# Patent

## Title
Solar cell interconnection

## Abstract

Methods and devices for solar cell interconnection are provided. In one embodiment, the method includes physically alloying the ink metal to the underlying foil (hence excellent adhesion and conductivity with no pre-treatment), and by fusing the solid particles in the ink on the surface (eliminating any organic components) so that the surface is ideally suited for good conductivity and adhesion to an overlayer of finger ink, which is expected to be another adhesive. In some embodiments, contact resistance of conductive adhesives are known to be much lower on gold or silver than on any other metals.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/180,814 filed May 22, 2009 and fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.


This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. DE-FC36-07GO17047 awarded by the Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to solar cells and more specifically to back-contacted solar cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a need for an improved back-contacted solar cell with improved manufacturability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The disadvantages associated with the prior art are overcome by embodiments of the present invention. Embodiments of the invention may be used for high throughput, high precision manufacturing for roll-to-roll production systems. The embodiments are applicable to various thin film absorbers such as but not limited to polycrystalline CIGS (copper indium gallium di-selenide, but not excluding any other of the IB, IIIA, VIA elements like e.g. aluminum, and sulfur).
In on embodiment, the vias which are a part of the metal wrap through (MWT) structure are partially filled with a silver-containing ink, and the dried (i.e. solvent-free) ink is then irradiated with a pulsed laser with sufficient energy to both fuse the silver particles and melt the aluminum foil underneath, creating an Ag—Al alloy. A pulsed laser or other energy source may be used in order to minimize any degradation of cell performance around the via. Typically the layer would be only a few microns thick, probably between 1 and 10 microns.
The technique will work with any commercial conductive adhesive, including those with polymer binders, since the organic material would be vaporized by the laser pulse. However, an especially attractive material is that marketed by Cabot Corporation, for example, which has low-melting inorganic glasses surrounding the silver particles.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. It may be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a material” may include mixtures of materials, reference to “a compound” may include multiple compounds, and the like. References cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, except to the extent that they conflict with teachings explicitly set forth in this specification.
In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, if a device optionally contains a feature for a barrier film, this means that the barrier film feature may or may not be present, and, thus, the description includes both structures wherein a device possesses the barrier film feature and structures wherein the barrier film feature is not present.
Abstract/Brief Summary
The vias which are a part of the metal wrap through cell structure are partially filled with a conductive ink, and the dried ink is then irradiated with a pulsed laser with sufficient energy to both fuse the solid ink components and melt the metal foil underneath, creating a metal alloy. A pulsed laser is used in order to minimize any degradation of cell performance around the via.
Typically the layer would need to be only less than 10 microns. The technique will work with any commercial conductive material, including those with organic materials, since the organic material would be vaporized by the laser pulse.
Background
The problem with the existing methods for creating contacts to the backside electrode is that it is not easy to get a low contact resistance, and to have that interface remain stable through hot humidity aging. Most metal foils must be treated in some way, because its oxide surface makes a bad electrical contact to silver adhesives. Sn plating provides a much better interface (at some expense), but the contact resistance is still an issue, and it is desirable to make the contact area even less than at present in order to save money on silver inks.
What is/are the Key Innovation(s), Improvements, Etc
The main improvement is provided by physically alloying the ink metal to the underlying foil (hence excellent adhesion and conductivity with no pre-treatment), and by fusing the solid particles in the ink on the surface (eliminating any organic components) so that the surface is ideally suited for good conductivity and adhesion to an overlayer of finger ink, which is expected to be another adhesive. (Contact resistance of conductive adhesives are known to be much lower on gold or silver than on any other metals.) The result is not only improved reliability and less power loss due to contact resistance, but lower materials costs since the contact can be made narrower (smaller diameter). This can be done by increasing the thickness of the secondary insulator.
FIGS. 1-2 depict one embodiment of a solar cell with a plurality of vias. First and second device cells A′′, B′′ are assembled from pre-cut device layers 402A, 402B, insulating layers 404A, 404B and back plane layers 406A, 406B and attached to a carrier substrate 408. Insulated electrical contacts 403A make electrical contact through the device layers 402A, a bottom electrode 405A and the insulating layer 406A as shown in FIG. 1. Front edges of the insulating layer 404B and back plane 406B of module B′′ are cut back (or formed in this configuration) with respect to the device layer 402B. To facilitate electrical contact, however, a back edge of the back plane 406A of cell A′′ extends beyond the back edges of the device layer 402A and insulating layer 404A. As a result, the device layer 402B of cell B′′ overlaps the back plane 406A of module A′′. A ridge of conductive adhesive 412 on an exposed portion 407A of the back plane 406A makes electrical contact with an exposed portion of a bottom electrode 405B of the device layer 402B as shown in FIG. 1. The connection at 412 can optionally be formed by other methods such as but not limited to soldering or the like. Optionally, some may remove the element 412 and form the connection by welding such as but not limited to laser welding, ultrasonic welding, spot welding, or other electrical joining techniques. Some embodiments may weld from the backside of cells, through the layer to create the joint between the cells at where reference 412 number is located.
FIG. 1 shows that the via is partially filled by the material 100 such as but not limited to a conductive ink. The dried ink is then irradiated with a pulsed laser or other rapid heating to create the connection. This embodiment of the invention also eliminates the need for a coating or other surface treatment to be applied to the metal foil.
FIG. 2 shows that optionally, the rest of the via can be filled with other conductive material 110 which is the same or different from that used in material 100.
Describe Options/Alternative Embodiments
Depending on the selection of materials, it may not be necessary to heat the metal foil surface to the melting point in order to get the desired level of adhesion and conduction. Also, other conducting particles may be used.
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, with any of the above embodiments, it should be understood that they are not limited to any one type of thin-film absorber material. They may be formed in roll to roll or in batch configuration. By way of nonlimiting example, the attachment of two metal layers is of use in embodiments such as those found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/207,157. Fusing equipment may be found with reference to DELA Incorporated 175 Ward Hill Avenue Ward Hill, Mass.
Furthermore, those of skill in the art will recognize that any of the embodiments of the present invention can be applied to almost any type of solar cell material and/or architecture. For example, the absorber layer in solar cell 10 may be an absorber layer comprised of silicon, amorphous silicon, copper-indium-gallium-selenium (for CIGS solar cells), CdSe, CdTe, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2, Cu(In,Ga,Al)(S,Se,Te)2, Cu—In, In—Ga, Cu—Ga, Cu—In—Ga, Cu—In—Ga—S, Cu—In—Ga—Se, other absorber materials, II-VI materials, IB-VI materials, CuZnTe, CuTe, ZnTe, IB-IIB-IVA-VIA absorbers, or other alloys, other absorber materials, IB-IIB-IVA-VIA absorber solar cells, or other alloys and/or combinations of the above, where the active materials are present in any of several forms including but not limited to bulk materials, micro-particles, nano-particles, or quantum dots. The CIGS cells may be formed by vacuum or non-vacuum processes. The processes may be one stage, two stage, or multi-stage CIGS processing techniques. Additionally, other possible absorber layers may be based on amorphous silicon (doped or undoped), a nanostructured layer having an inorganic porous semiconductor template with pores filled by an organic semiconductor material (see e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2005-0121068 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference), a polymer/blend cell architecture, organic dyes, and/or C60 molecules, and/or other small molecules, micro-crystalline silicon cell architecture, randomly placed nanorods and/or tetrapods of inorganic materials dispersed in an organic matrix, quantum dot-based cells, or combinations of the above. Many of these types of cells can be fabricated on flexible substrates.
Additionally, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a size range of about 1 nm to about 200 nm should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited limits of about 1 nm and about 200 nm, but also to include individual sizes such as 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, and sub-ranges such as 10 nm to 50 nm, 20 nm to 100 nm, etc. . . .
The publications discussed or cited herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the structures and/or methods in connection with which the publications are cited.
While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined not with reference to the above description but should, instead, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents. Any feature, whether preferred or not, may be combined with any other feature, whether preferred or not. In the claims that follow, the indefinite article “A”, or “An” refers to a quantity of one or more of the item following the article, except where expressly stated otherwise. The appended claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase “means for.”

