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OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION OF VARIETY

Corn (Zea mays L.)

INSTRUCTIONS

Please read instructions carefully before completing the attached form. The Objective Description Form is a necessary part of an application for 

Plant Variety Protection (Breeder’s Rights) in the United States of America. It is designed to guide the applicant in describing a corn inbred variety 

in detail so that comparisons with other corn inbred varieties may be done in a meaningful way. To aid in this goal, data collectors and breeders 

from different locations should collect the data in a similar fashion. These instructions describe the way in which to take each measurement 

needed to complete this form. It is possible that some traits are unobtainable for a certain type of corn, causing some blanks to be left empty. It is 

in your best interest to describe your inbred variety as completely as possible to establish an adequate variety description.

The applicant’s name and complete address should be at the top of the form. The country should be included since it is needed when mailing to 

some areas. The name of the inbred variety is also entered at the top of the form. The Plant Variety Protection Office will assign a unique PVPO 

Number to each application and enter it below the inbred variety name.

In general, for this form, measurements of quantitative traits should be taken in one trial on 15-25 randomly selected plants to obtain averages and 

statistics that describe a typical field of the variety. Trials should be done preferably in one location, with replicates, in the region of best adaptability 

(where the variety will grow and perform to its best potential). Trials should include the application variety plus all comparison varieties. (Please 

note that to complete the examination process and to establish the distinctness of the application variety, the trial protocol needs to be performed in 

2-3 years. In cases where a shortened time period (one year) is desired, you may substitute 2-3 distinct geographical locations within the region of 

best adaptability, with replicates in each location. See the notes about Exhibit B claims at the end of these instructions.)

1. TYPE

- Choose the kernel type that best describes your variety. If it is a combination of two types (e.g. flinty dent), or a type not listed on the 

form, then describe it in more detail in the Comments section.

2. REGION WHERE BEST ADAPTED

- Choose one region where the inbred variety is expected to grow best. Indicate where the data to complete this form were collected in the 

Comments section of the form.

- Indicate the seed source of the standard inbred, including lot number or row number, which has been certified for use in PVP 

applications.

3. MATURITY

- Although heat units, or growing degree units, are considered to be more accurate than days to maturity, BOTH values may be necessary 

to differentiate your variety from all other varieties in the database. Show the formula used to calculate “heat units” in the 

Comments section of the form.

4. PLANT

For each of the measurable traits, report the number of plants measured and the standard deviation.

( 1)

( ) Standard Deviation 

2

−

− = ∑

N

X X

- Measure plant height from ground level to tip of tassel.

- Measure ear height from ground level to the base of the node from which the top ear develops.

- Measure length of internode located between the top ear node and the node above it.

- Measure the average number of tillers per plant.

- Measure the average number of ears per stalk.

- Report the presence or absence of anthocyanin in the brace roots.

5. LEAF

For each of the measurable traits, report the number of plants measured and the standard deviation.

- Measure the width of the leaf at the top ear node at its widest point.

- Measure the length of the leaf at the top ear node.

- Count the number of leaves above the top ear node.

- Report the adaxial angle between the stalk and the second leaf above the ear at anthesis.

- Report the color of the second leaf above the ear at anthesis. Color codes are listed on page 1. List the Munsell color code also.

- Rate leaf sheath pubescence at the second leaf above the ear at anthesis on a scale from 1 (none) to 9 (like peach fuzz).

- Rate the presence of marginal waves on a scale from 1 (none) to 9 (many). Determine this rating by observing the leaf sides in relation 

to the leaf’s central axis.

- Rate the presence of creases that run parallel to the veins on the leaf blade on a scale from 1 (none) to 9 (many).

6. TASSEL

For each of the measurable traits, report the number of plants measured and the standard deviation.

- Count the number of lateral tassel branches that originate from the central spike only.

- Report the adaxial angle between the central spike and the primary lateral tassel branch from the top at anthesis.

- Report the length of the tassel from the top leaf collar to the tassel tip.

- Rate the amount of pollen shed on a scale of 0 (male sterile) to 9 (heavy shed).

- Report the color of the anthers and the glumes. Evaluate the colors in the fresh stage after exposure to the sun to allow for pigment 

development. Color codes are on Page 1. List the Munsell color code also.

- Report whether the glumes have colored bars perpendicular to their veins.
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CORN (Zea mays L.)

INSTRUCTIONS (CONTINUED)

7a. EAR

Judge the following characteristics on an unhusked ear. 

