United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 02-1834

___________

Robert Mems; Nathanial Khaliq; *

Phillip Webb; Thurman Smith; *

Byron Brown, *

*

Appellants, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the 

* District of Minnesota.

City of St. Paul, Department of Fire * 

and Safety Services, *

* 

Appellee. *

___________

Submitted: December 13, 2002

 Filed: April 30, 2003

___________

Before WOLLMAN, HEANEY, and MAGILL, Circuit Judges.

___________

MAGILL, Circuit Judge.

African-American firefighters Robert Mems, Nathanial Khaliq, Phillip Webb,

Thurman Smith, and Byron Brown (collectively "Appellants") sued their employer,

the City of St. Paul, Department of Fire and Safety Services ("City" or "SPFD"),

under the Minnesota Human Rights Act ("MHRA"), Minn. Stat. § 363.03 (2000), and

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e - 2000e-17

(2000), alleging that they had been subjected to illegal race harassment and had

experienced a hostile work environment. Appellants Mems, Khaliq, Smith, and
1

The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota.

-2-

Brown appeal from the final judgment entered on the jury verdict in favor of the City.

Appellant Webb appeals from the final judgment entered on the jury verdict awarding

him $1 in damages. Appellants also appeal the district court's1

 subsequent denial of

their new trial motion. For the following reasons, we affirm.

I. 

A. Background

SPFD is organized into three shifts at each fire station, known as the A, B, and

C shifts. Each shift is on duty for twenty-four hours at a time, and the firefighters

live, eat, and work at their station while on duty. The shifts rotate so that the B shift

relieves the A shift half of the time and relieves the C shift the other half of the time.

The firefighters bid for the shift and station they work at through a seniority-based

system. 

In 1992, eleven African-American firefighters brought a lawsuit against the

City, alleging discrimination and harassment between 1975 and 1991. Appellants

Mems, Khaliq, Smith, and Brown were parties to the suit. The case settled in June

1994. As part of the settlement, the first minority to sit on the administration,

Anthony Carter, an African American, was chosen to serve in the newly created

Assistant Chief position. In addition, the settlement released the City from all claims

that these Appellants might have had against the City arising before June 17, 1994.

When the settlement was announced, Appellants Mems, Brown, Webb, and

Khaliq worked at St. Paul Fire Station 20 on the B shift. At this time, six AfricanAmerican men and two Caucasian men made up the B shift. The A shift consisted of
-3-

all Caucasian men. Appellant Smith worked the C shift at station 20, but occasionally

filled in for other firefighters on the B shift.

B. Alleged Racial Harassment

 

1. Appellant Smith

In August 1994, Smith was filling in for an A-shift firefighter, when a

Caucasian A-shift firefighter reported the smell of alcohol on Smith's breath. Captain

Rodney Bergstrom and District Chief Dick Wiesner asked Smith about the allegation.

Smith offered to let them smell his breath and satisfied their concerns. 

In the fall of 1996, an African-American B-shift firefighter told B-shift Captain

Ross that he saw what appeared to be crack cocaine fall from Smith's locker. Ross

reported the information to Assistant Chief Carter. Carter called the St. Paul Police

Department, and the police came to the station, where they confronted and questioned

Smith. Smith consented to a search of his person and locker, which yielded no drugs.

2. A shift versus B shift in station 20

Appellants testified that, shortly after the 1994 settlement, the A shift started

harassing the B shift. 

Appellants testified that the A shift sabotaged the fire station several times by

hiding cooking utensils, leaving the windows open in the winter time, and turning the

heat up excessively before the B shift came on duty. In addition, A-shift Captain

Rodney Bergstrom would often conduct a white-glove inspection of the fire

department when the B shift was coming off duty and the A shift was coming on duty.

B-shift Captain John Dubois testified that these housekeeping issues were common

disputes among shifts. These housekeeping complaints were never
2

Pursuant to an agreement by the parties, the amount of money paid in the

settlement was redacted from this exhibit.

-4-

contemporaneously reported to Captain Dubois, and he never saw the windows open

or the thermostat up.

In January 1995, members of the A shift complained that members of the B

shift were staying at the station after the B shift ended. In response, the B shift was

directed to be out of the station by 8:00 a.m., the time of the shift change. This was

the first order of this kind at station 20. Mems and Khaliq subsequently filed a race

discrimination claim concerning this order. Assistant Chief Carter rescinded the

order and investigated the matter.

In February 1995, an email was sent by a Caucasian A-shift firefighter, Mark

Montanari, regarding the 1994 settlement: "I feel that I can fully acept [sic] the

healing process much easier for [redaction]. That would help me greatly to be able

to work together in a more relaxed mode."2

 Trial Ex. No. 112. Appellants

complained about the email, but Montanari was never disciplined.

Also in February 1995, a meeting was held between the A- and B-shift

members. During this meeting, at least one firefighter admitted that there were racial

tensions in the station.

 

In May of 1995, offensive photographs were posted at station 20 on the bulletin

board. Captain Ness was given an oral reprimand for this posting. 

