IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No.184A19

Filed 1 November 2019

IN THE MATTER OF: N.D.A.

On writ of certiorari pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-32(b) to review an order entered 

18 March 2019 by Judge William F. Brooks in District Court, Wilkes County. This 

matter was calendared in the Supreme Court on 4 October 2019 but determined on 

the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Vannoy, Colvard, Triplett & Vannoy, P.L.L.C., by Daniel S. Johnson, for 

petitioner-appellee.

Wendy C. Sotolongo, Parent Defender, by Annick Lenoir-Peek, Deputy Parent 

Defender, for respondent-appellant father.

ERVIN, Justice.

Respondent-father Mickey W. appeals from the trial court’s order terminating 

his parental rights in his minor child, N.D.A.,1 on the grounds of neglect and willful 

abandonment. Because we conclude that the findings in the trial court’s order are 

insufficient to support the termination of respondent-father’s parental rights on 

either of the grounds upon which the trial court’s termination order rests, we vacate 

 

1 N.D.A. will be referred to throughout the remainder of this opinion as “Nancy,” which 

is a pseudonym used to protect the identity of the juvenile and for ease of reading. See N.C.

R. App. P. 42(b)(1).
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the trial court’s termination order and remand this case to the District Court, Wilkes 

County, for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

Respondent-father is Nancy’s biological father, while petitioner Heather S. is 

Nancy’s legal custodian. In January 2014, Nancy and her biological mother, Heaven 

C., moved into petitioner’s residence. At that time, the two adult women were 

involved in a romantic relationship. Nancy and her mother continued to live in 

petitioner’s residence for the next year and a half.

In July 2015, the Wilkes County Department of Social Services began

investigating a report arising from concerns about the mother’s mental health, 

parenting skills, and failure to properly care for and supervise Nancy. At that time, 

Nancy was left in petitioner’s care as part of a safety placement while DSS provided 

Nancy’s mother with case management services. However, in December 2015, the 

mother told DSS that she was unable to properly care for Nancy. As a result, DSS 

filed a petition alleging that Nancy was a neglected and dependent juvenile. At the 

time that DSS filed this petition, respondent-father was incarcerated and had a 

projected release date of 4 December 2016.

After a hearing held on 1 February 2016, Judge David V. Byrd entered an order 

on 20 February 2016 finding Nancy to be a neglected and dependent juvenile, 

awarding legal and physical custody of Nancy to petitioner, and releasing DSS from 

any further responsibility relating to Nancy’s care and supervision. In the 20

February 2016 order, Judge Byrd ordered that neither parent would be allowed to 
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visit Nancy while incarcerated and that, in the event that either parent was not 

incarcerated, he or she was entitled to a minimum of one hour of supervised visitation 

with Nancy two times per month, with the necessary supervision to be provided by 

petitioner, a person or organization approved by petitioner, or personnel associated

with “Our House.”

Although respondent-father was released from incarceration in December 

2016, he did not contact or visit Nancy following his release. In August 2018, 

petitioner contacted respondent-father, through social media, and the mother, by 

phone, for the purpose of requesting that they relinquish their parental rights in 

Nancy so that petitioner could adopt her. However, neither of Nancy’s parents 

acceded to this request. Shortly thereafter, respondent-father was charged with and 

convicted of felonious breaking and entering. Respondent-father’s current projected 

release date is July 2020.

On 14 August 2018, petitioner filed a petition seeking to have both parents’

parental rights in Nancy terminated on the grounds of neglect and willful 

abandonment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (7) (2017). After a hearing held on

27 February 2019, the trial court entered an order on 18 March 2019 finding that 

grounds existed to terminate respondent-father’s and the mother’s parental rights in 

Nancy based upon both of the grounds alleged in the petition and that the termination 

of both parents’ parental rights in Nancy would be in the child’s best interests. 
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Respondent-father noted an appeal from the trial court’s termination order to the 

Court of Appeals.

As an initial matter, we note that, even though respondent-father noted his 

appeal from the trial court’s order in a timely manner, he erroneously designated the 

Court of Appeals, rather than this Court, as the judicial body to which his appeal 

would lie. See N.C.G.S. §§ 7A-27(a)(5), 7B-1001(a1)(1); N.C. R. App. P. 3(d), 3.1(a). 

