Opinion issued December 10, 2013.

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-12-00443-CV

———————————

THE HOUSTON AERONAUTICAL HERITAGE SOCIETY, INC., 

Appellant

V.

JOHN L. GRAVES, HARPER TRAMMELL, OSCAR NIPPER, BERNARD 

MORRIS, MARJORIE EVANS, A.J. HIGH, AND MEGAN LICKLITERMUNDON, Appellees

On Appeal from the 334th District Court 

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 2011-63921

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This appeal involves a dispute over the governance of the Houston 

Aeronautical Heritage Society, Inc. (HAHS), a Texas non-profit corporation 
2

formed for the purpose of the preservation and restoration of the City of Houston’s 

original air terminal at Hobby Airport. The trial court rendered judgment against 

HAHS and in favor of some of its corporate directors—John Graves, Harper 

Trammell, Oscar Nipper, Marjorie Evans, A.J. High, and Bernard Morris 

(collectively, the “Graves group”)—and the administrator for its civil air 

museum—Megan Lickliter-Mundon. In four issues, HAHS contends that the trial 

court erred in (1) denying a motion to compel arbitration, (2) dismissing HAHS’s 

declaratory-judgment claim, (3) granting a traditional summary judgment for the 

Graves group on its declaratory-judgment counterclaim, and (4) granting a 

no-evidence summary judgment for the Graves group on HAHS’s tort and contract 

claims. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand. 

Background

The operation and governance of HAHS through its Board of Directors has 

been the subject of multiple lawsuits and appellate proceedings.1 At the time the 

underlying lawsuit commenced, the HAHS Board had nine directors: George 

Coats, Kristen Coats, Gary Evans, A.J. High, Oscar Nipper, Harper Trammell, 

Marjorie Evans, John Graves, and Bernard Morris. These nine directors splintered 

into two groups competing for control of HAHS. The first group included George 

 1 Three proceedings are pending in this Court: (1) an interlocutory appeal bearing 

case number 01-12-1032-CV, (2) an original proceeding bearing case number 01-

12-01066-CV, and (3) this appeal bearing case number 01-12-00443-CV. Today, 

we issue our opinions in all three proceedings. 
3

Coats, Kristen Coats, and Gary Evans. The second group included the six members 

of the Graves group.

George and Kristen Coats and Gary Evans have a long history with HAHS. 

George Coats founded HAHS and volunteered on a full-time basis as president and 

chairman of the HAHS Board for thirteen years. He performed pro-bono legal 

services, including “advocacy, negotiation, drafting contracts, dispute resolution, 

litigation, [and] risk management,” and secured funding for the organization 

through his personal and professional relationships. Kristen Coats, who is married 

to George Coats, served as a director and the HAHS treasurer. She also maintained 

the HAHS website and coordinated corporate fundraisers. Gary Evans co-founded 

HAHS, served as its vice president, and volunteered as a pilot and pro-bono legal 

counsel. Collectively, the Coatses and Evans contributed more than $100,000 in 

services to HAHS. 

The Coatses and Evans attribute the split within the HAHS Board to John 

Graves. Graves, a director and the HAHS museum collections manager, “began a 

correspondence course with a university in the United Kingdom with the stated 

goal of obtaining a master’s degree in museum studies.” Graves received 

permission to “interview the [HAHS] board members as part of his research for his 

master’s thesis” on the condition that he would make his thesis available to HAHS 

when complete. As alleged by the Coatses and Evans, the HAHS Board 
4

“descended into acrimony and chaos” almost immediately after Graves began his 

interviews. Graves’s thesis was critical of HAHS’s governance. Believing the 

thesis posed an “imminent threat of harm” to HAHS, Evans acted unilaterally to 

terminate Graves from his positions as director and collections manager. 

The Lawsuit

In October 2011, the Graves group called a special board meeting for the 

purpose of nominating, electing, and installing new officers and directors. All six 

directors in the Graves group signed the special meeting notice. The Coatses and 

Evans, who were aware that they might be ousted at the special meeting, filed a 

lawsuit seeking to enjoin the special meeting; to have the trial court declare the 

rights and responsibilities of the current HAHS officers and directors and the terms 

of HAHS’s governance; and to recover damages against the Graves group under a 

variety of tort and contract theories, including breach of fiduciary duty, breach of 

contract, tortious interference, conspiracy, defamation, and business 

disparagement. The lawsuit was filed in HAHS’s name only and not by any of the 

directors in his or her individual capacity. 

The Graves group answered the lawsuit and filed a declaratory-judgment 

counterclaim seeking determinations that (1) the bylaws attached to its 

counterclaim were the “current applicable and effective bylaws that govern the 

affairs of HAHS”; (2) the members of the Graves group were all current members 
5

of the HAHS Board; and (3) the October 2011 special meeting was a validly called 

meeting at which officer and director elections could take place. 

