EXHIBIT      31.1

|  | (a) | Designed                  such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                  controls and procedures to be designed                  under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating                  to the                  registrant, including its consolidated                  subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities,                  particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;                    |
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|  | (b) | Evaluated                  the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures                  and presented in this report                  our onclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls                  and                  procedures, as of the end of                  the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;                  and |
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|  | (c) | Disclosed                  in this report any change in the registrant’s internal controls over                  financial reporting that occurred during                  the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth                  fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially                  affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s                  internal control over financial reporting;                  and |
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|  | (a) | All                  significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design                  or                  operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are                  reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record,                  process, summarize and report financial information; and   |
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|  | (b) | Any                  fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                  employees who have a significant role in                  the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting.                    |
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