*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUL 15 1998

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

JAMES P. BRADY, STEVEN O.

RICHARDSON, JACK L. ADSIT a/k/a

COMMITTEE OF SPONSORS OF

CONGRESSIONAL TERM LIMITS

REFORM 1996; JEREMY A. C.

WEISSEL; STEPHANIE M. JACOBS; 

DEWEY C. HERNANDEZ,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

DIANA J. OHMAN, Secretary of State,

State of Wyoming,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 97-8081

(D.C. No. 97-CV-016-D)

(District of Wyoming)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, Circuit Judge, KELLY, Circuit Judge, and McWILLIAMS, Senior

Circuit Judge.

We are here concerned with the constitutionality of certain provisions of the

Constitution for the State of Wyoming relating to initiative and referendum. A copy of
- 2 -

Article 3, § 52 of the Wyoming Constitution is attached to this opinion. We are

particularly concerned with the constitutionality of § 52(f), which provides, in part, that if

the votes in favor of adoption of an initiated measure are in excess of 50% “of those voting

in the general election,” the measure is enacted. To a lesser degree, perhaps, we are also

concerned with that part of § 52(f) which provides that if votes in an amount in excess of

50% “of those voting in the general election” are in favor of rejecting an act referred, the

act referred is rejected.

In the 1996 general election in Wyoming there was on the ballot that which we

shall refer to as Initiative #1 and Referendum #1. The purpose of Initiative #1 was to

encourage passage of an amendment to the United States Constitution setting term limits

for members of the United States Congress. Referendum #1 concerned term limits for

certain elected state officials.

In the original complaint filed in the instant proceeding the plaintiffs were

identified as follows: “James P. Brady, Steven O. Richardson and Jack L. Adsit a/k/a

Committee of Sponsors of Congressional Term Limits Reform 1996.” The one defendant

was Diana J. Ohman, Secretary of State for the State of Wyoming (“Secretary”). The

complaint was concerned only with Initiative #1 and not Referendum #1. 

It was alleged in the complaint that at the general election in Wyoming in 1996,

105,093 votes were cast in favor of Initiative #1 and 89,018 were cast against the measure,

but that the Secretary, despite the fact that Initiative #1 received a majority of the votes
1Under § 52(f) as originally passed in 1968, an initiated measure had a better

chance for getting voter approval if it were on the ballot in a presidential election than if it

were on the ballot in an “off-year” non-presidential election, since more votes are always

cast in a presidential election than in a non-presidential general election.

- 3 -

cast by those voting on the measure, declared that Initiative #1 did not pass because of §

52(f) of the Wyoming Constitution. According to the complaint, the Secretary interpreted

§ 52(f) to mean that in order for Initiative #1 to be enacted it was necessary for the

measure to receive a favorable vote “in an amount in excess of fifty per cent (50%) of

those voting in the general election,” which, in the 1996 general election would require a

favorable vote of 107,923, whereas those voting in favor of Initiative #1 were only

105,093. The plaintiffs pointed out in their complaint that § 52(f) was passed in 1968,

and, as originally passed, provided that an initiated measure is enacted “[i]f votes in an

amount in excess of fifty percent (50%) of those voting in the preceding general election

are cast in favor of adoption of an initiated measure . . . .” (Emphasis ours.) In this regard

the complaint noted that in 1986, § 52(f) was amended by deleting the word “preceding”

from the original 1968 amendment and the plaintiffs asserted that the 1986 deletion of the

one word – preceding – renders § 52(f) in violation of the United States Constitution. (In

other words, § 52(f), as such appeared in the 1968 amendment, was not subject to any

constitutional infirmity.)1 The gist of the complaint was that the defendant by declaring

that Initiative #1 was not enacted violated plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment

rights. By way of relief, plaintiffs sought a declaration that Initiative #1 had passed and an
- 4 -

order directing the Secretary to declare it so enacted.

In an amended complaint three other individuals were added as party plaintiffs. 

Each was identified as having voted in the 1996 general election but having “abstained

from casting a vote on Initiative #1.” The amended complaint also added a challenge to

the Secretary’s action in connection with Referendum #1 and indicated, but didn’t say, that

the additional plaintiffs had also abstained from voting on Referendum #1. As concerns

Referendum #1, it was alleged that 104,544 were cast in favor of the referendum and

90,138 were cast against passage of the referendum. It was then alleged that the

defendant’s interpretation of § 52(f) was that in the case of a referendum, as in the case of

any initiated measure, it was also not deemed to have been passed unless votes in excess of

50% of those voting in the general election (in our case 107,923 votes) were in favor of

passage. Otherwise, the amended complaint basically paralleled the original complaint,

i.e., plaintiffs’ First and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated by the Secretary's

interpretation of § 52(f) of the Wyoming Constitution.