− Report the color of the silks at the silking stage. Evaluate the color in the fresh stage after exposure to the sun to allow for 

pigment development. Color codes are on Page 1. List the Munsell color code also.

- Report the fresh husk color as it appears 25 days after 50% silking.

- Report the dry husk color as it appears 65 days after 50% silking.

- Report the position of the ear 65 days after 50% silking.

- Report the tightness of the husk 65 days after 50% silking on a scale from 1 (very loose) to 9 (very tight).

- Report how far the husk extends past the end of the ear at harvest time.

7b. EAR

Judge the following characteristics on a DRY (at least 12-13% grain moisture), husked ear. For each of the measurable traits, report the number 

of plants measured and the standard deviation.

- Measure the length of the ear from butt to tip.

- Measure the diameter of the ear at the mid-point of its length.

- Measure the weight of the husked ear. This should be at the seed stage, not the edible stage.

- Report the average number of rows of kernels on the ear. If rows are indistinct, report the average number of kernels located along the 

circumference of the ear at the mid-point of its length.

- Report whether kernels are in identifiable rows or not.

- Report how rows of kernels are aligned from butt to tip.

- Measure the length of the ear shank from the butt of the ear to the ear node on the stalk.

- Report the amount of taper to the ear.

8. KERNEL

Judge the following characteristics on DRY (at least 12-13% grain moisture) kernels. For each of the measurable traits, report the number of 

plants measured and the standard deviation.

- Measure the length of kernels

- Measure the width of kernels.

- Measure the thickness of kernels.

- Measure the percent of round kernels in an unsized sample using a 13/64 inch slot screen.

- This characteristic is most important in describing ornamental corns and some popcorns. The aleurone is a very thin layer of cells 

located between the pericarp and the hard endosperm. Scrape away the skin-like pericarp to expose the aleurone, which will remain 

attached to either the inside of the pericarp or the outside of the hard endosperm. Report the color pattern and the color of the aleurone. 

Color codes are on Page 1. List the Munsell color code also. Describe, if necessary, in the Comments section or in the Exhibit D.

- Scrape away the pericarp and aleurone to expose the hard endosperm. Report the color of the hard endosperm. Color codes are on 

Page 1. List the Munsell color code also. Describe, if necessary, in the Comments section or in Exhibit D.

- Report the endosperm type.

- Measure the weight of 100 kernels taken from an unsized sample.

9. COB

- Measure the diameter of the cob at the mid-point of its length. Report the number of plants measured and the standard deviation.

- Report the color of the cob. Color codes are on Page 1. List the Munsell color code also.

10. DISEASE REACTION

11. INSECT REACTION

- Test as many disease and insect reactions as possible BEFORE applying for protection. BEST: Test reactions for at least the 5 most 

common diseases or insects for the region in which the inbred variety is best adapted. Many older inbred varieties were tested 

extensively for disease and insect reactions. More complete information in these sections of the application may speed the determination 

of distinctness.

- Rate the application variety and the standard inbred variety on a scale of 1 (most susceptible) to 9 (most resistant) for each disease or 

insect reaction being reported.

12. AGRONOMIC TRAITS

- Rate the stay green ability of the inbred variety as it appears 65 days after anthesis. The rating scale is from 1 (worst stay green; early 

die-back) to 9 (best stay green: late die-back)

- Report the percent of dropped ears at 65 days after anthesis.

- Report the percent of brittle snapping before anthesis.

- Report the percent of root lodging before anthesis.

- Report the percent of root lodging at 65 days after anthesis.

- Report the dry (at 12-13% grain moisture) corn yield of the inbred per se. Do not use this to establish novelty of an inbred line.

13. MOLECULAR MARKERS

- Report whether molecular marker data are available. Applicants are encouraged to obtain and submit molecular marker data to facilitate 

variety description. Isozyme data will be added to the computer description of the inbred variety, in preparation for future use of this data 

in distinguishing between inbred varieties. (The database is not yet capable of distinguishing two inbred varieties solely on the basis of 

molecular information, so morphological descriptors will continue to be necessary for all applications.) Other molecular marker data 

submitted with an application will be included in the official description of the inbred variety stored in the Plant Variety Protection Office 

archives.
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REPRODUCE LOCALLY. Include form number and date on all reproductions. Form Approved OMB NO 0581-0055

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number. 

The valid OMB control number for this information collection is 0581-0055. The time required to complete this information collection is estimated to average 3.5 hours per response, including the time for 

reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial 

status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program (Not all prohibited 

bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 

(202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). 