In the months following Captain Ness's reprimand, Mems' fire gear, fire rig,

and equipment were damaged. Captain Ross and Assistant Chief Carter concluded

that the problems with the equipment were likely accidental, and the City

investigation concluded that Mems' gear experienced normal wear and tear. 
-5-

Until May 1995, for a period of at least seven years, Pat McCardle, a Caucasian

A-shift firefighter, relieved Webb immediately upon McCardle's arrival at station 20,

even if it was before the 8:00 a.m. shift change. On May 16, 1995, without any word

to Webb, McCardle did not take a run for Webb that came in before 8:00 a.m. Again,

on July 1, 1995, McCardle did not relieve Webb when an alarm came in at 7:48 a.m.

When Webb came back from the July run, he confronted McCardle regarding these

instances, and an argument ensued. After this confrontation, McCardle complained

that he felt threatened by Webb. On November 14, 1995, following an investigation,

Webb received a verbal reprimand for violation of the SPFD's policy of respect. On

July 3, 1995, McCardle took a run for Webb before 8:00 a.m., and McCardle

continued to take runs for Webb until McCardle retired in December 1998. 

On December 4, 1995, Webb filed a race harassment claim with the St. Paul

City Department of Human Rights ("DHR"), alleging that McCardle's failure to take

the above-mentioned runs was motivated by racial hostility. B-shift Captain Dubois,

a Caucasian, helped Webb to file the complaint.

In February 1996, Captain Dubois filed his own complaint against Harold

Strassner, a Caucasian A-shift firefighter, claiming racial hostility. After Strassner

learned that he was mentioned in Webb's complaint, Strassner threatened to sue

Dubois. At trial and in his complaint, Dubois explained that he was treated poorly

by A-shift personnel because he stood up for his B-shift personnel.

In the spring of 1996, B-shift firefighters coming on duty after the A-shift

found cartoons and articles from the Conservative Chronicle, which Appellants

testified they considered racist. Appellants complained to their supervisors about the

cartoons. No offensive cartoons appeared in the station again after the complaint. 

In early May 1996, DHR finished its investigation of Webb's claim regarding

McCardle and forwarded its finding to Chief Fuller. The DHR suggested, in its cover
-6-

letter, that the City should ensure compliance with anti-discrimination laws because

some of the interviewees expressed concerns about a "hostile work environment."

Trial Ex. No. 317. DHR found that there was probable cause to believe that

McCardle's actions toward Webb were retaliatory for the 1994 settlement and for

Captain Ness's reprimand for posting the offensive pictures. In addition, DHR found

probable cause to believe that McCardle violated workplace conduct policy by not

informing Webb that he no longer would be taking the runs. 

On May 20, 1996, Webb called Assistant Chief Carter, asked if the DHR report

was complete, and requested a copy. Carter told Webb that in a few days Carter

would have something in writing for Webb regarding the report.

On May 21, 1996, Assistant Chief Carter drafted a letter of reprimand for

McCardle, but did not send it. Instead, Carter decided to investigate the claim further

because he could not find a standard operating procedure that McCardle had violated.

On May 22, 1996, Assistant Chief Carter had two conversations with Webb.

First, Carter called Webb to inform Webb that he was still working on putting

something in writing regarding the investigation results. At the time of the call,

Webb was on duty at station 20. The conversation became hostile. Assistant Chief

Carter then ordered Webb to come down to headquarters where their second

conversation took place. This conversation was heated as well. Webb returned to

station 20 and took the rest of the day off sick. A few days later, Webb was sent for

a fitness-for-duty exam. 

Shortly thereafter, Carter forwarded the DHR report to the Affirmative Action

Director and the City Attorneys' Office. Neither found supporting evidence for the

DHR's conclusions that McCardle's actions were retaliatory or that he violated any

workplace policy. On June 10, 1996, Carter sent a letter to McCardle indicating that
-7-

McCardle's actions were not racially motivated and there was not enough evidence

to support disciplinary action.

During the summer of 1996, a basketball hoop primarily used by B-shift

firefighters was vandalized at least three times. Also during the summer of 1996,

Anna Maravelas, a conflict specialist with no training in race relations, was hired to

address problems at station 20.

In October 1996, Mems, as President of the Black Firefighters United

Organization, sent a letter to the NAACP, requesting that the NAACP, on behalf of

African-American firefighters including the Appellants, conduct an independent

investigation regarding the concerns with racial hostility because the City was not

resolving the problem. On November 15, 1996, a race harassment claim was filed

with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"), on behalf of the

African-American firefighters.

In November 1996, Khaliq met with Chief Fuller. Khaliq gave Chief Fuller a

summary of events Khaliq considered racially hostile and harassing. Chief Fuller

took no action in response to this meeting.

