J-S54001-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

AMY LAUREN TOMPKINS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 939 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 17, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of Susquehanna County Criminal Division 

at No(s): CP-58-CR-0000228-2019

BEFORE: NICHOLS, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED APRIL 22, 2021

Appellant Amy Lauren Tompkins appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed following her jury trial conviction of interfering with custody of 

children.1 Specifically, she claims that the evidence was insufficient to support 

her conviction because the Commonwealth failed to establish that she took 

her son, and claims that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. 

We affirm.

We summarize the factual background based on a review of the record 

of the jury trial.

2

 On February 15, 2019, after Susquehanna County Children 

and Youth Services (CYS) became involved with D.C. because of truancy, a 

court found Appellant’s then-fourteen-year-old son, D.C., to be a dependent 

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1 18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a).

2 We review the record in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth. See

Commonwealth v. Ratsamy, 934 A.2d 1233, 1237 (Pa. 2007). 
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child and transferred custody of D.C. to CYS. Neither D.C. nor Appellant 

appeared at the dependency hearing. CYS caseworker Chad Weaver and a 

colleague traveled to Appellant’s house after the adjudication of dependency

to notify them of the order. See N.T. Trial, 3/11/20, at 54. 

Mr. Weaver testified that Appellant did not respond when he initially 

knocked on her door and returned to his car to retrieve tape to place a copy 

of the dependency order on Appellant’s door. See id. at 55. By the time Mr. 

Weaver returned to tape the paperwork to the door, Appellant appeared and 

was talking to his colleague. See id. Mr. Weaver stated that Appellant 

refused to take the paperwork from him, and he later taped it to the door. 

See id. at 55-56. As he was leaving, he saw Appellant take the paperwork 

from her door and look at it. See id. at 56. 

Mr. Weaver testified that he told Appellant that a court had found D.C. 

dependent and transferred custody to CYS. Appellant stated D.C. was not at 

home. Mr. Weaver then asked Appellant to let him know if D.C. returned. 

See id. at 55-56. Mr. Weaver testified that he made random stops at the 

house attempting to locate D.C., but never saw him. See id. at 57-58.

After being unable to locate D.C., CYS filed a missing person’s report 

with the Pennsylvania State Police on February 15, 2019. See id. at 70. Later 

that evening, Trooper Gerard Dempsey and Trooper Jeffrey Sosko went to 

Appellant’s house to locate D.C. or obtain information about his whereabouts. 

Appellant told the troopers that D.C. had left the house that morning while 

she was in the shower and that she had not seen him since. Trooper Sosko 
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testified that when he informed Appellant of the missing person investigation 

for D.C., Appellant “was not happy” and questioned how a missing person 

investigation started when she, as D.C.’s mother, did not report him as 

missing. Id. at 78-79. According to Trooper Sosko, when he told Appellant 

that he wanted to ensure D.C. was safe and not “wandering the streets,” 

Appellant responded that “she kn[ew] he’s not wandering the streets . . . 

because she kn[ew] her son.” Id. at 80-81. 

Appellant told the troopers that she had heard from D.C., but she did 

not want to give them the phone number from which he called her. Appellant 

provided the police with a description of D.C., noting that he had been wearing 

black sneakers, blue jeans, and a blue or black hoodie top. Trooper Sosko 

testified that he asked Appellant for a photograph of D.C., but Appellant could 

not find one. Trooper Sosko indicated that a press release regarding D.C. was 

issued, but it yielded no information.

On February 19, 2019, Troopers Sosko and Dempsey returned to 

Appellant’s house for a follow-up. Trooper Sosko stated: “As soon as 

[Appellant] opened the door, she was very upset, and I would classify angry 

at us for being there. She asked us why we were there.” Id. at 84. Initially, 

Appellant told them nobody was at the house, but they heard footsteps 

upstairs. Trooper Dempsey testified that when he first heard footsteps at 

Appellant’s house, he yelled out for D.C. An individual, later identified as 

D.C.’s girlfriend, came downstairs from an upper level of the house during the 

interview. Both troopers testified that they continued to hear footsteps 
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upstairs, although they did not see any other people. See id. at 84, 86, 114-

15. When Trooper Dempsey again asked Appellant if D.C. was upstairs, 

“[s]he, again, stated no, and she asked [them] to leave the residence at that 

time.” Id. at 114-15.