After an answer to the amended complaint was filed, both the plaintiffs and the

Secretary filed motions for summary judgment, supported by briefs and affidavits. After

hearing, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion and granted the Secretary’s motion. 

Plaintiffs appeal the judgment entered. We affirm.

At the outset, we reject any suggestion that because the United States Constitution

does not require the several states to provide for the initiative and referendum process, that
- 5 -

a state, if it does so provide, may condition its use by impermissible restraints on First

Amendment activity. Rather, it is apparently agreed, that if a state decides to afford its

citizenry with the initiative and referendum process, it must do so in a manner consistent

with the United States Constitution. Meyer v. Grant, 486 U.S. 414, 420 (1988), affirming

our en banc opinion in Grant v. Meyer, 828 F.2d 1446 (10th Cir. 1987). 

In Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 432 (1992), the Supreme Court disavowed

“the erroneous assumption that a law that imposes any burden upon the right to vote must

be subject to strict scrutiny.” In that connection the Court then went on to speak as

follows:

Instead, as the full Court agreed in Anderson, 460 U.S.,

at 788-789; id., at 808, 817 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting), a more

flexible standard applies. A court considering a challenge to a

state election law must weigh “the character and magnitude of

the asserted injury to the rights protected by the First and

Fourteenth Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate”

against “the precise interests put forward by the State as

justifications for the burden imposed by its rule,” taking into

consideration “the extent to which those interests make it

necessary to burden the plaintiff’s rights.” Id., at 789;

Tashjian, supra, at 213-214.

Under this standard, the rigorousness of our inquiry

into the propriety of a state election law depends upon the

extent to which a challenged regulation burdens First and

Fourteenth Amendment rights. Thus, as we have recognized

when those rights are subjected to “severe” restrictions, the

regulation must be “narrowly drawn to advance a state interest

of compelling importance.” Norman v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279,

289 (1992). But when a state election law provision imposes

only “reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions” upon the

First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of voters, “the State’s

important regulatory interests are generally sufficient to
- 6 -

justify” the restrictions. Anderson, 460 U.S., at 788; see also

id., at 788-789, n. 9. We apply this standard in considering

petitioner’s challenge to Hawaii’s ban on write-in ballots.

Id. at 434.

In the district court, though not in this court, the plaintiffs suggested that the correct

interpretation of § 52(f) was that, in order for an initiated measure to be enacted, it was

only necessary that it receive a majority of the votes cast in connection with the initiated

measure. Such an interpretation is in our view at odds with the plain language of § 52(f),

which provides that “[i]f votes in an amount in excess of fifty percent (50%) of those

voting in the general election are cast in favor of adoption of an initiated measure, the

measure is enacted.” (Emphasis ours.) Further, in State ex rel. White v. Hathaway, 478

P.2d 56 (Wyo. 1970), the Wyoming Supreme Court held that a provision of the Wyoming

Constitution, calling for a “majority of electors” to ratify amendments thereto, required a

majority of all electors to adopt the amendment and not merely a majority of those actually

voting on the particular amendment under consideration, stating, specifically that “the

word ‘electors’ meant ‘the number of electors who actually voted in the election’.” Id. at

57. See also Town of Pine Bluffs v State Board of Equalization, 79 Wyo. 262, 333 P.2d

700 (1958); State ex rel. Blair v. Brooks, 17 Wyo. 344, 99 P. 874 (1909).

On appeal, plaintiffs’ only argument is that the provisions of § 52(f) which state

that in order for an initiative measure to be enacted, it must receive a favorable vote in

excess of 50% “of those voting in the general election,” are unreasonable and violative of
- 7 -

their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Specifically, in his brief, counsel states that

“[t]he only issue for review . . . is whether the district court properly found that Article III,

section 52(f) of the Wyoming Constitution does not violate the voting rights of the citizens

of Wyoming as protected by the Equal Protection Clause and the First Amendment of the

United States.” In our view, the district court did not err in so holding. Although

there are a plethora of cases concerning “voting rights,” our attention has not been drawn

to any case involving a constitutional challenge to the voting requirements contained in §

52(f). In any event, we are not persuaded by counsel’s primary argument in this court that,

under § 52(f), the voter who abstains, for whatever reason, from voting on an initiated

measure, is somehow deemed, by the state, to be voting “no” on the measure, and that such

violates his right “not to vote.” On the contrary, we believe the State of Wyoming has a

legitimate and reasonable interest in seeing that an initiated measure, for example, is not

enacted into law unless it is approved by a majority of those voting in the general election

in which the initiated measure is being considered. If Wyoming wants to make it “harder,”

rather than “easier,” to make laws by the initiated process, such is its prerogative, and, in

our view, does not violate the First Amendment. A state understandably wants to

minimize abuse of the initiated process and make it difficult for a relatively small special

interest group to enact its views into law through an initiated measure.

