United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh Products 

Branch 

November 2000 

Florida Avocados 

Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions 
Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions for 

Florida Avocados 

These inspection instructions are specifically developed and designed by the 

Fresh Products Branch to assist officially licensed inspectors in the interpretation and 

application of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados, Sections 51.3050. 

These instructions do not establish any substantial rule not legally authorized by 

the official grade standards. This publication supersedes any previously issued 

inspection instructions. 

Refer to General Inspection Instructions for additional information pertaining to 

date, inspection point, carrier, condition of carrier, lading, etc. not covered in these 

instructions. (Reference to "General Inspection Instructions" in all Fresh Products 

Branch publications refers to any one, or all of the following - General Shipping Point 

Inspection Instructions, General Market Inspection Instructions, or Fresh Fruit and 

Vegetable Certificate Writing Handbooks.) 

Any portion of these instructions beginning with a section number such as 51.--­

and followed with bold print is material copied directly from the U.S. standards. The 

U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados are printed in the appendix of this 

instruction. All of the U.S. standards are available on the Internet under the USDA 

homepage. 

!November 20001 

This replaces instructions dated November 1965 

I This publication may be duplicated without authorization from USDA I 
Factors noted with (QJ are considered quality only. Factors noted with (CJ are 

considered condition at market. Factors with (Q or CJ may be considered as quality 

or condition depending on the circumstances. 

Table of Contents 

(1) GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 1 

(2) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING ............................................................................... 1 

SIZE OF SAMPLE ............................................................................................................ 1 

SAMPLING TO DETERMINE INTERNAL DEFECTS .............................................................. 2 

NUMBER OF SAMPLES .................................................................................................... 2 

(3) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ......................................... 2 

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES ........................................................................................ 3 

(4) NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE ............................................................................ 4 

HEADINGS ON NOTESHEETS ............................................................................................ 4 

HANDWRITTEN CERTIFICATES ......................................................................................... 5 

PRODUCT······················································································································ 5 

NUMBER/TYPE OF CONTAINERS ...................................................................................... 5 

BRANDS/MARKINGS ........................................................................................................ 5 

ORIGIN .......................................................................................................................... 5 

(5) CONDITION OF PACK .............................................................................................. 6 

STANDARD PACK ........................................................................................................ 6 

(6) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT ............................................................................... 7 

(7) SIZE ........................................................................................................................... 7 

MARKING AS TO COUNT ............................................................................................... 8 

(8) QUALITY AND CONDITION ..................................................................................... 8 

SIMILAR VARIETAL CHARACTERISTICS (Q) ........................................................................ 8 

FIRMNESS/RIPENESS (C) ................................................................................................ 9 

MATURITY(Q) ............................................................................................................. 10 

CLEANNESS (Q) ........................................................................................................... 10 

COLOR (Q) .................................................................................................................. 11 

SHAPE (Q) ................................................................................................................... 11 

TRIMMING (Q) .............................................................................................................. 12 

ANTHRACNOSE (C) ........................................................................................................ 12 

BRUISES (C) ................................................................................................................ 13 

CERCOSPORA SPOT (C) ............................................................................................... 13 

CUTS OR OTHER SKIN BREAKS (Q OR C) ....................................................................... 14 
Revised, April 2004, HU 147-3(a), Page ii, 

Florida Avocados, Shipping and Market Inspection 

Instructions, November 2000 

DISCOLORATION (Q OR C) ............................................................................................ 15 

INTERNAL DISCOLORATION (C) ...................................................................................... 15 

PULLED STEMS (Q) ...................................................................................................... 16 

SCARS OR SCAB (Q) .................................................................................................... 16 

SPROUTED SEED (Q) ................................................................................................... 17 

SUNBURN (Q) .............................................................................................................. 17 

FREEZING AND FREEZING INJURY (C) ............................................................................. 18 

DECAY (C) ................................................................................................................... 18 

Appendix I - U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados 

Appendix II - Notesheet and Certificate Examples 

ii 
Avocado 

\ Blossom End 
Revised, May 2011 , H U-155-9( a) 

Page 1, Florida Avocados, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, November 2000 

(1) GENERAL 

The U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados only apply to avocados from 

Florida or avocados being imported (based on import requirements for avocados.) For 

all other avocados, the U.S. standards do not apply and these instructions are to be 

used only as a guide. When inspecting fruit from somewhere other than Florida, do not 

use the terms "damage," "serious damage," or "very serious damage." Further, do not 

use descriptive terms such as "materially," "seriously" or "very seriously affecting the 

appearance" as these are used in the general definitions of damage, serious damage 

and very serious damage. Describe the objectionable factors in terms of color, area 

affected and depth, etc. 

All avocados imported into the United States must meet the ongoing minimum 

grade and maturity requirements for Marketing Order No. 915 prior to importation 

(release from custody of the United States Customs Service). Avocados must grade at 

least U.S. No. 2, as defined in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados. All 

avocados, except Haas, Fuerte, Zutano and Edranol varieties, must meet the current 

maturity shipping schedule requirements as set forth annually by the Florida Avocado 

Administrative Committee. It will be necessary to state in the "Remarks" section on 

certificates and notesheets: "Inspection based on the U.S. Standards for Grades of 

Florida Avocados per Import Requirements." 

(2) REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING 

The importance of obtaining representative samples cannot be over emphasized. 

Accurate certification is possible only if the samples examined are truly representative 

of the entire lot or accessible portion. All portions of a lot or load should receive the 

same attention in sampling regardless of the difficulty involved in reaching all layers or 

parts of a lot or load. 