On the parties’ agreement, the trial court enjoined the October 2011 special 

meeting pending trial on the merits. HAHS then moved to compel arbitration under 

its bylaws. The trial court denied the motion. 

After some time for discovery, the Graves group moved for a traditional 

summary judgment on its declaratory-judgment counterclaim and for a noevidence summary judgment on HAHS’s contract and tort claims. The trial court 

granted the Graves group’s summary judgment motions and rendered a final 

judgment declaring that (1) HAHS take nothing on any of its claims against the 

Graves group; (2) the bylaws presented by the Graves group were the “current, 

applicable, and effective bylaws that govern[ed] the affairs of [HAHS]”; (3) all of 

the members of the Graves group were members of the HAHS Board; and (4) the 

October 2011 special meeting was a meeting authorized by HAHS’s bylaws at 

which officer and director elections could have taken place. The final judgment 

also dismissed HAHS’s declaratory-judgment claim and dissolved the agreed 

temporary injunction. 

What occurred after the trial court rendered its judgment is, in pertinent part, 

undisputed; the parties’ disagreement is over the legal consequence of the 

post-judgment events. Two separate special meetings were called with two 
6

different results. First, the Graves group noticed a special directors meeting for 

April 20, 2012, at which a majority of the Board voted to remove the Coatses and 

Evans from their officer and director positions, to elect new officers, and to amend 

the bylaws. Then, Evans noticed a special members meeting for the following day. 

The purported result of the second meeting on April 21 was the election of a new 

board consisting of Stephen Holmes, Debbie Holmes, Clinton Holmes, Dana 

Atkinson, Gregory Evans, Christopher Gilbert, Amy Rogers, Tyler Hall, and Jerry 

Smith. We refer to the group purporting to be directors of HAHS as a result of the 

April 21 special members meeting as the “Holmes group.”

The Graves group challenged the validity of the April 21 meeting and sought 

injunctive relief to enforce the trial court’s judgment. The trial court granted the 

relief and entered an order affirming that the special meeting noticed in October 

2011 “was a validly noticed special meeting of the HAHS Board of Directors 

during which officer and director elections could have taken place” and ruling that 

the special meeting held on April 20 was consistent with the final judgment. The 

trial court enjoined “Messrs. Coats and Evans, and persons acting at the direction 

or in concert with them, including Steve Holmes, Debbie Holmes, Jerry Smith, 

Dana Atkinson, Greg Evans, Penny Evans, and Clinton Holmes . . . and each of 

their respective agents, employees, servants, and attorneys . . . from undertaking 
7

any actions based on the purported election of directors at the April 21 [ ] special 

meeting of members.” 

Stephen Holmes and Dana Atkinson―purportedly as directors elected at the 

April 21 special meeting―appealed the trial court’s final judgment on HAHS’s 

behalf.2 The appeal is brought in HAHS’s name only and not on behalf of any 

current or former director in his or her individual capacity. 

Motion to Compel Arbitration

In its first issue, the Holmes group contends that the trial court erred in 

denying HAHS’s motion to compel arbitration. The Graves group does not dispute 

that the HAHS bylaws contained a valid arbitration clause,3 but responds that 

HAHS’s claims fell outside the scope of that clause. The Graves group 

alternatively argues that HAHS waived its right to arbitrate by substantially 

 2 The Graves group contends that this Court lacks jurisdiction over this appeal 

because the individuals pursuing the appeal—Holmes and Atkinson—lack 

standing or authority or both to act on HAHS’s behalf and because the individuals 

who filed the lawsuit—the Coatses and Evans—are no longer HAHS officers or 

directors. The trial court’s judgment, in effect, authorized the change in control of 

HAHS and ouster of the Coatses and Evans. Thus, the issue of standing and 

authority is intertwined with the propriety of the trial court’s judgment. Because 

this Court has jurisdiction to determine its own jurisdiction, we will consider the 

merits of Holmes and Atkinson’s appeal. United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 628, 

122 S. Ct. 2450, 2454 (2002); Houston Mun. Employees Pension Sys. v. Ferrell, 

248 S.W.3d 151, 158 (Tex. 2007); In re Washington, 7 S.W.3d 181, 182 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

3 It is undisputed that the Graves group purported to amend the bylaws at the April 

20 special directors meeting. We do not address the amended bylaws, however, 

because the original bylaws were in effect at the time the trial court made its ruling 

on the motion to compel arbitration. 
8

invoking the litigation process. We do not reach the waiver issue because we agree 

that HAHS’s claims were beyond the arbitration clause’s scope. 

A. Legal standards

It is not enough for a party demanding arbitration to show that a valid 

arbitration clause exists; the party must also show that its claims fall within the 

scope of the clause. Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. 2013); In re 

AdvancePCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 605 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam). Whether 

an arbitration clause encompasses a claim is a matter of contract interpretation and 

a question of law for the court. Kline v. O’Quinn, 874 S.W.2d 776, 782 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied). In making this legal determination, 

we focus on the movant’s factual allegations rather than the causes of action 

asserted. See In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex. 2001) (orig. 

proceeding); Jack B. Anglin Co., Inc. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. 1992). 

