Opinion filed February 4, 2021

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-20-00122-CV

__________

MICHAEL A. RUFF, Appellant

V.

SUZANN RUFF, Appellee

On Appeal from the 29th District Court

Palo Pinto County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. C46164

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

This appeal arises from litigation between Michael A. Ruff and his mother, 

Suzann Ruff, over more than 4,600 acres of real property in Palo Pinto County. 

During the course of the litigation, Suzann1 filed a motion to compel the removal of

a video posted on YouTube.com. Pursuant to the Texas Citizens Participation Act, 

1

Because several individuals involved in this dispute have the same surname, we will refer to those 

individuals by first name for purposes of clarity.
2

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.001–.011 (West 2015) (the TCPA),2

Michael, acting pro se, filed a motion to dismiss Suzann’s motion to compel. The 

trial court denied Michael’s motion to dismiss, found that the motion was frivolous 

and filed solely for purposes of delay, and awarded Suzann attorney’s fees of $3,828 

plus attorney’s fees on appeal.

In this interlocutory appeal, Michael asserts that the trial court (1) erred when 

it denied the motion to dismiss because he established that the TCPA applies to 

Suzann’s motion to compel, Suzann failed to establish with clear and specific 

evidence a prima facie case for her requested relief, and he established an affirmative 

defense by a preponderance of the evidence; (2) erred when it found that the motion 

to dismiss was frivolous and filed solely for purposes of delay and awarded 

attorney’s fees to Suzann; and (3) “render[ed] the statute moot, and foreclose[d] 

[Michael’s] right to appellate review” when it failed to timely hold a hearing on the 

motion to dismiss.

We hold that we have jurisdiction over this appeal because the trial court 

timely set Michael’s motion to dismiss for hearing and because Michael’s premature 

notice of appeal was deemed effective after the trial court timely denied the motion. 

We affirm the trial court’s order denying Michael’s motion to dismiss and awarding 

attorney’s fees to Suzann.

2

The Texas legislature amended the TCPA effective September 1, 2019. See Act of May 17, 2019, 

86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, §§ 1–9, 12 (H.B. 2730) (codified at CIV. PRAC. & REM. §§ 27.001, .003, .005–

.007, .0075, .009–.010). The 2019 amendments apply to an “action” filed on or after September 1, 2019. 

Id. §§ 11–12. As discussed in this opinion, the parties disagree on whether the 2019 amendments to the 

statute apply to Michael’s motion to dismiss. Because the 2019 amendments to the statute do not affect our 

analysis, all citations in this opinion to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code are to the version of 

the statute prior to September 1, 2019. See Act of May 21, 2011, 82d Leg., R.S., ch. 341, § 2, 2011 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 961–64, amended by Act of May 24, 2013, 83d Leg., R.S., ch. 1042, 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 

2499–2500.
3

Background

In 2011, Suzann sued Michael in probate court in Dallas County. Michael 

filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association, and the 

litigation in the probate court was stayed. While the arbitration was pending, Suzann 

filed this case in Palo Pinto County against Michael and a number of other 

defendants. 

On December 7, 2017, the arbitration panel issued a decision in which it found 

that Michael committed numerous torts against Suzann and awarded Suzann 

damages of $49,000,000 plus interest, attorney’s fees, and expenses. In Suzann’s 

favor, the arbitration panel also imposed a constructive trust on any real property 

allegedly owned by Michael that had belonged to Suzann or originated from property 

owned by Suzann and on Michael’s interest in any entity that he formed or in which 

he invested using Suzann’s property. The arbitration panel listed specific properties 

that were subject to the constructive trust, including “4,683 acre real property asset 

located in Palo Pinto County, Texas.” The probate court confirmed the arbitration 

award, and Michael unsuccessfully appealed the judgment to the Dallas Court of 

Appeals. See Ruff v. Ruff, No. 05-18-00326-CV, 2020 WL 4592794, at *4 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas Aug. 11, 2020, pet. filed) (mem. op.). 

In July 2019, while both this case and the appeal of the probate court judgment 

were pending, a video was uploaded to YouTube entitled “The Financial Murder of 

Mike Ruff.” In the video, Michael and three of his siblings discuss their father, their 

father’s death, the arbitration, the litigation with Suzann, Suzann’s mental health, 

another sibling’s criminal history, and actions taken by Suzann’s attorney. 

