In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: September 14, 2015

S15F0964. HART v. HART.

THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

This case involves an appeal from a trial court’s final divorce decree

which incorporated the parties’ settlement agreement. In 2013, appellant

Victoria Hart (“wife”), filed a complaint seeking a divorce from her husband,

Lee Hart (“husband”). The parties’ pre-trial efforts to settle, including

mediation, were unsuccessful and they proceeded to trial. They continued to

negotiate, both with and without the aid of counsel, until the morning of trial but

began selecting a jury after they were unable to resolve their differences. 

Following a mid-day recess, the parties informed the trial court that they

had reached an agreement. The trial court stated its understanding that the

parties had reached an agreement, directed counsel to put the parties’ agreement

on the record, and instructed counsel and the parties to listen carefully and ask

questions if they had any. Wife’s counsel then announced the parties’
settlement agreement on the record, the undisputed terms of which included that:

(1) the marital share of husband’s military retirement would be split equally

between the parties; (2) wife would remain the named beneficiary on husband’s

survivor benefit plan; (3) wife would receive $5,000 from husband’s Thrift

Savings Plan; (4) wife would receive alimony of $1,375 per month for 24

months beginning on a date certain; (5) personal property,including family pets,

would be divided in accordance with a list prepared by the parties; (6) husband

would assume responsibility for all marital debt; and (7) husband would receive

the marital home. Although the announced settlement made no mention of

husband’s unvested civil service retirement,1counsel for both parties affirmed

at the conclusion of the hearing that the terms announced on the record covered

“everything.”

In the following weeks, counsel worked to memorialize the settlement in

a written document to be presented to the trial court, resulting in a final draft

containing numerous revisions requested by wife, none of which are at issue in

this appeal. Each version of the agreement jointly drafted by counsel included

1 Husband asserts and wife does not dispute that his civil service retirement has not

yet vested and the receipt of any funds from this account in the future is dependant upon his

continued employment for the required number of years. 

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language stating that the agreement constituted a final settlement of all issues

and a provision stating that by entering into the agreement, the parties waived

any claims or rights they may have against the other as to retirement accounts

not mentioned in the agreement. The final draft was presented to the parties for

their signatures, but wife refused to sign and subsequently retained new counsel. 

After a hearing, the trial court granted husband’s motion to enforce the

parties’ settlement agreement and entered a final decree incorporating the last

revision of the draft agreement. In doing so, the trial court rejected wife’s

argument that the unsigned draft did not accurately reflect the agreement

between the parties because she never consented to waive her right to assert a

claim against husband’s civil service retirement. Wife subsequently filed an

application for discretionary appeal in which she alleged that the trial court

improperly added a substantive term to the parties’ settlement when it included

the challenged waiver language in the final decree.

2 See DeGarmo v. DeGarmo,

2 The final decree provides in paragraph 6, entitled “Alimony and Retirement,” that

“[w]ith respect to alimony between the parties and retirement accounts, except for what is

expressly set out herein, each of the parties waives and renounces any and all rights, or

claims that theymay have against each other as to alimony and retirement accounts, now and

in the future, except in the terms and conditions of this agreement and full settlement

thereof.” Paragraph 8 of the final decree, entitled “Thrift Savings Plan,” similarly states that

“[w]ith respect to retirement accounts, except for what is expressly set out herein, each of the

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269 Ga. 480 (499 SE2d 317) (1998); Reichard v. Reichard, 262 Ga. 561 (423

SE2d 241) (1992). This Court granted wife’s application pursuant to Rule 34

(4) of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Georgia, and for the reasons that

follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

We note initially that wife does not dispute the trial court’s finding that

the parties reached an enforceable settlement agreement. See Herndon v.

Herndon, 227 Ga. 781, 783-784 (183 SE2d 386) (1971) ("parties to a [divorce

case] may by oral agreement compromise and settle the same, which will bind

them although not reduced to writing. [Cit.]"). Rather, wife’s sole contention

on appeal is that the trial court erred by finding that she agreed as part of the

settlement to waive her right to claim an interest in husband’s civil service

retirement and incorporating the waiver of that right into the final decree.

