NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 20-2641

____________

WILSON PENA-LOJO,

 Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

____________

On Petition for Review from an

Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

(Board No. A087-392-768)

Immigration Judge: Jason L. Pope

____________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

June 23, 2021

Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, MATEY and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: November 5, 2021)

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OPINION*

____________

FISHER, Circuit Judge.

Wilson Pena-Lojo, a Guatemalan citizen and environmental activist, entered the 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

U.S. illegally. When removal proceedings began, he applied for deferral of removal under 

the Convention Against Torture (CAT).1 The Immigration Judge (IJ) denied Pena-Lojo’s 

application and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed. Pena-Lojo petitions 

for review. We will grant the petition.2

Under the legislation that implements the CAT, it is “the policy of the United 

States not to . . . effect the involuntary return of any person to a country in which there 

are substantial grounds for believing the person would be in danger of being subjected to 

torture.”3 An individual applying for CAT protection must show that “it is more likely 

than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of 

removal.”4 Torture is “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or 

mental, is intentionally inflicted . . . for such purposes as . . . punishing . . . , intimidating

1

In 2018, Pena-Lojo pled guilty in New Jersey state court to endangering the 

welfare of a child through sexual conduct, N.J. Stat. Ann. 2C:24-4A(1). His conviction 

renders him ineligible for withholding of removal under both the Immigration and 

Nationality Act and the CAT. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii). His only requested relief is 

deferral of removal under the CAT. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(4).

2 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(4). “Because the BIA here 

adopted the IJ’s reasons concerning the denial of CAT relief, ‘we review both the BIA 

and IJ decisions.’” Grijalva Martinez v. Att’y Gen., 978 F.3d 860, 871 n.11 (3d Cir. 2020)

(quoting Oliva-Ramos v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d 259, 270 (3d Cir. 2012)). “[F]actual 

challenges to CAT orders” are reviewed under the “highly deferential . . . . substantialevidence standard: The agency’s ‘findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable 

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Nasrallah v. Barr, 140 S. 

Ct. 1683, 1692 (2020) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review questions of law 

de novo. Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017).

3 Auguste v. Ridge, 395 F.3d 123, 133 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Foreign Affairs 

Reform & Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-277, § 2242(a), 112 Stat. 2681).

4 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2).
3

or coercing.”5 The pain or suffering must be “inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with 

the consent or acquiescence of, a public official.”6

The IJ concluded that, in Guatemala, Pena-Lojo would be merely harassed, not 

tortured. Pena-Lojo argues that the BIA should not have affirmed because the IJ 

impermissibly ignored evidence weighing in favor of granting relief. We agree. 

The applicable regulation directs the IJ to consider “all evidence relevant to the 

possibility of future torture”—not only “[e]vidence of past torture inflicted upon the 

[particular] applicant,” but also “[e]vidence of gross, flagrant or mass violations of 

human rights within the country of removal” and “[o]ther relevant information regarding 

conditions” there.7Indeed, “[c]ountry conditions alone can play a decisive role [in 

determining if relief is warranted].”8 And while the agency “need not ‘discuss every piece 

of evidence,’”

9

it “may not ignore evidence favorable to the [petitioner].”10“[I]f 

[evidence] is to be disregarded, we need to know why.”11

In determining that Pena-Lojo “was not subject to past torture,” the IJ found that 

5 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).

6

Id.

7 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3).

8 Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 582, 592 (3d Cir. 2011) (second 

alteration in original) (quoting Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1280 (9th Cir. 2001)).

9 Green v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d 503, 509 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting Huang v. Att’y 

Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 388 (3d Cir. 2010)).

10 Quinteros v. Att’y Gen., 945 F.3d 772, 786 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Huang, 620 

F.3d at 388).

