* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined

that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent

except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.

R. 47.5.4.

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United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

August 2, 2006

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

____________________

No. 04-61048

Summary Calendar

____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

CAREL EDWARD HORTON, also known as Carl Edward Horton

Defendant - Appellant

_________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Mississippi

No. 3:04-CR-64

_________________________________________________________________

Before KING, WIENER, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Defendant-appellant Carel Edward Horton appeals from his

conviction and sentence for possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),

924(a)(2). Horton challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to

establish his constructive possession of the assault rifle found
1 Fred Mallard and Derrick Young--two of the men who

allegedly accompanied M. Davis and Horton to the Inge Street

location in separate cars--were also apparently shot in the

ensuing gunfight, although neither man identified who shot him.

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in the backseat of his vehicle during a police investigation of a

related shooting incident. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 10, 2004, Carel Edward Horton (“Horton”) left work

around 5:00 p.m. and went to his grandmother’s house, where he

learned that his cousin, Devon Davis (“D. Davis”), had recently

been shot on Capitol Street in Jackson, Mississippi. According

to the government, Horton then met with D. Davis’s brother

Maurice Davis (“M. Davis”) at Horton’s mother’s house and planned

to drive to a house located on Inge Street, where D. Davis’s

assailant allegedly resided. With Horton driving his 1991

burgundy Cadillac, the two men then apparently went to the

location on Inge Street and parked in front of the house of

Patricia Nowlin (“Nowlin”). Nowlin testified that she witnessed

three or four unidentified men emerge from the Cadillac and

approach a nearby house. After a brief altercation, one of the

men shot an individual at the house named Harry McNeil in the

leg.1

When Jackson Police Sergeant Tamara Miliken (“Miliken”)

arrived at the scene to investigate the shooting of D. Davis, she

heard shots being fired from Inge Street and called for backup. 

Miliken also noticed a burgundy Cadillac parked near the location
2 The rifle and the loaded clip of ammunition were

submitted into evidence. A federal agent later testified that

the weapon was in operating condition. A crime scene

investigator also testified that the lack of discernable

fingerprints on the rifle was probably due to raised surfaces and

smudges on the weapon, which he stated was a common problem in

such investigations.

3 After Horton admitted that the car belonged to him, the

police discovered Horton’s wallet, driver’s license, and a

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of the firing and observed people running away from Inge Street. 

Shortly thereafter, Miliken was joined at the scene by Jackson

Police Detective Kent Daniel and Jackson Police Officer Cordell

Frazier (“Frazier”). By the time Frazier arrived, nobody was

around the Cadillac, but the front and rear passenger doors were

ajar. Frazier saw an assault rifle with a loaded clip of

ammunition lying in plain view in the backseat of the Cadillac.2

The car was not running, and there was no key in the ignition,

which did not appear to have been tampered with. 

While at the Inge Street location, Jackson Police Officer

Charlando Thompson (“Thompson”), who had relieved Frazier at the

scene, received a dispatch call to investigate the theft of a

burgundy Cadillac. Thompson responded to the call and met with

Horton at a nearby location on Bratton Street. At first, Horton

claimed that he had left his car running with the key in the

ignition while at a grocery store and that it was stolen. 

Because Horton’s car was found at the scene of a crime, Thompson

apprehended Horton and found a car key that fit the Cadillac’s

ignition in Horton’s pocket during a routine patdown.3 At the
Mississippi Department of Corrections document bearing his name

in the car after a complete search of the vehicle.

4 The man who sold the Cadillac to Horton testified at

trial that the anti-theft features of the vehicle would make it

impossible to start the car without the ignition key. However,

Horton’s wife, Velissha Horton, testified that the key could be

removed from the ignition while the car was running and that the

car could be driven in this way. 

5 During his case-in-chief, Horton conceded that he had

signed the statement but insisted that he did so only because the

detectives told him that he would be let go if he cooperated. 

Horton does not contend on appeal, however, that the statement

was involuntary or illegally coerced in any way.

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police station, a gunshot residue test was performed on Horton to

determine whether he had recently fired a weapon, which came back

negative. Horton again stated that his car was stolen when he

went into the grocery store to buy beer and that a defect in the

ignition switch allowed the car to be started without a key.4 He

then changed his story and claimed that M. Davis had taken his

car while he was in the grocery store. Finally, after the

detectives told Horton that they believed he was lying, Horton

signed a written statement, admitting that his car had not been

stolen, that he and M. Davis had driven to Inge Street, and that

M. Davis had shot a man in the leg.5

Based on the rifle found in the backseat of his car and his

previous conviction for murder on November 14, 1988, Horton was

indicted on one count of knowing possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),

924(a)(2). Although he unsuccessfully moved for a judgment of
6 In order to establish a violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1), the government must prove three elements beyond a

reasonable doubt: (1) that the defendant previously had been

convicted of a felony; (2) that he possessed a firearm; and (3)

that the firearm traveled in or affected interstate commerce. 