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Exhibit C 

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION OFFICE

OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION OF VARIETY

Corn (Zea mays L.)

NAME OF APPLICANT (S) TEMPORARY OR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNATION VARIETY NAME

ADDRESS (Street and No. or RD No., City, State, Zip Code, and Country) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

PVPO NUMBER

PLEASE READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND COMPLETE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE:

1. TYPE: (Describe intermediate types in Comments section)

____ 1 = Sweet 2 = Dent 3 = Flint 4 = Flour 5 = Pop 6 = Ornamental 7 = Pipecorn

 8 = Other (specify) __________________________

2. REGION WHERE DEVELOPED:

____ 1 = Northwest 2 = North central 3 = Northeast 4 = Southeast 

5 = South central 6 = Southwest 7 = Other ___________________________

3. MATURITY (In Region Best Adaptability: show Heat Unit Formula in Comments section):

 DAYS HEAT UNITS

__ __ __ __ __ __ __·__ From emergence to 50% of plants in silk

__ __ __ __ __ __ __·__ From emergence to 50% of plants in pollen

__ __ __ __ __ __ __·__ From 10% to 90% pollen shed

__ __ __ __ __ __ __·__ From 50% silk to optimum edible quality

__ __ __ __ __ __ __·__ From 50% silk to harvest at 25% moisture

 4. PLANT: Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __ __·__ cm Plant Height (to tassel tip) ____________ ________

__ __ __·__ cm Ear Height (to base of top ear node) ____________ ________

__ __ __·__ cm Length of Top Ear Internode ____________ ________

__·__ Average Number of Tillers ____________ ________

 __·__ Average Number of Ears per Stalk ____________ ________

__ Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent 2 = Faint 3 = Moderate 4 = Dark
Exhibit C (Corn)

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5. LEAF: Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __ __·__ cm Width of Ear Node Leaf ____________ ________

__ __ __·__ cm Length of Ear Node Leaf ____________ ________

__ __ Number of leaves above top ear ____________ ________

__ __ __ degrees Leaf Angle ____________ ________

(measure from 2nd leaf above ear at anthesis to stalk above leaf)

__ __ Leaf Color (Munsell Code __________________________________ )

 1= light green 2= medium green 3= dark green 4= very dark green

__ Leaf Sheath Pubescence 

(Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = like peach fuzz)

__ Marginal Waves (Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = many)

__ Longitudinal Creases (Rate on scale from 1 = none to 9 = many)

6. TASSEL: Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __ Number of Primary Lateral Branches ___________ ________

__ __ __ Branch Angle from Central Spike ___________ ________

__ __·__ cm Tassel Length ___________ ________

(From top leaf collar to tassel tip)

 

 __ __. __ Tassel Peduncle Length

 (From top node below flag leaf to bottom tassel branch)

 __ __.__ Tassel Central Spike Length

 (From top tassel branch to tassel tip).

 ___ Branch Attitude from Central Spike 

 (From main spike to tip of tassel branch).

 1= Erect 2= Horizontal 3= Drooping

__ Pollen Shed (Rate on Scale from 0 = male sterile to 9 = heavy shed)

__ __ Anther Color (Munsell Code __________________________________ )

1= Green or Yellow (ex. Munsell Code 2.5GY 8/6 or 10Y 8.5/6)

3= Pink (ex. Munsell 2.5R 7/6 or 5R 5/6 )

5= Red (ex. Munsell 2.5R 4/8)

7= Dark Red (ex. Munsell 10RP 4/8 )

9= Purple (ex. Munsell 5RP 5/8 )

__ __ Glume Color (Munsell Code __________________________________ )

1= Green or Yellow (ex. Munsell Code 2.5GY 8/6 or 10Y 8.5/6)

3= Pink (ex. Munsell 2.5R 7/6 or 5R 5/6 )

5= Red (ex. Munsell 2.5R 4/8)

7= Dark Red (ex. Munsell 10RP 4/8 )

9= Purple (ex. Munsell 5RP 5/8 )

 __ Bar Glumes (Glume Bands): 1 = Absent 2 = Present

__ Bar Glume Anthocyanin Color (on the bottom 1/3 of glume; see UPOV 

 Diagram; Note: the bar glume is listed as “present” if it is present and the ring is at least 50% closed)

1= Green or Yellow (ex. Munsell Code 2.5GY 8/6 or 10Y 8.5/6)

3= Pink (ex. Munsell 2.5R 7/6 or 5R 5/6 )

5= Red (ex. Munsell 2.5R 4/8)