In spite of this deficiency in respondent-father’s notice of appeal, petitioner has not 

sought the dismissal of respondent-father’s appeal and respondent-father has not 

filed a petition seeking the issuance of a writ of certiorari authorizing review of the 

trial court’s termination order. In light of the seriousness of the issues involved in 

this termination of parental rights case, petitioner’s failure to raise any issue arising 

from respondent-father’s defective notice of appeal, and the fact that the appellate 

entries signed by the trial court correctly designate this Court as the body to which

respondent-father’s appeal would lie, we elect to treat respondent-father’s brief as a 

certiorari petition and issue a writ of certiorari authorizing review of respondentfather’s challenges to the trial court’s termination order on the merits. See N.C. R. 

App. P. 21(a)(1) (stating that “[t]he writ of certiorari may be issued in appropriate 

circumstances by either appellate court to permit review of the judgments and orders 

of trial tribunals when the right to prosecute an appeal has been lost by failure to 

take timely action”); see also In re Z.L.W., 831 S.E.2d 62, 65 (N.C. 2019) (stating that 

this Court granted the respondent-father’s certiorari petition given that his notice of 
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appeal improperly designated the Court of Appeals as the court to which his appeal

from the trial court’s order had been taken).

In seeking relief from the trial court’s termination order before this Court, 

respondent-father contends that the trial court erred by terminating his parental 

rights in Nancy on the grounds that the trial court’s findings of fact do not support

the trial court’s conclusion that respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were 

subject to termination on the grounds of neglect and willful abandonment. The 

relevant provisions of the North Carolina General Statutes establish a two-stage 

process for the termination of a parent’s parental rights in a juvenile. N.C.G.S. §§ 

7B-1109, -1110 (2017). At the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner bears the burden of 

proving by “clear, cogent, and convincing evidence” that one or more of the grounds 

for termination delineated in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111 exist. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(e), (f). “If 

[the trial court] determines that one or more grounds listed in section 7B-1111 are 

present, the court proceeds to the dispositional stage, at which the court must 

consider whether it is in the best interests of the juvenile to terminate parental 

rights.” In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 842, 788 S.E.2d 162, 167 (2016) (citing In re 

Young, 346 N.C. 244, 247, 485 S.E.2d 612, 614–15 (1997); N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110). This 

Court reviews a trial court’s adjudication decision pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109 “in 

order to determine whether the findings are supported by clear, cogent and 

convincing evidence and the findings support the conclusions of law,” In re 

Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111, 316 S.E.2d 246, 253 (1984) (citing In re Moore, 306 
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N.C. 394, 404, 293 S.E.2d 127, 133 (1982)), with the trial court’s conclusions of law 

being subject to de novo review on appeal. In re S.N., 194 N.C. App. 142, 146, 669 

S.E.2d 55, 59 (2008), aff’d per curiam, 363 N.C. 368, 677 S.E.2d 455 (2009).

In its termination order, the trial court made the following findings of fact in 

support of its conclusion that respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were 

subject to termination on the grounds of neglect and willful abandonment:

8. The Father has had no contact with the Petitioner 

and has not participated in any visitation. He has been 

incarcerated since August 2018. The Father has a 

significant criminal record dating back to 1999. 

9. The Father has had no contact with the minor child 

in four years. He testified that he attempted to set up visits 

with the child but could not get any assistance in doing so. 

10. The Father has had significant problems with 

substance abuse for many years. 

. . . . 

13. Neither [parent] has ever provided financial support 

for the minor child.

14. Neither [parent] has ever sent any cards, gifts, or 

usual and customary tokens of affection to the minor child. 

15. The child has been neglected by the [parents] as that 

term is defined in Chapter 7B of the General Statutes. The 

[parents] have not provided any type of support or care for 

the child. Their actions reflect an indifference to the 

welfare and well-being of the child. 

16. The [parents] willfully abandoned the child as that 

term is defined by N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7) for the six 
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months immediately preceding the filing of the petition in 

this matter. 