Any doubts as to which claims fall within the scope of an arbitration clause must 

be resolved in favor of arbitration. Prudential Sec. Inc. v. Marshall, 909 S.W.2d 

896, 899 (Tex. 1995). 

B. Denial of motion to compel arbitration was not abuse of discretion

Given the parties’ agreement as to the existence of a valid arbitration clause, 

the only matter presented for our review is whether the arbitration clause covers 
9

the claims asserted in this litigation. The arbitration clause, which appears in that 

part of the HAHS bylaws entitled “Members,” provides: 

In any dispute between members relating to the activities of the 

Corporation, all parties involved shall cooperate in good faith to 

resolve the dispute. If the parties cannot resolve the dispute between 

themselves, they shall cooperate to select one or more mediators to 

help resolve the dispute. If no timely resolution occurs through 

mediation, any party may demand binding arbitration as described in 

the Revised Civil Statutes Article 238–20 or the Revised Civil 

Statutes Article 224 et seq. only if the parties have met together with a 

mediator. This paragraph shall not apply to a dispute involving the 

Corporation as a party relating to the sanctioning, suspension or 

expulsion of a member from the Corporation. The Board of Directors 

shall have the discretion to authorize the use of the Corporation’s 

funds for mediation or arbitration of dispute as described in this 

paragraph. 

The clause’s first sentence dictates its scope. Thus, to determine whether the trial 

court erred in refusing to order arbitration, we must determine whether HAHS’s 

petition or the Graves group’s counterclaim alleged a “dispute between members 

relating to the activities of the Corporation.” 

HAHS’s petition asserts various theories of liabilities against the six 

directors in the Graves group. Even though the bylaws provide that all directors of 

the corporation shall also be members, the lawsuit is not a dispute between 

members. The factual allegations supporting HAHS’s causes of action relate 

exclusively to the Graves group member’s acts and omissions as directors. 

Likewise, the Graves group’s counterclaim relates solely to the operation and 

governance of HAHS through its board of directors. Thus, this is a dispute between 
10

directors for control of HAHS, not a dispute between members relating to 

corporate activities. We conclude that the claims asserted in this litigation fall

outside the scope of the arbitration clause.

Our conclusion is buttressed by this Court’s holding in an analogous case. In 

Texas Private Employment Ass’n v. Lyn-Jay International, Inc., 888 S.W.2d 529 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ), the defendant association’s bylaws 

called for arbitration of disputes between members—specifically, “any controversy 

. . . arising between any two or more members of the association.” The association 

moved to compel arbitration of a suit brought by its members against the 

association, its officers, and its directors. The trial court denied the motion to 

compel, and this Court affirmed. In affirming, the Court held that because the plain 

language of the arbitration clause required arbitration between members, it did not 

apply to a dispute between the association and its members. The same result is 

required here where the lawsuit, as filed and pleaded, is between HAHS and six of 

its directors. For these reasons, we hold that the trial court did not err by denying 

HAHS’s motion to compel arbitration, and we overrule HAHS’s first issue.

Traditional Summary Judgment

In its second and third issues, HAHS challenges the trial court’s traditional 

summary judgment for the Graves group on its declaratory-judgment counterclaim. 

Specifically, HAHS argues that (1) the counterclaim was not the proper subject of 
11

a declaratory judgment and (2) genuine fact issues precluded summary judgment 

on the counterclaim. HAHS further argues that its own declaratory-judgment claim 

should not have been dismissed as part of the trial court’s summary judgment 

ruling because it was not the subject of the Graves group’s motion. 

A. Counterclaim was proper subject of declaratory judgment

We turn first to whether, as HAHS contends, the Graves group could not 

properly assert a declaratory-judgment counterclaim because HAHS’s claim for the 

same relief was already pending in the trial court. 

HAHS correctly states the general rule that a declaratory judgment is not 

available to settle disputes already pending before a court. See BHP Petroleum Co., 

Inc. v. Millard, 800 S.W.2d 838, 841 (Tex. 1990); Indian Beach Prop. Owners’ 

Ass’n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682, 701−02 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, 

no pet.); Howell v. Mauzy, 899 S.W.2d 690, 706 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, writ 

denied). While this rule precludes a counterclaim that presents nothing more than a 

denial of the plaintiff’s claim, a court may allow a declaratory-judgment 

counterclaim if it states a claim for affirmative relief. See Millard, 800 S.W.2d at 

841 (instructing that “Texas trial courts should decline to exercise jurisdiction 

seeking a declaration of non-liability in a tort action,” but acknowledging that “[i]n 

certain instances . . . a defensive declaratory judgment may present issues beyond 

those raised by the plaintiff.”); Hitchcock Props., Inc. v. Levering, 776 S.W.2d 
12

236, 239 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, writ denied) (same); Howell, 899 

S.W.2d at 706 (same). “‘To qualify as a claim for affirmative relief, a defensive 

pleading must allege that the defendant has a cause of action, independent of the 

plaintiff’s claim, on which he could recover benefits, compensation or relief, even 

though the plaintiff may abandon his cause of action or fail to establish it.’” Gen. 