On January 29, 2020, Suzann filed a motion to compel the removal of the

video from YouTube. Suzann specifically argued that the video was available to all 

potential jurors in Palo Pinto County and that it contained false statements intended 
4

to prejudice potential jurors against Suzann and her attorneys. Suzann stated that 

Michael had “apparently” uploaded the video; that she had contacted both YouTube 

and several attorneys for some of the defendants and requested that the video be 

removed; and that she had been unable to locate contact information for Aman 

Khanna, the individual that Suzann believed had produced and uploaded the video. 

Suzann requested that the trial court hold an evidentiary hearing so that Michael; 

Mark Ruff, who is Michael’s brother and codefendant; and two attorneys could be 

questioned about the video.

On February 12, 2020, Michael filed a TCPA motion to dismiss Suzann’s 

motion to compel. Michael asserted that Suzann’s motion to compel was a “legal 

action” under the TCPA because it was a “legal filing requesting that the Court take 

action to Order [Michael] to remove a YouTube video.” Michael also argued that 

Suzann’s motion to compel was related to Michael’s exercise of his right of free 

speech and that Suzann could not establish by clear and specific evidence a prima 

facie case to support each element of the requested relief. On February 13, 2020, 

the trial court set the motion to dismiss for hearing on March 13, 2020. 

Suzann filed her response to Michael’s motion to dismiss on February 26, 

2020. That same day, Mark removed the case to federal court. The federal district 

court granted Suzann’s motion to remand the case to the trial court and mailed notice 

of the remand to the Palo Pinto County district clerk on April 22, 2020. 

On May 5, 2020, Michael requested that the motion to dismiss be set for

hearing prior to May 12, 2020.3 Two days later, in a Motion to Strike and Objections 

to Certain Trial Court’s Actions, Michael agreed that the trial court could consider 

3

Because he was required to coordinate with the elected judge’s schedule, the trial judge assigned 

to hear this case scheduled days for hearing motions and ordered that any motion on file more than ten days 

prior to a scheduled hearing day would be heard at the hearing. The record contains no indication that 

May 12, 2020, was a scheduled hearing date.
5

the motion to dismiss by submission “(given that the Court will not set the motion 

for hearing at this time despite requests).” On May 13, 2020, Michael filed a notice 

of interlocutory appeal and asserted that the motion to dismiss had been overruled 

by operation of law. 

The trial court notified the parties on May 24, 2020, that it would hear 

Michael’s motion to dismiss by submission on or after June 1, 2020. On June 4, 

2020, the trial court signed an order denying the motion to dismiss. Further, it found 

that the motion to dismiss was frivolous and was filed solely for purposes of delay, 

and it awarded Suzann attorney’s fees of $3,828, as well at attorney’s fees on 

appeal.4 Michael filed an amended notice of appeal on June 24, 2020.

The TCPA

The TCPA protects citizens from retaliatory lawsuits meant to intimidate or 

silence them on matters of public concern. Dallas Morning News, Inc. v. Hall, 579 

S.W.3d 370, 376 (Tex. 2019); In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 584 (Tex. 2015) (orig. 

proceeding). “The Legislature enacted the TCPA ‘to encourage and safeguard the 

constitutional rights of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and 

otherwise participate in government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, 

at the same time, protect the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for 

demonstrable injury.’” In re Panchakarla, 602 S.W.3d 536, 538 (Tex. 2020) (orig. 

proceeding) (per curiam) (quoting CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.002).

The TCPA provides for an expedited dismissal procedure when a “legal 

action” is based on, related to, or in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free 

speech, right to petition, or right of association. CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.003(a); 

4

We note that the trial court did not expressly condition the award of appellate attorney’s fees on 

the success of the appeal. “Because unconditional appellate fees are improper, such a condition is 

necessarily implied.” La Ventana Ranch Owners’ Ass’n, Inc. v. Davis, 363 S.W.3d 632, 652 n.17 (Tex. 