11 Id. (second alteration in original) (quoting Myrie, 855 F.3d at 518).
4

Pena-Lojo was credible in all but one respect: his account of individuals on a motorcycle 

shooting at him, narrowly missing him as he leapt behind a tree.12 The IJ determined that 

this story was not credible because two affidavits—one submitted by Pena-Lojo’s father 

and another by his fellow community activist—did not mention the shooting. This 

credibility finding is supported by substantial evidence13 because we cannot say that “any 

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude[,] to the contrary,” that PenaLojo was credible about this event.14 Therefore, we will not give further consideration to 

the evidence of the shooting.

Leaving aside the shooting, the IJ still was required to consider “[e]vidence of 

gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights.”

15 The IJ and BIA opinions do not 

explain why the evidence of this kind that is in the record—which is favorable to PenaLojo’s claim—was disregarded.16

The IJ stated that Pena-Lojo “has absolutely introduced evidence . . . that there are 

issues in Guatemala with treatment of the indigenous community,” which include 

“exploitation of resources in their communities” and “the recent history of . . . arrests, or 

12 AR 69-70.

13 Butt v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 430, 433 (3d Cir. 2005) (“Adverse credibility 

determinations, like other factual findings in immigration proceedings, are reviewed 

under the substantial evidence standard.”).

14 Nasrallah, 140 S. Ct. at 1692 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).

15 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3).

16 See Quinteros, 945 F.3d at 786.
5

in some cases, killings or assassinations.”17 The IJ also noted Pena-Lojo’s expert’s 

affidavit discussing “specific violence that occurred in Peten,” Pena-Lojo’s region, “over 

the land rights issues and . . . the cases of land rights defenders who have been killed 

there, and at times, the lack of a government response to some of these incidents.”18 The 

IJ then properly turned to a “determin[ation] [of] what specifically is likely to happen to 

[Pena-Lojo] if he were to return to Guatemala.”19

The IJ held that Pena-Lojo would not be tortured if removed because he had not 

been tortured in the past. When Pena-Lojo was engaging in environmental activism, he 

was “out in the open,” running meetings and having his picture taken—but was never 

detained or subject to any treatment worse than “veiled threats” and unfriendly questions 

from an auxiliary mayor.20

However, Pena-Lojo submitted extensive evidence that conditions in Guatemala 

have substantially worsened in recent years. Therefore, the question is whether the IJ

properly held that Pena-Lojo would be treated the same upon removal as he was before 

his departure sometime between 2013 and 2016.

21

Pena-Lojo’s expert witness, who has traveled to Guatemala to investigate threats 

17 AR 68-69.

18 AR 69.

19 AR 69. 

20 AR 70.

21 Pena-Lojo says that after he was removed from the U.S. for the second time, in 

2013, he re-entered that same year. In any event, he returned at some point before 

November 2016, when federal agents arrested him. DHS AR 43.
6

and assassinations in rural communities, stated in her affidavit that 52 “human rights 

defenders” were assassinated in indigenous areas in 2017, a 325% increase over 2016. 

She has traveled twice to Peten, and she described the killings of two defenders there in 

2013 and 2015. The expert opined that Pena-Lojo would be “visible and vulnerable” to 

attacks and assassination attempts “wherever he went inside Guatemala” because he is a 

“highly visible figure as a spokesperson for and leader of a community that has disputed 

the usurpation of their lands.”22

In addition to the expert’s report, Pena-Lojo offered significant evidence of a 

rising tide of human rights violations in Guatemala since 2016. The Inter-American 

Commission on Human Rights reported that murders of human rights defenders increased 

each year from 2014 to 2017 and noted an “unacceptable increase of violence” in 2017 

alone.