In December 1996, Khaliq found two of his magazines destroyed at station 20:

American Legacy and Al Jumuah. Al Jumuah was in the trash and covered with

grease. The cover of American Legacy, which depicted national guardsmen and

African-American children, was ripped in half, with the half of the national

guardsmen ripped into small pieces. Khaliq filed a racial harassment complaint with

Assistant Chief Carter. Assistant Chief Carter personally interviewed everyone on

the A shift and had the police test the magazines for fingerprints. No culprit was

found. 

Khaliq testified that at some point in 1996 he found his car damaged in the

station 20 parking lot: it was scratched and his fender was bent. In addition, Webb

testified that some time in 1996 his truck's lug nuts were loosened, almost causing an

accident.
3

The Honorable Richard H. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota, presided over this case initially. After we reversed in part the district

court's grant of summary judgment for the City, the Honorable Paul A. Magnuson

presided over the trial.

-8-

Mems and Brown testified that unlike Caucasian firefighters, they were

required to wear their full turn out gear to fires. District Chief Verros testified that

all Fire Equipment Operators are required to wear their full turn out gear for safety

reasons. 

3. Khaliq and District Chief Zilliox in Station 14

In December 1998, while Khaliq was working in station 14, District Chief

Zilliox denied Khaliq a meal hour over the Christmas holiday, and in response,

Khaliq filed a race harassment complaint against Zilliox. Chief Zilliox testified that

due to staffing levels, he could not give everyone a meal hour, and that,

accommodating as many people as possible, several firefighters at several stations

could not take a meal hour. 

C. Procedural history

Appellants commenced this action in the United States District Court for the

District of Minnesota3

 in 1997, alleging violations of Title VII and the MHRA,

including discriminatory promotional practices, discriminatory disciplinary practices,

and a hostile work environment. On May 28, 1999, the district court granted

summary judgment for the City, dismissing all claims. On appeal to this court, we

reversed in part, finding genuine issues of material fact as to Appellants' disparate

treatment claim. Mems v. City of St. Paul, 224 F.3d 735 (8th Cir. 2000).

On November 19, 2001, the jury trial commenced. After a three-week trial and

ten days of jury deliberation, the jury found the City liable to Appellant Webb only.
-9-

Specifically, the jury found (1) in favor of Appellant Webb, awarding him $1 in

damages; (2) that Appellants Mems and Khaliq failed to establish that the City knew

or should have known of the harassment and failed to take prompt and effective

remedial action; (3) that Appellant Brown failed to establish that harassment affected

a term, condition, or privilege of his employment; and (4) that Appellant Smith failed

to establish a causal nexus between the harassment and his race. The district court

entered final judgment on the verdict on February 15, 2002, and denied Appellants'

subsequent motion for a new trial. This appeal follows. 

II.

Appellants present four arguments on appeal. First, Appellants claim that the

district court abused its discretion in numerous evidentiary rulings. Second,

Appellants claim that the district court abused its discretion in jury instructions 12,

16, 18, and 22. Third, Appellants argue that the district court applied the wrong

damages period to Appellants' claims. Fourth, Appellants claim that the district court

abused its discretion in denying their motion for a new trial. 

A. Evidentiary Rulings

First, Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion by excluding

(1) the expert testimony of Dr. John Taborn, and (2) other evidence of their prima

facie case. We disagree.

1. Dr. Taborn's Testimony

Appellants proffered Dr. Taborn's testimony as an expert witness on emotional
4

We note that Dr. Taborn was excluded as an expert damages witness. The jury

only reached the issue of damages for Appellant Webb. Thus, only Appellant Webb

can claim the alleged adverse effects of the district court's evidentiary ruling

regarding Dr. Taborn. 

-10-

damages.4

 The City challenged the introduction of Dr. Taborn's testimony in a

motion in limine. After a Daubert hearing, the district court denied the motion.

Subsequently, the district court excluded the testimony on two grounds: (1) as a

discovery sanction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37; and (2) upon

reconsideration of its earlier Daubert ruling, the district court decided to reverse its

earlier ruling. Appellants argue that the district court erred in barring the expert

testimony of Dr. Taborn. We disagree.

A district court's decision to impose a discovery sanction under Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 37 will not be reversed by this court, absent abuse of discretion.

Chrysler Corp. v. Carey, 186 F.3d 1016, 1019 (8th Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).

Similarly, this court reviews a district court's decision to exclude expert testimony for

abuse of discretion. General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 143 (1997).

Ultimately, Appellants must show two things to gain relief from a faulty evidentiary

ruling: (1) that the district court abused its discretion, and (2) that the evidentiary

ruling was prejudicial to the point of producing a different verdict. See Bevan v.

Honeywell, Inc., 118 F.3d 603, 612 (8th Cir. 1997). 

"In order to impose sanctions under Rule 37, there must be an order compelling

discovery, a willful violation of that order, and prejudice to the other party." Chrysler

Corp., 186 F.3d at 1019 (citation omitted). The district court found a willful violation

of the expert pretrial discovery order and prejudice to the City because of that

violation. Accordingly, the district court excluded Dr. Taborn's testimony as a

sanction for Appellants' "egregious abuse of the judicial process." D. Ct. Op. at 3. 