App.—Austin 2011, pet. denied); see also Branfman v. Alkek, No. 13-18-00554-CV, 2020 WL 2776719, at 

*4–5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg May 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).
6

Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675, 679 (Tex. 2018). The movant has the initial 

burden to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the legal action is 

based on, related to, or in response to one of the rights protected by the statute. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. § 27.005(b); Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 679. If the movant makes this 

showing, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to establish by clear and specific 

evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in question. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. § 27.005(c); Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 679. Even when the 

nonmovant satisfies that burden, the trial court must dismiss the legal action if the 

movant “establishes by a preponderance of the evidence each essential element of a 

valid defense to the nonmovant’s claim.” CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.005(d); see 

Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 679–80. We review de novo the question of whether the 

parties satisfied their respective burdens. Hall, 579 S.W.3d at 377.

Jurisdiction

In his fourth issue, Michael asserts that the trial court’s failure to hold a timely

hearing on the motion to dismiss “render[ed] the statute moot” and “foreclosed [his]

right to appellate review.” Michael included no substantive arguments and cited no 

authority in his fourth issue, see TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i), but incorporated by 

reference a brief that he filed addressing this court’s jurisdiction over this appeal.5

 

In that jurisdictional brief, Michael argues that this court has jurisdiction over this

appeal based on the May 13, 2020 notice of appeal or, alternatively, based on the 

June 24, 2020 amended notice of appeal. Finally, Michael requests that, if we 

5

We note that, as a pro se litigant, Michael is not exempt from the procedural rules, Wheeler v. 

Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 444 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam), and that, if Michael were not required to comply 

with the procedural rules, he would be given unfair advantage over litigants represented by counsel. 

Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978). However, we are also instructed to 

construe the appellate briefing rules liberally so that substantial compliance is sufficient to address the 

merits of an argument. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9; Horton v. Stovall, 591 S.W.3d 567, 569 (Tex. 2019) (per 

curiam). Therefore, we address those arguments that can be reasonably construed to have been raised in 

Michael’s briefs.
7

determine that the trial court’s June 4, 2020 order is “invalid,” we treat this appeal 

as a petition for writ of mandamus. 

This court’s jurisdiction is invoked by a timely filed notice of appeal of an 

appealable judgment or order. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1. Generally, appeals may be 

taken only from final judgments. Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 

(Tex. 2001). Interlocutory orders are appealable only if permitted by statute. Jack B. 

Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 272 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding); see also 

CMH Homes v. Perez, 340 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. 2011) (instructing courts to 

strictly apply interlocutory appeal statutes as “a narrow exception to the general rule 

that interlocutory orders are not immediately appealable”).

A party has a statutory right to bring an interlocutory appeal when a trial court 

signs an order in which it denies a TCPA motion to dismiss, see CIV. PRAC. & REM.

§ 51.014(a)(12), and when a TCPA motion to dismiss is denied by operation of law, 

id. § 27.008(a). A motion to dismiss is considered to be denied by operation of law 

when the trial court fails to timely rule on the motion. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

§ 27.008(a). Except for certain exceptions not applicable here, the TCPA requires 

that a hearing on a motion to dismiss be set not later than the 60th day after the date 

of service of the motion. Id. § 27.004(a). The trial court must rule on the motion 

not later than the 30th day following the date of the hearing. Id. § 27.005(a). In this 

case, Michael filed the motion to dismiss on February 12, 2020. Based on that filing 

date, the trial court was required to set the motion for hearing not later than April 13, 

2020, see id. § 27.004(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 4, and to rule on the motion not later than 

May 13, 2020, see CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.005(a). 

The trial court set the motion to dismiss for hearing on March 13, 2020. That 

hearing did not occur because Mark removed the case to federal court on 

February 26, 2020, which divested the trial court of jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. 
8

§ 1446(d) (A notice of removal served on all adverse parties and filed with the clerk 

of the state court “shall effect the removal and the State court shall proceed no further 

unless and until the case is remanded.”); In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 235 S.W.3d 619, 

624 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (“From the time the case was removed to federal 

court until it was remanded to state court, the state court was prohibited from taking 

further action.”). 

