© Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Alternatives Assessment Methodology Dr. Jason Marshall Lab Director Toxics Use Reduction Institute2 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Who We Are • The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) researches, tests and promotes pollution prevention and alternatives to toxic chemicals used in Massachusetts industries and communities • MA TUR Act of 1989 – Sister agency to MA OTA & MA DEP • http://www.mass.gov/envir/ota/ • http://edep.dep.mass.gov3 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Technical Assistance Provider • The goal of the lab is to assist industry in the search for safer cleaning processes – By developing and promoting safer alternatives to hazardous solvents – Conducting process specific testing 

### • Services to Companies – On-site walk through – Laboratory testing – Piloting • Lab • On-site – On-site follow up Assistance4 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# What Have We Done? • Providing technical assistance since 1993 • TUR Lab has helped hundreds of companies find safer alternatives to hazardous cleaning solvents • Process specific testing • The implementation rate for clients of the lab is three times higher than the national average for technical assistant providers • Prior to 2007, 33% of the companies fully adopt the lab’s recommendations • During next 2 years, near 80%5 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Where to Start? • Alternatives Assessment Options – Performance – Health & Environment 

### – Cost6 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Gather Information • Questions to Ask – What is the purpose of cleaning? – What are the problems with present cleaning system? – What are you trying to remove (soils)? – What is being cleaned (substrates)? – How are you cleaning it (equipment)? – How do you determine how clean is clean? 

## • TURI Lab Test Request form7 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Identifying an Alternative • The cleaner must be assessed for – Ability to remove the contaminants – Compatibility with the surfaces to be cleaned 

### – Works with equipment that will be used 

## • The alternative should be safe for the worker and the environment8 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Alternatives Abound • Process is challenging – Thousands of products – Different information from different vendors 

### – What is right for some may not work for others 

## • Need for an easier selection method – Independent analysis of products – Objective operating conditions – Process specific final evaluations9 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Selecting an Alternative • When choosing an alternative – Don’t shift the risk • From worker to environment

OR • From environment to worker – Ex. Replacing flammable solvent with a ozone depleting chemical 

### – Want to select a product that is safer for one or the other • Would be best if safer for both10 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Performance Testing11 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Testing an Alternative Phase 1 Use of CleanerSolutions • TURI Lab Database of Testing – Used to identify safer and effective products • Safety Screening Scores – VOC, ODP, GWP, HMIS/NFPA, pH • Matching Performance – Contaminant, substrate, equipment, current solvent 

## www.cleanersolutions.org12 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Testing an Alternative Phase 2 • Initial laboratory evaluation of alternatives – Using basic operating conditions • Minimal concentration • Short times • Little agitation 

### – Using coupons matching part substrate – Using supplied contaminants – Compare with current solvent (if possible)13 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Testing an Alternative Phase 3 • Advanced lab evaluation of alternatives – Using client specific operating conditions • Moderate concentration (if necessary) • Times • Appropriate agitation (match current equipment) – Using coupons matching part substrate – Using supplied contaminants – Compare with current solvent (if possible) – Determine if there are any health risks that the screening does not address • TURI’s Pollution Prevention Options Analysis System - P2OAYSys14 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Testing an Alternative Phase 4 • Pilot cleaning in lab setting – Using client specific operating conditions – Using client supplied parts 

### – Compare with current solvent (if possible) – Send/bring parts to client for assessment15 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Testing an Alternative Phase 5 • Pilot testing at facility – Using best alternative cleaning products – Using operating conditions from lab piloting • Modify conditions if necessary 

### – Set up piloting off

-line from current system • Compare pilot cleaned parts with current system for parts from the same manufacturing lot • Get end user input for performance16 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# What’s Worked?17 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell18 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Search Results19 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell20 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell21 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Side-By-Side Comparison22 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Vendor Searching23 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Trichloroethylene Specific Testing • Summary of testing conducted at TURI Lab – 1993 through 2013 

