IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 16-1326

Filed September 13, 2017

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF ERENIA DOLORES AREVALO

AND EDGAR SIFREDO AREVALO-LUNA

Upon the Petition of

ERENIA DOLORES AREVALO,

Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning

EDGAR SIFREDO AREVALO-LUNA,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, David M. Porter, 

Judge.

Erenia Arevalo appeals from the dissolution decree and the district court’s 

denial of her request for spousal support. AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

Katherine S. Sargent, Des Moines, for appellant.

Edgar Sifredo Arevalo-Luna, Des Moines, appellee pro se.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ.
2

POTTERFIELD, Judge.

Erenia Arevalo appeals from the decree dissolving her marriage to Edgar 

Arevalo-Luna. Erenia maintains the district court should have awarded her 

spousal support as she requested. She also asks that we award her $1500 in 

appellate attorney fees.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

Erenia was born in El Salvador in 1966. She attended only five years of 

school before coming to the United States in 1995. Edgar was also born in El 

Salvador, in 1974. He completed twelve years of education before attending

three and one half years of college in El Salvador. He came to the United States 

in 1994. Edgar has taken English-language classes both in El Salvador and at a 

local community college.

Erenia and Edgar married in in 2001. They had twins, born in 1999, and a 

third child, born in 2005. At the time of the dissolution trial, the parties agreed 

they would share joint legal custody of the children and Erenia would have 

physical care of the children. Edgar was ordered to pay Erenia $1066 per month 

in child support for the three children.1

The only disputed issue at the time of dissolution was whether Edgar 

should be required to pay Erenia spousal support. Erenia asked the court to 

order Edger to pay her $400 per month starting in June 2018 (when the twins are 

expected to graduate high school) until June 2024 (when Edgar’s child support 

obligation for the youngest child was expected to cease), at which point she 

 

1 The decree also outlined Edgar’s monthly support obligation for two children—$868—

and one child—$602; as agreed by the parties, Edgar’s full income from his two full-time 

jobs was not used to calculate child support.
3

asked the court to increase the monthly award to $1000. Erenia asked that the 

$1000 award be “permanent.” Edgar was unrepresented at the dissolution trial; 

when asked what he requested the judge to do with regard to spousal support, 

he testified, “Whatever the judge thinks is fair because I do need something to 

live on.”

Erenia has a history of sporadic, unskilled employment. Before coming to 

the United States, she worked in a restaurant and at a store that sold dairy 

products. Her first job in the United States was working at a McDonald’s, which 

she did for approximately five years. She did not work outside the home for a 

period after the children were born. In 2012, Erenia began working in food 

services for the Des Moines Public Schools. She works approximately five and 

one half hours on days children are in school; she does not work and is not paid 

on days the children have off, such as weekends, extended holiday breaks, and 

summer vacation. Her position is an IPERS-covered position, though she has 

not yet vested in the pension fund. In 2015, Erenia returned to work at 

McDonald’s as a part-time second job. She earned her highest wages that year, 

with her tax returns showing a combined income of $15,966. Based on the 

amount of her earnings, Erenia qualified for earned income credit; she received 

over $7000 in a tax refund, actually making her net income more than her gross 

income. Once the tax refund is added to her net earnings, Erenia brought home 

almost $23,000 in 2015.

Edgar has typically worked two jobs since coming to the United States. At 

the time of the dissolution hearing in March 2016, Edgar testified he had worked 

at Southeast Polk Community School District for approximately seven years. His 
4

job was also an IPERS-covered position. He worked as a custodian or janitor 

and was in charge of the other janitors who also worked second shift. In 2015, 

he earned almost $46,000 in his primary job. Edgar also worked a second fulltime job at Walmart. His 2015 tax returns show a combined income of $65,599. 

In 2014, Edgar had a combined income of $61,902, and in 2013, he had a 

combined income of $53,758. On top of the $1066 Edgar is to pay Erenia for 

child support each month, Edgar also has a child support obligation for three 

children born outside of his marriage, with that obligation being set at $920 each 

month. His three children born outside the marriage are younger than the 

children he shares with Erenia, so his second child support obligation was not 

expected to cease in the near future.