Generally, state court time periods and deadlines are suspended when a case 

is removed to federal court, and the period of removal is not considered in the 

determination of whether a motion in the state court has been timely filed or 

considered. In re Univ. of the Incarnate Word, 469 SW.3d 255, 258–259 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2015, orig. proceeding). Upon remand, the state court proceeds 

from the point reached in the state court action prior to removal as if no interruption 

had occurred. Id. at 259; see also Quaestor Invests., Inc. v. State of Chiapas, 997 

S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam) (holding that appellate timetable 

recommences after jurisdiction revests in the state court after remand by the federal 

district court), abrogated on other grounds by Ex parte E.H., 602 S.W.3d 486, 496–

97 (Tex. 2020). The remand is complete and state court jurisdiction revests when 

the federal court executes the order of remand and mails a certified copy to the state 

court. Quaestor, 997 S.W.2d at 229; In re Univ. of the Incarnate Word, 469 S.W.3d 

at 258. 

At the time that Mark removed the case, Michael’s motion to dismiss had been 

on file for fourteen days. When the case was remanded to the trial court on April 22, 

2020, the proceedings resumed as if there had been no interruption, and the trial 

court had forty-six days in which to set the motion to dismiss for hearing. See CIV.

PRAC. & REM. § 27.004(a). Therefore, the trial court was required to set the motion 

to dismiss for hearing not later than June 8, 2020. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 4. 
9

On May 13, 2020, Michael filed a notice of interlocutory appeal from the 

purported denial of his motion to dismiss by operation of law. However, because 

the statutory time periods for the trial court to set the motion to dismiss for hearing 

and to rule on the motion had not run by May 13, 2020, the motion to dismiss had 

not been overruled by operation of law. See CIV. PRAC.&REM. § 27.008(a). Further, 

on May 13, 2020, the trial court had not expressly disposed of the motion to dismiss. 

Therefore, Michael’s May 13 notice of appeal was premature. See de la Torre v. de 

la Torre, No. 03-19-00597-CV, 2020 WL 6018572, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin 

Oct. 9, 2020, no pet.) (holding that appeal was premature when a TCPA motion to 

dismiss had not been disposed of in the trial court at the time that the appeal was 

filed); Deuell v. Tex. Right to Life Comm., Inc., No. 01-15-00011-CV, 2015 

WL 778367, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 24, 2015, no pet.) (per 

curiam) (mem. op.) (holding that appellate court did not have jurisdiction over 

interlocutory appeal when, after remand of the case from the federal court, the trial 

court had neither denied the motion to dismiss nor failed to timely rule on the motion 

after a hearing prior to the time that the appeal was filed). “In a civil case, a 

prematurely filed notice of appeal is effective and deemed filed on the day of, but 

after, the event that begins the period for perfecting the appeal.” TEX. R. APP. P.

27.1(a); see also de la Torre, 2020 WL 6018572, at *2. 

The trial court timely set the motion to dismiss for hearing by submission on 

June 1, 2020, and timely denied the motion to dismiss on June 4, 2020. Michael’s 

premature notice of appeal was deemed effective on June 4, 2020, after the trial court 

signed the order, see TEX. R. APP. P. 27.1(a), and we have jurisdiction over this 

interlocutory appeal. We overrule Michael’s fourth issue. 
10

Applicability of the TCPA

In his first issue, Michael contends that the trial court erred when it denied the 

motion to dismiss because he established that the TCPA applies to Suzann’s motion 

to compel. 

Under the TCPA, a party may file a motion to dismiss a “legal action” that is 

based on, related to, or in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, 

right to petition, or right of association. CIV. PRAC.&REM. § 27.003(a). The movant 

has the burden to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the legal action 

is based on, related to, or in response to one of the rights protected by the statute. Id.

§ 27.005(b); Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d at 679.

Effective September 1, 2019, the legislature made significant amendments to 

the TCPA. See Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, §§ 1–9, 12 (H.B. 

2730) (codified at CIV. PRAC. & REM. §§ 27.001, .003, .005–.007, .0075, .009–.010). 

As relevant to this issue, the legislature amended the statutory definition of “legal 

action.” Id. § 1. The 2019 revisions apply to an “action” filed on or after 

September 1, 2019. Id. § 11.

The original petition in this case was filed before September 1, 2019.

However, Suzann’s motion to compel was filed after September 1, 2019. Michael 

relies on the definition of “legal action” contained in the 2011 version of the statute. 

Suzann, on the other hand, argues that, because Michael directed the motion to 

dismiss at Suzann’s motion to compel, the definition of “legal action” in the 2019 

statute applies. We need not resolve this dispute because Suzann’s motion to compel 

does not constitute a “legal action” under either version of the statute.