On the morning of March 6, 2019, Detective Justin Sprout with the 

Susquehanna County District Attorney’s Office drove to Appellant’s house and 

saw Appellant’s grey sedan in the driveway. Later that afternoon, Detective 

Sprout returned to the house and noticed that the grey sedan was gone. He 

left in search of the vehicle and after finding it, followed it back to Appellant’s 

house. As he approached the sedan, Appellant exited the front passenger 

seat. 

Detective Sprout asked Appellant where D.C. was, and she shrugged 

her shoulders. He then approached the sedan and saw D.C. crouching down 

in the backseat with the doors locked. D.C.’s girlfriend was leaning over D.C. 

D.C. initially did not comply with Detective Sprout’s orders to exit the vehicle, 

and the detective tried to get into the vehicle, but the door was locked. The 

detective stated that as Appellant unlocked the door, she was asking him not 

to shoot D.C. The detective noted that he did not have his weapon drawn at 

any point during the encounter. Appellant unlocked the back door, and 

Detective Sprout got D.C. out of the car and turned him over to Pennsylvania 

State Police troopers. 

On March 26, 2019, Trooper Sosko filed a criminal complaint charging 

Appellant with interference with custody of a child. On July 19, 2019, the 
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Commonwealth filed an information asserting, in part, that Appellant, “on or 

about Wednesday the 6th day of March, 2019 . . . did have D.C. . . . in her 

custody when she was aware that there was a Court Order granting legal 

custody to [CYS. Appellant] was also aware that the PSP Gibson [station] was 

actively searching for the child and entered him into NCIC as a missing 

person.” Information, 7/19/19.

At trial, the Commonwealth presented the evidence summarized above. 

Appellant then testified in her own defense, stating that she had received a 

call from D.C. on March 6, 2019, asking her to pick him up in Binghamton, 

New York, because he was ready to turn himself in. Appellant did not have a 

driver’s license, so she called her friend and asked him to drive to Binghamton 

with her to pick up D.C. Appellant stated that she did not see D.C. from 

February 15, 2019, until March 6, 2019, but she did have phone contact with 

him on occasion. 

At the conclusion of trial, the jury found Appellant guilty of interference 

with custody of a child. On June 17, 2020, prior to the start of the sentencing 

hearing, Appellant made oral motions for extraordinary relief or a judgment 

of acquittal and for a new trial because the verdict was against the weight of 

the evidence. See N.T. Sentencing Hr’g, 6/17/20, at 3. The trial court denied 

Appellant’s motions, and sentenced Appellant to twenty-four months’

probation. Appellant did not file post sentence motions.
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Appellant timely appealed and complied with the trial court’s order to 

submit a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court filed a responsive 

opinion.

Appellant presents the following questions on appeal:

1. A conviction for interfering with custody of children (18 Pa.C.S. 

[§] 2904(a)) requires the defendant to “take” a child from 

custody. Should a conviction be reversed where the evidence 

fails to establish that the defendant substantially interfered 

with the child’s custody, physically removed the child from 

custody or maintained the child outside of the custody holder’s 

control?

2. Is it manifestly unreasonable for a trial court to deny a motion 

for a new trial where a jury’s finding of guilt is so contrary to 

the evidence that it shocks one’s sense of justice?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (some capitalization omitted).

Prior to addressing the first issue raised, we must assess whether 

Appellant preserved her sufficiency claim for appeal. “A defendant may 

challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction . . . in one or 

more of the following ways: (7) a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

made on appeal.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 606. In addition, “[w]e have repeatedly held 

that [i]n order to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on 

appeal, an appellant's [Rule] 1925(b) statement must state with specificity 

the element or elements upon which the appellant alleges that the evidence 

was insufficient.” Commonwealth v. Ellison, 213 A.3d 312, 320-21 (Pa. 

