### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene



## Calculation Spreadsheet for Occupational Chronic Risks--***See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies. Version 06/18/14**

**Health Effect Domain and Study Route**  **Effect HEC50 (ppm)**  **HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm)**  **Total UF HC50/HEC95 ratio**  **HEC50/99 ratio HEC95/HEC99 ratio** 

Kjellstrand et al. 1983 Inhalation 25 12 9.1 10 2.1 2.7 1.3 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 Oral (gavage) 32 15 11 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 Inhalation 53 24 19 10

NTP, 1998 Oral (gavage) Toxic nephropathy 0.042 0.0085 0.0056 10 4.9 7.5 1.5 Woolhiser et al., 2006 Inhalation Increased kidney weight/body weight ratio 0.099 0.02 0.013 10
Maltoni, 1986 Oral (gavage) Pathology changes in renal tubule 0.19 0.038 0.025 10
Maltoni, 1986 Inhalation Pathology changes in renal tubule 0.28 0.057 0.038 10
Kjellstrand et al., 1983 Inhalation Increased kidney weight/body weight ratio 0.88 0.18 0.12 10

NCI, 1976 Oral (gavage) Pathology changes in renal tubule (toxic nephrosis) 3.9 0.77 0.5 300

Arito et al., 1994 Inhalation Significant decreases in wakefulness 13 6.4 4.8 300 2.0 2.7 1.3

Ruijten et al., 1991 Inhalation Trigeminal nerve effects (increased latency in masseter

reflex) 14 7 5.3 10

Isaacson et al., 1990 Oral (drinking water)Cognitive effects (demyelination of hippocampus) 18 9.2 7.1 1000

Gash et al., 2008 Oral (gavage) Degeneration of dopaminecontaining neurons in substantia

nigra 126 62 47 1000
Kjellstrand et al., 1987 Inhalation 274 127 93 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 Inhalation 378 163 120 1000 **PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)**

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F. **LIVER**

**KIDNEY**

**NEUROTOXICITY**

Decreased regeneration of sciatic
nerve Increased liver/body weight ratio

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Health Effect Domain and Study Route**  **Effect HEC50 (ppm)**  **HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm)**  **Total UF HC50/HEC95 ratio**  **HEC50/99 ratio HEC95/HEC99 ratio** 

Keil et al., 2009 Oral (drinking water)Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity 0.092 0.045 0.033 100 2.0 2.8 1.4 Keil et al., 2009 Oral (drinking water)Autoimmunity (increased antidsDNA and ssDNA antibodies) 0.092 0.045 0.033 30 Sanders et al., 1982 Oral (drinking water) Immunosuppression 4.8 2.4 1.7 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 Inhalation Immunosuppression 29 15 11 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 Inhalation Autoimmunity (changes in immunoreactive organs) 97 48 37 300

Chia et al. 1996 Inhalation Decreased normal sperm morphology and hyperzoospermia 1.4 0.7 0.5 30 2.0 2.8 1.4 DuTeaux et al., 2004 Oral (drinking water) Decreased in vitro fertilization 16 11 9.3 1000
Kumar et al., 2000 Inhalation Sperm effects and male reproductive tract effects 32 16 13 1000

Kumar et al., 2001 Inhalation Sperm effects and male reproductive tract effects 32 16 13 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Delayed parturition 98 48 37 100
Forkert et al., 2002 and Inhalation Effects on epididymis epithelium 190 91 67 1000

Kan et al., 2007 Inhalation Effects on epididymis epithelium 190 91 67 1000

Xu et al., 2004 Inhalation Sperm effects (decreased in vitro sperm-oocyte binding and in vivo

fertilization) 190 91 67 1000

NTP, 1986 Oral (drinking water) Decreased mating (both sexes exposed) 204 97 71 100

**CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10 2.4 3.2 1.4 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 300 Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water)Increased exploratory behavior in male pups (offspring 22 11 8.4 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight and skeletal effects 16 8 6.2 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY**

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F. **PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)**

**IMMUNOTOXICITY**

**REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY**

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.3 20 3 197 0.04 17 0.4 172

ADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) LADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) where, where, ADC = average daily concentration (ppm); LADC = lifetime average daily concentration (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years AT= averaging time (40 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) AT= averaging time (70 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) NOTE: AT uses 70 yrs to match the years that were used to calculate EPA's cancer inhalation unit risk.

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.071 4.749 0.712 46.776 0.009 4.037 0.095 40.840

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.041 2.714 0.407 26.729 0.005 2.307 0.054 23.337

**WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

**Equation to calculate average daily concentration (ADC) for**

**non-cancer chronic risk calcualtions Equation to calculate lifetime average daily concentration (LADC)**  **for cancer risk calcualtions**

**WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations** 

**WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations**  

### Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.008 2 0.08 19 0.0007 2 0.007 18

ADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) LADC= (C x ED x EF x WY) / (AT) where, where, ADC = average daily concentration (ppm); LADC = lifetime average daily concentration (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); C = TCE concentration in air (ppm); ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day ED = exposure duration (hrs/day)=8 hrs/day EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year EF = exposure frequency (days/year)=260 days/year WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years WY= working years per lifetime= 40 years AT= averaging time (40 years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) AT= averaging time (70years × 365 days/years × 24 hrs/day) NOTE: AT uses 70 yrs to match the years that were used to calculate EPA's cancer inhalation unit risk.

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.002 0.475 0.019 4.511 0.0002 0.475 0.002 4.274

**With LEV--Low-end exposure**

**estimate With LEV--High-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--High-end** 

**exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate With LEV--High-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--High-end exposure**  **estimate**
0.001 0.271 0.011 2.578 0.0001 0.271 0.001 2.442 **WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--ADC for Non-Cancer Calculations** 

**WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)--LADC for Cancer Calculations**  **Equation to calculate average daily concentration (ADC) for**

**non-cancer chronic risk calcualtions Equation to calculate lifetime average daily concentration (LADC)**  **for cancer risk calcualtions** 

### Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities **WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC50)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 25 351 **5.3** 35 **0.5** 2632 **6.2** 263 **0.6** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 32 449 **6.7** 45 **0.7** 3369 **7.9** 337 **0.8** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 53 744 11 74 **1.1** 5580 13 558 **1** 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.042 **0.6 0.009**  **0.1 0.001**  **4 0.01**  **0.4 0.001**  10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.099 **1 0.02**  **0.1 0.002**  10 **0.02 1**  **0.002** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.19 **3 0.04**  **0.3 0.004**  20 **0.05 2**  **0.005** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.28 **4 0.1**  **0.4 0.01**  29 **0.1 3**  **0.01** 10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.88 12 **0.2 1**  **0.02** 93 **0.2 9**  **0.02** 10 NCI, 1976 4 **55 0.8**  **5 0.1**  411 **1.0 41**  **0.1** 300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 13 **183 3**  **18 0.3**  1369 **3 137**  **0.3** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 14 197 **3** 20 **0.3** 1474 **3** 147 **0.3** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 18 **253 4**  **25 0.4**  1895 **4 190**  **0.4** 1000 Gash et al., 2008 126 1769 **27 177**  **3** 13266 **31** 1327 **3** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 274 3847 **58 385**  **6** 28849 **68** 2885 **7** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 378 5307 **80 531**  **8** 39799 **94** 3980 **9** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.092 **1 0.02**  **0.1 0.002**  **10 0.02**  **1 0.002**  100 Keil et al., 2009 0.092 **1 0.02**  **0.1 0.002**  **10 0.02**  **1 0.002**  30 Sanders et al., 1982 4.8 **67 1**  **7 0.1**  505 **1 51**  **0.1** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 29 407 **6 41**  **1** 3053 **7** 305 **1** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 97 1362 **20 136**  **2** 10213 **24** 1021 **2** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 1.4 **20 0.3**  **2 0.03**  147 **0.3 15**  **0.03** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 16 **225 3**  **22 0.3**  1685 **4 168**  **0.4** 1000 Kumar et al., 2000 32 **449 7**  **45 1**  3369 **8 337**  **1** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 32 **449 7**  **45 1**  3369 **8 337**  **1** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 98 1376 **21** 138 **2** 10318 **24** 1032 **2** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 190 2667 **40 267**  **4** 20005 **47** 2000 **5** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 190 2667 **40 267**  **4** 20005 **47** 2000 **5** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 190 2667 **40 267**  **4** 20005 **47** 2000 **5** 1000 NTP, 1986 204 2864 **43** 286 **4** 21479 **51** 2148 **5** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 **0.2 0.003**  **0.02 0.0003**  **1 0.003**  **0.1 0.0003**  10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 **112 2**  **11 0.2**  842 **2 84**  **0.2** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 22 309 **5 31**  **0.5** 2316 **5** 232 **1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 16 225 **3 22**  **0.3** 1685 **4** 168 **0.4** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 16 225 **3 22**  **0.3** 1685 **4** 168 **0.4** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 57 800 12 80 **1** 6001 14 600 **1** 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC95)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 12 168 **3** 17 **0.3** 1263 **3** 126 **0.3** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 15 211 **3** 21 **0.3** 1579 **4** 158 **0.4** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 24 337 **5** 34 **1** 2527 **6** 253 **1** 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.0085 **0.1 0.002**  **0.01 0.0002**  **1 0.002**  **0.1 0.0002**  10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.02 **0.3 0.004**  **0.03 0.0004**  **2 0.005**  **0.2 0.0005**  10 Maltoni, 1986 0.038 **1 0.01**  **0.05 0.001**  **4 0.01**  **0.4 0.001**  10 Maltoni, 1986 0.057 **1 0.01**  **0.1 0.001**  **6 0.01**  **1 0.001**  10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.18 **3 0.04**  **0.3 0.004**  19 **0.04 2**  **0.004** 10 NCI, 1976 0.77 **11 0.2**  **1 0.02**  **81 0.2**  **8 0.02**  300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 6.4 **90 1**  **9 0.1**  674 **2 67**  **0.2** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 7 98 **1** 10 **0.1** 737 **2** 74 **0.2** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 9.2 **129 2**  **13 0.2**  **969 2**  **97 0.2**  1000 Gash et al., 2008 62 **870 13**  **87 1**  6528 **15 653**  **2** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 127 1783 **27 178**  **3** 13372 **31** 1337 **3** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 163 2288 **34 229**  **3** 17162 **40** 1716 **4** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.045 **1 0.01**  **0.1 0.001**  **5 0.01**  **0 0.001**  100 Keil et al., 2009 0.045 **1 0.01**  **0.1 0.001**  **5 0.01**  **0 0.001**  30 Sanders et al., 1982 2.4 **34 1**  **3 0.1**  253 **1 25**  **0.1** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 15 211 **3 21**  **0.3** 1579 **4** 158 **0.4** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 48 674 **10 67**  **1** 5054 **12** 505 **1** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 0.7 **10 0.1**  **1 0.01**  74 **0.2 7**  **0.02** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 11 **154 2**  **15 0.2**  1158 **3 116**  **0.3** 1000 Kumar et al., 2000 16 **225 3**  **22 0.3**  1685 **4 168**  **0.4** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 16 **225 3**  **22 0.3**  1685 **4 168**  **0.4** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 48 674 **10 67**  **1** 5054 **12** 505 **1** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 91 1278 **19 128**  **2** 9581 **23 958**  **2** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 91 1278 **19 128**  **2** 9581 **23 958**  **2** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 91 1278 **19 128**  **2** 9581 **23 958**  **2** 1000 NTP, 1986 97 1362 **20** 136 **2** 10213 **24** 1021 **2** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 **0.1 0.001**  **0.007 0.0001**  **1 0.001**  **0.1 0.0001**  10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 **56 1**  **6 0.1**  421 **1 42**  **0.1** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 11 154 **2 15**  **0.2** 1158 **3** 116 **0.3** 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 8 112 **2 11**  **0.2** 842 **2 84**  **0.2** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 8 112 **2 11**  **0.2** 842 **2 84**  **0.2** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 29 407 **6** 41 **1** 3053 **7** 305 **1** 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC99)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 9.1 128 **2** 13 **0.2** 958 **2** 96 **0.2** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 11 154 **2** 15 **0.2** 1158 **3** 116 **0.3** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 19 267 **4** 27 **0.4** 2000 **5** 200 **0.5** 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.0056 **0.1 0.001**  **0.01 0.0001**  **1 0.001**  **0.1 0.0001**  10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.013 **0.2 0.003**  **0.02 0.0003**  **1 0.003**  **0.1 0.0003**  10 Maltoni, 1986 0.025 **0.4 0.005**  **0.04 0.001**  **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  10 Maltoni, 1986 0.038 **1 0.01**  **0.1 0.001**  **4 0.01**  **0.4 0.001**  10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.12 **2 0.03**  **0.2 0.003**  13 **0.03 1**  **0.003** 10 NCI, 1976 0.5 **7 0.1**  **1 0.01**  **53 0.1**  **5 0.01**  300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 4.8 **67 1**  **7 0.1**  505 **1 51**  **0.1** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 5.3 74 **1 7**  **0.1** 558 **1** 56 **0.1** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 7.1 **100 1**  **10 0.2**  **748 2**  **75 0.2**  1000 Gash et al., 2008 47 **660 10**  **66 1**  4949 **12 495**  **1** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 93 1306 **20 131**  **2** 9792 **23 979**  **2** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 120 1685 **25 168**  **3** 12635 **30** 1263 **3** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.033 **0.5 0.01**  **0.05 0.001**  **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  100 Keil et al., 2009 0.033 **0.5 0.01**  **0.05 0.001**  **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  30 Sanders et al., 1982 1.7 **24 0.4**  **2 0.04**  179 **0.4 18**  **0.04** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 11 154 **2 15**  **0.2** 1158 **3** 116 **0.3** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 37 519 **8 52**  **1** 3896 **9** 390 **1** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 0.5 **7 0.1**  **1 0.01**  53 **0.1 5**  **0.01** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 9.3 **131 2**  **13 0.2**  **979 2**  **98 0.2**  1000 Kumar et al., 2000 13 **183 3**  **18 0.3**  1369 **3 137**  **0.3** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 13 **183 3**  **18 0.3**  1369 **3 137**  **0.3** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 37 519 **8 52**  **1** 3896 **9** 390 **1** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 67 **941 14**  **94 1**  7054 **17 705**  **2** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 67 **941 14**  **94 1**  7054 **17 705**  **2** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 67 **941 14**  **94 1**  7054 **17 705**  **2** 1000 NTP, 1986 71 997 **15** 100 **2** 7475 **18** 748 **2** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 **0.1 0.001**  **0.01 0.0001**  **0.4 0.001**  **0.04 0.0001**  10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 **42 1**  **4 0.1**  316 **1 32**  **0.1** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 118 **2 12**  **0.2** 884 **2 88**  **0.2** 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **87 1**  **9 0.1**  653 **2 65**  **0.2** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **87 1**  **9 0.1**  653 **2 65**  **0.2** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 23 323 **5** 32 **0.5** 2422 **6** 242 **1** 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC50)**