As enacted in 2011, the TCPA defined a “legal action” as a “lawsuit, cause of 

action, petition, complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim, or any other judicial 

pleading or filing that requests legal or equitable relief.” CIV. PRAC. &
11

REM. § 27.001(6). Suzann’s motion to compel is not a lawsuit, cause of action, 

petition, complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim. Therefore, Suzann’s motion to 

compel is a legal action under the 2011 version of the TCPA only if it is a “judicial 

pleading or filing that requests legal or equitable relief.” See id. This phrase has 

been referred to as the “catch-all” provision of the statutory definition. Deepwell 

Energy Servs., LLC v. Aveda Transp. & Energy Servs., 574 S.W.3d 925, 929 (Tex. 

App.—Eastland 2019, pet. denied); Paulsen v. Yarrell, 537 S.W.3d 224, 233–34 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied).

Based on the doctrine of ejusdem generis, we held in Deepwell Energy that, 

in order to fall within this catch-all provision, a filing must be a “procedural vehicle 

for the vindication of a legal claim” similar to a “lawsuit,” “cause of action,” 

“petition,” “complaint,” “cross-claim,” or “counterclaim.” Deepwell Energy, 574 

S.W.3d at 929; see also Roach v. Ingram, 557 S.W.3d 203, 217 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. denied); Paulsen, 537 S.W.3d at 233. In reaching 

this conclusion, we specifically noted the Paulsen’s court’s holding that, if the 

catch-all provision of the statutory definition was interpreted to include all motions 

filed during the course of litigation:

[T]he proliferation of “piecemeal or seriatim ‘motions to dismiss’ 

attacking myriad ‘legal actions’ that consist merely of individual filings 

within or related to a lawsuit, as opposed to the underlying lawsuit and 

substantive claims that are the [TCPA’s] core focus” would result in 

application of the TCPA that “strays from—and, indeed, undermines 

through cost and delay—its manifest purpose to secure quick and 

inexpensive dismissal of meritless ‘legal actions’ that threaten 

expressive freedoms.”

Deepwell Energy, 574 S.W.3d at 928 (quoting Paulsen, 537 S.W.3d at 233–34); 

accord In re Elliott, 504 S.W.3d 455, 480 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, orig. 

proceeding) (Pemberton, J., concurring).
12

In Misko v. Johns, 575 S.W.3d 872 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2019, pet. denied), 

the Dallas Court of Appeals considered whether a motion for sanctions for alleged 

discovery abuse committed during the course of litigation constituted a “legal 

action” under the catch-all provision. The Misko court concluded that “the catch-all

provision . . . ‘functions primarily as a safeguard against creative re-pleading of what 

are substantively lawsuits, causes of action, petitions, complaints, counterclaims, or 

cross-claims so as to avoid the TCPA’s dismissal mechanisms’ and, when viewed in 

light of the purpose of the TCPA, must be given a ‘somewhat restrictive 

application.’” 575 S.W.3d at 876–77 (quoting Dow Jones & Co. v. Highland Capital 

Mgmt. L.P., 564 S.W.3d 852, 857 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018, pet. denied)); see also 

Deepwell Energy, 574 S.W.3d at 929; Paulsen, 537 S.W.3d at 234. Therefore, “a 

motion based on conduct within litigation that is ancillary to the substantive claims 

in the case” does not fall within the catch-all provision of “other judicial pleading or 

filing.” Misko, 575 S.W.3d at 877; see also Nunu v. Risk, 612 S.W.3d 645, 661 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet. h.) (holding that an objection was merely

“an action taken by counsel to call the court’s attention to improper evidence or 

procedure” and, therefore, was not a “legal action” under the TCPA (quoting 

Heidelberg v. State, 36 S.W.3d 668, 672 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no 

pet.))).

In her motion to compel, Suzann did not seek to vindicate her substantive 

claims against Michael. Rather, Suzann complained that Michael’s conduct after 

the litigation had commenced was improper and potentially tainted the available jury 

pool, and Suzann requested that the video be temporarily removed from YouTube 

to prevent any prejudice to her from the statements made by Michael and his siblings 

in the video. Because the motion to compel was ancillary to Suzann’s substantive 

claims, it was not a “procedural vehicle for the vindication of a legal claim” that 
13

would constitute a “legal action” under the catch-all provision of the 2011 statutory 

definition.