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B), a testifying expert must
-11-

submit a signed written report prior to trial, containing, inter alia, "a complete

statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor" and "the

data or other information considered by the witness in forming the opinions." Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B) (2003). Additionally, the district court's pretrial orders

required expert discovery and disclosure to be completed before trial commenced.

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(e), a party is required to supplement and

seasonably amend disclosures.

 

Dr. Taborn re-interviewed each Appellant during the recess week of trial. Dr.

Taborn took notes of these meetings; these notes include factual allegations and

symptoms not in Dr. Taborn's other reports. The meetings and the notes were not

disclosed to the City until after business hours on the night before Dr. Taborn was

scheduled to testify. The district court, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

37, finding that "granting a continuance or rescheduling the testimony of Dr. Taborn

was insufficient to remedy Plaintiffs' egregious abuse of judicial process," excluded

Dr. Taborn's testimony. D. Ct. Op. at 3.

The main argument that Appellants rely on is that the district court inaccurately

determined that Dr. Taborn's notes were a supplemental report and thus abused its

discretion in excluding the testimony. However, the City correctly points out that the

rules required Appellants to disclose "a complete statement of all opinions to be

expressed and the basis and reasons therefor" and "the data or other information

considered by the witness in forming the opinions" and to supplement that disclosure

if necessary. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B), 26(e). Appellants failed to do so. 

Despite Appellants' arguments, the district court was well within its discretion

in excluding the testimony as a sanction for failure to comply with the rules of

discovery. See Chrysler Corp., 186 F.3d at 1022 (discussing that a district court need

not impose the least onerous sanction and that sanctions are not only to penalize, but

to deter). Accordingly, it is unnecessary to review the district court's reconsideration
5

These evidentiary rulings could not have any bearing on Webb's case because

the jury found that he had proved liability. Also, because Smith typically did not

work the A shift, many of the evidentiary rulings complained of would not affect his

claim.

6

As to the evidence that Appellants retired early, Appellants also suggest that

they should have been allowed to amend their Complaint to include a claim of

constructive discharge. However, as recognized by the district court, Appellants

never requested leave to amend their Complaint and this claim is completely without

merit. 

-12-

of its Daubert ruling. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion

in excluding the testimony of Dr. Taborn. 

2. Other Evidence

Appellants claim that the district court abused its discretion by unfairly

excluding other evidence that would have established their prima facie case of

discrimination5

: (1) two photographs of A-shift Captain Ness that were posted at

station 20 and testimony regarding the photograph; (2) evidence regarding a hangman

noose carved into a piece of furniture; (3) testimony regarding a conversation

between B-shift Captain Dubois and A-shift Captain Ness; (4) testimony of witnesses

showing racial motivation; (5) testimony of Debra Giles Smith; and (6) evidence that

Appellants failed to take promotional exams and retired early.6

 We disagree.

As mentioned above, Appellants must show that the district court abused its

discretion and that the ruling was prejudicial to the point of producing a different

result. See Bevan, 118 F.3d at 612. Having thoroughly reviewed the record and the

parties' arguments, we find no abuse of discretion. Moreover, even assuming

arguendo there was an error, we are convinced that the rulings would not have altered

the outcome of the jury verdicts. 
-13-

B. Jury Instructions

Second, Appellants argue that the district court abused its discretion in its

formulation of jury instructions 12, 16, 18, and 22. We review a district court's jury

instructions for abuse of discretion. Warren v. Prejean, 301 F.3d 893, 900 (8th Cir.

2002) (citing B & B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Indus., Inc., 252 F.3d 1010, 1012-13

(8th Cir. 2001)). We note that "a district court has broad discretion in instructing the

jury, and jury instructions do not need to be technically perfect or even a model of

clarity." B & B Hardware, 252 F.3d at 1012-13 (citations and internal quotations

omitted). Our review is limited in scope: we ask "whether the instructions, taken as

a whole and viewed in the light of the evidence and applicable law, fairly and

adequately submitted the issues in the case to the jury." Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel

Corp. v. Beelman River Terminals, Inc., 254 F.3d 706, 711 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting

White v. Honeywell, Inc., 141 F.3d 1270, 1278 (8th Cir. 1998)) (internal quotations

omitted). We will reverse only upon a finding that the instructional error affected the

substantial rights of the parties. Id. (quoting Honeywell, 141 F.3d at 1278). 

1. Jury Instruction Number 12

Instruction number 12, entitled "The Issue," reads as follows:

[i]t is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any individual

with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of

employment because of such an individual's race. 

In this case, each Plaintiff claims that Defendant City of St. Paul

discriminated against him because of his race. Plaintiffs claim that they

were subjected to a racially hostile or abusive working environment.

Defendant City of St. Paul denies this charge and claims that Plaintiffs

unreasonably failed to take advantage of corrective opportunities.
-14-

J.A. at 389 (emphasis added). Appellants suggest that the City never claimed that

Appellants failed to take advantage of corrective opportunities. We disagree.