The district court denied Erenia’s request for spousal support,2stating:

[Erenia’s] request presents several problems. First, the 

Court can only assume [she] requests that alimony payments begin 

June 1, 2018 because she recognizes that [Edgar] has a very 

limited ability to make payment until that time, due to his combined 

monthly child support obligations, which total $1937.00. This 

begets the second problem: what type of alimony is being 

requested? The record does not support a finding that [Erenia’] is 

entitled to “reimbursement alimony”; there is nothing in this record 

that supports a contention that [Erenia] made economic sacrifices 

during the marriage that directly enhanced [Edgar’s] future earning 

capacity. While [Erenia] is certainly economically dependent on 

[Edgar], her request cannot be properly categorized as 

rehabilitative alimony either. Such alimony is intended to support 

the economically dependent spouse through a limited period of reeducation or retraining following divorce. The end result is for the 

once economically dependent spouses to become self-supporting. 

Under [Erenia’s] requests, the $400.00 monthly payments would 

not begin until 2018. That two-year window is precisely the type of 

limited grace period for re-education or retraining following divorce. 

 

2 The dissolution decree was silent on the issue of spousal support. After Erenia filed a 

motion to amend or enlarge, the district court issued a ruling specifically denying the 

request. 
5

Under [Erenia’s] plan that grace period is left unutilized. Therefore, 

by process of elimination, it appears [Erenia] intends for the 

alimony to be characterized as traditional. The Court considered 

the parties’ respective earning capacity, education levels, their age 

and health, length of their marriage, [Erenia’s] likelihood of 

becoming self-supporting, amount of child support, and [Edgar’s] 

ability to pay alimony as balanced against [Erenia’s] relative needs. 

The Court also considered the parties’ property division because of 

the interrelationship between traditional alimony and property 

settlements. Although there was a 14 year marriage and [Edgar] 

has a substantially greater earning capacity than [Erenia], the 

property and debt division favors [Erenia].

The court noted Edgar was required to execute a quitclaim deed for the marital 

home, though that property had already been foreclosed upon by the bank 

holding the mortgage. Additionally, Edgar was ordered to be solely responsible 

for the $4757 medical bill resulting from a surgery Erenia had undergone, and 

Erenia was awarded half of Edgar’s IPERS benefits that were accrued during the 

term of the marriage. 

Erenia appeals.

II. Standard of Review.

We review the district court’s decision regarding spousal support de novo. 

In re Marriage of Anliker, 694 N.W.2d 535, 540 (Iowa 2005). However, the 

district court has considerable latitude in making the initial determination based 

on the factors in Iowa Code section 598.21A (2014), and “[w]e will disturb that 

determination only when there has been a failure to do equity.” Id. 

III. Discussion.

1. Spousal Support.

We begin our review by noting we are less concerned than the district 

court was with fitting the support Erenia requests into a certain category. “Types 
6

[of spousal support] are not mutually exclusive.” In re Marriage of Witherly, 867 

N.W.2d 856, 859 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). In fact, as we have stated, the moniker is 

nothing more than a red herring. Id. And “there is nothing in our case law that 

requires us, or any other court in this state, to award only one type of support” or 

to “characterize the support award as purely” one form or another. In re Marriage 

of Becker, 756 N.W.2d 822, 827 (Iowa 2008). Rather, “[w]hat we are required to 

do is consider the factors mandated by the legislature contained in section 

[598.21A] when considering a spousal support award.” Id. 

“[I]n determining if alimony is to be awarded and what amount should be 

awarded, the court may consider the amount of child support under the decree.” 

In re Marriage of Will, 489 N.W.2d 394, 400 (Iowa 1992). It is not uncommon for 

awards of spousal support to increase as the obligation of the party paying childsupport decreases. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Gust, 858 N.W.2d 402, 415 

(Iowa 2015) (where the husband was ordered to pay $1400 in monthly spousal 

support each month until the termination of his child support obligation, 

whereupon the spousal support increased to $2000 monthly); In re Marriage of 

Van Ryswyk, 492 N.W.2d 728, 731 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (finding equitable the 

district court’s order that the husband’s monthly spousal-support obligation 

increased $250 each time his child-support obligation was reduced). For the 

same reason, we are not disturbed by Erenia’s requested support starting at zero 

dollars and increasing as Edgar’s child support obligation is expected to 

decrease.
7

We consider the factors outlined in section 598.21A.3 Here, the marriage 

lasted approximately fourteen and one-half years. While Gust referred to twenty 

years as the “durational threshold” for “serious consideration for traditional” or 

permanent support (as Erenia requested), we do not understand that statement 

as creating a bright-line test. 858 N.W.2d at 410; see also In re Marriage of 

Nelson, No. 15-0492, 2016 WL 3269573, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 15, 2016)

(stating the court did not set a bright-line rule in Gust). We have affirmed awards 

of traditional spousal support in marriages shorter than twenty years and even in 

marriages much shorter than that of Edgar and Erenia. See, e.g., In re Marriage 

of O’Brien, No. 99-0206, 2000 WL 328065, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2000) 