Super. 2019) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Presently, Appellant’s 

1925(b) concise statement claims that the Commonwealth failed to establish 
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the required element of a taking. See Concise Statement of Errors, 8/22/20, 

at 1. Therefore, she has preserved her challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence, and we will address the merits of her first issue. 

Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support her 

conviction of interfering with custody. Specifically, she contends that the 

Commonwealth failed to establish that she took or enticed D.C. from the lawful 

custody of his guardian. See Appellant’s Brief at 14. She argues that there 

was no evidence that she physically took D.C. or physically removed him from 

the custody of CYS. Appellant further alleges that there was no evidence that 

she maintained D.C. outside CYS’s dominion. See id. at 14-16. Therefore, 

Appellant claims the Commonwealth failed to prove the first element of 

interfering with custody.

The Commonwealth argues that the circumstantial evidence introduced 

at trial supported Appellant’s conviction for interference with custody. It 

argues that Appellant substantially interfered with CYS’s control by refusing 

to provide contact information for D.C. to law enforcement and refusing to 

allow troopers into her house when they were looking for D.C. See 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 8-9. The Commonwealth asserts that “each one of 

these uncooperative acts showed [Appellant’s] control over her son,” and “by 

obstructing all of these efforts, she deliberately created an extended period of 

interruption of lawful custody” by CYS. Id. at 10-11.

The trial court found that Appellant “plainly exercised ‘possession, power 

and control’ over D.C., i.e., she was not complying with the dependency order, 
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she maintained possession of D.C., she refused to give up her control of D.C. 

and she attempted to maintain her parental power over D.C.” Trial Ct. Op., 

11/1/19, at 7 (footnote omitted); see id. at 7-8.

The standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence is 

well settled:

The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence 

is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light 

most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence 

to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh 

the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In 

addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by 

the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be 

resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and 

inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be 

drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth 

may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial 

evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record 

must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be 

considered. Finally, the trier of fact while passing upon the 

credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, 

is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Hewlett, 189 A.3d 1004, 1008 (Pa. Super. 2018)

(citation omitted). “Both direct and circumstantial evidence must be 

considered equally when assessing the sufficiency of the evidence.” 

Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1193 (Pa. Super. 2001) 

(citation omitted). “Furthermore, if a jury could have reasonably determined 

from the evidence adduced that all of the necessary elements of the crime 
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were established, then the evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the 

verdict.” Id. (citation omitted).

Chapter 29 of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, Section 2904, sets forth 

the elements of interference with custody of children. 

§ 2904. Interference with custody of children

(a) Offense defined.—A person commits an offense if he 

knowingly or recklessly takes or entices any child under the age 

of 18 years from the custody of its parent, guardian or other lawful 

custodian, when he has no privilege to do so.

18 Pa.C.S. § 2904(a). Because Section 2904 does not define “takes”, we 

discuss a brief history of the case law that presents how Pennsylvania courts 

have interpreted this Section.

In Commonwealth v. Stewart, 544 A.2d 1384, 1385 (Pa. Super. 

1988), the appellant refused to return the child to the mother’s custody and 

fled with the child, moving around the country for five years. After the child 

was located and returned to mother, the appellant was convicted of interfering 

with custody. On appeal, the Stewart Court considered whether the three 

year statute of limitations for interference with custody was violated when 

charges were filed five years after having taken the child from the custodial 

parent, but where the appellant maintained custody of the child during those 

five years. The Court reasoned that 

[t]he statute in question prohibits the taking or enticing of any 

child under the age of 18 from its rightful custodian. We are 

persuaded that it is not merely the act of taking or enticing that 

constitutes the offense, but rather the continued maintenance of 

the child outside of the custodian’s dominion.
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Stewart, 544 A.2d at 1388. Holding that interference with custody 

constitutes a continuing offense such that the statute of limitations would toll 

when the child was returned to the rightful custodian, the Stewart Court 

found that the statute of limitations was not violated. 