As an initial matter, respondent-father contends that a number of the trial 

court’s findings of fact are legally defective. More specifically, respondent-father

asserts that the second sentence contained in Finding of Fact No. 9 consists of nothing 

more than a mere recitation of his own testimony and is not, for that reason, a valid 

finding of fact. We agree with the Court of Appeals that “[r]ecitations of the testimony 

of each witness do not constitute findings of fact by the trial judge.” Moore v. Moore, 

160 N.C. App. 569, 571–72, 587 S.E.2d 74, 75 (2003) (citation omitted). By stating 

that respondent-father had testified that he had “attempted to set up visits with the 

child but could not get any assistance in doing so,” the trial court failed to indicate 

whether it deemed the relevant portion of respondent-father’s testimony credible. As 

a result, we are compelled to disregard the second sentence contained in Finding of 

Fact No. 9 in evaluating the validity of the trial court’s termination order.

In addition, respondent-father contends that Finding of Fact No. 10 lacked

sufficient evidentiary support on the grounds that “[n]o one testified that he suffered 

from substance abuse.” However, respondent-father testified that he has “had a 

substance abuse problem”; that he “slip[ped] and got back on drugs” after the death 

of his mother in February 2018; that, when petitioner contacted him in August 2018,

he “was trying to get [his] life away from that and be a part of [Nancy’s] life”; and that 

he had last used any illegal substance around the time of his arrest in August 2018. 
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In addition, respondent-father testified that he was incarcerated at the time of the 

termination hearing as the result of his drug use. As a result, the trial court did not 

err by finding that respondent-father had “had significant problems with substance 

abuse for many years.”

Although respondent-father acknowledges that the record supports the trial 

court’s statement in Finding of Fact No. 14 that “[n]either [parent] has ever sent any 

cards, gifts, or usual and customary tokens of affection to the minor child,” he 

attempts to explain his failure to send such items to the child by pointing to his 

testimony that he did not know petitioner’s address and that he did not want to get 

into trouble by reaching out to her directly. In view of his concession that the record 

supports the contents of Finding of Fact No. 14, that finding is presumed to rest upon 

competent evidence and is, for that reason, binding for purposes of appellate review. 

See In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407, 831 S.E.2d 54, 58 (2019) (stating that “[f]indings 

of fact not challenged by respondent are deemed supported by competent evidence 

and are binding on appeal” (citation omitted)).

Finally, respondent-father contends that Finding of Fact Nos. 15 and 16, which 

consist of determinations that the parents’ parental rights in the child were subject 

to termination on the grounds of neglect and abandonment, constitute conclusions of 

law rather than findings of fact given that they involve the exercise of judgment or 

the application of legal principles. As the Supreme Court of the United States has 

stated, an “ultimate finding is a conclusion of law or at least a determination of a 
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mixed question of law and fact” and should “be distinguished from the findings of 

primary, evidentiary, or circumstantial facts.” Helvering v. Tex-Penn Oil Co., 300 

U.S. 481, 491, 57 S. Ct. 569, 574, 81 L. Ed. 755, 762 (1937); see also In re Anderson, 

151 N.C. App. 94, 97, 564 S.E.2d 599, 602 (2002) (stating that “[u]ltimate facts are 

the final resulting effect reached by processes of logical reasoning from the 

evidentiary facts” (citation omitted)). Regardless of whether statements like those 

contained in Finding of Fact Nos. 15 and 16 are classified as findings of ultimate facts 

or conclusions of law, that classification decision does not alter the fact that the trial 

court’s determination concerning the extent to which a parent’s parental rights in a 

child are subject to termination on the basis of a particular ground must have 

sufficient support in the trial court’s factual findings. See In re D.M.O., 250 N.C. App. 

570, 573, 794 S.E.2d 858, 861 (2016) (stating that “a trial court must make adequate 

evidentiary findings to support its ultimate finding of willful intent” (citation 

omitted)). As a result, our analysis of respondent-father’s challenge to the validity of 

Finding of Fact Nos. 15 and 16 will be addressed in the course of our analysis of the 

lawfulness of the trial court’s determinations concerning the extent to which 

respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the basis 

of neglect and abandonment.

Next, respondent-father contends that the trial court erred by determining 

that his parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the grounds of willful 

abandonment. A parent’s parental rights in a child are subject to termination when 
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“[t]he parent has willfully abandoned the juvenile for at least six consecutive months 

immediately preceding the filing of the petition or motion.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7). 

