1997. 

During the initial stages of infection, a sticky liquid (honeydew) is released and drips 

over the sorghum head, creating the observed condition. The honeydew first appears 

clear but gradually becomes opaque and orange in color. Refer to FGIS’ POLICY 

BULLETIN BOARD, reference #181, dated 11/29/99, for additional information. The 

resulting fungal bodies (ergot) are not considered damage but would function as 

handpicked foreign material.

9. The Interpretive Line Prints (ILP) for Soybeans and Oats state proration is permissible 

but the statement is not on the Sorghum ILP’s. Is proration permissible on the 

Sorghum ILP’s?

ANSWER. Yes. The omission of the proration statement was an oversight.

10. Policy memo #182, dated 2/15/2000 does not state a policy on certification of damage 

when a sample is not bleached for germ damage. To clarify its intent, is it mandatory 

to perform the bleach test when total damage is certified?

ANSWER. No. If the inspector feels there is no sign of germ damage the inspector 

does not have to perform the bleach test. By making this determination the inspector 

is stating that the percent of germ damage is 0.0%. Therefore, total damage can be 

shown on the certificate. It is ultimately the inspector’s responsibility for determining 

whether there is germ damage present and whether a bleach test is necessary. If the 

inspector decides there is no germ damage present and upon review we find that an 

error was made the inspector will have to deal with the consequences. Field 

offices/agencies always have the right to make an internal policy that all sorghum will 

be bleached for germ/internal mold damage.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 41

15. SOYBEAN

1. Can you still determine the percentage of Purple Mottled or Stained (PMS) when 

determining if a sample is PMS.

ANSWER. Effective September 1, 1994, PMS became a special grade and the grade 

limitation on PMS soybeans was eliminated. When determining whether a sample is 

PMS, the only approved method is the applicable interpretive line prints. ILP – Purple 

Mottled or Stained by Dirt or Dirt-like Substances, Purple Mottled or Stained by 

Growth of a Fungus, and Purple Mottled or Stained by Pokeberry Stain. However, 

upon request, a percentage may be determined on a representative portion of 125 

grams. Since the value of PMS affected soybeans vary according to customer 

preference/needs, the interpretation for individual soybeans will be adjusted to 

accommodate those preferences/needs. If requests become routine and widespread, 

FGIS will develop an appropriate VRI for this determination.

2. Are hail affected soybeans considered damage?

ANSWER. Yes. Currently, there is not a VRI, but it is considered damaged when, 

in the cross-section, at least 1/4 of the surface area meets the color intensity of 

VRI – SB - 3.0 Green Damage.

3. Does a dust suppressant, such as mineral oil, affect the odor of soybeans when added 

in excessive concentration?

ANSWER. If the dust suppressant is evident when determining odor the sample 

would be made commercially objectionable foreign odor (COFO).

4. Is there any instance in which “smoke” odors in soybeans can be considered “COFO” 

without evidence of fire-burnt material in the sample/lot?

ANSWER. Yes, provided the inspector has information indicating that the grain was 

involved in a fire which is responsible for the contamination odor. This policy also 

applies to the other USGSA inspected oilseeds.

5. What do the large soybeans (Edible soybeans) and small soybeans (Monk soybeans) 

function as?

ANSWER. They are graded under the USGSA and are classed as either Yellow 

soybeans or Mixed soybeans.

6. Should soybeans containing a soybean meal odor be considered okay or COFO?

ANSWER. OK, while the odor is not common in the “raw” product it is related and 

does not, in and of itself, render the beans unfit for normal commercial usage. 

Consequently, soybean meal odors would be considered “okay.”
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 42

7. When you have distinguishable soybean meal odor in other grains what odor 

is applied?

ANSWER. COFO.

8. When soybeans are discolored by the growth of a fungus and dirt, which Interpretive 

Line Print (ILP) should be used?

ANSWER. Use the ILP for which the majority of the soybeans are discolored.

9. What do soybeans which have a blue/green or pinkish-purple colorant applied to the 

seedcoat function as when found in soybeans?