In Commonwealth v. Rodgers, 599 A.2d 1329, 1330 (Pa. Super. 

1991), the appellant set up an arrangement where minors could sell drugs 

from her apartment in exchange for giving her a share of the drugs and 

money. The Court reasoned that “[a] ‘taking’ from custody connotes a 

substantial interference with parental control. Although no case has assigned 

a specific definition to ‘taking,’ it appears that an affirmative physical removal

of the child is necessary.” Rodgers, 599 A.2d at 1331 (citations and some 

internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). The Rodgers Court

concluded that the evidence was not sufficient because the Commonwealth 

“presented absolutely no evidence that appellant took or enticed any of the 

minor children, nor did it show that she substantially interfered with the 

parents’ interest in their children.” Id.

In Commonwealth v. Giese, 928 A.2d 1080 (Pa. Super. 2007), a court 

transferred custody of the appellant’s granddaughter to CYS. See Giese, 928 

A.2d at 1081. After officers entered the appellant’s house to locate the child, 

they found the appellant hiding in a locked bathroom with the child. She then 

held the child to herself and hid, and then ran from officers, at one point 

throwing herself to the ground with the child beneath her. See id. at 1081-

82. The appellant was convicted of interference with custody and related 
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offenses. On appeal, the appellant argued that the trial court should have 

instructed the jury that a taking requires an “affirmative physical removal” in 

accordance with Rodgers. Id. at 1082. The Giese Court found that the trial 

court did not err or abuse its discretion when it instructed the jury that “[i]n 

order for there to be a taking, there must be substantial interference with 

custodial control, and this taking has to be accomplished by a physical act.” 

Giese, 928 A.2d at 1083 (emphasis added).3 

In sum, the case law shows that to establish the first element of 

interference with custody; that the defendant took the child—the

Commonwealth must show a taking accomplished by a physical act. See 

Giese, 928 A.2d at 1083. After the initial taking, the act of interference 

continues only if the individual continually maintains the child outside of the 

custody of the legal custodian. See Stewart, 544 A.2d at 1388.

Viewing the record in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as 

verdict winner, and considering all reasonable inferences therefrom, we 

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3 We note that we disagree with the trial court’s interpretation of this Court’s

holding in Giese and the Commonwealth’s assertion that a taking may occur 

without an accompanying physical act. See Trial Ct. Op. at 8; 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 8-9. In a parenthetical discussion, the trial court 

described Giese as “rejecting [the] suggestion that ‘taking’ under § 2904(a) 

‘has to be accompanied by a physical act.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8. However, the 

Giese Court rejected the defendant’s suggestion that a taking had to be an 

“affirmative physical removal” of the child but stated that a taking still required 

a “substantial interference with custodial control accomplished by a physical 

act.” Giese, 928 A.2d at 1082-83. Accordingly, contrary to the trial court’s 

suggestion, Giese affirmed that a taking must be accomplished by a physical 

act but rejected the suggestion that the physical act requires removing the 

child. See id. at 1083. 
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conclude that the jury’s finding that Mother took D.C. is supported by the 

record. See Hewlett, 189 A.3d at 1008. We conclude that based on this 

record it is reasonable that the jury as factfinder could infer taking 

circumstantially given the evidence presented of Appellant’s reluctance to 

cooperate with the missing person investigation, the footsteps that troopers 

heard coming from upstairs in Appellant’s house when she stated that nobody 

else was home in fact belonged to D.C., in addition to the Commonwealth’s 

introduction of witness testimony that when Detective Sprout finally located 

D.C., he was being driven in Appellant’s car, and was hiding in the backseat. 

Accordingly, based on our review of all of the evidence presented at trial

and in light of our standard of review, we conclude that the jury could have 

reasonably determined that Appellant took D.C., and accomplished such 

taking by a physical act. See Hewlett, 189 A.3d at 1008; Davalos, 779 A.2d 

at 1193. We do not agree with Appellant that the evidence is so weak and 

inconclusive that no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined 

circumstantial and direct evidence. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence 

was sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction of interference with custody.