7= Dark Red (ex. Munsell 10RP 4/8 )

 9= Purple (ex. Munsell 5RP 5/8 )
Exhibit C (Corn)

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7a. EAR (Unhusked Data):

__ __ Silk Color (3 days after emergence) (Munsell code _________________) 

1= Green or Yellow (ex. Munsell Code 2.5GY 8/6 or 10Y 8.5/6)

3= Pink (ex. Munsell 2.5R 7/6 or 5R 5/6 )

5= Red (ex. Munsell 2.5R 4/8 )

7= Dark Red (ex. Munsell 10RP 4/8 )

 9= Purple (ex. Munsell 5RP 5/8 )

__ __ Fresh Husk Color (25 days after 50% silking) (Munsell code __________) 

__ __ Dry Husk Color (65 days after 50% silking) (Munsell code _____________) 

__ Position of Ear at Dry Husk Stage: 1 = Upright 2 = Horizontal 3 = Pendent

__ Husk Tightness (Rate on scale from 1 = very loose to 9 = very tight)

__ Husk Extension (at harvest): 1 = Short (ears exposed) 2 = Medium (<8 cm) 

 3 = Long (8-10 cm beyond ear tip) 4 = Very Long (>10 cm)

7b. EAR (Husked Ear Data): Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __·__ cm Ear Length ___________ ________

__ __·__ mm Ear Diameter at mid-point ___________ ________

__ __ __·__ gm Ear Weight ___________ ________

__ __ Number of Kernel Rows ___________ ________

 

 ___ ___ Number of Kernels per Rows

__ Kernel Rows: 1 = Indistinct 2 = Distinct

__ Row Alignment: 1 = Straight 2 = Slightly Curved 3 = Spiral

__ __·__ cm Shank Length ___________ ________

__ Ear Taper: 1 = Slight 2 = Average 3 = Extreme

8. KERNEL (Dried): Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __·__ mm Kernel Length ___________ ________

__ __·__ mm Kernel Width ___________ ________

__ __·__ mm Kernel Thickness ___________ ________

__ __·__ % Round Kernels (Shape Grade) ___________ ________

__ Aleurone Color Pattern: 1 = Homozygous 2 = Segregating

(Describe________________________________________________)

__ __ Aleurone Color (Munsell Code ________________________________)

1= White 2= Pink 3= brown 4= tan 5= red 6= bronze 7= purple

8= pink-orange 9= pale yellow 10= buff 11= blue 12 = clear 

13= variegated or other (specify______). 

 

__ __ Hard Endosperm Color (Munsell Code __________________________)

1= White (ex. Munsell Code 5Y 9/1 or 2.5Y 8.5/2 )

2= Yellow (ex. Munsell Code 2.5Y 8/10 or 7.5YR 7/14 )

3= Other (specify )

__ __ Endosperm Type: 1 = Sweet (su1) 2 = Extra Sweet (sh2) 

 3 = Normal Starch 4 = High Amylose Starch 5 = Waxy Starch 

 6 = High Protein 7 = High Lysine 8 = Super Sweet (se)

 9 = High Oil 10 = Other _________________________________

__ __·__ gm Weight per 100 Kernels (unsized sample)___________ ________
Exhibit C (Corn)

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9. COB: Standard Deviation Sample Size

__ __·__ mm Cob Diameter at mid-point __________ ________

__ __ Cob Color (Munsell Code __________________________________)

1= White (ex. Munsell 5Y 9/1 or 2.5Y 8.5/2 )

2= Pink (ex, Munsell 2.5R 7/6 or 5R 5/6 )

3= Red (ex. Munsell 2.5R 4/8 or 10RP 4/8 )

 4= Other (describe )

10. DISEASE RESISTANCE (Rate from 1 (most susceptible) to 9 (most resistant); leave blank if not tested; leave Race or Strain Options blank if polygenic):

