IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

TYRRAN SMITH and ) TATRA BRADSHAW individually ) and as administrators of the ) ESTATE OF DENISE BRADSHAW, ) ) Plaintiff s , )

)

v. ) C.A. No. N21C

- 08

- 245 JRJ ) NELI SERAFIMOVA, M.D., ) WESLEY EMMONS, M.D., JOHN ) D’AMBROSIO, D.O., MICHAEL ) VAN WINKLE, D.O., and ) ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL, INC., ) ) Defendants, )

)

Date Submitted: April 4 , 2023 Date Decided: May 18 , 2023

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Upon Consideration of Defendants Neli Serafimova, M.D., Michael Van Winkle, D.O, Wesley Emmons, M.D., John D’Ambrosio, D.O., and St. Francis Hospital,

Inc.’s Motion s to Dismiss : DENIED

. Leroy A. Tice, Esq., and Charles H. Toliver, IV, Esq., Team Tice, 1203 N. Orange Street, Suite 2, Wilmington, DE 19801. Attorneys for Plaintiffs.
Maria R. Granaudo Gesty, Esq., Burns White LLC, Delaware Corporate Center I, 1 Righter Parkway, Suite 130, Wilmington, DE 19803. Attorney for Defendants Neli Serafimova, M.D. and Michael Van Winkle, D.O.2

Jonathan D. Landua, Esq., and Gregory S. McKee, Esq., Wharton, Levin, Ehrmantraut & Klein, P.A., 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1110, Wilmington, DE 19801. Attorneys for Defendant Wesley Emmons, M.D.
John A. Elzufon, Esq., and Matt hew P. Donelson, Esq., Elzufon, Austin & Mondell, P.A., 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1700, Wilmington, DE 19801. Attorneys for Defendant John D’Ambrosio, D.O.
Colleen D. Shields, Esq., and Alexandra D. Rogin, Esq., Eckert, Seamans, Cherin & Mellott, LLC, 2 22 Delaware Avenue, 7th Floor, Wilmington, DE 19801. Attorneys for Defendant St. Francis Hospital, Inc.

Jurden, P.J.3 I. INTRODUCTION
This is an action for medical malpractice brought on behalf of an individual

who died after suffering a large intra

- abdominal hematoma while hospitalized with

COVID

- 19. Plaintiffs Tyr r an Smith and Tatra Bradshaw (“ Plaintiffs ”), individually

as son and daughter of Denise Bradshaw (“Ms. Bradshaw ”) and as executors of her

estate , claim Defendants N eli Serafimova, M.D. (“Dr. Serafimova”), Michael Van
Winkle, D.O. (“Dr. Van Winkle”), Wesley Emmons, M.D. (“Dr. Emmons”), John
D’Ambrosio, D.O. (“Dr. D’Ambrosio”), and St. Francis Hospital, Inc. (“St.
Francis”) 1 proximately caused the death of Ms. Bradsha w. Defendants ask the Court
to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint
, arguing they are entitled to immunity under the
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (“ PREP Act ”) . For the reasons

that follow, Defendants’ Motion s to Dismiss are DENIED

.
II. BACKGROUND

A. Allegations

Ms. Bradshaw received treatment at St. Francis from March 26, 2020, until
5:27 a.m. on April 9, 2020, when she suffered a cardiac incident and was pronounced

1 This Memorandum Opinion refer s to Drs. Serafimova, Van Winkle, Emmons, and D’Ambrosio collectively as “Defendant Doctors.” Any reference to “Defendants” refers to Defendant Doctors and St. Francis.4

dead. 2 During that time, numerous medical professionals, including the De fendant

Doctors, treated her

. 3

On March 26, 2020, Ms. Bradshaw was admitted to the emergency
department at St. Francis in Wilmington, Delaware after displaying symptoms of

COVID

- 19. 4 She was subsequently diagnosed with COVID

- 19 , pneumonia, and
sepsis. 5 On intake, a physician, not a party to this case, documented Ms. Bradshaw ’s
medical history , specifically noting that she “was taking an anticoagulant for deep

vein thrombosis ” (“DVT”). 6

Dr. Emmons, an infectious disease specialist, first saw Ms. Bradshaw on

March 27, 2020. 7 Dr. Emmons evaluated her condition and confirmed the prior
diagnoses of COVID