Land Office v. OXY U.S.A., Inc., 789 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1990) (quoting 

Weaver v. Jock, 717 S.W.2d 654, 657 (Tex. App.—Waco 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). 

We look to the Texas Supreme Court’s opinion in BHP Petroleum Co., Inc.

v. Millard for guidance in determining when a defensive declaratory judgment 

presents issues beyond those raised by the plaintiff. 800 S.W.2d at 841. There, the 

plaintiff sued the defendant for breach of a gas-purchase contract’s “take-or-pay” 

provisions. Id. at 842. The defendant counterclaimed for a declaratory judgment 

“[t]hat events have occurred which constitute force majeure, as the parties agreed 

to define the term, or other causes not reasonably within the control of ANR and its 

customers, which have affected and will continue for the foreseeable future to 

affect ANR’s takes of natural gas under the Contracts[.]” Id. The defendant thus 

sought an interpretation of the gas purchase contract that would define the parties’ 

future contractual obligations. Because the gas purchase contract represented an 

ongoing relationship, the Court held that the defendant’s declaratory-judgment 
13

counterclaim was proper as a cause of action on which the defendant could recover 

relief if the plaintiff abandoned or failed to establish its claims. Id. 

In contrast, the court of appeals in Newman Oil Co. v. Alkek, 614 S.W.2d 

653, 655 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.) held a counterclaim 

was improper, where the plaintiffs sued the defendants for fraudulent 

misrepresentations, breach of contract, and violations of the Deceptive Trade 

Practices Act. Id. at 653–55. The defendants counterclaimed for declaratory relief 

and moved for summary judgment on the basis that they had not committed fraud, 

engaged in common law tort or deceptive trade practices, or breached any contracts 

with the plaintiffs. Id. at 654–55. Even though the defendants framed the 

counterclaim as a request for declaratory relief, the court of appeals held that the 

defendants did not plead facts upon which affirmative relief could be granted. Id.

at 655. Thus, the counterclaims were improper as mere denials of the plaintiffs’

causes of action. Id.

In this case, HAHS asserted claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of 

contract, conspiracy, defamation and libel, business disparagement, and tortious 

interference. Its original petition also sought a declaration of the “rights, 

responsibilities and obligations of the parties,” specifically, with respect to “the 

current officers and directors of [the corporation] and [ ] the terms of its 
14

organizational governance.” The Graves group’s counterclaim sought a declaration 

that: 

i. the bylaws attached [to their original counterclaim] as Exhibit 

A [were] the current applicable and effective bylaws and 

govern[ed] the affairs of HAHS; 

ii. . . . John L. Graves, Harper Trammell, Oscar Nipper, Marjorie 

Evans, Bernard Morris, and Captain A.J. High [were] all 

current members of the HAHS Board of Directors; and 

iii. . . . the special meeting called for October 24, 2011 by the 

[Graves group] was a validly called special meeting and that the 

[Graves group] ha[d] the right to call such a special meeting to 

hold officer and/or director elections.

After the Graves group filed its counterclaim, HAHS amended its declaratoryjudgment claim to request more specific relief, including determinations that the 

members of the Graves group had “constructively abandoned their positions as 

Directors of [HAHS], that [their] terms as directors ha[d] expired, that the 

Members of [HAHS] [were] entitled to elect the next board of directors of 

[HAHS], . . . and that [the Graves group’s] proposed and contemplated actions 

constitute[d] a fundamental action, as defined by the Texas Business Organizations 

Code, which must be approved by a vote of [HAHS’s] members.” 

We conclude that although it sought determinations about the operation and 

governance of HAHS, which are matters HAHS put before the trial court in its 

claim for declaratory relief, the Graves group stated a cause of action on which it 

could recover relief if HAHS abandoned or failed to prove its claims. See Millard,
15

800 S.W.2d at 842. The declaration sought by the Graves group in its counterclaim 

would have the effect of defining the future rights and obligations of HAHS and its 

various officers, directors, and members. Thus, the counterclaim was more than a 

mere denial of liability on HAHS’s claims and was the proper subject of a 

declaratory judgment. Compare Millard, 800 S.W.2d at 841 (holding that 

defendant’s counterclaim was claim for affirmative relief and declaratory judgment 

was proper), and Georgiades v. Di Ferrante, 871 S.W.2d 878, 880–81 (Tex. 

App.―Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied) (same), with Nat’l Enter., Inc. v. 