ANSWER. Unknown Foreign Substance (FSUB). If a sample contains 4 or 

more soybeans with blue/green or pinkish-purple colorant, the sample will grade 

U.S. Sample Grade.

10. Are Laredo Hay Beans graded under the U.S. Grain Standards as Soybeans?

ANSWER. Yes. Although Laredo Hay Beans are usually grown as forage/hay 

they are graded as Soybeans because they have the scientific name (Glycine max 

(L.) merr.). Laredo Hay Beans are small, flat, black soybeans and are to be 

classed as Mixed soybeans. When blended with Yellow soybeans, they function 

as Soybeans of Other Colors.

11. In recent years we have seen soybeans that have cracked and discolored seed 

coats. The seed coat color (yellow/gold) is of a different color that is shown on VRI –

SB - 12.0 Soybeans of Other Colors (SBOC). Do these types of Soybeans still 

function as SBOC? The image was not intended to serve as a visual reference for 

minimum color intensity.

ANSWER. Yes. Examples of these types of discolored soybeans were sent to the 

Seed Science Center at Iowa State University for analysis. Their opinion was the 

soybeans had imbibed too much moisture at some point then were dried back down 

again creating the cracked seed coats and discoloration. In April, 2003, Field Offices 

were sent an image to illustrate this condition, but is not intended to serve as the 

visual reference for color intensity. Instead, refer to VRI – SB - 12.0 Soybeans of 

Other Colors for the official interpretation.

12. Program Notice, PN-02-11 (12/02/02), “Stinkbug Damage Determination” improved the 

efficiency of determining heavily stinkbug-damaged soybeans by offering inspectors 

the option of using a reduced portion. However, the notice officially expired 12-02-03. 

Is the option to use this alternative procedure still permitted for those wishing to use it?

ANSWER. Yes.
BAR Decisions March 01, 2022

Page 43

13. If a submitted sample of 800 grams is offered for full grade inspection and the 

applicant specifically requests that the Test Weight (TW) determination not be 

performed can you still apply a numerical grade?

ANSWER. No. Factors other than test weight are to be determined on the basis of 

1000 grams (e.g., sample grade, foreign material), or within a reasonable proximity of 

1000 grams. Consequently, submitted samples weighing less than 900 grams shall 

be restricted to a factor-only inspection.

14. When determining the percent of cracked seed coats, should soybeans in which one of 

more of the soybeans’ 3 seed coat layers has separated function as a cracked seed 

coat, even though the cotyledon is not exposed?

ANSWER. Yes. Requestors of this information are just as concerned with the 

soybeans’ external appearance and the negative affect it can have on commercial 

market value as they are with actual cotyledon exposure and related quality 

vulnerabilities (e.g., disease). As such, any obvious separation of the seed coat gives 

cause to consider the seed coat cracked.

15. If an applicant requests a review inspection for Heat Damage (HT) only what result is 

shown for Damaged Kernels (Total) (DKT)?

ANSWER. Since HT is included in DKT and performed on the same portion a new 

analysis for HT and DKT would have to be performed. The new analysis for HT and 

DKT would supersede the previous result.

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16. SPLIT PEAS

1. How would two halves of a pea that are stuck together with no seedcoat attached 

function in Split peas?

ANSWER. Un-split peas without seedcoats shall be considered whole peas. Two 

halves of a pea that are misaligned but stuck together shall be considered split peas. 

Refer to Definitions.

2. Are split peas with a pinkish discoloration on the cotyledon considered damage?

ANSWER. Yes. For reference use the Note listed on VRI – Peas - 1.4 Mold/Mildew 

Damage. Any amount of mold/mildew on the cotyledon (meat) of the pea is damage. 

Mold occurs in many colors. Refer to Damaged Split Peas.

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17. SUNFLOWER SEEDS

1. Can the varieties of sunflower seeds which are whitish-to-gray in color be considered 

weathered sunflowers and downgraded on general appearance?

ANSWER. No. The whitish-to-gray hulls of these varieties were bred to differentiate 

them from normal sunflower seeds. They are high oleic type sunflower seed.