## • TCE Projects at TURI Lab – 1000 words in 1 slide24 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell25 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Industry Sectors • Aircraft • Capacitor mfr • Jewelry 

## • Plating & Metal working • Semiconductor/electronics • Tools • Wire & Cable • General Mfr26 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# What Type of Alternatives? Classification Number of Products Number of Tests Run Alcohol 1 1 Alcohol-Semi Aqueous 1 4 Alkaline Aqueous 34 426 Biobased 3 4 Caustic 3 4 Ester 3 12 HCFC 1 25 HFE 8 47 Neutral Aqueous 4 29 nPB 8 117 Organic 2 9 Petroleum Distillate 5 30 Semi-Aqueous 1 4 Terpene 4 26 Volatile Methyl Siloxanes 3 927 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# What Has Been Cleaned? Soils Buffing/Polishing Compounds 226 Oil 423 Paints/INKS/Coatings 62 Waxes 15 Other 1428 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Processes Investigated Method Immersion/Soak 424 Low Pressure Spray 11 Manual Wipe 1 Mechanical Agitation 108 Ultrasonics 185 Vapor Degreasing 1829 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Selection Process More Than Just What Works • Alternatives Assessment Options – Performance – Health & Environment 

### – Cost30 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# EHS Assessment • Safety Screening Scores – VOC, ODP, GWP, HMIS/NFPA, pH 

## • Comprehensive Evaluation 

## • Green Certifications31 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Safety Screening Search32 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Safety Screening33 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Linking EHS and Performance34 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Comprehensive Evaluation • Pollution Prevention Options Assessment System developed by TURI – www.turi.org/p2oasys 

## • Systematically examine the potential environmental and worker impact in a comprehensive manner • Compares options with current technology using quantitative and qualitative factors – Allows for an Apples to Orange Comparison35 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# P2OASYS Categories Major Category Number of Criteria • Acute human effects 10 • Chronic human effects 8 • Physical hazards 5 • Aquatic hazards 5 • Persistence/bioaccumulation 5 • Atmospheric hazard 4 • Disposal hazard 4 • Chemical hazard 13 • Energy & resource use 3 • Product hazard 3 • Exposure potential 1

11 categories and 61 elements36 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Criteria37 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell38 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Acute Human Effects Category • Inhalation LC50 • PEL/TLV • IDLH • Respiratory irritation • Oral LD50 • Dermal irritation • Skin absorption • Dermal LD50 • Ocular irritation39 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Acute Human Effects Inhalation LC50 Value Rating < 15 ppm 10 15 – 149 ppm 8 150 – 999 ppm 6 1,000 – 9,999 ppm 4 > 10,000 ppm 240 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# P2OASys Comparison Summary41 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Resource for P2OASys • P2OASys worksheet

– http://www.turi.org/home/hot_topics/cleaner_production/p2oasys_tool_ to_compare_materials/p2oasys_tool 

## • P2OASys data collection spreadsheet

– http://www.turi.org/content/download/8353/140988/file/P2OASys%20dat a%20collection%20spreadsheet%20for%20website.xls 

## • Guidance document locating data points

– http://www.turi.org/content/download/8857/159016/file/Guidance%20d ocument%20locating%20data%20points%202-27-14.docx 

## • Guidance on L-M-H assessment

– http://www.turi.org/content/download/8858/159026/file/Guidance%20o n%20L-M-H%20assessment%202-27-14.docx42 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Third Party Green Products • EPA DfE • Green Seal GS 34 • Ecologo43 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Selection Process More Than Just What Works and Safe • Alternatives Assessment Options – Performance – Health & Environment 

### – Cost44 © Toxics Use Reduction Institute University of Massachusetts Lowell 

# Alternatives Selection • Remember, It All Depends – The products you find should be tested on your specific soils following your current cleaning process • Time, temperature, equipment, etc.