Size of Sample 

The tolerances in the U.S. Standards for Grades of Florida Avocados are 

determined on the basis of count. Examine a minimum of 25 avocados from 

containers with 25 or more fruit (including bulk bins). The entire contents of containers 

shall be examined for packages with less than 25 fruit, regardless of the quality or 

condition of the lot. Whenever defects exceed the container or lot tolerance in one or 

**** more samples, double the sample size {bulk bins) or examine the entire contents in 

at least one container for the lot or container(s) exceeding the tolerance.   

1 
Sampling to Determine Internal Defects 

The number of fruit cut for internal defects is discretionary. The inspector shall 

cut a sufficient number of fruit to make an informed decision of the internal quality of the 

fruit, yet not cut fruit unnecessarily. The percentage of internal defects is based on the 

entire container or the number of fruit in a sample and not on the number of fruit cut. 

Number of Samples 

Due to potential variations in size, quality, condition, no definite rule can be 

provided as to a required number of samples. A minimum of 1 % of the load is 

recommended. It is the inspector's responsibility to examine enough samples to ensure 

an accurate description of the entire lot. Regardless of the number of containers in the 

lot a minimum of three samples shall be examined. 

(3) TOLERANCES AND APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES 

§51.3050 U.S. No. 1 ... (a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations 

incident to proper grading and handling, not more than a total of 10 

percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of 

this amount, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for avocados affected by 

decay or anthracnose, including therein not more than 1 percent for 

avocados affected by decay. 

§51.3051 U.S. Combination ... (a) Tolerances. In order to allow for 

variations incident to proper grading and handling, not more than a 

total of 10 percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to 

meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 2 grade: Provided, That not 

more than one-half of this amount, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for 

avocados affected by decay or seriously damaged by anthracnose, 

including therein not more than 1 percent for avocados affected by 

decay. No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot 

as a whole the percentage of U.S. No. 1 fruit required or specified in 

the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 

10 percent less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 fruit required or 

specified. 

§51.3052 U.S. No. 2 ... (a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations 

incident to proper grading and handling, not more than a total of 10 

2 
percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of 

this amount, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for avocados affected by 

decay or seriously damaged by anthracnose, including therein not 

more than 1 percent for avocados affected by decay. 

§51.3053 U.S. No. 3 ... (a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations 

incident to proper grading and handling, not more than a total of 10 

percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of this grade, including therein not more than 2 percent 

for avocados affected by decay. (See §§51.3055 and 51.3056.) 

U.S. No. 1 U.S. Comb1 U.S. No. 22 U.S. No. 3 

Total Defects 10% 10% 10% 10% 

Including, Decay or 

Anthracnose: 5% N/A3 N/A3 N/A3 

Including, Decay or 

serious damage 

by Anthracnose: N/A3 5% 5% N/A3 

including, decay 1% 1% 1% 2% 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.3056 Application of tolerances ... (a) The contents of individual 

packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the 

following limitations: Provided, That the averages for the entire lot 

are within the tolerances specified for the grade: (1) For packages 

which contain more than 20 avocados and a tolerance of 10 percent 

or more is provided, individual packages in any lot shall have not 

1 No part of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of 

U.S. No. 1 required (at least 60%) or specified in the combination. Individual containers may have not 

more than 10 percent less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 required or specified. 

2 By count, of the fruit in any lot may fail to meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 2 grade. 

3 NIA - Not Applicable. 

3 
more than one and one-half times the tolerance specified. For 

packages which contain more than 20 avocados and a tolerance of 

less than 10 percent is provided, individual packages in any lot shall 

have not more than double the tolerance specified, except that at 

least one defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted in 

any package; and, (2) For packages which contain 20 avocados or 

less, individual packages shall have not more than double the 

tolerance specified, except that at least one defective and one offsize specimen may be permitted in any package. 

Packages containing more than 20 avocados: 

10% tolerance - not more than 1-1 /2 times the tolerance. 

Less than 10% tolerance - not more than double the tolerance except at 

least 1 defective and 1 off-size fruit may be permitted in any package. 

Packages containing 20 avocados or less: 

Not more than double the tolerance except at least 1 defective and 1 

off-size may be permitted in any package. 

(4) NOTESHEET AND CERTIFICATE 

Entries on the notesheet and certificate are to be kept in a legible and accurate 

manner. It is mandatory that all information appearing on the certificate be supported 

by information on the notesheet. When the inspection is complete, it is the 

responsibility of the inspector to ensure that all information is properly recorded. 

Notations shall be recorded so anyone familiar with inspection procedures can interpret 

them and write a certificate. 

Headings on Notesheets 

Detailed instructions pertaining to date, inspection point, place of inspection, type 

of carrier, lading, etc., which are not covered by these instructions may be found in the 

General Inspection Instructions. Your supervisor may give additional information and 

instructions. 

4 
Handwritten Certificates 

The handwritten certificate (FV-184 at shipping point and FV-300 at market) 

should be written with great care since they are given to the applicant at the completion 

of the inspection. 

Please refer to the FV-184 or FV-300 certificate handbooks and your immediate 

supervisor for instructions regarding the procedures to follow when writing certificates. 

Product 

"Avocados" shall be used to describe this commodity in the "Product" section. 

Type or variety may be used in conjunction with "Avocados" or may be reported in the 

"Lot ID" section on market notesheets and certificates or in the "ProducWariety" section 

on the shipping point inspection certificates. 

Number/Type of Containers 

The number of containers shall always be reported. The count of large lots 

certified in a warehouse or on a platform may be reported on the authority of someone 

other than the inspector. However, the inspector is responsible for assuring that the 

approximate number of the containers reported in the lot are present. Small lots (100 

containers or less) and lots that can be counted with accuracy are to be reported on the 

inspector's authority as "inspector's count." 

Florida avocados are generally packed in single or multiple layer containers. 

They may be in cartons, or consumer packages within master containers. The type of 

container shall always be reported under this heading. 