2. If an applicant requests a review inspection for Heat Damage (HT) only what result is 

shown for Damaged Kernels (Total) (DKT)?

ANSWER. Since HT is included in DKT and performed on the same portion a new 

analysis for HT and DKT would have to be performed. The new analysis for HT and 

DKT would supersede the previous result.

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18. TRITICALE/RYE

1. If Thins exceed the limit for U.S. No. 3, does the sample grade a U.S. No. 4 or 

Sample Grade?

ANSWER. U.S. No. 4. The factor “thins” is a limiting grading factor for U.S. No. 1, 2, 

and 3 only. Consequently, samples containing more than 25% thins (maximum limit 

for No. 3) would receive a U.S. No. 4 designation.

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19. WHEAT

1. If a sample is a factor analysis, for protein only, and the sample is appealed or 

Board appealed, can the class on the grain line be changed if the original used the 

wrong class?

ANSWER. Yes. You would change the class on the grade line.

2. If a sample is for grade and protein and the sample is appealed or Board appealed for 

protein only, can the class on the grade line be changed if the original inspector 

misclassed it?

ANSWER. Yes. You would change the class on the grade line.

3. What functions as Insect Damaged Kernels (IDK) in wheat?

ANSWER. Whole and broken kernels of wheat or other grains that meet the 

definition of IDK.

Note: If the bran over the germ has a hole in it remove the bran to determine if 

the kernel is insect-damaged.

4. Is smut affected wheat considered damaged when it is in the crease or on the meat of 

the kernel?

ANSWER. Yes, since smut (a fungus) and mold are virtually indistinguishable, smut 

affected kernels are considered mold damage if they meet the minimum requirement 

as shown on the left kernel of VRI – W - 4.1 Mold Damage. If the smut penetrates the 

seedcoat and adheres to the “meat” of the kernel it is considered damage as per VRI 

– W - 7.0 Other Damage (Mold). Otherwise, it is considered sound.

5. Should kernels of White Wheat with a red tinge function as either Contrasting Classes 

(CCL) or Wheat of Other Classes (WOCL) in a predominantly red wheat sample?

ANSWER (Rev). Provided the “red tinge” is plainly evident, the kernel would not 

function as CCL. Whether the kernel functions as WOCL is dependent on its physical 

characteristics and how compatible those characteristics are to the predominating 

class. With that said, since “red tinge” is not universally understood (at least visually), 

to ensure a more consistent application of CCL/WOCL involving blends of red and 

white wheat, it is highly recommended that such samples be bleached before making 

any assessment.
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6. How do you class the Hard Red wheat varieties grown in the Southwestern states and 

offered for inspection outside the designated policy area?

ANSWER. The Hard Red wheat varieties shall be classed on kernel characteristics. 

The only exceptions are the varieties Anza and Yolo. These two are always classed 

as HRW.

7. If you have to do more than one special dockage procedure, what order would you 

do them?

ANSWER. Do the special dockage procedures in the order they are listed in the 

Grain Inspection Handbook II, Grain Grading Procedures.

8. Can an inspector use an aid to assist in determining whether a garlic bulblet is 

green or dry?

ANSWER. Yes. But an aid should only be used on questionable garlic bulblets.

9. Can you use the Number 25 Riddle when determining dockage for other classes of 

wheat besides Durum wheat?

ANSWER. Yes. But you would only use the Number 25 Riddle if you were getting a 

large amount of wheat over the Number 2 Riddle.

10. Can wheat affected by the gibberella zea fungus be considered damage?

ANSWER. Yes. Currently there is not an interpretive line slide, but it is 

considered damaged if the gibberella is an intense pink and covers 50 percent or 

more of the kernel.

11. When requested, what is the basis of determination for determining black seed count?

ANSWER. Black seed count is not an official determination. As such, 

standardized procedures have not been established. Criteria used for the 

determination, including the basis of determination are negotiable. Nabisco, for 

example, currently requires black seed count to be determined on approximately 

1000 grams after the removal of dockage and SHBN. All seeds with black seed 

coats are removed from the sample, counted, and recorded. Other customers 

may have different requirements.
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12. Does Dark, Hard, and Vitreous (DHV) have to be analyzed on an export lot of U.S. No.