United States v. Guidry, 406 F.3d 314, 318 (5th Cir. 2005). 

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acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29(a) after

the government presented its case-in-chief, Horton did not renew

his Rule 29(a) motion at the conclusion of all the evidence. On

October 25, 2004, the jury convicted Horton. The district court

subsequently sentenced Horton to sixty-three months in prison, a

three-year term of supervised release, and a $100 special

assessment. Horton timely appealed his conviction and sentence. 

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Horton challenges only the sufficiency of the

evidence with respect to establishing his constructive possession

of the rifle found in the backseat of his Cadillac.6 More

specifically, Horton argues that the government’s circumstantial

evidence connecting him to the weapon was too weak to overcome

the lack of direct witness testimony placing Horton in the car at

any time relevant to the shooting incident. Contrary to the

government’s presentation of the evidence, Horton maintains that

the evidence gives at least equal support to a theory of

innocence as to a theory of guilt because it is highly unlikely

that Horton would have left the rifle in the backseat of his car

on the way to an armed confrontation. Accordingly, Horton

contends that a reasonable jury would have entertained reasonable
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doubts about his guilt, and reversal is required.

The government responds that the evidence adduced at trial

was sufficient to sustain the jury’s verdict. First, Horton

himself signed a written statement that placed him in the car at

the time of the shooting. Moreover, the jury was presented with

circumstantial evidence and testimony that could give rise to a

reasonable inference of constructive possession of the rifle

found in the backseat of his Cadillac--that is, Horton was in a

position to exercise dominion and control over the rifle. See

United States v. Patterson, 431 F.3d 832, 837 (5th Cir. 2005)

(“Generally, a person has constructive possession over contraband

if he knowingly has control over the contraband itself or over

the premises in which the contraband is located.”). Therefore,

the government urges this court to affirm the conviction and

sentence.

As a general matter, we review challenges to the sufficiency

of the evidence in the light most favorable to the government,

drawing all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in

favor of the jury’s verdict. See United States v. Cain, 440 F.3d

672, 675 (5th Cir. 2006); United States v. Guidry, 406 F.3d 314,

318 (5th Cir. 2005) (“It is not our role . . . to second-guess

the determinations of the jury as to the credibility of the

evidence.”). When, however, as here, the defendant fails to

renew his motion for a judgment of acquittal at the close of all

the evidence, we review only for a manifest miscarriage of
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justice--that is, “the record must be devoid of evidence of guilt

or the evidence must be so tenuous that a conviction is

shocking.” United States v. Avants, 367 F.3d 433, 449 (5th Cir.

2004); see also United States v. Green, 293 F.3d 886, 895 (5th

Cir. 2002) (noting that “sufficiency of the evidence claims are

reviewed under a stricter than usual standard, because none of

the defendants renewed their motions for judgment of acquittal at

the close of all evidence”).

Our review of the record reveals ample evidence and witness

testimony from which the jury could draw a reasonable inference

of guilt to sustain Horton’s conviction. Although Horton now

denies admitting that he drove M. Davis to the location on Inge

Street and argues that someone stole his car and left the rifle

in the backseat, the government’s witnesses testified that the

shooting incident took place just moments after Horton parked his

car on Inge Street and that nobody returned to the Cadillac after

the gunfire began until the police arrived at the scene and found

the rifle in the backseat. This evidence provided a sufficient

basis to support the jury’s finding that Horton at least

constructively possessed the rifle found in his car. See

Patterson, 431 F.3d at 837 (noting that the jury was entitled to

conclude that the defendant constructively possessed a firearm

based on evidence that “he had knowledge of and access to the

firearm”). Moreover, the jury was entitled to disbelieve Horton

in light of the inconsistencies in his own version of the story
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during the investigation. See United States v. Rodriguez, 278

F.3d 486, 490 (5th Cir. 2002) (noting that “the jury is free to

choose among all reasonable constructions of the evidence and

this Court will accept all credibility choices that tend to

support the jury’s verdict”). Because there is unquestionably

evidence of guilt in the record to sustain the conviction, we

conclude that there has been no manifest miscarriage of justice

in this case nor any other persuasive grounds for reversal. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Horton’s conviction and

sentence.