Brands/Markings 

The brand, variety, size, count, point of origin and other important information 

appearing on the container should be reported on the notesheet in the 

"Brands/Markings" section. Only the brand name and other pertinent information should 

appear in this section on the certificate. 

Origin 

The inspector should not make a positive statement regarding product origin on 

their own authority. When container markings list the State or country of origin, it 

5 
should be quoted in the appropriate space on notesheets and certificates. This policy is 

necessary because some firms may use one mark on the same product packed in 

several States. The inspector can certify only to the marks and has no means of 

verifying what State or country the avocado is grown. If packages are not marked, or 

the avocados are in bulk, refer to the General Inspection Instructions. 

(5) CONDITION OF PACK 

The following terms shall be used to describe the tightness of pack: 

"Very tight" means the avocados are packed so tightly that it usually results in 

injury. 

"Tight" means that both pack and bulge of the container are satisfactory. 

"Fairly tight" is the condition between "tight" and "slack," that is, tight enough to 

prevent the specimens from moving within the container. 

"Slack" means the container is not sufficiently full and free movement of the fruit 

occurs. The amount of slackness shall be reported in inches or fractions of an inch. 

Standard Pack 

Standard pack is only determined when specifically requested by the applicant, 

as it is not a requirement of the grade(s). When requested to determine standard pack, 

use the following requirements: 

§51.3055 Standard Pack. (a) The avocados shall be packed in 

accordance with good commercial practice and the pack shall be at 

least fairly tight. The weight of the smallest fruit in any container 

shall be not less than 75 percent of the weight of the largest fruit in 

the container. Size of the avocados may be specified by count. 

(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper sizing and 

packing, not more than 5 percent, by count, of the avocados in any 

container may weigh less than 75 percent of the weight of the largest 

fruit: Provided, That no fruit in any container shall weigh less than 60 

percent of the weight of the largest fruit in the container. In addition, 

not more than 5 percent of the containers in any lot may fail to meet 

the requirements as to tightness of pack. 

6 
Important points to remember when determining standard pack: 

• The application of tolerances does not apply to standard pack. Not more than 

5% of the containers in a lot may fail to meet the requirements of standard 

pack. 

• A lot of avocados can fail to meet standard pack and still meet grade. The 

grade statement would be as follows: "U.S. No. 1. Fails to meet the 

requirements of standard pack." 

• Note in the "Remarks" section of the certificate and notesheet "Standard pack 

determined at applicant's request." 

(6) TEMPERATURE OF PRODUCT 

Refer to the General Inspection Instructions for information not covered in this 

section. 

Inspectors would not normally determine or report temperatures at shipping 

point. However, due to the importance of the pulp temperature of fresh fruits and 

vegetables when in transit or at destination, it is essential that the inspector accurately 

read and report the temperature or range in temperatures on each lot. Pulp 

temperature should be reported regardless of the location of the product, whether in the 

carrier, warehouse, or stacked on the platform. Remember to pre-cool the thermometer 

in order to obtain true readings. 

A minimum of three temperatures for each lot must be taken and recorded on the 

notesheet. More temperatures shall be taken if the lot is abnormally cold, heated, or 

there is a specific request for temperature. 

(7) SIZE 

Size generally will not be in question unless the fruit is irregular in appearance. 

When reporting size the following terms shall be used: 

"Fairly uniform" means that not more than 5%, by count, of the avocados in any 

container weigh less than 75% of the weight of the largest fruit: Provided, that no fruit in 

any container shall weigh less than 60% of the weight of the largest fruit in the 

container. 

7 
For example: If the weight of the largest fruit is 16 ounces, each fruit weighing 

less than 12 ounces would be scored against the 5% tolerance permitted for fruit which 

fail to meet the "fairly uniform" requirement. Any fruit weighing less than 9.6 ounces 

would cause the container and the lot to fail to meet the "fairly uniform" requirement. 

"Irregular" A lot would be considered "irregular" when not meeting the 

requirements of "fairly uniform" as defined above. When reporting a lot as irregular the 

percentage that fails to meet the requirement of "fairly uniform" shall be shown to justify 

the use of the term "irregular." 

The term "uniform" shall not be used. 

Marking as to Count 

When containers are marked to count and do not conform to count, it is to be 

report this fact in the "Other" section on market certificates and in the "Description of 

Products" section on shipping point certificates. Report the range and the average of 

fruit per container as well as percentage of containers not conforming to count. For 

example: "Counts range from 15 to 18, average 16; 50% of cartons fail to meet count as 

marked." This may be a misbranding violation. For further instructions see PAGA 

Ruling on Grade and Size Markings in the General Inspection Instructions. 

If count is not marked on the container, but requested by the applicant, give a 

range and average, and under "Remarks" section of certificates and notesheets "Count 

reported at applicant's request." 

(8) QUALITY AND CONDITION 

Statements pertaining to freshness, maturity, shape, color, the amount and type 

of defects, and the amount of decay are shown under the appropriate headings. Factors 

noted with (Q) are considered as QUALITY only. Factors noted with (C) shall be 

reported as CONDITION on market certificates. Those factors noted with (Q or C) may 

be considered as QUALITY or CONDITION, depending on the circumstances. 

Similar Varietal Characteristics (Q) 

§51.3057 Similar varietal characteristics. "Similar varietal 

characteristics" means that the avocados in any container are similar 

in shape, texture, and color of skin and flesh. 

Avocado varieties differ according to shape, size and color of fruit. For example, 

fruit of the Pollock variety, when mature, may exceed 60 ounces in weight, while mature 

8 
Booth fruit may weigh less than 6 ounces. Size of the seed cavity and looseness of the 

seed in the cavity are among other characteristics. In comparison to the size of fruit, 

Waldin and Booth 1 have large seed cavities, while Booth 7 and Monroe have small 

seed cavities. Mature fruits of most varieties have green skin color with the exception of 

a few purple-skinned varieties such as Hardee. 