2 or better Northern Spring wheat if the inspector can visually determine the subclass, 

and the DHV percentage has not been requested by the applicant?

ANSWER. Yes. On February 18, 1997, FGIS reevaluated its policy regarding the 

analysis of DHV and HVAC and decided that it is necessary to analyze and report 

DHV/HVAC results for all export cargoes of HRS and Durum wheat, regardless of 

whether it is requested or not.

13. Can wheat which is submitted from a foreign country be graded under the USGSA?

ANSWER. Yes. Grade and class the wheat according to U.S. Standards.

14. If a sample is a factor analysis for damage only and the sample is appealed or Board 

appealed, can the class on the grade line be changed if misclassed during the 

original inspection?

ANSWER. Yes.

15. If a sample of wheat contains more than 50 percent dockage, can the sample be 

graded as wheat?

ANSWER. No. The sample does not meet the definition of wheat and is therefore

considered a Not Standardized Grain.

16. What does malted wheat function as when found in a wheat sample?

ANSWER. Damage.

17. If a Durum wheat sample is submitted for an HVAC analysis only and it is 

determined that the sample is actually Mixed wheat, do you have to show the 

percentage of HVAC?

ANSWER. Although subclass is not applicable to Mixed wheat it is permissible and 

advisable to honor the applicant’s request.

18. When analyzing a sample of Western White wheat, are the WOCL and foreign material 

included with the White Club or other White wheat?

ANSWER. Wheat of other classes and foreign material are included with the 

predominant mixture of the Western White subclass.

19. If a sample contains 88% WHCB, 9% OWH (Soft), and 3% HRW, should the sample 

be classed as SWH or XWHT?

ANSWER. The sample would class SWH and the subclass would be WHCB and

certified with 3% CCL/WOCL.
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20. Inspectors are finding what they believe to be black mold in the crease of Soft 

Red Winter wheat kernels. Does it function as damage, and if so, what visual 

reference should be used to guide their decisions?

ANSWER. Mold, regardless of its color, functions as damage if it penetrates the 

seedcoat or if there is an appreciable amount in the crease. Inspectors should refer 

to VRI – W - 4.1 Mold Damage when making this assessment. The kernel on the left 

illustrates the minimum requirement for mold in the crease. Inspectors should be 

careful not to confuse black mold with discoloration associated with black-tip fungus, 

smut, or pigmentation stains that may also appear in the crease.

21. Do weed stained wheat kernels function as unknown foreign substance?

ANSWER. No. They are also considered sound unless they meet the mold 

Interpretation. If a sufficient amount of stained kernels are present in the sample, 

consider it to be DLQ. Of course, if a strong weed odor is present it is considered 

COFO as well.

22. Applicants occasionally request that the percent of IDK included in the assessment of 

damaged kernels (total) be reported in the results section of the certificate, in addition 

to an IDK count. In rare instances, that percent may exceed the number of insect 

damage kernels found in 100 grams. In these instances, should an adjustment be 

made to make the findings more consistent?

ANSWER. No. Report the number of IDK and the percent of IDK on 

the actual basis of determination.

Example: “4 IDK per 100 grams;” “0.0% IDK per 15 grams.” To minimize the 

chance that this situation will occur, perform the percentage IDK on the basis 

of the 15 gram DKT portion, and cut out an additional 85 gram portion for the 

balance of the 100 gram portion used for IDK count per 100 grams.

23. What does triticale function as when it comes over the riddle during processing?

ANSWER. Dockage.

24. Is wheat affected by the Orange Wheat Blossom Midge considered damage?

ANSWER. Midge affected wheat is considered damage when it contains any amount 

of mold on the endosperm or is otherwise damaged. Midge is most prevalent in 

Minnesota, North Dakota and Canada, and occurs when the midge larva feeds on the 

developing wheat kernel. In past years, it has been most prevalent in Durum wheat. 

The Midge larva causes the wheat kernel to shrivel, crack and become deformed. 

