UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

Civil Action No. 20-979 (TJK) 

PAUL REIFFER, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

AET LIMO, LLC, 

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Paul Reiffer is a London photographer who owns the copyright on a photograph he took 

of the Golden Gate Bridge. He filed this suit in April 2020 because AET Limo, LLC, a 

California limousine company, allegedly infringed his copyright when it posted the photograph 

to advertise its services on its website. Reiffer served AET and AET failed to appear, so Reiffer 

filed for entry of default, which the Clerk of the Court granted. The Court—wary of its 

obligation to “satisfy itself that it has personal jurisdiction before entering judgment against an 

absent defendant,” Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2005)—ordered Reiffer to show 

cause by August 3, 2020, “why this case should not be dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction 

or transferred to the Central District of California ‘in the interest of justice,’ 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1406(a).” Reiffer failed to respond, and the Court will now dismiss his complaint for lack of 

personal jurisdiction. 

* * * 

The plaintiff has the burden of establishing that this Court has personal jurisdiction over 

the defendant. See FC Inv. Grp. LC v. IFX Mkts., Ltd., 529 F.3d 1087, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 2008). 

He can meet that burden “with a prima facie showing” resting on arguments in the “pleadings, 
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2 

bolstered by such affidavits and other written materials as [he] can otherwise obtain.” Mwani, 

417 F.3d at 7. A court need not accept “conclusory statements” or “bare allegations” about the 

defendant’s actions in a selected forum. GTE New Media Servs. Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 

F.3d 1343, 1349 (D.C. Cir. 2000). 

“To establish personal jurisdiction over a non-resident, a court must engage in a two-part 

inquiry.” Id. at 1347. First, the Court must determine whether there is personal jurisdiction 

under the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute, D.C. Code § 13-423(a). See id. The statute 

provides, in relevant part, that a “District of Columbia court may exercise personal jurisdiction 

over a person” as to any claim arising from the person “transacting any business in the District of 

Columbia” or “contracting to supply services in the District of Columbia.” D.C. Code § 13-

423(a)(1)–(2). Second, if there is personal jurisdiction under the long-arm statute, the Court 

must also determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be consistent with the 

Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See GTE New Media Servs. Inc., 199 F.3d at 1347. 

Reiffer fails to make a prima facie case at step one. The Complaint apparently invokes 

D.C. Code § 13-423(a)(1)–(2) by alleging, in conclusory fashion, that personal jurisdiction exists 

because AET “transacted business in the District of Columbia” and “contracted to supply 

services in the District of Columbia,” ECF No. 1 (“Compl.) ¶ 5. But Reiffer neither alleges in 

the Complaint nor otherwise proffers any facts to support these allegations or to explain how his 

claim “ar[ose] from” these purported dealings, D.C. Code § 13-423(a)(1), (b). Indeed, the only 

relevant facts asserted in the Complaint suggest otherwise: AET “is a Limited Liability Company 

existing under the laws of the State of California, with headquarters in Los Angeles, California,” 

id. ¶ 2. In sum, the Complaint is bereft of any factual allegations that AET conducts business 

here, caused any injury here, or engages in persistent conduct here, see generally Complaint; see 
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also Bigelow v. Garrett, 299 F. Supp. 3d 34, 45 (D.D.C. 2018); Shaheen v. Smith, 994 F. Supp. 

2d 77, 88 (D.D.C. 2013). The Court also notes that under Circuit precedent, “personal 

jurisdiction surely cannot be based solely on the ability of District residents to access the 

defendant[’s] website[], for this does not by itself show any persistent course of conduct by the 

defendants in the District.” GTE New Media Servs. Inc., 199 F.3d at 1349. Thus, the Court 

lacks personal jurisdiction over AET.1

* * * 

For these reasons, the Court will dismiss the Complaint, ECF No. 1, without prejudice. A 

separate order will issue. 

/s/ Timothy J. Kelly 

TIMOTHY J. KELLY 

United States District Judge 

Date: August 4, 2020 

 

1

 The Court gave Reiffer the opportunity to show why transfer, instead of dismissal, was “in the 

interest of justice,” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), but he failed to respond to the Court’s Order to Show 

Cause. See Minute Order of July 6, 2020. It appears that the Copyright Act’s three-year statute 

of limitations has not run, see 17 U.S.C. § 507(b); Compl. ¶ 10 (alleging that AET posted the 

copyrighted photograph to its website “on or about October 1, 2017”), and the Court sees no 

other “procedural obstacles [that] impede an expeditious and orderly adjudication on the merits” 

such that transfer would be appropriate. Sinclair v. Kleindienst, 711 F.2d 291, 293–94 (D.C. Cir. 

1983) (cleaned up).