E.N.E. Props., 167 S.W.3d 39, 43–44 (Tex. App.―Waco 2005, no pet.) (holding 

that defendant’s counterclaim was not claim for affirmative relief and declaratory 

judgment was improper), Anderson v. New Prop. Owners’ Ass’n of Newport, Inc.,

122 S.W.3d 378, 391 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied) (same), Howell,

899 S.W.2d at 706–07 (same), and HECI Exploration Co. v. Clajon Gas Co., 843 

S.W.2d 622, 639 (Tex. App.―Austin 1992, writ denied) (same). 

B. Trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on 

declaratory-judgment counterclaim

Having concluded that the Graves group could properly request declaratory 

relief in its counterclaim, we turn now to whether the trial court erred in granting 

such relief. HAHS argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

because genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether (1) “any or all of the 

provisions of HAHS’[s] Bylaws were waived and/or acquiesced by the actions and 
16

inactions of the Board” and (2) Oscar Nipper resigned and John Graves was 

removed from their positions as directors. 

1. Standards of review

We review the trial court’s traditional summary judgment de novo. Ferguson 

v. Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 295 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Tex. 2009). The standard of

review for a traditional summary judgment is well established: (1) the movant has 

the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is 

entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a 

disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to 

the nonmovant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable inference must be 

indulged in favor of the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in the nonmovant’s 

favor. See, e.g., Nixon v. Mr. Property Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 

1985); Richards v. Transocean, 333 S.W.3d 326, 331 n.5 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.); Goston v. Hutchison, 853 S.W.2d 729, 731 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ).

Our review also involves interpretation of HAHS’s bylaws. To that end, we 

apply ordinary principles of contractual interpretation. See, e.g., MCI Telecomms. 

Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 650−51 (Tex. 1999); In re Aguilar, 

344 S.W.3d 41, 49−50 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, orig. proceeding). We construe 

written instruments, like bylaws, as a whole in an effort to harmonize and give 
17

effect to all the provisions of the instrument so that none will be rendered 

meaningless. Shell Oil Co. v. Khan, 138 S.W.3d 288, 292 (Tex. 2004). No single 

provision taken alone will be given controlling effect; rather, all the provisions 

must be considered with reference to the whole instrument. Id.

2. No fact issue exists concerning waiver or abandonment of any 

bylaw

In its summary judgment motion, the Graves group requested a declaration 

that the bylaws attached to its motion were the “current applicable and effective 

bylaws and govern[ed] the affairs of HAHS.” HAHS did not dispute in the trial 

court that the bylaws presented by the Graves group were the bylaws adopted by 

HAHS; that is, HAHS did not contest the bylaws’ authenticity or contend that the 

bylaws were inaccurate or incomplete. Instead, HAHS argued that certain 

bylaws―namely, the provision for the removal of officers and directors at a 

special meeting called by either the president or two directors and the provision for 

two-year director term limits―had been amended or waived by the Board’s actions

and omissions. 

Although the HAHS bylaws expressly provide that they “govern the affairs 

of [HAHS]” and may be altered, amended, or repealed by a majority vote of the 

Board, HAHS cites this Court’s opinion in Keating v. K-C-K Corp. for the 

proposition that the bylaws are subject to amendment by acts evidencing a uniform 

course of proceeding, or usage and acquiescence. 383 S.W.2d 69, 71 (Tex. Civ. 
18

App.―Houston [1st Dist.] 1964, no writ) (stating that when the corporate charter 

and applicable corporate statutes are silent as to formalities to be observed in 

enacting or amending bylaws, “no particular mode of enactment or formality is 

necessary” and, “[u]nder such circumstances, it is a general rule that by-laws may 

be adopted, or amended, orally or by acts evidenced by a uniform course of 

proceeding, or usage and acquiescence”). 

Keating involved a contest over management of a closely held corporation. 

Id. at 69. The primary dispute was whether the corporation’s stockholders should 

elect three or four directors at the stockholders’ meeting. Id. at 69−70. The 

appellant alleged that a bylaw requiring the corporation to have at least three 

directors had been amended by the conduct of the shareholders and directors to 

require the election of four directors. Id. at 71. Two things persuaded the court to 

hold as a matter of law that the bylaws had been amended to require four directors: 

(1) while the corporation’s bylaws allowed amendment only by the affirmative 

vote of not less than three-fourths of the shareholders, they did not specify any 

formalities to be observed for such a vote; and (2) there was undisputed evidence 

that for the four years preceding the meeting in question four directors were 

elected. Id. at 71. 

In support of its contention that it has raised a fact issue under Keating, 

HAHS has provided this Court with only a general citation to three summary 
19

judgment exhibits―the affidavits of George Coats, Kristen Coats, and Gary Evans. 

HAHS has not provided any substantive discussion of the statements contained in 

the affidavits and has not explained how the affidavits or their attachments create 

fact issues on amendment or waiver. Nevertheless, in our independent review of 

the affidavits, we note the following assertions contained in all three affidavits that 

are relevant to a Keating analysis: 

• [HAHS’s] by-laws were drafted in 1998, prior to its incorporation 

and long before it began actual operation of the Museum. [HAHS] 

has amended its bylaws on a few occasions. In actual practice, 

[HAHS] and its Board have generally complied with some 

provisions of the bylaws, but have generally ignored others.