Kernels of wheat that have been chewed by the Midge larva, but do not contain mold 

or are not otherwise damaged, are considered sound.
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25. If a sample of wheat marketed as Western White Wheat contains sufficient other, nonsoft white wheat classes to meet the requirements of Mixed wheat, how should the 

percent of white club be reported?

ANSWER. The percent of white club and common soft white are to be combined and 

certified as Soft White wheat. Upon request, the actual White club percent may be 

reported in the “Results” section of the certificate.

26. When a Western White wheat sample contains “Wheat of Other Classes” 

(less than 10 percent), can the percent of each class present be shown in the 

“Results” of the certificate?

ANSWER. Yes, upon request. If a breakdown is not requested, only report the 

percentage of White Club in the results section of the certificate to the nearest whole 

percent. When requested, show the percent of Soft White wheat, White Club wheat, 

and any wheat classes that make up WOCL to the nearest whole percent (i.e., 80% 

SWH, 15% WHCB, 5% HDWH) in the results section of the certificate.

27. Should samples of red wheat originating from Arizona, California, Nevada, New 

Mexico, and Texas be classed as Hard Red Winter wheat (regardless of kernel 

characteristics) when submitted to an inspection service provider operating in another, 

non-specified state?

ANSWER. Yes, but only if the applicant states that the wheat was grown and is being 

marketed in one of these recognized states. This information should be included on 

the work record and may, upon request of the applicant for service, be reported in the 

remarks section of the certificate (i.e., “Applicant states this wheat is grown and 

marketed in _________.”

28. After May 1, 2006 is the Hard White wheat (HDWH) color line still applicable?

ANSWER. Yes, but only upon request by the applicant. When requested, inspectors 

should visually examine the market sample, comparing its overall color to that 

depicted on the ILP – Hard White Wheat (HDWH) Color Line, and will certify in the 

“Results” section of the certificate whether the color meets (as light or lighter) or 

exceeds (darker) the declared standard.

29. Is it permissible to analyze Dark, Hard, and Vitreous (DHV) in Hard Red Winter

wheat in the official system?

ANSWER. No.
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30. What special dockage procedure would be used when you have excessive weed seeds 

that are similar in size and shape to canola? The “Wild buckwheat or similar seeds” 

procedure requires more than 0.5%; but if canola, rapeseed or flaxseed is present, the 

requirement is 0.3% or more before the special dockage procedure is required.

ANSWER. Use the Wild buckwheat or similar seeds special dockage when 

this occurs.

31. If an applicant requests a review inspection for Contrasting Classes (CCL) only what 

result is shown for Wheat of Other Classes (WOCL)?

ANSWER. Since CCL is included in WOCL a new analysis for CCL and WOCL 

would have to be performed. The new analysis for CCL and WOCL would supersede 

the previous result.

32. An applicant was having a blanket appeal called on out wheat barges. The applicant 

wanted to know if they did not request IDK on the original inspection could they still 

request IDK on the review inspection. They stated since the appeal was going to 

supersede the original they wanted to save money by not requesting IDK on the 

original inspection.

ANSWER. No. Requesting IDK on the review inspection when the original 

inspection did not request an IDK determination is considered a change in scope. 

Since it is a change in scope the request was denied.

33. Can a hand crank barley pearler be used as an aide for determining germ 

damage in wheat?

ANSWER. Yes. The aide can be used if the following criteria are adhered to: all 

other types of damage are removed first and the pearler does not destroy the germ or 

causes the germ to pop out of the socket to properly assess whether the germ is 

sound or damage.
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20. REVISION HISTORY

8/01/2022 Updated All Chapters

01/23/2014 Updated Edible Beans

02/28/2012 Updated Barley, Corn, Flaxseed, FSUB, General, Lentils, Peas, 

Sorghum, Split Peas, Triticale/Rye, Wheat

06/08/2011 Updated Mixed Grain, Rice

11/05/2010 Updated Soybeans, Sunflower Seed

02/23/2009 Updated Oats

12/17/2008 Updated Other Factors

06/28/2006 Updated Canola