***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 25 13161 53 1316 **6** 150412 53 15041 **6** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 32 16846 67 1685 **7** 192527 67 19253 **7** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 53 27901 112 2790 12 318874 112 31887 12 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.042 22 **0.1 2**  **0.01** 253 **0.1** 25 **0.01** 10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.099 52 **0.2 5**  **0.02** 596 **0.2** 60 **0.02** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.19 100 **0.4** 10 **0.04** 1143 **0.4** 114 **0.04** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.28 147 **1** 15 **0.1** 1685 **1** 168 **0.1** 10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.88 463 **2** 46 **0.2** 5295 **2** 529 **0.2** 10 NCI, 1976 4 2053 **8 205**  **1** 23464 **8** 2346 **1** 300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 13 6844 **27** 684 **3** 78214 **27** 7821 **3** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 14 7370 29 737 **3** 84231 29 8423 **3** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 18 9476 **38 948**  **4** 108297 **38** 10830 **4** 1000 Gash et al., 2008 126 66332 **265** 6633 **28** 758077 **265** 75808 **29** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 274 144245 **577** 14425 **61** 1648516 **577** 164852 **64** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 378 198995 **796** 19900 **84** 2274231 **796** 227423 **88** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.092 **48 0.2**  **5 0.02**  554 **0.2 55**  **0.02** 100 Keil et al., 2009 0.092 48 **0.2 5**  **0.02** 554 **0.2** 55 **0.02** 30 Sanders et al., 1982 4.8 2527 **10** 253 **1** 28879 **10** 2888 **1** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 29 15267 **61** 1527 **6** 174478 **61** 17448 **7** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 97 51065 **204** 5106 **22** 583599 **204** 58360 **23** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 1.4 737 **3** 74 **0.3** 8423 **3** 842 **0.3** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 16 8423 **34 842**  **4** 96264 **34** 9626 **4** 1000 Kumar et al., 2000 32 16846 **67** 1685 **7** 192527 **67** 19253 **7** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 32 16846 **67** 1685 **7** 192527 **67** 19253 **7** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 98 51591 206 5159 **22** 589615 206 58962 **23** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 190 100024 **400** 10002 **42** 1143132 **400** 114313 **44** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 190 100024 **400** 10002 **42** 1143132 **400** 114313 **44** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 190 100024 **400** 10002 **42** 1143132 **400** 114313 **44** 1000 NTP, 1986 204 107394 430 10739 **45** 1227363 430 122736 **48** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 **6 0.03**  **1 0.003**  72 **0.03 7**  **0.003** 10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 4212 **17** 421 **2** 48132 **17** 4813 **2** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 22 11582 **46** 1158 **5** 132363 **46** 13236 **5** 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 16 8423 **34** 842 **4** 96264 **34** 9626 **4** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 16 8423 **34** 842 **4** 96264 **34** 9626 **4** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 57 30007 120 3001 13 342940 120 34294 13 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC95)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 12 6317 25 632 **3** 72198 25 7220 **3** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 15 7897 32 790 **3** 90247 32 9025 **4** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 24 12635 51 1263 **5** 144396 51 14440 **6** 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.0085 **4 0.02**  **0.4 0.002**  51 **0.02 5**  **0.002** 10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.02 **11 0.04**  **1 0.004**  120 **0.04** 12 **0.005** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.038 20 **0.08 2**  **0.01** 229 **0.1** 23 **0.01** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.057 30 **0.1 3**  **0.01** 343 **0.1** 34 **0.01** 10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.18 95 **0.4 9**  **0.04** 1083 **0.4** 108 **0.04** 10 NCI, 1976 0.77 405 **2 41**  **0.2** 4633 **2** 463 **0.2** 300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 6.4 3369 **13** 337 **1** 38505 **13** 3851 **1** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 7 3685 15 369 **2** 42115 15 4212 **2** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 9.2 4843 **19 484**  **2** 55352 **19** 5535 **2** 1000 Gash et al., 2008 62 32639 **131** 3264 **14** 373022 **131** 37302 **15** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 127 66858 **267** 6686 **28** 764093 **267** 76409 **30** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 163 85810 **343** 8581 **36** 980687 **343** 98069 **38** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.045 **24 0.1**  **2 0.01**  271 **0.1 27**  **0.01** 100 Keil et al., 2009 0.045 **24 0.1**  **2 0.01**  271 **0.1 27**  **0.01** 30 Sanders et al., 1982 2.4 1263 **5** 126 **1** 14440 **5** 1444 **1** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 15 7897 **32** 790 **3** 90247 **32** 9025 **4** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 48 25269 **101** 2527 **11** 288791 **101** 28879 **11** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 0.7 369 **1** 37 **0.2** 4212 **1** 421 **0.2** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 11 5791 **23 579**  **2** 66181 **23** 6618 **3** 1000 Kumar et al., 2000 16 8423 **34 842**  **4** 96264 **34** 9626 **4** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 16 8423 **34 842**  **4** 96264 **34** 9626 **4** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 48 25269 101 2527 **11** 288791 101 28879 **11** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 91 47906 **192** 4791 **20** 547500 **192** 54750 **21** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 91 47906 **192** 4791 **20** 547500 **192** 54750 **21** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 91 47906 **192** 4791 **20** 547500 **192** 54750 **21** 1000 NTP, 1986 97 51065 204 5106 **22** 583599 204 58360 **23** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 **3 0.01**  **0.27 0.001**  31 **0.01 3**  **0.001** 10 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 2106 **8 211**  **1** 24066 **8** 2407 **1** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 11 5791 **23** 579 **2** 66181 **23** 6618 **3** 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 8 4212 **17** 421 **2** 48132 **17** 4813 **2** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 8 4212 **17** 421 **2** 48132 **17** 4813 **2** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 29 15267 61 1527 **6** 174478 61 17448 **7** 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC99)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate Total UF or Benchmark MOE** 

**LIVER** Kjellstrand et al. 1983 9.1 4791 19 479 **2** 54750 19 5475 **2** 10 Buben and Oflaherty 1985 11 5791 23 579 **2** 66181 23 6618 **3** 10 Woolhiser et al. 2006 19 10002 40 1000 **4** 114313 40 11431 **4** 10 **KIDNEY** NTP, 1998 0.0056 **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  34 **0.01 3**  **0.001** 10 Woolhiser et al., 2006 0.013 **7 0.03**  **1 0.003**  78 **0.03 8**  **0.003** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.025 13 **0.1 1**  **0.01** 150 **0.1** 15 **0.01** 10 Maltoni, 1986 0.038 20 **0.1 2**  **0.01** 229 **0.1** 23 **0.01** 10 Kjellstrand et al., 1983 0.12 63 **0.3 6**  **0.03** 722 **0.3** 72 **0.03** 10 NCI, 1976 0.5 **263 1**  **26 0.1**  3008 **1** 301 **0.1** 300 **NEUROTOXICITY** Arito et al., 1994 4.8 2527 **10 253**  **1** 28879 **10** 2888 **1** 300 Ruijten et al., 1991 5.3 2790 11 279 **1** 31887 11 3189 **1** 10 Isaacson et al., 1990 7.1 3738 **15 374**  **2** 42717 **15** 4272 **2** 1000 Gash et al., 2008 47 24743 **99** 2474 **10** 282775 **99** 28277 **11** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 93 48959 **196** 4896 **21** 559533 **196** 55953 **22** 1000 Kjellstrand et al., 1987 120 63173 **253** 6317 **27** 721978 **253** 72198 **28** 1000 **IMMUNOTOXICITY** Keil et al., 2009 0.033 **17 0.1**  **2 0.01**  199 **0.1 20**  **0.01** 100 Keil et al., 2009 0.033 **17 0.1**  **2 0.01**  199 **0.1 20**  **0.01** 30 Sanders et al., 1982 1.7 895 **4 89**  **0.4** 10228 **4** 1023 **0.4** 100 Woolhiser et al., 2006 11 5791 **23** 579 **2** 66181 **23** 6618 **3** 100 Kaneko et al., 2000 37 19478 **78** 1948 **8** 222610 **78** 22261 **9** 300 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** Chia et al. 1996 0.5 263 **1 26**  **0.1** 3008 **1** 301 **0.1** 30 DuTeaux et al., 2004 9.3 4896 **20 490**  **2** 55953 **20** 5595 **2** 1000 Kumar et al., 2000 13 6844 **27 684**  **3** 78214 **27** 7821 **3** 1000 Kumar et al., 2001 13 6844 **27 684**  **3** 78214 **27** 7821 **3** 1000 Narotsky et al., 1995 37 19478 **78** 1948 **8** 222610 **78** 22261 **9** 100 Forkert et al., 2002 and 67 35272 **141** 3527 **15** 403104 **141** 40310 **16** 1000 Kan et al., 2007 67 35272 **141** 3527 **15** 403104 **141** 40310 **16** 1000 Xu et al., 2004 67 35272 **141** 3527 **15** 403104 **141** 40310 **16** 1000 NTP, 1986 71 37377 150 3738 **16** 427170 150 42717 **17** 100 **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 **2 0.01**  **0.2 0.001**  22 **0.01 2**  **0.001** 10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 1579 **6 158**  **1** 18049 **6** 1805 **1** 300 Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 4422 **18** 442 **2** 50538 **18** 5054 **2** 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3264 **13** 326 **1** 37302 **13** 3730 **1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 3264 **13** 326 **1** 37302 **13** 3730 **1** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 23 12108 48 1211 **5** 138379 48 13838 **5** 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops**

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate**
LADC 0.041 2.714 0.407 26.729 0.005 2.307 0.054 23.337 **Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) IUR=0.02 per ppm**  **8.E-04 5.E-02**  **8.E-03 5.E-01**  **1.E-04 5.E-02**  **1.E-03 5.E-01**  Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-4? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes



### Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper-end** 

**exposure estimate**
LADC 0.001 0.271 0.011 2.578 0.0001 0.271 0.001 2.442 **Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) IUR=0.02 per ppm**  **2.E-05 5.E-03**  **2.E-04 5.E-02**  **2.E-06 5.E-03**  **2.E-05 5.E-02**  **Exceedance of target cancer risk of**

**1X10-4?** No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes **Exceedance of target cancer risk of**

**1X10-5?** Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes **Exceedance of target cancer risk of**

**1X10-6?** Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes **BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

**WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene



## Calculation Spreadsheet for Occupational Acute Risks--*See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies.Version 06/18/14

**Health Effect Domain and Study Route**  **Effect HEC50 (ppm)**  **HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm)**  **Total UF**

**CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10

**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 100**(see note)**
Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water)Increased exploratory behavior in male pups (offspring 22 11 8.4 100

**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH**
Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight and skeletal effects 16 8 6.2 100

**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10



### Acute Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.3 20 3 197 0.04 17 0.4 172

C24 hrs= (C8hrsx 8 hr) / 24 hrs where, C24 hrs= TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 24 hrs C8hrs=TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 8 hrs

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.100 6.667 1.000 65.667 0.013 5.667 0.133 57.333



### Acute Exposure Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.008 2 0.08 19 0.0007 2 0.007 18

C24 hrs= (C8hrsx 8 hr) / 24 hrs where, C24 hrs= TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 24 hrs C8hrs=TCE concentration in air (ppm) at 8 hrs **WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

**Equation to calculate 24-hr exposure estimate for single exposure Equation to calculate 24-hr exposure estimate for single exposure** 

**WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations**  **DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY**

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F. **PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)**

**WORKER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 8-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)**  **Note:**A subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was part of the composite UF of 300 that the TCE IRIS assessment used (US EPA, 2011). The subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was dropped in this analysis because the HEC values for developmental effects were used for acute, but not chronic, exposures.

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**
0.003 0.667 0.027 6.333 0.000 0.667 0.002 6.000 **WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) for Non-Cancer Acute Risk Calculations** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC50)** ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 **0.1 0.002**  **0.01 0.0002**  **0.9 0.002**  **0.1 0.0002**  10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 **80 1**  **8 0.1**  600 **1 60**  **0.1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 22 220 **3 22**  **0.3** 1650 **4** 165 **0.4** 100

**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 16 160 **2 16**  **0.2** 1200 **3** 120 **0.3** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 16 160 **2 16**  **0.2** 1200 **3** 120 **0.3** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 57 570 **9** 57 **1** 4275 10 428 **1** 10



### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC95) ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 **0.1 0.001**  **0.01 0.0001**  **0.4 0.001**  **0.04 0.0001**  10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 **40 0.6**  **4 0.1**  300 **0.7 30**  **0.1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 11 110 **2 11**  **0.2** 825 **2 83**  **0.2** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 8 **80 1**  **8 0.1**  600 **1 60**  **0.1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 8 **80 1**  **8 0.1**  600 **1 60**  **0.1** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 29 290 **4** 29 **0.4** 2175 **5** 218 **1** 10



### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using HEC99) ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 **0.04 0.001**  **0.004 0.0001**  **0.2775 0.001**  **0.03 0.0001**  10

**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 **30 0.5**  **3 0.05**  225 **1 23**  **0.1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 **84 1**  **8 0.1**  630 **1 63**  **0.1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **62 1**  **6 0.1**  465 **1 47**  **0.1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **62 1**  **6 0.1**  465 **1 47**  **0.1** 100 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

**WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs**  **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 230 **3** 23 **0.4** 1725 **4** 173 **0.4** 10

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC50)**

***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 **5 0.02**  **0.5 0.002**  51 **0.02 5**  **0.002** 10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 3000 **12** 300 **1** 34286 **12** 3429 **1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 22 8250 **33** 825 **3** 94286 **33** 9429 **4** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 16 6000 **24** 600 **3** 68571 **24** 6857 **3** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 16 6000 **24** 600 **3** 68571 **24** 6857 **3** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 57 21375 86 2138 **9** 244286 86 24429 10 10



### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC95) ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 **2 0.01**  **0.2 0.001**  22 **0.01 2**  **0.001** 10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 1500 **6** 150 **1** 17143 **6** 1714 **1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 11 4125 **17** 413 **2** 47143 **17** 4714 **2** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 8 3000 **12** 300 **1** 34286 **12** 3429 **1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 8 3000 **12** 300 **1** 34286 **12** 3429 **1** 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 29 10875 44 1088 **5** 124286 44 12429 **5** 10



### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using HEC99) ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They indicate**  **potential health risks.**
**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)**  **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate No LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 **1 0.01**  **0.1 0.001**  16 **0.01 2**  **0.001** 10
**DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY** Fredriksson et al., 1993 3 1125 **5** 113 **0.5** 12857 **5** 1286 **1** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 3150 **13** 315 **1** 36000 **13** 3600 **1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 2325 **9** 233 **1** 26571 **9** 2657 **1** 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 2325 **9** 233 **1** 26571 **9** 2657 **1** 100 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

**WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs**  **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

### Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

Narotsky et al., 1995 23 8625 35 863 **4** 98571 35 9857 **4** 10

# Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene



# Calculation Spreadsheet for Residential Acute Risks ***See the Reference section of the EPA/OPPT TCE risk assessment to obtain details about the studies. Version 06/18/14**

**Health Effect Domain and Study Route**  **Effect HEC50 (ppm)**  **HEC95 (ppm) HEC99 (ppm)**  **Total UF**

**CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 Oral (drinking water) Heart malformations 0.012 0.0051 0.0037 10 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY**  Fredriksson et al., 1993 Oral (gavage) Decreased rearing activity 8 4 3 100**(see note)**

Taylor et al., 1985 Oral (drinking water)Increased exploratory behavior in male pups (offspring) 22 11 8.4 100

**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH**

Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Decreased fetal weight and skeletal effects 16 8 6.2 100

**PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY**  Healy et al., 1982 Inhalation Increased resorptions 16 8 6.2 100
Narotsky et al., 1995 Oral (gavage) Increased resorptions 57 29 23 10



# Exposure Estimates for Residential Use Scenarios

Residential use ofdegreaser productUSER Residential use of

degreaser productBYSTANDER/NON-USER Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective coating spray-USER Residential use of arts/crafts clearprotective coating sprayBYSTANDER/NONUSER

2 0.8 0.4 0.1 **PBPK-derived 24-hr HECs (US EPA, 2011)**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY**

US EPA (2011). Toxicological review of trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01-6). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). US Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/iris/supdocs/0199index.html. Accessed November 7, 2012. EPA/635/R-09/011F.



## 24-hr TCE Air Concentration (ppm) Note: A subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was part of the composite UF of 300 that the TCE IRIS assessment used (US EPA, 2011). The subchronic to chronic UF of 3 was dropped in this analysis because the HEC values for developmental effects were used for acute, but not chronic, exposures.

**Note:**As discussed in section 2.5.3 and 2.5.3 of the risk assessment, age group-specific simulations showed that all of the age groups within each user and bystander category had the same indoor air concentrations of TCE (expressed in ppm). The age groups for users did not include individuals <16 yrs based on the assumption that adults would be the primary users of these products. However, EPA/OPPT cannot rule out that these products are used by teenagers and children. Since there are not survey data for consumer behavior patterns or a way to create varying behavior patterns for different age groups, the indoor air concentrations shown in Table 2-17 of the risk assessment were extended to all potential users in this risk assessment.

# Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC50)**

**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC50 (ppm)**  **USER (all age categories that are relevant for**  **users) BYSTANDER/NON-USER** 

**(all age categories) USER (all age categories**  **that are relevant for users)**  **BYSTANDER/NON-USER**

**(all age categories) Total UF or Benchmark MOE**  ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They**  **indicate potential health risks.**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.012 **0.01 0.02**  **0.03 0.12**  10 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY**  Fredriksson et al., 1993 8 **4 10**  **20 80**  100 Taylor et al., 1985 22 **11 28**  **55** 220 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 16 **8 20**  **40** 160 100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY**  Healy et al., 1982 16 **8 20**  **40** 160 100 Narotsky et al., 1995 57 29 71 143 570 10



# Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC95)

**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC95 (ppm)**  **USER (all age categories that are relevant for**  **users) BYSTANDER/NON-USER** 

**(all age categories) USER (all age categories**  **that are relevant for users)**  **BYSTANDER/NON-USER**

**(all age categories) Total UF or Benchmark MOE**  ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They**  **indicate potential health risks.**
**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0051 **0.0026 0.01**  **0.01 0.05**  10 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY**  Fredriksson et al., 1993 4 **2 5**  **10 40**  100 Taylor et al., 1985 11 **6 14**  **28** 110 100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 8 **4 10**  **20 80**  100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY**  Healy et al., 1982 8 **4 10**  **20 80**  100 Narotsky et al., 1995 29 15 36 73 290 10 **Residential use of degreaser product Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective**  **coating spray Residential use of degreaser product**  **Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective coating spray** 