6

 See Misko, 575 S.W.3d at 877; see also In re Guardianship of Fairley, 

604 S.W.3d 450, 459 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2020, pet. filed) (motion to transfer 

did not seek an adjudication of the merits of the plaintiff’s substantive claims and, 

therefore, was not a “legal action” subject to the TCPA); Caliber Oil & Gas, LLC v. 

Midland Visions 2000, 591 S.W.3d 226, 237 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2019, no pet.)

(counterclaim in which the defendants requested that the plaintiff’s claims be 

dismissed was not “a procedural vehicle for the vindication of a legal claim”).

In 2019, the legislature amended the definition of “legal action” in the TCPA. 

Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 378, § 1. Under the 2019 amendments, a 

“legal action” is defined as:

[A] lawsuit, cause of action, petition, complaint, cross-claim, or 

counterclaim or any other judicial pleading or filing that requests legal, 

declaratory, or equitable relief. The term does not include:

(A) a procedural action taken or motion made in an action 

that does not amend or add a claim for legal, equitable, or 

declaratory relief;

(B) alternate dispute resolution proceedings; or

(C) post-judgment enforcement actions.

Id. The explicit exclusion of procedural actions and motions that do not amend or 

add a claim was consistent with existing case law that a “legal action” only 

encompassed a procedural vehicle for the vindication of a substantive legal claim. 

In the motion to compel, Suzann did not amend or add a claim for legal, 

equitable, or declaratory relief. Rather, she sought the temporary removal of the 

video from YouTube on the grounds that certain statements in the video could 

6

The trial court has not ruled on Suzann’s motion to compel, and we express no opinion as to 

whether Suzann is entitled to the relief sought.
14

prejudice the potential jury pool and prevent her from obtaining a fair trial on her 

substantive claims. Therefore, Suzann’s motion to compel was not a “legal action”

as defined in the 2019 amendments to the TCPA. 

We hold that Michael failed to establish that Suzann’s motion to compel was 

a legal action that was subject to the TCPA. Therefore, we overrule Michael’s first 

issue. Because Michael failed to establish that the TCPA applies to Suzann’s motion 

to compel, we need not address his second issue in which he complains that Suzann 

failed to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case of each essential 

element of her claim and that he established an affirmative defense by a 

preponderance of the evidence. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; Blue Gold Energy 

Barstow, LLC v. Precision Frac, LLC, No. 11-19-00238-CV, 2020 WL 1809193, at 

*8 (Tex. App.—Eastland Apr. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Attorney’s Fees

In his third issue, Michael asserts that the trial court erred when it found that 

the motion to dismiss was frivolous and filed solely for purposes of delay and when 

it awarded attorney’s fees to Suzann.

We review the trial court’s decision to award attorney’s fees under the TCPA 

for an abuse of discretion. Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 242; Sullivan v. Tex. Ethics 

Comm’n, 551 S.W.3d 848, 857 (Tex. App.—Austin 2018, pet. denied). A trial court 

abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably or without regard to 

guiding principles. Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 242–43; see also Downer v. Aquamarine 

Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).

“[T]o secure an award of attorney’s fees from an opponent, the prevailing 

party must prove that: (1) recovery of attorney’s fees is legally authorized, and 

(2) the requested attorney’s fees are reasonable and necessary for the legal 

representation, so that such an award will compensate the prevailing party generally 
15

for its losses resulting from the litigation process.” Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW 

DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 487 (Tex. 2019). Michael contends that 

Suzann failed to establish either prong.

The TCPA gives the trial court discretion to award costs and reasonable 

attorney’s fees to a nonmovant if it determines that the motion to dismiss was 

frivolous or solely intended to delay. CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.009(b). “[A] finding 

that a motion to dismiss is not well taken must precede an award of the respondent’s 

attorney’s fees under Section 27.009(b).” Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 243 (quoting In 

re Estate of Calkins, 580 S.W.3d 287, 300 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, 

no pet.)). The trial court found that Michael’s motion to dismiss was both frivolous 

and solely intended to delay and awarded Suzann $3,828 for attorney’s fees to 

respond to the motion to dismiss and additional attorney’s fees on appeal.