“Abandonment implies conduct on the part of the parent which manifests a willful 

determination to forego all parental duties and relinquish all parental claims to the 

child.” In re Young, 346 N.C. at 251, 485 S.E.2d at 617 (citation omitted). “[I]f a 

parent withholds his presence, his love, his care, the opportunity to display filial 

affection, and wilfully neglects to lend support and maintenance, such parent 

relinquishes all parental claims and abandons the child.” Pratt v. Bishop, 257 N.C. 

486, 501, 126 S.E.2d 597, 608 (1962) (citation omitted). The Court of Appeals has 

held that, “[w]hether a biological parent has a willful intent to abandon his child is a 

question of fact to be determined from the evidence.” In re Adoption of Searle, 82 N.C. 

App. 273, 276, 346 S.E.2d 511, 514 (1986) (citation omitted). We agree with the Court 

of Appeals that, “[a]lthough the trial court may consider a parent’s conduct outside 

the six-month window in evaluating a parent’s credibility and intentions, the 

‘determinative’ period for adjudicating willful abandonment is the six consecutive 

months preceding the filing of the petition.” In re D.E.M., 810 S.E.2d 375, 378 (N.C. 

Ct. App. 2018) (citation omitted).

In attempting to persuade us that the trial court erred in determining that his 

parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the basis of willful 

abandonment, respondent-father argues that the trial court failed to address the

willfulness of his conduct in spite of the fact that his failure to visit with Nancy and 
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to take the other actions mentioned in the trial court’s findings was not willful. In 

support of this contention, respondent-father points to his testimony that he 

attempted to contact Our House, DSS, and the office of the Clerk of Superior Court

fifteen times over a period of a year and a half for the purpose of obtaining the ability 

to visit Nancy without success. According to respondent-father, the trial court failed 

to make any findings concerning the efforts that he made to visit with his daughter

and that, had the trial court made factual findings consistently with his testimony, it 

would have been unable to find that he willfully abandoned Nancy. On the other 

hand, petitioner contends that the trial court was free to disbelieve respondentfather’s testimony concerning his efforts to visit with Nancy and argues that 

respondent-father’s conduct demonstrates that he was completely indifferent to 

Nancy’s well-being.

After careful examination of the trial court’s findings of fact, the Court is 

persuaded that these findings are insufficient to support a determination that 

respondent-father willfully abandoned Nancy. See In re D.R.B., 182 N.C. App. 733, 

738, 643 S.E.2d 77, 80 (2007); see also D.M.O., 250 N.C. App. at 573, 794 S.E.2d at

861 (stating that, “[b]ecause ‘wilful intent is an integral part of abandonment’ ” and 

because willfulness “ ‘is a question of fact to be determined from the evidence[,]’ a 

trial court must make adequate evidentiary findings to support its ultimate finding 

of willful intent.” (internal citation omitted)). Although the trial court found that 

respondent-father had not had any contact with petitioner or Nancy, had not visited
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with Nancy, had not provided any financial support for Nancy, and had not sent any 

cards, gifts, or tokens of affection to Nancy, the trial court’s findings fail to adequately 

address the extent to which respondent-father’s acts or omissions were willful in spite 

of the fact that respondent-father’s unchallenged testimony tended to show that he

had unsuccessfully attempted to work out arrangements under which he could visit 

with Nancy on multiple occasions following his release from incarceration in 

December 2016, with these efforts including making contact with Our House, DSS, 

and the office of the Clerk of Superior Court on at least fifteen occasions between 

December 2016 and May 2018. In view of the fact that the termination petition was 

filed in August 2018, respondent-father’s testimony suggests that his attempts to 

make arrangements to visit with Nancy occurred during the relevant six months

immediately preceding the filing of the petition. Although petitioner is certainly 

correct in noting that the trial court was free to disbelieve respondent-father’s 

testimony, see Phelps v. Phelps, 337 N.C. 344, 357, 446 S.E.2d 17, 25 (1994), the trial 

court’s findings with respect to the willfulness issue consisted of nothing more than 

a recitation of the relevant portion of respondent-father’s testimony without making 

any determination as to whether the relevant portion of respondent-father’s 

testimony was credible.