Use caution when scoring fruit as "dissimilar varietal characteristics." Some fruit 

(such as the Hass variety) naturally turn from a green fruit to a purple-black fruit as it 

ripens. 

Firmness/Ripeness (C) 

All U. S. grades for Florida avocados require avocados to be "Not Overripe." 

The following terms shall be used to describe the firmness: 

"Hard" means the avocado does not yield to moderate pressure. 

"Firm" means the avocado yields very slightly to moderate pressure. 

"Firm ripe" means the avocado yields slightly to moderate pressure and shows 

softening at the stem end. The flesh is fairly palatable, but has not reached prime 

eating condition. 

"Ripe" means the avocado yields readily to moderate pressure. At this stage of 

maturity it has reached the best eating condition. 

§51.3059 Overripe. "Overripe" means that the avocado is dead ripe 

with flesh soft or discolored and past commercial use. 

At the overripe stage of maturity, the avocado has very little resistance to slight 

pressure, the skin is usually discolored and the flesh is often bruised, dark and 

unattractive in appearance. 

Scoring Guide 

Avocados that are overripe shall be scored against all grades. 

NOTE: Some varieties naturally turn from a green color to a black color as they 

ripen. At this point, the inspector will have to rely upon how the avocado yields to the 

pressure applied. 

9 
Revised, May 2011 , H U-155-9(b) 

Page 10, Florida Avocados, Shipping Point and Market 

Inspection Instructions, November 2000 

Maturity (Q) 

The U.S. grades for Florida avocados require avocados to be mature. 

§51.3058 Mature. "Mature" means that the avocado has reached a 

stage of growth which will insure a proper completion of the ripening 

process. 

Scoring Guide 

Each year the avocado industry in Florida establishes picking and shipping dates 

by variety, and this regulation controls the shipment of immature fruit. Maturity is judged 

by weight, diameter, and color of skin. Therefore, if there is a question as to the 

maturity of the fruit in a load or lot review the Marketing Order or contact your supervisor 

for further information. Immature fruit is scored against the 10% total defect tolerance in 

all grades. 

NOTE: Fruit meeting the definition of mature but not meeting the Florida 

Marketing Order Requirements for weight, diameter, or skin color would "fail to 

meet Florida Marketing Order Requirements" but not be scored as "immature." 

** ** As per Marketing Order Administration Branch (MOAB) regulation § 944.31 

Avocado Import Maturity Regulation, there is a separate 10% tolerance for "fruit 

under the import maturity regulation" diameter and weight in ounces. Application 

of tolerances is double provided that no fruit is more than 2 ounces less than the 

minimum weight requirement, regardless of number of fruit per container. 

Cleanness (Q) 

The U.S. grades for Florida avocados have the following requirements for 

cleanness: 

U.S. No. 1, U.S. Combination, and U.S. No. 2: Clean. 

U.S. No. 3: No cleanness requirement. 

Definitions: 

§51.3061 Clean. "Clean" means that the avocado is practically free 

from dirt, staining or other foreign material.   

Scoring Guide 

Cleanness will seldom be a factor in the inspection of avocados as they 

are generally washed before packing. However, if the appearance of the individual 

avocado is materially affected by dirt or other foreign material, score as "damaged by 

dirt." 

10 
Color (Q) 

The U. S. grades for Florida avocados have the following requirements for color: 

U.S. No. 1: Well colored. 

U.S. Combination: At least 60 percent well colored, the remainder fairly well 

colored. 

U.S. No. 2: Fairly well colored. 

U.S. No. 3: No requirement. 

Definitions 

§51.3062 Well colored. "Well colored" means that the avocado has 

the color characteristic of the variety. 

§51.3066 Fairly well colored. "Fairly well colored" means that the 

avocado shows a shade of color which is fairly characteristic of the 

variety. 

Avocado varieties differ according to color of skin. Mature fruit of most varieties 

have green skin color with the exception of a few purple-skinned varieties such as 

Hardee. Other varieties, such as Hass, gradually turn purplish-black to black as they 

ripen. Characteristic color for the variety should not be scored as a defect. The normal 

color for the variety must be considered when determining the correct term(s) when 

describing color. 

Shape (Q) 

The U.S. grades for Florida avocados have the following requirements for shape: 

U.S. No. 1: Well formed. 

U.S. Combination: At least 60 percent well formed, the remainder fairly well 

formed. 

U.S. No. 2: Fairly well formed. 

U.S. No. 3: Not badly misshapen. 

11 
The normal shape for the variety must be considered when determining the 

correct term(s) used to describe shape. 

Definitions: 

§51.3060 Well formed. "Well formed" means that the avocado has 

the normal shape characteristic of the variety. 

§51.3065 Fairly well formed. "Fairly well formed" means that the 

avocado may be slightly abnormal in shape but not to the extent that 

the appearance is seriously affected. 

§51.3068 Badly misshapen. "Badly misshapen" means that the 

avocado is so badly curved, constricted, pointed or otherwise 

deformed that the appearance is very seriously affected. 

Trimming (Q) 

U.S. No. 1, U.S. Combination, and U.S. No. 2: Well trimmed. 

U.S. No. 3: No requirement. 

Definitions 

§51.3063 Well trimmed. "Well trimmed" means that the stem, when 

present, is cut off fairly smoothly at a point not more than one-fourth 

inch beyond the shoulder of the avocado. 

Anthracnose (C) 

Anthracnose is caused by a fungus. Anthracnose infections are slightly sunken 

and nearly circular in shape, dark brown to black, and vary from tiny spots to 1/2 inch or 

more in diameter. As the fruit ripens, the Anthracnose infection spreads rapidly into the 

flesh, causing a greenish-black fairly firm decay. The surface of the lesion may develop 

radial cracks and will show pinkish spore masses of the fungus during moist periods. 