A. Leaf Blights, Wilts, and Local Infection Diseases

___ Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola)

___ Common Rust (Puccinia sorghi)

___ Common Smut (Ustilago maydis)

___ Eyespot (Kabatiella zeae)

___ Goss’s Wilt (Clavibacter michiganense spp. nebraskense)

___ Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis)

___ Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Bipolaris zeicola) Race __________

___ Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) Race __________

___ Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis) Race __________

___ Southern Rust (Puccinia polysora)

___ Stewart’s Wilt (Erwinia stewartii)

___ Other (Specify) ________________________________________________

B. Systemic Diseases

___ Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV and MDMV)

___ Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana)

___ Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (MCDV)

___ Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV)

___ Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) Strain ______________

___ Sorghum Downy Mildew of Corn (Peronosclerospora sorghi)

___ Other (Specify) ________________________________________________

C. Stalk Rots

___ Anthracnose Stalk Rot (Colletotrichum graminicola)

___ Diplodia Stalk Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)

___ Fusarium Stalk Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)

___ Gibberella Stalk Rot (Gibberella zeae)

___ Other (Specify) ________________________________________________

D. Ear and Kernel Rots

___ Aspergillus Ear and Kernel Rot (Aspergillus flavus)

___ Diplodia Ear Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)

___ Fusarium Ear and Kernel Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)

___ Gibberella Ear Rot (Gibberella zeae)

___ Other (Specify) ____________________________________

11. INSECT RESISTANCE (Rate from 1 (most susceptible) to 9 (most resistant) Leave blank if not tested):

 Standard Deviation Sample Size

 __ Banks Grass Mite (Oligonychus pratensis)

Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea)

 __ Leaf-Feeding

Silk Feeding: __ __ __·__ mg larval wt. ____________ ________

 __ Ear Damage

 __ Corn Leaf Aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis)

 __ Corn Sap Beetle (Carpophilus dimidiatus)
Exhibit C (Corn)

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11. INSECT RESISTANCE (continued) Standard Deviation Sample Size

Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

 __ Leaf-Feeding

Silk Feeding:

__ __ __·__ mg larval wt. ____________ ________

__ Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamaize)

__ Northern Rootworm (Diabrotica barberi)

__ Southern Rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)

Southwestern Corn Borer (Diatraea grandiosella)

__ Leaf-Feeding

Stalk Tunneling: __ __ __·__ cm tunneled/plant ____________ ________

__ Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae)

__ Western Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

__ Other (Specify) ____________________________________

12. AGRONOMIC TRAITS:

 __ Stay Green (at 65 days after anthesis)

(Rate on a scale of 1 = worst to 9 = excellent)

 __ __·__ % Dropped Ears (at 65 days after anthesis)

 __ __·__ % Pre-anthesis Brittle Snapping

 __ __·__ % Pre-anthesis Root Lodging

 __ __·__ % Post-anthesis Root Lodging (at 65 days after anthesis)

 __ __ __·__ Kg/ha Yield of Inbred Per Se (at 12-13% grain moisture)

13. MOLECULAR MARKERS: (0 = data unavailable; 1 = data available but not supplied; 2 = data supplied)

 __ Isozymes __ RFLP’s __ RAPD’s SSRs SNPs __ Other (Specify) _________________________________________________

Characteristics of Isozyme Polymorphism: 1= Absent 2= Present

___ Acp1

___ Acp4

___ Adh1

___ Dia1

___ Dia2

___ Idh1

___ Idh2

___ Mdh1

___ Mdh2

___ Mdh3

___ Mmm

___ Mdh4

___ Mdh5

___ Mdh6

___ Pgd1

___ Pgd2

___ Pgi1

___ Pgm1 

___ Pgm2

___ Phi1
Exhibit C (Corn)

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REFERENCES:

Butler, D.R. 1954. A System for the Classification of Corn Inbred Lines. PhD Thesis. Ohio State University.

Emerson, R.A., G.W. Beadle, and A.C. Fraser. 1935. A Summary of Linkage Studies in Maize. Cornell A.E.S., Mem. 180.

Farr, D. F., G. F. Bills, G.P. Chamuris, A.Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on Plant and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological 

Society. 

St. Paul, MN.

Inglett, G. E. (Ed.) 1970. Corn: Culture, Processing, Products. Avi Publishing Company, Westport, CT.

Jugenheimer, R. W. 1976. Corn: Improvement, Seed Production, and Uses. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

McGee, D.C. 1988. Maize Diseases. APS Press. St. Paul, MN. 150 pp.

Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues. Macbeth. P.O. Box 230, Newburgh, NY 12551-0230.

The Mutants of Maize. 1968. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI.

Shurtleff, M.C. 1980. Compendium of Corn Diseases. APS Press. St. Paul, MN. 105 pp.

Sprague, G.F., and J.W. Dudley (Editors). 1988. Corn and Corn Improvement. Third Edition. Agronomy Monograph 18. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI.

Stringfield, G.H. Maize Inbred Lines of Ohio. Ohio A.E.S., Bul. 831. 1959.

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1936. 1937. Yearbook.

COMMENTS: (e.g., state how heat units were calculated, standard inbred seed source, and/or where data was collected. Continue in Exhibit D.)