(affirming award of traditional support for marriage of four years). Erenia spent a 

number of the marital years outside the workforce, as she cared for the children 

and the family home. See Gust, 858 N.W.2d at 440 (“[P]articularly in a traditional 

 

3 The enumerated factors are:

a. The length of the marriage.

b. The age and physical and emotional health of the parties.

c. The distribution of property made pursuant to section 598.21.

d. The educational level of each party at the time of marriage and 

at the time the action is commenced.

e. The earning capacity of the party seeking maintenance, 

including educational background, training, employment skills, work 

experience, length of absence from the job market, responsibilities for 

children under either an award of custody or physical care, and the time 

and expense necessary to acquire sufficient education or training to 

enable the party to find appropriate employment.

f. The feasibility of the party seeking maintenance becoming selfsupporting at a standard of living reasonably comparable to that enjoyed 

during the marriage, and the length of time necessary to achieve this 

goal.

g. The tax consequences to each party.

h. Any mutual agreement made by the parties concerning financial 

or service contributions by one party with the expectation of future 

reciprocation or compensation by the other party.

i. The provisions of an antenuptial agreement.

j. Other factors the court may determine to be relevant in an 

individual case.
8

marriage, when the parties agree a spouse should stay home to raise children, 

the economic consequences of absences from the workplace can be 

substantial.”) These facts support an award of permanent support. 

“The imposition and length of an award of traditional alimony is primarily 

predicated on need and ability.” In re Marriage of Wendell, 581 N.W.2d 197, 201 

(Iowa Ct. App. 1998). Even after she returned to work, Erenia’s highest year of

wages was in 2015, when she worked two jobs and earned less than $16,000. It 

is unclear if Erenia’s earning capacity is more than $16,000; she has had little 

formal education, and we have no record concerning job skills she may have 

acquired during her sporadic periods of employment. Meanwhile, the record 

establishes Edgar earned approximately $66,000 in 2015. Erenia recognized it 

would be unfair to consider Edgar’s entire wage when calculating his childsupport obligation “because it wouldn’t be fair to require [him] to work two jobs 

full-time,” and a similar reduction is equitable in deciding whether he has the 

ability to pay Erenia spousal support. Additionally, while we are to take the 

property division into account when considering whether spousal support is 

warranted, unlike the district court, we are not persuaded the property division 

“equalize[d] the inequities and economic disadvantages suffered in marriage by” 

Erenia. See In re Marriage of Hazen, 778 N.W.2d 55, 59 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). 

Edgar was ordered to sign a quitclaim deed involving a property already 

foreclosed on by the bank and to take full responsibility for a medical debt of less 

than $4800. He was also ordered to split his IPERS benefits pursuant to the 
9

Benson formula,4though we note it was unclear if he had yet vested in the 

pension plan as he testified he had worked for the school for “almost seven 

years.” See Iowa Code § 97B.1A(25)(d)(4)(b) (stating a member has vested by 

service when he or she “has completed at least seven years of service”).

Even without considering all of Edgar’s wages, his established earning 

capability is multiple times larger than that of Erenia’s. While a large portion of 

those earnings are tied up in his child-support obligations over the next several

years, as Erenia recognized, his ability to pay spousal support will likely increase 

in 2018 and again in 2024. In these circumstances, we believe a permanent 

award of spousal support is equitable. We award Erenia $400 monthly in 

spousal support beginning on June 1, 2018. The award is to increase to $600 

following the high school graduation of Erenia’s and Edgar’s youngest child. We 

do not limit the duration, except upon Erenia’s remarriage or the death of either 

party. See, e.g., Gust, 858 N.W.2d at 415.

B. Appellate Attorney Fees.

Erenia also asks we award her $1500 in appellate attorney fees.

“Appellate attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this court’s 

discretion.” In re Marriage of Sullins, 715 N.W.2d 242, 255 (Iowa 2006). 

“Factors to be considered in determining whether to award attorney fees include: 

‘the needs of the party seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay,

and the relative merits of the appeal.’” Id. (quoting In re Marriage of Okland, 699 

N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005)). Although Erenia has been successful on appeal, 

we believe our modification of the award of spousal support equips Erenia to pay 

 

4

 See In re Marriage of Benson, 545 N.W.2d 252, 255 (Iowa 1996). 
10

her own attorney fees. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Larson, No. 14-1333, 2015 

WL 5965116, at *10 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 14, 2015). 

We affirm the dissolution decree as modified above.

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.