Scoring Guide 

The U.S. No. 1 grade requires avocados to be "free from" Anthracnose. Score 

any amount of Anthracnose against the 5% restrictive tolerance for Anthracnose. 

12 
The U.S. No. 2 and U.S. No. 3 grades require avocados to be "free from serious 

damage" by Anthracnose. In the U.S. No. 2 grade there is a 5% restrictive tolerance for 

serious damage by Anthracnose. In the U.S. No. 3 grade serious damage by 

Anthracnose is scored against the total defects tolerance of 10%. 

§51.3067 Serious damage. (a) Anthracnose when any spot exceeds 

the area of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter, or when more than 3 

spots each of which exceeds the area of a circle three-sixteenths 

inch in diameter; 

When Anthracnose has advanced sufficiently to penetrate into the flesh, or when 

spots are large enough and soft enough to be easily penetrated by pressure from your 

fingers score as decay against the 1 % decay tolerance. 

Bruises (C) 

Bruises are a common defect of avocados, generally caused by the pack being 

too loose or too tight. Bruising occurs more often on firm ripe or ripe fruit. Small 

surface bruises incident to good commercial handling and packing practices should be 

disregarded unless excessively numerous. 

Scoring Guide 

As a guide, score as damage when any bruise exceeds 1/4 inch in depth, or 

when the aggregate area of all the bruises exceeds 5% of the surface. Score as 

serious damage any bruise exceeds 1/2 inch in depth, or when the aggregate area of all 

the bruises exceeds 10% of the surface. Score as very serious damage any bruise 

exceeds 3/4 inch in depth, or when the aggregate area of all the bruises exceeds 25% 

of the surface. 

Cercospora Spot (C) 

Cercospora Spot is caused by a fungus that is able to infect previously uninjured 

fruit and leaves. Spots on fruit appear as small-scattered greenish-white dots, which 

are generally 1/4 inch or less in diameter. These spots later develop into slightly 

sunken, light to dark brown spots of definite outline but irregular shape. A fungus often 

develops on the surface of these spots. The affected surface usually becomes cracked 

or fissured. Although the fungus is confined to the rind tissue, the dead, cracked tissue 

made in the rind allows an entrance for anthracnose and other decay organisms. 

The U.S. No. 1 grade requires avocados to be free from damage; the U.S. No. 2 

grade free from serious damage; and the U.S. No. 3 grade free from very serious 

damage by Cercospora Spot. 

13 
Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when any amount of Cercospora Spot is present. Score as 

serious damage when any spot exceeds an area of a circle 1 /4 inch in diameter, or 

when more than 3 spots each of which exceeds the area of a circle 3/16 inch in 

diameter, or the aggregate area of all spots exceeds the area of a circle 1 inch in 

diameter. 

Score as very serious damage when any spot exceeds the area of a circle 1 /2 

inch in diameter, or when more than 3 spots each of which exceeds the area of a circle 

3/8 inch in diameter, or when the aggregate area of all spots exceeds the area of a 

circle 1-1/2 inches in diameter. 

Cuts or Other Skin Breaks (Q or C) 

Cuts or other skin breaks may be caused by stem punctures, mechanical means 

during harvesting, or various other ways while growing or harvesting the fruit. 

Scoring Guide 

§51.3064 Damage .. . (a) Cuts or other skin breaks when not healed 

and penetrating beneath the epidermis or the aggregate area 

exceeds that of a rectangle 1 inch in length and one-eighth inch in 

width, or when healed and the appearance is materially affected; 

§51.3067 Serious damage .. . (b) Cuts or other skin breaks when not 

healed and penetrating into the flesh of the fruit, or the aggregate 

area exceeds that of a rectangle 1 inch in length and one-fourth inch 

in width, or when healed and the appearance is seriously affected; 

§51.3069 Very serious damage .. . (a) Cuts or other skin breaks when 

not healed and penetrating into the flesh of the fruit, or any skin 

break very seriously affecting the appearance, or the edible or 

shipping quality; 

En route or at destination healed cuts or other skin breaks are considered a 

quality factor and unhealed cuts or other skin breaks are considered a condition 

factor. 

14 
Discoloration (Q or C) 

Russeting or similar discoloration is defined in the standards and is based on the 

aggregate area of russeting of a light brown color. Discoloration of a lighter shade of 

color may be permitted on a greater area and darker shades of color shall be restricted 

to a lesser area, provided, that no discoloration shall be permitted which affects the 

appearance to a greater extent than the specified area of light brown surface 

discoloration. Discoloration, which occurred during transit, is a condition factor. 

Scoring Guide 

§51.3064 Damage ... (c) Russeting or similar discoloration when the 

appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of 

an avocado which has light brown surface discoloration aggregating 

10 percent of the fruit surface; 

§51.3067 Serious damage ... (d) Russeting or similar discoloration 

when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent 

than that of an avocado which has light brown surface discoloration 

aggregating 25 percent of the fruit surface; 

§51.3069 Very serious damage ... (c) Russeting or similar 

discoloration when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a 

greater extent than that of an avocado which has light brown surface 

discoloration aggregating 50 percent of the fruit surface; 

Internal Discoloration (C) 

Internal discoloration is generally caused by low temperatures. The flesh of 

affected fruit may become a grayish-brown color. 

Scoring Guide 

Score internal discoloration under the general definition of damage, serious 

damage and very serious damage. 

NOTE: When avocados are cut the outer layer of the seed often adheres to the 

flesh do not score this as discoloration. 

15 
Pulled Stems (Q) 

Avocados are generally harvested by clipping the fruit from the trees. However, 

if fruit is pulled from the trees when harvesting, the result may be pulled stems. 