In addition, respondent-father testified that he had no relationship with 

petitioner sufficient to persuade him that he had the ability to contact her directly,

that he believed that he was not permitted do so, and that, even though he knew that
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petitioner lived in his community, he did not know her address and could not send 

Nancy any cards, letters, or gifts for that reason. As was the case with respect to the 

issue of visitation, the trial court’s findings make no mention of the issue of whether 

respondent-father had the ability to contact Nancy or petitioner during the relevant 

six-month period. Similarly, the trial court failed to make any findings concerning 

the extent to which respondent-father had the ability to pay financial support for 

Nancy during the relevant six-month period even though it found that respondentfather had willfully failed to make such payments. See Pratt, 257 N.C. at 501–02, 

126 S.E.2d at 608 (stating that “a mere failure of the parent of a minor child in the 

custody of a third person to contribute to its support does not in and of itself constitute 

abandonment” given that “[e]xplanations could be made which would be inconsistent 

with a wilful intent to abandon”). Thus, given the absence of any findings of fact 

concerning respondent-father’s ability to visit with Nancy, to contact petitioner or his 

daughter, or to pay support during the relevant time period, the trial court’s findings 

do not “demonstrate that [respondent] had a ‘purposeful, deliberative and manifest 

willful determination to forego all parental duties and relinquish all parental claims 

to [Nancy].’ ” In re D.M.O., 250 N.C. App. at 573, 794 S.E.2d at 861-62 (citation 

omitted). As a result, while we express no opinion concerning the issue of whether 

the record contains sufficient evidence to support a finding that respondent-father 

willfully abandoned Nancy, the trial court’s evidentiary findings fail to support its 

ultimate determination that respondent-father willfully abandoned Nancy for a 
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period of at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of the 

termination petition in accordance with N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7).

Additionally, respondent-father argues that the trial court erred by finding 

that his parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the grounds of 

neglect because it failed to make certain required findings of fact and because the 

findings of fact that the trial court did make do not support its determination that 

respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the 

grounds of neglect. According to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1), a trial court has the 

authority to terminate a parent’s parental rights in a child in the event that the 

parent has neglected the child as that term is defined in N.C.G.S. § 7B-101, which 

provides that a neglected juvenile is, among other things, a juvenile who “does not 

[receive] proper care, supervision, or discipline from the juvenile’s parent, guardian, 

custodian, or caretaker; or who has been abandoned.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(15). The 

Court of Appeals held that, “[i]n deciding whether a child is neglected for purposes of 

terminating parental rights, the dispositive question is the fitness of the parent to 

care for the child ‘at the time of the termination proceeding.’ ” In re L.O.K., 174 N.C. 

App. 426, 435, 621 S.E.2d 236, 242 (2005) (quoting In re Ballard, 311 N.C. 708, 715, 

319 S.E.2d 227, 232 (1984) (emphasis omitted)). In the event that “a child has not 

been in the custody of the parent for a significant period of time prior to the 

termination hearing, ‘requiring the petitioner in such circumstances to show that the 

child is currently neglected by the parent would make termination of parental rights 
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impossible.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). In such circumstances, the trial court may find 

that a parent’s parental rights in a child are subject to termination on the grounds of 

neglect in the event that the petitioner makes “a showing of past neglect and a 

likelihood of future neglect by the parent.” In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. at 843, 788 S.E.2d 

at 167 (citation omitted).

In his initial challenge to the trial court’s determination that respondentfather’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the grounds of 

neglect, respondent-father argues that the trial court failed to make a finding 

regarding the likelihood of future neglect and that the record fails to contain sufficient 

evidence to support any such finding had one been made. According to respondentfather, the underlying adjudication of neglect rested upon the mother’s mental health 

difficulties rather than upon any act or omission by respondent-father, with the 

record containing no evidence tending to show that respondent-father was likely to 

neglect Nancy in the event that she was to be placed in his care in the future. 

Petitioner, on the other hand, argues that the trial court was not required to make

findings concerning the likelihood of future neglect in this case because the trial court 

did not rely on the previous neglect adjudication in determining that respondentfather had neglected Nancy. According to petitioner, the trial court’s findings relate 

to respondent-father’s treatment of Nancy after she was placed in petitioner’s custody 

in February 2016, so that the trial court’s finding of neglect rested upon current 
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neglect rather than a combination of past neglect coupled with a likelihood of 

repeated neglect in the future.