# Final TSCA Workplan Risk Assessment: Trichloroethylene

**Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Using HEC99)**

**Health Effect Domain and Study HEC99 (ppm)**  **USER (all age categories that are relevant for**  **users) BYSTANDER/NON-USER** 

**(all age categories) USER (all age categories**  **that are relevant for users)**  **BYSTANDER/NON-USER**

**(all age categories) Total UF or Benchmark MOE**  ***MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in red text. They**  **indicate potential health risks.**
**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY CONGENITAL DEFECTS**  Johnson et al., 2003 0.0037 **0.0019 0.005**  **0.01 0.04**  10 **DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY**  Fredriksson et al., 1993 **3 2**  **4 8**  **30** 100 Taylor et al., 1985 8.4 **4 11**  **21 84**  100
**PRE- AND POSTNATAL GROWTH** Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **3 8**  **16 62**  100 **PRE- AND POSTNATAL MORTALITY**  Healy et al., 1982 6.2 **3 8**  **16 62**  100 Narotsky et al., 1995 23 12 29 58 230 10 **Residential use of degreaser product Residential use of arts/crafts clear protective**  **coating spray**

### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Residential Uses (Version 06/18/14)

**Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm)**  **USER (all age categories**  **that are relevant for users)**  **BYSTANDER/N**

**ON-USER (all age categories)**  **USER**

**(all age categories that**  **are relevant for users)**  **BYSTANDER/NO**

**N-USER (all age categories)** **Total UF or Benchmark**

**MOE*****MOEs below benchmark MOE are**  **denoted in red text. They indicate potential**  **health risks.**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 **0.0060 0.0150**  **0.0300 0.1200**  10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 **0.0026 0.0064**  **0.0128 0.0510**  10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 **0.0019 0.0046**  **0.0093 0.0370**  10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95MOE AT HEC99 RESIDENTIAL DEGREASER (all age categories that are relevant

to users) 0.01 0.003 0.002

DEGREASER BYSTANDER (all age categories) 0.02 0.01 0.005

RESIDENTIAL ARTS/CRAFTS USER (all age categories that are relevant

to users) 0.03 0.01 0.01

ARTS/CRAFTS BYSTANDER (all age categories) 0.1 0.05 0.04 **Residential use of degreaser**

**product Residential use of arts/crafts clear**  **protective coating spray**

**RESIDENTIAL DEGREASER (all age categories that**  **are relevant to users) DEGREASER BYSTANDER**  **(all age categories) RESIDENTIAL**  **ARTS/CRAFTS USER (all age categories that**  **are relevant to users) ARTS/CRAFTS**  **BYSTANDER (all age categories)** 
**MOE AT HEC 50 0.01**  **0.02 0.03**  **0.1 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.003 0.01**  **0.01 0.05**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.002**  **0.005 0.01**  **0.04**

**0.00 0.02**  **0.04 0.06**  **0.08 0.10**  **0.12 0.14** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  ***All MOE values were below the benchmark MOE of 10**  

## ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR RESIDENTIAL USES Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003

## )

### Non-cancer Acute Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

**Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm)** **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **With LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--**  **Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark**

**MOE*****MOEs below benchmark MOE are**  **denoted in red text. They indicate potential**  **health risks.**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 0.12000 0.00180 0.01200 0.00018 0.90000 0.00212 0.09000 0.000209 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 0.05100 0.00077 0.00510 0.00008 0.38250 0.00090 0.03825 0.000089 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 0.03700 0.00056 0.00370 0.00006 0.27750 0.00065 0.02775 0.000065 10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95MOE AT HEC99 DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.1 0.05 0.04 DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.01 0.01 0.004 DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.9 0.4 0.3 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.1 0.04 0.03 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

**DEGREASER + LEV--Low**  **end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER**

**NO LEV-- Low-end**  **exposure estimate** **DEGREASER +**

**LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate DEGREASER** 

**NO LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**+ LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER** 

**NO LEV-- Low-end**  **exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**+ LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**NO LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 0.1**  **0.01 0.002**  **0.0002 0.9**  **0.1 0.002**  **0.0002 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.05 0.01**  **0.001 0.0001**  **0.4 0.04**  **0.001 0.0001**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.04**  **0.004 0.001**  **0.0001 0.3**  **0.03 0.001**  **0.0001 0.0**  **0.1 0.2**  **0.3 0.4**  **0.5 0.6**  **0.7 0.8**  **0.9 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U S** **R E**  

### ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR COMMERCIAL DEGREASER USE

Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003

## )

***All MOE values were below the benchmark MOE of 10** 

### Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

**Health Effect Domain and Study 24-HR HEC (ppm)** **With LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **With LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--**  **Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low-end** 

**exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **Total UF or Benchmark**

**MOE**

**DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY-CONGENITAL DEFECTS** Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50-0.012 4.50000 0.01800 0.45000 0.00189 51.42857 0.01800 5.14286 0.00200 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 1.91250 0.00765 0.19125 0.00081 21.85714 0.00765 2.18571 0.00085 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 1.38750 0.00555 0.13875 0.00058 15.85714 0.00555 1.58571 0.00062 10

SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50 MOE AT HEC95MOE AT HEC99 SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 5 2 1 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.01 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.5 0.2 0.1 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 51 22 16 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.01 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 5 2 2 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

**SPOT CLEANER +** **LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate SPOT** 

**CL EANER NO** **LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate SPOT** 

**CLEANER + LEV-- Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **SPOT**

**CLEANER NO LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**+ LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER** 

**NO LEV-- Low-end**  **exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**+ LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER**

**NO LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 5**  **0.02 0.5**  **0.002 51**  **0.02 5**  **0.002 MOE AT HEC95**  **2 0.01**  **0.2 0.001**  **22 0.01**  **2 0.001**  **MOE AT HEC99 1**  **0.01 0.1**  **0.001 16**  **0.01 2**  **0.001**

**0 10**  **20 30**  **40 50** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E** 

**Benchmark MOE=10** 

### ACUTE RISK ESTIMATES FOR COMMERCIAL USE OF SPOTTING AGENT Developmental Effects (Congenital Heart Malformations, Johnson et al., 2003

## )

### Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

**With LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper-end**

**exposure estimate No LEV--Low**  **end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  LADC 0.0407 2.7136 0.4070 26.7293 0.0054 2.3066 0.0543 23.3372 Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) IUR=0.02 per ppm 8.E-04 5.E-02 8.E-03 5.E-01 1.E-04 5.E-02 1.E-03 5.E-01 Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-4? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of

1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

**SCENARIO Number of**  **Human Cancer Cases Per Million**  DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 800 DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 8000 DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 50000 DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 500000 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 100 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 1000 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 50000 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 500000



### Cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

**With LEV--Low end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--Upper** 

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **With LEV--Upper-end**

**exposure estimate No LEV--Low**  **end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper**

**end exposure estimate**  LADC 0.0011 0.2714 0.0109 2.5780 0.0001 0.2714 0.0009 2.4423 Cancer Risk (Exposure x IUR) IUR=0.02 per ppm 2.E-05 5.E-03 2.E-04 5.E-02 2.E-06 5.E-03 2.E-05 5.E-02 Exceedance of target cancer risk of 1X10-4? No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of 1X10-5? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Exceedance of target cancer risk of 1X10-6? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

**SCENARIO Number of**  **Human Cancer Cases Per Million**  SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 20 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 200 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 5000 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 50000 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 2 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 20 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 5000 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 50000WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) **WORKER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM) BYSTANDER 24-HR INHALATION EXPOSURE (PPM)** 

**0.1 1**  **10 100**  **1000 10000** **100000 1000000**  **DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**
**DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate Number of Human Cancer Cases Per Million** 

**1x10 -** **4 1x10** **- 5**  **1x10 -** **6**

**0.1 1**  **10 100**  **1000 10000** **100000 1000000**  **SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate**
**SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**
**BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate Number of Human Cancer Cases Per Million** 
**1x10 -** **4 1x10** **- 5**  **1x10 -** **6 Non-cancer Chronic Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops (Using the lowest HEC of each health effects domain) (Version 06/18/14)** 

**Health Effect Domain and Study Lowest HEC (ppm) of**  **each health effects domain**  **With LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate Total UF or** 