 In granting the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the district court

concluded that “the state and its citizens have an important if not compelling interest in
- 8 -

assuring that the initiative or referendum is supported by more than the majority of those

voting upon the particular initiative or referendum.” We agree. In support of its

conclusion, the district court relied on Gordon v. Lance, 403 U.S. 1 (1971), where the

Supreme Court held that a West Virginia constitutional and statutory requirement that

political subdivisions may not incur bonded indebtedness or increase tax rates beyond

those established by the state constitution without the approval of 60% of the voters in a

referendum election was constitutional.

The primary emphasis by the plaintiffs in this court relates to Initiative #1. 

However, Referendum #1 is also involved. § 52(f) provides that if votes in excess of 50%

of those voting in a general election are cast in favor of rejection of an act referred, the act

is rejected. That, however, is not our case. Votes in favor of rejection of the act referred

were less than 50% of those voting in the general election. So, the referred act was not

rejected. However, it was apparently the Secretary’s understanding of Wyoming law that

the referred act did not become law unless a majority of those voting in the general

election favored the act referred. Whether that is a correct understanding of Wyoming law

is not for us to decide. If it is, such, in our view, does not offend the United States

Constitution. We are advised that plaintiffs brought a separate action in the Wyoming

courts challenging the Secretary’s reading of § 52(f). We are not advised as to the 

outcome of that proceeding.
- 9 -

Judgment affirmed.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Robert H. McWilliams

Senior Circuit Judge
- 10 -

ATTACHMENT

Initiative and Referendum

§ 52. Initiative and referendum.

(a) The people may propose and enact laws by the initiative, and approve or reject

acts of the legislature by the referendum.

(b) An initiative or referendum is proposed by an application containing the bill to

be initiated or the act to be referred. The application shall be signed by not less than one

hundred (100) qualified voters as sponsors, and shall be filed with the secretary of state. If

he finds it in proper form he shall so certify. Denial of certificate shall be subject to

judicial review.

(c) After certification of the application, a petition containing a summary of the

subject matter shall be prepared by the secretary of state for circulation by the sponsors. If

signed by qualified voters, equal in number to fifteen per cent (15%) of those who voted in

the preceding general election and resident in at least two-thirds (2/3) of the counties of

the state, if[sic] may be filed with the secretary of state.

(d) An initiative petition may be filed at any time except that one may not be filed

for a measure substantially the same as that defeated by an initiative election within the

preceding (5) years. The secretary of state shall prepare a ballot title and proposition

summarizing the proposed law, and shall place them on the ballot for the first statewide

election held more than one hundred twenty (120) days after adjournment of the legislative

session following the filing. If, before the election, substantially the same measure has

been enacted, the petition is void.

(e) A referendum petition may be filed only within ninety (90) days after

adjournment of the legislative session at which the act was passed, except that a

referendum petition respecting any act previously passed by the legislature may be filed

within six months after the power of referendum is adopted. The secretary of state shall

prepare a ballot title and proposition summarizing the act and shall place them on the

ballot for the first statewide election held more than one hundred eighty (180) days after

adjournment of that session.

(f) If votes in an amount in excess of fifty percent (50%) of those voting in the

general election are cast in favor of adoption of an initiated measure, the measure is

enacted. If votes in an amount in excess of fifty percent (50%) of those voted[sic] in the

general election are cast in favor of rejection of an act referred, it is rejected. The

secretary of state shall certify the election returns. An initiated law becomes effective
- 11 -

ninety (90) days after certification, is not subject to veto, and may not be repealed by the

legislature with two (2) years of its effective date. It may be amended at any time. An act

rejected by referendum is void thirty (30) days after certification. Additional procedures

for the initiative and referendum may be prescribed by law.

(g) The initiative shall not be used to dedicate revenues, make or repeal

appropriations, create courts, define the jurisdiction of courts or prescribe their rules, enact

local or special legislation, or enact that prohibited by the constitution for enactment by the

legislature. The referendum shall not be applied to dedications of revenue, to

appropriations, to local or special legislation, or to laws necessary for the immediate

preservation of the public peace, health, or safety. (As added by Laws 1967, Senate Joint

Resolution No. 3, p. 729; as amended by Laws 1985, House Joint Resolution No. 3, p.

550.)