A careful analysis of the trial court’s termination order reveals that it contains 

few, if any, findings that appear to assume the applicability of the two-step method 

of analysis employed in cases involving past neglect and a likelihood of future neglect. 

For example, the trial court did not find that Nancy had previously been adjudicated 

to be a neglected juvenile or that there was a likelihood that she would be neglected 

in the future in the event that she was to be placed in respondent-father’s care. 

Instead, as petitioner suggests, it appears the trial court’s finding of neglect was 

based upon a determination that respondent-father was currently neglecting Nancy, 

with this determination resting upon respondent-father’s lack of contact with Nancy 

and his current lack of involvement in Nancy’s life. More specifically, the trial court’s 

determination that respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to 

termination on the grounds of neglect seems to have hinged upon evidentiary findings

that respondent-father had failed to: (1) visit with Nancy; (2) contact petitioner or 

Nancy; (3) provide any financial support for Nancy; and (4) send any cards, gifts, or 

tokens of affection to Nancy.

A trial court is entitled to terminate a parent’s parental rights in a child for 

neglect based upon abandonment pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) in the event 

that the trial court finds that the parent’s conduct demonstrates a “wilful neglect 

and refusal to perform the natural and legal obligations of parental care and support.” 
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Pratt, 257 N.C. at 501, 126 S.E.2d at 608. We agree with the Court of Appeals that, 

“in order to terminate a parent’s rights on the ground of neglect by abandonment, the 

trial court must make findings that the parent has engaged in conduct ‘which 

manifests a willful determination to forego all parental duties and relinquish all 

parental claims to the child’ as of the time of the termination hearing.” In re C.K.C., 

822 S.E.2d 741, 745 (N.C. Ct. App. 2018) (citation omitted). As we have previously 

discussed in connection with our analysis of the validity of the trial court’s decision 

that respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the 

grounds of willful abandonment pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7), the trial 

court’s findings fail to adequately address the issue of the willfulness of respondentfather’s conduct.

2 Unlike abandonment as a ground for termination under N.C.G.S. 

§ 7B-1111(a)(7), the relevant time period for a finding of neglect by abandonment is 

not limited to the six consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of the 

termination petition. See In re Humphrey, 156 N.C. App. 533, 541, 577 S.E.2d 421, 

427 (2003). Therefore, a trial court may consider a parent’s conduct over the course 

of a more extended period of time in determining whether the parent in question has 

neglected his or her child by abandonment. See Id.

 

2 Although the word “willful” does not appear in the statutory definition of neglect by 

abandonment, N.C.G.S. § 7B-101(15), this Court has suggested that abandonment is 

inherently a willful act. See Pratt, 257 N.C. at 501, 126 S.E.2d at 608 (stating that

“abandonment imports any wilful or intentional conduct on the part of the parent” and that 

“[w]ilful intent is an integral part of abandonment”).
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In its termination order, the trial court found that respondent-father had not 

had any contact with Nancy since at least 2015. On the other hand, the record reflects 

that respondent-father was incarcerated at the time that DSS began its investigation 

relating to Nancy in 2015, remained incarcerated at the time that Nancy was 

adjudicated to be a neglected and dependent juvenile in February 2016, and remained 

incarcerated through December 2016. Although “incarceration, standing alone, is 

neither a sword nor a shield in a termination of parental rights decision[,]” In re

T.N.H., 372 N.C. at 412, 831 S.E.2d at 62 (citation omitted), the trial court failed to 

make any findings of fact regarding whether respondent-father had the ability to 

contact petitioner and Nancy while he was incarcerated, with such findings being 

necessary in order for the trial court to make a valid determination regarding the 

extent to which respondent-father’s failure to contact Nancy and petitioner from 2014 

through December 2016 was willful. See In re D.M.O., 250 N.C. App. at 575, 794 

S.E.2d at 862 (stating that “the circumstances attendant to a parent’s incarceration 

are relevant when determining whether a parent willfully abandoned his or her 

child”). In addition, the record reflects that, even though the initial adjudication 

order granted the parents a minimum of one hour of supervised visitation twice per 

month, that order also provided that neither parent was entitled to visit with Nancy 

while he or she was incarcerated. Simply put, the trial court failed to make any 

findings of fact relating to the issue of the extent, if any, to which respondent-father’s 

incarceration affected his ability to visit with or otherwise contact Nancy.
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As a result, even though the trial court’s failure to make a finding concerning 

the likelihood that respondent-father would neglect Nancy in the event that she was 

placed in his care did not constitute error in light of the legal theory upon which the 

trial court’s finding of neglect was based, the trial court’s findings of fact did not

adequately support a determination that respondent-father’s parental rights in 

Nancy were subject to termination based upon neglect by abandonment given the 

absence of any findings concerning respondent-father’s ability to contact petitioner or 