Scoring Guide 

§51.3064 Damage ... (b) Pulled stems when the exposed stem cavity is 

excessively deep, or when skin surrounding the stem cavity is more 

than slightly torn; 

§51.3067 Serious damage ... (c) Pulled stems when the skin 

surrounding the exposed stem cavity is torn more than an aggregate 

area of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter, or when the flesh is torn; 

§51.3069 Very serious damage ... (b) Pulled stems when the skin 

surrounding the exposed stem cavity is torn more than an aggregate 

area of a circle one-half inch in diameter, or when the flesh is torn; 

Scars or Scab (Q) 

Scars are a result of injury to the fruit while it is growing caused by such things as 

limb rubs or scratches. Scars on avocados range in color from white or gray to brown 

or black; they may be slightly sunken and checked or cracked. 

Avocado scab is caused by a fungus which is present from one season to the 

next on leaf and stem lesions. The spots on fruits are at first raised, circular to oval and 

dark brown to purplish brown. They are scattered or may coalesce to form irregular 

enlarged areas, sometimes involving practically the entire surface of the fruit. The 

disease does not impair the eating quality of the mature fruit, but its appearance is very 

unattractive and, in severe cases, the fruit may be deformed or dwarfed. Other fungi 

may gain access to the flesh through cracks in scab blemishes. 

Scoring Guide 

§51.3064 Damage ... (d) Scars or scab when the appearance of the 

avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which 

has light brown superficial, fairly smooth scars aggregating 10 

percent of the fruit surface; 

16 
Revised, April 2004, HU 147-3(b) 

Page 17, Florida Avocados, Shipping and Market 

Inspection Instructions, November 2000 

§51.3067 Serious damage ... (e) Scars or scab when the appearance of 

the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado 

which has light brown superficial fairly smooth scars aggregating 25 

percent of the fruit surface; 

§51.3069 Very serious damage ... (d) Scars or scab when the 

appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of 

an avocado which has light brown superficial, fairly smooth scars 

aggregating 50 percent of the fruit surface; 

** ** Sprouted Seed (Q) 

A sprouted seed is not a common defect. However, because of the length of 

time it takes to occur, it will be scored as a quality defect. 

Scoring Guide 

Score as damage when a sprout extends beyond the seed 1/4 inch, and serious 

damage when exceeding 3/4 inch, and very serious damage when extending 1 1/4 

inch beyond the seed.   

Sunburn (Q) 

Sunburn is generally caused by a portion of the fruit being excessively exposed 

to the sun. The side of the fruit that has been exposed will usually have a distinct 

greenish-yellow color. 

Scoring Guide 

§51.3064 Damage ... (e) Sunburn when the appearance of the avocado 

is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which has 

greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 10 percent of the fruit 

surface; 

§51.3067 Serious damage .. . (f) Sunburn when the appearance of the 

avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which 

has greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 25 percent of the 

fruit surface; 

§51.3069 Very serious damage ... (e) Sunburn when the appearance of the 

avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which has 

greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 50 percent of the fruit 

surface; 

17 
Revised, April 2004, HU 147-3(c) 

Page 18, Florida Avocados, Shipping and Market 

Inspection Instructions, November 2000 

** ** Freezing and Freezing Injury {C) 

The term "frozen" should only be used when ice crystals are present. Frozen 

avocados will be darker in color and glassy in comparison to unaffected avocados. **** 

"Freezing injury" is the term that should be used when it is evident that the 

avocados have been frozen, but are not in a frozen condition at the time of inspection. 

The avocados may be discolored, watersoaked and dull in appearance. 

When reporting freezing or freezing injury, it is important to give the following 

information: 

• Pulp temperatures taken at various locations. 

• Extent of the injury in the load. 

• Extent of the injury in the containers. 

• The degree to which individual specimens are affected. 

• The pattern of freezing or freezing injury in clear, concise terms. 

When the location of injury indicates where or when the freezing occurred, this 

is to be stated. For example: "freezing injury so located as to indicate it occurred after 

packing but not in present location." 

Decay {C) 

All grades require avocados to be free from decay; any amount is scorable 

against the 1 % tolerance for U.S. No. 1 and 2 grades, the U.S. No. 3 grade has a 2% 

tolerance. The most common types affecting avocados are Rhizopus Rot and 

Anthracnose decay. The type of decay is not to be reported on the certificate. When 

the decay is in excess of the tolerance report the degree of advancement as; early, 

moderate or advanced. 

18 
Appendix I 

U. S. Standards 

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Agricultural 

Marketing 

Service 

Fruit and 

Vegetable 

Programs 

Fresh 

Products 

Branch 

United States Standards 

for Grades of 

Florida Avocados 

Effective September 3, 1957 

(Reprinted- January 1997) 
United States Standards for Florida Avocados 1 

Grades 

51.3050 U.S. No. 1. 

51.3051 U.S. Combination. 

51.3052 U.S. No. 2. 

51.3053 U.S. No. 3. 

Unclassified 

51.3054 Unclassified. 

Standard Pack 

51.3055 Standard pack. 

Application of Tolerances 

51.3056 Application of tolerances. 

Definitions 

51.3057 Similar varietal characteristics. 

51.3058 Mature. 

51.3059 Overripe. 

51.3060 Well formed. 

51.3061 Clean. 

51.3062 Well colored. 

51.3063 Well trimmed. 

51.3064 Damage. 

51.3065 Fairly well formed. 

51.3066 Fairly well colored. 

51.3067 Serious damage. 

51.3068 Badly misshapen. 

51.3069 Very serious damage. 

Grades 

§51.3050 U.S. No. 1. 