In fact, the City did claim that Appellants failed to take affirmative steps to

mitigate the situation, and furthermore offered proof that Appellants failed to avail

themselves of the City's anti-harassment complaint procedures. Proof that an

employer promulgated an anti-harassment policy with complaint procedures and

proof that an employee failed to use the complaint procedures is relevant in

determining employer liability for a supervisor's alleged racial harassment that does

not result in a tangible injury, as it may constitute a defense. Burlington Indus., Inc.

v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998); Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775 (1998).

Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court with regard to

instruction number 12. 

2. Jury Instruction Number 16

Instruction number 16, entitled "Unwelcome Harassment," states that "[i]n

order to constitute harassment, the conduct must be 'unwelcome' in the sense that each

Plaintiff did not solicit or invite it, and each Plaintiff regarded the conduct as

undesirable or offensive." J.A. at 394. We need not resolve Appellants' complaints

with regard to this instruction because the jury found that each Appellant suffered

unwelcome harassment, and accordingly, the argument is moot. 

3. Jury Instruction Number 18

Instruction number 18, entitled "Hostile or Abusive Work Environment,"

provides:

[i]n order for a racially hostile environment to be actionable, it must be

so severe or pervasive as to alter the conditions of each Plaintiff's

employment and create an abusive working environment. 
-15-

Each Plaintiff, in other words, must show a practice or pattern of

harassment against him. A single incident or isolated incidents

generally will not be sufficient. Whether racial harassment at the

workplace is sufficiently severe and persistent to affect seriously the

psychological well-being of employees is a question to be determined

in light of the totality of the circumstances. 

In determining whether a reasonable person in each Plaintiff's

circumstances would find his work environment to be hostile or abusive,

the relevant factors to consider include the frequency of the

discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening

or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; whether it unreasonably

interferes with an employee's work performance; the physical proximity

of the harasser; and the presence or absence of other people. 

Simple teasing, offhand comments and isolated incidents (unless

extremely serious), however, will not amount to discriminatory changes

in the terms and conditions of employment. For example, the mere

utterance of an ethnic or racial epithet which engenders offensive

feelings in a Plaintiff may not sufficiently alter the terms and conditions

of employment. Discourtesy and rudeness should not be confused with

racial harassment and a lack of racial sensitivity, does not, alone, amount

to actionable harassment. The law governing racial discrimination does

not create a claim for all unpleasant or abusive behavior in the

workplace; it is not a general civility code and does not apply to the

normal tribulations of the workplace, such as the sporadic use of abusive

language, race-related jokes and occasional teasing. The conduct must

be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions of

employment. 

A Plaintiff may only rely on evidence relating to discrimination

that he was aware of during the time that he was allegedly subjected to

a hostile work environment. A Plaintiff cannot subjectively perceive

behavior towards others as creating a hostile work environment unless

he knew about the behavior. 
7

 Instruction number 15, entitled "Elements of Claim," provides:

[y]our verdict must be for each Plaintiff on his claim of a hostile

working environment if each Plaintiff proves all of the following

elements by a preponderance of the evidence: 

(1) He was subjected to unwelcome harassment; 

(2) There was a causal nexus or a motivating factor between the

harassment and his race; 

(3) The harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive that a

reasonable person would find that the harassment affected a term,

condition, or privilege of employment; 

(4) Defendant knew or should have known of the harassment and

failed to take prompt and effective remedial action. 

Each Plaintiff must establish all of these elements. If any of the

Plaintiffs does not prove any of the above elements by a preponderance

of the evidence, your verdict must be for the Defendant with regard to

that Plaintiff and you need not proceed further in considering that

Plaintiff's claim. 

J.A. at 393. 

-16-

J.A. at 396-97. Appellants claim that the elements of hostile and abusive work

environment in instruction number 18 differed from the elements in instruction

number 15,7

 and that the examples in instruction number 18 unfairly commented on

the Appellants' evidence and their case. We disagree.

First, instruction number 18 explains in more detail the contours of the

elements of a hostile work environment, but does not conflict with instruction number

15. Second, Appellants cite Caviness v. Nucor-Yamato Steel Co., 105 F.3d 1216 (8th

Cir. 1997), and Tyler v. Hot Springs School District No. 6, 827 F.2d 1227 (8th Cir.

1987), as supporting their claim that the district court, in instruction number 18,

unfairly commented on Appellants' evidence. In Caviness, we warned that a district

court should not put "undue emphasis" on one party's evidence. 105 F.3d at 1222

(citation omitted). In Tyler, we held that the district court did not err in refusing to
-17-

give an instruction that overemphasized certain evidence and could have misled the

jury. 827 F.2d at 1231-32. These cases do not support Appellants' argument.

Nothing in these cases suggests that a district court may not give examples to clarify

instructions. Furthermore, the examples given by the district court in instruction

number 18 do not unfairly comment on the evidence in this case. The examples are

simply hypothetical examples for the purpose of clarity on what constitutes

discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of one's employment. Third,

Appellants argue that the district court should have adopted their proposed instruction

instead of instruction number 18. The district court was well within its discretion in

using instruction number 18, which is supported by Eighth Circuit Model Instruction

5.42. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court with regard to

instruction number 18. 