- 19 , sepsis, and pneumonia. 8

Dr. Serafimova later saw Ms. Bradshaw between March 31 and April 2 , 2020. 9

Dr. Serafimova’s notes suggest that Ms. Bradshaw’s condition was improving : h er
breathing increased
, she experienced less wheezing and coughing
, she was eating

2 Compl. ¶ 30 , Trans. ID 66885385. 3 See generally i d.
4 Id. ¶ 11

. 5 Id. ¶¶ 11

- 12

. 6 Id. ¶ 12.
7 Id. ¶ 13. 8 Compl. ¶ 13. 9 Id. ¶ ¶ 17 16

.5

more , and her sepsis was improving. 10 H owever, Ms. Bradshaw consistently
reported experiencing abdominal pain w hen coughing. 11

On April 3, 2020, Dr. Emmons documented Ms. Bradshaw’s continued
improvement, noting that “ she was eating better, had less dry cough, was in less

distress, and conversant.” 12 Dr. Emmons also reported a positive increase in her
oxygen levels. 13 Dr. Serafimova again treated Ms. Bradshaw between April 4 and
April 6, 2020, further documenting her progress. 14 Although Ms. Bradshaw reported
experiencing abdominal pain while coughing, Dr. Serafimova determ ined that her
progress was such that she could begin wean ing off supplemental oxygen. 15

Dr. Emmons met with Ms. Bradshaw and her family on April 7, 2020. 16 He
discussed her overall progress and predicted, given her continued improvement, that
“he expected to release Ms. Bradshaw by Thursday, April 9, 2020. ” 17 He also
explained that the terms of her release would include a fourteen

- day quarantine at

home. 18

10 Id.
11 Id.
12 Id. ¶ 18. 13 Id.
14 Compl. ¶¶ 19

- 20. 15 Id. ¶ 20

. 16 Id. ¶ 21. 17 Id. 18 Id.6

On April 8, 2020, at about 9:13 a.m. Ms. Bradshaw was seen by a nurse who
“documented a rapid worsening of Ms. Bradshaw’s condition.” 19 Specifically, he
observed a drop in her oxygen levels, a drop in her hemoglobin levels, and an

increase in her white blood cell count. In addition, the nurse reported that Ms.

Bradshaw “felt cold, became weak and could not support her own body weight.” 20

He called Dr. Emmons
, who requested that she be transferred to the ICU and ordered

a CT scan of her abdomen. 21 Later that morning, Dr. Emmons evaluated Ms.
Bradshaw, noting abdominal distension and pain, as well as an elevated D

- dimer

level. 22 Dr. Emmons attributed those results to an abdominal bleed and ordered that
the Lovenox be stopped and again requested that she be transferred to the ICU. 23

At 10:36 a.m. on April 8, 2020, Dr. D’Ambrosio was made aware of Ms.

Bradshaw’s CT scan results

. 24 The scan showed “a large hematoma involving the
left anterior abdominal/pelvic wall musculature as well as extraperitoneal space
measuring 10.7 x 19.4 x over 36 cm”. 25

19 Id. ¶ 23. 20 Compl. ¶ 23.
21 Id.
22 Id. ¶ 24. D

- dimer is “a protein fragment that your body makes when a blood clot dissolves in your body . . . A positive or elevated D

- dimer test result may indicate that you have a blood clotting condition.” D

- Dimer Test: What is a D

- Dimer Test? Cleveland Clinic, ht tps://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22045

- d

- dimer

- test (last updated Nov. 9, 2021). 23 Compl. ¶ 24. 24 Id. ¶ 26. 25 Id.7

At about 11:18 a.m. , Dr. Serafimova documented a steep decline in Ms.
Bradshaw’s condition, noting a sharp increase in abdominal pain and shortness of

breath. 26 Ms. Bradshaw also exhibited physical signs of distress

. 27 That, coupled

with her lab results
, caused Dr. Serafimova to document h er own concern s as to the

existence of an abdominal bleed. 28 As a result, Dr. Serafimova ordered that Lovenox
be stopped , ordered a blood transfusion, and sought the results of Ms. Bradshaw’s

CT scans. 29

Soon after , at 11:49 a.m. , Dr. D’Ambrosio evaluated Ms. Bradshaw,
diagnosing her with acute blood loss anemia due to the “rectus sheath hematoma

. ” 30

Dr. D’Ambrosio, also ordered that Lovenox be stopped and that she be transferred

to the ICU. 31 It is unknown when Ms. Bradshaw was trans ferred to the ICU. 32 Ms.