• The bylaws contain an express two year term for directors and 

annual re-election of officers. If the bylaws are followed to the 

letter, [HAHS] has neither officers nor directors. The Officer 

Directors, Defendants Trammell, High, Nipper, and Evans were 

last re-elected in 2006. Defendant Graves was elected to the Board 

in 2007 and Defendant Morris was elected to the Board on 

September 4, 2009.

• Until [ ] Graves’[s] removal, no director had ever been removed 

from the board, nor has any director ever stood for reelection and 

been defeated. There was no motion or formal request to conduct 

board elections at any time between 2006 and the [Graves group’s] 

notice of special meeting in October 2011.

• Prior to [the Graves group’s] October 14, 2011 notice of special 

meeting (which is the mechanism set forth in the bylaws for 

removal of directors), no special meeting had ever been requested, 

noticed or conducted at any point in [HAHS’s] existence.

Considering this evidence in the appropriate light, we conclude that it does 

not raise a fact issue as to the amendment or waiver of special board meetings as a 
20

mechanism for the removal of officers and directors. The affidavits assert only that 

“no special meeting had ever been requested” before the Graves group’s October 

2011 notice. They are not evidence that the Board uniformly used a different 

course of proceeding to remove officers and directors. Therefore, this case is 

distinct from Keating in which the appellant showed an affirmative course of 

conduct to elect more than three directors on at least four prior occasions. See id. at 

71. Our conclusion that a fact issue does not exist is buttressed by the general law 

of waiver, which would require evidence of an intentional relinquishment of a 

known right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right. See Sun 

Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Benton, 728 S.W.2d 35, 37 (Tex. 1987); Mass. 

Bonding & Ins. Co. v. Orkin Exterm.. Co., 416 S.W.2d 396, 401 (Tex. 1967).

HAHS’s assertions regarding abandonment or waiver of the two-year 

director term limits, however, require closer examination. Neither side disputes on 

appeal that, although director elections had not occurred in the two years before the 

Graves group noticed the October 2011 special meeting, there were at least seven 

current directors of HAHS (specifically, George Coats, Kristen Coats, Gary Evans, 

Harper Trammell, A.J. High, Bernard Morris, and Marjorie Evans) and no director 

had ever been removed on expiration of a two-year term.

4 If the bylaw stating that 

 4 Although HAHS asserts in its statement of facts that A.J. High resigned with 

Oscar Nipper at a meeting in November 2010, HAHS has not challenged the trial 

court’s finding in its final judgment that High was still a director. HAHS’s
21

“[e]ach director shall serve for a term of two (2) years” is considered in isolation, a 

fact issue might exist as to whether HAHS had any directors. As argued by the 

Graves group, however, the undisputed evidence of director service beyond two 

years is not evidence of amendment or waiver of any term limit; rather, it is 

evidence that demonstrates conduct consistent with a reading of the bylaws as a 

whole. See Khan, 138 S.W.3d at 292 (instructing that courts should construe 

written instruments as a whole and attempt to harmonize and give effect to all 

provisions). The stated two-year term does not include a cap or otherwise limit the 

number of terms a director may serve. When read together with another provision 

requiring directors to “hold office until a successor is elected and qualified,” the 

two-year term establishes only a minimum time of service that expires upon the 

election of a successor. We do not read the provision to establish fixed term limits. 

Consequently, the assertions in the Coatses’ and Evans’s affidavits regarding the 

lack of director elections in the years preceding this lawsuit do not create a fact 

issue as to amendment or waiver of the bylaws. Because there was no fact issue as 

to the amendment or waiver, the trial court did not err in finding that the bylaws 

governed the affairs of HAHS or that a special meeting could be called for the 

removal of directors. 

 

challenge to the declaration in the final judgment regarding the composition of the 

Board is limited to Oscar Nipper’s and John Graves’s status. 
22

3. A fact issue does exist as to the HAHS Board’s composition

In its final challenge to the traditional-summary-judgment ruling, HAHS 

contends that the trial court erred by declaring that Oscar Nipper and John Graves 

were directors. More specifically, HAHS asserts that the summary-judgment 

evidence raises genuine issues of material fact as to whether (1) John Graves’s 

term limit expired or he abandoned his positions by acting in a manner harmful to 

HAHS and thereby opened himself up to termination by Evans and (2) Oscar 

Nipper voluntarily resigned at a Board meeting.