23 Also in 2017, the United Nations announced that environmental rights defenders 

in Guatemala “are the most at-risk defenders in the world.”24

In 2018, Amnesty International reported that seven human rights defenders had 

been killed in Guatemala over the course of four weeks, and the 2018 U.S. State 

Department Human Rights Report said that “[a]t least nine rural, indigenous activists and 

human rights defenders were killed or died under disputed circumstances between May 

22 AR 243-44.

23 AR 400.

24 AR 352.
7

and September.”25

In January 2019, National Public Radio reported that indigenous Guatemalans 

“worr[ied] that the violence [of the 1990s] [was] making a comeback” because “[i]n just 

the last year, 26 members of mostly indigenous campesino [i.e., peasant] organizations 

have been killed.”26 The article quoted a U.S. researcher saying that “Guatemala is on the 

verge of a major human rights catastrophe,” and an indigenous Guatemalan leader saying 

that “Guatemala has entered ‘a new stage of repression’ – one focused on ‘assassinating 

community leaders who defend their territories’” against environmental degradation.27

Based on investigations in mid-2019, Amnesty International continued to report 

on “increase[d] . . . risks faced by human rights defenders.”28 In July 2019, Global 

Witness reported a “five-fold surge in killings” of land and environmental defenders.29 In 

September 2019, Peace Brigades International reported that “[v]iolence against human 

rights defenders [had] been increasing” for the prior two months, and throughout the 

year, “at least one human rights activist [had been] killed every two weeks.”30

We do not take issue with the fact that the agency did not “discuss every piece of 

[this] evidence.”

31 Rather, the problem is that the IJ and BIA ignored evidence favorable 

25 AR 298.

26 AR 662.

27 AR 662, 665.

28 AR 490.

29 AR 578.

30 AR 497.

31 Green, 694 F.3d at 509 (quoting Huang, 620 F.3d at 388).
8

to Pena-Lojo and did not explain why.32 The IJ stated that Pena-Lojo would be treated the 

same as he was before 2013 or so, but did not square that assertion with the evidence, all 

from the record, that we have just discussed.

The IJ added that Pena-Lojo’s fellow activist, Edvin Amador, “appears to continue 

his activism in Guatemala on behalf of his community without being harmed.”33 But 

Amador stated: “I live in fear of suffering attacks on my life . . . [W]e do not leave here 

because we cannot and especially because we hope that conditions change.”34 Amador 

said community leaders are “key targets.”

35 He recounted the killing of one such leader in

2016 and stated his concern for an activist friend whose brother had been murdered a 

month before and “who [was] being threatened with death” at the time the affidavit was 

written in December 2019.36 If the reports about increasing danger to activists are to be 

32 See Quinteros, 945 F.3d at 786 (quoting Huang, 620 F.3d at 388).

33 AR 71.

34 AR 744.

35 AR 745.

36 AR 745.
9

ignored, Amador’s affidavit does not provide the basis to do so.37

Because the IJ and BIA do not explain why evidence favorable to Pena-Lojo is to 

be disregarded, the proper course of action is to grant the petition and remand.38 In light 

of this disposition, we need not consider Pena-Lojo’s arguments that the IJ and BIA did 

not complete the required steps of the analysis of the likelihood of torture, and that the 

BIA applied the incorrect standard of review.

37 Blanco v. Att’y Gen., 967 F.3d 304, 313 (3d Cir. 2020), contains reasoning 

analogous to our thinking here. In Blanco, the agency denied the petitioner’s asylum 

application, emphasizing that “despite . . . death threats, Blanco remained unharmed.” Id.

at 313. We held that the agency did not apply the proper standard because “if Blanco’s 

persecutors had followed through with their threats—as the BIA and IJ seem to suggest 

was necessary—Blanco would be dead.” Id. Similarly here, it seems that, according to 

the IJ’s logic, the only way Pena-Lojo could support his application for CAT protection 

would be to submit an affidavit from a community activist who was subsequently 

assassinated. That is not a faithful application of the CAT standard. See 8 C.F.R. 

§ 208.16(c)(2) (petitioner must show that “it is more likely than not that he . . . would be 

tortured if removed”).

38 See Quinteros, 945 F.3d at 787; Huang, 620 F.3d at 388.