Michael first asserts that the trial court erred when it found that the motion to 

dismiss was frivolous. A motion to dismiss under the TCPA is frivolous if it has no 

basis in law or fact and lacks a legal basis or legal merit. Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 

243. As set out above, when Michael filed the motion to dismiss, this court had held 

in both Deepwell Energy and Caliber that, under the 2011 version of the TCPA, a 

filing was a “legal action” under the catch-all provision of the statutory definition 

only if it was a procedural vehicle for the vindication of a legal claim. Further, in 

Deepwell Energy, this court specifically noted its concerns about the potential for 

the “proliferation of piecemeal or seriatim motions to dismiss.” 574 S.W.3d at 929 

(quoting Paulsen, 537 S.W.3d at 233–34). Against the background of interpretation 

that the courts of appeals had given to the catch-all provision of the definition of 

“legal action,” in 2019, the legislature amended the definition of “legal action” to 

specifically exclude motions such as Suzann’s from the reach of the statute. 
16

There is no indication in the record that, prior to filing the motion to dismiss, 

Michael evaluated whether there was any legal basis to support an argument that the 

TCPA applied to Suzann’s motion to compel. Further, Michael included no 

substantive argument in the motion to dismiss to support his contention that 

Suzann’s motion to compel was a “legal action” subject to the TCPA. On this record, 

we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it found that the 

motion to dismiss was frivolous. See Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 243–44. Because the 

TCPA authorizes an award of attorney’s fees when a motion to dismiss is frivolous, 

we need not address whether the trial court abused its discretion when it found that 

the motion to dismiss was solely intended to delay. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; 

Caliber, 591 S.W.3d at 244.

Michael next contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the 

amount of attorney’s fees awarded to Suzann because Suzann’s attorney failed to 

“represent the assertions” in his affidavit “stem from the personal knowledge of the 

affiant” and because Suzann had a contingency fee agreement with her attorney.

Texas uses the “lodestar method,” which is essentially a “short hand version” 

of the Arthur Andersen7 factors, to determine reasonable and necessary attorney’s 

fees. Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 496. Under the lodestar method, the 

factfinder must first determine the reasonable hours spent by counsel and the 

reasonable hourly rate for counsel’s work. El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 

757, 760 (Tex. 2012). The factfinder then multiplies the number of hours that 

counsel worked on the case by the applicable rate to determine the base fee or 

lodestar. Id. The base fee is presumed to reflect the reasonable and necessary 

attorney’s fees. Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 499. The factfinder may adjust 

7

Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997).
17

the lodestar up or down if relevant factors indicate an adjustment is necessary to 

reach a reasonable fee in the case. Id. at 500–01.

It is the fee claimant’s burden to provide sufficient evidence of both the 

reasonable hours worked and the reasonable hourly rate. Id. at 498. “Sufficient 

evidence includes, at a minimum, evidence of (1) particular services performed, 

(2) who performed the services, (3) approximately when the services were 

performed, (4) the reasonable amount of time required to perform the services, and 

(5) the reasonable hourly rate for each attorney performing the services. Id.8

“General, conclusory testimony devoid of any real substance will not support 

a fee award.” Id. at 501. Generalities about tasks performed provide insufficient 

information for the factfinder to meaningfully review whether the tasks and hours 

were reasonable and necessary. El Apple I, 370 S.W.3d at 764. While 

contemporaneous billing records are not required, Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d 

at 502, there must be some evidence to inform the trial court of the time spent on 

specific tasks to enable the factfinder to meaningfully review the requested fees, 

Long v. Griffin, 442 S.W.3d 253, 253, 255 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam); City of 

Laredo v. Montano, 414 S.W.3d 731, 736–37 (Tex. 2013) (per curiam) (reversing 

and remanding to redetermine attorney’s fees when attorney testified to the time 

expended and the hourly rate but failed to provide evidence of the time devoted to 

specific tasks).