"U.S. No. 1" consists of avocados of similar varietal characteristics which are mature but not 

overripe, well formed, clean, well colored, well trimmed and which are free from decay, 

anthracnose, and freezing injury and are free from damage caused by bruises, cuts or other skin 

breaks, pulled stems, russeting or similar discoloration, scars or scab, sunburn, sunscald or 

sprayburn, cercospora spot, other disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. 

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, not 

more than a total of 10 percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

1Compliance with the provisions of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the 

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or with applicable State laws and regulations. 

1 
requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this amount, or 5 percent, 

shall be allowed for avocados affected by decay or anthracnose, including therein not more than 1 

percent for avocados affected by decay. (See §§51.3055 and 51.3056.) 

§51.3051 U.S. Combination. 

"U.S. Combination" consists of a combination of U.S. No. 1 and U.S. No. 2 avocados: Provided, 

That at least 60 percent, by count, of the avocados in each container meet the requirements of the 

U.S. No. 1 grade. 

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, not 

more than a total of 10 percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of the U.S. No. 2 grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this amount, or 5 

percent, shall be allowed for avocados affected by decay or seriously damaged by anthracnose, 

including therein not more than 1 percent for avocados affected by decay. No part of any 

tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the lot as a whole the percentage of U.S. No. 1 fruit 

required or specified in the combination, but individual containers may have not more than 10 

percent less than the percentage of U.S. No. 1 fruit required or specified. (See §§51.3055 and 

51.3056.) 

§51.3052 U.S. No. 2. 

"U.S. No. 2" consists of avocados of similar varietal characteristics which are mature but not 

overripe, fairly well formed, clean, fairly well colored, well trimmed and which are free from 

decay and freezing injury and are free from serious damage caused by anthracnose, bruises, cuts 

or other skin breaks, pulled stems, russeting or similar discoloration, scars or scab, sunburn, 

sunscald or sprayburn, cercospora spot, other disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. 

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, not 

more than a total of 10 percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this amount, or 5 percent, 

shall be allowed for avocados affected by decay or seriously damaged by anthracnose, including 

therein not more than 1 percent for avocados affected by decay. (See §§51.3055 and 51.3056.) 

§51.3053 U.S. No. 3. 

"U.S. No. 3" consists of avocados of similar varietal characteristics which are mature but not 

overripe, which are not badly misshapen, and which are free from decay and are free from serious 

damage caused by anthracnose and are free from very serious damage caused by freezing injury, 

bruises, cuts or other skin breaks, pulled stems, russeting or similar discoloration, scars or scab, 

sunburn, sunscald or sprayburn, cercospora spot, other disease, insects, dirt or mechanical or 

other means. 

(a) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, not 

more than a total of 10 percent, by count, of the avocados in any lot may fail to meet the 

requirements of this grade, including therein not more than 2 percent for avocados affected by 

decay. (See §§51.3055 and 51.3056.) 

Unclassified 

§51.3054 Unclassified. 

"Unclassified" consists of avocados which have not been classified in accordance with any of the 

foregoing grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within the meaning of these standards, 

but is provided as a designation to show that no grade has been applied to the lot. 

2 
Standard Pack 

§51.3055 Standard pack. 

(a) The avocados shall be packed in accordance with good commercial practice and the pack 

shall be at least fairly tight. The weight of the smallest fruit in any container shall be not less 

than 75 percent of the weight of the largest fruit in the container. Size of the avocados may be 

specified by count. 

(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper sizing and packing, not more than 5 percent, 

by count, of the avocados in any container may weigh less than 75 percent of the weight of the 

largest fruit: Provided, That no fruit in any container shall weigh less than 60 percent of the 

weight of the largest fruit in the container. In addition, not more than 5 percent of the containers 

in any lot may fail to meet the requirement as to tightness of pack. 

Application of Tolerances 

§51.3056 Application of tolerances. 

(a) The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the 

following limitations: Provided, That the averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances 

specified for the grade: 

(1) For packages which contain more than 20 avocados and a tolerance of 10 percent or more is 

provided, individual packages in any lot shall have not more than one and one-half times the 

tolerance specified. For packages which contain more than 20 avocados and a tolerance ofless 

than 10 percent is provided, individual packages in any lot shall have not more than double the 

tolerance specified, except that at least one defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted 

in any package; and, 

(2) For packages which contain 20 avocados or less, individual packages shall have not more than 

double the tolerance specified, except that at least one defective and one off-size specimen 

may be permitted in any package. 

Definitions 

§51.3057 Similar varietal characteristics. 

Similar varietal characteristics means that the avocados in any container are ar in shape, 

texture, and color of skin and flesh. 

§51.3058 Mature. 

Mature means that the avocado has reached a stage of growth which will insure a proper 

completion of the ripening process. 

§51.3059 Overripe. 

Overripe means that the avocado is dead ripe with flesh soft or discolored and past commercial 

use. 

§51.3060 Well formed. 

Well formed means that the avocado has the normal shape characteristic of the variety. 

§51.3061 Clean. 

Clean means that the avocado is practically free from dirt, staining or other foreign material. 

§51.3062 Well colored. 

Well colored means that the avocado has the color characteristic of the variety. 

§51.3063 Well trimmed. 

Well trimmed means that the stem, when present, is cut off fairly smoothly at a point not more 

3 
than one-fourth inch beyond the shoulder of the avocado. 

§51.3064 Damage. 