## Claims

1. A method of solar cell manufacturing, the method comprising:
providing a photovoltaic device layer having a plurality of vias therethrough;
partially filling the vias with a liquid, electrically conductive material;
heating the liquid, electrically conductive material with sufficient energy to fuse a portion of metal foil underneath the vias with solid ink components in the liquid, electrically conductive material with the metal foil to form a metal alloy; and
filling the vias with additional electrically conductive material.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein solar cell has a metal wrap through (MWT) structure.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid, electrically conductive material comprises a silver-containing ink.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising drying the liquid, electrically conductive material to make the material solvent-free.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein heating comprises irradiating with a pulsed laser with sufficient energy.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein solid ink components comprises silver particles.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal foil comprises aluminum foil underneath.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein solid ink components comprises silver particles and the metal foil comprises aluminum foil underneath, creating an Ag—Al alloy.

9. The method of claim 1 heating comprises using a pulsed laser.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein partially filling forms a layer with a thickness between 1 and 10 microns in the vias.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid, electrically conductive material comprises conductive adhesive with polymer binder.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein organic material in the liquid, electrically conductive material is vaporized during heating.

13. The method of claim 1 the liquid, electrically conductive material comprises inorganic glasses surrounding silver particles.

14. The method of claim 1 comprises alloying metal in the liquid, electrically conductive material to the metal foil.

15. The method of claim 1 comprises fusing solid particles in solid ink components.

16. The method of claim 1 comprises no pre-treatment of the metal foil to remove oxides.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein fully filling the vias uses an electrically conductive material different from the liquid, electrically conductive material.