4. Jury Instruction Number 22

Instruction number 22, entitled "Damages Period," provides:

[e]ach Plaintiff may only recover damages on his race discrimination

claim for unlawful acts occurring within the period listed on his Special

Verdict Form. Evidence has been presented of acts that occurred

outside of this period; however, such acts serve only to establish

relevant background information. You may not award damages for any

acts which occurred outside of the period listed on each Plaintiff's

Special Verdict Form. 

J.A. at 402 (emphasis added). Appellants argue that "unlawful acts" was never

defined and misled the jury. We note that this instruction can only affect Webb, as

the jury only reached the issue of damages in his case. In light of the jury instructions

as a whole, we find that this term was not misleading. Accordingly, we find no abuse

of discretion. 
8

Although he was not a party to the settlement, Webb voluntarily limited his

claims to post-settlement acts. 

9

Note that technically Webb's claim under Title VII would be subject to a 300-

day limitation period, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); however, the City stipulated to

a one-year limitation period for all claims in order to simplify matters. 

-18-

C. Damages Period

Third, Appellants argue that the district court inappropriately narrowed the

damages period: (1) Appellants argue that the district court erred in limiting the

damages period under MHRA to one year; and (2) Appellants argue that in light of

the new rule for damages in National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 122 S. Ct.

2061 (2002), the district court incorrectly limited the damages period under Title VII.

We must note initially that these arguments regarding the damages period only apply

to Appellant Webb because the jury did not reach damages for any of the other

Appellants. At trial, Webb contended that he should be able to recover damages for

illegal acts occurring since the June 1994 settlement.8

 The special verdict form and

instruction number 22, however, directed the jury to award damages for injuries

Webb suffered between November 5, 1995, and the date of his retirement, May 31,

2001.

In Appellants' opening brief, they argued that the correct damages period under

the MHRA would allow Appellants to recover under the continuing violation theory

and thus allow consideration of otherwise time-barred acts as part of the continuing

violation. The Appellants' argument with regard to the damages period under MHRA

has merged into the argument regarding Morgan. The MHRA requires that all

charges of discrimination be filed with the EEOC within one year of the alleged

discrimination. See Minn. Stat. § 363.06.9

 The district court limited Webb's damages

period to acts occurring within the one-year statute of limitations period. The district

court justified the narrow damages period by noting first that there was no Minnesota

case law on the issue, and second that the rationale for allowing damages to be
10We recognize that in Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 200 F.3d

570 (8th Cir. 2000), this court stated that the MHRA's statute of limitations could be

avoided by application of the continuing violation doctrine. However, that case relied

on Giuliani v. Stuart Corp., 512 N.W.2d 589, 595 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994), which

relied on Title VII case law in other circuits as supporting the continuing violation

theory. Id. (citing Lane v. Ground Round, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 1219, 1224 (E.D. Mo.

1991) (discussing Title VII cases applying the continuing violation theory (citing

Waltman v. Int'l Paper Co., 875 F.2d 468, 474 (5th Cir. 1989); Berry v. Bd. of

Supervisors, 715 F.2d 971, 979 (5th Cir. 1983); Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc.,

567 F.2d 429, 472 (D.C. Cir. 1976)))). Because our ruling in Treanor was based on

case law altered by the Court's decision in Morgan, we think Morgan equally affects

the vitality of the continuing violation doctrine as it applies to the MHRA. 

-19-

recovered only with respect to events that occurred within the limitations period

under Title VII, under Madison v. IBP, Inc., 257 F.3d 780, 796-97 (8th Cir. 2001),

vacated and remanded, 122 S. Ct. 2583 (2002), applied similarly to the MHRA.

Under Eighth Circuit case law at the time of the district court's decision regarding the

damages period, under Title VII, employees could only recover damages "for acts

committed during the statute of limitations period, even if there was a continuing

violation." Id. at 797. While this appeal was pending, the Supreme Court vacated

Madison in light of its decision in Morgan. Thus, the correct damages period to be

applied to Webb's claims depends on how Morgan affects this case. How the new

rules handed down in Morgan affect Eighth Circuit precedent are questions of law

and should be reviewed de novo. Wal-mart Stores, Inc. v. Crist, 855 F.2d 1326, 1330

n.4 (8th Cir. 1988).10 

In Morgan, the Supreme Court held that "[a] charge alleging a hostile work

environment claim . . . will not be time barred so long as all acts which constitute the

claim are part of the same unlawful employment practice and at least one act falls

within the time period." 122 S. Ct. at 2077. The question for liability as well as

damages after Morgan is whether the acts complained of are part of the same

unlawful employment practice. If so, then all of the acts may be considered so long
11We look to Title VII case law to analyze both claims. See Hanenburg v.