Damage means any defect which materially affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping 

quality of the individual fruit, or the general appearance of the avocados in the container. Any 

one of the following defects, or any combination of defects the seriousness of which exceeds the 

maximum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as damage: 

(a) Cuts or other skin breaks when not healed and penetrating beneath the epidermis or the 

aggregate area exceeds that of a rectangle 1 inch in length and one-eighth inch in width, or when 

healed and the appearance is materially affected; 

(b) Pulled stems when the exposed stem cavity is excessively deep, or when skin surrounding the 

stem cavity is more than slightly torn; 

(c) Russeting or similar discoloration when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater 

extent than that of an avocado which has light brown surface discoloration aggregating 10 

percent of the fruit surface; 

( d) Scars or scab when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an 

avocado which has light brown superficial, fairly smooth scars aggregating 10 percent of the fruit 

surface; 

( e) Sunburn when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an 

avocado which has greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 10 percent of the fruit surface; 

and, 

(f) Sunscald or sprayburn when not well healed, or when soft, or when the appearance of the 

avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which has light brown, superficial 

scars aggregating 10 percent of the fruit surface. 

§51.3065 Fairly well formed. 

Fairly well formed means that the avocado may be slightly abnormal in shape but not to the 

extent that the appearance is seriously affected. 

§51.3066 Fairly well colored. 

Fairly well colored means that the avocado shows a shade of color which is fairly characteristic of 

the variety. 

§51.3067 Serious damage. 

Serious damage means any defect which seriously affects the appearance, or the edible or 

shipping quality of the individual fruit, or the general appearance of the avocados in the 

container. Any one of the following defects, or any combination of defects the seriousness of 

which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as serious damage: 

(a) Anthracnose when any spot exceeds the area of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter, or when 

more than 3 spots each of which exceeds the area of a circle three-sixteenths inch in diameter; 

(b) Cuts or other skin breaks when not healed and penetrating into the flesh of the fruit, or the 

aggregate area exceeds that of a rectangle 1 inch in length and one-fourth inch in width, or when 

healed and the appearance is seriously affected; 

( c) Pulled stems when the skin surrounding the exposed stem cavity is torn more than an 

aggregate area of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter, or when the flesh is torn; 

(d) Rus.seting or similar discoloration when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater 

extent than that of an avocado which has light brown surface discoloration aggregating 25 percent 

4 
of the fruit surface; 

( e) Scars or scab when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of 

an avocado which has light brown superficial fairly smooth scars aggregating 25 percent of the 

fruit surface; 

(f) Sunburn when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent that of an 

avocado which has greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 25 percent of the fruit surface; 

(g) Sunscald or sprayburn when not well healed, or when soft, or when the appearance of the 

avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which has light brown superficial, 

fairly smooth scars aggregating 25 percent of the fruit surface; and 

(h) Cercospora spot when any spot exceeds the area of a circle one-fourth inch in diameter, or 

when more than 3 spots each of which exceeds the area of a circle three-sixteenths inch in 

diameter, or when the aggregate area of all spots exceeds the area of a circle 1 inch in diameter. 

§51.3068 Badly misshapen. 

Badly misshapen means that the avocado is so badly curved, constricted, pointed or otherwise 

deformed that the appearance is very seriously affected. 

§51.3069 Very serious damage. 

Very serious damage means any defect which very seriously affects the appearance, or the 

edible or shipping quality of the avocado. Any one of the following defects, or any combination 

of defects the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall be 

considered as very serious damage: 

(a) Cuts or other skin breaks when not healed and penetrating into the flesh of the fruit, or any 

skin break very seriously affecting the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality; 

(b) Pulled stems when the skin surrounding the exposed stem cavity is torn more than an 

aggregate area of a circle one-half inch in diameter, or when the flesh is torn; 

(c) Russeting or similar discoloration when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater 

extent than that of an avocado which has light brown surface discoloration aggregating 50 

percent of the fruit surface; 

(d) Scars or scab when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of 

an avocado which has light brown superficial, fairly smooth scars aggregating 50 percent of the 

fruit surface; 

( e) Sunburn when the appearance of the avocado is affected to a greater extent than that of an 

avocado which has greenish-yellow colored sunburn aggregating 50 percent of the fruit surface; 

and, 

(f) Sunscald or sprayburn when not well healed, or when the appearance of the avocado is 

affected to a greater extent than that of an avocado which has light brown superficial, fairly 

smooth scars aggregating 50 percent of the fruit surface. 

5 
Appendix II 

Notesheet & Certificate 

______. I fl 3 o £J I /J: "'I. A- M 

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V 
EST/MATEO TOTAL 
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t-::C-:-..,;m,<r:------1···· ........................ ····················· ......................... ·························· 

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i-::D-:-,'=""""'=,,------1········································ 

·«111tili.luilEs·,················=··········· · 

CondiUon· ol load & Conlalners : { ) STACKED ON PALLETS AT ABOVE LOCATION { INTACT THROUGH LOAD { J PARn Y UNLOADED 

FORM fV. 300.N ( 3·93) 

vii 
I, I • I . I • I, I • I . I I. I. I. I I. I. I. I I. I I. I. I. I I I. I I. I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

A B C D PACK: IPACK: PACK: 

,;;;,~r~--'-~- .... SiiE:·. 

F.u . .NY\., ("M H1>1il 

sell. 

:,0 -..fj,0 

PU Number ID. TEMP. ~ Glt.1,1 ,'iY ,I) l' 

,JOIJ(:. -~(j .LPf 8tJ :l@ 0- .3(!;~ 

; . ,3() /./If !5o Cl " 0 

II .Jo ,rt, .3o I (J 0 

,, '.?,(-, 4LJ ;,/I, () (J ,_ ,,,,,--- r,.. --,._ 

,3~L) I q-0 \ 

-M f' I '_Jj} 

TRAVEL T,me: -""~---­

EXPENSES: -"'~----

IU V 

IIEQu,;STEO av: n Jr. l~,1 ASSISTED 8Y: ··JiiiiliiJ°····;·,;;,,.t.;·~s···· 

l '-" ~ 

u V 

ESt. TOT Al: '\_ 

I v.s. GPO: 1991-522·1~1191 

viii