Graves’s status as a director is certain. We have already rejected HAHS’s 

contention that the trial court could not declare Graves a director because his term 

limit had expired. And HAHS’s contention that Graves effectively resigned or 

made himself subject to removal by Evans, acting as President, by “sowing discord 

and strife within [HAHS], and his insistence on not only writing but widely 

disseminating his paper (which poses such a grave risk to the Society)” is 

unsupported by legal authority. Indeed, Evans’s purported unilateral removal of 

Graves from the HAHS Board is contrary to section 22.211 of the Texas Business 

Organizations Code, which establishes two methods for removal of a director: 

(1) “any procedure provided by the . . . bylaws of the corporation” and (2) in the 

absence of such a provision, “by the persons entitled to elect, designate, or appoint 

the director. If the director was elected to office, removal requires an affirmative 
23

vote equal to the vote necessary to elect the director.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN.

§ 22.211 (West 2012). Because the bylaws provide for removal of a director by 

majority vote of a quorum of the directors at a special directors’ meeting and 

because the bylaws do not provide the HAHS President with authority to elect, 

designate, or appoint directors, we conclude that no genuine issue of fact exists as 

to Graves’s status as a director at the time the trial court rendered judgment.

Regarding Nipper, we note the bylaws’ silence about the proper procedures 

for the resignation of directors. Section 22.2111 of the Texas Business 

Organizations Code provides that “a director of a corporation may resign at any 

time by providing written notice to the corporation.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. 

§ 22.2111 (West 2012). However, the permissive term “may” in the statute 

indicates that a writing is one possible method of resignation, not that it is the sole 

method permitted by law. See Inwood N. Homeowners’ Assoc., Inc. v. Meier, 625 

S.W.2d 742, 743 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ) (“(T)he ordinary 

meaning of ‘may’ is merely permissive in character.”) (quoting Mitchell v. 

Hancock, 196 S.W. 694, 700 (Tex. Civ. App. 1917, no writ)).

It is undisputed that Nipper did not resign in writing. We agree with HAHS, 

however, that the summary-judgment record establishes a fact issue as to whether 

Nipper orally resigned at a board meeting. Graves averred in an affidavit that, “[t]o 

[his] knowledge, Oscar Nipper never resigned from the HAHS Board of Directors, 
24

either orally or in writing, at any time.” His notes from the board meeting at which 

HAHS alleges Nipper resigned, however, recall that a “major attempt to railroad 

[him] was stopped. Two board members got up, said ‘you are trying to railroad this 

man!’, and resigned.” Although Graves’s notes do not name Nipper specifically, 

the allegations in the trial court regarding resignations at the meeting concerned 

only two directors—A.J. High and Nipper. We conclude that the inconsistencies 

between Graves’s affidavit and his notes create a fact issue as to Nipper’s status as 

a director, and consequently, the trial court erred in declaring that Nipper was a 

member of the HAHS Board.5 The trial court’s other declarations are not in error.

No-evidence Summary Judgment

In its fourth issue, HAHS argues that the trial court erred in granting a 

no-evidence summary judgment on HAHS’s contract and tort claims because there 

was inadequate time for discovery and genuine issues of material fact exist. In 

response, the Graves group disputes that the no-evidence summary judgment ruling 

 5 HAHS also argues that the trial court erred in dismissing HAHS’s declaratoryjudgment claim because the Graves group did not move for summary judgment on 

that claim. The trial court’s partial summary judgment order on the traditional 

motion dismissed HAHS’s declaratory judgment claim. The final judgment, which 

incorporates the partial summary judgment order, provides both that HAHS take 

nothing on its claims and that HAHS’s declaratory-judgment claim is dismissed. 

The court did not err because the opposing declaratory actions by the two sides 

were intertwined to the extent that the trial court’s ruling granting the Graves 

group’s claim was effectively a denial of HAHS’s claim. In any event, any error 

was harmless because HAHS acknowledges in its briefing that the trial court could 

have ordered that HAHS take nothing on the claim (so the dismissal and take 

nothing provisions are effectively duplicative relief).
25

was premature and argues that the trial court’s ruling should stand because HAHS 

did not present any evidence of damages and has not addressed each challenged 

element of its claims on appeal. We agree.

A. No error in refusing to continue the summary-judgment proceedings

We turn first to the timing of the summary-judgment proceedings. The trial 

court may order a continuance of a summary-judgment hearing if it appears “from 

the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that he cannot for reasons stated 

present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition.” TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(g). But a party cannot simply complain that additional discovery is required 

and describe in conclusory fashion the additional discovery that it believes is 

needed; the party must also explain how the discovery would aid him in 

responding to the summary judgment motion. Retzlaff v.Mendieta-Morales, 356 

S.W.3d 676, 681 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.); Brown v. Brown, 145 

S.W.3d 745, 749 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (affirming denial of 

request for continuance where appellant failed to explain need for further 

discovery); Crofton v. Amoco Chem. Co., No. 01-01-00526-CV, 2003 WL 

21297588, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 30, 2003, pet. denied). We 

review the grant or denial of a motion for continuance for an abuse of discretion. 

BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 800 (Tex. 2002). 
26

HAHS failed to explain the need for additional discovery or how the 

additional discovery would aid in the preparation of a summary-judgment response 

in its motion for continuance or supplemental motion or at the summary-judgment 

hearing. The only reason submitted for the continuance was that the Graves 

group’s responses to discovery already propounded were not complete—in other 

words, that discovery had not concluded. In the absence of an explanation of the 

need for additional discovery, the trial court did not err in denying HAHS’s motion 

for a continuance of the summary-judgment proceedings. See Retzlaff, 356 S.W.3d 

at 681; Brown, 914 S.W.3d at 749; Crofton, 2003 WL 21297588, at *7.

B. HAHS failed to raise an issue of fact as to damages for any of its 

contract or tort claims against the Graves group members

The members of the Graves group filed three separate no-evidence 

summary-judgment motions: Lickliter-Mudon filed one motion, Graves filed 

another, and the remaining directors filed their own motion. Collectively the three 

motions challenged every element of HAHS’s contract and tort claims, including 

the common element of damages. We therefore turn to the issue of whether HAHS 

raised a fact issue on the challenged elements of its contract and tort claims so as to 

defeat the Graves group’s motion for no-evidence summary judgment on the same.

1. Standard of review

A no-evidence summary judgment is equivalent to a pretrial directed verdict. 
27

West v. SMG, 318 S.W.3d 430, 437 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no 

pet.); Rangel v. Lapin, 177 S.W.3d 17, 20 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, 

pet. denied). Therefore, we apply the same legal sufficiency standard of review. 

Rangel, 177 S.W.3d at 20; see also West, 318 S.W.3d at 437; Zapata v. Children's 

Clinic, 997 S.W.2d 745, 747 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied). In an 

appeal of a no-evidence summary judgment, we review the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the nonmovant, disregarding all contrary evidence and 

inferences. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 

1997); Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995); West, 

318 S.W.3d at 437; Rangel, 177 S.W.3d at 20. If the nonmovant produces evidence 

to raise a genuine issue of material fact, summary judgment is improper. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(i). All that is required of the non-movant is to produce a scintilla of 

probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. Zapata, 997 S.W.2d at 

747. “Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is ‘so weak as to 

do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion’ of a fact.” Id. (citing Moore v. 

K Mart Corp., 981 S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) 

(quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983)). Conversely, 

more than a scintilla exists when the evidence in support of a challenged element 

“rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in 

their conclusions.” Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 25 (Tex. 1994). The 
28

burden of producing evidence is entirely on the nonmovant; the movant has no 

burden to attach any evidence to the motion. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i).

2. The only evidence of HAHS’s alleged damages was not before the 

trial court at the time it ruled

With respect to damages, HAHS alleged that Graves’s conduct and the 

discord it caused impaired HAHS’s ability to raise funds for its future operations 

by distracting the directors from conducting capital campaigns. HAHS also alleges 

that it “would have raised $500,000.00 for much needed facilities, improvements, 

staff and board development.” In support of these allegation on appeal, HAHS 

cites testimony from Harper Trammell purportedly identifying a $50,000 donation 

that was lost as a result of strife on the HAHS Board. But that testimony was 

submitted by HAHS as part of a bill of exceptions long after the trial court ruled on 

the no-evidence summary-judgment motions, and the trial court was not obligated 

to consider it. See Benchmark Bank v. Crowder, 919 S.W.2d 657, 663 (Tex. 1996)

(“Summary judgment evidence may be filed late, but only with leave of court.”); 

Mathis v. RKL Design/Build, 189 S.W.3d 839, 843 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (“If a party files late summary judgment evidence, and no 

order appears in the record granting leave to file, the evidence will not be 

considered as being before the court.”). Likewise, HAHS’s allegations about the 

$500,000 capital campaign are unsupported by evidence in the summary-judgment 

record; indeed, HAHS does not even cite to any supporting evidence in its briefing 
29

on appeal. In the absence of such evidence, the lost $500,000 capital campaign is 

speculative and not a valid ground for defeating the no-evidence summary 

judgment motions. See Pink v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 324 S.W.3d 290, 297 

(Tex. App.—Beaumont 2010, pet. dism’d) (“A party may not avoid a no-evidence 

summary judgment by presenting speculation.”). Because HAHS did not raise an 

issue of fact on damages, we hold that the trial court did not err in granting the noevidence summary judgments. 

Accordingly, we overrule HAHS’s fourth issue.

Conclusion

Having concluded that a fact issue exists as to Oscar Nipper’s status as a 

member of the HAHS Board of Directors but having found no error with respect to 

any other ruling by the trial court made the subject of this appeal, we affirm in part, 

reverse in part, and remand. Specifically, we reverse that part of the trial court’s 

final judgment declaring Oscar Nipper a member of the HAHS Board and remand 

for further proceedings to determine Oscar Nipper’s status. The trial court’s 

judgment is affirmed in all other respects. All outstanding motions are dismissed as 

moot.

Harvey Brown

Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Sharp, and Brown.