**Benchmark MOE** 
LIVER Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC50=25 350.9615 35.0962 5.2644 0.5345 2632.2115 263.2212 6.1934 0.6121 10 Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC95=12 168.4615 16.8462 2.5269 0.2565 1263.4615 126.3462 2.9729 0.2938 10 Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC99=9.1 127.7500 12.7750 1.9163 0.1945 958.1250 95.8125 2.2544 0.2228 10 KIDNEY NTP, 1998 HEC50=0.042 0.5896 0.0590 0.0088 0.0009 4.4221 0.4422 0.0104 0.0010 10 NTP, 1998 HEC95=0.0085 0.1193 0.0119 0.0018 0.0002 0.8950 0.0895 0.0021 0.0002 10 NTP, 1998 HEC99=0.0056 0.0786 0.0079 0.0012 0.0001 0.5896 0.0590 0.0014 0.0001 10 NEUROTOXICITY Arito et al., 1994 HEC50=13 182.5000 18.2500 2.7375 0.2779 1368.7500 136.8750 3.2206 0.3183 300 Arito et al., 1994 HEC95=6.4 89.8462 8.9846 1.3477 0.1368 673.8462 67.3846 1.5855 0.1567 300 Arito et al., 1994 HEC99=4.8 67.3846 6.7385 1.0108 0.1026 505.3846 50.5385 1.1891 0.1175 300 IMMUNOTOXICITY HEC50=0.092 1.2915 0.1292 0.0194 0.0020 9.6865 0.9687 0.0228 0.0023 100 HEC95=0.045 0.6317 0.0632 0.0095 0.0010 4.7380 0.4738 0.0111 0.0011 100 HEC99=0.033 0.4633 0.0463 0.0069 0.0007 3.4745 0.3475 0.0082 0.0008 100 HEC50=0.092 1.2915 0.1292 0.0194 0.0020 9.6865 0.9687 0.0228 0.0023 30 HEC95=0.045 0.6317 0.0632 0.0095 0.0010 4.7380 0.4738 0.0111 0.0011 30 HEC99=0.033 0.4633 0.0463 0.0069 0.0007 3.4745 0.3475 0.0082 0.0008 30 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Chia et al. 1996 HEC50=1.4 19.6538 1.9654 0.2948 0.0299 147.4038 14.7404 0.3468 0.0343 30 Chia et al. 1996 HEC95=0.7 9.8269 0.9827 0.1474 0.0150 73.7019 7.3702 0.1734 0.0171 30 Chia et al. 1996 HEC99=0.5 7.0192 0.7019 0.1053 0.0107 52.6442 5.2644 0.1239 0.0122 30 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 0.1685 0.0168 0.0025 0.0003 1.2635 0.1263 0.0030 0.0003 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 0.0716 0.0072 0.0011 0.0001 0.5370 0.0537 0.0013 0.0001 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 0.0519 0.0052 0.0008 0.0001 0.3896 0.0390 0.0009 0.0001 10 **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** 

Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity)**LIVER KIDNEY**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 351 168 128 DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 0.6 0.1 0.08

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 35 17 13 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.06 0.01 0.008

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 5 3 2 DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.009 0.002 0.001

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.5 0.3 0.2 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.001 0.0002 0.0001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 2632 1263 958 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 4.4 0.9 0.6

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 263 126 96 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.4 0.09 0.06

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 6 3 2 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.01 0.002 0.001

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.6 0.3 0.2 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.001 0.0002 0.0001

**NEUROTOXICITY**

**SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50** **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99** 
DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 183 90 67 DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 1 0.6 0.5 DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 1 0.6 0.5

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 18 9 7 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.1 0.06 0.05 DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.1 0.06 0.05

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 3 1 1 DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.007 DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.009 0.007

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.1 0.1 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 1369 674 505 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 9.7 5 3 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 9.7 5 3

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 137 67 51 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 1 0.5 0.3 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 1 0.5 0.3

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 3 2 1 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.008 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.008

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.002 0.001 0.001

**REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY** 

**SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  DEGREASER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 20 10 7 DEGREASER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 0.2 0.1 0.05

DEGREASER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 2 1 0.7 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.02 0.01 0.01

DEGREASER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.1 0.1 DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001

DEGREASER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.03 0.01 0.01 DEGREASER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001

BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 147 74 53 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 1.26 0.5 0.4

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 15 7 5 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.1 0.05 0.04

BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.03 0.02 0.01 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 **IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)**  **IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Autoimmunity) DEGREASER + LEV-**  **-Low-end exposure estimate**  **DEGREASER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV- -Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-**

**-Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV- -Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 351**  **35 5**  **0.5 2632**  **263 6**  **0.6 MOE AT HEC95**  **168 17**  **3 0.3**  **1263 126**  **3 0.3**  **MOE AT HEC99 128**  **13 2**  **0.2 958**  **96 2**  **0.2**

**0 250**  **500 750**  **1000 1250**  **1500 1750**  **2000 2250**  **2500 2750** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  **Occupational Non**

**- Cancer Risks: Liver Effects** 

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 10**

**DEGREASER + LEV-- Low-end exposure**  **estimate DEGREASER NO LEV--** 

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **DEGREASER + LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure estimate**  **DEGREASER NO LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO LEV--**

**Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 0.6**  **0.06 0.009**  **0.001 4.4**  **0.4 0.01**  **0.001 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.1 0.01**  **0.002 0.0002**  **0.9 0.09**  **0.002 0.0002**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.08**  **0.008 0.001**  **0.0001 0.6**  **0.06 0.001**  **0.0001**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4 5**  **6 7**  **8 9**  **10 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks: Kidney Effects** 

***All MOE values were below the** **benchmark MOE of 10**

**DEGREASER + LEV-- Low-end exposure**  **estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 183**  **18 3**  **0.3 1369**  **137 3**  **0.3 MOE AT HEC95**  **90 9**  **1 0.1**  **674 67**  **2 0.2**  **MOE AT HEC99 67**  **7 1**  **0.1 505**  **51 1**  **0.1**

**0 250**  **500 750**  **1000 1250**  **1500 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks:** **Neurotoxicity**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 300 DEGREASER + LEV--**  **Low-end exposure estimate**  **DEGREASER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 1**  **0.1 0.02**  **0.002 9.7**  **1 0.02**  **0.002 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.6 0.06**  **0.01 0.001**  **5 0.5**  **0.01 0.001**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.5**  **0.05 0.007**  **0.001 3**  **0.3 0.008**  **0.001**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4 5**  **6 7**  **8 9**  **10 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity** 

**-- Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity** 

**--**

***All MOE values were below**  **the benchmark MOE of 100** 

**DEGREASER + LEV-- Low-end exposure**  **estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 1**  **0.1 0.02**  **0.002 9.7**  **1 0.02**  **0.002 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.6 0.06**  **0.009 0.001**  **5 0.5**  **0.01 0.001**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.5**  **0.05 0.007**  **0.001 3**  **0.3 0.008**  **0.001**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4 5**  **6 7**  **8 9**  **10 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity** 

**-- Autoimmunity** 
**--**

***All MOE values were below**  **the benchmark MOE of 30** 

**DEGREASER + LEV-- Low-end exposure**  **estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 20**  **2 0.3**  **0.03 147**  **15 0.3**  **0.03 MOE AT HEC95**  **10 1**  **0.1 0.01**  **74 7**  **0.2 0.02**  **MOE AT HEC99 7**  **0.7 0.1**  **0.01 53**  **5 0.1**  **0.01**

**0 10**  **20 30**  **40 50**  **60 70**  **80 90**  **100 110**  **120 130**  **140 150**  **160 170**  **180 190**  **200 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks: Reproductive T**  **oxicity**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 30 DEGREASER + LEV--**  **Low-end exposure estimate**  **DEGREASER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **DEGREASER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate DEGREASER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 0.2**  **0.02 0.003**  **0.0003 1.26**  **0.1 0.003**  **0.0003 MOE AT HEC95**  **0.1 0.01**  **0.001 0.0001**  **0.5 0.05**  **0.001 0.0001**  **MOE AT HEC99 0.05**  **0.01 0.001**  **0.0001 0.4**  **0.04 0.001**  **0.0001 0.0**  **0.1 0.2**  **0.3 0.4**  **0.5 0.6**  **0.7 0.8**  **0.9 1.0**  **1.1 1.2**  **1.3 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks:** **Developmental T oxicity** 

**-- Cardiac Defects** 

**--**

***All MOE values were below**  **the benchmark MOE of 10** **Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities (Using the lowest HEC of each health effects domain)**

**Health Effect Domain and Study Lowest HEC (ppm) of**  **each health effects domain**  **With LEV--Low**

**end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Low-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Upper**  **end exposure estimate**  **No LEV--Upper-end**