3

Thus, the issue before the trial court and now before this Court is what was the

intent of the parties with regard to husband’s civil service retirement when they

parties waives and renounces any and all rights, or claims that they may have against each

other as to their respective retirement accounts, now and in the future, except in the terms and

condition of this agreement and full settlement thereof. ” 

3 Although wife suggests in one sentence of her brief that the trial court also may have

improperly added to the parties’ settlement a provision waiving the right to future

modifications of alimony and retirement, she did not raise this issue in the trial court and any

allegations of error related to this issue are not properly before us in this appeal. 

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announced that they had reached a settlement covering all issues in their divorce

action. 

We begin our analysis by recognizing the maxim that “[s]ettlement

agreements in divorce cases are construed in the same manner as all other

contractual agreements.” Buckner v. Buckner, 294 Ga. 705, 708 (755 SE2d

722) (2014). Thus, "[w]here the parties in a divorce action enter into a

settlement agreement, its meaning and effect should be determined according to

the usual rules for the construction of contracts, the cardinal rule being to

ascertain the intention of the parties.” Cousins v. Cousins, 253 Ga. 30, 31 (1)

(315 SE2d 420) (1984). See also OCGA § 13-2-3.

In determining if parties had the mutual assent or meeting of the

minds necessary to reach agreement, courts apply an objective

theory of intent whereby one party's intention is deemed to be that

meaning a reasonable [person] in the position of the other

contracting party would ascribe to the first party's manifestations of

assent. In making that determination, the circumstances

surrounding themaking of the contract, such as correspondence and

discussions, are relevant in deciding if there was a mutual assent to

an agreement, and courts are free to consider such extrinsic

evidence.

(Citations and punctuation omitted) Frickey v. Jones, 280 Ga. 573, 575 (630

SE2d 374) (2006). See Paul v. Paul, 235 Ga. 382, 384 (219 SE2d 736) (1975)

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(to discern intent of parties, courts should consider the whole of the agreement

and the surrounding circumstances); OCGA § 13-2-2 (1) (attendant and

surrounding circumstances may be proved to arrive at true interpretation of a

contract). Courts, of course, are limited to those terms upon which the parties

have actually agreed, for absent the parties’ mutual assent, there is no

enforceable contract. See Reichard, 262 Ga. at 564. We review a trial court’s

order on a motion to enforce a settlement agreement de novo. See Allen v. Sea

Gardens Seafood, Inc., 290 Ga. 715, 717 (2) (723 SE2d 669) (2012). 

The record in this case demonstrates that there were extensive settlement

negotiations between husband and wife, including negotiations related to

husband’s possible future civil service retirement. Throughout these

negotiations, husband steadfastly refused to agree to any settlement which

reserved to wife a right to claim an interest in his civil service retirement. The

parties’ negotiations ultimately resulted in a settlement the terms of which were

announced on the record and which was intended to resolve all issues in the

divorce action. This intent is evidenced by the parties’ statements affirming that

they had reached a full settlement, the dismissal of the jury already selected, and

the absence of any objection to the inclusion of language in the jointly drafted

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written agreement stating that “the parties had agreed to a final settlement of the

complaint and counter-claim for divorce.” See Sponsler v. Sponsler, 287 Ga.

725, 727 (1) (699 SE2d 22) (2010) (rejecting husband’s argument that

settlement terms remained in dispute after settlement was announced to the trial

court where husband knew settlement was intended to be final resolution of all

issues and he failed to object to announced terms). Compare Anderson v.

Larkin, 190 Ga. App. 283, 284-285 (378 SE2d 707) (1989) (holding that

agreement to division of real property did not evidence parties’ intent to settle

all claims at issue). See also Herring v. Dunning, 213 Ga. App. 695, 697 (446

SE2d 199) (1994) (recognizing that “an offer to compromise is an offer to

terminate the controversy” and in litigation “compromise” is synonymous with

“settlement”). Although the parties’ correspondence shows that wife’s counsel

requested revisions to the language of the drafted agreement, none of the

requested revisions related to husband’s civil service retirement, to the language

indicating that the settlement was intended as a full and final settlement of all

issues, or to the waiver language wife now challenges. In fact, it was not until

wife obtained new counsel and husband filed his motion to enforce that the first

objection to the waiver language was raised.