In support of her request for attorney’s fees, Suzann filed the declaration of 

Mark Donheiser. Donheiser stated that he was one of the attorneys representing 

Suzann and that he was primarily responsible for preparing Suzann’s response to 

8

This evidentiary standard is the same for attorney’s fees awarded as a fee-shifting sanction. See 

Nath v. Tex. Children’s Hosp., 576 S.W.3d 707, 709–10 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam) (“Although this case 

deals with attorney’s fees awarded through a sanctions order, the distinction is immaterial because all feeshifting situations require reasonableness.”).
18

Michael’s motion to dismiss. According to Donheiser, although other attorneys 

participated in preparing Suzann’s response to the motion to dismiss, Suzann 

requested only that she be awarded fees for the time spent by him. Donheiser 

detailed the tasks that he performed in responding to Michael’s motion to dismiss, 

the date on which he performed each task, and the number of hours that he spent on 

each task. 

Donheiser stated that, in total, he spent 8.8 hours on Suzann’s response to 

Michael’s motion to dismiss and that his hourly rate was $435. According to 

Donheiser, his hourly rate was “low” for an attorney of his experience in the North 

Texas area. Donheiser stated that he had reviewed the factors to be considered as to 

the reasonableness of attorney’s fees, and based on those factors, it was his opinion 

that the amount of $3,828 in attorney’s fees was reasonable and that the work 

reflected thereby was necessary. Donheiser also opined about the attorney’s fees 

that would be reasonable and necessary in the event of an appeal. Donheiser 

recognized a contingent fee agreement with Suzann but opined that “the likelihood 

of recover[ing] money from Michael is minimal because Michael has hidden the 

misappropriated assets.” 

Donheiser did not aver that the statements in his declaration were based on 

personal knowledge. However, a declaration need not specifically state that it is 

made on personal knowledge if the statements in the declaration establish that the 

declarant’s statements were made based on personal knowledge. Pipkin v. Kroger 

Tex., L.P., 383 S.W.3d 655, 669 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet.

denied). A declarant’s position or job responsibilities can qualify him to have 

personal knowledge of facts and establish how he learned those facts. Hydroscience 

Techs., Inc. v. Hydroscience, Inc., 401 SW.3d 783, 791 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, 
19

pet. denied); Valenzuela v. State & Cty. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 317 S.W.3d 550, 553

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). 

Donheiser stated in his declaration that he was one of the attorneys 

representing Suzann and that he was primarily responsible for preparing Suzann’s 

response to Michael’s motion to dismiss. Further, Suzann sought to recover fees 

only for the time that Donheiser spent to review and respond to the motion to

dismiss. Therefore, Donheiser performed every task set out in his declaration. These 

facts are sufficient to demonstrate that Donheiser had personal knowledge of who 

performed each task, the date that each task was performed, the amount of time spent 

on each task, and the hourly billing rate for each task. 

Finally, relying on MacFarland v. Le-Vel Brands LLC, No. 05-17-00968-CV, 

2018 WL 2213913, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 15, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.), 

Michael asserts that Suzann is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees because she has 

a contingent fee contract with her attorneys. MacFarland stands for the proposition 

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it failed to award to a successful

TCPA movant attorney’s fees based on a contingent fee agreement. Id. at *6–7. 

However, the TCPA specifically allows a successful movant to recover only those 

attorney’s fees “incurred.” CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 27.009(a)(1).

In contrast, Section 27.009(b) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code 

gives the trial court discretion to award a TCPA nonmovant “reasonable attorney’s 

fees” when a motion to dismiss is frivolous. See id. § 27.009(b). Section 27.009(b) 

does not require that these attorney’s fees be “incurred” by the nonmovant. See id. 

Therefore, the fact that Suzann has a contingent fee agreement with her attorneys 

was merely one factor that the trial court could consider when it determined what 

constituted a reasonable and necessary fee. See Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 

498 (“[B]ecause fee-shifting awards are to be reasonable and necessary for 
20

successfully prosecuting or defending against a claim, reasonableness and necessity 

are not dependent solely on the contractual fee arrangement between the prevailing 

party and its attorney.”); Arthur Andersen, 945 S.W.2d at 818 (noting that “whether 

the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained” is one of the considerations in the 

base lodestar calculation).

We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined 

that Michael’s motion to dismiss was frivolous or when it awarded the ordered 

attorney’s fees to Suzann. We overrule Michael’s third issue.

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the trial court’s order.

W. BRUCE WILLIAMS

JUSTICE

February 4, 2021

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J., 

Trotter, J., and Williams, J.