Bradshaw was intubated at 8:54 PM. 33

Dr. Van Winkle first became involved in Ms. Bradshaw’s care on the evening
of April 8, 2020. 34 He noted a continued decline in her condition and confirmed that
her CT scan showed a large hemat oma in her abdomen. 35 Dr. Van Winkle consulted

26 Id. ¶ 25. 27 Id. 28 Id. 29 Compl. ¶ 25. 30 Id. ¶ 27. 31 Id. Ms. Bradshaw’s last dose of Lovenox was reportedly administered eleven hours prior.
32 Id. 33 Id. ¶ 28. 34 Id. ¶ 29

. 35 Compl. ¶ 29.8

with a n interventional radiologist 36 and expressed concern that Ms. Bradshaw was
suffering from an abdominal bleed. 37 The radiologist suggested that Dr. Van Winkle
hold off on any interventional procedures because “abdominal wall hematomas
usually . . . stop [bleeding] without intervention.” 38 However, Ms. Bradshaw’s

condition continued to decline, leading Dr. Van Wink le to believe she was likely
undergoing an active bleed. 39 At that time, Ms. Bradshaw ’s care team took her to
the Interventional Radiology unit for an exploratory procedure, but she passed away
in the early morning of April 9, 2020, before they could begi n. 40

In June 2020, Plaintiffs allege that Dr. Emmons spoke with them and admitted

that Ms. Bradshaw ’s care team, himself included, “committed significant error in
delaying [ her ] transfer to the ICU . . . [and] . . . but for that mistake, [she] would still

be alive.” 41

B. Procedural History
On August 27, 2021, Plaintiffs filed their Complaint alleging medical
negligence against the Defendant Doctors in their individual capacities and St.

36 Plaintiffs do not make any allegation as to the identity of the Interventional Radiologist. 37 Compl. ¶ 30

. 38 Id. (internal citations omitted). 39 Id. 40 Id.
41 Id. ¶ 33.9

Francis under the theory of vicarious liability ( Counts I

– IV and Count V
, respectively ). 42

Plaintiffs allege that the Defendant Doctors were medically negligent because
they:

a. Failed in a timely manner to order an appropriate diagnostic

study of Ms. Bradshaw ’s abdomen;

b. Failed in a timely manner to discontinue the use of significant doses of anticoagulants;

c. Failed to timely transfer Ms. Bradshaw to the ICU so that appropriate individualized care could be rendered; and/or

d. Discovered via CT scan that Ms. Bradshaw had a large intra

abdominal hem atoma involving the left anterior abdominal/pelvic wall musculature as well as extraperitoneal space measuring 10.7 x 19.4 x over 36 cm, yet [] failed to order an immediate exploratory procedure or immediate embolization of the acute intra

- abdominal bleed, and/or take any other steps to address the condition. 43

In Count V, Plaintiff

s allege that St. Francis is vicariously liable for the acts of its
agents, the Defendant Doctors
, 44 a nd as a result of Defendants’ negligence, Ms.

Bradshaw “suffered conscious physical injury, pain, [] emotional suffering” and

death. 45

42 Id. ¶¶ 34

- 71. Plaintiffs’ Complaint refers to this Count as “Count VI;” however, the Complaint does not allege a Count V. Thus, the Court will refer to the claims against St. Francis as Count V. 43 C ompl. ¶¶ 39, 46, 53, 60. 44 Id. ¶¶ 63

- 70. 45 Id. ¶ ¶ 40, 47, 54, 61, 71

.10

In October 2021, Defendants each filed a Notice of R emoval to the United

States District Court for the District of Delaware (“District Court”)

. 46 There, Dr.