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Based on this record and applying the above-mentioned principles of

contract construction, we conclude that under the circumstances of this case, the

trial court correctly determined that as part of her agreement to finally settle all

issues between the parties, wife agreed to waive any interest she may have had

in husband’s civil service retirement. The terms of the announced settlement

and the conduct and statements of the parties and their counsel, both at the time

the settlement was announced and during the drafting of the written agreement,

all support the finding that a reasonable person in husband’s position would

ascribe to wife her assent to waive any claims she may have had against

husband’s civil service retirement.4 See Stookey v. Stookey, 274 Ga. 472, 473

4 We note that husband attached to his appellate brief an affidavit signed by wife’s

trial counsel averring: (1) that on the first day of trial, wife accepted husband’s last offer to

settle all claims in exchange for one-half of husband’s military retirement and $5,000 from

his Thrift Savings Plan; (2) that husband offered wife no interest in his civil service

retirement; and (3) that counsel for both parties reached a mutually approved settlement

agreement which was mailed to wife for her signature but she refused to sign. This affidavit,

however, was not admitted in evidence and played no part in our decision-making in this

case. Compare Stookey v. Stookey, 274 Ga. 472, 472-473 (554 SE2d 472) (2001) (where

counsel on motion to enforce settlement agreement introduced in the trial court affidavits of

opposing counsel claiming that there was a settlement agreement, that counsel had authority

to enter into the agreement, and that the written document offered in court fairly

encompassed the terms of the parties’ agreement). See also Brumbelow v. Northern Propane

Gas Co., 251 Ga. 674, 674-675 (308 SE2d 544) (1983) (attorney of record has apparent

authority to enter into an agreement on behalf of client). 

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(1) (554 SE2d 472) (2001) (factual findings made by trial court on motion to

enforce settlement agreement will not be set aside unless clearly erroneous);

Kreimer v. Kreimer, 274 Ga. 359, 362 (1) (552 SE2d 826) (2001) (finding

parties did not intend to transfer assets in retirement accounts to wife where

parties’ intent was to equally divide value of marital assets and settlement

memorandum made no provision for impact of early withdrawal penalties on

division of assets); Tillman v. Vinings Bank, 324 Ga. App. 469, 473 (1) (751

SE2d 117) (2013) (finding that where separate settlement agreements drafted by

opposing counsel both contained the disputed term, a reasonable person would

ascribe to the opposing party her assent to that term). The absence of an

affirmative statement regarding husband’s civil service retirement in the

announced settlement does not, contrary to wife’s argument, mandate the

conclusion that this issue was left unresolved by the settlement reached by the

parties. In fact, had the parties not intended to resolve their differences

regarding this retirement account, clearly that issue would have been submitted

to the jury already selected by the parties. 

We conclude, therefore, that the facts of this case are distinguishable from

the facts in Reichard, 262 Ga. 561, where it was undisputed that the proposed

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written settlement agreement contained additional substantive terms not agreed

to by the parties, and DeGarmo, 269 Ga. 480, where the evidence supported the

finding that the final decree included several substantive provisions notincluded

in the parties’ settlement agreement. In contrast, the record in this case supports

the finding that the parties mutually agreed to waive any claims they may have

had to retirement accounts not mentioned in the announced settlement, and the

trial court simply included in its final decree language reflecting the parties’

mutual assent. It follows that the trial court was authorized to include the

waiver language in its final divorce decree. See Little v. Little, 236 Ga. 102,

103 (1) (222 SE2d 384) (1976) (A "trial court [is] authorized to approve the

terms of [an] oral settlement agreed to by the parties and to . . . incorporate it in

the final decree") (citation omitted). 

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

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