Nancy, to exercise visitation, or to pay any support in order to determine that his 

abandonment was willful. Although we again refrain from expressing any opinion 

concerning the extent, if any, to which the record evidence would support a finding 

that respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the 

grounds of neglect by abandonment, we hold that the trial court’s findings of fact fail

to adequately support its determination that respondent-father’s parental rights in 

Nancy were subject to termination pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1).

Finally, respondent-father contends that the trial court erred by failing to act

impartially during the termination hearing, with this lack of impartiality being 

demonstrated by trial court’s decision to question various witnesses during the 

hearing in a manner that went beyond the need to ensure that the record was clear. 

According to respondent-father, the trial court’s actions had the effect of relieving

petitioner of her need to satisfy the applicable burden of proof “by asking questions 

that the petitioner failed to ask during its principal questioning of the witnesses.” 
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Petitioner, on the other hand, contends that respondent-father received a fair hearing 

and that the manner in which the trial court questioned various witnesses did not 

demonstrate the existence of bias in favor of petitioner and against respondentfather. On the contrary, petitioner argues that the questions that the trial court

posed during the termination hearing simply clarified the record and that 

respondent-father has failed to point to any question that showed the existence of any 

bias on the part of the trial court.

A trial court “may interrogate witnesses, whether called by itself or by a party.” 

N.C. R. Evid. 614(b). As this Court has previously stated, “it is proper for the judge 

to propound competent questions to a witness [during a trial] in order to obtain a 

proper understanding and clarification of his testimony, or to bring out some fact that 

has been overlooked.” State v. Smith, 240 N.C. 99, 102, 81 S.E.2d 263, 265–66 (1954)

(citations omitted). Respondent-father has failed to direct our attention to any 

specific question or questions that the trial court posed during the hearing that, in 

respondent-father’s opinion, tended to show the existence of bias on the part of the 

trial court. Instead, respondent-father’s argument rests upon the frequency with 

which the trial court posed questions to various witnesses and a contention that the 

questions that the trial court posed had the effect of helping petitioner to satisfy the 

applicable burden of proof. We do not find respondent-father’s argument to be 

persuasive.
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At the termination hearing, the trial court questioned petitioner about her

work schedule, her reason for contacting respondent through social media instead of

by phone, and the nature and extent of respondent-father’s contacts with her. 

Similarly, during respondent-father’s testimony, the trial court asked several 

questions in an attempt to clarify issues such as the number of times that respondentfather had contacted Our House, the dates upon which respondent-father had been

incarcerated, the length of time during which respondent-father had been 

incarcerated, and the date upon which respondent-father’s mother had died. Each of 

these matters was relevant to a proper determination of the issues that were before 

the trial court in this case. As a result, we conclude that the trial court’s questioning

of witnesses during the termination hearing did not go beyond that needed to clarify 

matters addressed during the testimony of the parties and that the questions that 

the trial court posed during the termination hearing did not, for that reason, tend to 

show that the trial court was in any way biased against respondent-father.

Thus, for the reasons set forth above, we hold that the trial court’s findings of 

fact are insufficient to support its determination that respondent-father’s parental 

rights in Nancy were subject to termination on the grounds of neglect and 

abandonment and that the trial court did not fail to act impartially during the 

termination hearing. As a result, we vacate the trial court’s termination order and 

remand this case to the District Court, Wilkes County, for further proceedings not 

inconsistent with this opinion, including, the entry of a new order containing proper 
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findings and conclusions addressing the issue of whether grounds exist to support the 

termination of respondent-father’s parental rights in Nancy. The trial court may, in

the exercise of its discretion, receive additional evidence on remand if it elects to do 

so. See In re T.M.H., 186 N.C. App. 451, 456, 652 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2007).

VACATED AND REMANDED.