Serafimova filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint pursuant to Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). 47 On August 19, 2022, the District

Court issued an Order to Show Cause why the case should not be remanded
, given

the Third Circuit’s decision in Est. of Maglioli v. Andover Subacute Rehab. Ctr. I

. 48

Defendants subsequently filed a joint stipulation to remand the matter back to the
Superior Court
, which the District Court signed on September 19, 2022. 49

Upon remand to the Superior Court , the Court held a teleconference with the
parties

. Because the Defendants’ motions to dismiss were initially filed in District
Court and grounded in federal law, the Court ordered the parties to file supplemental
briefing or new mot ions

. 50 Dr. Serafimova and Dr. Van Winkle filed a supplemental
brief on January 12, 2023. 51 They seek dismissal on the grounds that the immunity

46 Notice of Removal, Trans ID 67015492, 67018401, 67019322, 67106701. Dr. Van Winkle filed to join Dr. Serafimova’s Notice of Removal on November 1, 2021, Trans. ID 67059932.
47 See generally
, Serafimova and Van Winkle Suppl. Br ., Ex. A, Trans. ID 68885338. Dr. Van Winkle, Dr. Emmons, Dr. D’Ambrosio, and St. Francis subsequ ently filed motions for joinder, adopting Dr. Serafimova’s Motion as their own.
48 478 F. Supp. 3d 518, 522 (D.N.J. 2020), aff’d sub nom. Maglioli v. All. HC Holdings LLC , 16 F.4th 393 (3d Cir. 2021) (holding that a defendant alleging negligence in state co urt concerning COVID

- 19 could not remove the action to federal court) . Stipulation and Proposed Order to Remand, Trans. ID 69267916

. 49 Letter to the Superior Court Prothonotary from District Court Clerk Trans. ID 69267916

. 50 Judicial Action Form, Trans

. ID 68236801. 51 See generally Serafimova and Van Winkle Suppl. B r. , Trans. ID 68885338

. With their brief, Dr. Serafimova and Dr. Van Win kle filed six exhibits, totaling over 200 pages. Each exhibit contains numerous documents, including briefing from their motions as filed in District Court medical documentation, and a compendium of case law and advisory opinions. Along with their11

provision of the PREP Act requires this Court to dismiss the cause of action against

them. 52 Dr. Emmons, Dr. D’Ambrosio, and St. Francis each filed motions adopting

Dr. Serafimova and Dr. Van Winkle’s arguments and raising their own grounds for

dismissal. 53

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Superior Court Rule 12(b)(6), the C ourt
may dismiss an action for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 54

The Court will accept all well

- ple d allegations as true and draw every reasonable
factual inference in favor of the nonmoving party. 55 T he Court will dismiss a
complaint only if it appears “with reasonable certainty that, under any set of facts
that could be proven to support the claims as serted, the plaintiff would not be entitled

own mo tions to dismiss, Dr. Emmons and Dr. D’Ambrosio filed several exhibits
, including an affidavit attesting to why Ms. Bradshaw had been administered Lovenox. The Court declines to consider Defendants’ exhibits at this stage of the litigation. Status Conf. Tr. 18:20

- 23, Trans. ID 69630561

. 52 Id. The title of Dr. Serafimova and Dr. Van Winkle’s Supplemental Brief references both Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6); however, they failed to make an argument pursuant to Rule 12(b)( 1 ). 53 Emmons Joinder, Trans. ID 68891505; D’Ambrosio Joinder, Trans. ID 68896248; St. Francis Joinder, Trans. ID 68907224. In addition to Dr. Serafimova and Dr. Van Winkle’s bases for relief, each remaining Defendant filed a motion expounding on why Plaintiff’ s claims should be dismissed. Dr. Emmons and Dr. D’Ambrosio each argue why they are “covered persons” under the PREP Act. See generally Emmons Joinder; D’Ambrosio Joinder . St. Francis argues that because Plaintiffs’ claims are based on a theory of vicar ious liability, to the extent the claims against the Defendant Doctors are dismissed, the claims against it should also be dismissed. See generally St. Francis Joinder

. 54 Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(6). 55 Id.12

to relief.” 56 In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “[t] he complaint generally
defines the universe of facts that the trial court may consider . . . .” 57 The Court may
consider matters outside the complaint on ly if “the document is integral to a
plaintiff’s claim and incorporated into the complaint[.]” 58 If “matters outside the
pleading are presented to and not excluded by the Court, the motion shall be treated
as one for summary judgment and disposed of as pr ovided in Rule 56.” 59

IV. DISCUSSION

Under the PREP Act: [A] covered person shall be immune from suit and liability under Federal and State law with respect to all claims for loss caused by, arising out of, relating to, or resulting from the administration to or the use by an individual of a covered countermeasure if a declaration under subsection (b) has been issued with respect to such countermeasure. 60

Thus, immunity is available where (i) a covered person; (ii) uses or administers a
covered countermeasure; (iii) in the course of a recommended activity ; and (iv) the
plaintiff’s claims have a causal relationship with the administration or use thereof. 61