Principal Mut. Life Ins. Co., 118 F.3d 570, 574 (8th Cir. 1997) ("In analyzing cases

under the MHRA, the state courts apply the principles developed in the adjudication

of claims under Title VII because of the substantial similarities between the two

statutes.") (citation omitted); Sigurdson v. Isanti County, 386 N.W.2d 715, 719

-20-

 as one of the acts falls within the limitations period. If not, then only the acts which

fall in the limitations period may be considered. 

The Supreme Court explained the difference between discrete discriminatory

acts and a series of separate acts that together constitute an "unlawful employment

practice," 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1). Id. at 2069-76. A discrete act "'occurred' on the

day that it 'happened'" and constitutes its own unlawful employment practice. Id. at

2070. Examples of discrete acts include "termination, failure to promote, denial of

transfer, or refusal to hire." Id. at 2073. "Discrete acts that fall within the statutory

time period do not make timely acts that fall outside the time period." Id. at 2071. 

On the other hand, the Supreme Court opined that a hostile work environment

claim typically involves a series of separate acts, which together constitute the

unlawful employment practice. Id. at 2074. Because these acts are part of the same

claim, the Court held that an employer may be liable for all of the acts, and in order

for the claim to be timely, only one act in the series must have occurred within the

limitations period. Id. 

The Court explained that first "[a] court's task is to determine whether the acts

about which an employee complains are part of the same actionable hostile work

environment practice," and second the court must determine whether any act that is

part of the same claim falls within the statutory time period. Id. at 2076. 

In the case at bar, the jury found the City vicariously liable for the harassment

against Webb. In order to find the City liable under Title VII and the MHRA,11 the
(Minn. 1986).

-21-

jury had to first find "unwelcome harassment based on race which is sufficiently

severe or pervasive as to affect a term, condition, or privilege of employment."

Bowen v. Mo. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 311 F.3d 878, 883 (8th Cir. 2002) (citation

omitted). To the extent the racial harassment Webb complained of was committed

by co-workers, the jury also had to find that the City knew or should have known

about the harassment and failed to take effective remedial measures, or in other

words, that the City was negligent. Id. The jury instructions reflected these elements.

The only possible set of incidents for which the evidence supports a finding that these

elements were met is the events that took place regarding McCardle and Webb and

the City's response to these events. This is precisely what the jury found, as

evidenced by the fact that for two of the four other B-shift Appellants, under the same

set of facts as Webb, only without their own McCardle-type incident and response

thereto, the jury found a hostile work environment, but that there was no harassment

that occurred that the City failed to promptly and effectively remedy. 

The McCardle incident, and the City's response thereto, involved a series of

discrete events each constituting its own unlawful employment practice. Those

occurring after November 5, 1995, and so within the damages period, include the

reprimand of Webb for intimidating McCardle, the rejection of Webb's race

harassment charge against McCardle, and the order to report for a fitness-for-duty

exam. These discrete acts were properly before the jury under instruction number 22

and the special verdict form. Moreover, these discrete acts, under Morgan, cannot be

used to revive pre-limitations acts for the purposes of recovering damages because

they are separate and distinct unlawful employment practices. 122 S. Ct. at 2071-72

(explaining that "discrete acts that fall within the statutory period do not make timely

acts that fall outside the time period" and "discrete discriminatory acts are not

actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed
-22-

charges"). Accordingly, we find that, even though the law and analysis have changed

since Morgan, the district court applied the correct damages period.

D. New Trial Motion

Finally, Appellants claim that the district court should have granted their

motion for a new trial. We review the denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of

discretion. Jones v. TEK Indus., Inc., 319 F.3d 355, 358 (8th Cir. 2003) (citation

omitted). Grant of a motion for a new trial is only appropriate "if the verdict is

against the great weight of the evidence and [] allowing it to stand would result in a

miscarriage of justice." Id. (citation and internal quotation omitted).

Appellants claim that the district court abused its discretion because the jury's

verdict was against the great weight of the evidence, warranting a new trial. Having

thoroughly reviewed the record, we disagree and find no abuse of discretion in the

denial of the new trial motion. 

III. 

For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm.

HEANEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

I dissent from Section II.C. of the majority’s opinion, which misinterprets and

misapplies the damages analysis presented in Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan,

122 S.Ct. 2061 (2002). I would grant Appellants a new trial because the district court

erred by narrowing Appellants’ damages period for their claim under the Minnesota

Human Rights Act (MHRA).
12For Smith and Webb, the court limited the jury’s consideration of damages

to acts occurring since November 5, 1995; for Mems, damages were limited to acts

occurring since April 15, 1996; Brown’s statutory damages period was limited to acts

occurring since April 16, 1996; and Khaliq’s damages period was limited to act

occurring since April 22, 1996.

-23-

At trial, Appellants contended that they should be able to recover damages for

all acts contributing to the hostile work environment that took place beginning in

June of 1994 (the time the prior race discrimination suit was settled). The district

court disagreed, and narrowed the damages period to one year under the MHRA.