**exposure estimate With LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate With LEV--Upper-end**  **exposure estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate Total UF or** 

**Benchmark MOE** 
LIVER Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC50=25 13161.05769 52.64423077 1316.105769 5.541497976 150412.0879 52.64423077 15041.208795.849358974 10 Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC95=12 6317.307692 25.26923077 631.7307692 2.659919028 72197.8022 25.26923077 7219.780222.807692308 10 Kjellstrand et al. 1983 HEC99=9.1 4790.625 19.1625 479.0625 2.017105263 54750 19.1625 54752.129166667 10 KIDNEY NTP, 1998 HEC50=0.042 22.11057692 0.088442308 2.211057692 0.009309717 252.6923077 0.088442308 25.269230770.009826923 10 NTP, 1998 HEC95=0.0085 4.474759615 0.017899038 0.447475962 0.001884109 51.14010989 0.017899038 5.1140109890.001988782 10 NTP, 1998 HEC99=0.0056 2.948076923 0.011792308 0.294807692 0.001241296 33.69230769 0.011792308 3.3692307690.001310256 10 NEUROTOXICITY Arito et al., 1994 HEC50=13 6843.75 27.375 684.375 2.881578947 78214.28571 27.375 7821.4285713.041666667 300 Arito et al., 1994 HEC95=6.4 3369.230769 13.47692308 336.9230769 1.418623482 38505.49451 13.47692308 3850.5494511.497435897 300 Arito et al., 1994 HEC99=4.8 2526.923077 10.10769231 252.6923077 1.063967611 28879.12088 10.10769231 2887.9120881.123076923 300 IMMUNOTOXICITY HEC50=0.092 48.43269231 0.193730769 4.843269231 0.020392713 553.5164835 0.193730769 55.351648350.021525641 100 HEC95=0.045 23.68990385 0.094759615 2.368990385 0.009974696 270.7417582 0.094759615 27.074175820.010528846 100 HEC99=0.033 17.37259615 0.069490385 1.737259615 0.007314777 198.543956 0.069490385 19.85439560.007721154 100 HEC50=0.092 48.43269231 0.193730769 4.843269231 0.020392713 553.5164835 0.193730769 55.351648350.021525641 30 HEC95=0.045 23.68990385 0.094759615 2.368990385 0.009974696 270.7417582 0.094759615 27.074175820.010528846 30 HEC99=0.033 17.37259615 0.069490385 1.737259615 0.007314777 198.543956 0.069490385 19.85439560.007721154 30 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Chia et al. 1996 HEC50=1.4 737.0192308 2.948076923 73.70192308 0.310323887 8423.076923 2.948076923 842.30769230.327564103 30 Chia et al. 1996 HEC95=0.7 368.5096154 1.474038462 36.85096154 0.155161943 4211.538462 1.474038462 421.15384620.163782051 30 Chia et al. 1996 HEC99=0.5 263.2211538 1.052884615 26.32211538 0.11082996 3008.241758 1.052884615 300.82417580.116987179 30 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY Johnson et al., 2003 HEC50=0.012 6.317307692 0.025269231 0.631730769 0.002659919 72.1978022 0.025269231 7.219780220.002807692 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC95=0.0051 2.684855769 0.010739423 0.268485577 0.001130466 30.68406593 0.010739423 3.0684065930.001193269 10 Johnson et al., 2003 HEC99=0.0037 1.947836538 0.007791346 0.194783654 0.000820142 22.26098901 0.007791346 2.2260989010.000865705 10 Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity) **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs** **LIVER KIDNEY**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99** 
SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 13161 6317 4791 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 22 4 3 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 53 25 19 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.09 0.02 0.01 SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 1316 632 479 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 2 0.4 0.3 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 6 3 2 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.01 0.002 0.001 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 150412 72198 54750 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 253 51 34 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 53 25 19 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.09 0.02 0.01 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 15041 7220 5475 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 25 5 3 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 6 3 2 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.01 0.002 0.001

**NEUROTOXICITY**

**SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50** **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99** 

SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 6844 3369 2527 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 48.433 23.690 17.373 SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 48.4327 23.6899 17.3726

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 27 13 10 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.194 0.095 0.069 SPOT CLEANERNO LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 0.1937 0.0948 0.0695
SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 684 337 253 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 4.843 2.369 1.737 SPOT CLEANER+ LEV--Upperend exposure estimate 4.8433 2.3690 1.7373

SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 3 1 1 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.020 0.010 0.007 SPOT CLEANERNO LEV--Upperend exposure estimate 0.0204 0.0100 0.0073
BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 78214 38505 28879 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 553.516 270.742 198.544 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 553.5165 270.7418 198.5440

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 27 13 10 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.194 0.095 0.069 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 0.1937 0.0948 0.0695
BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 7821 3851 2888 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 55.352 27.074 19.854 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 55.3516 27.0742 19.8544

BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 3 1 1 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.022 0.011 0.008 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.0215 0.0105 0.0077

**REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY** 

**SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99**  **SCENARIO MOE AT HEC 50**  **MOE AT HEC95 MOE AT HEC99** 
SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 737 369 263 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 6 3 2 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 3 1 1 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.03 0.01 0.01 SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 74 37 26 SPOT CLEANER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.6 0.3 0.2 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1 SPOT CLEANER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001 BYSTANDER + LEV--Low-end exposure

estimate 8423 4212 3008 BYSTANDER + LEV--Lowend exposure estimate 72 31 22 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Low-end exposure estimate 3 1 1 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Low-end exposure estimate 0.03 0.01 0.01 BYSTANDER + LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 842 421 301 BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 7 3 2 BYSTANDER NO LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate 0.3 0.2 0.1 BYSTANDER NO LEV-- Upper-end exposure estimate 0.003 0.001 0.001 **IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Autoimmunity) IMMUNOTOXICITY (Keil et al., 2009; Decrease in thymus weight and thymus**  **cellularity) SPOT CLEANER +**  **LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-**

**-Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV- -Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 13161**  **53 1316**  **6 150412**  **53 15041**  **6 MOE AT HEC95**  **6317 25**  **632 3**  **72198 25**  **7220 3**  **MOE AT HEC99 4791**  **19 479**  **2 54750**  **19 5475**  **2**

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000**M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  **Occupational Non**

**- Cancer Risks: Liver Effects** 

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 10**

**SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate**  **SPOT CLEANER**

**NO LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate SPOT CLEANER +** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure**  **estimate SPOT CLEANER** 

**NO LEV--Upper end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER +** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER +** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure**  **estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure**  **estimate MOE AT HEC 50**  **22 0.09**  **2 0.01**  **253 0.09**  **25 0.01**  **MOE AT HEC95 4**  **0.02 0.4**  **0.002 51**  **0.02 5**  **0.002 MOE AT HEC99**  **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  **34 0.01**  **3 0.001** 

**0 10**  **20 30**  **40 50**  **60 70**  **80 90**  **100 110**  **120 130**  **140 150**  **160 170**  **180 190**  **200 210**  **220 230**  **240 250**  **260 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks:** **Kidney Effects**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 10**

**SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate SPOT CLEANER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 6844**  **27 684**  **3 78214**  **27 7821**  **3 MOE AT HEC95**  **3369 13**  **337 1**  **38505 13**  **3851 1**  **MOE AT HEC99 2527**  **10 253**  **1 28879**  **10 2888**  **1**

**0 10000**  **20000 30000**  **40000 50000**  **60000 70000**  **80000 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks:** **Neurotoxicity**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 300 SPOT CLEANER +**  **LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-**

**-Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV- -Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 48.433**  **0.194 4.843**  **0.020 553.516**  **0.194 55.352**  **0.022 MOE AT HEC95**  **23.690 0.095**  **2.369 0.010**  **270.742 0.095**  **27.074 0.011**  **MOE AT HEC99 17.373**  **0.069 1.737**  **0.007 198.544**  **0.069 19.854**  **0.008 0.000**  **100.000 200.000**  **300.000 400.000**  **500.000 600.000** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  **Occupational Non**

**- Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity** 

**-- Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity** 

**--**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 100**

**SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate SPOT CLEANER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV- -Low-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV- -Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 48.4327**  **0.1937 4.8433**  **0.0204 553.5165**  **0.1937 55.3516**  **0.0215 MOE AT HEC95**  **23.6899 0.0948**  **2.3690 0.0100**  **270.7418 0.0948**  **27.0742 0.0105**  **MOE AT HEC99 17.3726**  **0.0695 1.7373**  **0.0073 198.5440**  **0.0695 19.8544**  **0.0077 0.0000**  **30.0000 60.0000**  **90.0000 120.0000**  **150.0000 180.0000**  **210.0000 240.0000**  **270.0000 300.0000**  **330.0000 360.0000**  **390.0000 420.0000**  **450.0000 480.0000**  **510.0000 540.0000**  **570.0000 600.0000** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  **Occupational Non**

**- Cancer Risks: Immunotoxicity** 

**-- Autoimmunity** 
**--**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 30**

**SPOT CLEANER + LEV--Low-end**  **exposure estimate SPOT CLEANER NO** 

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 737**  **3 74**  **0.3 8423**  **3 842**  **0.3 MOE AT HEC95**  **369 1**  **37 0.2**  **4212 1**  **421 0.2**  **MOE AT HEC99 263**  **1 26**  **0.1 3008**  **1 301**  **0.1**

**0 1000**  **2000 3000**  **4000 5000**  **6000 7000**  **8000 9000** **M A** **R G** **I N** **O F** **E X** **P O** **S U** **R E**  **Occupational Non**

**- Cancer Risks:** **Reproductive T oxicity** 

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 30 SPOT CLEANER +**  **LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER +**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **SPOT CLEANER NO**

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV--**

**Low-end exposure estimate**  **BYSTANDER NO**

**LEV--Low-end exposure estimate** **BYSTANDER + LEV-- Upper-end**  **exposure estimate BYSTANDER NO** 

**LEV--Upper-end exposure estimate**  **MOE AT HEC 50 6**  **0.03 0.6**  **0.003 72**  **0.03 7**  **0.003 MOE AT HEC95**  **3 0.01**  **0.3 0.001**  **31 0.01**  **3 0.001**  **MOE AT HEC99 2**  **0.01 0.2**  **0.001 22**  **0.01 2**  **0.001**

**0 10**  **20 30**  **40 50**  **60 70**  **80 90**  **100 M** **A R** **G I** **N O** **F E** **X P** **O S** **U R** **E Occupational Non** 

**- Cancer Risks:** **Developmental T oxicity** 

**-- Cardiac Defects** 

**--**

***MOE values in red box** **were below the** **benchmark MOE of 10**

# Version 06/18/14

**With LEV-- Low-end**  **exposure estimate** **No LEV--Low**

**end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low** 

**end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY**  HEC50= 0.012 **0.17 0.017**  **0.0025 0.0003**  **1.3 0.13**  **0.003 0.0003**  (Johnson et al., 2003) HEC95= 0.0051 **0.072 0.0072**  **0.0011 0.0001**  **0.54 0.05**  **0.0013 0.0001**  HEC99= 0.0037 **0.052 0.0052**  **0.0008 0.0001**  **0.4 0.04**  **0.0009 0.0001**  **KIDNEY** 0.042 **0.59 0.059**  **0.0088 0.0009**  **4.4 0.4**  **0.01 0.001**  (NTP, 1998) 0.0085 **0.11 0.012**  **0.0018 0.0002**  **0.9 0.09**  **0.0021 0.0002**  0.0056 **0.079 0.0079**  **0.0012 0.0001**  **0.6 0.06**  **0.0014 0.0001**  0.092 **1.3 0.1**  **0.019 0.002**  **9.7 0.97**  **0.023 0.0023**  0.045 **0.6 0.06**  **0.0095 0.001**  **4.7 0.47**  **0.011 0.0011**  0.033 **0.5 0.05**  **0.0069 0.0007**  **3.5 0.35**  **0.0082 0.0008** 

HEC50= 0.092 **1.3 0.13**  **0.019 0.002**  **9.7 0.97**  **0.022 0.0023** 

HEC95= 0.045 **0.6 0.063**  **0.0095 0.001**  **4.7 0.47**  **0.011 0.0011**  HEC99= 0.033 **0.5 0.046**  **0.0069 0.0007**  **3.5 0.35**  **0.0082 0.0008**  **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** HEC50= 1.4 **19.7 2**  **0.3 0.03**  147 **15 0.35**  **0.034** (Chia et al. 1996) HEC95= 0.7 **9.8 1**  **0.15 0.015**  74 **7 0.17**  **0.017** HEC99= 0.5 **7 0.7**  **0.11 0.011**  53 **5 0.12**  **0.012** HEC50= 13 **183 18**  **2.7 0.28**  1369 **137 3.2**  **0.32** HEC95= 6.4 **90 9**  **1.3 0.14**  674 **67 1.6**  **0.16** HEC99= 4.8 **67 7**  **1 0.1**  505 **51 1.2**  **0.12 LIVER**  HEC50= 25 351 35 **5.3 0.53**  2632 263 **6 0.61**  (Kjellstrand et al. 1983) HEC95= 12 168 17 **2.5 0.26**  1263 126 **3 0.29**  HEC99= 9.1 128 13 **1.9 0.19**  958 96 **2 0.22**  

# Table 2-X. Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Degreaser Product at Small Shops

**Health Effect Domain and Study Lowest HEC (ppm) of**  **each health effects domain**  **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs 1**  

# BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs**1**



# IMMUNOTOXICITYKeil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

**IMMUNOTOXICITY**Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity)

**NEUROTOXICITY**(Arito et al., 1994)



# Notes:(1) MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in bold text. They indicate potential health risks.

# With LEV-- **Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low** 

**end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Low-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--Low** 

**end exposure**  **estimate With LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate No LEV--** 

**Upper-end exposure**  **estimate DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY**  HEC50= 0.012 **6.3 0.0253**  **0.63 0.0027**  72 **0.0253 7.2**  **0.0028** (Johnson et al., 2003) HEC95= 0.0051 **2.7 0.0107**  **0.27 0.0011**  31 **0.0107 3.1**  **0.0012** HEC99= 0.0037 **1.9 0.0078**  **0.19 0.0008**  22 **0.0078 2.2**  **0.0009 KIDNEY**  HEC50= 0.042 22 0.088 2.2 0.0093 253 0.0884 25 0.0098 (NTP, 1998) HEC95= 0.0085 4.5 0.018 0.45 0.0019 51 0.0179 5.1 0.002 HEC99= 0.0056 2.9 0.012 0.29 0.0012 34 0.0118 3.4 0.0013 HEC50= 0.092 48 0.194 4.8 0.02 554 0.194 55 0.022 HEC95= 0.045 24 0.095 2.4 0.01 271 0.095 27 0.011 HEC99= 0.033 17 0.069 1.7 0.007 199 0.069 20 0.008 HEC50= 0.092 48 0.194 4.8 0.02 554 0.194 55 0.022 HEC95= 0.045 24 0.095 2.4 0.01 271 0.095 27 0.011 HEC99= 0.033 17 0.069 1.7 0.007 199 0.069 20 0.008 **REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY** HEC50= 1.4 737 2.9 74 0.31 8423 2.9 842 0.33 (Chia et al. 1996) HEC95= 0.7 369 1.5 37 0.16 4212 1.5 421 0.16 HEC99= 0.5 263 1.1 26 0.11 3008 1.1 301 0.12 HEC50= 13 6844 27 684 2.9 78214 27 7821 3 HEC95= 6.4 3369 13 337 1.4 38505 13 3851 1.5 HEC99= 4.8 2527 10 253 1.1 28879 10 2888 1.1 **LIVER** HEC50= 25 13161 53 1316 5.5 150412 53 15041 5.8 (Kjellstrand et al. 1983) HEC95= 12 6317 25 632 2.7 72198 25 7220 2.8 HEC99= 9.1 4791 19 479 2 54750 19 5475 2.1 

# Table 2-X. Non-cancer Risk Estimates for Commercial Use of Spotting Agent at Dry Cleaning Facilities

**Health Effect Domain and Study Lowest HEC (ppm) of**  **each health effects domain**  **WORKER NON-CANCER MOEs 1**  

# BYSTANDER NON-CANCER MOEs**1**



# NEUROTOXICITY(Arito et al., 1994)



# Notes:(1) MOEs below benchmark MOE are denoted in bold text. They indicate potential health risks. **IMMUNOTOXICITY**Keil et al., 2009 (Decrease in thymus weight and thymus cellularity)

**IMMUNOTOXICITY**Keil et al., 2009 (Autoimmunity)

# Total UF or

**Benchmark MOE** 

10

10

100

30

30

300

10

# 10

**Total UF or Benchmark**  **MOE**

300

10 10

100

30

30