56 Clinton v. Enter. Rent

-

A

- Car Co. , 977 A.2d 892, 895 (Del. 2009). 57 Hansen v. Brandywine Nursing & Rehab. Ctr., Inc. , 2023 WL 587950 (Del. Super. Jan. 23, 2023) citing In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig. , 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006). 58 Windsor I, LLC v. CWCap . Asset Mgmt. LLC , 238 A.3d 863, 873 (Del. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court may also consider extrinsic documents not relied on for the truth of their contents and espousing facts ripe for judicial notice. Smartmatic USA Corp. v. Newsm ax Media, Inc. , 2023 WL 1525024, at *9

- 10 (Del. Super. Feb. 3, 2023 ). 59 Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b). 60 42 U.S.C.A. § 247d

- 6d. 61 Id

. ; s ee also Serafimova and Van Winkle Suppl. Br. at 6.13

D efendants argue that Ms. Bradshaw was prescribed Lovenox 62 to treat

COVID

- 19, and because Plaintiffs’ claims suggest misfeasance in failing to
discontinue the use of Lovenox, the PREP Act applie s

. 63

Plaintiffs counter that their claims fall outside the sco pe of the PREP Act
because the “negligence alleged is based upon the failure to diagnose and treat the
abdominal bleed, and is not alleged to have been caused by, have resulted from or

was related to the use of a covered countermeasure.” 64 Plaintiffs further argue that

Lovenox was not administered as a treatment for COVID

- 19; instead
, they argue
that Ms. Bradshaw had been receiving anticoagulants prior to her admission to St.
Francis and was subsequently prescribed Lovenox at St. Francis to treat her D VT. 65

The well

- pled allegations in the Complaint support Plaintiffs’ arguments in
this regard. O n admission to St. Francis, Ms. Bradshaw “was taking an anticoagulant
for deep vein thrombosis.” 66 Then, at approximately 10:47 a.m. on April 8, 2020,

Dr. E mmons noted that “ Ms. Bradshaw was on a full dose of Lovenox
(anticoagulant), which was stopped. ” 67 At 11:18 a.m., Dr. Serafimova “ordered 1

unit of whole blood to be transfused and . . . that [] Lovenox be stopped.” 68 And at

62 Defendants argue that Lovenox is a “covered countermeasure” under the PREP Act. See generally Serafimova and Van Winkle Suppl. Br. 63 Id. at 14

. 64 Pls.’ Resp. at 11 65 Id. at 9

. 66 Compl. ¶ 12.
67 Id. ¶ 24. 68 Id. ¶¶ 24

- 25, 27.14

11:49 a.m., Dr. D’Ambrosio “ called for the Lovenox to be stopped, the last dose
having been administered 11 hours prior to that time. ” 69 A l though Plaintiffs allege
that the Defendant Doctors were negligent in their failure to timely “discontinue the
use of significant do ses of anticoagulants,” 70 nowhere do they allege that Defendants
negligently prescribed , administered, or used Lovenox to treat Ms. Bradshaw . Nor
do they allege that the use of Lovenox, or any other anticoagulant treatment, was the
proximate cause of
, and

/ or was responsible for
, the abdominal bleed she suffered.

Rather, Plaintiffs plead that “the failure to diagnose, discover and treat in a timely

fashion the abdominal bleed that ultimately led to [ Ms. Bradshaw’s ] death,” 71 which
includes the failure to discontinue “any medications that might exacerbate that

bleed.” 72

Based on the well

- pled allegations, there is nothing to link the use of Lovenox

to Ms. Bradshaw’s COVID

- 19 diagnosis or treatment , a condition caused by

COVID

- 19, or the like, and therefore, at this juncture, the causal connection required
to assert immunity under the PREP Act does not exist. 73

69 Id. ¶ 27. 70 Id. ¶ 40, 47, 54, 61, 71. 71 Pls.’ Resp. at 8

. 72 Id. 73 Defendants also maintain that they are entitled to immunity under the PREP Act simply because Ms. Bradshaw was being treated for COVID

- 19

. Given the ruling above and the procedural posture , the Court need not address this argument.15 V. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons , Defendants’ Motion s to Dismiss are

DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

/s/ Jan R. Jurden Jan R. Jurden, President Judge

cc: Prothonotary