Thus, while the jury heard evidence of racially hostile acts occurring as far back as

1994, it could only award damages for a limited period for each plaintiff.12 The

district court based its ruling on Madison v. IBP, Inc., 257 F.3d 780, 796-97 (8th Cir.

2001), which held that plaintiffs may only recover damages on their hostile work

environment claims for acts committed within the statute of limitations period, even

if there were a continuing violation. This conflicts with the law as explained by the

Supreme Court in Morgan.

In Morgan, the Court reaffirmed that claims are to be divided into two

categories: those based on discrete discriminatory acts, and those based on a hostile

work environment. Morgan, 122 S.Ct. at 2071-75. Discrete discriminatory acts

include failing to promote, denial of a transfer, and refusing to hire. Id. at 2073.

Because each of these acts could independently support a discrimination claim, the

statute of limitations runs independently for each discrete act. Id. at 2071. In

contrast, the Court held that because hostile work environment claims attack one

continuing unlawful employment practice, the statute of limitations does not apply

so strictly to these claims. Id. at 2075. Rather, a plaintiff alleging a hostile work

environment can recover damages for acts occurring outside the statute of limitations,

so long as any act contributing to the hostile environment occurred within the

statutory period. Id. This, obviously, was at odds with our decision in Madison, and,

consequently, also at odds with the framework used by the district court in this
-24-

matter. See Madison v. IBP, Inc., 536 U.S. 919 (June 17, 2002) (mem.) (granting

certiorari, vacating judgment, and remanding for further consideration in light of

Morgan).

The majority recognizes that the district court used the wrong legal analysis,

yet holds Appellants are not entitled to relief. In so doing, the majority posits that our

analysis should be limited to Webb because he was the only plaintiff to recover

damages. This is simply incorrect. Morgan, in fact, announced the opposite

proposition: the plaintiff need not prove damages occurred within the statutory

period so long as any act contributing to the hostile work environment did. See

Morgan, 122 S.Ct. at 2073 (“The ‘unlawful employment practice’ therefore cannot

be said to occur on any particular day. It occurs over a series of days or perhaps years

and, in direct contrast to discrete acts, a single act of harassment may not be

actionable on its own.”). Our circuit has, until now, interpreted Morgan accordingly.

See Jensen v. Henderson, 315 F.3d 854, 859 (8th Cir. 2002) (“Only the smallest

portion of that [unlawful employment] ‘practice’ needs to occur within the limitations

period for the claim to be timely.”). The majority diverges from that beaten path. By

holding that a hostile work environment plaintiff must prove damages within the

statutory period before a jury can consider acts beyond the statutory period,

essentially returns our circuit to its position in Madison, a framework squarely

rejected by the Supreme Court.

As illustrated above, the proper question is not whether Appellants proved

damages from conduct within the statutory period, but rather whether any act

contributing to the allegedly hostile work environment took place within the statutory

period. Clearly, each of these plaintiffs produced such evidence: Smith was the

subject of what he contends was an unreasonable search of his locker and belongings

due to his race in 1996, and the B shift firefighters – Mems, Brown, Webb, and

Khaliq – presented evidence that they were victims of a plethora of racially-motivated

acts, all of which occurred within each’s respective statutory limitation period. 
-25-

Each of the plaintiffs satisfied Morgan’s threshold requirement of alleging

some act contributing to the hostile work environment that is not time-barred.

Accordingly, each of the plaintiffs was the victim of trial court error when the court

limited their respective damages periods. This error prevented the jury from fully

considering numerous acts that occurred in 1994, 1995, and, for some of the

plaintiffs, in 1996. Obviously, consideration of these acts may have changed the

jury’s mind. I therefore believe a new trial is appropriate for all Appellants, with the

district court employing the analysis put forth by the Supreme Court in Morgan.

Even if the majority’s position were to stand, its analysis with regard to Webb

is flawed. The majority suggests that the district court properly limited the damages

period for Webb because all of the acts that Webb alleged to have happened within

the statutory period were discrete acts rather than part of a hostile work environment.

See Ante at 21 (“[T]hese discrete acts, under Morgan, cannot be used to revive prelimitations acts for the purpose of recovering damages because they are separate and

distinct unlawful employment practices.” (citing Morgan, 122 S.Ct. at 2071-72)). 

While it may be that Webb’s reprimand and the rejection of Webb’s

discrimination claim were discrete acts of discrimination, see Morgan, 122 S.Ct. at

2073 (noting discrete discriminatory acts include failing to promote, denial of a

transfer, refusing to hire), the majority overlooks the other acts complained of by the

B shift firefighters: racially offensive cartoons and magazines left at the station;

vandalism of B shift amenities at the station; and the loosening of Webb’s vehicle lug

nuts while he was at work, to name a few. All of these acts happened within the

statutory limitations period. Clearly, these are not independently actionable discrete

acts, but rather are acts contributing to Webb’s claim that he, along with other B

shifters, was subjected to a racially hostile work environment. Thus, the majority has

not only misinterpreted Morgan, it has misapplied its own analysis to plaintiff Webb.

Accordingly, I dissent.
-26-

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.