In her second issue, Appellant claims that the verdict was against the 

weight of the evidence. She alleges that based on the evidence that the 

Commonwealth produced, which she argues only established that Appellant 

was in a car with D.C. for less than one minute, and the uncontradicted 

evidence presented by Appellant, the finding of guilty was contrary to the 
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evidence and shocking to one’s sense of justice. See Appellant’s Brief at 21-

22.

We first note that a weight challenge must be preserved in either a post 

sentence motion, a written motion before sentencing, or orally prior to 

sentencing. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A). Here, although Appellant did not file a 

post-sentence motion, she made an oral motion that she was entitled to a new 

trial because the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. Therefore, 

she has complied with the requirements of Rule 607, and we turn to the merits 

of her claim. See Pa.R.A.P. 607(A)(1).

When considering a challenge to the weight of the evidence supporting 

a conviction, a trial court must consider the following legal principles.

A motion for new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary 

to the weight of the evidence concedes that there is sufficient 

evidence to sustain the verdict. Thus, the trial court is under no 

obligation to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

verdict winner. An allegation that the verdict is against the weight 

of the evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. A 

new trial should not be granted because of a mere conflict in the 

testimony or because the judge on the same facts would have 

arrived at a different conclusion. A trial judge must do more than 

reassess the credibility of the witnesses and allege that he would 

not have assented to the verdict if he were a juror. Trial judges, 

in reviewing a claim that the verdict is against the weight of the 

evidence do not sit as the thirteenth juror. Rather, the role of the 

trial judge is to determine that notwithstanding all the facts, 

certain facts are so clearly of greater weight that to ignore them 

or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to deny justice.

Commonwealth v. Weir, 201 A.3d 163, 167–68 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation 

omitted), aff'd, 239 A.3d 25 (Pa. 2020).
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This Court’s standard of review concerning a weight of the evidence 

claim is distinct from that of the trial court.

Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the exercise of 

discretion, not of the underlying question of whether the verdict 

is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial judge has 

had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence presented, an 

appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the findings 

and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial 

court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight of the 

evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for granting or 

denying a new trial is the lower court’s conviction that the verdict 

was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new 

trial should be granted in the interest of justice.

Id. at 168 (emphasis and citation omitted).

Our review of the trial court’s decision is extremely limited when the 

challenge to the weight of the evidence is predicated on the credibility of trial 

testimony. See id. at 169. “[A]ppellate review is limited to whether the trial 

court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the weight claim.” Id.

(citation omitted).

Here, the trial court explained that

During the presentation of the oral motion, as well in the 1925(b) 

statement, [Appellant] has failed to identify how the jury’s verdict 

would shock one’s sense of justice. Indeed, the evidence 

demonstrates that [Appellant] was aware law enforcement was 

engaged in an extensive and prolonged search for her son, 

[Appellant] was later found to have possession of her son in the 

back of her automobile under circumstances where she was not 

immediately turning her son over to law enforcement, [Appellant] 

took no steps to notify law enforcement that she had custody of 

[D.C.] and [D.C.] was only taken into custody as a result of law 

enforcement’s intervention without any assistance from 

[Appellant]. When considering the uncontested facts, the guilty 

verdict does not shock the court’s sense of justice.
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Trial Ct. Op. at 2-3.

Following our review of the record, we discern no abuse of discretion in 

the trial court’s ruling. See Weir, 201 A.3d at 167–68. Instantly, the jury 

was free to believe all, part or none of the evidence. Therefore, the jury could 

choose not to believe Appellant’s explanation for D.C.’s presence in the vehicle 

on March 6, 2019. The jury could infer from the circumstantial and direct 

evidence presented at trial that the actions of Appellant in having D.C. driven 

from Bingham, New York constituted a taking accompanied by a physical act. 

On this record the trial court appropriately determined that the jury’s verdict 

was not so contrary to the evidence as to require a new trial. For these 

reasons we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, and 

Appellant’s challenge to the weight of the evidence merits no relief.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 04/22/2021